United States Department of Labor

Employees’ Compensation Appeals Board

__________________________________________

S.R., Appellant

and

U.S. POSTAL SERVICE, JACKSON 

PROCESSING & DISTRIBUTION CENTER, 

Jackson, MS, Employer

__________________________________________

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Docket No. 20-0532

Issued: July 25, 2023

Appearances: Case Submitted on the Record

John R. Reeves, Esq., for the appellant1

Office of Solicitor, for the Director

DECISION AND ORDER

Before:

ALEC J. KOROMILAS, Chief Judge

PATRICIA H. FITZGERALD, Deputy Chief Judge

JANICE B. ASKIN, Judge

JURISDICTION

On January 10, 2020 appellant, through counsel, filed a timely appeal from a November 8, 

2019 merit decision of the Office of Workers’ Compensation Programs (OWCP). Pursuant to the 

Federal Employees’ Compensation Act2(FECA) and 20 C.F.R. §§ 501.2(c) and 501.3, the Board 

has jurisdiction over the merits of this case.

1

In all cases in which a representative has been authorized in a matter before the Board, no claim for a fee for legal 

or other service performed on appeal before the Board is valid unless approved by the Board. 20 C.F.R. § 501.9(e). 

No contract for a stipulated fee or on a contingent fee basis will be approved by the Board. Id. An attorney or 

representative’s collection of a fee without the Board’s approval may constitute a misdemeanor, subject to fine or 

imprisonment for up to one year or both. Id.; see also 18 U.S.C. § 292. Demands for payment of fees to a 

representative, prior to approval by the Board, may be reported to appropriate authorities for investigation.

2

5 U.S.C. § 8101 et seq.
2

ISSUE

The issue is whether appellant is an employee of the United States under 5 U.S.C. § 8101(1)

for the purpose of coverage under FECA. 

FACTUAL HISTORY

This case has previously been before the Board.3 The facts and circumstances of the case 

as set forth in the Board’s prior decision are incorporated herein by reference. The relevant facts 

are as follows.

On February 4, 2012 appellant, then a 26-year-old contract driver, filed a traumatic injury 

claim (Form CA-1) alleging that, on April 4, 2011, she lost control and overturned the truck she 

was driving to transport mail. She sustained left arm injuries, including a left arm amputation. 

Evidence submitted with the claim indicated that on April 21, 2009 the postal service had 

awarded V.L./Triple J. Enterprises, a private contractor, with Highway Contract Route No. 396A5, 

a set route from the Jackson Processing and Distribution Center in Jackson, Mississippi to Oak 

Vale, Mississippi, for the period May 2, 2009 through March 31, 2012. Under the terms of the 

contract, Triple J. Enterprises was responsible for supplying the vehicles used to transport mail, 

maintaining liability insurance for all vehicles used under the contract, employing suitable 

individuals to perform under the contract, and for hiring, firing, and paying the drivers hired under 

the contract. Under section B.3(d) of the contract, the private contractor could either use a sign on 

its vehicle noting, “United States Mail,” or have inscribed on the doors of the vehicle the words 

“United States Mail Contractor.”

On a PS Form 2081, Contractor Employee Assignment Notification, V.L. of Triple J. 

Enterprises indicated that, effective January 5, 2010, appellant, an employee ofthe contractor, was 

permanently assigned to contract number 396A5. The form also indicated that appellant required 

access to mail or postal premises under their contract with the postal service.

Pursuant to the terms of the contract, appellant underwent screening and identification 

requirements. She completed a Contract Personnel Questionnaire (PS Form 2025), indicating that 

she was a contractor/contractor’s employee and was issued a nonpostal service temporary 

employee photo identification badge. Appellant was required to wear and display the 

identification badge while on postal property. She did not wear a postal service uniform. 

Appellant also completed a PS Form 2181-C, an “Authorization and Release -- Background 

Investigation (USPS Contractors and Employees of Contractors).”

Section B.1(4) of the contract, provided a specific schedule for the contractor’s arrival and 

departure at various postal facilities between Jackson and Oak Vale, Mississippi, as well as a 

schedule for sorting, loading, and unloading mail at the various postal facilities. The work 

requirements were listed as sort, load, and unload all classes of mail at the headout, en route, and 

destination postal offices as directed by a postal establishment official. Postal establishment 

personnel could assist with loading and unloading in order to maintain a schedule. However, the 

3 Docket No. 17-1051 (issued August 14, 2019). 
3

contractor was responsible to ensure the truck was loaded correctly. The contractor was required 

to spot loads, where applicable, upon arrival at destinations and required to pick up outbound loads 

at locations(s) as directed by a postal official. The contract also indicated that the contractor could 

be assigned lobby/vestibule keys and/or a scanning device to be used in the delivery and collection 

of mail along the contract route, which had to be signed out prior to the start of the designated 

route and turned in at the end of the trip(s).

The postal service contended, in a February 16, 2012 letter, that, although appellant was 

“an affiliate” of the postal service via the transportation and delivery of mail, she was not a federal 

employee. Rather, she was employed by V.L./Triple J. Enterprises, an independent contractor.

Counsel argued, in November 16 and December 15, 2015 letters, that appellant was an 

employee for purposes of FECA benefits. He contended that the postmaster maintained control 

over appellant’s job duties, including when she reported to duty and the route she drove on a daily 

basis.4

By decision dated January 4, 2016, OWCP denied appellant’s claim, finding that the 

evidence of record was insufficient to establish that she was a federal employee under FECA. It 

found that an employee/employer relationship did not exist between appellant and the postal 

service at the time of the claimed injury. Rather, appellant was employed by an individual 

contractor, V.L./Triple J. Enterprises, at the time of the claimed injury.

On January 18, 2016 appellant, through counsel, requested an oral hearing before a 

representative of OWCP’s Branch of Hearings and Review. During the September 13, 2016 

telephonic hearing, appellant testified that V.L./Triple J. Enterprises had hired her and that she 

transported mail for the postal service.

5

 She stated that she drove mail from the Jackson Post 

Office and delivered it to the smaller post offices in Sontag, Monticello, and Oakville. Appellant 

checked in with the postmaster at the Jackson Post Office, where she signed for keysfor the other 

postal facilities. She would then sort through the mail on the deck, load her truck, and deliver the 

mail to the other post offices. Appellant testified that her schedule was set by the postmaster, who 

provided instructions on the assignment destinations, including the times for mail pickup and 

delivery. The postmaster additionally gave her the keys to postal facilities, where she was trusted 

to pick up money bags from the smaller post offices and return them to the postmaster in Jackson, 

Mississippi. She also testified that she had identification issued by the postal service.

Appellant testified that V.L. of Triple J. Enterprises had hired her and that her paychecks 

and 1099 tax forms were issued from V.L./Triple J. Enterprises, but she did not have a written 

contract of employment with V.L./Triple J. Enterprises. She noted that she had to complete an 

employment form for the postal service. Appellant stated that she did not have a supervisor at the 

postal service, but dealt directly with the postmaster.

4 Counsel also contended that the postal service was appellant’s “statutory employer” since Triple J. Enterprises 

did not have the required workers’ compensation insurance under state law. 

5 Appellantstated that she had worked for the contractor for approximately two years prior to the time of the injury.
4

By decision dated December 28, 2016, OWCP’s hearing representative affirmed the 

January 4, 2016 decision, finding that the evidence of record was insufficient to establish that 

appellant was an employee of the United States under FECA.

On April 27, 2017 appellant, though counsel, filed a timely appeal from OWCP’s 

December 28, 2016 merit decision. 

By decision dated August 14, 2019, the Board set aside OWCP’s December 28, 2016 

decision and remanded the case to OWCP for further development of the factual evidence 

regarding the question of whether appellant was an employee within the meaning of FECA at the 

time of her injury on April 4, 2011. The Board noted that when the issue of whether a claimant is 

an employee or an independent contractor becomes a factor, OWCP’s procedures require 

development of the claim by inquiry with the alleged employer regarding the employment 

relationship, if any, with a claimant.6 

In a letter also dated September 16, 2019, OWCP requested additional factual information

from the postal service pursuant to the Board’s remand order.

In a September 27, 2019 response, the postal service indicated that there was no written 

agreement, work contract, or oath executed either by it or appellant. There was also no 

documentation of an oral agreement, between appellant and the postal service. Rather, per the 

contract, the postal service established the services performed by V.L./Triple J. Enterprises and 

paid V.L./Triple J. Enterprises for contract services. Per the contract, reference page B-8, 

paragraph 2 B.5, the supplier (V.L./Triple J. Enterprises) was to identify all individuals hired as 

drivers and submit two original forms 2025, contract personnel questionnaire, one original Form 

2181-C, authorization and release, background investigation, two original forms FD 258, 

fingerprint card and two full face color photographs. Drivers hired by V.L./Triple J. Enterprises 

were responsible for performing the duties required under the contract. V.L./Triple J. Enterprises 

was responsible for hiring and firing drivers, including appellant. It noted that appellant had 

completed the required PS-Form 2025, which confirmed that she was a contract employee for 

V.L./Triple J. Enterprises. Triple J. Enterprises paid appellant’s salary and issued her an IRS Form

1099 for tax purposes. The postal service indicated that V.L./Triple J. Enterprises determined 

whether appellant performed services and the activity in which appellant engaged. It also denied 

paying appellant; noting that, as an independent contractor, V.L/Triple J. Enterprises was 

responsible for paying its drivers. It also denied knowledge of whether appellant had any other 

employment or performed or offered like or similar services to the public as an independent 

business service. The postal service concluded that it paid Triple J. Enterprises for contract 

services. Pursuant to the contract, the postal service established the services that Triple J. 

Enterprises was required to perform and had the right to direct Triple J. Enterprises to perform 

such services required under the contract.

In support of its statements, the postal service submitted evidence, which included: a 

February 1, 2010 e-mail indicating that appellant’s security clearance was approved; a copy of a 

non-postal service temporary employee identification, with an expiration date of April 8, 2010; a 

December 13, 2009 authorization for release -- background investigation; the front page of 

6 Federal (FECA) Procedure Manual, Part 2 -- Claims, Civil Employee, Chapter 2.802.6 (June 1995). 
5

Contract Personnel Questionnaire with appellant’s information; a copy of appellant’s ID, with an 

expiration date of December 31, 2012 and a notation of “C”; an April 21, 2009 notice of contract 

award to V.L. of Triple J. Enterprises for the period May 2, 2009 through March 31, 2012; an 

April 12, 2012 letter from OWCP to counsel, concluding that appellant was not a federal 

employee; a May 12, 2009 contract route service order, supplier listed as V.L.; duplicate copies of 

appellant’s traumatic injury claim forms (Form CA-1) dated February 4, 2012 and November 9, 

2015; an undated position statement from the postal service, indicating that appellant was not an 

employee; a February 16, 2019 letter from the postal service to counsel, asserting that appellant

was not an employee; a January 5, 2010 Contractor Employee Assignment Notification for 

appellant requesting access to the mail and postal premises under the contract for V.L./Triple J 

Enterprises; the cover page of award of contract 396A5; an August 4, 2011 negotiated cost 

statement for Highway Transportation Contracts, with the supplier noted as V.L.; an April 1, 2011 

schedule information for supplier V.L./Triple J Enterprises, showing schedule of trip and total 

mileage per trip; a May 2, 2009 statement of work and specifics, indicating specific details of the 

contract with V.L./Triple J. Enterprises including schedules, type of truck/trailer to be used, 

screening requirements for contract employees, safety requirement, and procedures for moving

mail.

In an October 17, 2019 letter, the postal service reiterated that appellant was not an 

employee and submitted additional evidence. 

By decision dated November 8, 2019, OWCP again denied appellant’s claim, finding that 

she was not a civil employee of the Federal Government at the time of the alleged April 4, 2011

injury. It found that the evidence of record was insufficient to establish that an employer/employee 

relationship existed at the time of the claimed injury as required for coverage under FECA.

LEGAL PRECEDENT

FECA provides that the United States shall pay compensation as specified by this 

subchapter for the disability or death of an employee resulting from personal injury sustained while 

in the performance of her duty.7 A claimant seeking compensation under FECA has the burden of 

proof to establish the essential elements of his or her claim by the weight of the reliable, probative 

and substantial evidence, including that the claimant was an employee within the meaning of 

FECA.8

For purposes of determining entitlement to compensation benefits under FECA, an 

employee is defined, in relevant part, as: 

“(A) a civil officer or employee in any branch of the [g]overnment of the United 

States, including an officer or employee of an instrumentality wholly owned by the 

United States; 

7

5 U.S.C. § 8102(a).

8 A.M., Docket No. 16-1038 (issued December 23, 2016); Barbara L. Riggs, 50 ECAB 133, 137 (1998).
6

“(B) an individual rendering personal service to the United States similar to the 

service of a civil officer or employee of the United States, without pay or for 

nominal pay, when a statute authorizes the acceptance or use of the service or 

authorizes payment of travel or other expenses of the individual....”

9

With regard to whether a claimant is a federal employee for purposes of FECA, the Board 

has noted that such a determination must be made considering the particular facts and 

circumstances surrounding his or her employment.10 Included among the many factors to be 

considered are the right of control of the work activities, the right to hire and fire, the nature of the 

work performed, the method of payment for the work, the length of time of the job and the intention 

of the parties.11 The statute does not require that any written form of agreement be entered into by 

the employing establishment and the individual providing services prior to acceptance of personal 

services by the employing establishment.12 With regards to the party who paid the wages, the 

implication that a claimant was a federal employee cannot be drawn solely from the fact that his 

or her salary was derived from a fund to which the Federal Government contributed.13

OWCP’s procedures indicate that, when there is a question as to whether appellant is an 

employee or an independent contractor, the claims examiner should request statements from the 

employee and the reporting employing establishment to indicate, inter alia, whether the employing 

establishment is required to furnish any tools or equipment; the period of time the work 

relationship is to exist; whether the reporting employing establishment has the right to control or 

direct how the work is to be performed with full explanation; the manner in which payment for the 

employing establishment services is determined; and whether the activity in which the employing 

establishment is engaged is a regular and continuing activity of the reporting employ ing 

establishment.14

OWCP’s procedures also provide that the question of whether mail messengers for the 

postal service are considered civil employees is made on a case-by-case basis by a senior claims 

examiner.

15

 The procedure manual indicates that the senior claims examiner should ask the 

reporting agency for copies of any written agreement or work contract executed by the mail 

messenger or the postal service when the injured individual began working or at any later date, 

and of any oath executed by the worker. It should also request a statement from the alleged 

employing establishment regarding the manner in which the worker qualified and was selected to 

act as mail messenger, the distance the mail was carried, the kind of equipment used and by whom 

9

5 U.S.C. § 8101(1).

10 Donald L. Dayment, Docket No. 01-1846 (issued January 21, 2003).

11 Larry E. Young, 52 ECAB 264 (2001).

12 Jane Doe, 49 ECAB 646, 649 (1998).

13 S.D., Docket No. 13-0090 (issued August 22, 2013); David Nivens, 46 ECAB 926, 934 (1995); Darlene Menke, 

43 ECAB 173, 178 (1991); Carl R. Clover, 41 ECAB 624, 632 (1990).

14 Supra note 6 at Chapter 2.802.6(a) (June 1995). 

15 Id. at Chapter 2.802.7 (June 1995).
7

it was furnished, whether the mail messenger was required to personally perform the service or 

whether assistants or substitutes were permitted, whether the mail messenger had any other 

employment or performed or offered like or similar services to the public as an independent 

business service, the manner and circumstances under which the relationship could be terminated, 

the manner in which the pay was determined, who determined how, when and in what manner the 

mail would be carried, what right, if any, the postmaster had to direct or supervise the work 

performed by the mail messenger and to what extent the postmaster exercised that right. 16

ANALYSIS

The Board finds that appellant was not an employee of the United States under 5 U.S.C. 

§ 8101(1) for the purpose of coverage under FECA. 

The Board has previously explained that whether a claimant is a federal employee under 

FECA is a case-by-case determination.17 The evidence of record establishes that appellant was a 

driver for V.L./Triple J. Enterprises, which, at the time of the alleged injury on April 4, 2011, was 

contracted to provide transportation services to the postal service under contract 396A5. The 

contract ran for the term May 2, 2009 through March 31, 2012. Under the terms of the contract, 

Triple J. Enterprises was responsible for: supplying the vehicles used to transport the mail;

maintaining liability insurance for all vehicles used under the contract; employing suitable 

individuals to perform under the contract, including hiring and firing of such individuals; and 

paying the individuals hired under the contract. Triple J. Enterprises paid appellant’s salary and 

issued her a 1099 for tax purposes. The Board notes that Triple J. Enterprises, not the postal 

service, hired appellant as a driver, and appellant completed a PS-Form 2025, which confirmed 

that she was a contract employee for Triple J. Enterprises.

The Board has held that the question of whether a claimant is an employee of the United 

States or an employee of an independent contractor is ultimately a question of fact to be decided 

on an individual basis in the particular case. However, among the factors to be considered in 

resolving this issue, the most important is the question of the right to control the work activities of 

the claimant whose status is under consideration.18 

Although the postal service may have directed some of appellant’s work duties to ensure a 

satisfactory result of the security and tracking of mail, the manner in which the services were 

performed were within the control of appellant and Triple J. Enterprises.19 

16 Id. at Chapter 2.802.7. 

17 Supra note 9. 

18 R.L., Docket No. 10-0991 (issued January 6, 2011). 

19 Carl R. Clover, 41 ECAB 625 (1990); Order Granting Petition for Recon. and Granting Clarification, Docket 

No. 90-309 (issued March 7, 1991). 
8

The Board, therefore,finds that appellant was not an employee of the postal service when 

she was injured on April 4, 2011.20 Therefore, appellant has not established that she is an 

employee of the United States under 5 U.S.C. § 8101(1) for the purpose of coverage under FECA. 

CONCLUSION

The Board finds that appellant is not an employee of the United States under 5 U.S.C. 

§ 8101(1) for the purpose of coverage under FECA. 

ORDER

IT IS HEREBY ORDERED THAT the November 8, 2019 decision of the Office of 

Workers’ Compensation Programs is affirmed. 

Issued: July 25, 2023

Washington, DC

Alec J. Koromilas, Chief Judge

Employees’ Compensation Appeals Board

Patricia H. Fitzgerald, Deputy Chief Judge

Employees’ Compensation Appeals Board

Janice B. Askin, Judge

Employees’ Compensation Appeals Board

20 See Darlene Menke, supra note 13.