# Patent

## Title
Method for measurement of asymmetric network capacities

## Abstract

Disclosed is a method for achieving efficient and accurate measurement of path capacities of a communication network. The method includes the following steps: (a) transmitting a number of probes from a local node to a remote node over a forward network path, each probe contains at least one probe packet and can elicit the remote node to transmit a number of response packets to the local node over a reverse network path; (b) determine for each response packet a minimum round-trip packet delay between the time transmitting the probe and the time receiving the response packet; (c) calculate a number of pair-wise minimum delay differences from the minimum round-trip packet delays. The number of pair-wise minimum delay differences can be used as a measurement of the forward capacity, reverse capacity, faster-path capacity, slower-path capacity and a degree of capacity asymmetry between the local node and the remote node.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE OF RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/564,869, filed Nov. 30, 2011, which application is expressly incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.


FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a method of measuring forward capacity, reverse capacity, faster-path capacity, reverse-path capacity, and degree of capacity asymmetry of a round-trip path in a communication network. Particularly, it relates to a method and apparatus of using minimum network delay estimates and their pair-wise differences for achieving efficient and accurate asymmetric network path capacities measurement.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Many network applications can benefit from the knowledge of network capacity of an end-to-end network path. Network capacity is referred to as the transmission rate of the slowest link of a set of network links, forming a network path from a source to a destination. It is often one of the metrics required in the diagnostic services for network performance. Due to the proliferations of ADSL, DOCSIS cable networks, VSAT, and others, the downstream data rate (Cdn) and the upstream data rate (Cup) of a round-trip network path are usually different. For example, the Cup and Cdn for the existing xDSL technologies are determined by many factors, such as the wire quality, transmission distance and different broadband offerings, and the data rates span a wide range. Therefore, a forward path that traverses from a source to a destination and a reverse path that traverses from the destination back to the source can possess different network capacities.
Measuring network paths with asymmetric capacities is a challenging problem. Forward capacity of a network path from a measuring node to a remote node, reverse capacity of a network path from the remote node to the measuring node, faster-path capacity (maximum of the forward capacity and reverse capacity), and slower-path capacity (minimum of the forward capacity and reverse capacity) are collectively known as asymmetric capacities. A possible approach to measuring the four types of asymmetric capacities is to perform two one-way measurements on the forward and reverse directions. However, many existing one-way measurement tools, such as pathrate proposed in C. Dovrolis, P. Ramanathan, and D. Moore, “Packet dispersion techniques and a capacity-estimation methodology,” IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw., 12(6), 2004, require controlling both nodes of a path, thus making this approach impractical for measurement with arbitrary remote nodes. On the other hand, only few tools—DSLprobe proposed in D. Croce, T. En-Najjary, G. Urvoy-Keller, and E. Biersack, “Capacity estimation of ADSL links,” Proc. ACM CoNEXT, 2008 and SProbe proposed in S. Saroiu, P. Gummadi, and S. Gribble, “SProbe: A fast technique for measuring bottleneck bandwidth in uncooperative environments,” Proc. IEEE INFOCOM, 2002 based on packet-dispersion methods, and the flooding-based method proposed in M. Dischinger, A. Haeberlen, K. Gummadi, and S. Saroiu, “Characterizing residential broadband networks,” Proc. ACM/USENIX IMC, 2007—can be used for measuring asymmetric capacities without installing additional software at the remote node, but their utility is limited by the restrictions on packet size.
All existing tools for measuring asymmetric capacities (AsymProbe proposed in L. Chen, T. Sun, G. Yang, M. Sanadidi, and M. Gerla, “End-to-end asymmetric link capacity estimation,” Proc. IFIP Networking, 2005, DSLprobe, SProbe, and the flooding-based method) generally require setting probe packets much larger than response packets to measure the forward capacity, and setting probe packets much smaller than response packets to measure the reverse capacity. Such requirement introduces two serious limitations. First, they cannot measure all degrees of capacity asymmetry, because the packet size is upper bounded by the path Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU). Second, they generally cannot support all measurement scenarios, because they may not be able to elicit response packets of the required size from the remote node. For example, DSLprobe elicits only small TCP Reset (RST) packets (but not large response packets) from remote residential broadband users. Moreover, compared with the packet-dispersion method, the flooding-based method performs the measurement by sending high-rate packet trains to saturate the bottleneck link, and the packet rate limits the maximum capacity it can measure.
As a result, the need remains for a reliable method in communication networks which obtains the four asymmetric capacities accurately, rapidly and efficiently without the asymmetric packet sizes requirement or overwhelming the bottleneck link.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides a new method and apparatus for measuring forward capacity, reverse capacity, faster-path capacity, slower-path capacity, and degree of capacity asymmetry of a round-trip network path between a measuring node and a remote node in a communication network without overwhelming the bottleneck link or using asymmetric packet sizes.
In accordance with some embodiments, a method comprises the following steps: First, a plurality of probes is transmitted from a local node to a remote node over a digital communication network such that a plurality of responses is received by the local node. Each of said plurality of probes comprises at least one probe packet and is configured by said local node to cause: (a) the at least one probe packet traverse an identical forward network path from the local node to the remote node, (b) the at least one probe packet elicit the remote node to transmit a said response comprising a plurality of response packets, and (c) the plurality of response packets traverse an identical reverse network path from the remote node to said local node. Second, for each of the plurality of response packets a minimum round-trip packet delay between the time transmitting the probe and the time receiving the response packet is determined. Third, a plurality of pair-wise minimum delay differences is determined from said plurality of minimum round-trip packet delays. The plurality of pair-wise minimum delay differences are used by the local node to compute network path capacities and a degree of capacity asymmetry between said local node and the remote node.
As a particular embodiment of the present invention, the measuring node dispatches a sequence of compound probes, each consisting of four data packets to the remote node along a forward path from the measuring node to the remote node. The first and second data packets are dispatched back-to-back and are referred to as the first probe packet and second probe packet of a round-trip packet pair (1-RTP), respectively. Each probe packet of the 1-RTP elicits a single response packet from the remote node to the measuring node along a reverse path from the remote node back to the measuring node. After receiving the two response packets, the third and fourth data packets are also dispatched back-to-back and are referred to as the first probe packet and second probe packet of a two-way packet pair ((1,1)-TWP), respectively. Unlike the 1-RTP, only the second probe packet of the (1,1)-TWP elicits two back-to-back response packets from the remote node. It is sufficient to obtain correct measurement results when all probe and response packets in 1-RTPs and (1,1)-TWPs are of the same packet size S.
The measuring node computes two round-trip time (RTT) estimates dR0 and dR1 for the first and second response packets of a 1-RTP and two RTT estimates dT0 and dT1 for the first and second response packets of a (1,1)-TWP. A RTT is referred to as the duration between the time when the first probe packet of a 1-RTP or a (1,1)-TWP is sent and the time when a corresponding response packet is received. The measuring node also obtains four minimum RTT estimates which are a minimum of dR0 (or min_dR0), a minimum of dR1 (or min_dR1), a minimum of dT0 (or min_dT0), and a minimum of dT1 (or min_dT1) from the sequence of probes. Using the four minimum RTT estimates, the forward capacity estimate is computed as S divided by the difference between min_dT0 and min_dR0. The reverse capacity estimate is computed as S divided by the difference between min_dT1 and min_dT0. The faster-path capacity estimate is computed as S divided by the difference between min_dT1 and min_dR1. The slower-path capacity estimate is computed as S divided by the difference between min_dR1 and min_dR0.
As an embodiment of the present invention, the four minimum RTT estimates are also used to measure the degree of capacity asymmetry of a round-trip path without computing the four asymmetric capacity estimates. The degree of capacity asymmetry is referred to as the ratio of the forward capacity to the reverse capacity. A round-trip path is said to be capacity-asymmetric when the forward capacity and reverse capacity are different or capacity-symmetric otherwise. The round-trip path is further classified as either a fast-reverse (FR) path if the ratio falls between zero and one, exclusively, or a fast-forward (FF) path if the ratio is greater than one.
To estimate the degree of capacity asymmetry of a round-trip path, the present invention computes two quantities based on the four minimum RTT estimates. The first quantity is the difference between min_dT1 and min_dT0 divided by the difference between min_dR1 and min_dR0, and the second quantity is the difference between min_dR1 and min_dR0 divided by the difference between min_dT1 and min_dR0. If the first quantity falls between (0,1) and the second quantity is close to one, then the round-trip path is an FR path. If the first quantity is close to one and the second quantity is greater than one, then the path is an FF path. Moreover, if both the first and second quantities are close to one, then the path is capacity-symmetric.
As an embodiment of the present invention, the minimum RTT estimates min_dR0, min_dR1, and min_dT1 are used to verify whether a round-trip path is capacity-symmetric or capacity-asymmetric. The present invention computes the difference between min_dT1 and min_dR0 divided by the difference between min_dR1 and min_dR0. The logarithm of the estimate to base two is close to one for a capacity-symmetric path, and falls between (0,1) for both FF and FR paths.
As an embodiment of the present invention, a measuring node implements the probe by using the OneProbe's probing technique proposed in X. Luo, E. Chan, and R. Chang, “Design and implementation of TCP data probes for reliable and metric-rich network path monitoring,” Proc. USENIX Annual Tech. Conf., 2009. To implement a 1-RTP, the measuring node sends two back-to-back probe Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) data packets, each consisting of a 2× Maximum Segment Size (MSS)-byte TCP receive window (rwnd), to a remote TCP node which is induced to respond to each probe packet with a response TCP data packet. Both the probe TCP data packet and response TCP data packet have the same packet size controlled by the probing technique. To implement a (1,1)-TWP, the measuring node inserts a zero rwnd in the first probe packet of a 1-RTP to suppress any response packet induced by the first probe packet, and a (2×MSS)-byte rwnd in the second probe packet to induce two back-to-back response TCP data packets from the remote node.
As an embodiment of the present invention, a measuring node can conduct client-side or server-side measurement to a remote node to estimate asymmetric capacities and degree of capacity asymmetry. The client-side measurement allows a measuring node to perform the measurement to any remote web server. The server-side measurement, on the other hand, facilitates the measurement to any remote web client. In both cases, the measurement can be conducted without additional software installed at the remote node.
As an embodiment of the present invention, the measuring node implements four self-diagnosis tests to improve the measurement accuracy. First, due to the OneProbe's probing technique, the measuring node can detect and remove all packet pairs that do not elicit the expected response TCP data packets in order to ensure that all RTT estimates used for the capacity measurement come from lossless and order-preserved probe and response packets. Second, the measuring node invalidates all current estimates unless the following inequality is fulfilled: min_dR0<min_dT0≦min_dR1<min_dT1. Third, the measuring node invalidates the current asymmetric capacity estimates, unless (i) the slower-path capacity estimate is close to the minimum of the forward capacity and reverse capacity estimates and (ii) the faster-path capacity estimate is close to the maximum of the forward capacity and reverse capacity estimate. Fourth, the measuring node invalidates the current estimate of the degree of capacity asymmetry, unless (i) the difference between min_dR1 and min_dR0 divided by the difference between min_dT1 and min_dR0 is no smaller than one, (ii) the difference between min_dT1 and min_dT0 divided by the difference between min_dR1 and min_dR0 falls in (0,1], and (iii) the logarithm of the difference between min_dT1 and min_dR0 divided by the difference between min_dR1 and min_dR0 to the base 2 falls in (0,1].
As an important aspect of the present invention, using minimum RTT estimates obtained from 1-RTP and (1,1)-TWP eliminates the measurement limitations suffered by the existing packet-dispersion and flooding-based methods. Particularly, using only the three minimum RTT estimates min_dR0, min_dT0, and min_dT1 suffices for the sole purpose of measuring both forward capacity and reverse capacity. The fourth minimum RTT estimate min_dR1 can be additionally gleaned from 1-RTPs to measure the faster-path capacity, the slower-path capacity and the degree of capacity asymmetry, and to determine whether or not the target network path is capacity-asymmetric. Moreover, the present invention can obtain accurate results for any degree of capacity asymmetry without using asymmetric packet sizes. In contrast, the existing packet-dispersion and flooding-based methods can measure only forward capacity and reverse capacity and require different probe-to-response packet size ratios. Moreover, they can underestimate the capacities in the midst of high degree of capacity asymmetry.
In accordance with some embodiments, the digital communication network is the Internet. The forward network path comprises a plurality of nodes. The reverse network path also comprises a plurality of nodes. The pluralities of nodes can be linked by wire, wireless, or mixed wire and wireless connections. In some embodiments, the local node is a computer terminal such as a TCP client. The remote node is a server such as a TCP server. The local node establishes at least one TCP connection with the remote node; and the probe packet and response packet are TCP data packets containing payload data and are transmitted through the at least one TCP connection. In other embodiments, the local node is server such as a TCP server. The remote node is a computer terminal such as a TCP client. The remote node establishes at least one TCP connection with the local node; and the probe packet and response packet are TCP data packets containing payload data and are transmitted through the at least one TCP connection.
In another aspect, the present disclosure also provides an apparatus or a system which is configured to perform the steps as described. In some embodiments, the present disclosure also provides an article comprising a form of tangible, non-transient machine readable storage media encoded with computer program code, which can be loaded into and executed on an apparatus or a system to perform the steps as described. The apparatus or system can comprise a computer or other processor.
The various features of novelty which characterize the invention are pointed out with particularity in the claims annexed to and forming a part of this disclosure. For a better understanding of the invention, its operating advantages and specific objects attained by its use, reference should be made to the drawings and the following description in which there are illustrated and described preferred embodiments of the invention.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The objects, features and advantages of the present invention will be more readily appreciated upon reference to the following disclosure when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals are used to identify identical components in the various views, and wherein reference numerals with alphabetic characters are utilized to identify additional types, instantiations or variations of a selected component embodiment in the various views, in which:
FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an exemplary capacity measurement scenario according to the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating a fast-reverse path scenario of a particular embodiment in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating a fast-forward path scenario of a particular embodiment in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a flow chart illustrating the steps in an asymmetric capacities measurement session of a particular embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a time-line diagram illustrating an exemplary measurement session with a 2-RTP to measure forward dispersion and forward capacity.
FIG. 6 is a time-line diagram illustrating an exemplary measurement session with a 2-RTP to measure reverse dispersion and reverse capacity.
FIG. 7 is a table illustrating six possible scenarios of using k-RTP to measure forward capacity and reverse capacity for fast-forward and fast-reverse paths.
FIG. 8 is a time-line diagram illustrating an exemplary measurement session with a 2-RTP that results in an underestimated forward capacity.
FIG. 9 is a time-line diagram illustrating an exemplary measurement session with a 2-RTP that results in an underestimated reverse capacity.
FIG. 10 is a time-line diagram illustrating an exemplary measurement session with a (1,1)-TWP to measure reverse dispersion and reverse capacity.
FIG. 11 is a time-line diagram illustrating an exemplary measurement session for a compound probe with a 1-RTP and a (1,1)-TWP to measure a round-trip path with C(hf)<C(hr).
FIG. 12 is a time-line diagram illustrating an exemplary measurement session for a compound probe with a 1-RTP and a (1,1)-TWP to measure a round-trip path with C(hf)>C(hr).
FIG. 13 is a time-line diagram illustrating a remote web server's responses to receiving each probe HTTP/TCP data packet in a compound probe from a measuring node in a particular embodiment according to the present invention.
FIG. 14 is a time-line diagram illustrating Flash object's responses of a remote web client to receiving each probe Flash/TCP data packet in a compound probe from a measuring node in a particular embodiment according to the present invention.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PARTICULAR EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION
An Overview
FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a particular embodiment in accordance with the present invention. It comprises a measuring node 101 and a remote node 103. The measuring node 101 sends a 1-RTP with two back-to-back probe packets 127 and 129 to the remote node 103 through a network 105 which usually includes multiple hops (such as, routers and switches). The remote node 103, in response to receiving probe packet 127, sends a response packet 135 to the measuring node 101; and in response to receiving probe packet 129, sends a response packet 137 to the measuring node 101. After receiving the response packets 135 and 137, the measuring node 101 sends a (1,1)-TWP with two back-to-back probe packets 131 and 133 to the remote node 103 through the network 105; and the remote node 103, after receiving both 131 and 133, sends two back-to-back response packets 139 and 141 to the measuring node 101. There are n (where n≧4) nodes, including the measuring node 101 and the remote node 103, on the round-trip path which comprises the forward path 107 and the reverse path 113. The measuring node 101 first sends the probe packets to network node 109, and network node m 111 (where 1≦m<n) subsequently forwards the probe packets 127, 129, 131, and 133 to the remote node 103. In response to receiving the probe packets 127, 129, 131, and 133, the remote node sends the response packets 131, 133, 135, and 137 to network node m+2 115 and network node n 117 subsequently forwards the response packets 131, 133, 135, and 137 to the measuring node 101.
The forward path 107 and reverse path 113 together can be seen as a concatenation of n hops. Each hop consists of a node and its outgoing network link. The hth hop transmits packets to the outgoing link with a rate of COh) in bits/second. The network link 119 which belongs to hfth hop has the smallest link capacity on the forward path 107. That is, all the hops beyond hfth hop on the forward path 107, if any, have higher link capacity than 119. The network link 123 which belongs to hrth hop has the smallest link capacity on the reverse path 113. That is, all the hops beyond hrth hop on the reverse path, if any, have higher capacity than 123.
There are four types of path capacity metrics: forward-path capacity (denoted by Cf), reverse-path capacity (denoted by Cr), faster-path capacity (denoted by CB), and slower-trip capacity (denoted by Cb):




  
    
      
        
          
            
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The slower-path capacity is often referred to as round-trip capacity. When Cf≠Cr is true, the round-trip path is a capacity-asymmetric path. Moreover, the degree of capacity asymmetry of a round-trip path is denoted by Cf/r, where Cf/r=Cf/Cr. The capacity-asymmetric path can be further classified into fast-reverse (FR) path if Cf/r<1 and fast-forward (FF) path if Cf/r>1. The degree of capacity asymmetry obviously decreases with Cf/r for an FR path but increases with Cf/r for an FF path.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating a fast-reverse path scenario of a particular embodiment in accordance with the present invention. It comprises a capacity-asymmetric path with a measuring node 201 and a remote node 203. The measuring node 201 sends a pair of probe packets 205, which can be either a 1-RTP or a (1,1)-TWP, via a forward path 217 to the remote node 203 through a directly connected xDSL or cable network 207 with an upstream data rate Cup 211. The network 207 then forwards the probe packets 205 to the remote node 203 through another network 209. In response to receiving the probe packets 205, the remote node 203 sends a pair of response packets 215 to the measuring node 201 via a reverse path 219 which includes hops in both the networks 207 and 209. The network 207 sends the response packets 215 back to the measuring node 201 with a downstream data rate Cdn 213, where Cup<Cdn. Eventually, the asymmetric capacities measurement is performed on the round-trip path with Cf/r=Cup/Cdn, and the path is an FR path.
FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating a fast-forward path scenario of a particular embodiment in accordance with the present invention. It comprises a capacity-asymmetric path with a measuring node 301 and a remote node 303. The measuring node 301 sends a pair of probe packets 305, which can be either a 1-RTP or a (1,1)-TWP, via a forward path 317 which includes hops in a network 307 and an xDSL or cable network 309. The remote node 303 is directly connected to the xDSL or cable network 309 and receives the probe packets 305 with a downstream data rate Cdn 311. In response to receiving 305, the remote node 303 sends a pair of response packets 315 via a reverse path 319 back to the remote node 301 through the network 309 with an upstream data rate Cup 313, where Cup<Cdn. Eventually, the asymmetric capacities measurement is performed on the round-trip path with Cf/r=Cdn/Cup, and the path is an FF path.
FIG. 4 is a flow chart illustrating the steps in an asymmetric capacities measurement session of a particular embodiment of the present invention. After the measurement begins (in step 401), the measuring node first initializes min_dR0 (the minimum RTT between sending the first packet of a 1-RTP and receiving the first response packet), min_dR1 (the minimum RTT between sending the first packet of a 1-RTP and receiving the second response packet), min_dT0 (the minimum RTT between sending the first packet of a (1,1)-TWP and receiving the first response packet), and min_dT1 (the minimum RTT between sending the first packet of a (1,1)-TWP and receiving the second response packet) to a reasonably large value, for example, 100 seconds and size for both probe and response packets of 1-RTPs and (1,1)-TWPs to S bytes; and reset counter i to zero (step 403). After the counter i is increased by one (step 405), the measuring node dispatches a 1-RTP with two back-to-back probe packets (step 407), each of which is of size S will elicit a response packet of size S from the remote node. If the two response packets are received correctly (step 409), their RTT dR(2i-2) and dR(2i-1) will be computed (in step 411). The RTT of a response packet is measured by the difference of the arrival time of a response packet and the sending time of the first packet in the 1-RTP. In steps 413 and 415, the min_dR0 and min_dR1 are updated, respectively. If the two response packets are not received correctly (step 417), the 1-RTP will be resent (step 407).
After min_dR0 and min_dR1 are updated, the measuring node dispatches a (1,1)-TWP with two back-to-back probe packets (step 419), each of which is of size S, and only the second probe packet will elicit a pair of back-to-back response packets, each of which is of size S, from the remote node. If the two response packets are received correctly (step 421), their round-trip time (RTT) dT(2i-2) and dT(2i-1) will be computed in step 423. The RTT of a response packet is measured by the difference of the arrival time of a response packet and the sending time of the first packet in the (1,1)-TWP. In steps 425 and 427, the min_dT0 and min_dT1 are updated, respectively. If the two response packets are not correctly received (step 429), the (1,1)-TWP will be resent. After that, if the counter is greater than a predefined value N and the inequality min_dR0<min_dT0≦min_dR1<min_dT1 is fulfilled, the estimation process will begin (step 427); otherwise, the minimum RTTs have not converged and therefore the measurement is continued (step 429).
During the estimation process, if the measurement is to verify whether or not the round-trip path is capacity-asymmetric path (step 429), the measuring node will compute Q in step 431. If Q is close to one (step 433), the measuring node will report the path as a capacity-symmetric path in step 435. If Q falls in the range of (0,1) in step 437, then the node will report the path as a capacity-asymmetric path in step 439. Otherwise, the minimum RTTs have not converged and the measurement is continued (step 441).
Otherwise after step 443, if the measurement is to estimate the degree of capacity asymmetry (step 445), the measuring node will compute D1 and D2 in step 447. If both D1 and D2 are close to one (step 449), the measuring node will report the path as a capacity-asymmetric path in step 435 and therefore Cf/r is one. If D1 falls in (0,1) but D2 is close to one in step 451, the measuring node will report the path as an FR path and Cf/r=D1 in step 453. If D1 is close to one but D2 falls in (0,1) in step 455, the measuring node will report the path as an FF path and Cf/r=D2 in step 457. Otherwise, the minimum RTTs have not converged and the measurement is continued in step 459.
Otherwise after 461, the four asymmetric capacities estimates Cf, Cr, CB and Cb will be computed in step 463. If CB≈max {Cf,Cr} and Cb≈min {Cf,Cr} (step 465), then the four estimates will be reported in step 467; otherwise, the measurement is repeated in step 469.
The k-Round-Trip Probe
The measuring node dispatches a k-round-trip probe (k-RTP) with k+1 back-to-back probe packets {pj-k, . . . , pj}, each of which elicits a single response packet from the remote node. Let Sf and Sr, denote the probe packet size and response packet size in bits, respectively; Sf/r=Sf/Sr denotes the packet-size asymmetry, and the delay of transmitting a probe/response packet at hth hop by X(h): X(h)=Sf/C(h) for 1<h≦m (i.e., the forward path) and X(h)=Sr/C(h) for h>m (i.e., the reverse path). The packet dispersion method measures the round trip packet dispersion, denoted by δj-k,j, which is the time elapsed between receiving the first and last packets from the sequence of k+1 response packets {rj-k, . . . , rj}. For k=1, the probe is usually known as a packet pair, and the dispersion as packet-pair dispersion (PPD). For k>1, the probe is a packet train and the dispersion is known as packet-train dispersion (PTD). If none of the probe and response packets is affected by the cross traffic on the path, the unbiased packet dispersion is given by




  
    
      
        
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X(hf)=Sf/C(hf) and X(hr)=Sr/C(hr) are the forward PPD and reverse PPD, respectively, which are generated by the hfth hop and the hrth hop.

To measure the forward capacity, it is therefore necessary to set Sf/r≧Cf/r in order to obtain the forward dispersion kX(hf), and the forward capacity estimate computed based on the unbiased δj-k,j and Sf can yield

Cf=(kSf)/δj-k,j.  Equation 3a

To measure the reverse capacity, it is, however, necessary to set Sf/r≦Cf/r in order to obtain the reverse dispersion kX(hr), and the reverse capacity estimate computed based on the unbiased δj-k,j and Sr can yield

Cr=(kSr)/δj-k,j.  Equation 3b

FIG. 5 is a time-line diagram illustrating an exemplary measurement session with a 2-RTP to measure forward dispersion and forward capacity. Therefore, each k-RTP is a packet pair. For this path, X(hf)>X(hr). According to Equation 2, a measuring node 501 measures the forward dispersion X(hf) and the forward capacity according to Equation 3a by dispatching a sequence of sufficiently spaced out packet pairs.
An lth packet pair 503 consisting of a first probe packet p2l-1 505 and a second probe packet p2l 507 is dispatched. The two probe packets subsequently arrive at node hf 509 and leave the node back to back with a dispersion of X(hf) 511. The two probe packets elicit response packets r2l-1 513 and r2l 515, respectively, and the response packets arrive at node hr 517 and leave with a dispersion of X(hf)519. The two response packets subsequently arrive at the measuring node 501 with a dispersion of X(hf)521. As a result, the dispersion δ2l-1,2l 523 observed at 501 obtains an unbiased X(hr) which results in a correct forward capacity estimate.
FIG. 6 is a time-line diagram illustrating an exemplary measurement session with a 2-RTP to measure reverse dispersion and reverse capacity. Similarly, each k-RTP is a packet pair. For this path, X(hf)<X(hr). According to Equation 2, a measuring node 601 measures the reverse dispersion X(hr) and the reverse capacity according to Equation 3b by dispatching a sequence of sufficiently spaced out packet pairs.
An lth packet pair 603 consisting of a first probe packet p2l-1 605 and a second probe packet p2l 607 is dispatched. The two probe packets subsequently arrive at node hf 609 and leave the node back to back with a dispersion of X(hf) 611. The two probe packets elicit response packets r2l-1 613 and r2l 615, respectively, and the response packets arrive at node hr 617 with a dispersion X(hf). Since X(hf)<X(hr), the two response packets leave the node hr back to back with a dispersion of X(hr) 619. The two response packets subsequently arrive at the measuring node 601 with a dispersion of X(hr) 621. As a result, the dispersion δ2l-1,2l 623 observed at 601 obtains an unbiased X(hr) and therefore a correct reverse capacity estimate.
FIG. 7 is a table illustrating six possible scenarios of using k-RTP to measure forward capacity and reverse capacity for fast-forward and fast-reverse paths. In the table 701, the first row 703 illustrates the possible scenarios when the measuring node uses Sf/r≧1 to measure forward capacity; the second row 705 illustrates the possible scenarios when the measuring node uses Sf/r≦1 to measure reverse capacity; the first column 707 illustrates the possible scenarios when the round-trip path for the measurement is an FF path with Cf/r>1; and the second column 709 illustrates the possible scenarios when the round-trip path for the measurement is an FR path with Cf/r<1. The table 701 shows that scenarios 711 and 715 give the correct forward capacity estimates because they satisfy the condition Sf/r≧Cf/r, and scenarios 713 and 717 give the correct reverse capacity estimates because they satisfy the condition Sf/r≦Cf/r. Scenarios 719 and 721, however, do not give the correct estimates due to the insufficient degree of packet-size asymmetry. In both scenarios, the measuring node under-estimates the faster-path capacity due to the packet dispersion resulted from the slower-path bottleneck.
FIG. 8 is a time-line diagram illustrating an exemplary measurement session with a 2-RTP that results in an underestimated forward capacity. For this path, because Cf/r>Sf/r, which corresponds to the scenario 719 in FIG. 7, a measuring node 701 actually measures the reverse dispersion X(hr)>X(hf). As a result, the measuring node will obtain an underestimated forward capacity according to Equation 3a.
An lth packet pair 803 consisting of a first probe packet p2l-1 805 and a second probe packet p2l 807 is dispatched. The two probe packets subsequently arrive at node hr 809 and leave back to back with a dispersion of X(hf)811. The two probe packets then elicit response packets r2l-1 813 and r2l 815, respectively, with a dispersion X(hf). However, since X(hf)<X(hr), the two response packes arrive at node hr 817 and leave the node back to back with a dispersion of X(hr)819. The two response packets subsequently arrive at the measuring node 801 with a dispersion of X(hr) 821. As a result, the dispersion δ2l-1,2l 823 observed at 801 obtains X(hr) and therefore an underestimated forward capacity estimate.
FIG. 9 is a time-line diagram illustrating an exemplary measurement session with a 2-RTP that results in an underestimated reverse capacity. For this path, since Cf/r<Sf/r, which corresponds to the scenario 721 in FIG. 7, a measuring node 901 actually measures the forward dispersion X(hf)>X(hr). Therefore, the measuring node will obtain an underestimated reverse capacity according to Equation 3b.
An lth packet pair 903 consisting of a first probe packet p2l-1 905 and a second probe packet p2l 907 is dispatched. The two probe packets subsequently arrive at node hf 909 and leave the node back to back with a dispersion of X(hf) 911. The two probe packets subsequently elicit response packets r2l-1 913 and r2l 915, respectively. However, because X(hf)>X(hr), the two response packets arrive at node hr 917 and leave with a dispersion of X(hf) 919. The response packets subsequently arrive at the measuring node 901 with a dispersion of X(hf) 921. As a result, the dispersion δ2l-1,2l 923 observed at 901 obtains X(hf) and an underestimated reverse capacity estimate.
Unfortunately, the packet-size asymmetry is limited by the practical path Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU). Let Smax and Smin be the maximally and minimally permitted packet size. Therefore, Smin/Smax≦Sf/r≦Smax/Smin. Using Sf or Sr larger than path MTU introduces serious problems to the k-RTP measurement, because the probe or response packets will be fragmented along the path. When the fragmentation occurs before a bottleneck, the IP headers of the additional fragments will increase the packet dispersion obtained by the measuring node. Therefore, the measuring node should obtain the resultant packet size for the k-RTP measurement, but knowing the new Sf generally requires capturing all probe fragments from the remote node. The packet dispersion can also be biased by the post-bottleneck fragmentation, because the fragments may queue one another at a post-bottleneck link due to the size increase.
The (v,k)-Two-Way Probe
The measuring node dispatches a (v,k)-two-way probe ((v,k)-TWP), where v,k≧0, which comprises a sequence of v+1 back-to-back probe packets {pu-v, . . . , pu}. The probe packets are customized to induce from the remote node a sequence of k+1 back-to-back response packets {rj-k, . . . , rj} upon pu's arrival. However, the remote node will ignore other preceding probe packets {pu-v, . . . , pu-1}. Therefore, {rj-k, . . . , rj} can be regarded as a curtailed k-RTP dipsatched by the remote node to the measuring node. Let Sr denote the response packet size in bits. If none of the response packets is affected by the cross traffic on the reverse path, the unbiased packet dispersion of {rj-k, . . . , rj} is given by




  
    
      
        
          δ
          
            
              j
              -
              k
            
            ,
            j
          
        
        =
        
          
            
              max
              
                
                  m
                  +
                  1
                
                ≤
                h
                ≤
                n
              
            
            ⁢
            
              {
              
                k
                ⁢
                
                  
                
                ⁢
                
                  X
                  
                    (
                    h
                    )
                  
                
              
              }
            
          
          =
          
            
              k
              ⁢
              
                
              
              ⁢
              
                X
                
                  (
                  
                    h
                    r
                  
                  )
                
              
            
            =
            
              k
              ⁢
              
                
              
              ⁢
              
                
                  S
                  r
                
                /
                
                  
                    C
                    r
                  
                  .
                
              
            
          
        
      
    
    
      
        Equation
        ⁢
        
          
        
        ⁢
        4
      
    
  




Therefore, the measuring node can estimate the reverse capacity based on the unbiased δj-k,j, Sr and Equation 3b.

Although (v,k)-TWPs are only for measuring the reverse capacity, they provide two attractive properties. First, the reverse capacity estimation is independent of the probe packets preceding pu. Such property is exploited by the present invention to use the same (v,k)-TWP to measure both forward and reverse capacities. Second, Equation 4 shows that the packet dispersion of {rj-k, . . . , rj} is independent of the forward dispersion. Therefore, the reverse capacity estimation is immune from the error due to the scenario 721 in FIG. 7.
FIG. 10 is a time-line diagram illustrating an exemplary measurement session with a (1,1)-TWP to measure reverse dispersion and reverse capacity. For this path, the probe and response packet sizes are configured such that Cf/r<Sf/r. Since the (1,1)-TWP is used, a measuring node will obtain the unbiased reverse dispersion X(hr) and therefore the reverse capacity according to Equations 4 and 3b. It is noted that the measuring node 1001 would underestimate the reverse capacity if the packet dispersion was obtained from a 1-RTP illustrated in FIG. 9.
An lth packet pair 1003 consisting of a first probe packet p2l-1 1005 and a second probe packet p2l 1007 is dispatched. The two probe packets subsequently arrive at node hf 1009 and leave the node back to back with a dispersion of X(hf) 1011. The two probe packets then arrive a remote node 1013, and the second probe packet elicit two back-to-back response packets r2l-1 1015 and r2l 1017, respectively. The two response packets subsequently arrive at node hr 1019 and leave the node back to back with a dispersion of X(hr) 1021. The two response packets subsequently arrive at the measuring node 1001 with a dispersion of X(hr) 1023. As a result, the dispersion δ2l-1,2l 1025 observed at 1001 obtains an unbiased X(hr) and therefore a correct reverse capacity estimate.
The Compound Probe
In the present invention, a measuring node dispatches a sequence of compound probes, each of which consists of a 1-RTP and a (1,1)-TWP, to a remote node. To dispatch a compound probe, the measuring node first sends the 1-RTP which consists of two back-to-back probe packets {p0R,p1R} with the probe packet size SfR. The {p0R,p1R} subsequently elicit response packets {r0R,r1R}, respectively, from the remote node and each response packet is of size SrR. After receiving both response packets, the measuring node dispatches the (1,1)-TWP which has two back-to-back probe packets {p0T,p1T} with the probe packet SfT. However, only p1T elicits from the remote node two response packets {r0T,r1T} with the response packet size SrT.
Unlike the existing packet dispersion methods, the present invention does not measure the packet dispersions of fit {r0R,r1R} and {r0T,r1T} for measuring forward and reverse capacities. Instead, it only obtains two round-trip time (RTT) estimates dR0 and dR1 for the first and second response packets of the 1-RTP and two RTT estimates dT0 and dT1 for the first and second response packets of the (1,1)-TWP. Moreover, all probe and response packets have an identical size of SfR=SfT=SrR=SrT=S. dR0 and dR1 are measured from the time difference between sending the first probe packet of a 1-RTP and receiving the corresponding response packets by the measuring node. Similarly, dT0 and dT1 are measured from the time difference between sending the first probe packet of a (1,1)-TWP and receiving the corresponding response packets. In other words, a RTT is the total delay of the corresponding probe and response packets to complete the n-node traversal from a round-trip path, which is given by

d=Σh=1n(X(h)+T(h)+wj(h))=D(n)+Σh=1nw(h).  Equation 5

The component D(n)=Σh=1n(X(h)+T(h)) is the constant forwarding delay comprising at each node h a constant transmission delay X(h)=S/C(h) and a constant delay of T(h) for propagating the packet to the next node. The component Σh=1w(h) is the total queueing delay introduced by cross traffic and the preceding packet from the same 1-RTP or (1,1)-TWP, if exists, at the head of the queue at each node h.

By using RTT instead of packet dispersion for asymmetric capacities measurement, the present invention avoids the two error scenarios 719 and 721 depicted in FIG. 7; as a result, it can measure both FF and FR paths with any degree of capacity asymmetry. Specifically, the present invention first obtains the minimum RTTs of dR0, dR1, dT0 and dT1, which are denoted by min_dR0, min_dT0, and respectively, from the sequence of compound probes. A minimum RTT is the RTT experienced by the probe and elicited response packets, neither of which encounters cross-traffic-induced queueing delay on the path. However, the minimum RTT can still include the queueing delay induced by the preceding packets belong to the same 1-RTP or (1,1)-TWP. By sending a sufficiently long sequence of probes, the minimum observable values of dR0, dR1, dT0 and dT1 from the sequence converge to their corresponding minimum RTTs:




  
    
      
        
          
            min_d
            
              R
              ⁢
              
                
              
              ⁢
              0
            
          
          =
          
            D
            
              (
              n
              )
            
          
        
        ,
      
    
    
      
        Equation
        ⁢
        
          
        
        ⁢
        6
        ⁢
        a
      
    
  
  
    
      
        
          
            min_d
            
              R
              ⁢
              
                
              
              ⁢
              1
            
          
          =
          
            
              D
              
                (
                n
                )
              
            
            +
            
              max
              ⁢
              
                {
                
                  
                    S
                    
                      C
                      f
                    
                  
                  ,
                  
                    S
                    
                      C
                      r
                    
                  
                
                }
              
            
          
        
        ,
      
    
    
      
        Equation
        ⁢
        
          
        
        ⁢
        6
        ⁢
        b
      
    
  
  
    
      
        
          
            min_d
            
              T
              ⁢
              
                
              
              ⁢
              0
            
          
          =
          
            
              D
              
                (
                n
                )
              
            
            +
            
              S
              
                C
                f
              
            
          
        
        ,
      
    
    
      
        Equation
        ⁢
        
          
        
        ⁢
        6
        ⁢
        c
      
    
  
  
    
      
        
          min_d
          
            T
            ⁢
            
              
            
            ⁢
            1
          
        
        =
        
          
            D
            
              (
              n
              )
            
          
          +
          
            S
            
              C
              f
            
          
          +
          
            
              S
              
                C
                r
              
            
            .
          
        
      
    
    
      
        Equation
        ⁢
        
          
        
        ⁢
        6
        ⁢
        d
      
    
  




According to Equation 5, the four minimum RTTs contain the same D(n) due to the fixed packet size and unique network path but different amounts of queueing delay Σh=1nw(h). For min_dR0, since the first probe and response packets p0R and r0R are never queued behind any packet on the round-trip path, Σh=1nw(h). For min_dR1, since the second probe and response packets p1R and r1R traverse all the nodes after p0R and r0R, respectively, and none of the probe and response packets is affected by the cross traffic on the path,




  
    
      
        ∑
        
          h
          =
          1
        
      
      n
    
    ⁢
    
      w
      
        (
        h
        )
      
    
  
  =
  
    
      
        max
        
          1
          ≤
          h
          ≤
          n
        
      
      ⁢
      
        {
        
          X
          
            (
            h
            )
          
        
        }
      
    
    =
    
      max
      ⁢
      
        
          {
          
            
              S
              
                C
                f
              
            
            ,
            
              S
              
                C
                r
              
            
          
          }
        
        .
      
    
  




For both min_dT0 and min_dT1, since {r0R,r1R} are both elicited by p1T, their forward-path queueing delays are introduced by p0T and equal to





  
    
      
        ∑
        
          h
          =
          1
        
      
      m
    
    ⁢
    
      w
      
        (
        h
        )
      
    
  
  =
  
    
      
        max
        
          1
          ≤
          h
          ≤
          m
        
      
      ⁢
      
        {
        
          X
          
            (
            h
            )
          
        
        }
      
    
    =
    
      
        S
        
          C
          f
        
      
      .
    
  




Their reverse-path queueing delays are, however, different. For min_dT0, since r0T is never queued behind any packet on the reverse path, Σh=m+1nw(h)=0. On the other hand, since r1T traverses the reverse path after r0T,





  
    
      
        ∑
        
          h
          =
          
            m
            +
            1
          
        
      
      n
    
    ⁢
    
      w
      
        (
        h
        )
      
    
  
  =
  
    
      
        max
        
          
            m
            +
            1
          
          ≤
          h
          ≤
          n
        
      
      ⁢
      
        {
        
          X
          
            (
            h
            )
          
        
        }
      
    
    =
    
      
        S
        
          C
          r
        
      
      .
    
  




Based on Equations 6a-6d, five minimum delay differences δR1-R0, δT0-R0, δT1-R0, δT1-T0, and δT1-R1 can be obtained:




  
    
      
        
          
            δ
            
              
                R
                ⁢
                
                  
                
                ⁢
                1
              
              -
              
                R
                ⁢
                
                  
                
                ⁢
                0
              
            
          
          =
          
            
              
                min_d
                
                  R
                  ⁢
                  
                    
                  
                  ⁢
                  1
                
              
              -
              
                min_d
                
                  R
                  ⁢
                  
                    
                  
                  ⁢
                  0
                
              
            
            =
            
              max
              ⁢
              
                {
                
                  
                    S
                    
                      C
                      f
                    
                  
                  ,
                  
                    S
                    
                      C
                      r
                    
                  
                
                }
              
            
          
        
        ,
      
    
    
      
        Equation
        ⁢
        
          
        
        ⁢
        7
        ⁢
        a
      
    
  
  
    
      
        
          
            δ
            
              
                T
                ⁢
                
                  
                
                ⁢
                0
              
              -
              
                R
                ⁢
                
                  
                
                ⁢
                0
              
            
          
          =
          
            
              
                min_d
                
                  T
                  ⁢
                  
                    
                  
                  ⁢
                  0
                
              
              -
              
                min_d
                
                  R
                  ⁢
                  
                    
                  
                  ⁢
                  0
                
              
            
            =
            
              S
              
                C
                f
              
            
          
        
        ,
      
    
    
      
        Equation
        ⁢
        
          
        
        ⁢
        7
        ⁢
        
          
        
        ⁢
        b
      
    
  
  
    
      
        
          
            δ
            
              
                T
                ⁢
                
                  
                
                ⁢
                1
              
              -
              
                R
                ⁢
                
                  
                
                ⁢
                0
              
            
          
          =
          
            
              
                min_d
                
                  T
                  ⁢
                  
                    
                  
                  ⁢
                  1
                
              
              -
              
                min_d
                
                  R
                  ⁢
                  
                    
                  
                  ⁢
                  0
                
              
            
            =
            
              
                S
                
                  C
                  f
                
              
              +
              
                S
                
                  C
                  r
                
              
            
          
        
        ,
      
    
    
      
        Equation
        ⁢
        
          
        
        ⁢
        7
        ⁢
        c
      
    
  
  
    
      
        
          
            δ
            
              
                T
                ⁢
                
                  
                
                ⁢
                1
              
              -
              
                T
                ⁢
                
                  
                
                ⁢
                0
              
            
          
          =
          
            
              
                min_d
                
                  T
                  ⁢
                  
                    
                  
                  ⁢
                  1
                
              
              -
              
                min_d
                
                  T
                  ⁢
                  
                    
                  
                  ⁢
                  0
                
              
            
            =
            
              S
              
                C
                r
              
            
          
        
        ,
      
    
    
      
        Equation
        ⁢
        
          
        
        ⁢
        7
        ⁢
        d
      
    
  
  
    
      
        
          
            δ
            
              
                T
                ⁢
                
                  
                
                ⁢
                1
              
              -
              
                R
                ⁢
                
                  
                
                ⁢
                1
              
            
          
          =
          
            
              
                min_d
                
                  T
                  ⁢
                  
                    
                  
                  ⁢
                  1
                
              
              -
              
                min_d
                
                  R
                  ⁢
                  
                    
                  
                  ⁢
                  1
                
              
            
            =
            
              min
              ⁢
              
                {
                
                  
                    S
                    
                      C
                      f
                    
                  
                  ,
                  
                    S
                    
                      C
                      r
                    
                  
                
                }
              
            
          
        
        ,
      
    
    
      
        Equation
        ⁢
        
          
        
        ⁢
        7
        ⁢
        e
      
    
  




To obtain the four asymmetric capacities defined in Equations 1a-1d, the present invention uses the packet size S and the four minimum delay differences δT0-R0, δT1-T0, δT1-R1, and δR1-R0:




  
    
      
        
          
            C
            f
          
          =
          
            S
            
              δ
              
                
                  T
                  ⁢
                  
                    
                  
                  ⁢
                  0
                
                -
                
                  R
                  ⁢
                  
                    
                  
                  ⁢
                  0
                
              
            
          
        
        ,
      
    
    
      
        Equation
        ⁢
        
          
        
        ⁢
        8
        ⁢
        a
      
    
  
  
    
      
        
          
            C
            r
          
          =
          
            S
            
              δ
              
                
                  T
                  ⁢
                  
                    
                  
                  ⁢
                  1
                
                -
                
                  T
                  ⁢
                  
                    
                  
                  ⁢
                  0
                
              
            
          
        
        ,
      
    
    
      
        Equation
        ⁢
        
          
        
        ⁢
        8
        ⁢
        b
      
    
  
  
    
      
        
          
            C
            B
          
          =
          
            S
            
              δ
              
                
                  T
                  ⁢
                  
                    
                  
                  ⁢
                  1
                
                -
                
                  R
                  ⁢
                  
                    
                  
                  ⁢
                  1
                
              
            
          
        
        ,
      
    
    
      
        Equation
        ⁢
        
          
        
        ⁢
        8
        ⁢
        c
      
    
  
  
    
      
        
          
            C
            b
          
          =
          
            S
            
              δ
              
                
                  R
                  ⁢
                  
                    
                  
                  ⁢
                  1
                
                -
                
                  R
                  ⁢
                  
                    
                  
                  ⁢
                  0
                
              
            
          
        
        ,
      
    
    
      
        Equation
        ⁢
        
          
        
        ⁢
        8
        ⁢
        d
      
    
  




To verify whether the round-trip path is capacity-asymmetric or capacity-symmetric, the present invention computes Q which is given by




  
    
      
        Q
        =
        
          
            
              log
              2
            
            ⁡
            
              (
              
                
                  δ
                  
                    
                      T
                      ⁢
                      
                        
                      
                      ⁢
                      1
                    
                    -
                    
                      R
                      ⁢
                      
                        
                      
                      ⁢
                      0
                    
                  
                
                
                  δ
                  
                    
                      R
                      ⁢
                      
                        
                      
                      ⁢
                      1
                    
                    -
                    
                      R
                      ⁢
                      
                        
                      
                      ⁢
                      0
                    
                  
                
              
              )
            
          
          =
          
            
              
                log
                2
              
              ⁡
              
                (
                
                  
                    
                      C
                      f
                    
                    +
                    
                      C
                      r
                    
                  
                  
                    max
                    ⁡
                    
                      (
                      
                        
                          C
                          f
                        
                        ,
                        
                          C
                          r
                        
                      
                      )
                    
                  
                
                )
              
            
            .
          
        
      
    
    
      
        Equation
        ⁢
        
          
        
        ⁢
        9
      
    
  




Equation 9 shows that Q fails in (0,1], where Q equals one for a capacity-symmetric path (with Cf=Cr) and is close to zero if Cf>>Cr (which is an FF path) or Cf<<Cr (FR path).

To estimate the degree of asymmetry Cf/r of a round-trip path, the present invention computes D1 and D2 which are given by




  
    
      
        
          D
          1
        
        =
        
          
            
              δ
              
                
                  T
                  ⁢
                  
                    
                  
                  ⁢
                  1
                
                -
                
                  T
                  ⁢
                  
                    
                  
                  ⁢
                  0
                
              
            
            
              δ
              
                
                  R
                  ⁢
                  
                    
                  
                  ⁢
                  1
                
                -
                
                  R
                  ⁢
                  
                    
                  
                  ⁢
                  0
                
              
            
          
          =
          
            
              1
              
                max
                ⁡
                
                  (
                  
                    1
                    ,
                    
                      
                        C
                        r
                      
                      
                        C
                        f
                      
                    
                  
                  )
                
              
            
            =
            
              {
              
                
                  
                    
                      
                        
                          C
                          f
                        
                        
                          C
                          r
                        
                      
                      ,
                    
                  
                  
                    
                      
                        
                          C
                          f
                        
                        <
                        
                          C
                          r
                        
                      
                      ,
                    
                  
                
                
                  
                    
                      1
                      ,
                    
                  
                  
                    
                      otherwise
                      .
                    
                  
                
              
            
          
        
      
    
    
      
        Equation
        ⁢
        
          
        
        ⁢
        10
        ⁢
        a
      
    
  
  
    
      
        
          D
          2
        
        =
        
          
            
              δ
              
                
                  R
                  ⁢
                  
                    
                  
                  ⁢
                  1
                
                -
                
                  R
                  ⁢
                  
                    
                  
                  ⁢
                  0
                
              
            
            
              δ
              
                
                  T
                  ⁢
                  
                    
                  
                  ⁢
                  0
                
                -
                
                  R
                  ⁢
                  
                    
                  
                  ⁢
                  0
                
              
            
          
          =
          
            
              max
              ⁡
              
                (
                
                  1
                  ,
                  
                    
                      C
                      f
                    
                    
                      C
                      r
                    
                  
                
                )
              
            
            =
            
              {
              
                
                  
                    
                      
                        
                          C
                          f
                        
                        
                          C
                          r
                        
                      
                      ,
                    
                  
                  
                    
                      
                        
                          C
                          f
                        
                        <
                        
                          C
                          r
                        
                      
                      ,
                    
                  
                
                
                  
                    
                      1
                      ,
                    
                  
                  
                    
                      otherwise
                      ,
                    
                  
                
              
            
          
        
      
    
    
      
        Equation
        ⁢
        
          
        
        ⁢
        10
        ⁢
        b
      
    
  




According to Equation 10a and Equation 10b, if the round-trip path is a capacity-symmetric path, both D1 and D2 will equal one and therefore Cf/r=1. If the path is an FR path (Cf<Cr), D1 will give Cf/r which falls in (0,1) but D2 will equal one. If the path is an FF path (Cf>Cr), D2 will give Cf/r which is greater than one but D1 will equal one.

FIG. 11 is a time-line diagram illustrating an exemplary measurement session for a compound probe with a 1-RTP and a (1,1)-TWP to measure a round-trip path with CC(hf)<CC(hr). Therefore, X(hf)>X(hr) due to the identical probe and response size S for a compound probe. A measuring node 1101 sends a compound probe 1103 with a 1-RTP 1105 and a (1,1)-TWP 1107 to a remote node 1109. The 1-RTP consists of two back-to-back probe packets p0R 1111 and p1R 1113. The two probe packets subsequently arrive at node hf 1115 and leave the node back to back with a dispersion of X(hf) 1117. The two probe packets elicit two response packets r0R 1119 and r1R 1121, respectively from the remote node 1109. Since X(hf)>X(hr), the two response packets subsequently arrive at node hr 1123 and leave the node with a dispersion of X(hf) 1125. The two response packets eventually arrive at the measuring node 1101 with a dispersion of X(hf) 1127. Because the probe and response packets traverse the path without experiencing any cross-traffic induced delay at each node, the RTT 1129 measured by 1101 will follow Equation 6a and give min_dR0 which consists of only the total forwarding delay D(n) for the probe and response packets p0R and r0R. Moreover, the RTT 1131 measured by 1101 will follow Equation 6b and give min_dR1 which contains both the total forwarding delay D(n) and the forward-path queueing delay X(hr) introduced by p0R.
The measuring node 1101 dispatches a (1,1)-TWP 1107 consisting of two back-to-back probe packets p0T 1133 and p1T 1135 after receiving r0R and r1R. The two probe packets subsequently arrive at node hf 1115 and leave the node back to back with a dispersion of X(hf) 1137. The two probe packets then arrive a remote node 1109, and the second probe packet elicit two back-to-back response packets r0T 1139 and if r1T 1141, respectively. The two response packets subsequently arrive at node hr 1123 and leave the node back to back with a dispersion of X(hr) 1143. The two response packets subsequently arrive at the measuring node 1101 with a dispersion of X(hr) 1145. As a result, the RTT 1147 measured by 1101 will follow Equation 6c and give min_dT0 because it contains both the total forwarding delay D(n) and the forward-path queueing delay X(hf) introduced by p0T. Moreover, the RTT 1149 measured by 1101 will follow Equation 6d and give min_dT1 because, comparing with min_dT0, it additionally contains the reverse-path queueing delay X(hr) introduced by r0T. With the four minimum RTT estimates, the measuring node can obtain the four asymmetric capacities of the round-trip path from Equations 8a-8d, verify if the path is capacity-asymmetric by computing Q according to Equation 9, and estimate the degree of capacity asymmetry by computing D1 and D2 according to Equations 10a and 10b.
FIG. 12 is a time-line diagram illustrating an exemplary measurement session for a compound probe with a 1-RTP and a (1,1)-TWP to measure a round-trip path with C(hf)>C(hr). Therefore, X(hf)<X(hr) due to the identical probe and response size S for a compound probe. A measuring node 1201 sends a compound probe 1203 with a 1-RTP 1205 and a (1,1)-TWP 1207 to a remote node 1209. The 1-RTP consists of two back-to-back probe packets p0R 1211 and p1R 1213. The two probe packets subsequently arrive at node hf 1215 and leave the node back to back with a dispersion of X(hf) 1217. The two probe packets elicit two response packets r0R 1219 and r1R 1221, respectively from the remote node 1109. Since X(hf)<X(hr), the two response packets subsequently arrive at node hr 1223 and leave the node with a dispersion of X(hr) 1225. The two response packets eventually arrive at the measuring node 1201 with a dispersion of X(hr) 1227. Because the probe and response packets traverse the path without experiencing any cross-traffic induced delay at each node, the RTT 1229 measured by 1201 will follow Equation 6a and give min_dR0 which consists of only the total forwarding delay D(n) for the probe and response packets p0R and p0R. Moreover, the RTT 1231 measured by 1201 will follow Equation 6b and give min_dR1 which contains both the total forwarding delay D(n) and the reverse-path queueing delay X(hr) introduced by r0R.
The measuring node 1201 dispatches a (1,1)-TWP 1207 consisting of two back-to-back probe packets p0T 1233 and p1T 1235 after receiving r0R and r1R. The two probe packets subsequently arrive at node hf 1215 and leave the node back to back with a dispersion of X(hf) 1237. The two probe packets then arrive a remote node 1209, and the second probe packet elicit two back-to-back response packets r0T 1239 and r1T 1241, respectively. The two response packets subsequently arrive at node hr 1223 and leave the node back to back with a dispersion of X(hr) 1243. The two response packets subsequently arrive at the measuring node 1201 with a dispersion of X(hr) 1245. As a result, the RTT 1247 measured by 1201 will follow Equation 6c and give min_dT0 because it contains both the total forwarding delay D(n) and the forward-path queueing delay X(hf) introduced by p0T. Moreover, the RTT 1249 measured by 1201 will follow Equation 6d and give min_dT1 because, comparing with min_dT0, it additionally contains the reverse-path queueing delay X(hr) introduced by r0T. With the four minimum RTT estimates, the measuring node can obtain the four asymmetric capacities of the round-trip path from Equations 8a-8d, verify if the path is capacity-asymmetric by computing Q according to Equation 9, and estimate the degree of capacity asymmetry by computing D1 and D2 according to Equations 10a and 10b.
Exemplary Probe and Response Data Packets
In the present invention, a measuring node can perform client-side or server-side measurement to a remote node. The client-side measurement facilitates the measuring node to conduct the measurement to a remote web server. Each probe packet of a 1-RTP or (1,1)-TWP is a TCP data packet which carries a legitimate HTTP GET request; each corresponding response packet is a TCP data packet elicited from a remote web server which contains the requested HTTP data. The server-side measurement, on the other hand, enables the measurement to a remote web client. The measuring node serving as a web server listens to incoming HTTP requests from a web browser of the remote web client. Upon receiving an HTTP request from the web browser, the measuring node replies with an HTTP response that instructs the web browser to download a Flash object from the measuring node. The web browser subsequently loads the Flash object which establishes a separate TCP connection with the measuring node for asymmetric capacities measurement.
FIG. 13 is a time-line diagram illustrating a remote web server's responses to receiving each probe HTTP/TCP data packet in a compound probe from a measuring node in a particular embodiment according to the present invention. After a measuring node 1301 established a TCP connection with a web server 1303, the measuring node 1301 dispatches a sequence of sufficiently spaced compound probes to the web server 1303. A kth compound probe 1305 consisting of a 1-RTP 1307 and a (1,1)-TWP 1309. The measuring node 1301 first sends the 1-RTP 1307 comprising two back-to-back HTTP/TCP data packets p2k-2R 1311 and p2k-1R 1313 to the web server 1303. The first probe packet p2k-2R 1311 elicits a response HTTP/TCP data packet r2k-2R 1315 from the web server 1303, whereas the second probe packet p2k-1R 1313 elicits a response HTTP/TCP data packet r2k-1R 1317 from the web server 1303. Upon receiving r2k-2R 1315, the measuring node 1301 measures dR(2k-2) 1319 and updates the minimum RTT min_dR0 according to FIG. 4. Upon receiving r2k-1R 1317, the measuring node 1301 measures dR(2k-1) 1321 and updates the minimum RTT min_dR1 according to FIG. 4.
After receiving r2k-2R 1315 and r2k-1R 1317, the measuring node 1301 sends the (1,1)-TWP comprising two back-to-back HTTP/TCP data packets p2k-2T 1323 and p2k-1T 1325 to the web server 1303. The arrival of the second probe packet p2k-1T 1325 elicits two back-to-back response HTTP/TCP data packet r2k-2T 1327 and r2k-1T 1329 from the web server 1303. Upon receiving r2k-2T 1327, the measuring node 1301 measures dT(2k-2) 1331 and updates the minimum RTT min_dT0 according to FIG. 4. Upon receiving r2k-1T 1329, the measuring node 1301 measures dT(2k-1) 1333 and updates the minimum RTT min_dT1 according to FIG. 4.
An lth compound probe 1335 consisting of a 1-RTP 1337 and a (1,1)-TWP 1339. The measuring node 1301 sends the 1-RTP 1337 comprising two back-to-back HTTP/TCP data packets p2l-2R 1341 and p2l-2R 1343 to the web server 1303. The first probe packet p2l-2R 1341 elicits a response HTTP/TCP data packet r2l-2R 1345 from the web server 1303, whereas the second probe packet p2l-1R 1343 elicits a response HTTP/TCP data packet r2l-1R 1347 from the web server 1303. Upon receiving r2l-2R 1345, the measuring node 1301 measures dR(2l-2)1349 and updates the minimum RTT min_dR0 according to FIG. 4. Upon receiving r2l-1R 1347, the measuring node 1301 measures dR(2l-1) 1351 and updates the minimum RTT min_dR1 according to FIG. 4.
After receiving r2l-2R 1345 and r2l-1R 1347, the measuring node sends the (1,1)-TWP comprising two back-to-back HTTP/TCP data packets p2l-2T 1353 and p2l-1T 1355 to the web server 1303. The arrival of the second probe packet p2l-1T 1355 elicits two back-to-back response HTTP/TCP data packet r2l-2T 1357 and r2l-1T 1359 from the web server 1303. Upon receiving r2l-2T 1357, the measuring node 1301 measures dT(2l-2) 1361 and updates the minimum RTT min_dT0 according to FIG. 4. Upon receiving r2l-1T 1359, the measuring node 1301 measures dT(2l-1) 1363 and updates the minimum RTT min_dT1 according to FIG. 4.
Table 1 shows, as an example, the structure of the probe and response HTTP/TCP packets (including the TCP header and TCP payload, and each row contains a 32-bit word). Other elements belonging to the lower layer of the protocol stack (such as, the IP header, and Ethernet header and trailer) are excluded, because they are not directly related to the exemplary embodiment.







TABLE 1




















For the case of 1-RTP through an HTTP/TCP connection, the actual content of exemplary probe and response packets is illustrated in Tables 2-5.
Table 2 is the first probe packet pR of a 1-RTP (with a 240-byte TCP data payload):








TABLE 2





Fields
Value (in decimal)
















Source Port
11949


Destination Port
80


Sequence Number
1649735825


Acknowledgement Number
418938821


Data Offset
5


Reserved
0


CWR
0


ECN
0


URG
0


ACK
1


PSH
1


RST
0


SYN
0


FIN
0


Window Size
480


Checksum
8357


HTTP Data
GET /test1.txt HTTP/1.1\r\nHost:







www.oneprobe.org\r\nUser-Agent: OneProbe/0.1\r\nAccept:


*/*\r\nConnection: keep-alive\r\nReferer: http://www.oneprobe.org/?


s=04094161792100000004000000040OneProbe0Measurement0OneProbe0Measurement


0OneProbe0Measurem\r\n\r\n









Table 3 is the second probe packet p1R of a 1-RTP (with a 240-byte TCP data payload):








TABLE 3





Fields
Value (in decimal)
















Source Port
11949


Destination Port
80


Sequence Number
1649736065


Acknowledgement Number
418939061


Data Offset
5


Reserved
0


CWR
0


ECN
0


URG
0


ACK
1


PSH
1


RST
0


SYN
0


FIN
0


Window Size
480


Checksum
7876


HTTP Data
GET /test2.txt HTTP/1.1\r\nHost:







www.oneprobe.org\r\nUser-Agent: OneProbe/0.1\r\nAccept:


*/*\r\nConnection: keep-alive\r\nReferer: http://www.oneprobe.org/?


s=04094161792100000004000000040OneProbe0Measurement0OneProbe0Measurement


0OneProbe0Measurem\r\n\r\n









Table 4 is the first response packet r0R of a 1-RTP (with a 240-byte TCP data payload):








TABLE 4





Fields
Value (in decimal)
















Source Port
80


Destination Port
11949


Sequence Number
418939061


Acknowledgement Number
1649736065


Data Offset
5


Reserved
0


CWR
0


ECN
0


URG
0


ACK
1


PSH
1


RST
0


SYN
0


FIN
0


Window Size
49200


Checksum
46172


HTTP Data







012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901


234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123


456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345


678901234567890123456789









Table 5 is the second response packet r1R of a 1-RTP (with a 240-byte TCP data payload):








TABLE 5





Fields
Value (in decimal)
















Source Port
80


Destination Port
11949


Sequence Number
418939301


Acknowledgement Number
1649736305


Data Offset
5


Reserved
0


CWR
0


ECN
0


URG
0


ACK
1


PSH
1


RST
0


SYN
0


FIN
0


Window Size
49200


Checksum
59235


HTTP Data







012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901


234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123


456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345


678901234567890123456789









For the case of (1,1)-TWP through an HTTP/TCP connection, the actual content of exemplary probe and response packets is illustrated in Tables 6-9.
Table 6 is the first probe packet p0T of a (1,1)-TWP (with a 240-byte TCP data payload):








TABLE 6





Fields
Value (in decimal)
















Source Port
11949


Destination Port
80


Sequence Number
1649736305


Acknowledgement Number
418939301


Data Offset
5


Reserved
0


CWR
0


ECN
0


URG
0


ACK
1


PSH
1


RST
0


SYN
0


FIN
0


Window Size
0


Checksum
8357


HTTP Data
GET /test1.txt HTTP/1.1\r\nHost:







www.oneprobe.org\r\nUser-Agent: OneProbe/0.1\r\nAccept:


*/*\r\nConnection: keep-alive\r\nReferer: http://www.oneprobe.org/?


s=04094161792100000004000000040OneProbe0Measurement0OneProbe0Measurement


0OneProbe0Measurem\r\n\r\n









Table 7 is the second probe packet p1T of a (1,1)-TWP (with a 240-byte TCP data payload):








TABLE 7





Fields
Value (in decimal)
















Source Port
11949


Destination Port
80


Sequence Number
1649736545


Acknowledgement Number
418939541


Data Offset
5


Reserved
0


CWR
0


ECN
0


URG
0


ACK
1


PSH
1


RST
0


SYN
0


FIN
0


Window Size
480


Checksum
8357


HTTP Data
GET /test1.txt HTTP/1.1\r\nHost:







www.oneprobe.org\r\nUser-Agent: OneProbe/0.1\r\nAccept:


*/*\r\nConnection: keep-alive\r\nReferer: http://www.oneprobe.org/?


s=04094161792100000004000000040OneProbe0Measurement0OneProbe0Measurement


0OneProbe0Measurem\r\n\r\n









Table 8 is the first response packet r0T of a (1,1)-TWP (with a 240-byte TCP data payload):








TABLE 8





Fields
Value (in decimal)
















Source Port
80


Destination Port
11949


Sequence Number
418939541


Acknowledgement Number
1649736785


Data Offset
5


Reserved
0


CWR
0


ECN
0


URG
0


ACK
1


PSH
1


RST
0


SYN
0


FIN
0


Window Size
49200


Checksum
46172


HTTP Data







012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901


234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123


456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345


678901234567890123456789









Table 9 is the second response packet r1T if of a (1,1)-TWP (with a 240-byte TCP data payload):








TABLE 9





Fields
Value (in decimal)
















Source Port
80


Destination Port
11949


Sequence Number
418939781


Acknowledgement Number
1649736785


Data Offset
5


Reserved
0


CWR
0


ECN
0


URG
0


ACK
1


PSH
1


RST
0


SYN
0


FIN
0


Window Size
49200


Checksum
46172


HTTP Data







012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901


234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123


456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345


678901234567890123456789









FIG. 14 is a time-line diagram illustrating Flash object's responses of a remote web client to receiving each probe Flash/TCP data packet in a compound probe from a measuring node in a particular embodiment according to the present invention. After a Flash object 1403 loaded by a remote web client's browser established a TCP connection with a measuring node 1401, the measuring node 1401 dispatches a sequence of sufficiently spaced compound probes to the Flash object 1403. A kth compound probe 1405 consisting of a 1-RTP 1407 and a (1,1)-TWP 1409. The measuring node 1301 first sends the 1-RTP 1407 comprising two back-to-back Flash/TCP data packets p2k-2R 1411 and p2k-1R 1413 to the Flash object 1403. The first probe packet p2k-2R 1411 elicits a response Flash/TCP data packet r2k-2R 1415 from the Flash object 1403, whereas the second probe packet p2k-1R 1413 elicits a response Flash/TCP data packet r2k-1R 1417 from the Flash object 1403. Upon receiving r2k-2R 1415, the measuring node 1401 measures dR(2k-2) 1419 and updates the minimum RTT min_dR0 according to FIG. 4. Upon receiving r2k-1R 1417, the measuring node 1401 measures dR(2k-1) 1421 and updates the minimum RTT min_dR1 according to FIG. 4.
After receiving r2k-2R 1415 and r2k-1R 1417, the measuring node 1401 sends the (1,1)-TWP comprising two back-to-back Flash/TCP data packets p2k-2T 1423 and p2k-1T 1425 to the Flash object 1403. The arrival of the second probe packet p2k-1T 1425 elicits two back-to-back response Flash/TCP data packet r2k-2R 1427 and r2k-1T 1429 from the Flash object 1403. Upon receiving r2k-2T 1427, the measuring node 1401 measures dT(2k-2) 1431 and updates the minimum RTT min_dT0 according to FIG. 4. Upon receiving r2k-1T 1429, the measuring node 1401 measures dT(2k-1) 1433 and updates the minimum RTT min_dT1 according to FIG. 4.
An lth compound probe 1435 consisting of a 1-RTP 1437 and a (1,1)-TWP 1439. The measuring node 1401 sends the 1-RTP 1437 comprising two back-to-back Flash/TCP data packets p2l-2T 1441 and p2l-2R 1443 to the Flash object 1403. The first probe packet p2l-2R 1441 elicits a response Flash/TCP data packet r2l-2R 1445 from the Flash object 1403, whereas the second probe packet p2l-2R 1443 elicits a response Flash/TCP data packet r2l-1R 1447 from the Flash object 1403. Upon receiving r2l-2R 1445, the measuring node 1401 measures dR(2l-2) 1449 and updates the minimum RTT min_dR0 according to FIG. 4. Upon receiving r2l-1R 1447, the measuring node 1401 measures dR(2l-1) 1451 and updates the minimum RTT min_dR1 according to FIG. 4.
After receiving r2l-2R 1445 and r2l-1R 1447, the measuring node 1401 sends the (1,1)-TWP comprising two back-to-back Flash/TCP data packets p2l-2T 1453 and IDT, 1455 to the Flash object 1403. The arrival of the second probe packet p2l-1T 1455 elicits two back-to-back response Flash/TCP data packet r2l-2T 1457 and r2l-1T 1459 from the Flash object 1403. Upon receiving r2l-2T 1457, the measuring node 1401 measures dT(2l-2) 1461 and updates the minimum RTT min_dT0 according to FIG. 4. Upon receiving r2l-1T 1459, the measuring node 1401 measures dT(2l-1) 1463 and updates the minimum RTT min_dT1 according to FIG. 4.
Table 10 shows, as an example, the structure of the probe and response Flash/TCP data packets (including the TCP header and TCP payload, and each row contains a 32-bit word). Other elements belonging to the lower layer of the protocol stack (such as, the IP header, and Ethernet header and trailer) are excluded, because they are not directly related to the exemplary embodiment.







TABLE 10




















For the case of 1-RTP through a Flash/TCP connection, the actual content of exemplary probe and response packets is illustrated in Tables 11-14.
Table 11 is the first probe packet p0R of a 1-RTP (with a 240-byte TCP data payload):








TABLE 11





Fields
Value (in decimal)
















Source Port
11949


Destination Port
80


Sequence Number
1649735825


Acknowledgement Number
418938821


Data Offset
5


Reserved
0


CWR
0


ECN
0


URG
0


ACK
1


PSH
1


RST
0


SYN
0


FIN
0


Window Size
480


Checksum
8357


Flash Data







012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901


234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123


456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345


678901234567890123456789









Table 12 is the second probe packet p1R of a 1-RTP (with a 240-byte TCP data payload):








TABLE 12





Fields
Value (in decimal)
















Source Port
11949


Destination Port
80


Sequence Number
1649736065


Acknowledgement Number
418939061


Data Offset
5


Reserved
0


CWR
0


ECN
0


URG
0


ACK
1


PSH
1


RST
0


SYN
0


FIN
0


Window Size
480


Checksum
7876


Flash Data







012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901


234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123


456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345


678901234567890123456789









Table 13 is the first response packet r0R of a 1-RTP (with a 240-byte TCP data payload):








TABLE 13





Fields
Value (in decimal)
















Source Port
80


Destination Port
11949


Sequence Number
418939061


Acknowledgement Number
1649736065


Data Offset
5


Reserved
0


CWR
0


ECN
0


URG
0


ACK
1


PSH
1


RST
0


SYN
0


FIN
0


Window Size
49200


Checksum
46172


Flash Data







012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901


234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123


456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345


678901234567890123456789









Table 14 is the second response packet r1R of a 1-RTP (with a 240-byte TCP data payload):








TABLE 14





Fields
Value (in decimal)
















Source Port
80


Destination Port
11949


Sequence Number
418939301


Acknowledgement Number
1649736305


Data Offset
5


Reserved
0


CWR
0


ECN
0


URG
0


ACK
1


PSH
1


RST
0


SYN
0


FIN
0


Window Size
49200


Checksum
59235


Flash Data







012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901


234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123


456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345


678901234567890123456789









For the case of (1,1)-TWP through a Flash/TCP connection, the actual content of exemplary probe and response packets is illustrated in Tables 15-18.
Table 15 is the first probe packet p0T of a (1,1)-TWP (with a 240-byte TCP data payload):








TABLE 15





Fields
Value (in decimal)
















Source Port
11949


Destination Port
80


Sequence Number
1649736305


Acknowledgement Number
418939301


Data Offset
5


Reserved
0


CWR
0


ECN
0


URG
0


ACK
1


PSH
1


RST
0


SYN
0


FIN
0


Window Size
0


Checksum
8357


Flash Data







012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901


234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123


456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345


678901234567890123456789









Table 16 is the second probe packet p1T of a (1,1)-TWP (with a 240-byte TCP data payload):








TABLE 16





Fields
Value (in decimal)
















Source Port
11949


Destination Port
80


Sequence Number
1649736545


Acknowledgement Number
418939541


Data Offset
5


Reserved
0


CWR
0


ECN
0


URG
0


ACK
1


PSH
1


RST
0


SYN
0


FIN
0


Window Size
480


Checksum
8357


Flash Data







012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901


234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123


456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345


678901234567890123456789









Table 17 is the first response packet r0T of a (1,1)-TWP (with a 240-byte TCP data payload):








TABLE 17





Fields
Value (in decimal)
















Source Port
80


Destination Port
11949


Sequence Number
418939541


Acknowledgement Number
1649736785


Data Offset
5


Reserved
0


CWR
0


ECN
0


URG
0


ACK
1


PSH
1


RST
0


SYN
0


FIN
0


Window Size
49200


Checksum
46172


Flash Data







012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901


234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123


456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345


678901234567890123456789









Table 18 is the second response packet r1T of a (1,1)-TWP (with a 240-byte TCP data payload):








TABLE 18





Fields
Value (in decimal)
















Source Port
80


Destination Port
11949


Sequence Number
418939781


Acknowledgement Number
1649736785


Data Offset
5


Reserved
0


CWR
0


ECN
0


URG
0


ACK
1


PSH
1


RST
0


SYN
0


FIN
0


Window Size
49200


Checksum
46172


Flash Data







012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901


234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123


456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345


678901234567890123456789









Exemplary Computing Environment
The method for the present invention is operational with numerous other general-purpose or special-purpose computing system environments or configurations. Examples of well-known computing systems, environments, and/or configurations that may be suitable for practicing the present invention include, but are not limited to, personal computers, server computers, thin clients, thick clients, hand-held or laptop devices, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based systems, set top boxes, programmable consumer electronics, wireless phone, wireless communication devices, network PCs, minicomputers, mainframe computers, distributed computing environments that include any of the above systems or devices, and the like.
The measuring node according to the present invention may be described in the general context of computer-executable instructions, such as program modules, being executed by a computer. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, etc., which perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. The measuring node according to the present invention may also be practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. In a distributed computing environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote computer storage media including memory storage devices.
The methods and system described herein may be at least partially embodied in the form of computer-implemented processes and apparatus for practicing those processes. The disclosed methods may also be at least partially embodied in the form of tangible, non-transient machine readable storage media encoded with computer program code. The media may include, for example, RAMs, ROMs, CD-ROMs, DVD-ROMs, BD-ROMs, hard disk drives, flash memories, or any other non-transient machine-readable storage medium, or any combination of these mediums, wherein, when the computer program code is loaded into and executed by a computer, the computer becomes an apparatus for practicing the method. The methods may also be at least partially embodied in the form of a computer into which computer program code is loaded and/or executed, such that, the computer becomes an apparatus for practicing the methods. When implemented on a general-purpose processor, the computer program code segments configure the processor to create specific logic circuits. The methods may alternatively be at least partially embodied in a digital signal processor formed of application specific integrated circuits for performing the methods.
While there have been described and pointed out fundamental novel features of the invention as applied to a preferred embodiment thereof, it will be understood that various omissions and substitutions and changes, in the form and details of the embodiments illustrated, may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the invention. The invention is not limited by the embodiments described above which are presented as examples only but can be modified in various ways within the scope of protection defined by the appended patent claims. The appended claims should be construed broadly, to include other variants and embodiments, which may be made by those skilled in the art.

## Claims

1. A method comprising the steps of:
transmitting a plurality of probes from a local node to a remote node over a digital communication network such that a plurality of responses is received by said local node, wherein each of said plurality of probes comprises at least one probe packet and is configured by said local node to cause: (a) said at least one probe packet traverse an identical forward network path from said local node to said remote node, (b) said at least one probe packet elicit said remote node to transmit one of said responses comprising a plurality of response packets, (c) said plurality of response packets traverse an identical reverse network path from said remote node to said local node;
determining for each of said plurality of response packets a minimum round-trip packet delay between the time transmitting said probe and the time receiving said response packet; and
calculating a plurality of pair-wise minimum delay differences from said plurality of minimum round-trip packet delays, wherein said plurality of pair-wise minimum delay differences are used by said local node to compute network path capacities and a degree of capacity asymmetry between said local node and said remote node;
wherein:
each of said plurality of probes comprises a first back-to-back pair of packets consisting of a first probe packet and a second probe packet, and a second back-to-back pair of packets consisting of a third probe packet and a fourth probe packet;

each of said plurality of responses comprises a first response packet elicited by said first probe packet, a second response packet elicited by said second probe packet, and a back-to-back pair of third response packet and fourth response packet elicited by said fourth probe packet;
said plurality of minimum round-trip packet delays comprise: (a) minimum first round-trip packet delay between the time transmitting said probe and the time receiving said first response packet elicited by said probe, (b) minimum second round-trip packet delay between the time transmitting said probe and the time receiving said second response packet elicited by said probe, (c) minimum third round-trip packet delay between the time transmitting said probe and the time receiving said third response packet elicited by said probe, and (d) minimum fourth round-trip packet delay between the time transmitting said probe and the time receiving said fourth response packet elicited by said probe.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein:
said first, second, third, and fourth probe packets and said first, second, third, and fourth response packets are configured to have an identical packet size; and
said plurality of pair-wise minimum delay differences include: (a) first minimum delay difference by subtracting said minimum first round-trip packet delay from said minimum third round-trip packet delay, (b) second minimum delay difference by subtracting said minimum third round-trip packet delay from said minimum fourth round-trip packet delay, (c) third minimum delay difference by subtracting said minimum second round-trip packet delay from said minimum fourth round-trip packet delay, (d) fourth minimum delay difference by subtracting said minimum first round-trip packet delay from said minimum second round-trip packet delay, and (e) fifth minimum delay difference by subtracting said minimum first round-trip packet delay from said minimum fourth round-trip packet delay.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein said network path capacities comprise forward capacity of said forward network path, reverse capacity of said reverse network path, faster-path capacity which is the maximum of said forward capacity and said reverse capacity, and slower-path capacity which is the minimum of said forward capacity and said reverse capacity.

4. The method of claim 3, wherein said degree of capacity asymmetry is a ratio of said forward capacity to said reverse capacity.

5. The method of claim 3, wherein said forward capacity is computed as said packet size divided by said first minimum delay difference.

6. The method of claim 3, wherein said reverse capacity is computed as said packet size divided by said second minimum delay difference.

7. The method of claim 3, wherein said faster-path capacity is computed as said packet size divided by said third minimum delay difference.

8. The method of claim 3, wherein said slower-path capacity is computed as said packet size divided by said fourth minimum delay difference.

9. The method of claim 3, wherein calculation operation of said degree of capacity asymmetry comprises: (a) computing a ratio of said second minimum delay difference to said fourth minimum delay difference, and (b) computing a ratio of said fourth minimum delay difference to said first minimum delay difference.

10. The method of claim 3, wherein a ratio of said fifth minimum delay difference and said fourth minimum delay difference is computed to determine whether said forward capacity and said reverse capacity are identical or different.

11. The method of claim 1, wherein said digital communication network is the Internet.

12. The method of claim 1, wherein said forward network path comprises a plurality of nodes.

13. The method of claim 1, wherein said reverse network path comprises a plurality of nodes.

14. The method of claim 1, wherein said nodes are linked by wire, wireless, or mixed wire and wireless connections.

15. The method of claim 1, wherein
said local node is a TCP client;
said remote node is a TCP server;
said local node establishes at least one TCP connection with said remote node; and said probe packet and response packet are TCP data packets containing payload data and are transmitted through said at least one TCP connection.

16. The method of claim 1, wherein
said local node is a TCP server;
said remote node is a TCP client;
said remote node establishes at least one TCP connection with said local node; and
said probe packet and response packet are TCP data packets containing payload data and are transmitted through said at least one TCP connection.

17. An article comprising a form of tangible, non-transient machine readable storage media encoded with computer program code, which can be loaded into a computer and executed by the computer to perform the steps comprising:
transmitting a plurality of probes from a local node to a remote node over a digital communication network such that a plurality of responses is received by said local node, wherein each of said plurality of probes comprises at least one probe packet and is configured by said local node to cause: (a) said at least one probe packet traverse an identical forward network path from said local node to said remote node, (b) said at least one probe packet elicit said remote node to transmit one of said responses comprising a plurality of response packets, (c) said plurality of response packets traverse an identical reverse network path from said remote node to said local node;
determining for each of said plurality of response packets a minimum round-trip packet delay between the time transmitting said probe and the time receiving said response packet; and
calculating a plurality of pair-wise minimum delay differences from said plurality of minimum round-trip packet delays, wherein said plurality of pair-wise minimum delay differences are used by said local node to compute network path capacities and a degree of capacity asymmetry between said local node and said remote node, wherein:
each of said plurality of probes comprises a first back-to-back pair of packets consisting of a first probe packet and a second probe packet, and a second back-to-back pair of packets consisting of a third probe packet and a fourth probe packet;

each of said plurality of responses comprises a first response packet elicited by said first probe packet, a second response packet elicited by said second probe packet, and a back-to-back pair of third response packet and fourth response packet elicited by said fourth probe packet;
said plurality of minimum round-trip packet delays comprise: (a) minimum first round-trip packet delay between the time transmitting said probe and the time receiving said first response packet elicited by said probe, (b) minimum second round-trip packet delay between the time transmitting said probe and the time receiving said second response packet elicited by said probe, (c) minimum third round-trip packet delay between the time transmitting said probe and the time receiving said third response packet elicited by said probe, and (d) minimum fourth round-trip packet delay between the time transmitting said probe and the time receiving said fourth response packet elicited by said probe.

18. The article of claim 17, wherein:
said first, second, third, and fourth probe packets and said first, second, third, and fourth response packets are configured to have an identical packet size; and
said plurality of pair-wise minimum delay differences include: (a) first minimum delay difference by subtracting said minimum first round-trip packet delay from said minimum third round-trip packet delay, (b) second minimum delay difference by subtracting said minimum third round-trip packet delay from said minimum fourth round-trip packet delay, (c) third minimum delay difference by subtracting said minimum second round-trip packet delay from said minimum fourth round-trip packet delay, (d) fourth minimum delay difference by subtracting said minimum first round-trip packet delay from said minimum second round-trip packet delay, and (e) fifth minimum delay difference by subtracting said minimum first round-trip packet delay from said minimum fourth round-trip packet delay.

19. The article of claim 18, wherein said network path capacities comprise forward capacity of said forward network path, reverse capacity of said reverse network path, faster-path capacity which is the maximum of said forward capacity and said reverse capacity, and slower-path capacity which is the minimum of said forward capacity and said reverse capacity.

20. The article of claim 19, wherein said degree of capacity asymmetry is a ratio of said forward capacity to said reverse capacity.