This opinion will be unpublished and

may not be cited except as provided by

Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).

STATE OF MINNESOTA

IN COURT OF APPEALS

A16-0413

Bradley Mordini,

Appellant,

vs.

American Family Mutual Insurance Co., et al.,

Respondents.

Filed November 7, 2016

Affirmed

Connolly, Judge

Beltrami County District Court

File No. 04-CV-14-3864

Gary M. Hazelton, Hazelton Law Group, Bemidji, Minnesota (for appellant)

Paul R. Aamodt, Minneapolis, Minnesota (for respondent)

Considered and decided by Connolly, Presiding Judge; Larkin, Judge; and Bratvold, 

Judge. 

U N P U B L I S H E D O P I N I O N

CONNOLLY, Judge

In this underinsured-motorist (UIM) benefits action under a motorcycle policy and 

an auto policy, appellant-insured challenges the district court’s summary-judgment 
2

dismissal of his claims. Appellant argues that the UIM endorsement of the motorcycle 

policy provides illusory coverage and violated his reasonable expectations and that the 

UIM endorsement of the auto policy provides recoverable UIM coverage, as written or by 

reformation under the no-fault act. Because the limitations-on-liability clause in the 

motorcycle policy precludes appellant’s recovery under both his motorcycle policy and his

auto policy, and because the coverage is not illusory, we affirm.

FACTS

Appellant insured, Bradley Mordini, obtained a motorcycle insurance policy from 

respondent American Family Mutual Insurance Co. (American Family), through its agent, 

co-respondent Robert Sandbo, effective from April 25, 2012 to April 25, 2013. Appellant 

also obtained a family car insurance policy (auto policy) from American Family through 

Sandbo effective June 9, 2012 to December 9, 2012. On September 23, 2012, appellant 

was seriously injured in an accident between his motorcycle, which he was operating, and 

a motor vehicle. Appellant settled his injury claim with the driver of the motor vehicle for 

$50,000. He then sought $30,000 in UIM coverage from American Family under his

motorcycle policy. His claim was denied. Thereafter, appellant sought $30,000 of UIM 

coverage from American Family under his auto policy. That claim was also denied. 

Appellant filed a complaint against respondents. Respondents moved for summary 

judgment, arguing that the UIM endorsement of appellant’s motorcycle policy was not 

illusory, that the UIM endorsement of his auto policy does not apply, and that vicarious 

liability does not apply to make American Family liable for any negligence of Sandbo. 

Appellant filed a cross-motion for summary judgment, arguing that the UIM motorcycle 
3

coverage is illusory; that because the auto policy does not exclude UIM coverage arising 

out of the operation of a motorcycle, his auto policy UIM coverage is applicable; and that 

the auto policy “Difference of Limits” language is void. 

The district court granted respondents’ summary judgment motion and dismissed 

appellant’s complaint with prejudice.1

D E C I S I O N

“We review a district court’s summary judgment decision de novo. In doing so, we 

determine whether the district court properly applied the law and whether there are genuine 

issues of material fact that preclude summary judgment.” Riverview Muir Doran, LLC v. 

JADT Dev. Grp., LLC, 790 N.W.2d 167, 170 (Minn. 2010) (citation omitted). No genuine 

issue for trial exists “[w]here the record taken as a whole could not lead a rational trier of 

fact to find for the nonmoving party.” DLH, Inc. v. Russ, 566 N.W.2d 60, 69 (Minn. 1997)

(quotation omitted). “[W]e may affirm a grant of summary judgment if it can be sustained 

on any grounds.” Doe 76C v. Archdiocese of St. Paul, 817 N.W.2d 150, 163 (Minn. 2012).

I. Does the No-Fault Act require appellant’s motorcycle insurance policy to be 

reformed to provide UIM coverage using a damages-less-paid structure instead 

of a limits-less-paid structure?

The UIM coverage in appellant’s motorcycle policy is $30,000 for each person and 

$60,000 for each accident. Appellant’s recovery is limited under the UIM endorsement by 

a clause that states: “The limit of liability for damages caused by an accident with an 

underinsured motor vehicle will be reduced by any payments made by or on behalf of any 

 

1 The district court did so in a one-page order without a memorandum of law.
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person or organization who may be legally liable for the bodily injury.” (Emphasis added.)2 

Because appellant received $50,000 from the motor-vehicle driver in the accident, 

respondents argue that the UIM coverage is reduced by $50,000 leaving appellant with 

nothing to recover. Appellant argues that the limitation-on-liability clause violates the 

Minnesota No-Fault Automobile Insurance Act (No-Fault Act) and must be reformed. We 

disagree.

We presume that appellant is limited to the bargained for limits-less-paid formula, 

which guarantees that the limit of American Family’s liability would be reduced by any 

payments made by any person who may be legally liable for appellant’s bodily injury. 

Minn. Const. art. I, § 11 (prohibiting laws that impair contract obligations); Johnson v. 

Cummiskey, 765 N.W.2d 652, 656 (Minn. App. 2009). “Judicial authority to alter private 

insurance contracts requires a significant basis . . . so we will disturb a bargain only when 

the law requires.” Johnson, 765 N.W.2d at 656. 

“[A]n insurer’s liability is governed by the contract between the parties only as long 

as coverage required by law is not omitted and policy provisions do not contravene 

applicable statutes.” Am. Nat’l Prop. & Cas. Co. v. Loren, 597 N.W.2d 291, 292 (Minn.

1999) (quotation omitted) (emphasis added). “It is clear that the [No-Fault Act] does not 

require insurers to provide motorcycles with UIM coverage.” Johnson, 765 N.W.2d at 

 

2 This is a limits-less-paid clause, meaning that the insurer’s liability is reduced by the 

amount the insured has collected from a driver who is liable for the accident. Appellant 

argues that this clause is contrary to Minnesota law, which requires limitations on liability 

to be damages-less-paid. Damages-less-paid or “add-on” coverage means that the amount

collected reduces the amount of total damages incurred as a result of the accident. The 

insurer must pay any remaining damages to extent of the full amount of coverage.
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656. “This could not be more obvious, since the [No-Fault Act] defines a ‘motor vehicle’

as a highway-operated vehicle subject to registration requirements, ‘other than a 

motorcycle or other vehicle with fewer than four wheels.’” Id. (citing Minn. Stat. § 65B.43, 

subd. 2 (2008)). Further, the UIM subdivision of the statute states that “[t]he uninsured 

and underinsured motorist coverages required by this subdivision do not apply to bodily 

injury of the insured while occupying a motorcycle owned by the insured.” Minn. Stat. 

§ 65B.49, subd. 3(a)(8) (2014). Because no UIM insurance is required for motorcycles, 

the limits-less-paid provision in the insurance agreement does not contravene the statute. 

“The legislature expressly declined to require insurers to include any UIM coverage in their 

motorcycle policies, and in doing so, it implicitly declined to demand reformation to extend 

UIM coverage for motorcycles beyond what the parties bargained for.” Johnson, 765 

N.W.2d at 661. 

Appellant relies on Mitsch v. Am. Nat’l Prop. & Cas. Co., 736 N.W.2d 355, 358 

(2007), review denied (Minn. Oct. 24, 2007) to argue that Minnesota law “mandates that 

all UIM coverage issued in the state be [damages-less-paid] ‘add-on’ coverage.” However 

Johnson, a case factually similar to the case at hand,3explicitly addresses Mitsch and its 

application to UIM coverage for motorcycles. “[The] broad language in Mitsch extends 

 

3

Johnson involved a driver who struck a motorcyclist (the appellant), causing the 

motorcyclist $134,000 in damages. Johnson, 765 N.W.2d at 654. The motorcyclist 

recovered $34,000 from the car’s driver and the driver’s insurer. Id. The motorcyclist then 

sought to recover the balance from his policy’s $100,000 UIM coverage. Id. The insurance 

company paid $66,000, the $100,000 minus the $34,000 the motorcyclist had recovered 

from the car’s driver and the driver’s insurer. Id. This court determined the limits-lesspaid provision was enforceable as written. Id. at 660.
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beyond its analysis and its holding.” Id. The statement that Minnesota law mandates that 

all UIM coverage issued in the state to be damages-less-paid coverage is dictum and does 

not control this court’s interpretation of the No-Fault Act as applied to motorcycle UIM 

coverage. Id.

Because the limits-less-paid UIM coverage included in appellant’s motorcycle 

insurance policy does not contravene the No-Fault Act, we conclude that the policy should 

not be reformed and that the district court did not err in granting respondents’ summary 

judgment. 

II. Was the UIM coverage in appellant’s motorcycle policy illusory?

Appellant argues that his UIM coverage is illusory because a policyholder could 

never recover the full policy amount because Minnesota requires drivers to carry a 

minimum of $30,000 in liability coverage. “A policy’s coverage is illusory if it turns out 

to be functionally nonexistent.” Id. at 662 (quotation omitted). Appellant argues that “the 

definition of an ‘Underinsured Motor Vehicle’ in the UIM endorsements strips [the 

$30,000 UIM] coverage to $0 and results in a situation where [American Family] would 

never, ever, have to pay benefits under the UIM coverage it sold.” The UIM coverage 

endorsement defines “Underinsured motor vehicle” as “a motor vehicle which is insured 

by a liability bond or policy at the time of the accident which provides bodily injury liability 

limits less than the limits of liability of this Underinsured Motorist Coverage.” This does 

not include a vehicle “[i]nsured at the time of the accident by a liability bond or policy with 

bodily injury liability limits below the minimum specified by the financial responsibility 

law of the state in which your insured car is principally garaged.” 
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American Family argues that a claim of illusory coverage in a motorcycle policy 

with similar language was rejected in Johnson. In Johnson, the policy provided $100,000 

in UIM coverage. Id. at 655. After deducting the $34,000 recovered from the at-fault 

driver, $66,000 in UIM coverage was available to the insured. Id. In this case, if the atfault vehicle has less than $30,000 in insurance coverage, it is considered uninsured; if it 

has $30,000 or more, as is required by law, the limits-less-paid clause will reduce the UIM 

coverage to $0. Appellant argues that this makes the UIM coverage functionally 

nonexistent. However, appellant’s policy guarantees that, if he were injured by an 

underinsured motorist, he would recover at least $30,000 from all sources. Like the issues

in Johnson, appellant fails to consider that the full $30,000 could potentially be recovered 

in different circumstances. For example, if the at-fault motor vehicle driver’s liability 

insurance had been paid entirely to an additional victim of the same accident, the $30,000 

underinsured driver coverage would be paid to appellant. See id.; Ballanger v. Toenjes, 

362 N.W.2d 2, 3 (Minn. App. 1985) (where the at-fault motorist had liability coverage of 

$50,000 per accident, of which $23,000 was paid to one victim, $24,000 to the second, and 

$3,000 to the third). Because there are circumstances in which appellant could recover 

under the UIM policy, the coverage is not functionally nonexistent and therefore not 

illusory.

III. Did the UIM coverage violate the reasonable expectations of the insured?

Appellant argues that the motorcycle endorsement violated his reasonable 

expectations because appellant’s “reasonable expectation” was that coverage purchased 

would actually exist. Generally, “litigants are bound [on appeal] by the theory or theories, 
8

however erroneous or improvident, upon which the action was actually tried below[,]”

Annis v. Annis, 250 Minn. 256, 262-63, 84 N.W.2d 256, 261 (1957), and an appellate court 

will not consider matters not argued to and considered by the district court. Thiele v. Stich, 

425 N.W.2d 580, 582 (Minn. 1988). Appellant never raised the doctrine of reasonable 

expectations in its complaint or any of its briefs in support for or opposition to summary 

judgment. Therefore the issue is not properly before this court.

IV. Does the No-Fault Act require that the UIM coverage in appellant’s auto policy 

be reformed and therefore apply to this claim?

Appellant argues that the district court erred in dismissing his declaratory judgment 

action because the No-Fault Act requires that the UIM coverage in his auto policy be 

reformed to be consistent with Minnesota law and, once reformed, the coverage would 

apply to provide him with UIM coverage for his motorcycle accident. Appellant petitioned 

the district court for a declaratory judgment stating that the limits-less-paid language in the 

policy is void pursuant to Minn. Stat. § 65B.49 and therefore the auto policy is to be read 

without limitation, providing $30,000 in damages-less-paid or “add-on” UIM coverage for 

the motorcycle crash. Appellant again relies on Mitsch which states that “Minnesota law 

mandates that all UIM coverage issued in the state be ‘add-on’ coverage as expressed in 

Minn. Stat. § 65.49, subd. 4a.” Mitsch, 736 N.W.2d at 358. In Mitsch, the court reformed 

the limitation-on-liability clause in the insurance contract from a limits-less-paid reduction 

clause to a damages-less-paid reduction clause.

However, appellant is seeking coverage for a motorcycle, not an automobile. As a 

result, Johnson applies to prohibit appellant’s recovery under this theory in the same way 
9

it prohibits appellant’s recovery under the motorcycle policy. Limits-less-paid limitationon-liability provisions are acceptable as applied to motorcycle coverage. Johnson, 765 

N.W.2d at 660 (“So while it might be true that UIM clauses covering ‘motor vehicles’

using a limits-less-paid method are subject to reformation even in situations where the 

limits-less-paid method would satisfy the statutory minimum UIM coverage, the analogy 

does not carry forward to reach motorcycle coverage.”). We do not consider whether the 

auto policy would have been subject to reformation had appellant been trying to recover 

from an automobile accident. The provision need not be reformed here because appellant 

is attempting to recover UIM coverage for his motorcycle accident. Because appellant 

received $50,000 in his settlement with the at-fault driver, the UIM coverage in the auto 

policy would be reduced from $30,000 to $0 pursuant to the limitations-on-liability 

provision.

We conclude that, because the limitations-on-liability provision reduces the amount 

appellant could recover under his motorcycle UIM provision and his auto policy to $0 and 

because the coverage provided was not illusory, the district court did not err in granting 

summary judgment to respondents.

Affirmed.