Pursuant to Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure *

43(c)(2), Attorney General Eric H. Holder Jr. is

automatically substituted as respondent in this case.

07-0204-ag

Liu v. Holder

1 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

2

3 FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

4

5 August Term, 2007

6

7

8 (Argued: November 28, 2007 Decided: August 5, 2009)

9

10 Docket No. 07-0204-ag

11

12 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -x

13

14 CHUILU LIU,

15

16 Petitioner,

17

18 - v.-

19

20 ERIC H. HOLDER JR.,

21 United States Attorney General,

*

22

23 Respondent.

24

25 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -x

26

27 Before: JACOBS, Chief Judge, PARKER and WESLEY,

28 Circuit Judges.

29

30 Petition for review of a final order of the Board of

31 Immigration Appeals affirming the decision of Immigration

32 Judge William Jankun denying Liu’s application for

33 withholding of removal pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)

34 for, inter alia, failure to provide adequate corroboration. 

35 The petition for review is denied. 
2

1 JIM LI, New York, NY, FOR 

2 PETITIONER.

3

4 KEITH MCMANUS, Trial Attorney

5 (Peter D. Keisler, Assistant

6 Attorney General, on the brief,

7 Lisa Arnold and Shabana

8 Stationwala, of counsel), Office

9 of Immigration Litigation, Civil

10 Division, U.S. Department of

11 Justice, Washington, D.C., FOR

12 RESPONDENT.

13

14 DENNIS JACOBS, Chief Judge:

15 Petitioner Chuilu Liu, a native and citizen of the

16 People’s Republic of China, seeks review of a December 29,

17 2006 order of the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”),

18 affirming the May 19, 2005 decision of Immigration Judge

19 (“IJ”) William F. Jankun, which pretermitted Liu’s

20 application for asylum as untimely and denied his

21 applications for withholding of removal pursuant to 8 U.S.C.

22 § 1231(b)(3) and the Convention Against Torture (“CAT”). In

23 re Liu, No. A98 415 374 (B.I.A. Dec. 29, 2006), aff’g No.

24 A98 415 374 (Immig. Ct. N.Y. City May 19, 2005). The IJ

25 made an adverse credibility finding that was neither

26 affirmed nor expressly rejected by the BIA. The BIA

27 affirmed on the IJ’s alternative ground that Liu failed to

28 satisfy his burden of proof for lack of certain documentary

29 evidence corroborating Liu’s testimony concerning his risk
3

1 of future persecution. Because substantial evidence

2 supports the IJ’s finding that Liu failed to satisfy his

3 burden of establishing a clear probability of future

4 persecution in China, and the IJ properly relied on Liu’s

5 failure to corroborate his testimony in so finding, Liu’s

6 petition must be denied.

7

8 BACKGROUND

9 At his May 2005 hearing before the IJ, Liu testified to

10 the following effect: From 1989 until 1991, he was detained

11 by the Chinese government for his support of the June Fourth

12 Movement; after his release, his work for an environmental

13 protection company required him to travel frequently to

14 Macau and Hong Kong; on one of those trips (in June 2001),

15 he joined the Hong Kong youth movement, a pro-democracy

16 group, later becoming its acting secretary; he traveled to

17 the United States on business (in January 2003), using a

18 passport that the Chinese government issued to him in 2002;

19 he was prevented from leaving the United States as scheduled

20 (in January 2003) by a car accident in California; soon

21 thereafter, his wife in China told him by phone that

22 security officials had come looking for him, and had
4

1 ransacked their home on a return visit.

2 At the close of the hearing, the IJ dictated his

3 findings and conclusions. The IJ made an adverse

4 credibility finding, and went on to decide that even if

5 Liu’s testimony were credible, “there is a need for

6 supporting documentation to support [his] claims about what

7 he allegedly did in [China] and Hong Kong and in the United

8 States.” Specifically, the IJ cited Liu’s failure to submit

9 letters from his wife about the alleged visits from the

10 security officials; from fellow members about the pro11 democracy movement in Hong Kong; and from police and

12 hospital officials in California about the car accident that

13 allegedly prevented him from returning to China in January

14 2003. The IJ did not remark on these omissions during the

15 hearing, nor did he ask Liu to explain them.

16 Liu did not move to reopen the proceedings in order to

17 submit those documents. On appeal to the BIA, Liu did not

18 explain why the documents were unavailable to him. 

19 Without affirming or rejecting the IJ’s adverse

20 credibility determination, the BIA affirmed the IJ’s

21 “conclusion that even assuming credibility, [Liu] has failed

22 to meet his burden of establishing that it is more likely
5

1 than not that he will be persecuted on account of a

2 protected ground” if he is returned to China. The BIA

3 specifically found it “reasonable” for the IJ to cite a lack

4 of “reliable evidence,” other than Liu’s own hearsay

5 testimony, “in the form of an affidavit or letter from his

6 wife with whom [Liu] has maintained contact, to corroborate

7 [his] account regarding what had occurred in [China] in his

8 absence,” as well as “any letters from the democratic

9 association in Hong Kong for which he claimed to have served

10 as the acting secretary of one of its divisions.” The BIA

11 concluded that the IJ reasonably relied on Liu’s lack of

12 corroboration because there was “no indication on the record

13 that such evidence was unavailable, and [Liu] has not

14 provided any explanation on appeal for his failure to

15 present such corroborating evidence.”

16

17 DISCUSSION

18 Liu’s withholding of removal claim is the one claim at

19 issue on appeal. Liu does not challenge the pretermittance

20 of his asylum application as untimely. As to Liu’s

21 application for CAT relief (denied on the ground that Liu

22 failed to show that it was more likely than not he would be
6

1 tortured if removed to China), Liu’s brief on appeal makes

2 no reference to his CAT application (or to torture

3 generally), so that argument is deemed forfeited. Yueqing

4 Zhang v. Gonzales, 426 F.3d 540, 545 n.7 (2d Cir. 2005)

5 (stating that where petitioner “devotes only a single

6 conclusory sentence to the argument” in support of a claim

7 for relief, “we . . . deem his petition for review of the

8 IJ’s finding as to [that] claim abandoned and do not

9 consider it”). 

10 When, as here, the BIA affirms the IJ’s decision in all

11 respects but one, the Court reviews the IJ’s decision “as

12 modified by the BIA’s decision--that is, minus the single

13 argument for denying relief that was rejected by the BIA.” 

14 Xue Hong Yang v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 426 F.3d 520, 522

15 (2d Cir. 2005). We review the BIA’s factual findings under

16 the substantial evidence standard, including those

17 “underlying the immigration court’s determination that an

18 alien has failed to satisfy his burden of proof,” Wu Biao

19 Chen v. INS, 344 F.3d 272, 275 (2d Cir. 2003) (per curiam),

20 treating the findings as “conclusive unless any reasonable

21 adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the contrary,”

22 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B).
7

1 The BIA’s conclusion--that Liu failed to establish that

2 it is “more likely than not” that he would be persecuted on

3 account of his involvement in the June Fourth Movement--is

4 supported by substantial evidence. Liu testified that after

5 he was released from detention in 1991, he left and returned

6 to China numerous times, and that the Chinese government

7 issued a passport to him in 2002 because he had been out of

8 detention “for many, many years.” Thus any presumption of

9 future persecution that might be based on Liu’s detention in

10 connection with the June Fourth Movement would be rebutted

11 by a fundamental change in circumstances. See 8 C.F.R. 

12 § 208.16(b)(1)(i)(A) (presumption of a future risk of

13 persecution may be rebutted by showing a fundamental change

14 in circumstance).

15 Liu’s claim for withholding of removal therefore rests

16 solely on his testimony that government authorities visited

17 his home in China (and later ransacked it) by reason of his

18 pro-democracy activities. It follows that the only question

19 on appeal is whether it was error for the IJ to deny Liu’s

20 claim on the ground that Liu failed to meet his burden of

21 establishing eligibility for withholding of removal because

22 of his failure to bolster his inconsistent testimony with
8

1 corroborating evidence regarding the risk of persecution on

2 his return to China.

3 A precedential opinion of the BIA describes an

4 applicant’s need to proffer corroborating evidence:

5 [W]here it is reasonable to expect

6 corroborating evidence for certain alleged

7 facts pertaining to the specifics of an

8 applicant’s claim, such evidence should be

9 provided. That is, an asylum applicant should

10 provide documentary support for material facts

11 which are central to his or her claim and

12 easily subject to verification, such as

13 evidence of his or her place of birth, media

14 accounts of large demonstrations, evidence of

15 a publicly held office, or documentation of

16 medical treatment. If the applicant does not

17 provide such information, an explanation

18 should be given as to why such information was

19 not presented. 

20

21 In re S-M-J-, 21 I. & N. Dec. 722, 725 (B.I.A. 1997). This

22 standard recognizes that credible testimony alone may be

23 enough to carry the alien’s burden of proof, 8 C.F.R. 

24 § 208.13(a), but “empowers the [IJ] to require that credible

25 testimony of the [alien] be corroborated in circumstances in

26 which one would expect corroborating evidence to be

27 available and presented in the immigration hearing.” 

28 Oyekunle v. Gonzales, 498 F.3d 715, 717 (7th Cir. 2007); see

29 also Diallo v. INS, 232 F.3d 279, 285 (2d Cir. 2000) (“While

30 consistent, detailed, and credible testimony may be
 The REAL ID Act’s credibility standard applies to 2

applications filed on or after May 11, 2005; Liu’s

application was filed on July 15, 2004. See REAL ID 

§ 101(h)(2), Pub. L. No. 109-13, 119 Stat. 231, 305 (2005). 

For this reason, the BIA properly reviewed the IJ’s

determination that Liu needed additional corroboration under

the pre-REAL ID standard.

9

1 sufficient to carry the alien’s burden, evidence

2 corroborating his story, or an explanation for its absence,

3 may be required where it would reasonably be expected.”).

4 We have approved this standard as “consistent with INS

5 regulations, international legal standards, and our

6 precedent and therefore . . . entitled to deference.” 

7 Diallo, 232 F.3d at 286. 

8 The REAL ID Act of 2005, Pub. L. No. 109-13, 119 Stat.

9 231, 303 (2005), altered this landscape somewhat. In a

10 provision that does not apply to Liu because of the

11 effective date of the Act, the REAL ID Act emphasizes the

2

12 importance of corroborating evidence: 

13 The testimony of the applicant may be

14 sufficient to sustain the applicant’s burden

15 without corroboration, but only if the

16 applicant satisfies the trier of fact that the

17 applicant’s testimony is credible, is

18 persuasive, and refers to specific facts

19 sufficient to demonstrate that the applicant

20 is a refugee. In determining whether the

21 applicant has met the applicant’s burden, the

22 trier of fact may weigh the credible testimony

23 along with other evidence of record. Where
 This provision of the REAL ID Act applies to 3

petitions for both asylum and withholding of removal. See 8

U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(C) (“In determining whether an alien has

demonstrated that the alien’s life or freedom would be

threatened for a reason described in subparagraph (A), the

trier of fact shall determine whether the alien has

sustained the alien’s burden of proof, and shall make

credibility determinations, in the manner described in

clauses (ii) and (iii) of section 1158(b)(1)(B) of this

title.”).

 Judge Parker believes this provision contains a 4

notice requirement applicable to cases that post-date the

REAL ID Act of 2005.

10

1 the trier of fact determines that the

2 applicant should provide evidence that

3 corroborates otherwise credible testimony,

4 such evidence must be provided unless the

5 applicant does not have the evidence and

6 cannot reasonably obtain the evidence.

7

8 See REAL ID § 101(a)(3)(B)(ii) (codified at 8 U.S.C. 

9 § 1158(b)(1)(B)(ii)). The REAL ID Act thus codifies the 3

10 rule that an IJ, weighing the evidence to determine if the

11 alien has met his burden, may rely on the absence of

12 corroborating evidence adduced by an otherwise credible

13 applicant unless such evidence cannot be reasonably

14 obtained. Since the quoted passage does not govern this

15 appeal, this opinion does not construe it. It is to be

4

16 expected that the BIA will undertake in the first instance

17 to say how this passage bears upon the evidentiary and

18 procedural rules that govern in the wake of the REAL ID Act.
 The REAL ID Act impacts our review of “all cases in

5

which the final administrative removal order is or was

issued before, on, or after” May 11, 2005. REAL ID Act §

101(h)(3), Pub. L. No. 109-13, 119 Stat. 231, 305-306

(2005). 

11

1 Significantly, another provision of the REAL ID Act,

2 which does apply in this case, narrows this Court’s review

5

3 of an IJ’s determination that additional corroboration was

4 available:

5 No court shall reverse a determination made by a

6 trier of fact with respect to the availability of

7 corroborating evidence . . . unless the court

8 finds . . . that a reasonable trier of fact is

9 compelled to conclude that such corroborating

10 evidence is unavailable.

11

12 REAL ID Act § 101(e) (codified at 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)).

13 In other words, we review with substantial deference an IJ’s

14 determination that corroborating evidence was reasonably

15 available to the applicant. See, e.g., Kyaw Zwar Tun v.

16 INS, 445 F.3d 554, 568 (2d Cir. 2006) (“[T]he IJ identified

17 the missing information; since the record makes clear that

18 the information was reasonably available to [petitioner] and

19 that [petitioner] failed to provide convincing evidence that

20 the information was unavailable, this sufficed to support

21 the IJ’s finding.”).

22 A number of cases in this Circuit, applying a version
 “An [alien’s] failure to corroborate his testimony may 6

bear on credibility, because the absence of corroboration in

general makes an applicant unable to rehabilitate testimony

that has already been called into question.” Yang v.

Gonzales, 496 F.3d 268, 273 (2d Cir. 2007). Nevertheless,

credibility and corroboration are distinct principles in

this Circuit’s immigration jurisprudence. The critical

distinction is this: while a failure to corroborate can

suffice, without more, to support a finding that an alien

has not met his burden of proof, a failure to corroborate

cannot, without more, support an adverse credibility

determination. Duan Chen v. Gonzales, 201 Fed.Appx. 107,

109 (2d Cir. 2006) (citing Diallo, 232 F.3d at 287).

12

1 of the statute that predated the REAL ID Act of 2005, have

2 discussed the analysis an IJ must perform when relying upon

3 an alien’s failure to provide corroborating evidence in

4 concluding that the alien failed to meet his burden of

5 proof. See Mei Chai Ye v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 489 F.3d

6 517, 527 n.9 (2d Cir. 2007) (collecting cases). An IJ

6

7 should “point[] to specific pieces of missing, relevant

8 documentation” and “show[] that this documentation was

9 reasonably available,” Jin Shui Qiu v. Ashcroft, 329 F.3d

10 140, 153 (2d Cir. 2003); an alien must have an opportunity

11 to explain the omission, Cao He Lin v. U.S. Dep’t of

12 Justice, 428 F.3d 391, 395 (2d Cir. 2005); and the IJ must

13 assess any explanation that is given, Diallo, 232 F.3d at

14 290. But though we require an IJ to specify the points of

15 testimony that require corroboration, we have not held that
 It is not at all clear that we could require an IJ to 7

delay or adjourn proceedings to allow submission of

corroborating material that could have been collected in

advance of the hearing; after all, this Court’s “inherent

power generally extends only to [the] management of its own

affairs: to impose decorum, to maintain order, to control

admission to the bar, to discipline attorneys, to punish for

contempt, and to vacate its own judgments if tainted by

fraud.” Xiao Xing Ni v. Gonzales, 494 F.3d 260, 267 (2d

Cir. 2007) (emphasis added).

13

1 this must be done prior to the IJ’s disposition of the

2 alien’s claim. After all, a factfinder may not be able to 7

3 decide sufficiency of evidence until all the evidence has

4 been presented; insufficiency cannot be determined while

5 there is evidence to be introduced. Likewise, it is not

6 easy to know when an explanation would be required for a

7 lack of corroboration, because an IJ may not determine that

8 corroboration is necessary until all the evidence is in, and

9 the IJ has had an opportunity to weigh the evidence and

10 prepare an opinion--steps that may not occur until days

11 after the hearing. Accordingly, while we have sometimes

12 remanded a case if the IJ failed to explain his reliance on

13 a lack of corroborating evidence, the alien bears the

14 ultimate burden of introducing such evidence without

15 prompting from the IJ.

16 Applying the foregoing principles in this case compels
 Specifically, the IJ noted the absence of evidence 8

such as an affidavit from his wife in China; a letter from

the democratic association in Hong Kong; and police and/or

hospital records concerning Liu’s California auto accident

in January of 2003. Under the REAL ID Act, we defer to the

IJ’s determination that such evidence was reasonably

available. 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4).

14

1 the conclusion that the IJ properly denied Liu’s withholding

2 of removal claim for failure to provide corroborating

3 evidence. Liu testified at some length regarding his

4 involvement in the Chinese democratic movement; his past

5 persecution based on that involvement; and his wife’s

6 alleged report that Chinese police had come searching for

7 him just prior to his planned return to China. Yet Liu

8 submitted no evidence to corroborate his central claims

9 regarding the supposed future risk of persecution. The IJ’s

10 decision specifically identified the types of documents that

11 might have adequately supplemented Liu’s testimony, as

12 required by this Circuit’s prior cases. See Jin Shui Qiu,

13 329 F.3d at 153. But Liu has given no explanation for the 8

14 failure to provide such corroborating evidence, either in a

15 motion to reopen or on appeal to the BIA. Thus Liu has

16 neither provided the sort of corroborating evidence

17 identified by the IJ nor has he explained the absence of

18 such corroborating evidence. The IJ did not err in denying
15

1 Liu’s application for withholding of removal on that ground,

2 and the BIA properly affirmed.

3

4 CONCLUSION

5 For the foregoing reasons, the petition for review is

6 denied.