[Federal Register Volume 70, Number 208 (Friday, October 28, 2005)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 62166-62198]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 05-21466]



[[Page 62165]]

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Part II





Department of Transportation





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Federal Railroad Administration



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49 CFR Part 224



Reflectorization of Rail Freight Rolling Stock; Final Rule

Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 208 / Friday, October 28, 2005 / 
Rules and Regulations

[[Page 62166]]


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DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

Federal Railroad Administration

49 CFR Part 224

[Docket No. FRA-1999-6689, Notice No. 6]
RIN 2130-AB68


Reflectorization of Rail Freight Rolling Stock

AGENCY: Federal Railroad Administration (FRA), Department of 
Transportation (DOT).

ACTION: Final rule; response to petitions for reconsideration; lift of 
stay of effectiveness.

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SUMMARY: This document responds to petitions for reconsideration of 
FRA's January 3, 2005 rule mandating the reflectorization of freight 
rolling stock (freight cars and locomotives). This document amends and 
clarifies the final rule and also lifts the stay of the rule's 
effectiveness published on May 26, 2005 (70 FR 30378).

DATES: Effective Date: The stay of effectiveness for 49 CFR part 224 is 
lifted and the amendments in this rule are effective as of November 28, 
2005. The incorporation by reference of a certain publication listed in 
the rule is approved by the Director of the Federal Register as of 
November 28, 2005.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Dr. Tom Blankenship, Mechanical 
Engineer, Office of Safety, FRA, 1120 Vermont Ave., NW., Mailstop 25, 
Washington, DC 20590 (telephone: 202-493-6446); or Lucinda Henriksen, 
Trial Attorney, Office of Chief Counsel, FRA, 1120 Vermont Ave., NW., 
Mailstop 10, Washington, DC 20590 (telephone: 202-493-6038).

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Background

    On November 6, 2003, the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) 
published a notice of proposed rulemaking (NPRM) proposing to require 
retroreflective material on the sides of freight rolling stock (freight 
cars and locomotives) to enhance the visibility of trains. See 68 FR 
62942. The proposals set forth in the NPRM were based on several years 
of research and public involvement in the reflectorization issue. The 
NPRM provided detailed background information on the need for the 
reflectorization of rail equipment as well as a description of FRA's 
research and public outreach efforts aimed at identifying the most 
effective method for implementing a nationwide reflectorization 
program. Following consideration of written comments received in 
response to the NPRM and oral comments presented at a public hearing 
held in Washington, DC, on January 27, 2004, FRA published a final rule 
on January 3, 2005. See 70 FR 144.
    Following publication of the final rule, three parties (the 
Association of American Railroads (AAR), TTX Company (TTX), and 3M) 
filed petitions seeking FRA's reconsideration and clarification of 
certain provisions of the rule. See document numbers 123 and 125-130 in 
the docket of this proceeding. In order to ensure that the regulated 
community would not be faced with possible changes to the rule soon 
after beginning compliance, and to provide FRA adequate time to respond 
to the petitions, on May 26, 2005, FRA stayed the effectiveness of the 
final rule until further notice could be published in the Federal 
Register. See 70 FR 30378.\1\
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    \1\ FRA notes that the May 26, 2005 Federal Register publication 
inadvertently included the original RIN number for this proceeding 
(RIN 2130-AB41).
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    The specific issues raised by these petitioners and FRA's responses 
to their petitions, are discussed in detail below in the ``Section-by-
Section Analysis'' portion of the preamble. The Section-by-Section 
analysis also contains a detailed discussion of each provision of the 
final rule which FRA has amended or clarified. The amendments contained 
in this document generally clarify requirements currently contained in 
the final rule or allow for greater flexibility in complying with the 
rule, and are within the scope of the issues and options discussed, 
considered, or raised in the NPRM.

Statutory Authority and Congressional Mandate

    FRA has broad statutory authority to regulate all areas of railroad 
safety. The Federal Railroad Safety Act of 1970 (Safety Act) (formerly 
45 U.S.C. 421, 431 et seq., now found primarily in chapter 201 of Title 
49) grants the Secretary of Transportation (``Secretary'') rulemaking 
authority over all areas of railroad safety (49 U.S.C. 20103(a)) and 
confers all powers necessary to detect and penalize violations of any 
rail safety law. This authority was subsequently delegated to the FRA 
Administrator (49 CFR 1.49). (Until July 5, 1994, the Federal railroad 
safety statutes existed as separate acts found primarily in Title 45 of 
the United States Code. On that date, all of the acts were repealed, 
and their provisions were recodified into Title 49.)

    The term ``railroad'' is defined in the Safety Act to include 
any form of nonhighway ground transportation that runs on rails or 
electromagnetic guideways, * * * [other than] rapid transit 
operations in an urban area that are not connected to the general 
railroad system of transportation.

49 U.S.C. 20102. This definition makes clear that FRA has jurisdiction 
over (1) rapid transit operations within an urban area that are 
connected to the general railroad system of transportation, and (2) all 
freight, intercity, passenger, and commuter rail passenger operations 
regardless of their connection to the general railroad system of 
transportation or their status as a common carrier engaged in 
interstate commerce. FRA has issued a policy statement describing how 
it determines whether particular rail passenger operations are subject 
to FRA's jurisdiction (65 FR 42529 (July 2, 2000)); the policy 
statement can be found in Appendix A to parts 209 and 211.
    Pursuant to its statutory authority, FRA promulgates and enforces a 
comprehensive regulatory program to address railroad track, signal 
systems, railroad communications, rolling stock, rear-end marking 
devices, safety glazing, railroad accident/incident reporting, 
locational requirements for dispatching of U.S. rail operations, safety 
integration plans governing railroad consolidations, merger and 
acquisitions of control, operating practices, passenger train emergency 
preparedness, alcohol and drug testing, locomotive engineer 
certification, and workplace safety.
    In 1994 Congress passed the Federal Railroad Safety Authorization 
Act of 1994, Pub. L. 103-440 (Act). The Act added Sec.  20148 to title 
49 of the United States Code. Section 20148 required the Secretary, and 
by delegation, FRA, to conduct a review of the Department of 
Transportation's (Department) rules with respect to the visibility of 
railroad cars and mandated that if the review established that enhanced 
railroad car visibility would likely improve safety in a cost-effective 
manner, the Secretary initiate a rulemaking proceeding to ``prescribe 
regulations requiring enhanced visibility standards for newly 
manufactured and remanufactured railroad cars.'' Section 20148 
specifically directed the Secretary to examine the use of reflectors. 
Section 20148 reads as follows:

    (a) Review of Rules.--The Secretary of Transportation shall 
conduct a review of the Department of Transportation's rules with 
respect to railroad car visibility. As part of this review, the 
Secretary shall collect relevant data from operational experience by 
railroads having enhanced visibility measures in service.

[[Page 62167]]

    (b) Regulations.--If the review conducted under subsection (a) 
establishes that enhanced railroad car visibility would likely 
improve safety in a cost-effective manner, the Secretary shall 
initiate a rulemaking proceeding to prescribe regulations requiring 
enhanced visibility standards for newly manufactured and 
remanufactured railroad cars. In such proceeding the Secretary shall 
consider, at a minimum--
    (1) visibility of railroad cars from the perspective of 
nonrailroad traffic;
    (2) whether certain railroad car paint colors should be 
prohibited or required;
    (3) the use of reflective materials;
    (4) the visibility of lettering on railroad cars;
    (5) the effect of any enhanced visibility measures on the health 
and safety of train crew members; and
    (6) the cost/benefit ratio of any new regulations.
    (c) Exclusions.--In prescribing regulations under subsection 
(b), the Secretary may exclude from any specific visibility 
requirement any category of trains or railroad operations if the 
Secretary determines that such an exclusion is in the public 
interest and is consistent with railroad safety.

    FRA has carried out this rulemaking in accordance with Sec.  20148 
of the Act.

Section-by-Section Analysis

Amendments to 49 CFR Part 224

Subpart A--General

Section 224.3 Applicability

    This section establishes that the rule applies, with certain 
exceptions, to all freight cars and locomotives that operate over a 
public or private highway-rail grade crossing and are used for revenue 
or work train service. This section specifically excludes certain 
operations and equipment from the rule. The exclusions include: (1) 
Freight railroads that operate only on track inside an installation 
that is not part of the general railroad system of transportation, (2) 
rapid transit operations within an urban area that are not connected to 
the general system of transportation, and (3) locomotives or passenger 
cars used exclusively in passenger service.
    AAR petitioned FRA for reconsideration of this section, noting that 
some equipment moving on the rails (e.g., RoadRailer[reg] equipment) is 
subject to other government reflectorization requirements which may 
conflict with FRA's requirements. Accordingly, AAR requested that Sec.  
224.3 be revised to provide that freight rolling stock subject to the 
reflectorization requirements of a government agency other than FRA, be 
excluded from the rule.
    FRA agrees with AAR's concern regarding this section. FRA notes 
that some railroad equipment is capable of operating on both highways 
and railroad tracks. For example, RoadRailers[reg], RailRunners[reg], 
Railmates[reg] and other rail-compatible vehicles are capable of being 
hauled by trucks on the nation's roads, and are also capable of being 
hauled on railroad tracks. When the equipment is operated on roadways, 
it is subject to the National Highway Transportation Safety 
Administration's (NHTSA) reflectorization requirement (49 CFR part 
571). NHTSA requires that large highway trailers be equipped with red 
and white retroreflective material along both the sides and rear. See 
49 CFR 571.108. Although rail-compatible vehicles such as 
RoadRailers[reg], RailRunners[reg], and Railmates[reg], effectively 
become freight cars for purposes of FRA regulation when the equipment 
is operating on railroad track, because rail compatible vehicles are 
equipped with retroreflective material pursuant to NHTSA's rule, FRA 
does not see any safety justification for also subjecting this 
equipment to FRA's reflectorization requirement. FRA believes doing so 
would create confusion and an unnecessary burden on the equipment 
owners in requiring them to comply with two different reflectorization 
standards.
    Accordingly, FRA has added paragraph (d) to Sec.  224.3 which 
specifically excludes freight rolling stock subject to reflectorization 
requirements of other Federal agencies from this rule's applicability.

Section 224.5 Definitions

    This section defines various terms which for purposes of this 
rulemaking have very specific meanings. FRA intends the definitions in 
this section to clarify the meaning of these terms as they are used in 
the text of the final rule. In response to the final rule, AAR 
petitioned FRA for reconsideration of the definitions of two terms used 
in the rule, the terms ``damaged'' and ``freight rolling stock.''
    In response to commenters' concerns regarding the term ``damaged'' 
used in Sec.  224.109 of the proposed rule, in the final rule FRA 
defined the term to mean ``scratched, broken, chipped, peeled, or 
delaminated.'' As noted in the preamble to the final rule, FRA intended 
this definition to be consistent with the term ``obscured.'' \2\ The 
definition, however, was also designed to recognize the physical 
reality that retroreflective sheeting could be damaged to the extent 
that it is no longer effective, but still not be ``obscured'' as 
defined in the rule (i.e., if material is scratched, broken, chipped, 
peeled, or delaminated, the material cannot effectively reflect light).
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    \2\ The term ``obscured'' was defined in the final rule to mean 
``concealed or hidden (i.e., covered up, as where a layer of paint 
or dense chemical residue blocks all incoming light).'' 49 CFR 
224.5. The definition specifically excluded ``ordinary accumulations 
of dirt, grime, or ice resulting from the normal railroad operating 
environment.''
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    AAR petitioned FRA for reconsideration of this definition, 
expressing the view that as defined, the term is ``ambiguous and can be 
interpreted as requiring replacement of an entire strip of sheeting if 
there is any marring, even a single minute scratch, regardless of 
whether the retroreflectivity of the sheeting is meaningfully 
affected.'' FRA does not agree with AAR's concern. The definition and 
use of the term ``damaged'' in the final rule is an objective measure, 
only requiring maintenance when more than 20 percent of the minimum 
required amount of material on each rail car or locomotive side is 
``damaged'' (i.e., when more than 20% of the material is scratched, 
broken, chipped, peeled or delaminated). Specifically, Sec.  224.109 of 
the final rule provides that if more than 20 percent of the required 
amount of sheeting on either side of a freight car or locomotive is 
``damaged, obscured, or missing, that damaged, obscured, or missing 
sheeting must be repaired or replaced.'' If there is a ``single minute 
scratch'' on the retroreflective sheeting covering only a tiny area of 
the sheeting, that material is ``damaged'' as defined in the rule, but 
that material, by itself, does not require repair or replacement as it 
has not been damaged beyond the 20% threshold. If, however, 25% of the 
retroreflective material on one side of a freight car or locomotive is 
``scratched, broken, chipped, or peeled,'' that material would need to 
be repaired or replaced in accordance with Sec.  224.109.\3\
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    \3\ Note that as discussed in the analysis of Sec.  224.109 
below, this ``more than 20%'' maintenance threshold has been revised 
to clarify FRA's intent as to what amount of material needs to be 
``damaged, obscured, or missing'' thereby requiring maintenance.
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    AAR also petitioned FRA for reconsideration of the definition of 
the term ``freight rolling stock'' in the final rule. The final rule 
defined ``freight rolling stock'' as ``(1) [a]ny locomotive subject to 
part 229 of this chapter used to haul or switch freight cars (whether 
in revenue or work train service); and (2) [a]ny railroad freight car 
subject to part 215 of this chapter (including a car stenciled MW 
pursuant to Sec.  215.305).'' Noting that the stenciling requirement of 
Sec.  215.305 applies to self-propelled maintenance-of-way equipment, 
AAR expressed the view that FRA's definition included ``specialized 
maintenance-of-way equipment''

[[Page 62168]]

contrary to FRA's stated intent. AAR specifically noted that in the 
preamble to the final rule, FRA expressed agreement with AAR's view 
that reflectorizing specialized maintenance-of-way equipment (e.g., 
burro cranes, hi-rail equipment) would not help achieve the rule's 
stated goals (i.e., reducing the number and severity of grade crossing 
accidents where motor vehicles run into trains after the first two 
units of the consist).
    FRA agrees with AAR's concern that the definition of ``freight 
rolling stock'' in the final rule does not reflect FRA's true intent. 
Specifically, FRA intends the definition to include any locomotive 
subject to 49 CFR part 229 used to haul or switch freight cars and all 
railroad freight cars, whether those cars are used in revenue or work 
train service. FRA does not intend the term ``freight rolling stock'' 
to include on-track roadway maintenance equipment subject to subpart D 
of 49 CFR part 214 or similar specialized maintenance-of-way equipment 
(such as burro cranes or hi-rail inspection vehicles). Accordingly, FRA 
has revised the definition of ``freight rolling stock'' to mean ``(1) 
[a]ny locomotive subject to Part 229 of this chapter used to haul or 
switch freight cars (whether in revenue or work train service); and (2) 
[a]ny railroad freight car (whether used in revenue or work train 
service).'' \4\
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    \4\ The final rule defined ``railroad freight car'' in 
accordance with 49 CFR 215.5.
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    As discussed in the analysis of Sec.  24.109 below, FRA has also 
revised the final rule to include a definition of the term ``Universal 
Machine Language Equipment Register'' in order to clarify the 
notification requirements of Sec.  224.109.

Section 224.103 Characteristics of retroreflective sheeting

    This section sets forth the construction, color, and performance 
standards for the retroreflective sheeting required by Sec.  224.101. 
Paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section of the final rule required that 
retroreflective sheeting meet specific minimum photometric performance 
requirements as initially applied (i.e., minimum coefficient of 
retroreflection values) and the color and durability requirements of 
ASTM International's (ASTM) standard D 4956-01a, Standard Specification 
for Retroreflective Sheeting for Traffic Control for Type V sheeting. 
AAR and 3M, respectively, petitioned for reconsideration of each of 
these paragraphs.
    AAR petitioned for reconsideration of paragraph (b), noting that 
ASTM standard D 4956-01a incorporated into the final rule has been 
superseded by a newer version of the standard, ASTM D 4956-04. AAR 
expressed the view that FRA should incorporate this revised standard 
into the rule.
    FRA notes that Standard D 4956-01a was revised in late 2004, just 
prior to the final rule's publication. FRA also notes that the revised 
Standard (D 4956-04) is substantially the same as the previous version, 
except that it provides specifications for certain types of fluorescent 
retroreflective sheeting and adds a new type of retroreflective 
material, Type X. The construction and performance requirements related 
to Type V retroreflective material in ASTM D 4956-04 remain unchanged 
from the requirements in ASTM D 4956-01a. For the more specific reasons 
discussed below, FRA believes that this newer, revised version of the 
standard should be incorporated into the final rule. Thus, paragraph 
(b) has been revised to incorporate by reference ASTM D-4956-04, not 
ASTM D 4956-01a.\5\
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    \5\ Just prior to issuance of this current notice, FRA became 
aware that ASTM Standard D 4956-04 had been revised and replaced 
with a newer version of the standard, D 4956-05. Because, Standard D 
4956-05 remains substantially the same as the previous version, D 
4956-04, FRA does not believe it is necessary to incorporate into 
the final rule this revised version of the standard.
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    3M petitioned for reconsideration of paragraph (c) expressing the 
view that the requirement that retroreflective sheeting meet the 
performance requirements of ASTM Type V sheeting was adopted in the 
final rule without an opportunity for notice and comment and that this 
requirement effectively excludes materials that the proposed rule would 
have allowed, i.e., some types of ordinary-colored (not fluorescent) 
non-metalized yellow retroreflective material and fluorescent yellow 
retroreflective material. Specifically, 3M noted that ASTM D 4956 
allows a daytime luminance factor (Y%) of up to 45 for ordinary-colored 
yellow non-metalized material,\6\ but that any Y% over 30 would not 
satisfy the requirements of the final rule (non-metalized materials 
with Y% values over 30 would presumably have been allowable under the 
proposed rule since the NPRM did not specify any limits on Y%). 3M 
further explained that the final rule's ``reference to Type V 
requirements prohibits the use of fluorescent yellow sheeting because 
fluorescent pigments raise the Y% value of fluorescent materials above 
30.'' 3M also noted that in both the NPRM and the preamble to the final 
rule, FRA recognized the effectiveness of fluorescent material and the 
potential additional daytime benefits of the material, as compared to 
ordinary-colored material. 3M pointed out that in both the NPRM and the 
preamble to the final rule, FRA specifically stated that fluorescent 
material was acceptable under the rule, provided it met all the 
requirements of the rule, and that nothing either in the NPRM or the 
final rule document indicated that FRA intended to exclude fluorescent 
retroreflective material from suitability under the rule. 3M further 
asserted that the ``root cause'' of this inconsistency between the 
proposed rule and the final rule is ``the application of a 
specification intended for metalized products [Type V retroreflective 
material] to non-metalized products.'' To rectify this apparent 
inconsistency between the NPRM and final rule, 3M recommended revising 
paragraph (c) to require conformance to ASTM D 4956-04 Type V 
requirements for metalized retroreflective material and conformance to 
ASTM D 4956-04 Type IV requirements for non-metalized material.
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    \6\ See ASTM D 4956-04, Table 10.
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    As originally proposed, paragraph (c) of this section required that 
retroreflective sheeting applied in accordance with the rule meet all 
the performance requirements, except for the minimum photometric 
performance requirements, of the then current ASTM Standard D 4956. The 
initial minimum values for the coefficient of retroreflection (i.e., 
initial minimum photometric performance requirements) of the FRA 
standard were set forth in Table 1 of the proposed rule. In other 
words, the proposed rule would have allowed the use of any ASTM D 4956 
``Type'' of material provided the material met the color requirements 
for yellow or white specified in the ASTM standard and FRA's specific 
photometric performance requirements. As such, the proposed rule 
contemplated the use of both metalized and unmetalized microprismatic 
retroreflective material.
    Although the final rule retained the initial minimum coefficient of 
retroreflection values (i.e., minimum photometric performance 
requirements) of the proposed rule, paragraph (c) of this section was 
revised with the intent to clarify an ambiguity in the proposed rule's 
color requirement. Specifically, in response to the NPRM, Avery 
Dennison, a manufacturer of retroreflective material, pointed out that 
ASTM standard D 4956 contains three yellow color standards, all 
referencing the same chromaticity coordinates, but with three different 
daytime luminance factors (Y%). See document no. 98 in the

[[Page 62169]]

docket of this proceeding. Avery Dennison further explained that if FRA 
did not specify a minimum Y% for the yellow retroreflective sheeting 
contemplated by the rule, retroreflective sheeting that appeared brown 
could meet the stated color requirement. Accordingly, Avery Dennison 
recommended that FRA adopt a minimum Y% of 12 for yellow sheeting. This 
Y% of 12 is the minimum Y% specified in both ASTM D 4956-01a and ASTM D 
4956-04 for yellow, Type V sheeting.
    In response to Avery Dennison's comments and in an attempt to 
clarify this ambiguity, as well as to ensure that only high-contrast 
colored sheeting would meet the performance requirements of the rule, 
in the final rule FRA modified the performance requirements contained 
in paragraph (c) to specify that retroreflective sheeting applied 
pursuant to the rule must meet the performance requirements (except for 
the minimum photometric performance requirements) of Type V sheeting as 
defined in ASTM Standard D 4956-01a. The intent of this revision was 
merely to clarify the retroreflective material performance requirements 
contemplated by the proposed rule, not to change the requirements or 
limit the number of materials that would meet these requirements. 
However, when FRA revised paragraph (c) to require compliance with 
``Type V'' performance requirements, FRA unintentionally did more than 
clarify the requirements of the proposed rule by indicating a minimum 
Y% as recommended by Avery Dennison; FRA not only incorporated Type V's 
minimum Y%, but by the nature of specifying ``Type V,'' incorporated 
Type V's maximum Y% as well. The maximum Y% for yellow, Type V sheeting 
is 30. See Table 12 of ASTM D 4956-04. As 3M noted in its petition, 
this maximum Y% of 30 is well below the maximum Y% specified for 
ordinary-colored yellow non-metalized material in ASTM D 4956-01a and -
04 and the maximum Y% of 30 is also well below the minimum Y% specified 
in ASTM D 4956-04 for fluorescent yellow non-metalized material. See 
Tables 6, 10 and 14 of ASTM D 4956-04. Thus, by incorporating both the 
minimum and maximum Y% of Type V retroreflective materials (the only 
metalized retroreflective material included in the ASTM specification), 
FRA effectively precluded the use of some ordinary-colored non-
metalized materials and the use of fluorescent yellow retroreflective 
material.
    As explained in section 4 of the ASTM standard, ``[t]ypes are 
determined by conformance to the retroreflectance, color, and 
durability requirements listed'' in the standard. Because the final 
rule specifies initial minimum coefficient of retroreflectance values, 
the applicable ASTM requirements relate to the color and durability of 
the retroreflective material. Specifically, by requiring that 
retroreflective sheeting meet the color and durability requirements of 
ASTM Type V sheeting, the final rule effectively requires that 
retroreflective material (1) have a minimum Y% of 12 and maximum Y% of 
30; (2) conform to specific chromaticity coordinates; (3) after an 
outdoor weathering period of 36 months, maintain its color within the 
specified color box (determined by the chromaticity coordinates) and 
within the specified Y% range; and (4) after the specified outdoor 
weathering period have a coefficient of retroreflection equal to at 
least 80% of that specified in Table 1 of the final rule. See 
Sec. Sec.  6.1.5, 6.3, 6.4 and 6.5 of ASTM D 4956-04.
    In comments submitted to the docket in support of its petition, 3M 
noted that excluding materials with lower durability requirements 
(i.e., ASTM Types I and II materials), the durability requirements for 
the remaining Types of sheeting specified in ASTM D 4956 (e.g., Types 
III, IV, V, VII, VIII and IX) are identical.\7\ See document no. 133 in 
the docket of this proceeding. Given that the final rule itself 
specifies the required initial minimum coefficient of retroreflectance 
values for the retroreflective material, 3M further noted that the only 
remaining difference among the five types of sheeting having the same 
durability requirements as Type V is the Y%. 3M explained that ``the 
minimum-maximum daytime luminance ranges for Type V and III sheeting 
are lower than that of non-metallized prismatic Types IV, VII, VIII and 
IX because Type V and Type III were established for sheetings with 
metallic coatings, which tend to appear greyer in daylight than do non-
metallized construction.'' 3M further explained that metalizing lowers 
the daytime luminance of retroreflective sheeting. Accordingly, 3M 
indicated that non-metalized yellow sheeting can have substantially 
higher Y% values without losing colorfastness. This fact is evidenced 
by ASTM's inclusion of multiple Y% requirements for different types of 
sheeting in the D 4956 Standard. See Tables 6, 10, 12 and 14 in ASTM 
Standard D 4956-04. As explained above, however, despite these 
differing Y% requirements for metalized and non-metalized 
retroreflective sheeting, the sheeting must meet the same durability 
(i.e., weathering and colorfastness) requirements as metalized 
sheeting.
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    \7\ Type VI material is a unique material typically used for 
temporary roll-up warning signs, traffic cone collars and post 
bands, and would not be suitable for use on rail equipment; 
accordingly, even though the durability requirements of Type VI 
sheeting are identical to Type V's requirements, it is irrelevant 
for purposes of this rule. In addition, FRA notes that the new Type 
X sheeting's durability requirements are identical to Type V's 
requirements, but, at this time, FRA can make no recommendation as 
to its suitability for use on rail cars.
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    With regard to fluorescent yellow sheeting, the second point raised 
in 3M's petition, FRA notes that fluorescence is a daytime phenomenon, 
i.e., fluorescence increases daytime conspicuity, but has virtually no 
effect at night. Accordingly, in both the NPRM and in the preamble to 
the final rule, although FRA acknowledged the potential benefit of 
fluorescent retroreflective material, FRA did not require the use of 
such material. Instead, FRA specifically stated that although 
fluorescent material is not required under the rule, it may be used if 
it meets all of the requirements of the rule. See 68 FR 62954 and 70 FR 
155.
    As explained above, however, an inconsistency exists between FRA's 
stated intent to allow, but not require, fluorescent material and the 
final rule's requirement that retroreflective sheeting meet the 
performance requirements (except for the initial minimum photometric 
performance requirements) of ASTM D 4956 Type V sheeting. Specifically, 
fluorescent retroreflective materials are characterized by high Y% 
values (i.e., high daytime luminance factors) and, according to 3M, 
``there is no way to supply a high visibility fluorescent yellow 
material with daytime luminance values as low as the range set for Type 
V sheeting.''
    As noted above, the most recent ASTM D 4956 standard (D 4956-04) 
provides specifications for certain types of non-metalized fluorescent 
retroreflective sheeting (i.e., Types IV, VI, VII, VIII, IX and X). See 
Table 14 of ASTM D 4956-04 (requiring a minimum Y% of 45 for 
fluorescent yellow material). ASTM D 4956-04 specifically provides that 
the Y% values for fluorescent material equal ``the sum of the 
reflectance luminance factor [Y<INF>r</INF>] and fluorescence luminance 
factor [Y<INF>f</INF>].'' See Sec.  7.4 and Table 14 of ASTM D 4956-04. 
In other words, Y<INF>r</INF> + Y<INF>f</INF> = Y<INF>t</INF>. Because 
fluorescence is only present during the day, the Y<INF>f</INF> 
component of the Y% value of fluorescent material is irrelevant to 
nighttime conspicuity. Accordingly, fluorescent yellow material with a 
minimum Y% value of 45 (above the maximum allowable for

[[Page 62170]]

Type V material), may appear brighter than required by the final rule 
during the day but at night the fluorescent luminance (Y<INF>f</INF>) 
will be virtually lost and the material will have the same reflectance 
luminance (Y<INF>r</INF>) as an ordinary-colored (non-fluorescent) 
yellow material.
    Because both materials (ordinary-colored yellow metalized materials 
and fluorescent yellow non-metalized material) would have the same 
nighttime effectiveness and would have to meet the same durability 
requirements of the ASTM specification, FRA does not believe that it is 
reasonable to exclude fluorescent yellow non-metalized material from 
the rule. Accordingly, the requirements of paragraph (c) of Sec.  
224.103 have been revised to allow the use of white, yellow, or 
fluorescent yellow, metalized or non-metalized retroreflective 
sheeting, that meets the durability requirements of Type V sheeting and 
the initial minimum coefficient of retroreflection values (i.e., 
initial minimum photometric performance requirements) specified in 
Table 1 of the final rule. Specifically, paragraph (c) has been revised 
to require that retroreflective sheeting ``meet the requirements of 
ASTM D 4956-04, for Type V Sheeting if metalized or Type VII Sheeting 
if non-metallized, except for the initial minimum values of the 
coefficient of retroreflection, and shall, as initially applied, meet 
the minimum values for the coefficient of retroreflection specified in 
Table 1 of the rule. FRA notes that 3M recommended requiring 
conformance to ASTM Type IV requirements for non-metalized material. 
FRA has chosen not to follow 3M's specific recommendation in this 
instance because Type IV material may not meet the initial minimum 
photometric performance requirements specified in the rule. See Table 9 
of ASTM D 4956-04. FRA notes, however, because the ASTM D 4956-04 color 
and durability requirements for Type IV material are exactly the same 
as Type VII material, if a Type IV material meets the initial minimum 
coefficient of retroreflection values specified in the rule, its use 
would be acceptable.\8\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \8\ Consistent with the revised performance requirements of 
paragraph (c), paragraph (b) of this section which sets forth the 
color requirements, has been revised to allow for the use of 
fluorescent yellow retroreflective material, as well as ordinary-
colored yellow material and white material.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As explained in the NPRM and the preamble to the final rule, the 
construction, color, and performance standards set forth in this rule 
are designed to ensure that retroreflective material applied pursuant 
to this rule is durable enough to withstand the harsh railroad 
operating environment and maintain sufficient levels of reflectivity 
throughout the useful life of the material. FRA notes, however, that it 
is the responsibility of the retroreflective material manufacturer and 
the customer to determine the suitability of particular materials for 
use on freight rolling stock. FRA recognizes that many freight rolling 
stock owners already have extensive experience using various types of 
reflective materials on their equipment in specific service 
environments. FRA recognizes that these owners understand the harsh 
conditions associated with railroad operations that may affect the 
performance of the retroreflective material, particularly the power 
washing of equipment, the extensive exposure of the equipment to 
various harsh chemicals and thawing sheds. Accordingly, freight rolling 
stock owners are encouraged to exercise their knowledge based on past 
experience with particular products and the particular operating 
environment parameters when choosing a retroreflective material to 
apply to their equipment.
    As noted in the NPRM and the preamble to the final rule, the 
responsibility for compliance with the construction, color, and 
performance requirements of the retroreflective sheeting used to comply 
with this rule rests upon the manufacturers of the sheeting. In 
accordance with Sec.  224.103(d), the manufacturers who are providing 
retroreflective sheeting to the railroad industry must certify their 
products' compliance with Sec.  224.103 by indelibly marking the 
material with the characters ``FRA-224'' constituting the 
manufacturer's certification that the retroreflective sheeting conforms 
to the construction, color, and performance requirements of the rule 
and meets or exceeds the requirements of the ASTM specification 
incorporated into the rule. Sheeting which does not contain the ``FRA-
224'' mark as specified in Sec.  224.103(d) does not comply with the 
rule, should not be sold to customers in the rail industry for purposes 
of compliance with this rule, and cannot be validly certified as 
compliant with the rule. In addition, if a manufacturer supplies 
retroreflective sheeting to a customer for the purpose of compliance 
with this rule, FRA expects that the material being supplied meets the 
color, construction, and performance requirements of this rule and that 
the particular type of material has been successfully tested in 
accordance with the ASTM standard incorporated into the rule. FRA also 
expects that a manufacturer of retroreflective sheeting would make 
available to customers all test verification data demonstrating that 
the sheeting complies with the rule and the ASTM specification 
incorporated into the rule. FRA encourages freight rolling stock owners 
to request such data from manufacturers when making the decision to 
purchase a particular type of retroreflective material.

Section 224.105 Sheeting dimensions and quantity

    This section of the final rule described the general standards for 
the pattern of retroreflective material application for freight rolling 
stock, dimensions of individual pieces of retroreflective sheeting, and 
the minimum quantity of retroreflective sheeting required on each side 
of a freight car or locomotive. Specifically, this section of the final 
rule required that with certain exceptions, retroreflective sheeting 
applied pursuant to this part be 4 inches wide and 18 or 36 inches 
long. This section of the final rule also provided that retroreflective 
sheeting must be applied along the length of freight car and locomotive 
sides and that the amount of retroreflective sheeting required to be 
applied, is dependent on the length of the car or locomotive and the 
color of the sheeting. Table 2 of this section specified the minimum 
square footage of sheeting required on each car or locomotive side.
    As explained in the preamble to the final rule, FRA chose to 
require relatively large-sized reflectors in order to minimize the 
degradation rate of individual strips of retroreflective sheeting. 
Requiring retroreflective sheeting of certain dimensions, along with a 
specific pattern of application as provided in Sec.  224.106, also 
ensures that to the extent possible a uniform pattern of 
reflectorization will be present throughout the entire freight rolling 
stock fleet subject to this rule. The importance of achieving a 
relatively uniform pattern of reflectorization is discussed in detail 
in the preambles to both the NPRM and the final rule. See 68 FR 62948 
and 70 FR 159.
    Although in its petition AAR specifically recognizes FRA's 
rationale for establishing minimum dimensions for retroreflective 
sheeting strips, AAR asked FRA to reconsider Sec.  224.105, expressing 
the view that ``there is no logic to establishing a maximum size'' for 
the strips and noting that several railroads would like to use 
continuous strips of retroreflective sheeting on locomotives. 
Accordingly, AAR recommended that this section be revised to require 
that retroreflective

[[Page 62171]]

sheeting be applied in strips ``no less than 4 inches wide and 18 
inches long.''
    Because FRA continues to believe that it is necessary to specify 
the dimensions of retroreflective sheeting to be applied in most 
instances under the rule, FRA has not adopted AAR's specific suggested 
revisions to Sec.  224.105. Nonetheless, FRA does recognize that due to 
the physical configuration of various car types, application of 4x18 
inch or 4x36 inch strips of retroreflective material may not always be 
the best pattern of application (e.g., if a car has an eight-inch wide 
side sill, it may make more sense to apply retroreflective material in 
eight inch wide strips, as opposed to two four-inch wide strips stacked 
horizontally above each other). Accordingly, FRA has revised Sec.  
224.105 to provide, in part, that ``[u]nless otherwise specified, 
retroreflective sheeting applied under this part shall be applied in 
strips 4 inches wide and 18 or 36 inches long, as practicable.'' 
(Emphasis added). With this revision, FRA intends that in most 
instances, retroreflective material will be applied to freight car 
sides in 4x18 inch or 4x36 inch strips; however, the phrase ``as 
practicable'' has been added to provide freight car owners and 
railroads with some amount of flexibility in the size of individual 
pieces of retroreflective sheeting applied to freight rolling stock. 
FRA encourages freight rolling stock owners and railroads who intend to 
apply retroreflective material to their equipment in sizes other than 
4x18 inch or 4x36 inches to contact FRA's, Office of Safety, Motive, 
Power, and Equipment Division for advice on the material's application.
    FRA continues to recognize, as noted in the NPRM and the preamble 
to the final rule, that the conspicuity issues surrounding locomotives 
differ from the issues surrounding freight cars. Accordingly, as 
discussed in the analysis of Sec.  224.106 below, FRA has revised the 
retroreflective sheeting application requirements applicable to 
locomotives to make it clear that application of a continuous strip of 
retroreflective sheeting along the length of locomotive sides (as 
opposed to separate 4x18 inch or 4x36 inch strips of retroreflective 
sheeting) will meet the requirements of the rule.
    At least one manufacturer of retroreflective material has expressed 
concern regarding certifying retroreflective material as compliant with 
this rule if that material is other than four inches wide (e.g., 8 
inches wide). See document no. 136 in the docket of this proceeding. As 
discussed above in the analysis of Sec.  224.103, in accordance with 
paragraph (d) of that section, manufacturers are required to certify 
their products' compliance with the construction, color, and 
performance requirements of the rule. Manufacturers are not required to 
certify compliance with the specific size standards of the rule.\9\ In 
other words, a manufacturer could certify 8 inch wide retroreflective 
material as compliant with part 224, provided the material meets the 
requirements of Sec. Sec.  224.103(a)-(c). FRA cautions, however, that 
paragraph (d) of Sec.  224.103 also requires that the certification 
mark appear ``at least once on the exposed surface of each piece of 
sheeting in the final application.'' In other words, if retroreflective 
sheeting is other than four inches wide, the ``FRA-224'' certification 
mark must still appear at least once on that piece of sheeting as it is 
applied on the sides of freight rolling stock.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \9\ Paragraph (d) of Sec.  224.103 provides, in part, that 
``[t]he characters ``FRA-224'', constituting the manufacturer's 
certification that the retroreflective sheeting conforms to the 
requirements of paragraphs (a) through (c) of this section.'' 
Paragraph (a) contains the construction requirements; paragraph (b) 
contains the color requirements; and paragraph (c) contains the 
performance requirements.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Section 224.106 Location of retroreflective sheeting

    This section sets forth specific patterns for the application of 
retroreflective material to various types of freight cars, as well as 
locomotives. Specifically, paragraph (a) of this section provides that 
retroreflective sheeting must be located clear of appurtenances and 
devices such as ladders and other safety appliances or attachments that 
may obscure its visibility. Paragraph (a) also provides that 
retroreflective sheeting need not be applied over existing or required 
car stencils or markings, nor must the sheeting be applied to 
discontinuous surfaces such as bolts, rivets, door hinges, or other 
irregularly shaped areas that may prevent the sheeting from adhering to 
the car sides. TTX petitioned for reconsideration of this provision, 
noting that although the section provided that retroreflective sheeting 
``need not be applied over existing or required car stencils and 
markings,'' Sec.  224.106(a)(1)(i), (ii), (2), and (3) mandate that 
retroreflective strips be applied no more than 12 feet apart along the 
length of car sides. TTX then noted that ``in the event there are 
stencils, appurtenances, and discontinuous surfaces for a continuous 
space of 12 feet or more on the only available car side, it is not 
clear whether the car owner must move stencils to affix the reflectors 
or whether the presence of those obstructions vitiates the 12-foot 
requirement.'' FRA does not intend that a car owner or railroad would 
ever have to move existing stencils to accommodate the retroreflective 
material required under this part; such a requirement would not be 
cost-effective. Accordingly, FRA has revised paragraph (a) to make it 
clear that if it is not practicable to apply retroreflective material 
every 12 feet along the length of car sides ``because of existing 
stencils, appurtenances, or discontinuous surfaces, the sheeting shall 
be applied at the next smallest interval practicable.'' For example, if 
a car has a continuous space of 13 feet occupied by stencils, 
appurtenances, and/or other discontinuous surfaces, then FRA would 
expect retroreflective material to be applied on either side of such 
space, as close as practicable to 12 feet, without interfering with the 
occupied surfaces. Paragraphs (a)(1)(i), (a)(1)(ii), (2) and (3) have 
also been revised to be consistent with this revision to paragraph (a). 
Freight rolling stock owners with cars that are unable to meet the 12-
foot spacing requirement are encouraged to request guidance on sheeting 
application from FRA's Office of Safety, Motive Power and Equipment 
Division.
    To accommodate cars with limited unoccupied surface space suitable 
for attaching reflectors, paragraph (a) of this section of the final 
rule specifically provided that if necessary to avoid appurtenances, 
discontinuous surfaces, or existing or required car markings or 
stencils, 4x18 inch strips could be separated into two 4x9 inch strips 
and likewise 4x36 inch strips could be separated into four 4x9 inch 
strips. The 4x9 inch strips could then be applied on either side of the 
interfering appurtenance, discontinuous surface, or car making or 
stencil. Although FRA has not changed the substance of this provision 
of the final rule, FRA has revised the sixth sentence of the 
introductory text in paragraph (a) to provide that if it is ``necessary 
to avoid appurtenances, discontinuous surfaces or existing or required 
car markings or stencils, 4x18 or 4x36 inch strips of retroreflective 
material may be divided into 4x9 inch strips and applied on either side 
of the appurtenance, discontinuous surface, or car markings or 
stencils, as practicable.'' FRA believes that this revised wording is 
both consistent with the final rule and clearer than FRA's original 
wording.
    Paragraph (a) also sets forth the specific pattern of application 
for railroad freight cars generally (e.g., box

[[Page 62172]]

cars, gondola cars, and other similarly configured cars), tank cars, 
flat cars, and ``cars of special construction''. As applied to freight 
cars, other than flat cars and tank cars, paragraph (a)(1) provides for 
either a vertical or horizontal pattern of retroreflective sheeting 
along the length of the car sides, with the bottom edge of the sheeting 
as close as practicable to 42 inches from the top of the rail, but not 
below the side sill. In its petition, AAR noted an inconsistency in 
paragraph (a)(1)(ii) of this section setting forth the general rule for 
horizontal placement of retroreflective sheeting on freight cars. 
Specifically, AAR pointed out that paragraph (a)(1)(ii) required at 
least two 4x18 inch strips to be placed ``one above the other'' at each 
car end. Figures 4, 5, and 6 depicting the horizontal placement pattern 
on a typical box car, covered hopper car, and gondola car, however, 
show the end strips next to each other, not above each other. 
Accordingly, AAR recommended that paragraph (a)(1)(ii) be revised to 
allow two 4x18 inch strips to be applied either one above the other or 
next to each other. FRA notes this was an inadvertent inconsistency in 
the final rule and FRA's intent was to allow the placement of one 4x36 
inch strip, or two 4x18 inch strips either above each other, or next to 
each other, as close to each end of the car as practicable. 
Accordingly, paragraph (a)(1)(ii) has been revised to allow ``two 4x18 
inch strips, one above or next to the other * * * as close to each end 
of the car as practicable.''
    Paragraph (a)(2) addresses tank cars and provides two options for 
applying retroreflective sheeting to such cars. First, sheeting may be 
applied vertically along the car sides and centered on the horizontal 
centerline of the tank, or as near as practicable. Second, the final 
rule provided that if it was not practicable to safely apply the 
sheeting centered on the horizontal centerline of the tank, the 
sheeting could be applied vertically with its top edge ``no higher'' 
than the horizontal centerline of the tank. FRA notes, however, that 
this second option was worded inconsistently with FRA's intent as 
explained in the preamble to the final rule. Specifically, FRA intended 
that as an alternative to centering the sheeting on the horizontal 
centerline of the tank, the sheeting could be applied with its top edge 
``no lower'' than the horizontal centerline of the tank. See 70 FR 161. 
Accordingly, paragraph (a)(2) of this section has been revised to 
correct this error.
    Paragraph (a)(3) addresses flat cars (defined to include spine 
cars, articulated and multi-unit articulated cars) and provides for a 
horizontal pattern of retroreflective material along the length of flat 
cars' side sills, with the bottom edge of the sheeting no lower than 
the bottom of the side sill and the top edge of the sheeting no higher 
than the top of the car deck or floor. Both TTX and AAR petitioned for 
reconsideration of this requirement, noting that cars such as spine 
cars and skeleton log flat cars do not have side sills running the 
entire length of the cars. According to AAR and TTX, these cars have 
``very short side sills at the ends of the car'' and the only part of 
the car between the end side sills to which retroreflective sheeting 
could be applied is the center sill. Accordingly, both TTX and AAR 
recommended that if a flat car does not have a continuous side sill, 
the rule should permit retroreflective sheeting to be applied to the 
center sill, provided that the sheeting is not obscured by other 
components. FRA agrees with the concerns of AAR and TTX regarding flat 
cars without continuous side sills, and accordingly, paragraph (a)(3) 
of the final rule has been revised to allow for placement of 
retroreflective sheeting to ``other surfaces inboard of the sides, such 
as the center sill,'' so long as the sheeting is not obscured by other 
parts of the car. For additional advice concerning the application of 
material to flat cars that do not have continuous side sills, freight 
rolling stock owners are encouraged to contact FRA's Office of Safety, 
Motive Power & Equipment Division for guidance.
    Paragraph (b) of Sec.  224.106 of the final rule addresses the 
reflectorization pattern of locomotives. As explained in the NPRM and 
the preamble to the final rule, FRA recognizes that the conspicuity 
issues surrounding locomotives differ from the issues surrounding 
freight cars. Accordingly, in the final rule FRA provided a more 
flexible approach to the reflectorization of locomotives, requiring 
only that retroreflective material be spaced as uniformly as 
practicable along the length of locomotive sides and applied as close 
as practicable to 42 inches above the top of the rail. As indicated in 
the discussion of Sec.  224.105 above, AAR petitioned for 
reconsideration of this requirement, noting the desire of several 
railroads to use continuous strips of retroreflective material on 
locomotives, as opposed to individual strips of 4x18 or 4x36 inches of 
material. AAR also pointed out that in the preamble to the final rule, 
FRA contemplated the use of continuous striping on locomotives.\10\ AAR 
is correct in this regard. In the final rule, FRA intended to allow the 
use of continuous retroreflective sheeting strips along the entire 
length of locomotive sides. Accordingly paragraph (b) has been revised 
to clarify this intent and now explicitly provides two alternatives for 
reflectorizing locomotives. Specifically, paragraph (b) requires that 
locomotives be equipped with the specified minimum amounts of 
retroreflective material on each side, as close as practicable to 42 
inches from the top of the rail, ``either (1) in strips four inches 
wide and 18 or 36 inches long and spaced as uniformly as practicable 
along the length of the locomotive sides, or (2) in one continuous 
strip, at least four inches wide, along the length of the locomotive.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \10\ In the preamble to the final rule, FRA stated that ``most 
locomotives already reflectorized in the course of voluntary 
reflectorization programs are equipped with * * * reflective 
material applied along the length of the locomotive sides at 
platform height, exactly the pattern contemplated by this final 
rule.'' 70 FR 162.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Section 224.107 Implementation Schedule

    This section of the final rule generally required that all freight 
cars subject to this part be equipped with retroreflective sheeting 
conforming to this part within approximately ten years of the effective 
date of the final rule (i.e., by May 31, 2015), and similarly that all 
locomotives subject to this part be equipped within approximately five 
years (i.e., by May 31, 2010). FRA has retained these general time 
frames, but the exact compliance dates have been revised consistent 
with the rule's effective date.
    The final rule provided two options for the timing of applying the 
required retroreflective material to existing freight cars and 
locomotives not already equipped with reflective material. First, 
freight rolling stock owners could follow the ``default'' schedules of 
Sec.  224.107(a)(2)(i) (for freight cars) or Sec.  224.107(b)(2)(i) 
(for locomotives). The default schedule of paragraph (a)(2)(i) of the 
final rule required that retroreflective sheeting be applied to an 
existing non-reflectorized freight car, at the earliest of two events: 
(1) when the car is repainted or rebuilt, or (2) within nine months 
after the car first undergoes a single car air brake test (SCABT). This 
default schedule for reflectorizing freight cars was designed to allow 
car owners and railroads the ability to apply retroreflective material 
while a car is out of service for other maintenance or repair reasons, 
thereby eliminating the

[[Page 62173]]

need to take a car out of service for the specific purpose of applying 
retroreflective material.
    The default schedule of paragraph (b)(2)(i) of the final rule 
required that retroreflective sheeting be applied to existing non-
reflectorized locomotives no later than the first biennial (182 day) 
inspection performed pursuant to 49 CFR 229.29 occurring after the 
effective date of the final rule. Again, FRA intended this default 
schedule to prevent locomotives being taken out of service for the 
express purpose of applying retroreflective material and instead to 
allow for the application of retroreflective material while a 
locomotive is out of service for routine maintenance purposes. AAR 
petitioned for reconsideration of paragraph (b)(2)(i), noting that 
although locomotives are normally inspected indoors, cold weather may 
still prevent the application of retroreflective material during even 
an indoor inspection. For example, in its petition, AAR explained that 
in January 2005, the Canadian Pacific Railroad brought a locomotive 
indoors when the outside temperature was -7.6 [deg]F. After one hour, 
the locomotive's temperature was 33.2 [deg]F and after seven hours, the 
locomotive's temperature was 43 [deg]F, below 3M's recommended 45 
[deg]F threshold for applying sheeting to rail cars referenced in the 
preamble to the final rule. See 70 FR 163. Although FRA notes that 
prior to publication of the final rule, 3M submitted information to the 
docket noting that due to ``recent technological developments'' the 
recommended minimum application temperature for certain types of 
retroreflective sheeting had decreased to 35 [deg]F (see document 120 
in the docket), FRA agrees with AAR's concern regarding tape 
application on cold surfaces and believes that it is reasonable to take 
weather conditions into account when applying retroreflective material, 
not only to freight cars, but to locomotives as well. Accordingly, 
consistent with the freight car provision of paragraph (a)(2)(i), 
paragraph (b)(2)(i) has been revised to require that retroreflective 
sheeting be applied to existing locomotives not equipped with 
conforming retroreflective sheeting ``not later than nine months after 
the first biennial inspection performed pursuant to 49 CFR 229.29'' 
occurring after the effective date of the rule.
    As alternatives to the default schedules of paragraphs (a)(2)(i) 
and (b)(2)(i), paragraphs (a)(2)(ii) and (b)(2)(ii) of this section of 
the final rule provided a more flexible option of allowing freight 
rolling stock owners to effectively ``opt-out'' of the default 
schedules and implement their own schedule for reflectorization, 
provided certain milestones are met. Specifically, paragraphs 
(a)(2)(ii) and (b)(2)(ii) of this section of the final rule provided 
that a freight rolling stock owner may elect not to follow the default 
schedules of paragraphs (a)(2)(i) and (b)(2)(i) if, by July 1, 2005, 
the owner submitted to FRA an initial Reflectorization Implementation 
Compliance Report (Compliance Report).\11\ As part of the Compliance 
Report, freight rolling stock owners must certify that all freight 
rolling stock subject to part 224 in their fleet will be equipped with 
the appropriate retroreflective sheeting in conformance with the 
schedules set forth in Table 3 of the rule (for freight cars) and Table 
4 of the rule (for locomotives). Although FRA has retained the same 
general filing requirements and time periods for compliance as those in 
the final rule, FRA has revised the specific compliance dates to 
reflect the delay in beginning the implementation of the rule caused by 
the stay of effectiveness published on May 26, 2005. As noted in the 
preamble to the final rule (70 FR 164) in keeping with the requirements 
of the Paperwork Reduction Act and the Government Paperwork Elimination 
Act, FRA is providing freight rolling stock owners the option of 
submitting Compliance Reports to FRA electronically. Appendix C 
contains guidelines for submitting Compliance Reports to FRA, both 
electronically and in paper format. FRA intends to revise these 
guidelines as the system for electronic reporting under this rule is 
developed more fully. FRA notes, however, that if a freight rolling 
stock owner has already filed an initial Compliance Report with FRA 
prior to publication of these guidelines, there is no need for that 
owner to submit to FRA another initial Compliance Report.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \11\ The form Reflectorization Implementation Compliance Report 
is contained in Appendix B to the final rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    FRA notes that to date it appears that there has been some 
confusion among freight rolling stock owners as to who is required to 
file Compliance Reports with FRA. First, in accordance with the final 
rule only freight rolling stock owners who elect to follow the 
implementation schedules of Sec. Sec.  224.107(a)(2)(i) or (b)(2)(i) or 
who are seeking grandfathered status for existing freight rolling stock 
already equipped with certain types of reflective material under 
Sec. Sec.  224.107(a)(3) or (b)(3) are required to file Compliance 
Reports. FRA also notes that by completing the certification section of 
the report (Part IV of FRA Form F6180.113) the freight rolling stock 
owner is affirmatively representing to the FRA that freight rolling 
stock in its fleet will be reflectorized in accordance with the 
alternative schedules of Sec. Sec.  224.107(a)(2)(i) or (b)(2)(i). FRA 
encourages freight rolling stock owners who choose to file an initial 
Compliance Report with FRA, but who do not manage the maintenance or 
use of their fleet (because of lease arrangements or otherwise), to 
take efforts to ensure that the party the owner holds responsible for 
the maintenance or use of the equipment is properly adhering to the 
requirements of the alternative schedule.
    Paragraph (b)(4) of this section in the final rule provided that 
certain small railroads could take an additional five years to bring 
their locomotive fleets into compliance with the rule. Specifically, 
paragraph (b)(4) provided that railroads with fewer than 400,000 annual 
employee work hours that do not share locomotive power with a railroad 
with 400,000 or more annual employee work hours may take up to ten 
years to bring their locomotive fleets into compliance with the rule. 
Because a railroad's level of annual employee work hours may change 
over time, FRA has revised this paragraph to make it clear that for 
purposes of this rule, a railroad's size will be determined based on 
its size as of December 31, 2004.

Section 224.109 Inspection, repair, and replacement

    This section of the final rule sets forth the requirements for the 
periodic inspection and maintenance of retroreflective material on 
freight rolling stock. Paragraph (a) of Sec.  224.109 of the final rule 
required that retroreflective sheeting on freight cars subject to this 
part be visually inspected for presence and condition whenever a car 
undergoes a single car air brake test (SCABT) required under 49 CFR 
232.305. Similarly, paragraph (b) required that retroreflective 
sheeting on locomotives subject to this part be visually inspected for 
presence and condition whenever the locomotive undergoes an annual 
inspection required under 49 CFR 229.27. Both paragraphs (a) and (b) 
required that if, upon inspection, more than 20 percent of the amount 
of sheeting required on either side of a car or locomotive under Sec.  
224.105 is found to be ``damaged, obscured, or missing,'' that sheeting 
must be repaired or replaced. Specifically, paragraph (a) required the 
railroad or contractor performing the SCABT to inspect the car for 
presence and condition of the

[[Page 62174]]

required retroreflective material. If the inspecting railroad or 
contractor determines that maintenance is necessary, the railroad or 
contractor is required to promptly notify the car owner of the missing, 
damaged, or obscured sheeting, and car owners are afforded nine months 
from the date they are notified of the defective condition of the 
material to properly repair or replace the material. Paragraph (b) 
required that ``damaged, obscured, or missing'' sheeting on locomotives 
be repaired or replaced at the time of inspection, or if conditions at 
the time of the inspection were such that adequate repairs cannot be 
made, the material could be repaired or replaced ``at the next forward 
location where conditions permit.'' AAR petitioned FRA for 
reconsideration of several aspects of this section.
    First, AAR expressed the view that the 20% maintenance threshold 
for both freight cars and locomotives is ambiguous. AAR explained that 
Sec.  224.109's provision requiring maintenance if ``more than 20 
percent of the amount of sheeting required under Sec.  224.105 on 
either side of a car is damaged, obscured, or missing'' does not 
account for the amount of sheeting put on a rail car in the first 
place. In other words, AAR noted that as written, Sec.  224.109 could 
require the repair or replacement of sheeting even if the amount of 
sheeting in good condition on a rail car or locomotive were more than 
what is required by Sec.  224.105. For example, AAR explained that ``a 
locomotive might have twice the amount of sheeting required by section 
224.105. If 25 percent of the amount of sheeting required under section 
224.105 became defective, the locomotive would still have sheeting in 
good condition amounting to 175 percent of what is required by section 
224.105. Yet, subsection 224.109(b) arguably requires the repair or 
replacement of the defective sheeting.'' This result was not FRA's 
intent. As explained in the preamble to the final rule, FRA required 
approximately 30% more material on each side of most typically-sized 
freight rolling stock than research demonstrated was necessary to 
provide adequate reflectorization. See 70 FR 168. By requiring 30% more 
retroreflective material than necessary, if 20% or less of that amount 
of required material is damaged, obscured, or missing, the remaining 
reflective material could still provide sufficient reflectivity, even 
if further damage occurred before maintenance was performed on the 
material (assuming the material is relatively evenly spread the length 
of the rail car or locomotive sides). Accordingly, FRA agrees with 
AAR's concern and Sec.  224.109 has been revised to require the repair 
or replacement of retroreflective material on both freight cars and 
locomotives, when at the time of inspection, ``less than 80 percent'' 
of the minimum amount of sheeting required by Sec.  224.105 on each car 
or locomotive side is present, not damaged, and not obscured.
    Second, AAR noted that the maintenance threshold in Sec.  224.109 
is based on the amount of sheeting required by Sec.  224.105 (i.e., the 
minimum amount of retroreflective sheeting required on existing cars 
reflectorized pursuant to the rule), but the section does not address 
grandfathered equipment. As AAR noted in its petition, Sec.  224.107 of 
the final rule--not Sec.  224.105--addresses the amount of sheeting 
required for grandfathered equipment. Because FRA agrees with AAR's 
point that the maintenance threshold for grandfathered equipment needs 
to be clarified in the rule, FRA has revised Sec.  224.109 to require 
the repair or replacement of retroreflective material on both freight 
cars and locomotives grandfathered under the rule when, at the time of 
inspection, ``less than 80%'' of the minimum amount of sheeting 
required by Sec.  224.107 on each car or locomotive side is present, 
not damaged, and not obscured. owners
    Next, AAR expressed the view that Sec.  224.109's requirement that 
the inspecting railroad or contractor notify the ``car owner'' of 
damaged, obscured, or missing sheeting is ambiguous. In support of this 
view, AAR noted that Sec.  224.5 defines ``freight rolling stock 
owner'' to potentially include many entities other than the actual 
owner of the freight rolling stock (e.g., lessee of freight rolling 
stock, person who manages the maintenance or use of the freight rolling 
stock on behalf of an owner or one or more lessors or lessees) and that 
the rule is unclear which entity the inspecting railroad or contractor 
should notify in the event the retroreflective material on a car 
requires maintenance. AAR noted that the entity conducting the 
inspection of a freight car would have ``no way of knowing, with 
certainty, all the entities that could be considered freight rolling 
stock owners'' and that ``there is no need to require the inspecting 
entity to notify multiple companies of the need for maintenance.'' As a 
solution to this ambiguity, citing the Office Manual of the A.A.R. 
Interchange rules (Rule 112.G.7 (Jan. 1, 2005 edition)), AAR noted that 
industry rules provide that the entity responsible for the reporting 
mark of a rail car is responsible for maintenance of that car. 
Accordingly, AAR recommended that Sec.  224.109 be revised to require 
the inspecting railroad or contractor to report the need for reflector 
maintenance to the owner of a car's reporting mark as indicated in 
AAR's Universal Machine Language Equipment Register (UMLER). FRA agrees 
with AAR's suggested revision and accordingly Sec.  224.109(a) has been 
revised to require the inspecting railroad or contractor to notify 
``the entity responsible for the reporting mark, as indicated in the 
Universal Machine Language Equipment Register'' of the damaged, missing 
or obscured material.\12\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \12\ As noted in the discussion of Sec.  224.5 above, FRA has 
also reviewed the final rule to include a definition of ``Universal 
Machine Language Equipment Register.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Finally, AAR expressed the view that requiring the repair or 
replacement of retroreflective sheeting on locomotives at the time of 
the annual inspection, or ``the next forward location where conditions 
permit,'' is ``inadequate'' because there is ``no assurance that the 
next forward location where `conditions permit' would be equipped to 
maintain (or install) retroreflective sheeting.'' Accordingly, AAR 
expressed the view that railroads should be afforded the same nine-
month window freight car owners have to repair or replace 
retroreflective sheeting needing maintenance. FRA agrees with AAR's 
concern and, accordingly, Sec.  224.109(b) has been revised to provide 
a nine-month maintenance window for locomotives, similar to that for 
freight cars.

Section 224.111 Renewal

    This section of the final rule requires that all retroreflective 
sheeting required under this part, regardless of its condition, be 
replaced with new conforming sheeting, no later than ten years after 
the date of initial installation. As explained in the NPRM and the 
preamble to the final rule, this 10-year renewal period is based on 
most manufacturers' stated useful life of retroreflective material. AAR 
petitioned for reconsideration of this section expressing the view that 
this section would require the removal of existing sheeting in order to 
replace it at the end of ten years. As stated elsewhere in the rule, 
FRA does not intend to require the removal of existing sheeting at the 
end of ten years, if that sheeting does not interfere with the 
application of new sheeting. See Sec. Sec.  224.107(a) and (b). 
Accordingly, this section has been

[[Page 62175]]

revised to make it clear that at the time of replacement, it is not 
necessary to remove the old sheeting unless it interferes with the 
placement of the new sheeting, but at the end of a 10-year period, the 
old sheeting shall not be considered in calculating the amount of 
retroreflective material required under this part.

Regulatory Impact and Notices

A. Executive Order 12866 and DOT Regulatory Policies and Procedures

    Prior to issuing the January 3, 2005 final rule, FRA prepared and 
placed in the docket a regulatory analysis addressing the economic 
impact of the final rule. The rule was evaluated in accordance with 
existing policies and procedures and was considered to be non-
significant under both Executive Order 12866 and DOT policies and 
procedures. For a more detailed discussion see 70 FR 168. This response 
to the petitions for reconsideration of the final rule is likewise 
considered to be non-significant under both Executive Order 12866 and 
DOT policies and procedures. This regulatory action generally clarifies 
the requirements contained in the rule or allows for greater 
flexibility in complying with the rule.

B. Regulatory Flexibility Act of 1980 and Executive Order 13272

    The Regulatory Flexibility Act of 1980 (5 U.S.C. 601-612) requires 
a review of final rules to assess their impact on small entities. Prior 
to issuing the January 3, 2005 final rule, FRA prepared and placed in 
the docket a regulatory flexibility analysis which assessed the small 
entity impact by the rule. FRA certified that the final rule is not 
expected to have a ``significant'' economic impact on a ``substantial'' 
number of small entities under the Regulatory Flexibility Act and 
Executive Order 13272. For a more detailed discussion, see 70 FR 169. 
This response to the petitions for reconsideration of the final rule 
generally clarifies the requirements contained in the rule or allows 
for greater flexibility in complying with the rule. Consequently, FRA 
certifies that this regulatory action is not expected to have a 
``significant'' economic impact on a ``substantial'' number of small 
entities under the Regulatory Flexibility Act and Executive Order 
13272.

C. Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995

    This response to the petitions for reconsideration of the final 
rule does not change the information collection requirements contained 
in the original final rule.

D. Federalism Implications

    Executive Order 13132, entitled ``Federalism,'' provides in part 
that, to the extent practicable, no agency shall promulgate any 
regulation that has federalism implications, that imposes substantial 
direct compliance costs on State and local governments, and that is not 
required by statute, unless the Federal Government provides the funds 
necessary to pay the direct compliance costs incurred by State and 
local governments, or the agency consults with State and local 
officials early in the process of developing the proposed regulation. 
As stated in the preamble to the final rule, FRA believes that this 
final rule will not have federalism implications that impose 
substantial direct compliance costs on State and local governments, and 
that this action is in compliance with Executive Order 13132. See 70 FR 
170. The amendments contained in this response to the petitions for 
reconsideration to the final rule generally clarify requirements 
currently contained in the rule or allow for greater flexibility in 
complying with the rule.

E. Environmental Impact

    FRA has evaluated this action in accordance with its ``Procedures 
for Considering Environmental Impacts'' (FRA's Procedures) (64 FR 
28545; May 26, 1999) as required by the National Environmental Policy 
Act (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.), other environmental statutes, Executive 
Orders, and related regulatory requirements. FRA has determined that 
this action is not a major FRA action requiring the preparation of an 
environmental impact statement or environmental assessment because it 
is categorically excluded from detailed environmental review pursuant 
to section 4(c) of FRA's procedures. 64 FR 28547, May 26, 1999. FRA has 
further considered this final rule in accordance with sections 4(c) and 
(e) of FRA's Procedures to determine if extraordinary circumstances 
exist with respect to this final rule that might trigger the need for a 
more detailed environmental review. After conducting this review, FRA 
has determined that extraordinary circumstances do not exist that might 
trigger the need for a more detailed environmental review. As a result, 
FRA finds that this regulation is not a major Federal action 
significantly affecting the quality of the human environment.

F. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995

    Pursuant to the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (Pub. L. 104-
4) each Federal agency ``shall, unless otherwise prohibited by law, 
assess the effects of Federal Regulatory actions on State, local, and 
tribal governments, and the private sector (other than to the extent 
that such regulations incorporate requirements specifically set forth 
in law).'' Sec. 201. Section 202 of the Act further requires that 
``before promulgating any general notice of proposed rulemaking that is 
likely to result in promulgation of any rule that includes any Federal 
mandate that may result in the expenditure by State, local, and tribal 
governments, in the aggregate, or by the private sector, of 
$120,700,000 or more (as adjusted for inflation) in any 1 year, and 
before promulgating any final rule for which a general notice of 
proposed rulemaking was published, the agency shall prepare a written 
statement'' detailing the effect on State, local, and tribal 
governments and the private sector. This proposed rule will not result 
in the expenditure, in the aggregate, of $120,700,000 or more in any 
one year, and thus preparation of such a statement is not required.

G. Energy Impact

    Executive Order 13211 requires Federal agencies to prepare a 
Statement of Energy Effects for any ``significant energy action.'' 66 
FR 28355, May 22, 2001. Under the Executive Order, a ``significant 
energy action'' is defined as any action by an agency (normally 
published in the Federal Register) that promulgates or is expected to 
lead to the promulgation of a final rule or regulation, including 
notices of inquiry, advance notices of proposed rulemaking, and notices 
of proposed rulemaking: (1)(i) That is a significant regulatory action 
under Executive Order 12866 or any successor order, and (ii) that is 
likely to have a significant adverse effect on the supply, 
distribution, or use of energy; or (2) that is designated by the 
Administrator of the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs as a 
significant energy action. FRA has evaluated this response to petitions 
for reconsideration of the final rule in accordance with Executive 
Order 13211, and has determined that this regulatory action is not a 
``significant energy action'' within the meaning of the Executive 
Order.

H. Privacy Act

    Anyone is able to search the electronic form of all comments 
received into any of our dockets by the

[[Page 62176]]

name of the individual submitting the comment (or signing the comment, 
if submitted on behalf of an association or business, labor union, 
etc.). You may review DOT's complete Privacy Act Statement in the 
Federal Register published on April 11, 2000 (Volume 65, Number 70; 
Pages 19477-78) or you may visit http://dms.dot.gov.

List of Subjects in 49 CFR Part 224

    Incorporation by reference, Penalties, Railroad locomotive safety, 
Railroad safety, and Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.

The Rule

0
In consideration of the foregoing, effective November 28, 2005, the 
stay of effectiveness of 49 CFR part 224 is lifted and chapter II, 
subtitle B, of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations is revised to read 
as follows:

PART 224--REFLECTORIZATION OF RAIL FREIGHT ROLLING STOCK

Subpart A--General
Sec.
224.1 Purpose and scope.
224.3 Applicability.
224.5 Definitions.
224.7 Waivers.
224.9 Responsibility for compliance.
224.11 Penalties.
224.13 Preemptive effect.
224.15 Special approval procedures.
Subpart B--Application, Inspection, and Maintenance of Retroreflective 
Material
224.101 General requirements.
224.103 Characteristics of retroreflective sheeting.
224.105 Sheeting dimensions and quantity.
224.106 Location of retroreflective sheeting.
224.107 Implementation schedule.
224.109 Inspection, repair, and replacement.
224.111 Renewal.
Appendix A to Part 224--Schedule of Civil Penalties
Appendix B to Part 224--Form Reflectorization Implementation 
Compliance Report
Appendix C to Part 224--Guidelines for Submitting Reflectorization 
Implementation Compliance Reports

    Authority: 49 U.S.C. 20103, 20107, 20148 and 21301; 28 U.S.C. 
2461; and 49 CFR 1.49.

Subpart A--General


Sec.  224.1  Purpose and scope.

    (a) The purpose of this part is to reduce highway-rail grade 
crossing accidents and deaths, injuries, and property damage resulting 
from those accidents, by enhancing the conspicuity of rail freight 
rolling stock so as to increase its detectability by motor vehicle 
operators at night and under conditions of poor visibility.
    (b) In order to achieve cost-effective mitigation of collision risk 
at highway-rail grade crossings, this part establishes the duties of 
freight rolling stock owners (including those who manage maintenance of 
freight rolling stock, supply freight rolling stock for transportation, 
or offer freight rolling stock in transportation) and railroads to 
progressively apply retroreflective material to freight rolling stock, 
and to periodically inspect and maintain that material. Freight rolling 
stock owners, however, are under no duty to install, clean or otherwise 
maintain, or repair reflective material except as specified in this 
part.
    (c) This part establishes a schedule for the application of 
retroreflective material to rail freight rolling stock and prescribes 
standards for the application, inspection, and maintenance of 
retroreflective material to rail freight rolling stock for the purpose 
of enhancing its detectability at highway-rail grade crossings. This 
part does not restrict a freight rolling stock owner or railroad from 
applying retroreflective material to freight rolling stock for other 
purposes if not inconsistent with the recognizable pattern required by 
this part.


Sec.  224.3  Applicability.

    This part applies to all railroad freight cars and locomotives that 
operate over a public or private highway-rail grade crossing and are 
used for revenue or work train service, except:
    (a) Freight rolling stock that operates only on track inside an 
installation that is not part of the general railroad system of 
transportation;
    (b) Rapid transit operations in an urban area that are not 
connected to the general railroad system of transportation;
    (c) Locomotives and passenger cars used exclusively in passenger 
service; or
    (d) Freight rolling stock that is subject to a reflectorization 
requirement promulgated by another Federal agency.


Sec.  224.5  Definitions.

    Administrator means the Administrator of the Federal Railroad 
Administration or the Administrator's delegate.
    Associate Administrator means the Associate Administrator for 
Safety, Federal Railroad Administration, or the Associate 
Administrator's delegate.
    Damaged means scratched, broken, chipped, peeled, or delaminated.
    Flat car means a car having a flat floor or deck on the underframe 
with no sides, ends or roof (including spine cars, articulated and 
mult-unit intermodal cars).
    Freight rolling stock means:
    (1) Any locomotive subject to Part 229 of this chapter used to haul 
or switch freight cars (whether in revenue or work train service); and
    (2) Any railroad freight car (whether used in revenue or work train 
service).
    Freight rolling stock owner means any person who owns freight 
rolling stock, is a lessee of freight rolling stock, manages the 
maintenance or use of freight rolling stock on behalf of an owner or 
one or more lessors or lessees, or otherwise controls the maintenance 
or use of freight rolling stock.
    Locomotive has the meaning assigned by Sec.  229.5 of this chapter, 
but for purposes of this part applies only to a locomotive used in the 
transportation of freight or the operation of a work train.
    Obscured means concealed or hidden (i.e., covered up, as where a 
layer of paint or dense chemical residue blocks all incoming light); 
this term does not refer to ordinary accumulations of dirt, grime, or 
ice resulting from the normal railroad operating environment.
    Person means an entity of any type covered under 1 U.S.C. 1, 
including but not limited to the following: A railroad; a manager, 
supervisor, official, or other employee or agent of a railroad; any 
owner, manufacturer, lessor, or lessee of railroad equipment, track or 
facilities; any independent contractor providing goods or services to a 
railroad; and any employee of such an owner, manufacturer, lessor, 
lessee, or independent contractor.
    Railroad means all forms of non-highway ground transportation that 
run on rails or electromagnetic guideways, including high speed ground 
transportation systems that connect metropolitan areas, without regard 
to whether they use new technologies not associated with traditional 
railroads.
    Railroad freight car has the meaning assigned by Sec.  215.5 of 
this chapter.
    Tank car means a rail car, the body of which consists of a tank for 
transporting liquids.
    Universal Machine Language Equipment Register means the database 
containing information on rail equipment maintained by the Association 
of American Railroads.
    Unqualified Retroreflective Sheeting means engineering grade 
sheeting, super engineering grade sheeting (enclosed lens) or high-
intensity type sheeting (ASTM Type I, II, III, or IV Sheeting) as 
described in ASTM International Standard D-4956-04, ``Standard 
Specification for Retroreflective Sheeting for Traffic Control.''
    Work train means a non-revenue service train used for the 
maintenance and upkeep service of the railroad.

[[Page 62177]]

Sec.  224.7  Waivers.

    (a) Any person subject to a requirement of this part may petition 
the Administrator for a waiver of compliance with such requirement. The 
filing of such a petition does not affect that person's responsibility 
for compliance with that requirement while the petition is being 
considered.
    (b) Each petition for waiver under this section shall be filed in 
the manner and contain the information required by part 211 of this 
chapter.
    (c) If the Administrator finds that a waiver of compliance is in 
the public interest and is consistent with railroad safety, the 
Administrator may grant the waiver subject to any conditions that the 
Administrator deems necessary.


Sec.  224.9  Responsibility for compliance.

    (a) Freight rolling stock owners, railroads, and (with respect to 
certification of material) manufacturers of retroreflective material, 
are primarily responsible for compliance with this part. However, any 
person that performs any function or task required by this part 
(including any employee, agent, or contractor of the aforementioned), 
must perform that function in accordance with this part.
    (b) Any person performing any function or task required by this 
part shall be deemed to have consented to FRA inspection of the 
person's facilities and records to the extent necessary to determine 
whether the function or task is being performed in accordance with the 
requirements of this part.


Sec.  224.11  Penalties.

    (a) Any person (including but not limited to a railroad; any 
manager, supervisor, official, or other employee or agent of a 
railroad; any owner, manufacturer, lessor, or lessee of railroad 
equipment, track, or facilities; any employee of such owner, 
manufacturer, lessor, lessee, or independent contractor) who violates 
any requirement of this part or causes the violation of any such 
requirement is subject to a civil penalty of at least $550, but not 
more than $11,000 per violation, except that: Penalties may be assessed 
against individuals only for willful violations, and, where a grossly 
negligent violation or a pattern of repeated violations has created an 
imminent hazard of death or injury to persons, or has caused death or 
injury, a penalty not to exceed $27,000 per violation may be assessed. 
Each day a violation continues shall constitute a separate offense. 
Appendix A to this part contains a schedule of civil penalty amounts 
used in connection with this part.
    (b) Any person who knowingly and willfully falsifies a record or 
report required by this part is subject to criminal penalties under 49 
U.S.C. 21311.


Sec.  224.13  Preemptive effect.

    Under 49 U.S.C. 20106, issuance of this part preempts any State 
law, rule, regulation, or order covering the same subject matter, 
except an additional or more stringent law, rule, regulation, or order 
that is necessary to eliminate or reduce an essentially local safety 
hazard; that is not incompatible with a law, rule, regulation, or order 
of the United States Government; and that does not unreasonably burden 
interstate commerce.


Sec.  224.15  Special approval procedures.

    (a) General. The following procedures govern consideration and 
action upon requests for special approval of alternative standards 
under Sec.  224.103(e).
    (b) Petitions. (1) Each petition for special approval of an 
alternative standard shall contain--
    (i) The name, title, address, and telephone number of the primary 
person to be contacted with regard to the petition;
    (ii) The alternative proposed, in detail, to be substituted for the 
particular requirements of this part; and
    (iii) Appropriate data and analysis establishing that the 
alternative will provide at least an equivalent level of safety and 
meet the requirements of Sec.  224.103(e).
    (2) Three copies of each petition for special approval of an 
alternative standard shall be submitted to the Docket Clerk, Office of 
Chief Counsel, Federal Railroad Administration, RCC-10, Mail Stop 10, 
1120 Vermont Ave., NW., Washington, DC 20590.
    (c) Notice. FRA will publish a notice in the Federal Register 
concerning each petition under paragraph (b) of this section.
    (d) Public comment. FRA will provide a period of not less than 30 
days from the date of publication of the notice in the Federal Register 
during which any person may comment on the petition.
    (1) Each comment shall set forth specifically the basis upon which 
it is made, and contain a concise statement of the interest of the 
commenter in the proceeding.
    (2) Each comment shall be submitted to the DOT Central Docket 
Management System, Nassif Building, Room PL-401, 400 Seventh Street, 
SW., Washington, DC 20590, and shall contain the assigned docket number 
which appears in the Federal Register for that proceeding. The form of 
such submission may be in written or electronic form consistent with 
the standards and requirements established by the Central Docket 
Management System and posted on its Web site at http://dms.dot.gov.
    (3) In the event FRA determines that it requires additional 
information to appropriately consider the petition, FRA will conduct a 
hearing on the petition in accordance with the procedures provided in 
Sec.  211.25 of this chapter.
    (e) Disposition of petitions. (1) If FRA finds that the petition 
complies with the requirements of this section and that the proposed 
alternative standard is acceptable or changes are justified, or both, 
the petition will be granted, normally within 90 days of its receipt. 
The Associate Administrator may determine the applicability of other 
technical requirements of this part when rendering a decision on the 
petition. If the petition is neither granted nor denied within 90 days, 
the petition remains pending for decision. FRA may attach special 
conditions to the approval of the petition. Following the approval of a 
petition, FRA may reopen consideration of the petition for cause 
stated.
    (2) If FRA finds that the petition does not comply with the 
requirements of this section, or that the proposed alternative standard 
is not acceptable or that the proposed changes are not justified, or 
both, the petition will be denied, normally within 90 days of its 
receipt.
    (3) When FRA grants or denies a petition, or reopens consideration 
of a petition, written notice is sent to the petitioner and other 
interested parties and a copy of the notice is placed in the electronic 
docket of the proceeding.

Subpart B--Application, Inspection, and Maintenance of 
Retroreflective Material


Sec.  224.101  General requirements.

    All rail freight rolling stock subject to this part shall be 
equipped with retroreflective sheeting that conforms to the 
requirements of this part. Notwithstanding any other provision of this 
chapter, the application, inspection, and maintenance of that sheeting 
shall be conducted in accordance with this subpart or in accordance 
with an alternative standard providing at least an equivalent level of 
safety after special approval of FRA under Sec.  224.15.


Sec.  224.103  Characteristics of retroreflective sheeting.

    (a) Construction. Retroreflective sheeting applied pursuant to this 
part shall consist of a smooth, flat,

[[Page 62178]]

transparent exterior film with microprismatic retroreflective elements 
embedded in or suspended beneath the film so as to form a non-exposed 
retroreflective optical system.
    (b) Color. Retroreflective sheeting applied pursuant to this part 
shall be yellow, fluorescent yellow, or white as specified by the 
chromaticity coordinates of ASTM International's Standard D 4956-04, 
``Standard Specification for Retroreflective Sheeting for Traffic 
Control.'' The Director of the Federal Register approves the 
incorporation by reference of this standard in this section in 
accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR part 51. You may obtain a 
copy of the incorporated standard from ASTM International, 100 Barr 
Harbor Drive, P.O. Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959 or at 
http://www.astm.org. You may inspect a copy of the incorporated 
standard at the Federal Railroad Administration, Docket Clerk, 1120 
Vermont Ave., NW., Suite 7000, or at the National Archives and Records 
Administration (NARA). For information on the availability of this 
material at NARA, call 202-741-6030, or go to http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/code_of_federal_ regulations/ibr--locations.html.
    (c) Performance. Retroreflective sheeting applied pursuant to this 
part shall meet the requirements of ASTM D 4956-04, for Type V Sheeting 
if metalized or Type VII Sheeting if non-metalized, except for the 
initial minimum values of the coefficient of retroreflection, and 
shall, as initially applied, meet the minimum values for the 
coefficient of retroreflection specified in Table 1 of this subpart.

  Table 1 of Subpart B.--Minimum Coefficient of Retroreflection (RA) (in Candela/Lux/Meter\2\) Requirement for
                     Retroreflective Sheeting (Minimum Photometric Performance Requirements)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                         Observation angle
                                                 ---------------------------------------------------------------
                                                            0.2 Degree                      0.5 Degree
                 Entrance angle                  ---------------------------------------------------------------
                                                     Yellow or                       Yellow or
                                                    fluorescent        White        fluorescent        White
                                                      yellow                          yellow
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-4[deg].........................................             400             600             100             160
30[deg].........................................             220             350              45              75
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    (d) Certification. The characters ``FRA-224'', constituting the 
manufacturer's certification that the retroreflective sheeting conforms 
to the requirements of paragraphs (a) through (c) of this section, 
shall appear at least once on the exposed surface of each piece of 
sheeting in the final application. The characters shall be a minimum of 
three millimeters high, and shall be permanently stamped, etched, 
molded, or printed within the product and each certification shall be 
spaced no more than four inches apart.
    (e) Alternative standards. Upon petition by a freight rolling stock 
owner or railroad under Sec.  224.15, the Associate Administrator may 
approve an alternative technology as providing equivalent safety. Any 
such petition shall provide data and analysis sufficient to establish 
that the technology will result in conspicuity and durability at least 
equal to sheeting described in paragraphs (a) through (c) applied in 
accordance with this part and will present a recognizable visual target 
that is suitably consistent with freight rolling stock equipped with 
retroreflective sheeting meeting the technical requirements of this 
part to provide the intended warning to motorists.


Sec.  224.105  Sheeting dimensions and quantity.

    Retroreflective sheeting shall be applied along the length of each 
railroad freight car and locomotive side as described in Sec.  224.106. 
Unless otherwise specified, retroreflective sheeting applied under this 
part shall be applied in strips 4 inches wide and 18 or 36 inches long, 
as practicable. The amount of retroreflective sheeting to be applied to 
each car or locomotive subject to this part is dependent on the length 
of the car or locomotive and the color of the sheeting. For purposes of 
this part, the length of a railroad freight car or locomotive is 
measured from endsill to endsill, exclusive of the coupler and draft 
gear. Each side of a railroad freight car subject to this part, 
including each unit of multi-unit cars, and each side of a locomotive 
subject to this part must be equipped with at least the minimum amount 
of retroreflective sheeting specified in Table 2 of this subpart.

    Table 2 of Subpart B.--Minimum Quantity Requirement for Retroreflective Sheeting on Freight Rolling Stock
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                             Minimum area of               Minimum area of
                                                        retroreflective sheeting      retroreflective sheeting
          Freight car or locomotive length            required (per car/locomotive  required (per car/locomotive
                                                       side)--yellow  sheeting (ft    side)--white sheeting (ft
                                                                  \2\)                          \2\)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Less than 50 ft.                                                               3.5                           4.0
Over 50 ft. to 60 ft.                                                          4.0                           5.0
Over 60 ft. to 70 ft.                                                          4.5                           5.5
Over 70 ft. to 80 ft.                                                          5.0                           6.0
Over 80 ft. to 90 ft.                                                          5.5                           7.0
Over 90 ft. to 100 ft. 1............................                           6.0                          7.5
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Freight cars or locomotives over 100 ft. in length must be equipped with an additional one-half a square
  foot of sheeting on each side for every additional 10 feet of length.


[[Page 62179]]

Sec.  224.106  Location of retroreflective sheeting.

    (a) Railroad freight cars. The retroreflective sheeting shall be 
applied along the length of each railroad freight car side in the 
manner provided by a uniform industry standard accepted by the 
Associate Administrator that provides for distribution of material 
along the length of each car and as close as practicable to 42 inches 
above the top of rail. In the event such a standard is not proffered by 
industry or accepted by the Associate Administrator, the criteria set 
forth in this subpart shall apply. Retroreflective sheeting applied 
under this part must be located clear of appurtenances and devices such 
as ladders and other safety appliances, pipes, or other attachments 
that may obscure its visibility. Retroreflective sheeting need not be 
applied to discontinuous surfaces such as bolts, rivets, door hinges, 
or other irregularly shaped areas that may prevent the sheeting from 
adhering to the car sides. In addition, retroreflective sheeting need 
not be applied over existing or required car stencils and markings. If 
necessary to avoid appurtenances, discontinuous surfaces, or existing 
or required car markings or stencils, 4x18 and 4x36 inch strips of 
retroreflective material may be divided into 4x9 inch strips and 
applied on either side of the appurtenance, discontinuous surface, or 
car markings or stencils, as practicable. Unless otherwise specified, 
retroreflective sheeting shall be applied along the sides of freight 
rolling stock at intervals not to exceed every 12 feet, as practicable. 
If it is not practicable to apply retroreflective sheeting every 12 
feet because of existing stencils, appurtenances, or discontinuous 
surfaces, the sheeting shall be applied at the next smallest interval 
practicable.
    (1) General rule. On railroad freight cars other than flat cars and 
tank cars, retroreflective sheeting shall be applied in either a 
vertical or horizontal pattern along the length of the car sides, with 
the bottom edge of the sheeting as close as practicable to 42 inches 
above the top of rail. Retroreflective sheeting shall not be applied 
below the side sill.
    (i) Vertical application. If retroreflective sheeting is applied in 
a vertical pattern, at least one 4x36 inch strip or two 4x18 inch 
strips, one above the other, shall be applied as close to each end of 
the car as practicable. Between these two vertical end strips, a 
minimum of one 4x18 inch strip shall be applied at least every 12 feet, 
as practicable. See Figures 1, 2 and 3.
BILLING CODE 4910-06-P

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    (ii) Horizontal application. If retroreflective sheeting is applied 
in a horizontal pattern, at least one 4x36 inch strip, or two 4x18 inch 
strips, one above or next to the other, shall be applied as close to 
each end of the car

[[Page 62183]]

as practicable. Between these end strips, a minimum of one 4x18 inch 
strip shall be applied at least every 12 feet, as practicable. See 
Figures 4, 5, and 6.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR28OC05.003


[[Page 62184]]


[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR28OC05.004


[[Page 62185]]


[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR28OC05.005

    (2) Tank cars. On tank cars, retroreflective sheeting shall be 
applied vertically to each car side and centered on the horizontal 
centerline of the tank, or as near as practicable. If it is not 
practicable to safely apply the sheeting

[[Page 62186]]

centered vertically about the horizontal centerline of the tank, the 
sheeting may be applied vertically with its top edge no lower than the 
horizontal centerline of the tank. A minimum of either one 4x36 inch 
strip or two 4x18 inch strips, one above the other, shall be applied as 
close to each end of the car as practicable. Between these two end 
strips, a minimum of one 4x18 inch strip shall be applied at least 
every 12 feet, as practicable. Retroreflective sheeting applied under 
this part shall not be located in the spillage area directly beneath 
the manway used to load and unload the tank. See Figures 7 and 8.

[[Page 62187]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR28OC05.006


[[Page 62188]]


[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR28OC05.007

BILLING CODE 4910-06-C
    (3) Flat cars. On flat cars, retroreflective sheeting shall be 
applied in a horizontal pattern along the length of the side sill with 
the bottom edge of

[[Page 62189]]

the sheeting no lower than the bottom of the side sill and the top edge 
of the sheeting no higher than the top of the car deck or floor. At 
least two 4x18 inch strips, one above the other, shall be applied as 
close to each end of the car as practicable. If the side sill is less 
than 8 inches wide, one 4x36 inch strip, or two 4x18 inch strips may be 
applied one next to the other, dividing the strips into nine inch 
segments as necessary in accordance with paragraph (a) of this section. 
Between the two end strips, a minimum of one 4x18 inch strip shall be 
applied at least every 12 feet, as practicable. See Figure 9. If a car 
has a separate rack structure, retroreflective sheeting may be applied 
to the flat car portion only in accordance with the requirements of 
this section. For cars without continuous side sills, retroreflective 
sheeting may be applied to other surfaces inboard of the sides, such as 
the center sill, provided that the sheeting is not obscured by other 
components.

[[Page 62190]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR28OC05.008

    (4) Cars of special construction. This paragraph applies to any car 
the design of which is not compatible with the patterns of application 
otherwise provided in this section. Retroreflective sheeting shall 
conform as closely as

[[Page 62191]]

practicable to the requirements of paragraphs (a)(1) through (a)(3) of 
this section and shall have the minimum amount of sheeting described in 
Sec.  224.105 distributed along the length of each car side.
    (b) Locomotives. Locomotives subject to this part shall be equipped 
with at least the minimum amounts of retroreflective sheeting required 
by Sec.  224.105 either in strips four inches wide and 18 or 36 inches 
long and spaced as uniformly as practicable along the length of the 
locomotive sides, or in one continuous strip, at least four inches 
wide, along the length of the locomotive. Retroreflective sheeting 
applied to locomotive sides shall be applied as close as practicable to 
42 inches from the top of the rail.


Sec.  224.107  Implementation schedule.

    (a) Railroad freight cars. All railroad freight cars subject to 
this part must be equipped with retroreflective sheeting conforming to 
this part by November 28, 2015. If a car already has reflective 
material applied that does not meet the standards of this part, it is 
not necessary to remove the material unless its placement interferes 
with the placement of the sheeting required by this part.
    (1) New cars. Retroreflective sheeting conforming to this part must 
be applied to all cars constructed after January 26, 2006, before the 
cars are placed in service.
    (2) Existing cars without retroreflective sheeting. (i) If, as of 
October 28, 2005, a car subject to this part is not equipped on each 
side with at least one square foot of retroreflective sheeting as 
specified in paragraph (a)(3) of this section, retroreflective sheeting 
conforming to this part must be applied to the car at the earliest of 
the following two occasions occurring after November 28, 2005 or in 
accordance with paragraph (a)(2)(ii) of this section:
    (A) When the car is repainted or rebuilt; or
    (B) Within nine months (270 calendar days) after the car first 
undergoes a single car air brake test as prescribed by 49 CFR 232.305.
    (ii) A freight rolling stock owner may elect not to follow the 
schedule in paragraph (a)(2)(i) of this section if, not later than 
January 26, 2006 the freight rolling stock owner submits to FRA a 
completed Reflectorization Implementation Compliance Report certifying 
that the cars in the owner's fleet subject to this part will be 
equipped with retroreflective sheeting as required by this part in 
accordance with the schedule specified in Table 3 of this section. See 
Appendix B of this part for Reflectorization Implementation Compliance 
Report form.

     Table 3 of Subpart B.--Alternative Schedule for Application of
  Retroreflective Material to Freight Cars per Sec.   224.107(a)(2)(ii)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                 (B)
                          (A) \1\                             (percent)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
November 28, 2007..........................................           20
November 28, 2008..........................................           30
November 28, 2009..........................................           40
November 28, 2010..........................................           50
November 28, 2011..........................................           60
November 28, 2012..........................................           70
November 28, 2013..........................................           80
November 28, 2014..........................................           90
November 28, 2015..........................................         100
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Column (A) indicates the date by which the minimum percentage of an
  owner's freight cars specified in column (B) must be equipped with
  retroreflective sheeting conforming to this part.

    Thereafter,
    (A) The designated fleet shall be equipped with retroreflective 
sheeting according to the schedule specified in Table 3 of this 
section;
    (B) No later than January 28, 2008, the freight rolling stock owner 
shall submit to FRA an updated Reflectorization Implementation 
Compliance Report showing which cars of the fleet subject to this part 
were equipped with retroreflective sheeting as required by this part 
during the initial 24-month implementation period. Thereafter, updated 
Reflectorization Implementation Compliance Reports shall be submitted 
annually, no later than December 31 of each year for the duration of 
the 10-year implementation period. See Appendix B of this part.
    (C) If, following the conclusion of the initial 24-month period or 
any 12-month period thereafter, the percentage requirements of this 
section have not been met--
    (1) The freight rolling stock owner shall be considered in 
violation of this part;
    (2) The freight rolling stock owner shall, within 60 days after the 
close of the period, report the failure to the Associate Administrator;
    (3) The requirements of paragraph (a)(2)(i) shall apply to all 
railroad freight cars subject to this part in the freight rolling stock 
owner's fleet; and
    (4) The fleet owner shall take such additional action as may be 
necessary to achieve future compliance.
    (D) Cars to be retired shall be included in the fleet total until 
they are retired.
    (3) Existing cars with retroreflective sheeting. If as of October 
28, 2005, a car is equipped on each side with at least one square foot 
of retroreflective sheeting, uniformly distributed over the length of 
each side, that car shall be considered in compliance with this part 
through November 28, 2015, provided the sheeting is not unqualified 
retroreflective sheeting, and provided the freight rolling stock owner 
files a completed Reflectorization Implementation Compliance Report 
with FRA no later than January 26, 2006 identifying the cars already so 
equipped. See Appendix B of this part for Reflectorization 
Implementation Compliance form.
    (b) Locomotives. Except as provided in paragraph (b)(4) of this 
section, all locomotives subject to this part must be equipped with 
conforming retroreflective sheeting by November 28, 2010. If a 
locomotive already has reflective material applied that does not meet 
the standards of this part, it is not necessary to remove the material 
unless its placement interferes with the placement of the sheeting 
required by this part.
    (1) New locomotives. Retroreflective sheeting conforming to this 
part must be applied to all locomotives constructed after January 26, 
2006, before they are placed in service.
    (2) Existing locomotives without retroreflective sheeting.
    (i) If as of October 28, 2005 a locomotive subject to this part is 
not equipped with the minimum amount of retroreflective sheeting 
specified in paragraph (b)(3) of this section, retroreflective sheeting 
conforming to this part must be applied to the locomotive not later 
than nine months after the first biennial inspection performed pursuant 
to 49 CFR 229.29 occurring after November 28, 2005.
    (ii) A freight rolling stock owner may elect not to follow the 
schedule in paragraph (b)(2)(i) of this section, if not later than 
January 26, 2006, the freight rolling stock owner submits to FRA a 
Reflectorization Implementation Compliance Report certifying that the 
locomotives in the owner's fleet subject to this part will be equipped 
with retroreflective sheeting as required by this part in accordance 
with the schedule specified in Table 4 of this section. See Appendix B 
of this part.

[[Page 62192]]



     Table 4 of Subpart B.--Alternative Schedule for Application of
  Retroreflective Material to Locomotives per Sec.   224.107(b)(2)(ii)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                 (B)
                          (A) \1\                             (percent)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
November 28, 2007..........................................           40
November 28, 2008..........................................           60
November 28, 2009..........................................           80
November 28, 2010..........................................         100
------------------------------------------------------------------------
 \1\Column (A) indicates the date by which the minimum percentage of an
  owner's locomotives specified in column (B) must be equipped with
  retroreflective sheeting conforming to this part.

    Thereafter,
    (A) The designated locomotive fleet shall be equipped with 
retroreflective sheeting according to the requirements of this 
paragraph (b)(2)(ii);
    (B) No later than January 28, 2008, the freight rolling stock owner 
shall submit to FRA an updated Reflectorization Implementation 
Compliance Report showing which locomotives of the fleet subject to 
this part were equipped with retroreflective sheeting as required by 
this part during the initial 24 month implementation period. Updated 
Reflectorization Implementation Compliance Reports shall be submitted 
annually, no later than December 31 of each year, for the duration of 
the 5-year implementation period. See Appendix B of this part.
    (C) If, following the conclusion of the initial 24-month period or 
any 12-month period thereafter, the percentage requirements of this 
section have not been met--
    (1) The freight rolling stock owner shall be considered in 
violation of this part;
    (2) The freight rolling stock owner shall, within 60 days after the 
close of the period, report the failure to the Associate Administrator;
    (3) The requirements of paragraph (b)(2)(i) shall apply to all 
locomotives subject to this part in the freight rolling stock owner's 
fleet; and
    (4) The fleet owner shall take such additional action as may be 
necessary to achieve future compliance.
    (D) Locomotives to be retired shall be included in the fleet total 
until they are retired.
    (3) Existing locomotives with retroreflective sheeting. If as of 
October 28, 2005, a locomotive is equipped on each side with at least 
one square foot of retroreflective sheeting, that locomotive shall be 
considered in compliance with this part for through November 28, 2015, 
provided the existing material is not unqualified retroreflective 
sheeting, and provided the freight rolling stock owner files a 
Reflectorization Implementation Compliance Report with FRA no later 
than January 26, 2006, identifying the cars already so equipped. See 
Appendix B of this part. If, as of October 28, 2005, a locomotive is 
equipped with unqualified retroreflective sheeting, the locomotive will 
be considered in compliance with this part through November 28, 2015, 
provided the locomotive is equipped with a minimum of 3 square feet of 
retroreflective material on each side and provided the freight rolling 
stock owner files a Reflectorization Implementation Compliance Report 
with FRA no later than January 26, 2006, identifying the locomotives 
already so equipped. See Appendix B of this part.
    (4) Each railroad that has fewer than 400,000 annual employee work 
hours as of the end of calendar year 2004, and does not share 
locomotive power with another railroad with 400,000 or more annual 
employee work hours, may bring its locomotive fleet into compliance 
according to the following schedule: fifty percent of the railroad's 
locomotives must be retrofitted pursuant to Sec.  224.106(b) by October 
28, 2010, and one hundred percent must be retrofitted pursuant to Sec.  
224.106(b) by October 28, 2015. If a railroad with fewer than 400,000 
annual employee work hours shares locomotive power with a railroad with 
400,000 or more annual employee work hours, the smaller railroad must 
comply with the requirements of paragraphs (b)(2) and (3) of this 
section.


Sec.  224.109  Inspection, repair, and replacement.

    (a) Railroad freight cars. Retroreflective sheeting on railroad 
freight cars subject to this part must be visually inspected for 
presence and condition whenever a car undergoes a single car air brake 
test required under 49 CFR 232.305. If at the time of inspection less 
than 80 percent of the amount of sheeting required under Sec.  224.105 
(Sec.  224.107 in the case of freight cars subject to Sec.  
224.107(a)(3)) on either side of a car is present, not damaged, and not 
obscured, the inspecting railroad or contractor shall promptly notify 
the person responsible for the reporting mark, as indicated in the 
Universal Machine Language Equipment Register, of the damaged, 
obscured, or missing sheeting (unless the inspecting railroad or 
contractor is the person responsible for the reporting mark). The 
inspecting railroad or contractor shall retain a written or electronic 
copy of each such notification made for at least two years from the 
date of the notice and shall make these records available for 
inspection and copying by the FRA upon request. Any person notified of 
a defect under this section shall have nine months (270 calendar days) 
from the date of notification to repair or replace the damaged, 
obscured, or missing sheeting. Where the inspecting railroad or 
contractor is the person responsible for the reporting mark, the person 
shall have nine months (270 calendar days) from the date of the 
inspection to repair or replace the damaged, obscured, or missing 
sheeting.
    (b) Locomotives. Retroreflective sheeting must be visually 
inspected for presence and condition when the locomotive receives the 
annual inspection required under 49 CFR 229.27. If at the time of 
inspection less than 80 percent of the amount of sheeting required 
under Sec.  224.105 (Sec.  224.107 in the case of locomotives subject 
to Sec.  224.107(b)(3)) on either side of a locomotive is present, not 
damaged, and not obscured, the damaged, obscured, or missing sheeting 
must be repaired or replaced within nine months (270 calendar days) 
from the date of inspection, provided a record of the defect is 
maintained in the locomotive cab or in a secure and accessible 
electronic database to which FRA is provided access on request.


Sec.  224.111  Renewal.

    Regardless of condition, retroreflective sheeting required under 
this part must be replaced with new sheeting no later than ten years 
after the date of initial installation. At the time of replacement, it 
is not necessary to remove the old sheeting unless it interferes with 
the placement of the new sheeting, but the old sheeting shall not be 
considered in calculating the amount of retroreflective material 
required under this part. For purposes of this section, November 28, 
2005, shall be considered the initial date of installation for freight 
cars and locomotives covered by Sec.  224.107(a)(3) or 224.107(b)(3). 
\1\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1\ A penalty may be assessed against an individual only for a 
willful violation. The Administrator reserves the right to assess a 
penalty of up to $27,000 for any violation where circumstances 
warrant. See 49 CFR Part 209, Appendix A.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Appendix A to Part 224--Schedule of Civil Penalties

Subpart B--Application, Inspection, and Maintenance of 
Retroreflective Material

[[Page 62193]]



------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                               Willful
                    Section                      Violation    violation
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sec.   224.103 Characteristics of
 retroreflective sheeting:
    (a)-(d) Retroreflective sheeting applied         $2,500       $5,000
     does not meet the requirements of Sec.
     224.103..................................
Sec.   224.105 Sheeting dimensions and
 quantity:
    Failure to apply minimum amount of                2,500        5,000
     retroreflective sheeting in accordance
     with Table 2.............................
    Applying retroreflective sheeting of wrong        2,500        5,000
     dimensions...............................
Sec.   224.106 Location of retroreflective
 sheeting:
    (a), (b)Applying retroreflective sheeting         2,000        4,000
     in nonconforming pattern.................
Sec.   224.107 Implementation schedule:
    (a)(1), (b)(1) Failure to apply                   5,000        7,500
     retroreflective sheeting to new freight
     car or locomotive before equipment placed
     in service...............................
    (a)(2), (b)(2), (b)(4) Failure to apply           5,000        7,500
     retroreflective sheeting to existing
     freight car or locomotive in accordance
     with minimum schedule of paragraphs
     (a)(2), (b)(2), or (b)(4)................
Sec.   224.109 Inspection, repair, and
 replacement:
    (a) Failure to perform inspection.........        5,000        7,500
    Failure to properly notify car owner of           2,500        5,000
     defect...................................
    Failure to retain written notification of         1,500        2,500
     defect for two years.....................
    Failure to repair defect after                    5,000        7,500
     notification.............................
    (b) Failure to perform inspection.........        5,000        7,500
    Failure to repair defect..................        5,000        7,500
------------------------------------------------------------------------

Appendix B to Part 224--Reflectorization Implementation Compliance 
Report

BILLING CODE 4910-06-P

[[Page 62194]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR28OC05.009


[[Page 62195]]


[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR28OC05.010


[[Page 62196]]



Appendix C to Part 224--Guidelines for Electronic Submission of 
Reflectorization Implementation Compliance Reports
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR28OC05.011


[[Page 62197]]


[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR28OC05.012


[[Page 62198]]


[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR28OC05.013


    Issued in Washington, DC on October 19, 2005.
Joseph H. Boardman,
Administrator, Federal Railroad Administration.
[FR Doc. 05-21466 Filed 10-27-05; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4910-06-C