# Fourth Court of Appeals **San Antonio, Texas** MEMORANDUM OPINION
N o. 04

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- CV IN THE INTEREST OF J.G.I.G. From the 37th Judicial District Court , Bexar County, Texas Trial Court No. 2019

- PA

- 01378 Honorable Charles E. Montemayor , Judge Presiding Opinion by: Rebeca C. Martinez, Chief Justice Sitting: Rebeca C. Martinez, Chief Justice Beth Watkins , Justice Liza A. Rodriguez , Justice Delivered and Filed: September 15, 2021 AFFIRMED Appellant A.A. (“F ather”) appeals the trial court’s final order in a suit affecting the parent

child relationship designating him as a possessory conservator rather than a managing conservator of his child, J.G.I.G. 1 We affirm.
B ACKGROUND J.G.I.G. was born in January 2017

. In July 2019, the Texas Department of Family and Protective Services (the “Department”) petitioned for removal of J.G.I.G., then two years old , while he was living with his mother, L.D.A. (“Mother”). I t was reported that Mother smok ed marij uana daily , that she would leave J.G.I.G. unsupervised , that J.G.I.G. cut himself with a razor

1 To protect the identity of the minor child, we refer to the parents and the child by their initials. See T EX
. F AM
. C ODE A NN
. § 109.002(d); T EX
. R. A PP
. P. 9.8(b)(2).04

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- due to poor supervision , and that Mother had not taken J.G.I.G. to a ny medical appointment s in the three months prior to the report

. The Department also had con cerns about Father because he

was not involved in J.G.I.G.’s life, was living with his girlfriend (“Girlfriend”) who had pending criminal charges at the time, and was unwilling to have Girlfriend move out so that J.G.I.G. could live with him. After remov a l , the Department was designated J.G.I.G.’s temporary managing
conservator , and J.G.I.G. was placed with his maternal aunt (“ Aunt ”)

. In July 2020, the case proceeded to a bench trial. The Department sought termination of both Mother ’s and Father’s parental rights. The Department ’s removing caseworker , Beverly Garza, testified that at the time of removal and for several months after, it was not safe for J.G.I.G. to be under the control o r care of Mother or Father. She testified that Father was asked to come up with a plan to ensure the safety of J.G.I.G. but was unable to do so. The Department’s conservatorship caseworker, Briana Booth, testified that there were concerns with Father’s le vel of participation in his parent

- child visits because Father was absent for the first year and a half of J.G.I.G.’s l ife

. W hen Father eventually began to engage in visits, h e did not bond with J.G.I.G. Booth stated that Father missed several of his vis its with J.G.I.G

. On one occasion , Father left a visit because he was upset that Girlfriend was not able to participate. Booth stated that Father had the opportunity to have J.G.I.G. placed with him at the beginning of the case, but it did not happen because Father was not willing to have Girlfriend , who faced criminal charges at the time, move out of his home. To Booth, t his was troublesome because Father was the primary provider in his household a nd J.G.I.G. would be under the care of Girlfriend while Father was working. Due to the violent nature of Girlfriend’s charge s and her fail ure to participate in the actions required to determine the safety of Father’s home, the Department believe d Girlfrie nd pose d a threat to J.G.I.G

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- Booth testified that J.G.I.G had been staying with Aunt since the beginning of the case , was flourishing there , and ha d a strong bond with Aunt ’s family . Booth also testified that even if the court decided the Department failed to prove its case for termination of parental rights as to both parents, it still would want J.G.I.G. to continue in the care of Aunt because i t was not safe for him to return to the care of Mother or Father. Bo oth testified that if Mother or Father were offered rights as possessory conservator, the Department would request that any visitation be supervised

. After Booth’s testimony, the parties announced that they agreed to reset the case for several months to allow Aunt to qualify for Permanency Care Assistance financial benefits and to continue to offer services to Mother and Father. The trial court announced it would be in recess. On January 22, 2021, trial resumed. During the second part of trial, J.G.I .G.’s counselor , Elizabeth Milvo, testified that J.G.I.G. was doing well while living with Aunt , was developing in a healthy manner, and had developed a bond with Aunt and her family

. She testified that J.G.I.G.’s connection with his Aunt and her home were imperative to his growth and that taking him out of his home would significantly impair his emotional development. Milvo also testified that Father engaged in only two out of the thr ee parent

- child visits and that J.G.I.G. did not seem attached to Father during these visits. H er assessment of J.G.I.G. was that he appear ed to be a neglected child

. She went on to stat e that Father did nothing to prepare a safe living situation for J.G .I.G. and was incapable of arrang ing any medical appointment s for J.G.I.G

. Department caseworker Booth continued her testimony

. S he explain ed that Mother had made domestic violence allegations against Father , and that Father’s failure to intervene in J .G.I.G.’s life while he was living with Mother before the removal action was a form of neglect. She further testified that Father refused to take possession of J.G.I.G. when the Department first04

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- became involved, and that he had failed to complete all of the requirements on his family service plan, such as individual therapy and a court

- ordered drug assessment

. Mother voluntarily relinquished her parental rights in November 2020 and ask ed the c ourt to accept that document as grounds for termination of her parental rights. Mother testified that Father had many opportunities to be involved in J.G.I.G.’s life and failed to do so ; she stated that Father would not pick up J.G.I.G. for various reasons such as preoccupation with his other children or work. She also described two domestic violence incidents between Father and her. On the first occasion, Mother and G i rlfriend were in a physical fight , and Mother “shoved [Father] and he put his hands around [ Mother’s ] throat

. ” During the second incident , Father confronted Mother in his home while fighting about J.G.I.G. and Father’s other children. Father “pulled [her ] from [her] hair” while J.G.I.G. was laying down with her

. Father’s brother eventually took J.G.I.G. and the other children out of the room while Father “just tried pinning [Mother] down and pulling [her] hair.” Mother then stated that she tried to defe nd herself and they “ended up on the floor, [and Father] . . . was on top of [her on] the floor.” Father explained that he was not part of J.G.I.G.’s life because of Mother’s involvement in an abusive relationship with her boyfriend at the time. He testified that Mother’s boyfriend was constantly calling and making threats, which made it impossible for Father to pick up J.G.I.G. without being threatened. Father stated that be cause of this, he felt the best decision was “ just to avoid everything ” and “push [him]self away from that.” Father discussed the two domestic violence incidents Mother testified about and admit ted that during the first incident, he grab bed Mother on the waist and pull ed her back , but “it wasn’t in a way to be physically abusive towards her. It was to stop the fight that was going on.” For the second incident, Father testified that there was a confrontation between him and Mother , but that it was only ve rbal and there was no physical contact or force other than slamming doors and yelling at each other. He conceded that he was04

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- late to most of the parent

- child visits with J.G.I.G., but stated it was because of his work obligations. He testified that his r elationship and involvement with J.G.I.G. had been slowly improving and tha t he now ha d a bond with J.G.I.G

. Father testified that h e and Girlfriend could provide J.G.I.G. with a safe and stable environment and that he was in the process of looking for

a home larger than his current one - bedroom apartment. He stated he would be willing to pay $100 a month if Aunt and her husband (“Uncle”) were appoint ed permanent managing conservator s of J.G.I.G. After the trial concluded, the trial court signed a final order terminating Mother’s parental rights and appointing Aunt and Uncle as J.G.I.G.’s permanent managing conservator s and Father
as possessory cons ervator. The trial court found that appointing Father as managing conservator would not be in the best interest of J.G.I.G. because it would significantly impair the child’s physical health or emotional development , and that appointing Aunt and Uncle as p ermanent managing conservator s was in the best interest of J.G.I.G. The trial court granted Father possession of and access to J.G.I.G. at times mutually agreed upon in advance by the parties

. I n the absence of mutual agreement, Father would have visits on the first and third Saturday and Sunday of the month for two hours at KidShare , or supervised visitation as per mutual agreement with the managing conservators. The trial court also ordered Father to pay Aunt and Uncle $200 per month in child support. Father appeals, arguing the trial court abused its discretion by failing to appoint him as managing conservator. S TANDARD OF R EVIEW We review a trial court’s determination as to conservatorship for an abuse of discretion. See In re J.A.J. , 243 S.W.3d 611, 616 (Tex. 2007). “Under that standard, legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence are not independent grounds for asserting error, but are relevant in04

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- assessing whether the requisite abuse of discretion is present.” In re E.M.T. , No. 04

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- CV, 2019 WL 1370323, at *2 (Tex. App.

— San Antonio Mar. 27, 2019, no pet.) (mem. op.). “A trial court abuses its discretion if it acts arbitrarily, unreasonably, or without reference to any guiding rules or principles.” In re M.G. N. , 491 S.W.3d 386, 406 (Tex. App.

— San Antonio 2016, pet. denied). A trial court does not abuse its discretion if it bases its decisions on conflicting evidence or if “there is some evidence of substantive and probative character to support the trial

cour t’s decision.” In re J.J.G. , 540 S.W.3d 44, 55 (Tex. App.

— Houston [1st Dist.] 2017, pet. denied). We defer to the trial court’s credibility determinations, review the evidence in the light most favorable to the order, and indulge every presumption in fav or of the trial court’s ruling. In re E.M.T. , 2019 WL 1370323, at *2; In re I.G.W. , No. 04

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- CV, 2018 WL 3265292, at *1 (Tex. App.

— San Antonio July 5, 2018, no pet.) (mem. op.). A PPLICABLE L AW A managing conservator is the person or entity who, by court order, has been awarded custody of a child and may determine the child’s primary residence. See T EX
. F AM
. C ODE A NN
. § 153.371 (1) , (10) ; In re C.A.M.M. , 243 S.W.3d 211, 215 n.7 (Tex. App.

— Houston [14th Dist.] 2007, no pet). The managing conservator has nearly sole authority to make decisions for the child. See T EX
. F AM
. C ODE A NN
. § 153.371. A managing conservator must be (1) a parent, (2) a competent adult, (3) the Department, or (4) a licensed child

- placing agency. Id. § 153.005( b ). The trial court is required to appoint a parent as sole managing conservator or both parents as joint managing conservators unless it finds that appointment of one or bo th parents as managing conservator would not be in the best interest of the child because the appointment would significantly impair the child’s physical health or emotional development

. Id. § 153.131(a). There is a rebuttable presumption that appointmen t of the parent of a child as managing conservator is in the best interest of the child, but the presumption is removed upon a finding of a04

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- history of family violence involving the parents. Id. § 153.131(b). The party seeking appointment of a non - parent as managing conservator bears the burden to rebut th e presumption in favor of the child’s parents

. In re K.S. , 492 S.W.3d 419, 427 (Tex. App.

— Houston [14th Dist.] 2016, pet. denied). The nonparent may rebut the presumption with affirmative pro of, by a preponderance of the evidence, that appointing the parents as managing conservator would significantly impair the child, either physically or emotionally. Lewelling v. Lewelling , 796 S.W.2d 164, 167 (Tex. 1990) ;

see T EX
. F AM
. C ODE A NN
. § 153. 131( a)

. Usually, the nonparent must identify some act or omission committed by the parent that demonstrates that naming the parent as managing conservator will significantly impair the child’s physical health or emotional development. S ee T EX
. F AM
. C ODE A NN
. § 153. 131(a); In re S.T. , 508 S.W.3d 482, 49 1

– 92 (Tex. App.

— Fort Worth 2015, no pet.)

. Evidence of acts or omissions that may constitute significant impairment include, but are not limited to, abandonment of a child, a failure to support the child, and a failure to remove a child from an unstable environment. In re R.F., Jr. , No. 04

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- CV, 2018 WL 1308542, at *2 (Tex. App.

— San Antonio Mar. 14, 2018, no pet.) (mem. op.) ; see In re C.R.T. , 61 S.W.3d 62, 67 (Tex. App.

— Amarillo 2001, pet. denied) ( holding that evidence of m other’s drug problem, abandonment of her children, failure to provi de support, and dependence upon her parents for her well

- being evince d potential impairment of health and emotional development sufficient to justify the appointment of a third

- party as managing conservator instead of a parent )

. D ISCUSSION Here, the tria l court found appointment of Father as managing conservator would not be in the best interest of J.G.I.G. because the appointment would significantly impair J.G.I.G.’s physical health or emotional development. Father contends there is insufficient evidenc e to support this finding. We hold that there is substantial evidence that Father’s appointment as managing04

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- conservator would significantly impair J.G.I.G.’s physical health and emotional development. See T EX
. F AM
. C ODE A NN
. § 153.131(a)

. The evidence at trial show s that Father did not have contact with and failed to provide

s upport for J.G.I.G. for the first year and a half of his life. See In re R.F., Jr. , 2018 WL 1308542, at * 4 (using evidence that f ather had no contact with child and provi ded no emotional support for approximately three years as evidence to support the trial court’s finding that appointing father as a managing conservator would significantly impair the child’s physical health or emotional development). The Department’s con servatorship caseworker testified that Father’s absence from J.G.I.G.’s life has made it difficult for h e and J.G.I.G. to have a bond. See In re J.C. , 346 S.W.3d 189, 194 (Tex. App.

— Houston [14th Dist.] 2011, no pet.) (“ As a reviewing court, we may consid er concepts of psychological parenting, bonding, and the depth of attachments to parental figures in the context of the evidence presented. ”). Father also failed to intervene or provide a stable home for J.G.I.G. when he was aware of the conditions J.G.I .G. lived in with Mother. See Thomas v. Thomas , 852 S.W.2d 31, 36 (Tex. App.

— Waco 1993, no writ) (holding trial court did not abuse its discretion by failing to appoint child’s father as a managing conservator where father knew about mother’s drug and alc ohol abuse, yet father “did not intervene for over three years and provided no support.”). J.G.I.G. was removed from Mother due to allegations that Mother smok ed marijuana daily, would leave J.G.I.G. unsupervised, that J.G.I.G. cut himself with a razor du e to poor supervision , and that Mother had not taken J.G.I.G. to a medical appointment in three months

. The Department’s caseworker testified that Father was aware of these conditions and failed to intervene or provide a home for J.G.I.G. because he was not willing to meet the Department’s request of hav ing Girlfriend , who faced criminal charges, move out of his home. Father testified that he was not a part of J.G.I.G.’s life when J.G.I.G. lived with Mother prior to removal because of Mother’s involvement in an04

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- abusive relationship with her boyfriend at the time. He testified that Mother’s boyfriend was

c onstantly calling and making threats , and that because of this, he felt the best decision was “ to avoid everything” and not interact with J.G.I.G. See In re R.F., Jr. , 2018 WL 1308542, at * 3

– 4 (using evidence that f ather knew child was in a household with m other who used or sold drugs and that f ather failed to make any attempts to regain custody of child as evidence supporting trial court’s finding that appointing f ather as managing conservator would significantly impair child’s physical health or emotiona l development); cf. Thomas , 852 S.W.2d at 36 ( “ [A] llowing a child to remain in an unstable environment is the type of conduct that can significantly impair emotional development.” ). The evidence also show s that , even after the first year and a half of J. G.I.G.’s life, Father was not involved in J.G.I.G.’s life and failed to complete the requisite services in order to have possession of J.G.I.G. Cf. In re Hidalgo , 938 S.W.2d 492, 497 (Tex. App.

— Texarkana 1996, no writ) (holding evidence that mother , who w as separated from child at birth, who did not have contact with child for several years, and who did not take full advantage of her opportunities to bond with child , supported trial court’s conclusion that appointment of mother as sole managing
conservator “would significantly impair the emotional development of the child.”). Mother testified that Father had many opportunities to be involved in J.G.I.G.’s life , but he failed to do so. One of the Department’s caseworkers testified that although Father engaged in some services, h e and Girlfriend failed to attend a sufficient number of therapy sessions to determine the safety of the family dynamics or the structure of the household. She a lso testified that Father failed to complete all the requirements on his family service plan, such as individual therapy and a court

ordered drug assessment. The trial court heard testimony that Father had a history of domestic violence, which sometimes occurred in front of J.G.I.G. See T EX
. F AM
. C ODE A NN
. § 153. 131 (b) (“A finding of a04

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- history of family violence involving the parents of a child removes the presumption” that appointment of the parent s as joint managing conservators is in the best interest of the child )

. Mother described two domestic violence incidents between her and Father

. While Father presented some conflicting testimony on the incidents and how they occurred, the trial court was able to base its decision on Mother’s testimony

. See I n re T.D.C. , 91 S.W.3d 865, 878 (Tex. App.

— Fort Worth 2002, pet. denied) ( “ A n abuse of discretion does not occur where the trial court bases its decisions on conflicting evidence

. ” ) (citation omitted). Finally, t he trial court heard testimony that J.G.I.G. was thriving with Aunt, who was appointed managing conservator with Uncle. J.G.I.G.’s counselor testified that J.G.I.G. was doing well in his foster home with Aunt, was developing in a healthy manner, and was a ttached to Aunt’s family . She testified that it was imperative for J.G.I.G.’s growth that he maintain this connection with Aunt and her h ousehold and that taking him out of his home would significantly impair his emotional development

. See In re C.R.T. , 61 S.W.3d at 67

– 68 ( affirming trial court’s appointment of non

- parent as managing conservator because of evidence of parent’s neglect, along with evidence that non

- parent provided stability, support, and a positive environment for the child).
E vidence of Father’s neglect and history of domestic violence coupled with evidence of stability , support , and nourishment offered by Aunt and Uncle support the trial court’s finding that appointing Father as managing conservator would significantly impair J.G.I.G.’s physical health or emotional well

- being

. See T EX
. F AM
. C ODE A NN
. § 153.131 ; see also In re R.F. , Jr. , 2018 WL 1308542, at *4

. T herefore , we cannot say that the trial court’s conservatorship determinations were arbitrary, unreasonable, or an abuse of discretion. C ONCLUSION We affirm the trial court’s judgment. Rebeca C. Martinez, Chief Justice