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______________________________________ * Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court. NON - PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37 COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA

v. JOHN C. GUERRA

Appellant : : : : : : : : : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

PENNSYLVANIA

No. 3438 EDA 2017 Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered May 4, 2017 In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Criminal Division at No(s): CP - 51 - CR - 0011956 - 2014 BEFORE: LAZARUS, J., McLAUGHLIN, J., and STEVENS*, P.J.E. MEMORANDUM BY McLAUGHLIN, J.: FILED APRIL 08, 2019 John C. Guerra appeals from the judgment of sentence entered following his convictions for numerous charges relating to his running a prostitution ring involving adult women and a minor. Guerra argues the evidence presented at trial was insufficient to support the convictions, that the trial court abused its discretion in allowing the Commonwealth to admit certain evidence, and that the court abused its discretion in sentencin g Guerra. We affirm. In December 2010, the Commonwealth filed charges against Guerra. He evaded arrest until his apprehension in August 2014. Guerra waived his right to a jury trial, and proceeded to a bench trial in June 2016. The trial court thoroughly recounted the evidence presented at Guerra’s bench trial . See Trial Court Opinion, filed 4/11/18, at 1 - 7. In short, the Commonwealth presented evidence that between 2008 and 2010 , Guerra recruit ed young women to work for him as prostitutes, and assist ed them in

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posting advertisements online to s olicit customers for sex. He also provide d cell phone s for the women to use to contact customers, and hotel room s; receive d money the customers paid the women in exchange for sex; and provide d the w omen with drugs and money. Guerra knew the women were addicted to drugs, and he supplied them with large amounts of crack cocaine and heroin. He made the women work for days at a time without sleep, use d violence and sexual violence to keep them from leaving or withholdi ng money, and prohibit ed them from seek ing medical attention. Several other men assisted Guerra , including Elton Cromwell, Eddie Me n dez, and Dwayne Thomas. Three victims, M.S., T.W. , and A.H. , testified at trial. Of note, A .H. testified that she was a min or when she began working for Guerra , and that when Cromwell and Guerra discovered she was a minor , she stayed at Guerra’s family home until Guerra made the decision that she w ould continue working . A.H. also testified that Cromwell went to her parent s ’ house after charges were filed against him, and that this made her feel scared. The Commonwealth also presented the testimony of Detective Derrick Stigerts , whom the Commonwealth offered as an expert in human trafficking, and Trooper Michael Peterson . Tr ooper Peterson testified that during the course of his investigation, he viewed the contents of a laptop fou nd at the hotel where A.H. was found , which contained images and advertisements, some of which were introduced into evidence. Trooper Peterson said he interviewed five women who had worked for Guerra in two different hotel

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rooms, including M.S., T.W., and A.H. Trooper Peterson stated that , through the investigation, he was able to identify the extent of Guerra’s involvement in trafficking a nd prostitu tion, as well as the three other men in the organization. Trooper Peterson testified t hat based upon his investigation, he had concluded that Guerra “was in charge of an illegal, corrupt organization[.]” N . T ., 6/29/16 , at 97. Guerr a objected on the basis that the testimony was a legal conclus ion. The court agreed that the ultimate issue was for the court, but stated it would allow Trooper Peterson to testify as to the basis for his conclusion . Id. at 97 - 98. Trooper Peterson testified that “through intervie wing witnesses that testified and di d not testify, all of their statements were clear l y identifying each individual’s roles in this organization. Some ladies put [Guerra] at the top of the pyramid.” Id. at 98. Trooper Peterson stated he “concluded that [Gu erra’s] role was a leader of a corrupt organization, including prostitution.” Id. Guerra again objected, and the court overruled the objection. Id. at 99. The Commonwealth confirmed that it was not offering Trooper Peterson as an expert witness . Id. The prosecutor then asked Trooper Peterson about his training and experience in the Organized Crime U nit, and his opinion as to why there was no financial trail implicating Guerra in the crimes. Trooper Peterson answered, “The head [s] of corrupt organizations always attempt to insulate themselves from their underlings . . . because they don’t want to be implica ted as being the ring leader.” Id. at 101.

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Guerra presented the testimony of M.T. and R.H . , the mothers of children by Guerra and Cromwell, respectively, who had worked as prostitutes. Both women testified that A.H. had worked for Cromwell, and not Guerra; that Guerra had never threatened or assaulted any of the women working for him; and that Guerra did not force anyone to stay against their will. M.T. fu rther testified that Guerra and Cromwell were friends, but did not work together or share employees , computers, phones, or money, and that M.S. would steal from Guerra to support her drug habit. Guerra testified in his own defense. He admitted he had sex with A.H. on the first night of her arrival, but denied that A.H. had ever worked for him, and asserted tha t A.H. had worked for Cromwell , who had decided to take her back to work after discovering her minor status. Guerra denied working jointly with Cromw ell or anyon e else. He admitted that T.W. and M.S. had both worked for him, and that he would buy drugs in bulk to supply to his employees . But he denied that he had forced any of the women to work, or had threatened them. He denied that he was violent tow ard T.W. or had raped M.S., and stated that he had only slapped M.S. with an open fist on one occasion, because she owed him money. The trial court convicted Guerra of trafficking of a minor, trafficking of persons, conspiracy to traffic persons, corrupt organizations, promoting prostitution, sexual exploitation of a child, unlawful contact with a minor, corruption of a minor, simple assault, criminal use of a communication facility,

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and possession of a controlled substance with intent to distribute. 1 

### The cour t sentenced Guerra to an aggregate of 37 to 74 years’ confinement, with sentences on seven charges running consecutively, and four charges running concurrently. Guerr a filed a post - sentence motion. The motion was denied by operation of law in Septembe r 2017, and Guerra filed a timely notice of appeal. Guerra raises the following issues: 1. Did the Commonwealth present sufficient evidence to find [Guerra] guilty beyond a reasonable doubt? 2. Did the [c]ourt abuse its discretion in [s]entencing [Guerra] to an aggregate period of 37 to 74 years? 3. Did the [c]ourt [err] in permitting the investigating officer to testify as to his opinion that [Guerra] was the head of a corrupt organization thereby depriving [Guerra] of a fair trial? 4. Did the [c]ourt [err ] in allowing testimony, elicited by the Commonwealth, involving an alleged threat by Elton Cromwell against a witness testifying against [Guerra] without establishing any connective link to [Guerra]? Guerra’s Br. at 4. I. Sufficiency of the Evidence In his first issue, Guerra argues that the evidence was insufficient to support his convictions. Specifically, related to the charge of corrupt organizations, Guerra argues that there was insufficient evidence that he was involved in an enterprise . Guerra asserts that the trial testimony established

_________________ ____________________ _______ 1 

### 18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 3002(b), 3002(a), 903, 911(b)(1), 5902(b)(1), 6320(a), 6318(a)(5), 6301(a)(1)(i), 2701(a), 7512(a) and P.S. § 780 - 113(a)(30) , respectively .

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that he operat ed separately from Cromwell, Mendez, and Thomas. Guerra also argues that there was no evidence establishing that income he earned from trafficking persons or distributing drugs was re invested in th at pursuit , such as financial records showing Guerra paid for hotel rooms, te lephones, or online advertisements . Guerra also argues that there was insufficient evidence he committed sexual exploitation of a child , unlawful contact with a minor, or traffi cking of a minor . Guerra asserts A.H. testified she worked exclusively for Cromwell; there was no testimony or forensic computer evidence indicating that Guerra took photographs of A. H. or posted her advertisements; and there was no evidence that Guerra co nspired with Cromwell to traffic A.H . Regarding trafficking of the other two women, Guerra contends that M.S. testified she came to Philadelphia seeking to work as a prostitute. After voluntarily working for Guerra, she started working for Guerra’s brother , Jason , after Jason threatened Guerra by showing him a firearm. Guerra contends that the testimony indicates he hit M.S. not to prevent her from leaving his employment, but in response to her stealing money to feed her drug habit. Guerra argues that T.W. testified that she autonomously worked for Mendez, and then for Guerra, and t hen for Guerra’s brother, Jason . Guerra asserts that T.W. testified that Guerra was only violent towards her during the time s she was working for one of the other men . Guerra add s that defense

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witnesses testified that he did not force any of the women to work for him , and that they could come and go as they pleased. Guerra further argues that as he did not engage in trafficking, no conspiracy to commit trafficking existed. Upon a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, “we must determine whether, when viewed in a light most favorable to the verdict winner, the evidence at trial and all reasonable inferences therefrom are sufficient for the trier of fact to find that each elem ent of the crime charged is established beyond a reasonable doubt.” Commonwealth v. Green , 2019 PA Super 39 (Feb. 12, 2019). “The Commonwealth may sustain its burden of proving every element of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt by means of wholly circums tantial evidence.” Id. (citation omitted). The trial court discussed the elements of the contested charges, and the evidence presented by the Commonwealth that met each element of those crimes. See Tr. Ct. Op. at 12 - 18 (corrupt organizations); 18 - 23 (consp iracy to traffic persons); 23 - 25 (sexual exploitation of a child); 30 - 32 (corruption of minors); 33 - 38, 44 - 45 (trafficking of a minor); 33 - 35, 38 - 45 (trafficking of persons); 45 - 50 (unlawful contact with a minor). After a review of the record, the applicab le law, and the parties’ briefs, we affirm on the basis of the well reasoned opinion of the Honorable Sean F. Kennedy, which we adopt and incorporate herein. See id.

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- 8 - II. Sentencing Guerra argues that the court abused its discretion in sentencing him to an aggregate period of 37 to 74 years’ incarceration. As Guerra challenges discretionary aspects of his sentence, we must first determine whether we will allow the appeal. Commonwealth v. Heaster , 171 A.3d 268, 271 (Pa.Super. 2017), appeal denied , 181 A.3d 1 078 (Pa. 2018). We will only do so if: (1) the appeal is timely; (2) the issue was preserved; (3) the brief includes a Pa.R.A.P. 2119(f) statement; and (4) the statement raises a “substantial question that the sentence appealed from is not appropriate unde r the Sentencing Code.” Id. at 271 - 72 ( quoting Commonwealth v. Moury , 992 A.2d 162, 170 (Pa.Super. 2010)). “A substantial question exists only when the appellant advances a colorable arg ument that the sentencing judge’ s actions were either: (1) inconsisten t with a specific provision of the Sentencing Code; or (2) contrary to the fundamental norms which un derlie the sentencing process.” Commonwealth v. White , 193 A.3d 977, 982 ( Pa.Super. 2018) (quoting Commonwealth v. Griffin , 65 A.3d 932, 93 5 (Pa. Super. 201 3)). In his Rule 2119(f) statement, Guerra argues that the court’s sentence was contrary to fundamental sentencing norms because (1) the sentence was excessive, and the court stated at sentencing that it did not find any evidence supported a mitigated sentence, even though Guerra presented mitigating evidence, and (2) the trial court erred when it calculated Guerra’s prior record score. See Guerra’s Br. at 14 - 15.

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Guerra’s appeal is timely. Guerra preserved the claim that his sente nce was excessive because the court failed to consider mitigating evidence, as he raised that issue in his post - sentence motion, in which he contended that his sentence was excessive and highlighted reasons supporting a mitigated the sentence. We have prev iously held that an excessive sentence claim in conjunction with an assertion that the court failed to consider mitigating factors raises a substantial question. White , 193 A.3d at 983 (quoting Commonwealth v. Caldwell , 117 A.3d 763, 769 - 70 (Pa. Super. 2015 ) ( en banc ) ). 2 

### Guerra has therefore raised a substantial question warranting our review, and we will allow the appeal. However, in relation to Guerra’s claim that the sentencing court abused its discretion by employing an incorrect prior record score w hen calculating the Sentencing G uidelines ranges, we find the claim to be waived. In his Rule 1925(b) statement of errors raised on appeal, Guer ra framed his sentencing issue simply as , “Whether the Court abused its discretion in Sentencing the Defendant to an aggregate period of incarceration of 37 to 74 years.” Pa.R. A.P. 1925(b) Statement, 11/27/ 17, at 2 (unpaginated). Although in its Rule 1925(a) opinion , the trial court acknowledged that i t departed from the Sentencing G uidelines when sentencing Guerra, and that it calculated the

_________________ ____________________ _______ 2 

### We have also noted that “prior decisions from this Court involving whether a substantial question has been raised by claims that the sentencing court ‘failed to consider’ or ‘failed to adequately consider’ sentencing factors has been less than a model of clarity and consistency.” White , 193 A.3d at 983 (quoting Caldwell , 117 A.3d at 769 - 70).

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G uidelines ranges based on a prior record score of 5, the court did not address Guerra’s claim that the prior record score was incorrect. We conclude that the trial court’s failure to address the calculation of Guerra’s prior record score was a direct result of Guerra’s failure to specify that issue in his Rule 1925(b) statement. When a vague Rule 1925(b) statement leaves a trial court to speculate as to the bases for relief, a finding of waiver i s warranted. Commonwealth v. Hodges , 193 A.3d 428, 432 ( Pa.Super. 2018); see also Commonwealth v. Pukowsky , 147 A.3d 1229, 1236 ( Pa.Super. 2016) (“ A Rule 1925(b) statement ‘ which is too vague to allow the court to identify the issues raised on appeal is th e functional equivalent of no [ Rule 1925(b)] Statement at all,’ and will result in waiver ”) (citation omitted) . The absence of the trial court’s opinion on the issue has hindered our review , and therefore we will not consider the waived issue of Guerra’s p rior record score. Returning to Guerra’s preserved sentencing issue, Guerra argues that his sentence of 37 - 74 years’ incarceration , consisting of c onsecutive sentences above the G uidelines ranges, was excessive in light of the mitigating evidence, which th e court ignored. Specifically, Guerra contends that the following factors should have mitigated his sentence: he c hose to be tried without a jury; he admitted to committing several of the crimes charged, “essentially only contesting his involvement in a co rrupt organization and his in volvement with the minor victim ” ; and, d uring allocution, he took responsibility for his actions and apologiz ed for being short - sighted and selfish, and stated that he

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completed the WINGS program while in prison. Guerra’s Br. a t 43. Guerra also argues that the sentence is excessive because its length “will ensure the likelihood that [Guerra will] probably never be released from incarceration.” Id. at 41. “Sentencing is a matter vested in the sound discretion of the sentencing judge.” Commonwealth v. Peck , 2019 PA Super 8 (Jan. 8, 2019) (quoting Commonwealth v. Sheller , 961 A.2d 187, 190 (Pa. Super. 2008) ). The Sentencing Guidelines offer recommended ranges for sentence lengths, and a court may depart from the sentence recommended by the Guidelines if necessary. Id. An appellate court must vacate a sentence outside the Guidelines if the sentence is “ unreasonable. ” Id. ; see also 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9781(c)(3). In its opinion, t he court stated that it explained on the record at the time of sentencing its reasons f or sentencing Guerra above the G uidelines, including the effect of the crime s on the victims, the danger Guerra poses to the community, and Guerra’s four - y ear flight from police. See Tr. Ct. Op. at 61 ( quoting N . T . , 5/4/17 (Sentencing) , at 28 - 29). The court further commented that it considered all relevant factors in imposing an above Guidelines sentence , including Guerra’s personal characteristics, such as his contrition and poten tial for rehabilitation; the court specifically noted Guerra’s laughter during the testimony of a Commonwealth witness. Id. at 63. The court also reviewed the gravity of the off enses, and explained that it purposefully sentenced Guerra to consecutive sentences , as Guerra was not

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entitled to a “ volume discount ” for the quantity of crimes he committed . Id. at 61 - 62, 64 - 65. Moreover, the trial court had the benefit of a pre - sentence investigation report at the time of sentencing . See Commonwealth v. Finnecy , 135 A. 3d 1028, 1038 (Pa.Super. 2016) (we presume court was aware of relevant sentencing information when it had the benefit of a presentence investigation report). We therefore find no basis to Guerra’s claim that his sentence was excessive or that the court failed to consider mitigating evidence. We perceive no abuse of discretion or unreasonableness in the court’s sentence, and affirm on the basis of the trial court opinion. Se e Tr. Ct. Op. at 58 - 65.

III. Trooper Peterson’s Testimony In his third issue, Guerra argues that the court erred in overruling his objection when Trooper Peterson testified he believed Guerra was the head of an organization. Guerra’s Br. at 47. Guerra points out that the Commonwealth asked Trooper Peterson about his training and experience in the Organized Crime U nit before asking his opinion as t o why there was no financial tr a i l implicating Guerra in the crimes . According to Guerra, Trooper Pet erson’s testimony was not sufficient to allow a lay person to conclude that Guerra was the head of an organization, but was instead based on the Trooper’s specialized knowledge , and therefore constituted impermissible expert testimony. Id.

“ A trial court has broad discretion to determine whether evidence is admissible and a trial court's ruling on an evidentiary issue will be reversed

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only if the court abused its discretion. ” Commonwealth v. Huggins , 68 A.3d 962, 966 (Pa.Super. 2013) (quoting Com monwealth v. Cook , 676 A.2d 639, 647 ( Pa. 1996). We do not disturb a ruling admitting evidence “ unless that ruling reflects manifest unreasonableness, or partiality, prejudice, bias, or ill will, or such lack of support to be clearly erroneous.” Id. (quoting Common wealth v. Minich , 4 A .3d 1063, 1068 (Pa.Super. 2010)). As our scope of review over an evidentiary question is plenary, we may review the ruling within the context of the entire record. Id. Here, t he trial court admitted the evidence because it was “rationally based on the witness’s perception” rather than his technical knowledge. Tr. Ct. Op. at 67 (quoting Pa. R . E . 701(a) ) . The court likened the case to Commonwealth v. Blessitt , 852 A.2d 12 15 (Pa.Su per. 2004) ( en banc ) , overruled on other grounds by Commonwealth v. O’Berg , 880 A.2d 597 (Pa. 2005). In Blessitt , a Pennsylvania State Trooper who purchased drugs from the defendant in a controlled drug purchase opined at trial that the defendant had hande d o ff the purchase - money to another individual before being arrested , because in the trooper’s experience with controlled drug purchases , an individual selling drugs only “sometimes” still has that money when he is arrested . Id. at 1218. On appeal, w e affi rmed the admission of the lay testimony regarding controlled drug purchases . Id. While a lay witness may not testify based on scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge beyond that of a layperson, see Pa.R.E. 701, 702, “[a] witness may state relevant facts known to him, because of experience,

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even though he is not regarded as an expert whose opinion would be admissible on a hypothetical inquiry.” Commonwe a l th v. Bennett , 370 A.2d 373, 375 (Pa. 1977); s ee, e.g., Commonwealth . v. Grabowski , 549 A.2d 145, 151 (Pa.Super. 1988) (holding lay witness who operated auto body shop competent to testify to his conclusion drawn from personal experience operating a body shop). We agree with the trial court that Troo per Peterson’s testimony did not rely on specialized or technical knowledge , and was within the realm of understanding of a layperson . Trooper Peterson’s opinion that Guerra was the head of an organization was rationally based on his interviews with five w omen who had worked for Guerra , th ree of whom testified at trial . Likewise, his testimony that a head of an organization wo uld not leave a financial trail was based on his personal experience , rather than technical knowledge. We note Guerra has not appeal ed on the basis that Trooper Peterson’s testimony was based in part upon inadmissible hearsay . Regardless , we presume that a judge, sitting as finder of fact in a non - jury trial, disregards inadmissible hearsay testimony. Commonwealth v. Dent , 837 A.2d 571, 582 (Pa.Super. 2003) . We therefore affirm the trial court’s ruling on Guerra’s objection to Trooper Peterson’s testimony.

IV. Testimony that Cromwell Threatened A.H. In his final issue, Guerra argues the court erred in admitting A.H.’s testimony th at Cromwell threatened her. Guerra’s Br. at 50. While A.H. did not testify to any specific statements made by Cromwell, Guerra complains

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that A.H. testified that Cromwell visited her parents, which scared her. Guerra contends that the testimony about Cromw ell’s actions was in admissible because it was not relevant to the charge s against Gue rra, a s there was no evidence establishing any conspiracy between Guerra and Cromwell existed at the time. Guerra also argues that A.H’s testimony constituted double hears ay. Guerra has waived review of this issue by failing to make a timely objection to the testimony at the time of trial. See Pa.R.E. 103(a)(1) ; C ommonwealth v. Bryant , 855 A.2d 726, 740 (Pa. 2004) . Were the issue not waived, we would agree with the trial c ourt’s analysis that the statements were properly admitted as statements by a co - conspirator in furtherance of a conspiracy. See Tr. C t. Op. at 68 - 72 . We add that A.H.’s testimony did not contain hearsay, as she did not testify as to any direct statements , or even the content of the statements, made by Cromwell to her parents . In addition , A.H.’s testimony was cumulative of the testimony of Trooper Peterson, who testified regarding Cromwell’s visit to A.H.’s parents , testimony which Guerra does not challenge . See N.T., 6/29/16 , at 76 - 77, 81 - 82, 91 - 93. As none of Guerra’s issues merit relief, we affirm the judgment of sentence. Judgment of sentence affirmed.

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Judgment Entered. Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq. Prothonotary Date: 4/8/19Circulated 03/29/2019 11:27 AM

IN T H E C O U R T O F C O M M O N P L E A S P H I L A D E L P H I A C O U N T Y F I R S T JU D I C I A L D I S T RI C T O F P ENN S Y L V A N I A C RI M I N A L D I V I S I O N C O M M O N W E A L T H O F P ENN S Y L V A N I A 

# F I L E O 2 0 1 8 A P R 

## I I P H 3 : 0 4 O FF I C E O F , J!J O I G l A L RE C O RD S C RI M J i il i. L O ! V f

S i O N 

### FI R S T J iJ 01 C l 1 \ L DI S TR I C T O F P t N N S Y L YAWA C P - 5 1 - C R - 11 9 5 6 - 2 0 1 4 v s . J O HN G U E RRA

K ENN E D Y , S E A

N F . , J . O P I N I O N C P - 5 1 - C R -00 1 1 9 56 - 2 0 1 4 C o mm . v G u e rr a . J o h n C . O p i n i o n 

# III I II I I l l 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 0 9 4 3 8 6 2 6 1 Ap r il 11 , 2 0 1 8 Jo hn G u e rr a ( " th e Ap p e ll an t " ) a p p e a l s fr o m a j u d g m e n t o f s e n t e n c e e n t e r e d i n th e P h i l a d e l p h i a C o un ty C o urt o f C o mm o n P l e a s , fo ll o w i n g h i s c o n v i c t i o n s fo r T ra f fi c k i n g o f P e r s o n s - M i n o r (1 8 P a . C . S . A . § 3 0 0 2 ( a ) ) ; T ra ffi c k i n g o f P e r s o n s (1 8 P a . C . S . A. 3 0 0 2 ( a ) ) ; C r i m i n a l C o n s p i ra c y t o T ra ffi c P e r s o n s (1 8 P a . C S . A . § 9 0 3 ) ; S e x u a l E xp l o i t at i o n o f a C h i l d ( 1 8 P a . C . S . A. § 6 3 2 0 ( a ) ) ; C o rru p t O r g an i z at i o n s ( 1 8 P a . C . S . A. § 9 1 l ( b ) (l ) ) ; S e x u a l Ab u s e o f a C h i l d ( 1 8 P a . C . S . A . § 6 3 1 8 ( a )( 5 ) ) ; P ro m o t i n g P ro s t i t ut i o n - O wn H o u s e o f P ro s t i t ut i o n ( 1 8 P a . C . S . A. § 5 9 0 2 ( b ) (l ) ; P o s s e s s i o n w i th I n t e n t t o D i s tr i b ut e ( 3 5 P a . C . S . A. § 7 8 0 - 1 1 3 ( a ) ( 3 0 ) ) ; C r i m i n a l U s e o f a C o mmun i c at i o n F a c i l i ty (1 8 P a . C . S . A. § 7 5 1 2 ( a ) ) ; C o rru p t i o n o f a M i n o r ( 1 8 P a . C . S . A. § 6 3 0 1 ( a ) (l ) ( i ) ) ; an d S i mp l e A s s au l t (1 8 P a . C . S . A. § 2 7 0 1 ( a ) ) . T h e r e l e v an t fa c t s an d p ro c e d ur a l h i s t o ry ar e a s fo ll o w s . F A C T S I n F e b ru ary o f 2 0 0 9 , i n fo rm at i o n w a s p ro v i d e d t o th e P e nn s y l v an i a S t at e P o l i c e b y l aw e n fo r c e m e n t o ffi c i a l s i n M o n t g o m e r y C o un ty , M ar

y l an d r e g ar d i n g a p ro s t i t ut i o n r i n g th at w a s b e i n g o p e rat e d w i th i n th e i r j ur i s d i c t i o n . A ft e r i n v e s t i g at i n g , th e P e nn s y l v an i a S t at e P o l i c e b e g anan i nv e s t i g at i o n i n t o th e a c t i v i t i e s o f Jo hn G u e rr a . T h e Ap p e ll an t r e c ru i t e d y o un g , vu l n e rab l e

w o m e n fr o m ar e a s w i th i n th e C i ty an d C o un ty o f P h i l a d e l p h i a fo r th e p urp o s e o f e n g a g i n g i n p ro s t i t ut i o n . M . S . l e ft P i tt s b ur g h fo r P h i l a d e l p h i a an d w a s a p p ro a c h e d b y an o th e r g i rl e n ro ut e . N . T . 6 / 2 8 / 2 0 1 6 at 5 4 . T h i s g i rl s t at e d th at M . S . s h o u l d c o m e w i th h e r an d b ro u g h t M . S . t o a h o m e i n P h i l a d e l p h i a w h e r e s h e m e t th e Ap p e ll an t . T h e fi r s t n i g h t th at M . S . m e t th e Ap p e ll an t , s h e i n fo rm e d h i m th at s h e w a s a d d i c t e d t o c ra c k c o c a i n e . I d at 5 8 . T h e Ap p e ll an t a

p p ro a c h e d M . S . w i th th e p ro p o s i t i o n th at s h e c o u l d w o rk fr o m h i m p e r fo rm i n g " d at e s " b y p o s t i n g a dv e rt i s e m e n t s o n l i n e s o l i c i t i n g c u s t o m e r s fo r s e x . Id at 5 7 . M . S . m a d e i t cl e ar t o T h e Ap p e ll an t th at s h e n e e d e d c ra c k c o c a i n e t o s urv i v e d a i l y an d T h e Ap p e ll an t r e s p o n d e d th at s h e c o u l d o b t a i n n ar c o t i c s thro u g h h i m . I

d at 5 9 . T h e n e x t d ay a f

t e r th e i r fi r s t m e e t i n g , T h e Ap p e ll an t b ro u g h t M . S . s h o p p i n g fo r th e p urp o s e o fp ur c h a s i n g cl o th i n g fo r th e p h o t o s t o b e u s e d i n th e a dv e rt i s e m e n t s . N . T. 6 / 2 8 / 2 0 1 6 at 6 0 . th e Ap p e ll an t an d an o th e r g i r l t o o k p h o t o s o f M . S . an d p o s t e d th e a dv e rt i s e m e n t s t o C ra i g s l i s t. I

d . M . S . w a s th e n b ro u g h t t o a h o t e l i n N o rth e a s t P h i l a d e l p h i a t o p e r fo rm " d at e s . " I d at 6 2 . T h e a dv e rt i s e m e n t s th at w e r e p o s t e d c o n t a i n e d a p h o n e numb e r fo r a p h o n e th at w a s g i v e n t o M . S . b y th e Ap p e ll an t fo r th e p urp o s e o f s c h e d u l i n g " d at e s . " 

### I

d at 6 8 . M . S . w a s e arn i n g u

p w ar d s o f $ 1 , 0 0 0 p e r d ay fr o m s e x u a l s e rv i c e s th at s h e a dv e rt i s e d o n C ra i g s li s t. M . S . d i d n o t k e e p th i s m o n e y an d i t w a s i mm e d i at e l y g i v e n t o th e Ap p e ll an t. N . T . 6 / 2 8 / 2 0 1 6 at 6 7 . I n th e i n i t i a l s t a g e s o f w o rk i n g fo r th e Ap p e ll an t , th e r e w a s o n l y o n e o th e r m an w o rk i n g w i th th e Ap p e ll an t , b ut a s t i m e w e n t o n th e Ap p e ll an t b r o u g h t o th e r p e o p l e fr o m N e w Y o rk t o a s s i s t an d e xp an d th e o p e rat i o n . 

### I d at 7 1 . T h e s e p e r s o n s i n cl u d e d E l t o n C ro mw e ll , E d d i e M e n d e z an d D w ayn e T h o m a s . I d . M . S . w i tn e s s e d th e Ap p e ll an t g i v i n g n ar c o t i c s t o C ro mw e ll

2an d a ft e r s h e p e r fo rm e d d at e s w o u l d p ur c h a s e m o r e c ra c k c o c a i n e fr o m C ro mw e l l. 

### I d at 7 5 . M . S . a l s o s t at e d th at th e Ap p e ll an t h i m s e l f c o ll e c t e d m o n e y a f t e r " d at e s " an d d i s tr i b ut e d n ar c o t i c s . 

### I d at 7 6 . th e Ap p e ll an t e n g a g e d i n a p att e rn o f v i o l e n c e t o w ar d s M . S . t o k e e p h e r un d e r h i s c o n tro l. O n th e n i g h t o f h e r 2 2 n d b i rth d ay , M . S . h a d b e e n aw ak e fo r th r e e s tra i g h t d ay s p e r fo rm i n g " d at e s " an d w a s un d e r th e i n fl u e n c e o f c r a c k c o c a i n e . N . T . 6 / 2 8 / 2 0 1 6 at 8 2 . M . S . o w e d m o n e y t o th e Ap p e ll an t fr o m th e p r e v i o u s th r e e d ay s . A ft e r s h e h a d b e e n m i s s i n g , th e Ap p e ll an t fo un d M . S . i n a h o t e l an d s e v e r e l y b e at M . S . i n o n e h o t e l ro o m an d th e n b ro u g h t h e r a c ro s s th e h a ll i n t o th e b athr o o m o f a s e c o n d h o t e l ro o m w h e r e th e b e at i n g c o n t i nu e d . 

### I d at 8 3 . O n an o th e r o c c a s i o n , a ft e r th e Ap p e ll an t fo un d M . S . i n p o s s e s s i o n o f m i s s i n g m o n e y , h e c h a s e d h e r ar o un d a h o t e l ro o m wi th an e x t e n s i o n c o r d an d att e mp t e d t o b e at h e r w i th i t. I d at 8 6 . A ft e r c at c h i n g M . S . , th e Ap p e ll an t h a d fo r c i b l e an a l s e x w i th M . S . an d g av e h e r h e ro i n a ft e r th e att a c k. I d at 8 6 - 8 7 . M . S . w a s a l s o s o l d t o Ja s o n th e Ap p e ll an t t o w o rk fo r h i m fo r s o m e am o un t o f t i m e b e c au s e J a s o n G u e r

ra w a s h av i n g m o n e y p ro b l e m s an d th e Ap p e ll an t w a s t e a c h i n g Ja s o n h o w t o tra ffi c g i r l s . 

### I

d at 8 9 . I n Jun e 2 0 0 8 , v i c t i m T. W . e n c o un t e r e d e x - b o y fr i e n d E d d i e M e n d e z i n a T ar g e t p ark i n g l o t i n P h i l a d e l p h i a . N . T . 6 /2 9 / 2 0 1 6 at 6 - 7 . T . W . a g r e e d t o a c c o mp any M e n d e z b a c k t o a h o t el ro o m an d e n t e r e d h i s v e h i cl e . 

### I d at 7 . W h i l e e n ro ut e t o th e h o t e l , M e n d e z s t o p p e d an d p i c k e d u p Jo hn th e Ap p e ll an t. I

d . M e n d e z b ro u g h t T. W . t o th e R o o s e v e lt I nn o n R o o s e v e l t B o u l e v ar d i n th e C i ty an d C o un ty o f P h i l a d e l p h i a . 

### I d at 8 . Up o n e n t e r i n g th e ro o m an d o b s e rv i n g tw o o th e r g i rl s , M e n d e z a

p p ro a c h e d T. W . an d s o u g h t t o r e c ru i t h e r t o w o rk a s a p ro s t i t ut e . I d at 9 . T h e Ap p e ll an t i n fo rm e d T . W . o f th e p r i c e s th at s h e w a s t o c h ar g e e a c h c u s t o m e r fo r h e r s e x u a l s e rv i c e an d s t at e d th at s h e mu s t " c h e c k i n " w i th h i m b e fo r e an d a f t e r e a c h c u s t o m e r . 

### I

d at 10 .

3T h e Ap p e ll an t a l s o p r o v i d e d T . W . w i th a p r e - p a i d c e ll u l ar p h o n e fo r u s e t o r e c e i v e c a ll s fr o m

c u s t o m e r s . I

d at 1 2 . T h e Ap p e ll an t t o o k p i c t

ur e s o f T . W . fo r th e p urp o s e o f c r e at i n g a dv e rt i s e m e n t s t o b e p l a c e d o n C ra i g s li s t an d B a c k p a g e t o s o li ci t c u s t o m e r s . N . T . 6 / 2 9 / 2 0 1 6 at 13 . A ft e r th e s e p i c t ur e s w e r e t ak e n , th e Ap p e ll an t p o s t e d th e a dv e rt i s e m e n t s o n C ra i g s l i s t an d B a c k p a g e . Id at 1 4 . T h e o n l i n e a dv e rt i s e m e n t s c o n t a i n e d a p i c t ur e o f T . W . a l o n g w i th a p h o n e numb e r - fo r th e p h o n e g i v e n t o T . W . b y th e Ap p e ll an t - fo r th e e x cl u s i v e p urp o s e o f g e tt i n g c u s t o m e r s fo r h e r s e x u a l s e rv i c e s . A t th i s t i m e , th e Ap p e ll an t w a s r e n t i n g tw o h o t e l ro o m s an d w o u l d s l e e p i n th e h o t e l ro o m s w i th th e g i rl s th at h e h a d r e c ru i t e d . I d at 1 5 . F o r h e r s e rv i c e s , T . W . w a s n e v e r p ro v i d e d c a s h . I

d at 4 3 . I n s t e a d , s h e w a s t ak e n t o th e m a ll e a c h S un d ay an d p e rm i tt e d t o s p e n d $ 6 0 0 o n i t e m s th e r e . I

d. L i k e M . S . , T. W . w a s v i c t i m t o a p att e rn o f p hy s i c a l ab u s e m e an t t o i n s t ill c o mp l i an c e . O n e o n o c c a s i o n , th e Ap p e ll an t a s s au l t e d T. W . s o s e v e r e l y th at h e l e ft a b ru i s e i n th e s h a p e o fh i s h an d o n T . W . ' s fa c e . N . T . 6 / 2 9 / 2 0 1 6 at 2 8 . T h e r e a s o n fo r th i s a s s au l t w a s b e c au s e T. W . h a d l e ft an d att e mp t e d t o w o rk fo r th e Ap p e ll an t' s b ro th e r . I d . A ft e r tr y i n g t o l e av e th e Ap p e ll an t , T . W . w a s a s s au l t e d b y th e Ap p e ll an t w i th s u c h s e v e r i ty th at T . W . h a d b ru i s e s th at w e r e v i s i b l e ar o un d h e r r i b s , e xp e r i e n c e d p a i n fu l b r e ath i n g an d h a d a l ump v i s i b l e fr o m th e s e a s s au l t s . I d at 2 9 T . W .

" w a s n ' t a ll o w e d " t o s e e k any m e d i c a l tr e atm e n t fo r th e s e i n j ur i e s . I d . M e n d e z an d th e Ap p e ll an t w o u l d n o t a ll o w T . W . t o t ak e d ay s o ff fr o m w o rk i n g . I d at 1 9 . O n Ju l y 3 0 , 2 0 0 8 , th e m i n o r v i c t i m - A . H . - w a s a p p ro a c h e d b y th e Ap p e ll an t i n a v e h i cl e w i th E lt o n C ro mw e ll i n th e K e n s i n g t o n n e i g hb o r h o o d o f P h i l a d e l p h i a . N .T . 6 /2 8 / 2 0 1 6 at 1 4 5 . A . H . w a s a run aw ay th at w a s h o m e l e s s an d l i v i n g o n th e s tr e e t s w h e n a p p ro a c h e d b y th e Ap p e ll an t. I

d . T h e tw o m e n a s k e d h e r w h i c h dru g s s h e u s e d an d A. H . r e s p o n d e d th at s h e u s e d

4c o c a i n e . 

### I

d at 1 4 8 . A f

t e r th e Ap p e ll an t p ro m i s e d h e r a p l a c e t o s t ay , A. H. e n t e r e d th e v e h i cl e an d w a s t ak e n t o m o t e l ro o m . O n c e A. H. w a s b ro u g h t t o th e h o t e l ro o m an d s h e o b s e rv e d i t w a s o c c u p i e d b y mu l t i p l e g i r l s th at s h e b e l i e v e d t o b e i n v o l v e d w i th p ro s t i t ut i o n . 

### I d at 1 5 1 , 1 5 7 . T h e g i rl s th at h a d b e e n p r e s e n t i n th e ro o m e x i t e d th e ro o m u p o n th e i r arr i v a l an d b o th C ro mw e ll an d th e Ap p e ll an t h a d s e x u a l i n t e r c o ur s e w i th th e m i n o r A. H . 

### I d at 1 5 2 . A ft e r A . H . h a d s e x u a l i n t e r c o ur s e w i th b o th th e Ap p e ll an t an d C ro mw e ll , th e y e xp l a i n e d t o A . H . th at th e y w o u l d an a dv e rt i s e m e n t fo r h e r an d s h e w o u l d h av e t o b e g i n p o s t i n g a dv e rt i s e m e n t s o n C ra i g s l i s t t o s o l i c i t c u s t o m e r s fo r s e x u a l s e rv i c e s . 

### I d at 1 5 9 . A . H . w a s p ro v i d e d a c e ll u l ar t e l e p h o n e , fo r w h i c h s h e d i d n o t p ay , w h o s e numb e r w a s p l a c e d i n t o th e C ra i g s l i s t a dv e rt i s e m e n t s . O n c e A. H . b e g an p o s t i n g a dv e rt i s e m e n t s , s h e p e r fo rm e d 1 0 t o 1 5 d at e s p e r d ay , s e v e n d ay s p e r w e e k , aw ak e fo r mu lt i p l e d ay s at t i m e fr o m c o c a i n e u s e an d c o u l d n e v e r r e fu s e c u s t o m e r s . I d at 1 6 6 - 1 7 1 . A . H . u s e d a l a p t o p th at th e Ap p e ll an t s t at e d w a s h i s l a p t o p t o m ak e th e s e p o s t i n g s . N . T. 6 / 2 9 / 2 0 1 6 at 1 7 1 . I n i t i a ll y , A . H . u s e d a p i c t ur e o f h e r s e l f fr o m a M y S p a c e a c c o un t , b ut th e n u s e d p i c t ur e s th at w e r e t ak e n o f h e r b y C ro mw e l l. N . T. 6 / 2 8 / 2 0 1 6 at 1 9 1. If o n e o f th e d at e s w a s t o b e p e r fo rm e d o ff s i t e fr o m th e h o t e l , A . H. w a s dr i v e n b y a m e mb e r o fth e o r g an i z at i o n . I d at 1 7 6 . A. H . w o u l d p o s t mu l t i p l e a dv e rt i s e m e n t s p e r d ay o n w e b s i t e s t o s o l i c i t c u s t o m e r s . N . T . 6 /2 8 /2 0 1 6 at 1 6 1 . T h e r e w e r e a p p ro x i m at e l y t e n o th e r g i r l s th at w e r e s t ay i n g i n tw o ro o m s th at w e r e r e n t e d b y th e Ap p e ll an t. 

### I d at 1 6 4 . A ft e r p e r fo rm i n g s e x u a l a c t s i n e x c h an g e fo r m o n e y , A. H. w o u l d i mm e d i at e l y g i v e th e m o n e y r e c e i v e d t o an o th e r m e mb e r o f th e Ap p e ll an t ' s o r g an i z at i o n . I

d at 1 6 7 . A . H . w a s n e v e r a ll o w e d t o k e e p th e m o n e y , b ut i n s t e a d w o u l d r e c e i v e c ra c k c o c a i n e ; s h e u s e d a p p ro x i m at e l y $ 5 0 0 w o rth o f c r a c k c o c a i n e p e r d ay i n e x c h an g e fo r p e r fo rm i n g " d at e s . " 

### I

d at I 6 6 . A. H . t e s t i fi e d th at s h e w o u l d r e c e i v e th e c ra c k c o c a i n e fr o m e i th e r C ro mw e ll o r E d d i e M e n d e z . 

### I d at 1 6 8 . A. H . w a s s ub

j e c t e d t o a c t s o f v i o l e n c e t o k e e p h e r i n l i n e ;

5th i s i n cl u d e d p un c h e s t o th e u p p e r t o r s o c a ll e d " r i b s h o t s . " I d at 1 72 - 7 3 . A . H . w i tn e s s e d a c t s o f v i o l e n c e b y th e Ap p e ll an t t o w ar d s o th e r w o m e n an d w a s s c ar e d o f h i m . I d at 1 8 0 . A . H . w i tn e s s e d th e Ap p e ll an t h i t an o th e r v i c t i m th at w o rk e d fo r h i m an d h e ar d h i m v i c i o u s l y a s s au l t an o th e r t ak i n g p l a c e i n th e h o t e l ro o m ab o v e h e r s . I d at 1 7 4 , 1 7 6 . A t o n e p o i n t , i t w a s s o o n d i s c o v e r e d th at A. H . w a s a m i n o r d ur i n g h e r w o rk fo r th e Ap p e ll an t. T h e g i r l s th at h a d b e e n s t ay i n g i n th e s am e h o t e l ro o m w i th A. H . , C ro mw e ll an d th e Ap p e ll an t a ll p a c k e d th e i r b e l o n g i n g s . N .T . 6 / 2 8 / 2 0 1 6 at 1 8 2 . A . H . w a s th e n t ak e n t o th e Ap p e ll an t ' s fam i l y h o m e o n T a c k aw ann a S tr e e t i n P h i l a d e l p h i a w h i l e w a i t i n g fo r a d e c i s i o n o n h o w t o p ro c e e d . I

d at 1 8 3 . T h e d e c i s i o n w a s u l t i m at e l y l e ft t o th e Ap p e ll an t w h e th e r o r n o t A. H . w o u l d c o m e b a c k an d c o n t i nu e w o rk i n g a s a p ro s t i t ut e . I d at 1 9 6 . T h e Ap p e ll an t d e c i d e d t o a ll o w A. H . t o c o n t i nu e w o rk i n g , an d a ft e r a fe w d ay s at h i s fam i l y ' s h o m e , p i c k e d u p A . H. an d b ro u g h t h e r b a c k t o th e h o t e l. 

### I

d at 1 8 4 . A . H . c o n t i nu e d w o rk i n g fo r th e Ap p e ll an t an d h e m a d e n o e ff o rt t o c o n t a c t A. H ' s fam i l y o r t e ll A . H . t o n o l o n g e r p r o s t i t ut e h e r s e l f. T h e Ap p e ll an t w a s th e h e a d o f an o r g an i z at i o n th at r e c ru i t e d an d p r e y e d u p o n vu l n e rab l e g i rl s . T h e g i rl s w e r e fo r c e d t o p e r fo rm u p w ar d s o f t e n t o fi ft e e n d at e s p e r d ay . N . T . 6 / 2 8 / 2 0 1 6 at 1 7 1 . T h e o r g an i z at i o n i n c l u d e d at l e a s t th r e e o th e r p e r s o n s i d e n t i fi e d a s E lt o n C ro mw e l l , E d d i e M e n d e z an d D w ayn e T h o m a s . T h e r e e x i s t e d a s tru c t ur e w i th i n th e o r g an i z at i o n w i th C ro mw e ll an d M e n d e z d e s c r i b e d a s p u p p e t s an d t ak i n g o r d e r s fr o m th e Ap p e ll an t. N . T . 6 / 2 9 / 2 0 1 6 at 1 9 - 2 0 . M e n d e z w a s a l s o a dr i v e r fo r a ll th e g i r l s w i th i n th e o r g an i z at i o n an d dro v e th e m t o m e e t c u s t o m e r s fo r s e x u a l s e rv i c e s w h e n th e e n c o un t e r s d i d n o t t ak e p l a c e at th e h o t e l. N . T. 6 / 2 8 / 2 0 1 6 at 1 8 7 . E arl y i n th e o r g an i z at i o n ' s h i s t o ry th e Ap p e ll an t w o u l d c o ll e c t th e m o n e y th e g i rl s m a d e h i m s e l f ; h o w e v e r , a s t i m e m o v e d fo rw ar d an d o th e r p e o p l e b e c am e i n v o l v e d i n th e o r g an i z at i o n th e th e Ap p e ll an t e mp l o y e e s c o ll e c t e d th e m o n e y i n s t e a d . I d at 8 0 . T h e Ap p e ll an t w a s d i r e c tl y

6r e s p o n s i b l e fo r d i s tr i b ut i n g n ar c o t i c s t o th e s e vu l n e r ab l e g i rl s . T h e Ap p e ll an t w a s fu ll y aw ar e

th e s e g i r l s s u ff

e r e d fr o m s ub s t an c e a

b u s e i s s u e s b e c au s e th e g i rl s w e r e a s k e d a b o ut th e i r dru g u s e w i th i n m i nut e s o f e n c o un t e r i n g h i m . N . T . 6 / 2 8 / 2 0 .1 6 at 5 9 , 1 4 8 . T h e Ap p e ll an t s u p p l i e d th e s e g i rl s w i th l ar g e am o un t s b o th c ra c k c o c a i n e an d h e ro i n . N . T . 6 / 2 9 / 2 0 1 6 at 1 8 4 . O n e v i c t i m th at d i d n o t u s e n ar c o t i c s w a s p e rm i tt e d t o s p e n d $ 6 0 0 . 0 0 e v e r y S un d ay at th e m a ll , b ut w a s n e v e r p e rm i tt e d t o h o l d th e c a s h o r b e p a i d i n c a s h . N . T . 6 / 2 9 / 2 0 1 6 at 4 3 . T h e Ap p e ll an t h e a d e d an o r g an i z at i o n th at p r e y e d o n vu l n e r a b l e g i r l s , d e m an d e d b e h av i o r c o n s i s t e n t w i th h i s e xp e c t at i o n s o r fa c e v i o l e n c e an d h a d mu l t i p l e e mp l o y e e s w o rk i n g fo r h i m t o o v e r s e e an d c o n tr o l th e o p e rat i o n . P R O C E D U RA L H I S T O R Y T h e Ap p e ll an t w a s c h ar g e d i n D e c e mb e r , 2 0 1 0 a s th e r e s u l t o f an i n v e s t i g at i o n b e i n g s ub m i tt e d t o th e S t at e w i d e I nv e s t i g at i n g G ran d Jury . T h e Ap p e ll an t th e n b e c am e a fu g i t i v e fr o m j u s t i c e un t i l h i s a

p p r e h e n s i o n b y tro o p e r s fr o m th e P e nn s y l v an i a S t at e P o l i c e O r g an i z e d C r i m e U n i t i n Au g u s t , 2 0 1 4 . O n O c t o b e r 2 1 , 2 0 1 4 , a p r e l i m i n ary h e ar i n g w a s h e l d , at w h i c h h i s c h ar g e s w e r e h e l d fo r c o urt . O n N o v e mb e r 1 1 , 2 0 1 4 , h e w a s fo rm a ll y arr a i g n e d o n h i s c h ar g e s . T h e Ap p e ll an t r e m a i n e d i n c u s t o dy un t i l h i s b e n c h tr i a l b e g an o n Jun e 2 8 , 2 0 1 6 b e fo r e th e H o n o rab l e S e an F . K e nn e dy . O n Jun e 2 9 , 2 0 1 6 , h e w a s c o nv i c t e d at h i s b e n c h tr i a l o f a ll th i rt e e n c o un t s . O n M ay 4 , 2 0 1 7 , th e Ap p e ll an t w a s s e n t e n c e d b y th e H o n o r ab l e S e an F . K e nn e dy t o a t o t a l t e rm o f 3 7 - 7 4 y e ar s c o n fi n e m e n t. O n M ay 5 , 2 0 1 7 , th e Ap p e ll an t fi l e d a t i m e l y p o s t - s e n t e n c e m o t i o n . O n S e p t e mb e r 5 , 2 0 1 7 , th e Ap p e ll an t' s p o s t - s e n t e n c e m o t i o n w a s d e n i e d b y o p e rat i o n o fl aw . O n S e p t e mb e r 2 9 , 2 0 1 7 , h e fi l e d a t i m e l y N o t i c e o f Ap p e a l t o th e S u p e r i o r C o urt o f P e nn s y l v an i a .

7

### M A T T E R S C O M P L A I N E D O N A P P E A L

T h e Ap p e ll an t' s l 9 2 5 ( b ) a s s e rt s : 

### 1. W h e th e r th e e v i d e n c e w a s s u f fi c i e n t t o fi n d Ap p e ll an t g u i l ty o f P o s s e s s i o n w i th I n t e n t t o D i s tr i b ut e i n v i o l at i o n o f 3 5 P a . C . S . A. 

### § 7 8 0 - l 1 3 ( a ) ( 3 0 ) ; C o rru p t O r g an i z at i o n i n v i o l at i o n o f 1 8 P a . C . S . A . 

### § 9 1 l ( b ) ( l ) ; C o n s p i ra c y - T ra f fi c k i n g o f P e r s o n s i n v i o l at i o n o f 1 8 P a . C . S . A . 

### § 9 0 3 ; S e x u a l E xp l o i t at i o n o f C h i l dr e n i n v i o l at i o n o f 1 8 P a . C . S . A. 

### § 6 3 2 0 ( a ) ; C r i m i n a l U s e o f a C o mmun i c at i o n F a c i l i ty i n v i o l at i o n o f 1 8 P a . C . S . A. 

### § 7 5 1 2 ( a ) ; P ro m o t i n g P ro s t i t ut i o n - O wn H o u s e o f P ro s t i t ut i o n i n v i o l at i o n o f 1 8 P a . C. S . A . § 5 9 0 2 ( b ) (l ) ; C o rru

p t i o n o f M i n o r s i n v i o l at i o n o f 1 8 P a . C . S . A . § 6 3 0 l ( a ) (l ) ( i ) ; S i mp l e A s s au lt i n v i o l at i o n o f 1 8 P a . C . S . A. 

### § 2 7 0 1 ( a ) ; T ra f fi c k i n g o f P e r s o n s ( 2 c o un t s ) i n v i o l at i o n o f 1 8 P a . C . S . A. 

### § 3 0 0 2 ( a ) ; an d S e x u a l Ab u s e o f a M i n o r i n v i o l at i o n o f 1 8 P a . C. S . A . § 6 3 l 8 ( a ) ( 5 ) b e y o n d a r e a s o n ab l e d o ub t. 2 . W h e th e r th e v e r d i c t w a s a g a i n s t th e w e i g h t o f th e e v i d e n c e . 3 . Wh e th e r th e C o urt a b u s e d i t s d i s c r e t i o n i n S e n t e n c i n g th e Ap p e ll an t t o an a g g r e g at e p e r i o d o f 3 7 t o 7 4 y e ar s . 4 . W h e th e r th e C o urt e rr e d i n p e rm i tt i n g th e i nv e s t i g at i n g o ffi c e r t o t e s t i f y a s t o h i s o p i n i o n th at th e Ap p e ll an t w a s th e h e a d o f a c o rr u p t o r g an i z at i o n th e r e b y d e p r i v i n g Ap p e ll an t o f a fa i r tr i a l. · 5 . W h e th e r th e C o urt e rr e d i n a ll o w i n g t e s t i m o ny e l i c i t e d b y th e C o mm o nw e a l th i nv o l v i n g an a ll e g e d th r e at b y E l t o n C ro mw e ll a g a i n s t a w i tn e s s t e s t i f y i n g a g a i n s t th e Ap p e ll an t w i th o ut e s t ab l i s h i n g any c o nn e c t i v e l i n k t o th e Ap p e ll an t. 6 . W h e th e r th e C o urt e rr e d i n a ll o w i n g t e s t i m o ny fr o m C o mm o nw e a lth ' s w i tn e s s ( M . S . ) t o t e s t i f y a s t o un c h ar g e d c o n d

u c t , s p e c i fi c a ll y , th at th e Ap p e ll an t an a ll y ra p e d h e r an d s tran g l e d h e r w i th o ut p ro v i d i n g d e fe n s e c o un s e l w i th p r i o r N o t i c e o f I n t e n t t o A dm i t P r i o r B a d A c t s p ur s u an t t o P A R u l e o f E v i d e n c e 4 0 4 ( b ) th e r e b y d e p r i v i n g th e Ap p e ll an t o f a fa i r tr i a l. 7 . W h e th e r th e C o urt e rr e d i n a ll o w i n g t e s t i m o ny fr o m C o mm o nw e a lth ' s w i tn e s s ( A. H . ) t o t e s t i fy a s t o un c h ar g e d c o n d u c t , s p e c i fi c a ll y , th at th e Ap p e ll an t ra p e d h e r kn o w i n g th at s h e w a s a m i n o r w i th o ut p ro v i d i n g d e f e n s e c o un s el w i th p r i o r N o ti c e o f I n t e n t t o A dm i t P r i o r B a d A c t s p ur s u an t t o P A R u l e o f E v i d e n c e 4 0 4 ( b ) th e r e b y d e p r i v i n g Ap p e ll an t o f a fa i r tr i a l. 

### D I S C U S S I O N I . S u ffi ci e n c y C l a i m - T h e e v i d e n c e p r e s e n t e d a t tr i a l w a s s u ffi ci e n t t o fi n d g u il t b e y o n d a r e a s o n ab l e d o ub t o n a ll c h ar g e s . I n h i s fir s t p r i n c i p l e p o i n t o f a p p e a l , th e Ap p e ll an t i n c o rr e c t l y a s s e rt s th at th e e v i d e n c e w a s i n s u ffi c i e n t t o s u s t a i n h i s c o n v i c t i o n s o n a ll c o un t s . F o r myr i a d o f r e a s o n s , th e s u ffi c i e n c y cl a i m s a s s e rt e d b y M r. th e Ap p e ll an t a s t o a ll c h ar g e s ar e w i th o ut m e r i t. T h e tr i a l c o urt wi ll 8d i s c u s s th e e v i d e n t i ar y s u ffi c i e n c y fo r e a c h c o nv i c t i o n . T h e a p p e ll at e s c o p e o f r e v i e w o f a c h a ll e n g e t o th e s u ffi c i e n c y o f th e e v i d e n c e i s w e ll - e s t ab l i s h e d . T h e a p p e ll at e c o urt mu s t r e v i e w th e e v i d e n c e i n th e l i g h t m o s t fav o rab l e t o th e v e r d i c t w i nn e r t o d e t e rm i n e w h e th e r th e r e i s s u ffi c i e n t e v i d e n c e t o a ll o w a j ury t o fi n d e v e r y e l e m e n t o f a c r i m e b e y o n d a r e a s o n ab l e d o ub t. T h e S u p e r i o r C o urt h a s furth e r h e l d th at: I n a p p l y i n g th e ab o v e t e s t , [ th e a p p e ll at e c o urt ] m ay n o t w e i g h th e e v i d e n c e an d s ub s t i t

ut e [ i t s ] j u d g m e n t fo r th e fa c t - fi n d e r. I n a d d i t i o n , [ th e a p p e ll at e c o urt ] n o t e s th at th e fa c t s an d c i r c um s t an c e s e s t a b l i s h e d b y th e C o mm o nw e a l th n e e d n o t p r e cl u d e e v e r y p o s s i b i l i ty o f i nn o c e n c e . A ny d o ub t s r e g ar d i n g a d e f

e n d an t' s g u i l t m ay b e r e s o l v e d b y th e fa c t - fi n d e r un l e s s th e e v i d e n c e i s s o w e ak an d i n c o n cl u s i v e th at a s a m att e r o f l aw n o p ro b ab i l i ty o f fa c t m ay b e drawn fr o m th e c o mb i n e d c i r c um s t an c e s . T h e C o mm o nw e a lth m ay s u s t a i n i t s b ur d e n o fp ro v i n g e v e r y e l e m e n t o f th e c r i m e b e y o n d a r e a s o n ab l e d o ub t b y m e an s o f w h o ll y c i r c um s t an t i a l e v i d e n c e . M o r e o v e r , i n a p p l y i n g th e ab o v e t e s t , th e e n t i r e r e c o r d mu s t b e e v a l u at e d an d a ll e v i d e n c e a c t u a ll y r e c e i v e d mu s t b e c o n s i d e r e d . F i n a ll y , th e fi n d e r o f fa c t w h i l e p a s s i n g u p o n th e c r e d i b i l i ty o f w i tn e s s e s an d th e w e i g h t o f th e e v i d e n c e p ro d u c e d , i s fr e e t o b e l i e v e a ll , p art o r n o n e o f th e e v i d e n c e . C o m m o n w e a l t

h v . T e j a d a , 10 7 A. 3 d 7 8 8 , 7 9 2 - 9 3 ( P a . S u p e r. 2 0 1 5 ) . T h e fa c t s an d c i r c um s t an c e s e s t ab l i s h e d b y th e C o mm o nw e a l th n e e d n o t " b e a b s o l ut e l y i n c o mp at i b l e w i th th e d e fe n d an t ' s i nn o c e n c e . " S

e e C o m m o n w e a lt

h v . A gu a d

o , 7 6 0 A. 2 d 1 1 8 1 , 1 1 8 5 ( P a . S u p e r. 2 0 0 0 ) . Wh e r e n o s i n g l e b i t o f e v i d e n c e " w i ll b y i t s e l f c o n cl u s i v e l y e s t ab l i s h g u i l t , th e v e r d i c t w i ll b e s u s t a i n e d w h e r e th e t o t a l i ty o f th e e v i d e n c e s u p p o rt s th e fi n d i n g o f g u i l t. " C o m m o n w e a lt

h v . T h o m a s , 5 6 1 A . 2 d 6 9 9 , 7 0 4 ( P a . 1 9 8 9 ) . T hu s , o ur a

p p e ll at e c o urt s h av e r e c o g n i z e d th at p ro o f o f g u i l t m ay b e i n f e rr e d e n t i r e l y fr o m e v i d e n c e o f c i r c um s t an c e s th at att e n d e d th e c o mm i s s i o n o f th e c r i m e . S e e C o m m o n w e a l t

h 

### v . B re w e r , 8 7 6 A. 2 d 1 0 2 9 , 1 0 3 2 ( P a . S u p e r . 2 0 0 5 ) . T h e " fa c t th at th e e v i d e n c e e s t ab l i s h i n g a d e f e n d an t ' s p art i c i p at i o n i n a c r i m e i s ci r c um s t an t i a l d o e s n o t p r e c l u d e a c o nv i c t i o n w h e r e th e e v i d e n c e c o u

p l e d w i th th e r e a s o n ab l e i n fe r e n c e s drawn th e r e fr o m o v e r c o m e s th e p r e s ump t i o n o f

9i nn o c e n c e . " I d . N e v e rth e l e s s , th e r e qu i r e m e n t o f th e l aw r e m a i n s th at i n o r d e r t o s e c ur e a c o nv i c t i o n , th e " fa c t s an d c i r c um s t an c e s p ro v e d mu s t b e o f s u c h a c h ar a c t e r a s t o p ro d u c e a m o ra l c e rt a i n ty o f th e g u i l t o f th e a c c u s e d b e y o n d any r e a s o n ab l e d o ub t. " C o m m o n w e a l t

h v . B y b e l , 6 1 1 A. 2 d 1 8 8 , 1 8 9 ( P a . 1 9 9 2 ) . F i n a ll y , an a p p e ll at e c o urt w i ll r e v i e w th e e n t i r e tr i a l r e c o r d , e v e n e v i d e n c e w h i c h i s i mp e rm i s s i b l y i n tro d u c e d , w h e n e v a l u at i n g a s u f fi c i e n c y cl a i m . S e e C o m m o n w e a l t

h v . S a n d e r s , 4 2 A. 3 d 3 2 5 , 3 2 9 n . 1 ( P a . S u p e r . 2 0 1 2 ) . T h e tr i a l c o urt b e l i e v e s th e e n t i r e r e c o r d m o r e th an a d e qu at e l y m e e t s th e n e c e s s ar y thr e s h o l d t o e s t ab l i s h e a c h e l e m e n t o f e v e r y c h ar g e d o ff

e n s e h a s b e e n p r o v e n b e y o n d a r e a s o n ab l e d o ub t. F o r r e a s o n s th at fo ll o w , th e cl a i m s b y th e Ap p e ll an t fa i l an d e a c h i s w i th o ut m e r i t. 

### a . P o s s e s s i o n w i t h I n t e n t t o D e l i v e r Th e Ap p e ll an t fir s t ra i s e s th e cl a i m th at th e e v i d e n c e w a s i n s u ffi c i e n t t o s u s t a i n h i s c o nv i c t i o n fo r P o s s e s s i o n w i th I n t e n t t o D e l i v e r . T h e tr i a l c o urt d i s a g r e e s . T o s u s t a i n a c o nv i c t i o n fo r P W I D , th e C o mm o nw e a l th " mu s t p ro v e b o th th e p o s s e s s i o n o f th e c o n tro ll e d s ub s t an c e an d th e i n t e n t t o d e l i v e r th e c o n tro ll e d s ub s t an c e . " 

### C o m m o n w e a lt

h v . L e e, 9 5 6 A. 2 d l 0 2 4 , l 0 2 8 ( P a . S u

p e r. 2 0 0 8 ) . A t tr i a l , th e r e w a s e x t e n s i v e t e s t i m o ny p r e s e n t e d fr o m v i c t i m M . S . w h e r e s h e s t at e d th at s h e r e c e i v e d c ra c k c o c a i n e d i r e c tl y fr o m M r . th e Ap p e ll an t an d w o u l d r e c e i v e d i s p ro p o rt i o n at e l y l o w am o un t s o fn ar c o t i c s c o mp ar e d t o th e m o n e y s h e h a d p a i d . N . T . 6 / 2 8 / 2 0 1 6 at 7 4 - 7 5 . F o r i n s t an c e , M . S . t e s t i fi e d th at s h e 

### i f s h e p a i d $ 1 2 0 t o th e Ap p e ll an t , s h e w o u l d o n l y r e c e i v e $ 2 0 o f c ra c k c o c a i n e i n r e t urn . I d at 7 5 . T h i s w o u l d , i n t

urn , fo r c e M . S . t o w o rk m o r e fr e qu e n t l y , o r h av e m o r e " d at e s , " fo r th e Ap p e ll an t i n o r d e r t o s at i s fy h e r d a i l y dru g h ab i t.

10P e r h a p s th e m o s t c o nv i n c i n g t e s t i m o ny s u p p o rt i n g th e s u ffi c i e n c y o f th e e v i d e n c e fo r th e P W I D c o nv i c t i o n c o m e s fr o m th e Ap p e ll an t h i m s e l f. T h e Ap p e ll an t s t at e d th at aro un d th e t i m e o f th e c h ar g e d e v e n t s h e s o l d b o th c ra c k c o c a i n e an d h e ro i n . N . T . 0 6 / 2 9 / 2 0 1 8 at 1 8 4 . T h e Ap p e ll an t a dm i tt e d th at h e " s t art e d p i c k i n g [ n ar c o t i c s ] u p i n l ar g e qu an ti t i e s s o th at 

### i t w o u l d b e c h e a p e r . " I d. T h e Ap p e ll an t th e n t e s t i fi e d h e w o u l d p ur c h a s e a p p ro x i m at e l y $ 5 0 0 w o rth o f h e ro i n at a t i m e , b r e ak i t d o w n an d s e ll t o th e g i r l s an d m ak e a p r o fi t. I d at 1 8 5 - 8 6 . T h e Ap p e ll an t a l s o t e s t i fi e d th at h e w o u l d p ur c h a s e a p p ro x i m at e l y $ 1 0 0 o f c ra c k c o c a i n e fo r d i s tr i b ut i o n am o n g s t th e g i r l s h e h a d i n h i s e mp l o y . I d at 1 8 6 . T h e Ap p e ll an t p l a i n l y s t at e d h e

" w o u l d g o d o wn t o K e n s i n g t o n an d b uy i t . . S o [ th e Ap p e ll an t ] w o u l d g o d o wn t o K e n s i n gt o n A v e an d g e t i t. [ T h e Ap p e ll an t w o u l d ] c o m e b a c k u p , y o u kn o w . A n d th e n w h e n [ h e ] g [ a ] v e i t t o th e m , th e y g { a ] v e [ th e Ap p e ll an t ] th e m o n e y th at th e y h a [ d ]. " N . T . 0 6 / 2 9 / 2 0 1 6 at 1 7 3 . A lt e rn at i v e l y s t at e d , th e Ap p e ll an t w o u l d p ur c h a s e i ll e g a l n ar c o t i c s an d s e ll th e c o n tro ll e d s ub s t an c e s t o th e g i r l s w o rk i n g fo r h i m at th e h o t e l s . T h e Ap p e ll an t att e mp t s j u s t i fi c at i o n fo r h i s d i s tr i b ut i o n o f c o n tro ll e d s ub s t an c e s t o th e v i c t i m s thro u g h c l a i m s h e w a s att e mp t i n g t o p r o t e c t th e g i r l s fr o m th e d an g e r s o f th e s tr e e t s . P e r h a p s , th e Ap p e ll an t fa i l s t o c o n s i d e r th e p o s s i b i l i ty h e i s o n e v e r y s u c h d an g e r fr o m w h i c h h e s o u g h t t o p ro t e c t th e g i rl s . T h e Ap p e ll an t s t at e d th at i t w a s " s a fe r fo r th e m t o s t ay at th e h o t e l ro o m . " N . T. 6 / 2 8 /2 0 1 6 at 1 8 7 . H o w e v e r , i n th e s am e b r e ath , th e Ap p e ll an t s t at e d th at h e " w a s n ' t m ak i n g m o n e y o ff o f c ra c k fr o m g i v i n g i t t o th e m . I w a s m ak i n g m o n e y o ff th e d o p e . " an d th at th e g i r l s d i d n o t w an t t o p ro c ur e n ar c o t i c s th e m s e l v e s fr o m c e rt a i n ar e a s b e c au s e " p e o p l e g e t l o c k e d u p an d y o u g e t b e at u

p . Y o u kn o w , th e y g o t ro b b e d . " I d . T h e tr i a l c o urt d

u l y n o t e s th e s e e m i n g l y p e r s o n a l h ar d s h i p h e mu s t h av e e n d ur e d i n o n l y p ro fi t i n g fr o m th e s a l e s o f o n e c o n tro ll e d s ub s t an c e t o th e v i c t i m s . H o w e v e r , i n h i s qu e s t fo r b e n e v o l e n c e , th e Ap p e ll an t m e e t s

11th e tw o n e c e s s ary e l e m e n t s fo r c o n v i c t i o n o f P W I D thr o u g h h i s p o s s e s s i o n o f a c o n tro ll e d

s ub s t an c e an d th e i n t e n t t o d i s tr i b ut e th e c o n tro ll e d s ub s t an c e . T h e r e fo r e , th e tr i a l c o urt d i d n o t e r r i n fi n d i n g th e r e w a s s u ffi c i e n t e v i d e n c e t o p ro v e th e tw o el e m e n t s n e e d e d fo r c o n v i c t i o n b e y o n d a r e a s o n ab l e d o ub t. b . C o r r u p t O r g a n i z a t i o n s T h e Ap p e ll an t n e x t c h a ll e n g e s th e s u ffi c i e n c y o f th e e v i d e n c e s u p p o rt i n g h i s c o n v i c t i o n fo r c o r ru p t o r g an i z at i o n s . T o s e c ur e a c o n v i c t i o n un d e r th e c h ar g e d s ub s e c t i o n o f th e C o rru p t O r g an i z at i o n s A c t , th e C o m m o nw e a l th mu s t p ro v e a d e f e n d an t r e c e i v e d i n c o m e , e i th e r d i r e c tl y o r i n d i r e c tl y , fr o m a p att e rn o f ra c k e t e e r i n g a c t i v i ty i n w h i c h th e d e fe n d an t p art i c i p at e d a s a p r i n c i p a l t o u s e o r i n v e s t , d i r e c t l y o r i n d i r e c t l y , any p art o r p ro c e e d s o f s u c h i n c o m e i n th e a c qu i s i t i o n o f any i n t e r e s t i n , o r th e e s t ab l i s hm e n t o r o p e rat i o n o f , any e n t e rp r i s e . 1 8 P a . C . S . A . § 9 1 1 ( b ) ( 1 ) . A p att e rn o f ra c k e t e e r i n g a c t i v i ty i s d e fi n e d a s a " c o ur s e o f c o n d u c t r e qu i r i n g tw o o r m o r e a c t s o f ra c k e t e e r i n g a c t i v i ty . " 1 8 P a . C . S . A . § 9 1 l ( h ) ( 4 ) . A n o n - e x h au s t i v e l i s t o f ra c k e t e e r i n g a c t i v i ty , i n r e l e v an t p art , c an i n cl u d e a c t s i n d i c t ab l e un d e r C h a p t e r 3 0 , r e l at i n g t o hum an tr a f

fi c k i n g , o f th e C r i m e s C o d e ; an o ff e n s e i n d i c t a

b l e un d e r s e c t i o n 1 3 o f th e a c t o f Ap r i l 1 4 , 1 9 72 , kn o wn a s T h e C o n tro ll e d S ub s t an c e , D ru g , D e v i c e , an d C o s m e t i c A c t ( r e l at i n g t o th e s a l e an d d i s p e n s i n g o f n ar c o t i c dru g s ; o r a c o n s p i ra c y t o c o m m i t any o f th e o ff e n s e s s e t fo rth i n s ub p ara g ra

p h ( i ) or ( i i ) . 1 8 P a . C . S . A . § 9 1 l ( h ) (l ) ( i ) - ( i i i ) . F urth e r , an e n t e rp r i s e i s d e fi n e d a s any

" i n d i v i d u a l , p artn e r s h i p , c o rp o rat i o n , a s s o c i at i o n o r o th e r l e g a l e n t i ty , an d any un i o n o r g ro u p o f i n d i v i d u a l s a s s o c i at e d i n fa c t a l th o u g h n o t a l e g a l e n t i ty , e n g a g e d i n c o m m e r c e an d i n cl u d e s l e g i t i m at e a s w e ll a s i ll e g i t i m at e e n t i t i e s an d g o v e r nm e n t a l e n t i t i e s . " 1 8 P a . C . S . A. 

### § 9 1 1 ( h ) ( 3 ) . F i r s t , th e Ap p e ll an t e n g a g e d i n a p att e rn o f ra c k e t e e r i n g a c t i v i ty . A g a i n , r a c k e t e e r i n g a c t i v i ty i s d e fi n e d a s " any o ff e n s e i n d i c t ab l e un d e r C ha p t e r 3 0 o f T i tl e 1 8 ( r e l at i n g t o hum an

1 2tra ffi c k i n g ) . " 1 8 P a . C . S . A. § 9 1 l ( h ) (l ) ( i ) . R a c k e t e e r i n g a c t i v i ty a s a l s o d e fi n e d a s " any o ff e n s e i n d i c t ab l e un d e r [ th e C o n tro ll e d S ub s t an c e s A c t ] . " 1 8 P a . C . S . A. § 9 1 1 ( h ) ( l ) ( i i ) . R a c k e t e e r i n g a c t i v i ty a l s o o c c ur s w h e r e th e r e i s any c o n s p i ra c y t o c o m m i t any o f th e o ff e n s e s s e t fo rth at s ub s e c t i o n s ( i ) an d ( i i ) . T h e tr a ffi c k i n g o fp e r s o n s , b o th o f a d u l t s an d a m i n o r i n th i s c a s e , i s i n d i c t ab l e un d e r C h a

p t e r 3 0 o f th e C r i m e s C o d e ; c o n s e qu e n tl y , th e tra ffi c k i n g o fp e r s o n s i s

" r a c k e t e e r i n g a c t i v i ty . " T h e Ap p e ll an t tra f fi c k e d i n o n e m i n o r p e r s o n , A. H. , an d at l e a s t tw o p e r s o n s o v e r a g e 1 8 , M . S . an d T . W . L i k e w i s e , th e p o s s e s s i o n w i th th e i n t e n t t o d i s tr i b ut e n ar c o t i c s i s i n d i c t ab le un d e r th e C o n tro ll e d S ub s t an c e s A c t ; thu s , a l s o m ak i n g s u c h an o ff e n s e

" ra c k e t e e r i n g a c t i v i ty . " B y h i s o w n a dm i s s i o n , th e Ap p e ll an t p o s s e s s e d c o n tro ll e d s ub s t an c e s w i th th e i n t e n t t o d i s tr i b ut e th e n ar c o t i c s . N . T. 6 / 2 9 / 2 0 1 6 at 1 7 3 . F urth e r , a c o n s p i ra c y t o c o m m i t any o ff e n s e s e t fo rth i n s ub p ara g ra p h s ( i ) o r ( i i ) o f th e C o rru p t O r g an i z at i o n s A c t c o n s t i t ut e s r a c k e t e e r i n g a c t i v i ty . T h e Ap p e ll an t ' s i n v o l v e m e n t i n th e c o n s p i ra c y t o tra ffi c p e r s o n s i s c o n s i d e r e d " ra c k e t e e r i n g a c t i v i ty . " A ll o f th e s e a c t s c o n s t i t ut e a " p att e rn o fra c k e t e e r i n g a c t i v i ty " p ur s u an t t o th e d e fi n i t i o n p ro v i d e d i n th e C o rr u p t O r g an i z at i o n s A c t. T h e C o mm o nw e a l th i s a l s o r e qu i r e d t o e s t a b l i s h th at th e Ap p e ll an t r e c e i v e d i n c o m e fr o m h i s p att e rn o fr a c k e t e e r i n g . T h e fir s t " ra c k e t e e r i n g a c t i v i ty " fr o m w h i c h th e Ap p e ll an t dr e w i n c o m e s t e m m e d fr o m h i s tra ffi c k i n g o fp e r s o n s thro u g h fo r c e d l ab o r. T h e tr i a l c o urt w i ll l at e r d i s c u s s i n g r e at e r d e t a i l th e s p e c i fi c s o fh i s e n g a g i n g i n tra f fi c k i n g o f

p e r s o n s . H o w e v e r , fo r th e p urp o s e s o f d e m o n s trat i n g th e Ap p e ll an t dr e w a p ro fi t fr o m tra ffi c k i n g o f p e r s o n s thr o u g h fo r c e d l ab o r , th e v e ry p o i g n an t t e s t i m o ny o f T . W . d e m o n s trat e s h o w th e Ap p e ll an t dr e w h i s i n c o m e fr o m th e fo r c e d l ab o r : .

13C o mm o nw e a l th : An d a ft e r e a c h d at e , w e r e y o u d i r e c t e d t o s o m e th i n g s p e c i fi c

w i th th e m o n e y th at y o u g o t ? T . W . : E i th e r h an d i t t o w h i c h e v e r g uy w a s i n th e ro o m - i t w o u l d e i th e r b e [ th e Ap p e ll an t ] , E d d i e o r - w h e n [ C ro mw e ll ] c am e a l o n g , i t w o u l d b e [ C ro mw e ll ]. C o mm o nw e a lth : A n d s o . . h o w mu c h m o n e y w o u l d y o u e s t i m at e y o u w e r e m ak i n g a d ay ? T. W . : Ab o ut a th o u s an d . C o mm o nw e a l th : D i d y o u e v e r tr y t o t ak e any d ay s o f

f? T . W . : Y o u w e r e n ' t a ll o w e d . C o mm o nw e a l th : W h e n y o u s ay " y o u w e r e n ' t a ll o w e d t o , " w h o w o u l dn ' t a ll o w y o u ? T . W . : E d d i e o r [ th e Ap p e ll an t ] w o u l dn ' t a ll o w y o u t o . N . T . 6 /2 9 / 2 0 1 6 at 1 9 . T . W . furth e r s t at e d th at b o th E d d i e M e n d e z an d E l t o n " M arv i n " C ro mw e ll t o o k o r d e r s d i r e c tl y fr o m th e Ap p e ll an t. I d at 2 0 . T h e m i n o r v i c t i m , A . H . , a l s o o ff e r e d s i m i l ar t e s t i m o ny th at s h e w o u l d g i v e h e r m o n e y t o th e dr i v e r th at b ro u g h t h e r t o a l o c at i o n an d th e dr i v e r s s ub s e qu e n tl y g av e th at m o n e y t o th e Ap p e ll an t . N . T . 0 6 / 2 8 / 2 0 1 6 at 2 0 4 . T h e r e c o r d r e fl e c t s th at : (1 ) th e Ap p e ll an t , an d n o t th e g i rl s th e m s e l v e s , dr e w th e i n c o m e fr o m th e s e x u a l e n c o un t e r s th e g i r l s e arn e d ; an d ( 2 ) th e fa c t h e d i d n o t " a ll o w " th e g i r l s d ay s o ff e p i t o m i z e s th e c o n c e p t o f fo r c e d l ab o r. T h e r e fo r e , i t c an b e c o n cl u d e d th at th e Ap p e ll an t r e c e i v e d i n c o m e thro u g h th e " ra c k e t e e r i n g a c t i v i ty " o f tra ffi c k i n g i n p e r s o n s . T h e n e x t " ra c k e t e e r i n g a c t i v i ty " fr o m w h i c h th e Ap p e ll an t dr e w i n c o m e w a s thr o u g h h i s p o s s e s s i o n o f a c o n tro ll e d s ub s t an c e w i th th e i n t e n t i o n t o d i s tr i b ut e i t. O n e v i c t i m , M . S . , t e s t i fi e d at tr i a l h o w a ft e r p e r fo rm i n g a d at e s h e w o u l d p ay $ 1 2 0 fo r c ra c k c o c a i n e , b ut w o u l d j u s t r e c e i v e aro un d $ 2 0 w o rth o f th e c o n tro ll e d s ub s t an c e . N . T . 6 / 2 8 / 2 0 1 6 at 7 5 . M . S . furth e r t e s t i fi e d th at s h e w i tn e s s e d E l t o n C ro mw e ll an d o th e r p e r s o n s g e tt i n g th e c ra c k c o c a i n e t o b e s o l d t o th e m fr o m th e Ap p e ll an t. 

### I

d at 7 4 . T h e m i n o r v i c t i m , A . H . , t e s t i fi e d th at s h e r e c e i v e d c r a c k c o c a i n e

1 4fr o m C ro mw e ll a ft e r e a c h d at e an d p ur c h a s e d ar o un d $ 5 0 0 o f c ra c k c o c a i n e p e r d ay . I d at 1 6 6 . T h e n e x t l o g i c a l s t e p g i v e n th i s t e s t i m o ny fr o m A. H . i s p ro v i d e d b y M . S . th at s h e w i tn e s s e d th e Ap p e ll an t g i v i n g c o n tro ll e d s ub s t an c e s t o C ro mw e ll fo r d i s tr i b ut i o n an d s a l e am o n g th e g i r l. It fo ll o w s th at th e c ra c k c o c a i n e p ur c h a s e d fr o m C ro mw e ll b y A . H . l i k e l y c am e fr o m th e Ap p e ll an t. F i n a ll y , th e t e s t i m o ny fr o m th e Ap p e ll an t h i m s e l fp o i n t s t o w ar d s h i s m ak i n g a p ro fi t thro u g h h i s d i s tr i b ut i o n o f c o n tro ll e d s u b s t an c e s . Th e Ap p e ll an t t e s t i fi e d th at aro un d th e t i m e o f th e c h ar g e d e v e n t s h e s o l d b o th c ra c k c o c a i n e an d h e ro i n . N . T . 0 6 / 2 9 / 2 0 1 8 at I 8 4 . T h e Ap p e ll an t a dm i tt e d th at h e " s t art e d p i c k i n g [ n ar c o t i c s ] u p i n l ar g e qu an t i t i e s s o th at i t w o u l d b e c h e a p e r. " I d . T h e Ap p e ll an t th e n t e s t i fi e d h e w o u l d p ur c h a s e a p p ro x i m at e l y $ 5 0 0 w o rth o f h e ro i n at a t i m e , b r e ak i t d o wn an d s e ll t o th e g i r l s an d m ak e a p ro fi t. I d at 1 8 5 · 8 6 . I n s h o rt , th e Ap p e ll an t p l a i n l y a dm i t s t o m ak i n g a p ro fi t fr o m th e d i s tr i b ut i o n o fn ar c o t i c s . T h e r e fo r e , i t c an b e c o n cl u d e d th at th e Ap p e ll an t r e c e i v e d i n c o m e thr o u g h th e " ra c k e t e e r i n g a c t i v i ty " o f p o s s e s s i n g a c o n tro ll e d s ub s t an c e w i th th e i n t e n t i o n t o d i s tr i b ut e th e c o n tr o ll e d s ub s t an c e . S e c o n d , h av i n g c o n cl u d e d th at th e Ap p e ll an t e n g a g e d i n a p att e rn ra c k e t e e r i n g a c t i v i ty , th e tr i a l c o urt n e x t t

urn s t o th e qu e s t i o n o f

w h e th e r an e n t e rp r i s e e x i s t e d w i th i n th e m e an i n g o f th e C o rru p t O r g an i z at i o n s A c t . T h e Ap p e ll an t ' s o r g an i z at i o n w a s fo rm e d fo r th e p urp o s e o f tra ffi c k i n g p e r s o n s an d p ro v i d i n g s e x u a l s e rv i c e s at th e b e h e s t o f h i s v i c t i m s c o n s t i t

ut e s an

" e n t e rp r i s e , " w h i c h i s d e fi n e d a s any " i n d i v i d u a l , p artn e r s h i p , c o rp o rat i o n , a s s o c i at i o n . . . an d any un i o n o r g ro u

p o f i n d i v i d

u a l s a s s o c i at e d i n fa c t a l th o u g h n o t a l e g a l e n t i ty , e n g a g e d i n c o mm e r c e an d i n cl u d e s l e g i t i m at e a s w e ll a s ill e g i t i m at e e n t i t i e s . " 1 8 P a . C . S . A . § 9 1 l ( h ) ( 3 ) . T ro o p e r M i c h a e l P e t e r s o n d e s c r i b e d th e Ap p e ll an t ' s o p e rat i o n a s " o r g an i z e d c r i m e . " N . T. 6 / 2 9 / 2 0 1 6 at 1 0 3 . T h e r e w a s , i n fa c t , an o r g an i z e d e f fo rt i n th e Ap p e ll an t ' s m an a g e m e n t o f h i s c r i m i n a l e n t e rp r i s e , w i th h i m s e l f at th e t o p . I nv e s t i g at i o n r e v e a l e d th at h e h a d at l e a s t thr e e o th e r '

1 5p e o p l e w o rk i n g fo r h i m i n th i s e n t e rp r i s e : E lt o n " M arv i n " C ro mw e ll , E d d i e M e n d e z , an d

D w ayn e T h o m a s . 

### I

d at 6 5 . T h e v i c t i m s w o rk i n g fo r th e Ap p e ll an t a l s o c o n fi rm e d th i s c o mm an d s tru c t ur e . T h e r e e x i s t s l i ttl e d i s p ut e th at E d d i e w o rk e d a s a dr i v e r fo r th e Ap p e ll an t b y tran s p o rt i n g g i r l s t o m e e t c u s t o m e r s . T h e m i n o r v i c t i m , A. H . , t e s t i fi e d th at E d d i e w o rk e d fo r th e Ap p e ll an t an d dro v e h e r t o m e e t c u s t o m e r s . N . T . 6 / 2 8 / 2 0 1 6 at 1 8 7 . V i c t i m M . S . a l s o t e s t i fi e d th at E d d i e dro v e h e r p l a c e s . I d at 1 2 6 . T h e Ap p e ll an t h i m s e l f a dm i tt e d th at h e p a i d E d d i e M e n d e z $ 5 0 e a c h t i m e h e dro v e o n e o fth e g i r l s t o m e e t a c u s t o m e r. N . T . 6 / 2 9 / 2 0 1 6 at 2 0 2 . M . S . t e s t i fi e d th at s h e b e l i e v e d th e Ap p e ll an t w a s i n c h ar g e o f C ro mw e ll , E d d i e M e n d e z an d D w ayn e T h o m a s . N . T . 6 / 2 8 / 2 0 1 6 at 72 . T h e m i n o r v i c t i m , A . H . , a l s o t e s t i fi e d th at D w ayn e T h o m a s w o rk e d fo r th e Ap p e ll an t. I d at 1 8 8 . A . H . a l s o t e s t i fi e d th at s h e w i tn e s s e d C ro mw e ll t ak i n g o r d e r s fr o m th e Ap p e ll an t. I d at 1 9 6 . T hu s , th e r e w a s a g ro u p o f i n d i v i d

u a l s e n g a g e d i n c o mm e r c e , p ro v i d i n g fo r c e d s e x u a l l ab o r , w h o s e s o l e p urp o s e w a s t o g e n e rat e i n c o m e fr o m th e v i c t i m s . T h i r d , th e tr i a l c o urt i s r e qu i r e d t o d e t e rm i n e w h e th e r th e i n c o m e fr o m th e Ap p e ll an t' s

" p att e rn o f r a c k e t e e r i n g a c t i v i ty " w a s u s e d i n th e e s t ab l i s hm e n t o r o p e r at i o n o f th e e n t e rp r i s e . T h e tr i a l c o urt h a s l i tt l e d o ub t th e i n c o m e r e c e i v e d fr o m th e " ra c k e t e e r i n g a c t i v i ty " w a s u s e d t o e s t ab l i s h o r m a i n t a i n th e e n t e rp r i s e . F o r e x amp l e , n o th i n g i n th e r e c o r d s t at e s th at th e Ap p e ll an t h a d any typ e o f l e g i t i m at e e mp l o y m e n t d ur i n g th i s t i m e . H o w e v e r , th e r e i s t e s t i m o ny fr o m th e Ap p e ll an t s t at i n g th at h e p a i d r e n t fo r tw o h o m e s ; o n e h o m e w a s r e n t e d fo r $ 5 0 0 p e r m o n th an d th e s e c o n d w a s r e n t e d fo r $ 6 5 0 p e r m o n th . N . T . 6 / 2 9 / 2 0 1 6 at 1 7 5 . O n e o f th e h o m e s , th e o n e l o c at e d o n T a c k aw ann a S tr e e t , w a s th e h o m e t o w h i c h A . H . w a s b ro u g h t a ft e r th e Ap p e ll an t d i s c o v e r e d h e r tru e a g e . T h e Ap p e ll an t furth e r t e s t i fi e d th at h e " a l w ay s h a d g i rl s at th e h o t e l r e a dy . S o i f

y o u w an t e d t o b e at th e h o u s e , y o u c o u l d b e at th e h o u s e . If y o u w an t e d t o g o t o th e

1 6h o t e l , y o u ' d g o t o th e h o t e l. " I d at 1 7 6 . R e g ar d i n g th e h o u s e , h e s t at e d th at th e g i r l s " n e e d e d a p l a c e t o s t ay w h e n th e y w a s n ' t w o rk i n g . S o th e y a s k e d i f I c o u l d g e t a h o u s e an d s t u ff l i k e th at. T h at w a s th e p urp o s e b e h i n d th at. " I d at 1 7 5 . N e x t , M . S . t e s t i fi e d th at C ro mw e ll , D w ayn e " D - B o y " T h o m a s , an d E d d i e " w e r e li k e [ th e Ap p e ll an t' s ] p e o p l e , an d , l i k e , [ th e Ap p e ll an t ] c am e an d b ro u g h t th e m d o wn th e r e s o , l i k e , th e y c o u l d m ak e m o n e y an d , l i k e , e xp an d . . I m e an th e m o r e y o u b ran c h o ut an d l i k e h av e m o r e g i rl s . " N . T . 6 / 2 8 / 2 0 1 6 at 7 3 . M . S . t e s t i fi e d th at i n th e b e g i nn i n g th e r e w a s o n l y th e Ap p e ll an t an d an o th e r m an , n am e d D r e , b ut s l o w l y " o th e r p e o p l e w e r e c o m i n g d o wn fr o m N e w Y o rk . A n d th e n , l i k e , th e y w o u l d e n d u p w i th l i k e a g i r l. L i k e , [ th e Ap p e ll an t ] w o u l d p ut th e m s o m e w h e r e i n th e h o t el w i th u s . " I

d at 7 1 . T h e Ap p e ll an t s t art e d w i th a s m a ll numb e r o fp e o p l e an d a s h i s e n t e rp r i s e g r e w , h e r e i n v e s t e d th e m o n e y c o ll e c t e d fr o m th e tra ffi c k e d v i c t i m s t o b r i n g a d d i t i o n a l p e r s o n s an d r e c ru i t i n g m o r e v i c t i m s . T h e r e ar e e xp e n s e s th at c o m e w i th th e o p e rat i o n o f a hum an tra ffi c k i n g r i n g : th e c o s t s t o p o s t a dv e rt i s e m e n t s o n l i n e , th e r e n t i n g o f h o t e l ro o m s , p ay m e n t fo r fo o d an d o th e r g o o d s fo r th e g i rl s . T. W . t e s t i fi e d th at e ar l y i n th e o p e rat i o n s h e d i d n o t p o s t , o r p ay fo r , th e a dv e rt i s e m e n t s o n l i n e h e r s e l f

; rath e r , T . W . t e s t i fi e d th at th e Ap p e ll an t w a s r e s p o n s i b l e fo r th e p ay m e n t an d p o s t i n g o f a dv e rt i s e m e n t s . N . T . 6 / 2 8 / 2 0 1 6 at 1 4 . M . S . t e s t i fi e d th at a ll m o n e y w a s e v e n t u a ll y g i v e n t o th e Ap p e ll an t an d th at i f s h e " w an t e d t o e at o r l i k e fo o d w a s t o b e o r d e r e d , l i k e , th at n e v e r c am e o ut o f my o w n p o c k e t b e c au s e , l i k e , I n e v e r h a d my o wn c a s h . . B e c au s e i t w a s g i v e n t o [ th e Ap p e ll an t ]. Li k e i f I n e e d e d t o d o s o m e th i n g o r w an t e d t o g o d o s o m e th i n g , li k e g e t my n a i l s d o n e , " th e n M . S . w a s r e qu i r e d t o a s k th e Ap p e ll an t o r o n e o f h i s e mp l o y e e s . I d at 6 6 - 6 7 . T h e C o mm o nw e a l th e xp e rt o n tra ffi c k i n g i n p e r s o n s , D e t e c t i v e S t i g e rt s , s t at e d th at th e

" b u s i n e s s e n d o f i t i s th e g i rl s m ak e th e m o n e y thr o u g h th e i r p ro s t i t ut i o n a c t s , an d th e y p ro v i d e

1 7th e m o n e y a c t u a ll y t o th e tra ffi c k e r s . T h e tr a f fi c k e r s t ak e c ar e o f a ll th e i r e xp e n s e s . " I d at 3 6 . D e t e c t i v e S t i g e rt s t e s t i fi e d th at th e s e e xp e n s e s i n cl u d e d p o s t i n g th e a dv e rt i s e m e n t s ) r e n t i n g h o t e l ro o m s , trav e l , fo o d , dru g s , an d g e tt i n g h a i r an d n a i l s d o n e fo r th e g i r l s . I d . T h e r e w a s s u f

fi c i e n t t e s t i m o ny p r e s e n t e d at tr i a l t o c o n v i c t th e Ap p e ll an t o n th e c h ar g e o f C o rr u p t O r g an i z at i o n s . T h e Ap p e ll an t e n g a g e d i n a p att e rn o f ra c k e t e e r i n g a c t i v i ty thro u g h h i s tra f fi c k i n g i n p e r s o n s an d d e l i v e r i n g c o n tro ll e d s ub s t an c e s . T h e r e e x i s t e d an e n t e rp r i s e , a l th o u g h ill e g i t i m at e , thro u g h a g ro u p o f p e r s o n s w h o s e o b

j e c t i v e w a s t o e n g a g e i n c o mm e r c e . T h e i n c o m e r e c e i v e d fr o m th e p att e rn o fra c k e t e e r i n g a c t i v i ty w a s u s e d t o e s t ab l i s h an d m a i n t a i n th e e n t e rp r i s e . I n fa c t , th e t e s t i m o ny o f th e C o mm o nw e a l th e xp e rt un s urp r i s i n g l y s tru c k v e ry cl o s e t o th e b e h av i o r e x h i b i t e d b y th e Ap p e ll an t an d h e o p i n e d th at th e u lt i m at e c o n c e rn s o f s u c h tra ffi c k e r s ar e " m ak i n g m o n e y an d h o w mu c h m o n e y c an th e g i r l s m ak e fo r th e m . " N . T . 6 / 2 8 / 2 0 1 6 at 3 5 . T h e tr i a l c o urt i s i n cl i n e d t o a g r e e an d , th e r e fo r e , fo un d th e e v i d e n c e p r e s e n t e d at tr i a l s u ffi c i e n t t o c o nv i c t th e Ap p e ll an t fo r C o r ru p t O r g an i z at i o n s . c . C o n s p i r a c y - T r a ffi c ki n g P e r s o n s T h e Ap p e ll an t n e x t c o n t e n d s th at th e r e w a s i n s u f fi c i e n t e v i d e n c e t o s u

p p o rt h i s c o nv i c t i o n fo r c o n s p i ra c y . T h e Ap p e ll an t w a s c h ar g e d b y th e C o m m o nw e a l th w i th c o n s p i ra c y un d e r thr e e a l t e rn at i v e th e o r i e s : (1 ) c o n s p i r a c y t o tra f fi c a m i n o r p e r s o n ; ( 2 ) c o n s p i r a c y t o tra ffi c p e r s o n s ; an d ( 3 ) c o n s p i ra c y fo r p ro m o t i n g p r o s t i t ut i o n . N . T . 0 6 / 2 9 / 2 0 1 6 at 2 1 7 . T o s u s t a i n a c o n v i c t i o n fo r c r i m i n a l c o n s p i r a c y , th e C o mm o nw e a lth mu s t p ro v e b e y o n d a r e a s o n ab l e d o ub t th at th e d e fe n d an t: ( 1 ) e n t e r e d i n t o an a g r e e m e n t t o c o mm i t o r a i d i n a c r i m i n a l a c t w i th an o th e r p e r s o n o r p e r s o n s ; ( 2 ) w i th a s h ar e d c r i m i n a l i n t e n t ; an d th at ( 3 ) an o v e rt a c t w a s d o n e i n furth e ran c e o f th e c o n s p i ra c y . 1 8 P a . C . S . A . § 9 0 3 ; S e e C o m m o n w e a l t

h v . D e v i n e, 2 6 A . 3 d I 13 9 , 1 1 4 7 ( P a . S u

p e r . 2 0 1 1 ) . T h e o v e rt a c t n e c e s s ary t o e s t ab l i s h c r i m i n a l c o n s p i ra c y n e e d n o t b e

1 8c o mm i tt e d b y th e d e fe n d an t ; i t n e e d o n l y b e c o mm i tt e d b y a c o - c o n s p i r at o r . S e e C o m m o n w e a lt

h v . M c C a ll , 9 1 1 A . 2 d 9 9 2 , 9 9 6 ( P a . S u p e r . 2 0 0 6 ) . T h e c o n d

u c t o f th e a ll e g e d p art i e s an d th e c i r c um s t an c e s s urr o un d i n g s u c h c o n d u c t m ay c r e at e a w e b o f e v i d e n c e li n k i n g th e a c c u s e d t o th e a ll e g e d c o n s p i ra c y b e y o n d a r e a s o n ab l e d o ub t. 

### I d. T h e c o n s p i rat o r i a l a g r e e m e n t " c an b e i n fe r r e d fr o m a v ar i e ty o f c i r c um s t an c e s i n c l u d i n g , b ut n o t l i m i t e d t o , th e r e l at i o n b e tw e e n th e p art i e s , kn o w l e d g e o f an d p art i c i p at i o n i n th e c r i m e , an d th e c i r c um s t an c e s an d c o n d u c t o f th e p art i e s s urr o un d i n g th e c r i m i n a l e p i s o d e . " I d . H e r e , th e C o mm o nw e a l th c h ar g e d th e Ap p e ll an t w i th c r i m i n a l c o n s p i ra c y . R e g ar d i n g th e c h ar g e o f c r i m i n a l c o n s p i r a c y i n p art i c u l ar , th e S u p e r i o r C o urt r e i t e rat e d th e fo ll o w i n g p r e c e p t s : A n e xp l i c i t o r fo rm a l a g r e e m e n t t o c o mm i t c r i m e s c an s e l d o m , i f e v e r , b e p ro v e d an d i t n e e d n o t b e , fo r p ro o f o f a c r i m i n a l p artn e r s h i p i s a l m o s t i n v ar i ab l y e x tr a c t e d fr o m th e c i r c um s t an c e s th at att e n d i t s a c t i v i t i e s . " C o m m o n w e a l t

h v . J o h n s o n , 7 1 9 A. 2 d 77 8 , 7 8 5 ( P a . S u p e r. 1 9 9 8 ) (

e n b a n e ) , a p p e a l d e n i e d , 7 3 9 A. 2 d 1 0 5 6 (1 9 9 9 ) ( c i t at i o n s o m i tt e d ) . T h e r e fo r e , w h e r e th e c o n d u c t o f th e p art i e s i n d i c at e s th at th e y w e r e a c t i n g i n c o n c e rt w i th a c o rru p t p urp o s e i n v i e w , th e e x i s t e n c e o f a c r i m i n a l c o n s p i ra c y m ay p r o p e rl y b e i n f e rr e d . C o m m o n w e a l t

h v . S n y d e r , 4 8 3 A. 2 d 9 3 3 , 9 4 2 ( P a . S u p e r . 1 9 8 4 ) . T h i s c o urt h a s h e l d th at th e p r e s e n c e o fth e fo ll o w i n g n o n - e x cl u s i v e l i s t o f c i r c um s t an c e s w h e n c o n s i d e r e d t o g e th e r an d i n th e c o n t e x t o f th e c r i m e m ay e s t ab l i s h p ro o f o f a c o n s p i ra c y : (1 ) an a s s o c i at i o n b e tw e e n a ll e g e d c o n s p i rat o r s , ( 2 ) kn o w l e d g e o f th e c o mm i s s i o n o f th e c r i m e , ( 3 ) p r e s e n c e at th e s c e n e o f th e c r i m e , an d ( 4 ) p art i c i p at i o n i n th e o b j e c t o f th e c o n s p i ra c y . C o m m o n w e a l t

h v . S w e rd l o w , 6 3 6 A. 2 d 1 1 7 3 , 1 1 77 ( P a . S u p e r. 1 9 9 4 ) . C o m m o n w e a l t

h v . K i n a rd , 9 5 A. 3 d 2 7 9 , 2 9 3 ( P a . S u p e r . 2 0 1 4 ) . T h e tr i a l c o urt w ill a d dr e s s th e c o n s p i ra c y t o tra ffi c a m i n o r a s th i s w a s th e c o n s p i ra c y c h ar g e un d e r w h i c h th e Ap p e ll an t w a s s e n t e n c e d . A lth o u g h an e xp li c i t o r fo rm a l a g r e e m e n t c an s e l d o m b e p ro v e d , d i r e c t t e s t i m o ny w a s p r e s e n t e d at tr i a l th at i ll um i n at e s th e e x i s t e n c e o f s u c h an a g r e e m e n t. F o r i n s t an c e , at tr i a l , w i tn e s s M . S . g av e th e fo ll o w i n g t e s t i m o ny :

1 9D e fe n s e C o un s e l : D i d y o u e v e r h e ar [ th e Ap p e ll an t ] an d [ C ro mw e ll ] a g r e e t o any k i n d o f c r i m i n a l e n t e rp r i s e ? M . S . : Y e s . L i k e , h e s h o w e d [ C ro mw e ll ] - l i k e , H e r e ' s th i s g i rl , l i k e , an d th i s i s w h at w e ' r e d o i n g d o w n h e r e an d l i k e , n o w , y o u ' r e i n o n i t an d , l i k e , th i s i s w h at w e d o . Y e s . N . T. 0 6 / 2 8 / 2 0 1 6 at 1 2 4 . T h i s t e s t i m o ny i n i t s e l fv o c a l i z e s , an d d e m o n s trat e s , th e e x i s t e n c e o f a c o n s p i ra c y . T h e t e s t i m o ny fr o m M . S . p ro v i d e s e v i d e n c e o f a c o n s p i ra c y t o tr af fi c p e r s o n s i n a fo rm a l a g r e e m e n t. H o w e v e r , furth e r d i s c u s s i o n i s r e qu i r e d t o a s c e rt a i n th e tru e d e p th s o fth e c o n s p i r a c y - n am e l y , w h e th e r th e p art i e s a c t e d i n c o n c e rt w i th o n e an o th e r t o tra f fi c a m i n o r , h a d th e s h ar e d c r i m i n a l i n t e n t an d c o m m i tt e d an o v e rt a c t. R e g ar d i n g th e m i n o r , A . H . , th e r e w a s e x t e n s i v e t e s t i m o ny at tr i a l t o i mp li c at e th e Ap p e ll an t i n a c o n s p i ra c y t o tra ffi c a m i n o r . I n i t i a ll y , w h e n A. H . fir s t c am e i n t o c o n t a c t w i th C ro mw e ll an d th e Ap p e ll an t , s h e w a s w a l k i n g d o wn K e n s i n g t o n Av e nu e w h e n s h e w a s a p p ro a c h e d b y b o th m e n r i d i n g i n th e s am e c ar. I d at 1 4 7 . A f

t e r A. H . g o t i n t o th e v e h i cl e , s h e w a s a s k e d w h at dru g s s h e u s e d an d t o l d th e m s h e u s e d c o c a i n e . I d at 1 4 8 . A ft e r g e tt i n g i n t o th e v e h i cl e , th e Ap p e ll an t an d C ro mw e ll b ro u g h t A . H. t o a ro o m at th e R am a d a I nn o n R o o s e v e lt B o u l e v ar d th at w a s o c c u p i e d b y a numb e r o f g i rl s , w h o A. H . un d e r s t o o d t o b e p ro s t i t ut e s , w h o l e f t u p o n th e i r ar

r i v a l. 

### I d at 1 5 0 . A f

t e rw ar d s . A. H . h a d s e x u a l i n t e r c o ur s e w i th b o th th e Ap p e ll an t an d C ro mw e ll w h i l e th e o th e r r e m a i n e d i n th e ro o m . I d at 1 5 7 . S h o rt l y th e r e a ft e r , A. H . b e g an w o rk i n g a s a p ro s t i t

ut e an d u s e d c o c a i n e i n b e tw e e n d at e s . A. H . s t at e d th at w h i l e s h e w o u l d h av e s o l i c i t o r s fo r h e r s e rv i c e s c o m e t o h e r h o t e l ro o m , C ro mw e ll w o u l d g o t o th e Ap p e ll an t ' s ro o m t o w a i t w h i l e s h e fi n i s h e d . I d at 1 6 4 . A . H . t e s t i fi e d d ur i n g tr i a l th at a lth o u g h s h e u s u a ll y g av e th e m o n e y s h e e arn e d fr o m d at e s t o C ro mw e ll , o r E lt o n C ro mw e ll , th e r e m ay h av e b e e n o c c a s i o n s h e " m ayb e " w i tn e s s e d C ro mw e ll g i v i n g th e m o n e y t o th e Ap p e ll an t. N . T . 0 6 / 2 8 / 2 0 1 6 at 1 6 7 . A t an o th e r p o i n t i n h e r t e s t i m o ny , A. H . s t at e d th at s h e w i tn e s s e d th e " dr i v e r s " g i v e m o n e y t o th e

2 0Ap p e ll an t an d th at C ro mw e ll u s e d th e s am e dr i v e r a s th e Ap p e ll an t. 

### I d at 2 0 4 . F urth e r , A. H . t e s t i fi e d th at s h e w i tn e s s e d C ro mw e ll t ak i n g o r d e r s fr o m th e Ap p e ll an t. I d at 1 9 6 . P e r h a p s th e m o s t c o g e n t ar g um e n t t o i n c u l p at e th e Ap p e ll an t i n th e c o n s p i ra c y t o tra ffi c a m i n o r c o m e s a ft e r h i s d i s c o v e r y o f h e r tru e a g e . T h e r e a p p e ar s t o b e n o fa c t

u a l d i s p ut e th at un t i l a c e rt a i n t i m e , A. H . h a d m i s r e p r e s e n t e d h e r a g e un t i l h e r m i n o r s t at u s w a s d i s c o v e r e d . A t th at t i m e , A . H . d i r e c tl y i n fo rm e d th e Ap p e ll an t th at s h e w a s , i n fa c t , a m i n o r an d h i s r e s p o n s e w a s t o t e ll A. H . t o " p a c k u

p [ h e r ] s t u ff an d [ th e Ap p e ll an t ] w a s g o i n g t o l e t [ A. H . ] s t ay at h i s w i fe ' s h o u s e fo r a c o u

p l e d ay s . " N . T. 0 6 / 2 8 / 2 0 1 6 at 1 8 2 . A . H . furth e r s t at e d th at w h i l e s h e , th e Ap p e ll an t an d C ro mw e ll w e r e i n th e h o t e l ro o m a f t e r th e d i s c o v e r

y o f h e r a g e s h e

" r e m e mb e r [ e d ] i t b e i n g l e f t u p t o J o hn w h e th e r th e y [ th e Ap p e ll an t an d C ro mw e ll ] w e r e g o i n g t o k e e p m e a f

t e r fi n d i n g o ut h o w o l d I w a s . " 

### I d at 1 9 7 . A ft e r th e Ap p e ll an t t o o k A. H . t o h i s w i f e ' s h o u s e , h e d i d n o t t e ll A. H . th at h e w an t e d n o th i n g t o d o w i th an un d e ra g e p ro s t i tut e , d i d n o t t e ll A. H . th at s h e s h o u l d r e t

urn h o m e , an d d i d n o t tr y t o c o n t a c t A. H . ' s p ar e n t s . 

### I d at 1 9 5 . A l t e rn at i v e l y s t at e d , th e Ap p e ll an t d i d n o th i n g t o p r e v e n t A . H. fr o m c o n t i nu i n g w o rk fo r h i m an d fa i l e d t o t e ll A. H . t o c e a s e w o rk i n g fo r h i m . S ub s e qu e n t t o A. H . h av i n g s p e n t t i m e at th e Ap p e ll an t' s h o m e o n T a c k aw ann a S tr e e t , A . H . w a s p i c k e d u p fr o m th e r e s i d e n c e an d dr i v e n b a c k t o a h o t e l b y b o th C ro mw e ll an d th e Ap p e ll an t. N . T . 0 6 / 2 8 / 2 0 1 6 at 1 8 4 . A d dr e s s i n g th e fo ur fa c t o r s l a i d o ut i n 

### K i n a rd , th e Ap p e ll an t p art i c i p at e d fu ll y i n th e c o mm i s s i o n o f c o n s p i ra c y t o tra ffi c a m i n o r. O n e v i c t i m , A . H. , d e s c r i b e d th e Ap p e ll an t an d C ro mw e ll a s b e i n g " g o o d fr i e n d s , " an d o p e rat e d w h at c o u l d b e l ab e l e d a b u s i n e s s . N . T . 0 6 / 2 8 / 2 0 1 6 at 1 8 6 , 1 9 5 . M r . C ro mw e ll w a s k n o w n t o t ak e or d e r s fr o m th e Ap p e ll an t. 

### I d at 1 9 6 . U n d e r th e s e c o n d fa c t o r p r e s e n t i n 

### K i n a rd , th e Ap p e ll an t h a d fu ll kn o w l e d g e ab o ut th e c r i m e . T h e Ap p e ll an t m a d e th e d e c i s i o n , a f t e r a ll o w i n g A. H . t o s t ay at h i s h o m e , t o r e turn A . H . t o th e

2 1h o t e l w i th C ro mw e ll un d e r th e a s s ump t i o n s h e w o u l d b e g i n w o rk i n g a g a i n . I n fa c t , C ro mw e ll

l o o k e d t o th e Ap p e ll an t t o m ak e a d e c i s i o n o n h o w t o h an d l e th e s i t u at i o n a ft e r d i s c o v e r i n g th at A. H . w a s a m i n o r. T h e b a s i c e l e m e n t s fo r c o n v i c t i o n o f C r i m i n a l C o n s p i ra c y un d e r 1 8 P a . C . S . A. 

### § 9 0 3 r e qu i r e a d e m o n s trat i o n th at tw o o r m o r e p e r s o n s : ( 1 ) e n t e r e d i n t o an a g r e e m e n t t o c o mm i t o r a i d i n a c r i m i n a l a c t w i th an o th e r p e r s o n o r p e r s o n s ; ( 2 ) w i th a s h ar e d c r i m i n a l i n t e n t ; an d th at ( 3 ) an o v e rt a c t w a s d o n e i n furth e ran c e o f th e c o n s p i ra c y . T h e C o mm o nw e a l th p ro v e d th e e x i s t e n c e o f an a g r e e m e n t b e y o n d a r e a s o n ab l e d o ub t. T h e C o mm o nw e a lth h a d o n e w i tn e s s , M . S . , p r e s e n t w h e n s u c h an a g r e e m e n t w a s m a d e . H o w e v e r , i n f e r e n c e s t o th e Ap p e ll an t ' s a g r e e m e n t t o c o mm i t th e c r i m i n a l a c t m ay a l s o b e draw n fr o m th e Ap p e ll an t ' s p r e s e n c e at th e h o t e l , h i s p r e s e n c e w h e n r e c ru i t i n g v i c t i m s t o b e tra ffi c k e d an d h i s p o s i t i o n a s th e h e a d o f th e o r g an i z at i o n . N e x t , th e C o mm o nw e a lth d e m o n s trat e d a s h ar e d c r i m i n a l i n t e n t w h e n th e Ap p e ll an t , w i th E l t o n C ro mw e ll , p i c k e d u

p A . H . fr o m h i s fam i l y h o m e an d b ro u g h t h e r b a c k t o th e h o t e l t o c o n t i nu e h e r w o rk i n p ro s t i t

ut i o n . T h e s h ar e d c r i m i n a l i n t e n t m ay a l s o b e i n fe rr e d fr o m th e d i s tr i b ut i o n o f n ar c o t i c s th at th e Ap p e ll an t p i c k e d u p fo r u s e b y o th e r v i c t i m s th at th e Ap p e ll an t cl a i m s d o e s n o t w o rk fo r h i m . F i n a ll y , th e o v e rt a c t d o n e i n furth e r an c e o f th e c o n s p i ra c y w a s c o mp l e t e d w h e n th e Ap p e ll an t p i c k e d u

p A . H . fo r th e fir s t t i m e an d r e c ru i t e d h e r fo r p ro s t i t ut i o n ; o r a l t e rn at i v e l y , th e o v e rt a c t c an b e i n f

e r r e d fr o m w h e n h e b ro u g h t A . H . b a c k t o th e h o t e l fo r th e e xp r e s s p urp o s e o f c o n t i nu i n g h e r w o rk i n p ro s t i t ut i o n . T h e r e e x i s t e d a n e tw o rk d e s i g n e d an d o p e rat e d 

### b y th e Ap p e ll an t th at i n cl u d e d dr i v e r s fo r tran s p o rt i n g A . H . , an d o th e r tra f fi c k i n g v i c t i m s , t o o th e r l o c at i o n s t o m e e t c u s t o m e r s fo r s e x u a l s e rv i c e s . W i th i n th e n e tw o rk an d o r g an i z at i o n h e a d e d 

### b y th e Ap p e ll an t , th e r e w e r e i n d i v i d u a l s a s s i g n e d t o c o ll e c t m o n e y fr o m th e tra ffi c k i n g v i c t i m s a f t e r

" d at e s " an d fo r th e d i s tr i b ut i o n o f n ar c o t i c s . A. H. w a s e xp o s e d t o - an d w o rk e d w i th i n th e

2 2c o n s p i ra c y h e a d e d b y th e Ap p e ll an t - th e dr i v e r s , th e i n d i v i d u a l s w h o c o ll e c t e d h e r m o n e y , g av e h e r n ar c o t i c s , p ro v i d e d h e r c e ll u l ar p h o n e s , an d p r o v i d e d m o n e y fo r A. H . t o p o s t a dv e rt i s e m e n t s . H e r e , th e e n t i r e r e c o r d m o r e th an a d e qu at e l y s u p p o rt s a fi n d i n g th at th e e v i d e n c e w a s s u f fi c i e n t at tr i a l t o s u s t a i n a c o nv i c t i o n fo r c o n s p i ra c y t o tra ffi c a m i n o r. It w o u l d b e o rth o g o n a l t o l o g i c an d r e a s o n t o fi n d th e Ap p e ll an t w a s s o m e h o w i n s u l at e d o r un aw ar e o f th e v i c t i m ' s m i n o r i ty s t at

u s . A ft e r a b r i e f r e s p i t e at h i s h o m e , A. H. w a s r e t urn e d t o th e h o t e l t o c o n t i nu e th e w o rk fo r w h i c h s h e w a s r e c ru i t e d . T h e r e fo r e , th e C o mm o nw e a lth p r e s e n t e d s u ffi c i e n t e v i d e n c e t o p ro v e e a c h r e qu i r e d e l e m e n t o f C r i m i n a l C o n s p i ra c y b e y o n d a r e a s o n ab l e d o ub t. d . S e x u a l E x p l o i t a t i o n o f C h il d r e n T h e Ap p e ll an t n e x t c o n t e n d s th e e v i d e n c e p r e s e n t e d at tr i a l w a s i n s u ffi c i e n t t o s u s t a i n a c o nv i c t i o n fo r s e x u a l e xp l o i t at i o n o fc h i l dr e n . T h e c r i m e o f S e x u a l E xp l o i t at i o n o f C h i l dr e n i s d e fi n e d i n th e C ri m e s C o d e a s :



### § 6 3 2 0 . S e x u a l E xp l o i t at i o n o f C h i l dr e n . ( a ) O ff e n s e D e fi n e d - A p e r s o n c o m m i t s th e o ff e n s e o f s e x u a l e xp l o i t at i o n o f c h i l dr e n i f h e p ro c ur e s fo r an o th e r p e r s o n a c h i l d un d e r 1 8 y e ar s o f a g e fo r th e p urp o s e o f s e x u a l e xp l o i t at i o n . ( c ) D e fi n i t i o n s - A s u s e d i n th i s s e c t i o n , th e fo ll o w i n g w o r d s an d p hr a s e s s h a ll h av e th e m e an i n g s g i v e n t o th e m i n th i s s ub s e c t i o n : " P ro c ur e . " T o o b t a i n o r m ak e av a i l ab l e fo r s e x u a l e xp l o i t at i o n . " S e x u a l E xp l o i t at i o n . " A c t u a l o r s i mu l at e d s e x u a l a c t i v i ty o r nu d i ty arr an g e d fo r th e p urp o s e o f s e x u a l s t i mu l at i o n o r g rat i fi c at i o n o f any p e r s o n . 1 8 P a . C . S . A. § 6 3 2 0 ( a ) ( c ) . T h e r e fo r e , th e C o mm o nw e a l th mu s t p ro v e th at a d e fe n d an t: ( 1 ) o b t a i n e d o r m a d e av a i l ab l e a p e r s o n un d e r 1 8 y e ar s o f a g e ; ( 2 ) fo r th e p urp o s e o f any a c t u a l o r s i mu l at e d s e x u a l a c t i v i ty fo r th e p urp o s e o f s e x u a l s t i mu l at i o n o r g rat i fi c at i o n o f any p e r s o n .

2 3H e r e , th e r e i s s u f fi c i e n t e v i d e n c e i n th e r e c o r d t o s u p p o rt th e Ap p e ll an t ' s c o nv i c t i o n fo r s e x u a l e xp l o i t at i o n o f c h i l dr e n . T h e fi r s t n i g h t th at th e Ap p e ll an t an d C ro mw e ll e n c o un t e r e d A . H . , a p e r s o n un d e r 1 8 y e ar s o f a g e , th e y " t o l d [ A. H . ] th at th e y w o u l d p o s t an a d fo r m e an d th at I c o u l d w o rk fo r th e m t o s t ay th e r e . " N . T . 6 / 2 8 / 2 0 1 6 at 1 5 9 . A. H . furth e r cl ar i fi e d an d s t at e d th at th e a dv e rt i s e m e n t s w o u l d b e p o s t e d o n C ra i g s l i s t fo r e ro t i c s e rv i c e s . I d . A. H . d e fi n e d e ro t i c s e rv i c e s a s h av i n g s e x u a l i n t e r c o ur s e w i th c u s t o m e r s i n e x c h an g e fo r m o n e y . I d . T h e s e C ra i g s li s t an d B a c k p a g e a dv e rt i s e m e n t s w e r e p o s t e d mu l t i p l e t i m e s p e r d ay w i th p h o t o g ra p h s o f A. H. an d i n cl u d e d a p h o n e numb e r fo r c u s t o m e r s t o c o n t a c t A . H. fo r h e r s e x u a l s e rv i c e s . Id at 1 6 1. M . S . t e s t i fi e d th at s h e kn e w A. H . , a m i n o r , w a s p e r fo rm i n g s e x a c t s fo r m o n e y . N . T . 6 / 2 8 / 2 0 1 6 at 1 3 3 - 3 4 . M . S . furth e r t e s t i fi e d th at s h e w i tn e s s e d A . H . g i v i n g th e m o n e y e arn e d fr o m th e s e s e x a c t s t o C ro mw e ll . I

d at 1 3 4 . T h e r e w a s t e s t i m o ny th at C ro mw e ll m ay h av e t urn e d th i s m o n e y o v e r t o th e Ap p e ll an t. I

d at 1 6 7 . F urth e r , th e r e i s m o r e th an a d e qu at e t e s t i m o ny t o s u p p o rt th e Ap p e ll an t ' s c o nv i c t i o n fo r s e x u a l e xp l o i t at i o n o f c h i l dr e n c o rr e s p o n d i n g t o h i s a c t i o n s a f t e r fi n d i n g o ut A. H . ' s tru e a g e . T h e Ap p e ll an t t o l d A . H . t o " p a c k u p [ h e r ] s t u ff an d [ th e Ap p e ll an t ] w a s g o i n g t o l e t [ A. H. ] s t ay at h i s w i f e ' s h o u s e fo r a c o u

p l e d ay s . " N . T . 0 6 / 2 8 / 2 0 1 6 at 1 8 2 . A f t e r a ll o w i n g a s h o rt numb e r o f d ay s t o p a s s , A. H . w a s p i c k e d u p fr o m th e r e s i d e n c e an d dr i v e n b a c k t o a h o t e l b y b o th C ro mw e ll an d th e Ap p e l l an t. I d at 1 8 4 . A. H . r e t

urn e d t o th e h o t e l an d c o n t i nu e d t o p o s t a dv e rt i s e m e n t s o n l i n e i n s o l i c i t i n g c u s t o m e r s t o h av e s e x u a l i n t e r c o ur s e i n e x c h an g e fo r c urr e n c y . N . T . 6 / 2 9 / 2 0 1 6 at 2 2 . T h e Ap p e ll an t d i d n o t t e ll A. H . th at h e w an t e d n o th i n g t o d o w i th an un d e ra g e p ro s t i t ut e , d i d n o t t e ll A. H . th at s h e s h o u l d r e t urn h o m e , an d d i d n o t try t o c o n t a c t A. H . ' s p ar e n t s . I d at 1 9 5 . T h e c o n c l u s i o n th at i s drawn fr o m th e s e a c t i o n s i s th at th e Ap p e ll an t h a d kn o w l e d g e th at A. H . w a s s o l i c i t i n g c u s t o m e r s fo r s e x u a l s e rv i c e s i n th e h o t e l p r i o r

2 4t o h e r s t ay at h i s h o m e , an d th at w i th o ut any i n t e rv e n t i o n s u c h c o n d u c t w o u l d c o n t i nu e a ft e r h e r r e t urn t o th e s am e h o t e l. T h e Ap p e ll an t m a d e a m i n o r av a i l ab l e th ro u g h p o s t i n g h e r p h o t o g ra p h i n o n l i n e a dv e rt i s e m e n t s w i th a p h o n e numb e r i n cl u d e d thro u g h w h i c h c u s t o m e r s c o n t a c t e d h e r. T h e r e m ay a l s o b e ar g um e n t m a d e th at th e Ap p e ll an t m a d e A. H . av a i l ab l e fo r s e x u a l e xp l o i t at i o n thro u g h th e r e n t a l o f h o t e l ro o m s fo r A . H. t o c o mp l e t e s e x u a l a c t s w i th c u s t o m e r s . A . H . w a s p ro c ur e d o r m a d e av a i l ab l e " fo r an o th e r p e r s o n " w i th i n th e m e an i n g o f § 6 3 2 0 b e c au s e th e o n li n e a dv e rt i s e m e n t s w e r e d i r e c t e d t o w ar d s any p e r s o n w h o c am e u p o n A. H. ' s a dv e rt i s e m e n t o n C ra i g s l i s t o r B a c k

p a g e . T h e r e c an b e l i tt l e d i s p ut e th at th e a dv e rt i s e m e n t s w e r e fo r th e p urp o s e o f " s e x u a l e xp l o i t at i o n " w i th i n th e m e an i n g o fth e s t at ut e . A g a i n , s e x u a l e xp l o i t at i o n i s d e fi n e d a s a c t

u a l o r s i mu l at e d s e x u a l a c t i v i ty fo r th e s e x u a l s t i mu l at i o n o r gr at i fi c at i o n o f an o th e r p e r s o n . 1 8 P a . C . S . A . § 6 3 2 0 ( c ) . A . H . e xp l i c i t l y s t at e d th at th e p urp o s e o f th e a dv e rt i s e m e n t s w a s t o s o li c i t c u s t o m e r s fo r s e x u a l i n t e r c o ur s e i n e x c h an g e fo r m o n e y . N .T . 6 / 2 8 / 2 0 1 6 at 1 5 9 . T h e s e o th e r p e r s o n s c o n t a c t e d A. H. an d s u b s e qu e n t l y h a d s e x u a l i n t e r c o ur s e w i th h e r . T h e r e fo r e , th e e v i d e n c e i s s u f

fi c i e n t t o s u s t a i n th e Ap p e ll an t ' s c o n v i c t i o n fo r s e x u a l e xp l o i t at i o n o f c h i l dr e n . e . C r i m i n a l U s e o f a C o m m u n i c a t i o n F a c ili ty I n h i s fo urth p o i n t o f a

p p e a l c o n c e rn i n g th e s u ffi c i e n c y o f th e e v i d e n c e , th e Ap p e ll an t c o n t e n d s th e e v i d e n c e w a s i n s u f fi c i e n t t o s u s t a i n a c o n v i c t i o n fo r c r i m i n a l u s e o f a c o m mun i c at i o n fa c i l i ty . I n a d dr e s s i n g th e Ap p e l l an t ' s c o n v i c t i o n o f c r i m i n a l u s e o f a c o m mun i c at i o n fa c i l i ty , th e c r i m e i s d e fi n e d i n r e l e v an t p art a s fo ll o w s : A p e r s o n c o m m i t s a fe l o ny o f th e th i r d d e g r e e i f th at p e r s o n u s e s a c o m mun i c at i o n fa c i l i ty t o c o m m i t , c au s e o r fa c i l i t at e th e c o m m i s s i o n o r th e att e mp t th e r e o f o f any c r i m e w h i c h c o n s t i t ut e s a fe l o ny un d e r th i s t i tl e [ ]. E v e r y i n s t an c e w h e r e th e c o m mun i c at i o n fa c i l i ty i s ut i l i z e d c o n s t i t ut e s a s e p arat e o ff e n s e un d e r th i s s e c t i o n .

2 51 8 P a . C . S . A. § 7 5 1 2 ( a ) . A " c o mmun i c at i o n fa c i l i ty " i n cl u d e s b o th a c o mp ut e r c o nn e c t e d t o th e

i n t e rn e t an d t e l e p h o n e s . 1 8 P a . C . S . A. § 7 5 1 2 ( c ) . T hu s , t o s u s t a i n a c o n v i c t i o n un d e r 1 8 P a . C . S . A. § 7 5 1 2 , th e C o mm o nw e a l th mu s t p ro v e th at a d e f e n d an t i n t e n t i o n a ll y , kn o w i n g l y , o r r e c k l e s s l y u s e d a c o mmun i c at i o n fa c i li ty , an d th at , i n d o i n g s o , th e d e fe n d an t i n t e n t i o n a ll y , kn o w i n g l y , o r r e c k l e s s l y fa c i l i t at e d th e c o m m i s s i o n o r att e mp t e d c o m m i s s i o n o fth e un d e rl y i n g f e l o ny . S e e C o m m o n w e a lt

h v . M o s s , 8 5 2 A . 2 d 3 7 4 , 3 8 1 ( P a . S u p e r. 2 0 0 4 ) . H e r e , th e Ap p e ll an t t e s t i fi e d d

ur i n g tr i a l an d a dm i tt e d t o s e v e ra l un d e rl y i n g fe l o n i e s th at w o u l d p ro v i d e s u f fi c i e n t e v i d e n c e t o fi n d th e Ap p e ll an t u s e d a c o mmun i c at i o n fa c i l i ty t o fa c i l i t at e th e c o mm i s s i o n o f an un d e rl y i n g fe l o ny . T h e tr i a l c o urt w i ll d i s c u s s th e Ap p e ll an t ' s u s e o f a c o mmun i c at i o n fa c i l i ty a s i t r e l at e s t o h i s c o n v i c t i o n fo r th e fe l o ny § 5 9 0 2 ( b ) ( 1 ) p ro s t i t uti o n c h ar g e . H e r e , th e r e w a s e x t e n s i v e t e s t i m o ny fr o m mu lt i p l e w i tn e s s e s , i n cl u d i n g th e Ap p e ll an t , at tr i a l th at i n c u l p at e d th e Ap p e ll an t i n th e u s e o f an i n t e rn e t c o nn e c t e d c o mp ut e r an d t e l e p h o n e s t o fa c i l i t at e p ro s t i t

ut i o n . O n e v i c t i m , M . S . , t e s t i fi e d th at th e Ap p e ll an t t o o k e xp l i c i t p h o t o g ra p h s o f h e r an d p o s t e d h e r p i c t

ur e s o n C ra i g s l i s t , o n e p ro m i n e n t w e b s i t e u s e d t o dr aw c u s t o m e r s , i n a dv e rt i s e m e n t s t o " g e t th e p h o n e c a ll s . " N . T. 6 / 2 8 / 2 0 1 6 at 6 1. M . S . furth e r t e s t i fi e d th at th e Ap p e ll an t i s th e p e r s o n r e s p o n s i b l e fo r t ak i n g p i c t ur e s , c r e at i n g th e a dv e rt i s e m e n t s , p l a c i n g M . S . ' s t e l e p h o n e numb e r i n th e C ra i g s l i s t a dv e rt i s e m e n t t o draw c u s t o m e r s an d m ak i n g s ur e th at M . S . an s w e r e d th e s e p h o n e c a ll s fo r p o t e n t i a l d at e s . I d at 6 8 . I n th e n e x t i n s t an c e , an o th e r v i c t i m , T. W . , t e s t i fi e d t o h e r e xp e r i e n c e w i th th e Ap p e ll an t an d h i s fa c i l i t at i o n o f p ro s t i t ut i o n thro u g h a c o mmun i c at i o n fa c i l i ty . T . W . e xp l a i n e d th at s h e w a s g i v e n a p r e p a i d c e ll u l ar p h o n e b y th e Ap p e ll an t an d th i s p h o n e numb e r w a s p l a c e d i n t o C ra i g s l i s t a dv e rt i s e m e n t s b y th e Ap p e ll an t fo r th e p urp o s e o f o r g an i z i n g " d at e s " fo r T. W . N . T . 6 / 2 9 / 2 0 1 6 at 1 2 . T h e v i c t i m , T . W . , a l s o t e s t i fi e d th at th e Ap p e ll an t " t o o k p h o t o s o f [ T . W . ] an d th e n p ut

2 6th e m u

p [ o n C ra i g s l i s t ]. " 

### I

d . T h e p h o t o g ra

p h s th at th e Ap p e ll an t t o o k o f T . W . at th e R o o s e v e l t I nn fo r th e C ra i g s l i s t a dv e rt i s e m e n t w e r e cl e ar l y fo r th e p urp o s e o f draw i n g c u s t o m e r s fo r s e x u a l e n c o un t e r s a s T. W . w a s " b e n t o v e r th e b e d , an d , l i k e [ h e r ] b a c k s i d e t o w ar d s th e p h o t o s w h e r e [ T. W . ] w a s p o k i n g [ h e r ] b utt o ut an d l e an i n g a g a i n s t th e d o o r. " 

### I d at 1 4 . T hu s , a s e c o n d w i tn e s s t e s t i fi e d th at th e Ap p e ll an t t o o k e xp l i c i t p h o t o g ra p h s o f T . W . an d w a s r e s p o n s i b l e fo r p o s t i n g a dv e rt i s e m e n t s o n C ra i g s li s t , e mb e d d e d w i th th e p h o n e numb e r fo r th e p r e p a i d p h o n e p ro v i d e d b y th e Ap p e ll an t , fo r th e p urp o s e o f s e c ur i n g c u s t o m e r s fo r T . W . T h e th i r d i n s t an c e o f th e Ap p e ll an t fa c i l i t at i n g th e c o mm i s s i o n o f a fe l o ny , p ro m o t i n g p ro s t i t ut i o n , thro u g h a c o mmun i c at i o n fa ci l i ty c o m e s , o n c e a g a i n , fr o m th e Ap p e ll an t h i m s e l f . T h e Ap p e ll an t d o e s n o t d e ny th at v i c t i m s M . S . an d T. W . w o rk e d fo r h i m a s p ro s t i t ut e s . N . T . 6 / 2 8 / 2 0 1 6 at I 6 6 . T h e Ap p e ll an t a dm i t s th at h e w o u l d d i r e c t th e v i c t i m s un d e r h i s e mp l o y m e n t t o p o s t a dv e rt i s e m e n t s t o w e b s i t e s s o l i c i t i n g c u s t o m e r s ; e s p e c i a ll y i n c a s e s w h e r e th e g i rl s m ay o w e m o n e y t o h i m . I

d at I 72 . T h e Ap p e ll an t a l s o a dm i t s d ur i n g h i s t e s t i m o ny th at h e t o o k p i c t ur e s o f g i r l s fo r th e p urp o s e o fp o s t i n g th e p i c t ur e o n C r a i g s l i s t an d B a c k p a g e . I d at 2 0 0 . T h e r e fo r e , th e Ap p e ll an t a dm i t s t o t ak i n g th e p h o t o g r a p h s kn o w i n g th at th e s e p h o t o s w o u l d b e u s e d t o s o l i c i t c u s t o m e r s . T h e e l e m e n t s fo r c r i m i n a l u s e o f a c o m mun i c at i o n fa c i l i ty r e qu i r e th e C o mm o nw e a l th t o p ro v e th e d e f

e n d an t u s e d a c o mmun i c at i o n fa c i l i ty t o fa c i l i t at e th e c o mm i s s i o n o f th e un d e r l y i n g fe l o ny . H e r e , th e r e w a s d i r e c t t e s t i m o ny fr o m w i tn e s s e s w h o c o n fi rm e d th at th e Ap p e ll an t w a s th e p e r s o n r e s p o n s i b l e fo r t ak i n g th e i r p i c t ur e s an d u s i n g th e p ro v o c at i v e p h o t o g r a p h s i n a dv e rt i s e m e n t s t o s e e k c u s t o m e r s fo r h i s e s c o rt s e rv i c e . E v e n un d e r th e d e fe n s e th e o r y th at th e Ap p e ll an t h i m s e l f d i d n o t p o s t th e a dv e rt i s e m e n t s , a th e o r y w h i c h th e tr i a l c o urt d o e s n o t fi n d c r e d i b l e , h e s t i l l m a d e l a p t o p s an d c e ll u l ar p h o n e s av a i l a b l e t o th e g i r l s t o p o s t a dv e rt i s e m e n t s fo r

2 7th e i r s e rv i c e s . N . T. 6 / 2 9 / 2 0 1 6 at 1 2 , 1 7 1. T h e r e e x i s t s l i tt l e d o ub t , cl ar i fi e d fr o m th e Ap p e ll an t ' s

o w n t e s t i m o ny , th at th e Ap p e ll an t p ro m o t e d p ro s t i t ut i o n . F o r i n s t an c e , d e fe n s e c o un s e l c o n c e d e s i n cl o s i n g th at th e d e fe n s e h a s n o ar g um e n t t o th e fe l o ny p ro s t i t ut i o n c h ar g e . I

d at 2 1 8 . A d d i t i o n a ll y , d e f

e n s e c o un s e l s t at e d th at th e r e i s n o ar g um e n t a g a i n s t th e c r i m i n a l u s e o f c o mmun i c at i o n fa c i l i ty w i th p ro s t i t ut i o n a s th e un d e rl y i n g f e l o ny . I d. A c c o r d i n g l y , th e r e w a s s u ffi c i e n t e v i d e n c e p r e s e n t e d at tr i a l th at th e Ap p e ll an t fa c i l i t at e d th e c o mm i s s i o n o f a f e l o ny thr o u g h a c o mmun i c at i o n fa c i l i ty . T h e r e fo r e , th e tr i a l c o urt d i d n o t e rr i n fi n d i n g s u f fi c i e n t e v i d e n c e w a s p r e s e n t e d at tr i a l t o p ro v e th e e l e m e n t s o f c r i m i n a l u s e o f a c o m mun i c at i o n fa c i l i ty b e y o n d a r e a s o n ab l e d o ub t. f . P r o m o t i n g P r o s t i t u t i o n - O w n H o u s e o f P r o s t i t u t i o n T h e Ap p e ll an t , i n h i s fi f th p o i n t o f a

p p e a l c o n t e s t s th e s u f

fi c i e n c y o f th e e v i d e n c e fo r h i s c o n v i c t i o n o f P ro m o t i n g P ro s t i t ut i o n - O wn i n g a H o u s e o f P ro s t i t ut i o n . I n r e l e v an t p art , th e c ri m e o fp ro m o t i n g p ro s t i t ut i o n i n th e C r i m e s C o d e i s d e fi n e d a s : b ) P ro m o t i n g p ro s t i t

ut i o n . - - A p e r s o n w h o kn o w i n g l y p ro m o t e s p ro s t i tut i o n o f an o th e r c o m m i t s a m i s d e m e an o r o r fe l o ny a s p ro v i d e d i n s ub s e c t i o n ( c ) o fth i s s e c t i o n . T h e fo ll o w i n g a c t s s h a ll , w i th o ut l i m i t at i o n o f th e fo r e g o i n g , c o n s t i t ut e p ro m o t i n g p ro s t i t

ut i o n : (1 ) o w n i n g , c o n tro ll i n g , m an a g i n g , s u p e rv i s i n g o r o th e rw i s e k e e p i n g , a l o n e o r i n a s s o c i at i o n w i th o th e r s , a h o u s e o f p ro s t i t ut i o n o r a p r o s t i t

ut i o n b u s i n e s s ; 1 8 P a . C . S . A. 

### § 5 9 0 2 ( b ) ( l ) . R e g ar d i n g th e e l e m e n t s o f th e c r i m e o fp ro m o t i n g p ro s t i t ut i o n , th e S u p e r i o r C o urt h a s s t at e d th at t o s u s t a i n a c o n v i c t i o n o f p ro m o t i n g p ro s t i t ut i o n , th e C o mm o nw e a lth mu s t p ro v e b e y o n d a r e a s o n ab l e d o ub t: ( 1 ) th e e x i s t e n c e o f a p ro s t i t ut i o n b u s i n e s s ; an d ( 2 ) th at th e a c c u s e d a c t i v e l y p art i c i p at e d i n th e " runn i n g , c o n tr o l , s u p e rv i s i o n , o r k e e p i n g o f th e p ro s t i t

ut i o n b u s i n e s s . " S

e e C o m m o n w e a l t

h v . D o b r i n o

ff, 7 8 4 A . 2 d 1 4 5 , 1 4 7 · 1 4 8 ( P a . S u p e r . 2 0 0 1 ) . P ro s t i t

ut i o n i s d e fi n e d a s " s e x u a l r e l at i o n s fo r h i r e . " D o b r i n o ff, 7 8 4 A . 2 d 1 4 8 . 2 8F urth e rm o r e , th e a p p e ll at e c o urt s h av e fo un d th at a " b u s i n e s s " i s " a c o mm e r c i a l a c t i v i ty e n g a g e d i n fo r g a i n . " C

o m m o n w e a lt

h v . P o tt s , 4 6 0 A. 2 d 1 1 2 7 , 1 1 3 5 ( P a . S u p e r. 1 9 8 3 ) ( d e f

e n d an t w h o a g r e e d t o e n g a g e i n s e x u a l a c t i v i ty an d a c c e p t e d an a dv an c e p ay m e n t o f $ 1 4 0 w a s e n g a g e d i n p ro s t i t ut i o n a s a b u s i n e s s ) . A d d i t i o n a ll y , o w n e r s h i p an d c o n tro l o f th e b u i l d i n g ar e n o t e s s e n t i a l t o a c o nv i c t i o n ; o n l y th e u s e o fth e b u i l d i n g fo r th e p urp o s e o fp ro s t i t ut i o n i s r e qu i r e d . C o m m o n w e a lt

h v . M i c h a e la nge lo , 5 P a . D . & C . 2 d 9 2 , 9 4 ( P a . B e av e r C . 1 9 5 5 ) . H e r e , th e r e w a s s u ffi c i e n t e v i d e n c e t o s u p p o rt th e c o nv i c t i o n o f p ro m o t i n g p ro s t i t ut i o n b e y o n d a r e a s o n ab l e d o ub t. T h e fi r s t e l e m e n t o f th e o ff e n s e r e qu i r e s th e e x i s t e n c e o f a p ro s t i t ut i o n b u s i n e s s . T h e Ap p e ll an t s t at e s th at h e w a s a p i mp . N . T . 6 / 2 9 / 2 0 1 6 at 1 6 6 . H e a dm i t s th at h e h a d u

p w ar d s o f e i g h t w o m e n w o rk i n g fo r h i m a s p ro s t i t ut e s . I d at 1 8 9 . T h e Ap p e ll an t a dm i t s th at T . W . an d M . S . w o rk e d a s p r o s t i t ut e s fo r h i m . Id at 1 6 6 . T w o v i c t i m s , M . S . an d T. W . , t e s t i fi e d th at th e y w o rk e d fo r th e Ap p e ll an t a s p ro s t i t ut e s . T h i s r e p r e s e n t s , fo r a ll i n t e n t s an d p urp o s e s , th e e x i s t e n c e o f a p ro s t i t ut i o n b u s i n e s s . T h e s e c o n d e l e m e n t o f th e o ff e n s e r e qu i r e s th at th e C o mm o nw e a l th p ro v e th at th e Ap p e ll an t p art i c i p at e d i n th e " runn i n g , c o n tro l , s u p e rv i s i o n , o r k e e p i n g o fth e p ro s t i t ut i o n b u s i n e s s . " T . W . t e s t i fi e d th at th e Ap p e ll an t p l a c e d th e a dv e rt i s e m e n t s o n l i n e , t o o k p h o t o s t o p l a c e i n th e a dv e rt i s e m e n t s , g av e h e r t e l e p h o n e s t o r e c e i v e p h o n e c a ll s fr o m c u s t o m e r s , c o ll e c t e d m o n e y fr o m th e v i c t i m s a ft e r th e i r " d at e s , " an d w a s i n c h ar g e o f th e g ro u p i n cl u d i n g E d d i e M e n d e z an d E l t o n C ro mw e l l. I d at 1 1 , 13 , 1 9 , 3 2 . M . S . t e s t i fi e d th at th e fir s t n i g h t s h e m e t th e Ap p e ll an t th at s h e w a s t o l d b y th e Ap p e ll an t th at s h e c o u l d w o rk fo r h i m a s a p ro s t i tut e . N . T . 6 / 2 8 / 2 0 1 6 at 5 7 . M . S . t e s t i fi e d th at th e r e w e r e at l e a s t s i x g i rl s w o rk i n g fo r th e Ap p e ll an t , th at M . S . g av e th e m o n e y t o th e Ap p e ll an t a ft e r e a c h d at e an d th at h e b ro u g h t i n a d d i t i o n a l p e r s o n s t o h e l p e xp an d th e numb e r o f g i r l s w o rk i n g fo r h i m I d at 6 5 , 6 7 , 7 3 .

2 9G i v e n th at th e Ap p e ll an t h i m s e l f a dm i t s th at h e r an a p ro s t i t ut i o n b u s i n e s s an d w a s a p i mp , i t w o u l d a

p p e ar l o g i c a l t o c o n cl u d e th at th e r e e x i s t e d a p ro s t i t ut i o n b u s i n e s s an d th at th e Ap p e ll an t w a s i nv o l v e d i n th e m an a g e m e n t o f th e p ro s t i t ut i o n b u s i n e s s . T h e t e s t i m o ny fr o m v i c t i m s M . S . an d T . W . o n l y s e rv e a s furth e r e v i d e n c e th at th e Ap p e ll an t fo rm e d th e p ro s t i t ut i o n r i n g an d a c t i v e l y p art i c i p at e d i n th e m an a g e m e n t o f th e b u s i n e s s . T h e r e fo r e , th e r e w a s s u f fi c i e n t e v i d e n c e p r e s e n t e d at tr i a l t o s u p p o rt th e Ap p e ll an t ' s c o nv i c t i o n fo r p ro m o t i n g p r o s t i t ut i o n b e y o n d a r e a s o n ab l e d o ub t. g . C o r ru p t i o n o f M i n o r s T h e Ap p e ll an t a s s e rt s th at th e e v i d e n c e p r e s e n t e d b y th e C o mm o nw e a lth at tr i a l w a s i n s u f fi c i e n t t o p ro v e th e n e c e s s ar y e l e m e n t s fo r c o nv i c t i o n o f C o rru p t i o n o f M i n o r s b e y o n d a r e a s o n ab l e d o ub t. T h e Ap p e ll an t w a s c o nv i c t e d o f C o rr u p t i o n o f M i n o r s d e fi n e d i n th e C r i m e s C o d e a s : 

### § 6 3 0 1 . C o rr

u p t i o n o f M i n o r s ( a ) O ff e n s e D e fi n e d . - ( 1 ) ( i ) E x c e p t a s p ro v i d e d i n s ub p ara g r a p h ( i i ) , w h o e v e r , b e i n g o f th e a g e o f 1 8 y e ar s an d u

p w ar d s , b y any a c t c o r

ru p t s o r t e n d s t o c o rr

u p t th e m o ra l s o f any m i n o r l e s s th an 1 8 y e ar s o f a g e , o r w h o a i d s , a b e t s , e n t i c e s o r e n c o ura g e s any s u c h m i n o r i n th e c o mm i s s i o n o f any c ri m e , o r w h o kn o w i n g l y a s s i s t s o r e n c o ura g e s s u c h m i n o r i n v i o l at i n g h i s o r h e r p aro l e o r any o r d e r o f c o urt , c o mm i t s a m i s d e m e an o r o f th e fir s t d e g r e e . 1 8 P a . C . S . A. 

### § 6 3 0 1. T h e P e nn s y l v an i a S u p e r i o r C o urt i n C

o m m o n w e a lth v . L e a t

h e rb y , 1 1 6 A. 3 d 7 3 , 8 2 ( P a . S u

p e r . 2 0 1 5 ) , e xp o un d e d o n th e d e fi n i t i o n o f th e c o rr u p t i o n o f m i n o r s , h o l d i n g ,

" [ a c t i o n s th at ] w o u l d o ff e n d th e c o mm o n, s e n s e o f th e c o mmun i ty an d th e s e n s e o f d e c e n c y , p ro p r i e ty an d m o ra li ty , w h i c h m o s t p e o p l e e n t e rt a i n , " ar e th o s e w h i c h s h a ll b e c o n s i d e r e d c o r ru p t i n g a m i n o r. C

o m m o n w e a l t

h v . Pa n kraz

, 5 5 4 A . 2 d 9 7 4 , 9 77 ( P a . S u p e r . 1 9 8 9 ) , qu o t i n g C

o m m o n w e a lt

h v . R a n d

a ll , 1 3 3 A. 2 d 2 7 6 ( P a . S u

p e r . 1 9 5 7 ) .

3 0H e r e , th e Ap p e ll an t w a s c h ar g e d an d c o n v i c t e d un d e r § 6 3 0 l ( a ) (l ) ( i ) . T h e fi r s t p art o f

s ub s e c t i o n ( a ) ( 1 ) (i ) r e qu i r e s th e d e f e n d an t t o p e r fo rm any a c t " th at " c o r ru p t s o r t e n d s t o c o rru

p t th e m o ra l s o f any m i n o r l e s s th an 1 8 y e ar s o f a g e . " 1 8 P a . C . S . A. 

### § 6 3 0 1 ( a ) (l ) ( i ) . T h e r e qu i r e m e n t un d e r § 6 3 0 1 ( a ) (l ) ( i ) r e qu i r e s o n l y th e p e r fo rm an c e o f any s i n g l e a c t th at c o r ru p t s o r t e n d s t o c o rru

p t a m i n o r , an d d o e s n o t r e qu i r e m o r e th an a s i n g l e a c t fo r c o n v i c t i o n un d e r th i s s ub s e c t i o n . S

e e C o m m o n w e a l t

h v . K e ll y , 1 0 2 A. 3 d 10 2 5 , 1 0 3 3 ( P a . S u p e r. 2 0 1 4 ) . T h e Ap p e ll an t r e c ru i t e d th e m i n o r , A. H . , fo r th e p urp o s e o f e n g a g i n g i n p ro s t i t ut i o n . T h e r e w a s e v i d e n c e p r e s e n t e d at tr i a l th at th e Ap p e ll an t an d C ro mw e ll , w h i l e o p e rat i n g a v e h i cl e , a p p ro a c h e d A. H . o n K e n s i n g t o n A v e nu e an d a s k e d h e r t o g e t i n t o th e i r c ar. N . T . 6 / 2 8 / 2 0 1 6 at 1 4 7 . A. H . w a s a s k e d w h i c h dru g s s h e u s e d an d u p o n i n fo rm i n g th e tw o th at s h e u s e d c o c a i n e , s h e g o t i n t o th e c ar w a s tran s p o rt e d t o th e R am a d a I nn o n R o o s e v e lt B o u l e v ar d . 

### I d at 1 4 8 . T h e Ap p e ll an t an d C ro mw e ll , a ft e r t e ll i n g A. H . th e y h a d a p l a c e fo r h e r t o s t ay , t o o k h e r t o a ro o m fi ll e d w i th mu l t i p l e g i rl s w h e r e A . H . " r e a l i z e d w h at th e y h a d g o i n g o n th e r e " an d th e g i r l s w e r e " p ro s t i t ut i n g . " Id at 1 5 0 - 5 1 . A . H. th e n t e s t i fi e d th at th e Ap p e ll an t i n fo rm e d h e r th at th e y w o u l d p o s t o n l i n e a dv e rt i s e m e n t s fo r A. H . s o th at s h e c o u l d e x c h an g e s e x u a l i n t e r c o ur s e w i th c u s t o m e r s fo r m o n e y . Id at 1 5 9 . A . H . th e n t e s t i fi e d th at s h e p e r fo rm e d 1 0 t o 1 5 " d at e s " p e r d ay e x c h an g i n g m o n e y fo r s e x u a l i n t e r c o ur s e . 

### I d at 1 6 8 . A . H . furth e r t e s t i fi e d th at i f s h e d i d n o t f e e l l i k e d o i n g a

" d at e " o n a c e rt a i n d ay , s h e c o u l d n o t r e fu s e an d k n e w th e r e w o u l d b e c o n s e qu e n c e s fo r s u c h a r e fu s a l. 

### I d at 1 7 1 . T h e r e fo r e , th e Ap p e ll an t r e c ru i t e d A. H. fo r th e p urp o s e o fp ro s t i t ut i o n an d r e qu i r e d h e r t o p e r fo rm s e x u a l a c t s i n e x c h an g e fo r m o n e y . T h e tr i a l c o urt fo un d th at A. H . w o rk e d a s a p ro s t i t ut e fo r th e Ap p e ll an t an d h i s o r g an i z at i o n w h i l e un d e r th e a g e o f 1 8 . F o r c i n g a c h i l d t o w o rk a s a p r o s t i t ut e " w o u l d o ff

e n d th e c o mm o n s e n s e o f

th e c o mmun i ty an d th e s e n s e o f d e c e n c y , p ro p r i e ty an d m o ra li ty , w h i c h m o s t

3 1p e o p l e e n t e rt a i n . " C o m m o n w e a lth v . Pa n kraz , 5 5 4 A . 2 d 9 7 4 , 9 77 ( P a . S u p e r . I 9 8 9 ) . T h e tr i a l c o urt fo un d th e r e w a s s u f fi c i e n t e v i d e n c e th at th e Ap p e ll an t d i d tra ffi c th e m i n o r , A. H . A c c o r d i n g l y , th e r e w a s s u f fi c i e n t e v i d e n c e t o c o n cl u d e th at e xp o s ur e t o s u c h a l i f e s ty l e w o u l d t e n d t o c o rru

p t a m i n o r . Th e r e fo r e , th e r e w a s s u ffi c i e n t e v i d e n c e t o c o n v i c t th e Ap p e ll an t o f C o rru p t i o n o f a M i n o r. h . S i m p l e A s s a u l t T h e Ap p e ll an t n e x t c o n t e n d s th at th e e v i d e n c e w a s i n s u ffi c i e n t t o s u s t a i n h i s c o n v i c t i o n fo r s i mp l e a s s au l t. P ur s u an t t o 1 8 P a . C . S . A. § 2 7 0 1 , a p e r s o n " i s g u i l ty o f a s s au l t i f h e : (1 ) att e mp t s t o c au s e o r i n t e n t i o n a ll y , kn o w i n g l y , o r r e c k l e s s l y c au s e s b o d i l y i n j ury t o an o th e r . " I 8 P a . C . S . A . § 2 7 0 l ( a ) . B o d i l y i n j ury i s d e fi n e d a s " [ i ] mp a i r m e n t o f p h y s i c a l c o n d i t i o n o r s ub s t an t i a l p a i n . " 1 8 P a . C . S . A. § 2 3 0 I . A p e r s o n a c t s i n t e n t i o n a ll y w i th r e s p e c t t o a m at e r i a l e l e m e n t o f an o ff

e n s e w h e n " i t i s h i s c o n s c i o u s o b j e c t t o e n g a g e i n c o n d

u c t o f th at n at

ur e or t o c au s e s u c h a r e s u l t. " 1 8 P a . C . S . A . § 3 0 2 ( b ) (l ) ( i ) . A s i n t e n t i s a s ub j e c t i v e fr am e o f m i n d , i t " i s o f n e c e s s i ty d i ffi c u l t o f d i r e c t p ro o f . " S e e C o m m o n w e a l t

h v . M a tt h e w s , 8 7 0 A. 2 d 9 2 4 , 9 2 9 ( P a . 2 0 0 5 ) . I n t e n t c an b e p ro v e n b y " d i r e c t o r c i r c um s t an t i a l e v i d e n c e ; i t m ay i n f e rr e d fr o m a c t s o r c o n d u c t o r fr o m th e att e n d an t c i r c um s t an c e s . " 

### I d . H e r e , th e e v i d e n c e i s m o r e th an s u ffi c i e n t t o s u s t a i n th e Ap p e ll an t ' s c o n v i c t i o n fo r S i mp l e A s s au lt . I t w a s w e ll w i th i n th e p ro v i n c e o f th e fa c t fi n d e r t o c o n cl u d e th e Ap p e ll an t i n t e n d e d t o c au s e b o d i l y i n j ur y t o th e v i c t i m . T h e v i c t i m , M . S . , t e s t i fi e d at l e n gth a b o ut th e mu lt i p l e t i m e s th at s h e w a s b e at e n at th e h an d s o f th e Ap p e ll an t. M . S . t e s t i fi e d th at o n o n e o c c a s i o n , o n h e r b i rth d ay , th e Ap p e ll an t fo un d th e v i c t i m a ft e r s h e h a d n o t r e turn e d t o h e r ro o m an d t o o k h e r i n t o th e b athr o o m an d p un c h th e " s h i t o ut o f m e i n my r i b o r l i k e w h at e v e r . . L i k e , I g o t b e at u

p . " N . T. 0 6 / 2 8 / 2 0 1 6 at 8 3 - 8 4 . T h e v i c t i m t e s t i fi e d at l e n g th a b o ut r e c e i v i n g " p un c h e s

3 2t o th e r i b s " c a ll e d " r i b s h o t s , " fr o m th e Ap p e ll an t an d r e c e i v e d " r i b s h o t s " o n th e e v e n i n g o f h e r

b i rth d ay . I

d . M . S . th e n t e s t i fi e d t o an o th e r o c c a s i o n a ft e r tr y i n g t o l e av e th e Ap p e ll an t w h e r e s h e w a s b e at u

p b y " G " an d i t w a s e x tr e m e l y p a i n fu l. I d at 9 1 . I n p e r

h a p s th e m o s t c h ill i n g e p i s o d e , M . S . t e s t i fi e d th at s h e w a s att a c k e d b y th e Ap p e ll an t an d thr e e o th e r p e r s o n s i n a ro o m at th e R o o s e v e l t I nn i n P h i l a d e l p h i a s o s e v e r e l y th at s h e s u ff e r e d b l o w s t o th e h e a d , b ro k e n r i b s , l ab o r e d b r e ath i n g , an d s e v e r e b ru i s i n g . I d at 9 2 - 9 4 . T h e r e s p o n s e b y th e Ap p e ll an t an d h i s c o h o rt s w a s t o s u

p p l y M . S . w i th h e ro i n an d h av e h e r p e r fo rm fo ur " d at e s . " I d at 9 5 . An o th e r v i c t i m , A. H . , t e s t i fi e d t o b e i n g i n a h o t e l ro o m d i r e c t l y ab o v e M . S . an d th e Ap p e ll an t an d h e ar i n g thr o u g h th e fl o o r M . S . s c r e am a s th e Ap p e ll an t a s s au lt e d h e r . I d at 1 7 4 - 7 5 . T h e Ap p e ll an t t e s t i fi e d i n h i s o w n d e fe n s e an d s t at e d d ur i n g c ro s s - e x am i n at i o n th at " I s m a c k e d [ M . S . ] , " an d th at h e s m a c k e d h e r a " c o u p l e o f t i m e s " w i th an o p e n h an d an d w i th e n o u g h fo r c e t o g i v e th e v i c t i m a b l a c k e y e . N . T . 0 6 / 2 9 / 2 0 1 6 at 1 7 7 - 7 8 , 1 8 0 . T h e r e i s l i ttl e ro o m fo r d o ub t th at th e Ap p e ll an t i n t e n d e d t o c au s e s ub s t an t i a l p a i n t o th e v i c t i m thr o u g h h i s a c t i o n o f s tr i k i n g M . S . i n th e fa c e an d u p p e r t o r s o . D ur i n g cl o s i n g ar g um e n t , d e fe n s e c o un s e l s t at e d t o th e s i mp l e a s s au l t c h ar g e th at th e d e fe n s e h a d " n o ar g um e n t. " I d at 2 1 9 . T h e t e s t i m o ny o fv i c t i m s , th e a dm i s s i o n b y th e Ap p e ll an t o f a s s au lt i n g M . S . an d a ll o th e r r e l e v an t fa c t o r s l e a d t o a c o n cl u s i o n th at th e e v i d e n c e i s b e y o n d s u ffi c i e n t t o p ro v e b e y o n d a r e a s o n ab l e d o ub t th at th e Ap p e ll an t i s g u i lty o f s i mp l e a s s au lt . i . 

### T r a ffi c k i n g o f P e r s o n s N e x t , th e Ap p e ll an t ar g u e s th at th e C o m m o nw e a l th ' s e v i d e n c e w a s i n s u ffi c i e n t t o p ro v e th e e l e m e n t s o f C o un t s F i ft e e n an d S i x t e e n , T ra f fi c k i n g o f P e r s o n s . T h e tr i a l c o urt fir s t n o t e s th at th e Ap p e ll an t w a s c o n v i c t e d un d e r th e p r e v i o u s P e nn s y l v an i a hum an tra f fi c k i n g s t at

ut e . T h e Ap p e ll an t w a s c o nv i c t e d o f tw o s e p arat e c o un t s un d e r th i s s t at ut e . T h e fi r s t c o n v i c t i o n i s a fir s t

3 3d e g r e e f

e l o ny un d e r § 3 0 0 2 ( b ) b e c au s e o n e v i c t i m w a s un d e r a g e 1 8 . T h e s e c o n d c o nv i c t i o n i s a s e c o n d d e g r e e f

e l o ny b e c au s e th e v i c t i m w a s n o t a m i n o r. T h e fo rm e r 1 8 P a . C . S . A. § 3 0 0 2 d e fi n e d tra ffi c k i n g o f p e r s o n s a s :

§ 3 0 0 2 . T r a f

fi c k i n g o f

p e r s o n s . ( a ) O ff e n s e d e fi n e d . - - A p e r s o n c o mm i t s an o ff e n s e i f th e p e r s o n kn o w i n g l y tra f

fi c s o r kn o w i n g l y att e mp t s t o tra ffi c an o th e r p e r s o n , kn o w i n g th at th e o th e r p e r s o n w ill b e s u b j e c t e d t o fo r c e d l ab o r o r s e rv i c e s . ( b ) G r a d i n g . > - A n o ff

e n s e un d e r s ub s e c t i o n ( a ) s h a ll b e g ra d e d a fe l o ny o f th e s e c o n d d e g r e e un l e s s th e o th e r p e r s o n s u ff e r s b o d i l y i n

j ur y o r th e o th e r p e r s o n i s an i n d i v i d

u a l un d e r 1 8 y e ar s o f a g e , i n w h i c h c a s e i t s h a ll b e g ra d e d a s a f

e l o ny o f th e fi r s t d e g r e e . 1 8 P a . C . S . A. § 3 0 0 2 . U n d e r th i s S e c t i o n , tr a ffi c i s d e fi n e d a s " r e c ru i t s , e n t i c e s , h ar b o r s , tran s p o rt s o r p r o v i d e s o r o b t a i n s b y any m e an s . " 1 8 P a . C . S . A 

### § 3 0 0 1. A d d i t i o n a ll y , un d e r th i s S e c t i o n , fo r c e d l ab o r h a s b e e n d e fi n e d a s :

L ab o r o r s e rv i c e s th at ar e p e r fo rm e d o r p ro v i d e d b y an o th e r p e r s o n w h i c h ar e o b t a i n e d o r m a i n t a i n e d w h e n a p e r s o n : ( 1 ) att e mp t s t o c au s e , c au s e s o r b y thr e at o fp hy s i c a l m e n a c e p ut s an o th e r p e r s o n i n f

e ar o f b o d i l y i n

j ury ; ( 2 ) p hy s i c a ll y r e s tr a i n s o r thr e at e n s t o p hy s i c a ll y r e s tra i n an o th e r p e r s o n un l aw fu ll y ; ( 3 ) a b u s e s o r thr e at e n s t o ab u s e th e l aw o r l e g a l p r o c e s s ; ( 4 ) p o s s e s s e s e x c e p t a s r e qu i r e d b y F e d e ra l i mm i g rat i o n l aw o r r e g u l at i o n , d e s tro y s , c o n c e a l s , r e m o v e s o r c o n fi s c at e s any a c t u a l o r p urp o rt e d p a s s p o rt o r o th e r i mm i g rat i o n d o c um e n t o f an o th e r p e r s o n , o r any o th e r a c t

u a l o r p ur

p o rt e d g o v e rnm e n t i d e n t i fi c at i o n d o c um e n t o f an o th e r p e r s o n ; ( 5 ) e n g a g e s i n c r i m i n a l c o e r c i o n o f an o th e r p e r s o n . 1 8 P a . C . S . A . 

### § 3 0 0 1. T h e r e fo r e , fo r c o nv i c t i o n , th e C r i m e s C o d e r e qu i r e s th e C o m m o nw e a l th t o p ro v e : (1 ) th at th e Ap p e ll an t " d i d tr a ffi c o r kn o w i n g l y att e mp t t o tra f fi c an o th e r p e r s o n ; " an d ( 2 ) th at th e Ap p e ll an t " kn e w th at th e o th e r p e r s o n w o u l d b e s ub j e c t e d t o fo r c e d l ab o r o r s e rv i c e s . " T h e tr i a l c o urt fi r s t h e ar d e x t e n s i v e t e s t i m o ny fr o m an e xp e rt w i tn e s s , D e t e c t i v e D e rr i c k S t i g e rt s , a m e mb e r o f th e F B I C r i m e s A g a i n s t C h i l dr e n T a s k F o r c e . T h e e xp e rt w i tn e s s c a s t

3 4c o n s i d e r a b l e l i g h t u

p o n th e m e th o d s e mp l o y e d b y tra ffi c k e r s t o r e c ru i t an d m a i n t a i n c o n tro l o v e r vu l n e rab l e g i rl s fo r th e s i n g u l ar p urp o s e o f e mp l o y i n g th e v i c t i m s a s s e x w o rk e r s . D e t e c t i v e S t i g e rt s s t at e d th at tra f

fi c k e r s w ill r e c ru i t v i c t i m s , an d o ft e n m i n o r s , fr o m " p l a c e s w h e r e run aw ay s ar e i n an att e mp t t o r e c ru i t th e m . " N . T . 6 /2 8 / 2 0 1 6 at 3 1. T h e r e c ru i t i n g s t art s w i th th e th e tra f fi c k e r s " t a l k i n g t o th e g i rl s an d tr y i n g t o fi n d o ut w h at th e vu l n e rab i l i t i e s ar e o f th e w o m e n an d g i rl s . A n d b y vu l n e rab i l i t i e s , I m e an anyth i n g fr o m th e y ' r e run aw ay s , th e y d o n ' t h av e a p l a c e t o s t ay , t o th e y d o n ' t h av e any f am i l y s tru c t

ur e . " I d . A ft e r th e tra ffi c k e r h a s i d e n t i fi e d th e vu l n e ra

b i l i ty , th e tra ffi c k e r " p r e y s [ s ] o n th e vu l n e rab i l i t i e s . T h e y p ro v i d e th o s e th i n g s fo r th e v i c t i m fo r th e v i c t i m s th at th e y ' r e a c t u a ll y r e c ru i t i n g . " I

d. T h e t e s t i m o ny fr o m D e t e c t i v e S t i g e rt s p ro v i d e d a fr am e o f r e f e r e n c e fo r th e b e h av i o r th at i s c o mm o np l a c e am o n g hum an tra f

fi c k e r s an d i s c o n d

u c t th at m at c h e s th at o f th e Ap p e ll an t. 1. M i n o r V i c t i m - A . H . T h e Ap p e ll an t c o n t e n d s th at th e r e w a s i n s u ffi c i e n t e v i d e n c e p r e s e n t e d b y th e C o mm o nw e a lth at tr i a l t o s u s t a i n th e c o nv i c t i o n fo r T ra ffi c k i n g o f P e r s o n s - M i n o r. Th e tri a l c o urt d i s a g r e e s . A th o ro u g h r e v i e w o fth e r e c o r d e s t ab l i s h e s th at s u ffi c i e n t e v i d e n c e w a s p r e s e n t e d t o m e e t th e n e c e s s ar y thr e s h o l d s t o s u s t a i n th e Ap p e ll an t ' s c o nv i c t i o n . a . E l e m e n t O n e - D i d K n o w i n g l y T r a ffi c T h e fi r s t e l e m e n t i n tra f

fi c k i n g o fp e r s o n s r e qu i r e s th e C o mm o nw e a l th t o p ro v e b e y o n d a r e a s o n ab l e d o ub t th at th e d e fe n d an t d i d kn o w i n g l y o r att e mp t e d t o tra ffi c an o th e r p e r s o n . B y d e fi n i t i o n , a p e r s o n tra f

fi c s an o th e r w h e n a p e r s o n r e c ru i t s , e n t i c e s , h ar b o r s o r tran s p o rt s an o th e r. H e r e , th e Ap p e ll an t an d C ro mw e ll , w h i l e o p e rat i n g a v e h i cl e , a p p ro a c h e d A. H . o n K e n s i n g t o n A v e nu e an d a s k e d h e r t o g e t i n t o th e i r c ar . N . T . 6 / 2 8 / 2 0 1 6 at 1 4 7 . A . H . w a s a s k e d w h i c h dru g s s h e u s e d an d u

p o n i n fo rm i n g th e tw o th at s h e u s e d c o c a i n e , s h e g o t i n t o th e c ar an d w a s

3 5tran s p o rt e d t o th e R am a d a I nn o n R o o s e v e lt B o u l e v ar d . 

### I d at 1 4 8 . T h e Ap p e ll an t an d C ro mw e ll , a ft e r t e ll i n g A . H . th e y h a d a p l a c e fo r h e r t o s t ay , t o o k h e r i n t o a ro o m fi ll e d w i th mu l t i p l e g i rl s w h e r e A . H . " r e a l i z e d w h at th e y h a d g o i n g o n th e r e " an d th e g i rl s w e r e " p ro s t i t ut i n g . " 

### I d at 1 5 0 - 5 1 . T hu s , th e fir s t e l e m e n t r e qu i r e d fo r p ro v i n g tra f fi c k i n g i s s u ffi c i e n t l y p ro v e n thr o u g h th e Ap p e ll an t ' s r e c ru i tm e n t an d e n t i c i n g o f A. H . thro u g h o ff e r i n g h e r n ar c o t i c s , o ff

e r i n g h e r a p l a c e t o s t ay kn o w i n g th at s h e w a s h o m e l e s s an d w o u l d a c c e p t h i s o ff e r . L i k e w i s e , th e Ap p e ll an t furth e r tra f

fi c k e d A. H. b e c au s e h e tr an s p o rt e d A . H. i n i t i a ll y t o th e R am a d a I nn fo r th e e xp l i c i t p urp o s e o f A. H . b e c o m i n g a p ro s t i t ut e . T h e s e c o n d i n s t an c e i n w h i c h � h e r e c o r d s u ffi c i e n t l y d e m o n s trat e s th e Ap p e l l an t tra f fi c k e d A . H. w i th i n th e s c o p e o f th i s S e c t i o n c o m e s thro u g h h i s c o n d u c t a ft e r th e d i s c o v e r

y o f h e r m i n o r s t at

u s . I n th at i n s t an c e , th e Ap p e ll an t t o l d A. H . t o " p a c k u p [ h e r ] s t u ff an d [ th e Ap p e ll an t ] w a s g o i n g t o l e t [ A . H. ] s t ay at h i s w i fe ' s h o u s e fo r a c o u p l e d ay s . " N . T . 0 6 / 2 8 / 2 0 1 6 at 1 8 2 . A ft e r a fe w d ay s at th e Ap p e ll an t ' s h o m e , A. H . w a s p i c k e d u p fr o m th e r e s i d e n c e an d dr i v e n b a c k t o a h o t e l b y b o th C ro mw e ll an d th e Ap p e ll an t. N . T . 0 6 / 2 8 / 2 0 1 6 at 1 8 4 . A t th at t i m e , th e Ap p e ll an t d i d n o t t e ll A. H . t o s t o p p e r fo rm i n g w o rk a s a p ro s t i t ut e . I d at 1 9 5 . T h e Ap p e ll an t d i d n o t att e mp t t o c o n t a c t A . H . ' s p ar e n t s o r o th e rw i s e i n t e rv e n e . T h e o n l y l i k e l y c o n cl u s i o n t o b e draw n fr o m th e Ap p e ll an t tran s p o rt i n g A. H . b a c k t o a h o t e l , a ft e r s h e h a d s p e n t th e s e v e ra l p r e v i o u s m o n th s l i v i n g an d w o rk i n g a s a p ro s t i t ut e i n h o t e l s , i s th at A. H. w o u l d c o n t i nu e t o s u p p o rt h e r s e l f b y m e an s o f p ro s t i t ut i o n fo r C ro mw e ll an d th e Ap p e ll an t. T h e r e fo r e , th e Ap p e ll an t tran s p o rt e d - an d tra ffi c k e d - A. H . fr o m h i s h o m e o n T a c k aw ann a S tr e e t i n P h i l a d e l p h i a t o a m o t e l fo r th e p ur p o s e o f b e i n g s ub

j e c t e d t o fo r c e d l ab o r. b , E l e m e n t T w o - T r a ffi c k e d K n o w i n g O t h e r P e r s o n W o u l d B e S u b j e c t e d t o F o r c e d L a b o r

3 6T h e s e c o n d e l e m e n t i n tra f fi c k i n g o f p e r s o n s r e qu i r e s th e C o mm o nw e a l th t o p ro v e b e y o n d a r e a s o n ab l e d o u b t th at th e d e fe n d an t tra ffi c k e d th e p e r s o n k n o w i n g th e o th e r p e r s o n w o u l d b e s u

b j e c t t o fo r c e d l ab o r . F o r c e d l ab o r , i n r e l e v an t p art h e r e , i s d e fi n e d a s l ab o r o r s e rv i c e s th at ar e p e r fo rm e d o r p ro v i d e d b y an o th e r p e r s o n w h i c h ar e o b t a i n e d o r m a i n t a i n e d w h e n a p e r s o n : ( 1 ) att e mp t s t o c au s e , c au s e s o r b y thr e at o fp hy s i c a l m e n a c e p ut s an o th e r p e r s o n i n f e ar o f b o d i l y i n

j ur y . 1 8 P a . C . S . A . 

### § 3 0 0 1. T h e tr i a l c o urt w i ll fi r s t a d dr e s s A . H . ' s fe ar o f th e Ap p e ll an t an d th e r e s u lt th i s h a d i n h e r c o n d u c t an d fo r c e d l ab o r . A s a s e c o n d ar y m att e r , g i v e n th e Ap p e ll an t w a s c o nv i c t e d o f c o n s p i ra c y t o tra f fi c p e r s o n s , an d h i s c o - c o n s p i r at o r E lt o n C ro mw e ll p l e d g u i l ty t o th e c h ar g e , th e tr i a l c o urt w i ll a d dr e s s th e s e c o n d e l e m e n t w i th i n a fr am e o f o n e c o n s p i rat o r ' s c o n d u c t i n furth e r an c e o f th e c o n s p i ra c y b e i n g attr i b ut ab l e t o c o c o n s p i rat or s . U n d e r e i th e r th e o ry , th e r e i s s u ffi c i e n t e v i d e n c e t o p ro v e b e y o n d a r e a s o n ab l e d o ub t th at th e Ap p e ll an t tra f

fi c k e d A . H. kn o w i n g s h e w o u l d b e s ub j e c t t o fo r c e d l ab o r. F or c e d l ab o r r e s u l t s w h e n a p e r s o n att e mp t s t o c au s e , c au s e s o r thr e at e n s p hy s i c a l h arm t o an o th e r p e r s o n t o o b t a i n o r m a i n t a i n s e rv i c e s fr o m th at o th e r p e r s o n . O n e o f th e h a ll m ark s o f fo r c e d l ab o r un d e r § 3 0 0 2 i s w h e th e r th e f e ar o f p hy s i c a l h arm i n d

u c e s th e s e rv i c e . T h e s e rv i c e s h e w a s fo r c e d t o p e r fo rm i n cl u d e d s e x u a l i n t e r c o ur s e fo r m o n e y , a l s o c a ll e d " d at e s . " A d at e i s th e a c t u a l a c t o fp ro s t i t

ut i o n b e tw e e n th e c u s t o m e r an d th e p ro s t i t ut e . N .T . 6 / 2 8 / 2 0 1 6 at 2 6 . A. H . t e s t i fi e d at tr i a l th at s h e w a s " a fr a i d " o f th e Ap p e ll an t b e c au s e h e w a s m o r e i n t i m i d at i n g th an C r o mw e ll o r th e o th e r s b e c au s e " h e w a s m o r e v i o l e n t t o w ar d s th e g i rl s th at w o rk e d fo r h i m . " 

### I d at 1 8 0 . U n d e r th i s l o g i c , i f A. H . d i d w o rk fo r th e Ap p e ll an t , th e n h e w o u l d n o t b e v i o l e n t t o w ar d s h e r n o r w o u l d s h e h av e r e a s o n t o f e ar v i o l e n c e fr o m th e Ap p e ll an t. A . H . s t at e d th at s h e s aw th e Ap p e ll an t at th e h o t e l " e v e r y d ay , e v e r

y c o u p l e o f d ay s . " Id at 1 7 3 . D ur i n g th i s t i m e , A. H . t e s t i fi e d th at s h e w a s w i tn e s s t o th e Ap p e ll an t ' s a c t s o fv i o l e n c e t o w ar d s th e o th e r g i rl s o n

3 7num e ro u s o c c a s i o n s . I d . O n e s u c h i n c i d e n t th at A. H . h e ar d w a s th e b e at i n g o f o n e v i c t i m , M . S . , thro u g h th e c e i l i n g o fh e r h o t e l ro o m w h o w a s i n th e ro o m d i r e c tl y ab o v e w i th th e Ap p e ll an t. A . H . h e ar d s c r e am i n g fr o m M . S . an d an e l e v at e d v o i c e fr o m th e Ap p e ll an t an d l at e r s aw M . S . b e i n g h e l p e d w a l k i n g t o a c ar b y s e v e ra l m e n . I d at 1 7 6 . A. H. t e s t i fi e d th at s h e w a s th e s ub j e c t o f v i o l e n c e at th e h an d s o f E l t o n C ro mw e ll , an i n d i v i d u a l w h o w o rk e d a s a " p u p p e t " fo r th e Ap p e ll an t. N . T . 6 / 2 8 / 2 0 1 6 at 1 8 0 ; N . T . 6 / 2 9 / 2 0 1 6 at 1 9 - 2 0 . A. H. furth e r t e s t i fi e d th at i f s h e d i d n o t fe e l l i k e d o i n g a " d at e " o n a c e rt a i n d ay , s h e c o u l d n o t r e fu s e an d kn e w th e r e w o u l d b e c o n s e qu e n c e s fo r s u c h a r e fu s a l. I d at 1 7 1 . T h e fa c t A. H . c o u l d n o t r e fu s e a " d at e " o n l y furth e r i ll u s trat e s th at s h e fe lt c o mp e ll e d , o r fo r c e d , t o p e r fo rm l ab o r w i th i n th e m e an i n g o f th e s t at ut e . T h e r e fo r e , th e r e w a s s u ffi c i e n t e v i d e n c e p r e s e n t e d at tr i a l t o p ro v e th at th e Ap p e ll an t p e r s o n a ll y , an d a s a c o - c o n s p i rat o r , tra f fi c k e d a m i n o r p e r s o n . 2 . A d u lt V i ct i m - M . S . T h e Ap p e ll an t n e x t c o n t e n d s th at th e r e w a s i n s u ffi c i e n t e v i d e n c e p r e s e n t e d at tri a l t o p r o v e h i s g u i l t b e y o n d a r e a s o n ab l e d o u b t fo r T ra ffi c k i n g o f P e r s o n s . F o r r e a s o n s th at fo ll o w , th e r e w a s m o r e th an s u ffi c i e n t e v i d e n c e p r e s e n t e d t o d e m o n s trat e th at th e Ap p e ll an t d i d kn o w i n g l y tra f

fi c a p e r s o n an d tra ffi c k e d s u c h p e r s o n k n o w i n g th e v i c t i m , M . S . , w o u l d b e s ub j e c t e d t o fo r c e d l ab o r.

a . E l e m e n t O n e - D i d Kn o w i n g l y T r a ffi c T h e fi r s t e l e m e n t i n tra ffi c k i n g o fp e r s o n s r e qu i r e s th e C o mm o nw e a l th t o p ro v e b e y o n d a r e a s o n ab l e d o ub t th at th e d e fe n d an t d i d kn o w i n g l y o r att e mp t e d t o tra ffi c an o th e r p e r s o n . 

### B y d e fi n i t i o n , a p e r s o n tra ffi c s an o th e r w h e n a p e r s o n r e c ru i t s , e n t i c e s , h ar b o r s o r tran s p o rt s an o th e r. H e r e , th e r e w a s s u ffi c i e n t e v i d e n c e p r e s e n t e d at tr i a l t o d e m o n s tr at e th e Ap p e ll an t d i d kn o w i n g l y tra f fi c th e a d u l t v i c t i m , M . S . , w i th i n th e m e an i n g o fth e s t at ut e . T h e fi r s t m e th o d thro u g h w h i c h

3 8h e tra f

fi c k e d th e a d

u l t v i c t i m , M . S . , w a s thr o u g h h i s e n t i c e m e n t o f c o n tro ll e d s ub s t an c e s . M . S . t e s t i fi e d th at d

ur i n g a G r e yh o un d b u s tr i p fr o m P i tt s b ur g h t o P h i l a d e l p h i a s h e e n c o un t e r e d a g i rl n am e d " S t ar " w h o t o l d h e r th at s h e s h o u l d c o m e w i th h e r b e c au s e M . S . ' s d e s t i n at i o n w a s un s a f e , a c c o r d i n g t o an a s s e s s m e n t b y S t ar . N .T . 6 / 2 8 / 2 0 1 6 at 5 4 - 5 5 . S t ar b ro u g h t M . S . t o a ro w - h o m e i n P h i l a d el p h i a th at w a s o c c u p i e d b y fi v e o r s i x o th e r g i rl s an d th e Ap p e ll an t. I d at 5 6 - 5 7 . M . S . fl at l y t o l d T h e Ap p e ll an t th at s h e w a s a d d i c t e d t o c ra c k c o c a i n e . I d at 5 9 . It w a s d

ur i n g th i s fi r s t e n c o un t e r w i th th e Ap p e ll an t th at h e p ro v i d e d h e r fr e e c ra c k c o c a i n e an d o ff e r e d h e r th e o p p o rt un i ty t o w o rk fo r h i m d o i n g " d at e s " an d h av e a c o n s t an t s u p p l y fo r c o n tro ll e d s ub s t an c e s . I d at 5 7 - 5 9 , 6 2 . T h e Ap p e ll an t r e c ru i t e d M . S . t o p ro v i d e s e x u a l s e rv i c e s thro u g h th e i n t e rn e t , e n t i c e d h e r w i th th e p ro m i s e o f dru g s an d h ar b o r e d M . S . b y p ay i n g fo r h o t e l ro o m s i n w h i c h M . S . w o u l d s t ay d

ur i n g h e r e mp l o ym e n t w i th th e Ap p e ll an t. T h e Ap p e ll an t p r e y e d u p o n th e vu l n e rab i l i ty o f a y o un g w o m an ' s dru g a d d i c t i o n fo r h i s fi n an c i a l i n t e r e s t an d tr e at e d h e r a c c o r d i n g l y . T h e s e c o n d m ann e r i n w h i c h th e Ap p e ll an t tra ffi c k e d a p e r s o n w i th i n th e s t at ut o ry m e an i n g o f th e fir s t e l e m e n t r e qu i r e d fo r c o n v i c t i o n i s thr o u g h th e Ap p e ll an t ' s p a s s a g e o f M . S . t o h i s b ro th e r , Ja s o n G u e rr a . U n d e r th i s S e c t i o n , tra f fi c k i n g o f a p e r s o n i n cl u d e s " p ro v i d i n g " any p e r s o n t o an o th e r p e r s o n fo r th e p urp o s e o f fo r c e d l ab o r. 1 8 P a . C . S . A. 

### § 3 0 0 1. T h e v i c t i m , M . S . , t e s t i fi e d at tr i a l th at J a s o n G u e rr a w a s " h av i n g p ro b l e m s l i k e w h e r e h e w a s l i v i n g an d , l i k e n e e d e d h e l p , an d th at w a s th e s o l ut i o n . " N . T . 6 / 2 8 / 2 0 1 6 at 8 9 . M . S . t e s t i fi e d th at th e Ap p e l l an t e s s e n t i a ll y s t at e d t o h i s b ro th e r th at Ja s o n s h o u l d " c o m e u p h e r e [ P h i l a d e l p h i a ] an d I' ll s h o w y o u h o w t o d o th i s an d l i k e , y o u c an g e t s o m e m o n e y . " I d . M . S . furth e r t e s t i fi e d th at h e r un d e r s t an d i n g o f w hy s h e w a s g o i n g w i th Ja s o n G u e rr a w a s s i mp l y t o m ak e m o n e y fo r J as o n

3 9G u e rr a . 

### I

d . T h e Ap p e ll an t h a d e v e ry i n t e n t i o n o f t e a c h i n g h i s b ro th e r , J a s o n , h o w t o m ak e m o n e y thro u g h p ro s t i tut i n g vu l n e rab l e w o m e n , an d h i s fi r s t v i c t i m w a s M . S .

b . E l e m e n t T w o - T ra ffi c k e d K n o w i n g O t h e r P e r s o n W o u l d B e S u b j e c t e d t o F o r c e d L a b o r T h e s e c o n d e l e m e n t th e C o mm o nw e a l th i s r e qu i r e d t o p ro v e t o s u p p o rt a c o nv i c t i o n fo r T ra f fi c k i n g o f P e r s o n s i s th at a d e fe n d an t tra f fi c k e d a p e r s o n kn o w i n g th e o th e r p e r s o n w o u l d b e s ub j e c t t o fo r c e d l ab o r . F o r c e d l ab o r r e s u lt s w h e n a p e r s o n att e mp t s t o c au s e , c au s e s o r thr e at e n s p hy s i c a l h arm t o an o th e r p e r s o n t o o b t a i n o r m a i n t a i n s e rv i c e s fr o m th at o th e r p e r s o n . O n e o f th e h a ll m ark s o f fo r c e d l ab o r un d e r 

### § 3 0 0 2 i s w h e th e r th e fe ar o fp hy s i c a l h arm i n d u c e s th e s e rv i c e . 1 8 P a . C . S . A . § 3 0 0 1. A t tr i a l , th e r e w a s m o r e th an s u ffi c i e n t e v i d e n c e t o c o n cl u d e b e y o n d a r e a s o n a b l e d o ub t th at th e Ap p e l l an t tr a f fi c k e d v i c t i m M . S . w i th th e k n o w l e d g e th at s h e w o u l d b e s ub j e c t t o fo r c e d l ab o r ; w i th mu c h o f th at fo r c e d l ab o r o r i g i n at i n g fr o m th e Ap p e ll an t h i m s e l f . T h e r e c o r d i s l i tt e r e d w i th i n s t an c e s i n w h i c h M . S . w a s s ub j e c t t o fo r c e d l ab o r. A s an i n i t i a l m att e r , th e tr i a l c o urt i s s w ay e d b y th e t e s t i m o ny g i v e n b y M . S . r e g ar d i n g th e v i o l e n c e s h e e n d ur e d at th e h an d s o fth e Ap p e ll an t. M . S . t e s t i fi e d th at s h e w a s th e v i c t i m o f a b e at i n g b y fo ur p e r s o n s - l e d b y th e Ap p e ll an t - th at s aw h e r s u ff e r b ro k e n r i b s . N . T . 6 / 2 8 /2 0 1 6 at 9 4 . A ft e r a s k i n g m e mb e r s o f th e g ro u p t o b e b ro u g h t t o a h o s p i t a l fo r m e d i c a l att e n t i o n , M . S . w a s i n fo rm e d s h e " h a d t o d o fo ur d at e s b e fo r e anyth i n g . " 

### I d . T h e v i c t i m , a ft e r h av i n g j u s t b e e n b e at e n b y a g ro u

p o f fo ur i n d i v i d

u a l s , i s fo r c e d t o p e r fo rm s e x u a l s e rv i c e s w i th fo ur c u s t o m e r s b e fo r e b e i n g g ran t e d th e a b i l i ty t o s e e k m e d i c a l h e l p . M . S . d e s c r i b e d an o th e r o c c a s i o n d ur i n g w h i c h s h e w a s c h a s e d thro u g h a h o t e l r o o m b y th e Ap p e ll an t w i e l d i n g an e x t e n s i o n c o r d an d w h e n c au g h t s h e w a s fo r c i b l y an a ll y ra p e d b y th e Ap p e ll an t. 

### I

d at 8 6 - 8 7 . O n y e t an o th e r o c c a s i o n , M . S . t e s t i fi e d th at a ft e r th e Ap p e ll an t fo un d h e r i n a h o t e l h a ll w ay , a ft e r n o t b e i n g ab l e t o l o c at e h e r b e c au s e s h e w a s h i d i n g , b e g an b e at i n g h e r i n o n e h o t e l ro o m an d p ro c e e d e d t o a

4 0s e c o n d h o t e l ro o m w h e r e s h e w a s b e at e n i n th at ro o m ' s b athr o o m . I d at 8 1 - 8 3 . T h e r e a

p p e ar s t o b e n o s h o rt a g e o f c o n d

u c t b y th e Ap p e ll an t th at w o u l d qu a l i f y a s a c t u a l b o d i l y i n

j ury r e qu i r e d un d e r th e d e fi n i t i o n o f fo r c e d l ab o r. H o w e v e r , th e tr i a l c o urt a l s o n o t e s th e i n ab i l i ty o f M . S . t o fr e e l y l e av e th e Ap p e ll an t. M . S . t e s t i fi e d d i r e c t l y th at s h e d i d n o t th i nk s h e c o u l d l e av e h i m . N .T . 6 / 2 8 /2 0 1 6 at 8 8 . O n o n e p art i c u l ar o c c a s i o n , M . S . r e c o un t e d h o w s h e h a d att e mp t e d t o l e av e th e Ap p e ll an t an d w e n t t o

" an o th e r ro o m . . farth e r d o w n o n R o o s e v e l t B o u l e v ar d . . A n d l i k e , h e c am e an d [ th e Ap p e ll an t ] c am e an d g o t m e an d I g o t b e at u p . " I d at 9 0 . M . S . t e s t i fi e d th at s h e o ft e n r e c e i v e d r i b s h o t s - p un c h e s t o th e u p p e r t o r s o ar e a - fr o m th e Ap p e ll an t t o m a i n t a i n c o mp l i an c e w i th h i s w i s h e s . I d at 8 4 . T h e r e a s o n th at M . S . c i t e s fo r th e s e " r i b s h o t s " i s th at s h e " m ay o r m ay n o t h av e l i k e d i s a p p e ar e d o r l i k e tr i e d t o l e av e an d l i k e g o t o an o th e r h o t e l o r s o m e th i n g . " I d. M . S . w a s i n c o n s t an t f

e ar th at th e Ap p e ll an t w o u l d c o m e an d fi n d h e r d ur i n g th e t i m e s s h e att e mp t e d t o l e av e . I d . T h e tr i a l c o urt b e li e v e s th e f e ar M . S . e xp e r i e n c e d , a l o n g w i th h e r v ar i o u s fa i l e d e ff o rt s t o l e av e , qu a l i f

y a s fo r c e d l ab o r . T h e r e fo r e , th e e v i d e n c e s ub m i tt e d at tr i a l w a s m o r e th an s u f fi c i e n t t o p ro v e th e r e qu i r e d e l e m e n t s o fT ra ffi c k i n g o f P e r s o n s b e y o n d a r e a s o n a b le d o ub t. 3 . A d u l t V i c t i m - T . W . T h e Ap p e ll an t c o n t e n d s th at th e r e w a s i n s u ffi c i e n t e v i d e n c e p r e s e n t e d at tr i a l t o p r o v e h i s g u i lt b e y o n d a r e a s o n a

b l e d o ub t fo r T ra f

fi c k i n g o f P e r s o n s . T h e tr i a l c o urt h a s a d dr e s s e d th e s u ffi c i e n c y o f th e e v i d e n c e fo r o n e a d u lt v i c t i m , M . S . H o w e v e r , i n an ab un d an c e o f c aut i o n , th e tr i a l c o urt w i ll a l s o a d dr e s s th e T ra ffi c k i n g o f P e r s o n s cl a i m at i t r e l at e s t o a s e c o n d a d u l t v i c t i m th at t e s t i fi e d at tr i a l , T . W . F o r r e a s o n s th at fo ll o w , th e r e w a s m o r e th an s u f fi c i e n t e v i d e n c e p r e s e n t e d t o d e m o n s tr at e th at th e Ap p e ll an t d i d k n o w i n g l y tra ffi c T . W . an d tra ffi c k e d s u c h p e r s o n kn o w i n g th e v i c t i m , T . W . , w o u l d b e s ub j e c t e d t o fo r c e d l ab o r .

4 1a . E l e m e n t O n e - D i d K n o w i n g l y T r a ffi c

T h e fi r s t e l e m e n t i n tra ffi c k i n g o f p e r s o n s r e qu i r e s th e C o mm o nw e a l th t o p ro v e b e y o n d a r e a s o n ab l e d o ub t th at th e d e fe n d an t d i d kn o w i n g l y o r att e mp t e d t o tra f fi c an o th e r p e r s o n . 

### B y d e fi n i t i o n , a p e r s o n tra ffi c s an o th e r w h e n a p e r s o n r e c ru i t s , e n t i c e s , h ar b o r s o r tran s p o rt s an o th e r. H e r e , th e r e w a s s u f

fi c i e n t e v i d e n c e p r e s e n t e d at tr i a l t o d e m o n s trat e th e Ap p e ll an t d i d kn o w i n g l y tr a ffi c th e a d

u l t v i c t i m , T . W . , w i th i n th e m e an i n g o f th e s t at ut e . T . W . t e s t i fi e d th at i n Jun e , 2 0 0 8 s h e ran i n t o E d d i e M e n d e z at a T ar g e t i n th e C i ty o f P h i l a d e l p h i a , at w h i c h t i m e M e n d e z i n v i t e d T . W . t o g e t i n t o h i s c ar an d v i s i t a h o t e l w i th h i m . N . T . 6 / 2 9 / 2 0 1 6 at 6 - 7 . O n th e w ay t o th e h o t e l , M e n d e z s t o p p e d th e c ar an d p i c k e d u p th e Ap p e ll an t w h o b o th trav e l e d w i th T . W . t o th e R o o s e v e l t I nn o n th e R o o s e v e lt B o u l e v ar d . I d at 8 . Up o n e n t e r i n g th e h o t e l ro o m , T. W . s aw o th e r g i rl s i n th e ro o m an d w a s a l m o s t i mm e d i at e l y p ro p o s i t i o n e d t o b e g i n p ro s t i t uti n g . I d . th e Ap p e ll an t p e r s o n a ll y i n fo rm e d T. W . a b o ut th e p r i c e s s h e w a s t o c h ar g e fo r h e r s e rv i c e s an d th at T . W . w a s t o " c h e c k i n w i th e i th e r [ th e Ap p e ll an t ] o r E d d i e " e a c h t i m e a c u s t o m e r arr i v e d an d l e f t. I d at 1 0 . T h e Ap p e ll an t g av e T. W . a p h o n e t o r e c e i v e c a ll s fo r s e x u a l s e rv i c e s - fr o m C ra i g s l i s t - an d s t at e d th at th e Ap p e ll an t p o s t e d th e a dv e rt i s e m e n t s o n C ra i g s li s t fo r h e r. I d at 1 2 , 1 4 . 

### T. W . furth e r t e s t i fi e d th at th e Ap p e ll an t w o u l d p ay fo r h o t e l ro o m s an d s t ay i n th e h o t e l ro o m s w i th th e v i c t i m s . I d at 1 5 . T h e s e c o n d m e th o d i n w h i c h T . W . w a s tra f fi c k e d w a s , s i m i l ar t o M . S . , thr o u g h h e r e v e n t u a l tran s fe r b y th e Ap p e ll an t t o w o rk fo r Ja s o n G u e rr a . T. W . t e s t i fi e d th at a l th o u g h s h e w a s n o t p r e s e n t fo r th e c o n v e r s at i o n b e tw e e n th e Ap p e ll an t an d Ja s o n G u e rr a , s o m e arr an g e m e n t h a d b e e n m a d e at th e h o t e l b y th e a i rp o rt th at p ro v i d e d fo r h e r tran s fe r t o Ja s o n G u e rr a . I d at 2 3 . T h i s t e s t i m o ny i s c o n s i s t e n t w i th th e v e r s i o n p r o v i d e d b y M . S . d ur i n g h e r t e s ti m o ny a

b o ut M . S . ' s o wn tran s f e r t o Ja s o n G u e r

ra . T h e i n s tru c t i o n s th at T. W . r e c e i v e d fr o m Ja s o n G u e rr a w e r e d u p l i c at i v e

4 2o f th o s e b y th e Ap p e ll an t : th at " th e s am e ru l e s th at a p p l y w i th [ th e Ap p e ll an t ] a p p l y w i th m e . " I

d at 2 5 . T h e s e ru l e s w o u l d i n cl u d e h o w mu c h t o c h ar g e c u s t o m e r s fo r s e x u a l s e rv i c e s , h o w t o h an d l e m o n e y an d th e r e qu i r e m e n t t o c h e c k i n w i th Ja s o n G u e rr a . T h e r e fo r e , T . W . , w a s r e c ru i t e d , e n t i c e d an d tran s fe rr e d w i th i n th e m e an i n g o f " tra ffi c k e d " t o s at i s f y th e fi r s t e l e m e n t b e y o n d a r e a s o n ab l e d o u b t. b . E l e m e n t T w o - T r a ffi c k e d K n o w i n g O t h e r P e r s o n W o u l d B e S u b j e c t e d t o F o r c e d L a b o r T h e s e c o n d e l e m e n t th e C o mm o nw e a l th i s r e qu i r e d t o p ro v e t o s u p p o rt a c o nv i c t i o n fo r T ra f fi c k i n g o f P e r s o n s i s th at a d e fe n d an t tra f fi c k e d a p e r s o n kn o w i n g th e o th e r p e r s o n w o u l d b e s ub j e c t t o fo r c e d l ab o r. F o r c e d l ab o r r e s u lt s w h e n a p e r s o n att e mp t s t o c au s e , c au s e s o r th r e at e n s p hy s i c a l h arm t o an o th e r p e r s o n t o o b t a i n o r m a i n t a i n s e rv i c e s fr o m th at o th e r p e r s o n . O n e o f th e h a ll m ark s o f fo r c e d l ab o r un d e r § 3 0 0 2 i s w h e th e r th e f e ar o f p hy s i c a l h arm i n d

u c e s th e s e rv i c e . 1 8 P a . C . S . A . 

### § 3 0 0 1 . A t tr i a l , th e r e w a s m or e th an s u ffi c i e n t e v i d e n c e t o c o n c l u d e b e y o n d a r e a s o n ab l e d o ub t th at th e Ap p e ll an t tr a ffi c k e d v i c t i m T. W . w i th th e k n o w l e d g e th at s h e w o u l d b e s u b j e c t t o fo r c e d l ab o r ; w i th mu c h o f th at fo r c e d l ab o r o r i g i n at i n g fr o m th e Ap p e ll an t h i m s e l f . T. W . t e s t i fi e d th at o n o n e o c c a s i o n , a ft e r s h e h a d g o n e t o w o rk fo r h i s b ro th e r , th e Ap p e ll an t s e v e r e l y b e at h e r . T . W . s t at e d th at s h e " h a d [ th e Ap p e ll an t' s ] h an d p r i n t s b ru i s e d o n th e s i d e o f my fa c e . J s t ill h av e a c r a c k e d r i b t o th i s d ay . [ T h e Ap p e ll an t ] w o u l d p un c h o n m e , s l a p m e , w h at e v e r h e fe lt l i k e d o i n g at th e t i m e . " N . T . 6 / 2 9 / 2 0 1 6 at 2 8 . T h e Ap p e ll an t h a d s l a p p e d T . W . w i th s u c h fo r c e th at " h e l e ft h i s fi n g e r p r i n t s b ru i s e d t o th e s i d e o f [ h e r ] fa c e . " I d at 3 0 . T. W . t e s t i fi e d th at th e Ap p e ll an t a s s au l t e d h e r o n an o th e r o c c a s i o n w h e n s h e tr i e d t o l e av e w o rk i n g fo r h i m . I

d . T . W . h a d b ru i s e s th at w e r e v i s i b l e aro un d h e r r i b s , e xp e r i e n c e d p a i n fu l b r e ath i n g an d h a d a l ump v i s i b l e fr o m th e s e a s s au l t s . I d at 2 9 . P e r

h a p s m o s t t e lli n g l y , T . W . s t at e d th at s h e " w a s n ' t a ll o w e d " t o s e e k any m e d i c a l tr e atm e n t fo r th e s e i n j ur i e s . I d . 

### T. W . furth e r

4 3t e s t i fi e d th at M e n d e z an d th e Ap p e ll an t w o u l d n o t a ll o w T . W . t o t ak e d ay s o ff fr o m w o rk i n g . I d at 1 9 . T. W . a l s o t e s t i fi e d s h e w a s th e v i c t i m o f a s s au l t s fr o m M e n d e z , a l o w e r m e mb e r o f th e G u e rr a o r g an i z at i o n . I

d at 2 8 . S umm ar i l y , T . W . s t at e d th at s h e s t ay e d b e c au s e " y o u e i th e r l o s e y o ur l i fe o r s t ay . I ' m n o t w ill i n g t o l o s e my l i f e . " I d at 4 7 . T h e Ap p e ll an t i n d o c tr i n at e d i n t o h i s v i c t i m s an i n t e n s e f

e ar fo r th e c o n s e qu e n c e s o f l e av i n g o r n o n - c o mp l i an c e thr o u g h a c t u a l an d p hy s i c a l h arm . T h i s f

e ar an d p att e rn o f p hy s i c a l a s s au l t s m o r e th an m e e t s th e r e qu i r e d d e fi n i t i o n o f fo r c e d l ab o r. T h e r e fo r e , th e r e i s s u ffi c i e n t e v i d e n c e i n th e r e c o r d t o d e m o n s trat e th e C o mm o nw e a l th p ro v e d th e s e c o n d e l e m e n t , th at T . W . w a s tra ffi c k e d kn o w i n g s h e w o u l d b e s ub j e c t e d t o fo r c e d l ab o r , b e y o n d a r e a s o n ab l e d o ub t. 

### 4 . C o n cl u s i o n H e r e , th e C o m m o nw e a l th w a s r e qu i r e d t o p ro v e tw o e l e m e n t s b e y o n d a r e a s o n ab l e d o ub t t o s e c ur e a c o nv i c t i o n fo r T ra f fi c k i n g o f P e r s o n s : ( 1 ) th at th e d e fe n d an t d i d kn o w i n g l y tra ffi c o r att e mp t e d t o tra ffi c an o th e r p e r s o n ; an d ( 2 ) th at a d e f e n d an t tra f

fi c k e d a p e r s o n kn o w i n g th e o th e r p e r s o n w o u l d b e s ub j e c t t o fo r c e d l ab o r. T h e C o mm o nw e a lth b r o u g h t tw o c h ar g e s a g a i n s t th e Ap p e ll an t fo r T ra ffi c k i n g o f P e r s o n s ; th e fir s t fo r tra ffi c k i n g a m i n o r an d th e o th e r fo r tra f fi c k i n g an a d

u l t. M o r e th an s u f

fi c i e n t e v i d e n c e h a s b e e n p r e s e n t e d th at th e Ap p e ll an t r e c ru i t e d th e m i n o r , A. H . , an d e n t i c e d h e r w i th i n th e m e an i n g o f " k n o w i n g l y tra ffi c " r e qu i r e d i n th e fi r s t e l e m e n t. T h e r e c o r d a l s o s u p p o rt s th at th e Ap p e ll an t tra f fi c k e d A. H . kn o w i n g th at s h e w o u l d b e s ub

j e c t e d t o fo r c e d l ab o r. T h e C o mm o nw e a lth a l s o p r e s e n t e d s u f fi c i e n t e v i d e n c e th at th e Ap p e ll an t tra f

fi c k e d b o th a d

u l t s , M . S . an d T. W . , w i th i n th e m e an i n g o f th e s t at ut e . T h e C o mm o nw e a l th a l s o p r e s e n t e d s u ffi c i e n t e v i d e n c e th at th e Ap p e ll an t tra ffi c k e d b o th M . S . an d T . W . kn o w i n g th at b o th w o u l d b e s ub j e c t t o fo r c e d l ab o r. T h e r e fo r e , th e tr i a l c o urt b e l i e v e s th at

4 4s u f

fi c i e n t e v i d e n c e s u

p p o rt s th e c o n v i c t i o n s o n b o th c o un t s an d th at th e C o mm o nw e a l th p ro v e d a ll r e qu i r e d el e m e n t s b e y o n d a r e a s o n ab l e d o ub t. 

### j . U n l a w fu l C o n t a c t w i t h a M i n o r - S e x u a l A b u s e T h e Ap p e ll an t n e x t c o n t e n d s th at th e e v i d e n c e p r e s e n t e d at tr i a l i s i n s u ffi c i e n t t o s u s t a i n h i s c o n v i c t i o n fo r U n l aw fu l C o n t a c t w i th a M i n o r - S e x u a l Ab u s e i n v i o l at i o n o f 1 8 P a . C . S . A. § 6 3 1 8 ( a ) ( 5 ) . T h e o ff

e n s e o f U n l aw fu l C o n t a c t w i th a M i n o r i s d e fi n e d i n th e C r i m e s C o d e a s : § 6 3 1 8 . U n l aw fu l C o n t a c t w i th m i n o r ( a ) O ff e n s e d e fi n e d . A p e r s o n c o mm i t s an o ff e n s e i f h e i s i n t e n t i o n a ll y i n c o n t a c t w i th a m i n o r , o r a l aw e n fo r c e m e n t o ffi c e r a c t i n g i n th e p e r fo rm an c e o f h i s d ut i e s w h o h a s a s s um e d th e i d e n t i ty o f a m i n o r , fo r th e p urp o s e o f e n g a g i n g i n an a c t i v i ty p ro h i b i t e d un d e r any o f th e fo ll o w i n g , an d e i th e r th e p e r s o n i n i t i at i n g th e c o n t a c t o r th e p e r s o n b e i n g c o n t a c t e d i s w i th i n th i s C o mm o nw e a l th : ( 5 ) S e x u a l ab u s e o f c h i l dr e n a s d e fi n e d i n s e c t i o n 6 3 1 2 ( r e l at i n g t o s e x u a l ab u s e o f c h i l dr e n ) . 1 8 P a . C . S . A . 

### § 6 3 1 8 ( a ) ( 5 ) . T h e g ra d i n g un d e r s ub s e c t i o n ( b ) o f § 6 3 1 8 p ro v i d e s th at a v i o l at i o n o f s ub s e c t i o n ( a ) i s : ( 1 ) an o ff e n s e o f th e s am e g r a d e an d d e g r e e a s th e m o s t s e r i o u s un d e r l y i n g o ff e n s e i n s ub s e c t i o n ( a ) fo r w h i c h th e d e fe n d an t c o n t a c t e d th e m i n o r ; or ( 2 ) a fe l o ny o f th e th i r d d e g r e e . T h e un d e r l y i n g c h ar g e r i s e s o ut o f § 6 3 1 2 ( c ) - S e x u a l Ab u s e o f C h i l dr e n thr o u g h d i s s e m i n at i o n o fp h o t o g ra p h s , v i d e o t a

p e s , c o mp ut e r d e p i c t i o n s an d fi l m s . H o w e v e r , o ur S u p r e m e C o urt h a s h e l d th at § 6 3 1 8 d o e s n o t r e qu i r e th at a d e f e n d an t b e c o nv i c t e d o f

th e s ub s t an t i v e o ff

e n s e fo r w h i c h h e c o n t a c t e d th e m i n o r , l e t a l o n e b e c h ar g e d w i th i t. C o m m o n w e a l t

h v . R e e d , 

### 9 A . 3 d 

### I 13 8 , I 1 4 6 ( P a . 2 0 10 ) . A l th o u g h th e C o mm o nw e a l th n e e d n o t p ro v e th e s ub s t an t i v e o ff e n s e , a b r i e f d i s c u s s i o n o f th e un d e rl y i n g o ff

e n s e r e m a i n s u s e fu l. T h e un d e rl y i n g c h ar g e fo r th e Ap p e ll an t w a s s e x u a l ab u s e o f c h i l dr e n un d e r 1 8 P a . C . S . A . § 6 3 1 2 ( c ) . T h i s s ub s e c t i o n , i n r e l e v an t p art , s t at e s th at: any p e r s o n w h o kn o w i n g l y s e ll s , d e l i v e r s , d i s s e m i n at e s , tran s fe r s , d i s p l ay s , o r e x h i b i t s t o o th e r s , o r w h o p o s s e s s e s fo r th e p urp o s e o f s a l e , d i s tr i b ut i o n , d e l i v e ry ,

4 5tran s f e r , d i s p l ay o r e x h i b i t i o n any b o o k , m a g a z i n e , p amp h l e t , s l i d e , p h o t o gr a p h , fi l m , v i d e o t a

p e , c o mp ut e r d e p i c t i o n o r o th e r m at e r i a l d e p i c t i n g a c h i l d un d e r th e a g e o f 1 8 y e ar s e n g a g i n g i n a p ro h i b i t e d s e x u a l a c t o r i n th e s i mu l at i o n o f s u c h a c t c o mm i t s an o ff

e n s e . 1 8 P a . C . S . A . § 6 3 1 2 ( c ) . U n d e r s ub s e c t i o n ( g ) o f S e c t i o n 6 3 1 2 , a p ro h i b i t e d s e x u a l a c t i s d e fi n e d a s s e x u a l i n t e r c o ur s e a s d e fi n e d i n s e c t i o n 3 1 0 1 , m a s t ur b at i o n , s a d i s m , m a s o c h i s m , b e s t i a l i ty , f e ll at i o , c unn i l i n g u s , l e w d e x h i b i t i o n o f th e g e n i t a l s o r nu d i ty i f s u c h nu d i ty i s d e p i c t e d fo r th e p urp o s e o f s e x u a l s t i mu l at i o n o r g rat i fi c at i o n o f any p e r s o n w h o m i g h t v i e w s u c h d e p i c t i o n . 1 8 P a . C . S . A . § 6 3 1 2 ( g ) . T h e r e fo r e , a c o nv i c t i o n m ay r e s u l t un d e r § 6 3 1 2 ( c ) i f a p e r s o n kn o w i n g l y d i s s e m i n at e s , tran s f

e r o r d i s p l ay s any p h o t o g ra p h o r c o mp ut e r d e p i c t i o n o f a c h i l d un d e r 1 8 y e ar s o f a g e e n g a g e d i n th e l e w d e x h i b i t i o n o f th e g e n i t a l s o r nu d i ty i fth e nu d i ty i s d e p i c t e d fo r th e p urp o s e o f s e x u a l s t i mu l at i o n o f any p e r s o n w h o m i g h t v i e w s u c h d e p i c t i o n . T h e Ap p e ll an t i s c h ar g e d w i th un l awf u l c o n t a c t w i th a m i n o r w i th s e x u a l ab u s e o f a c h i l d a s th e s ub s t an t i v e c h ar g e . U n d e r S e c t i o n 6 3 1 8 , a p e r s o n c o mm i t s an o ff e n s e i f h e i s i n t e n t i o n a ll y i n c o n t a c t w i th a m i n o r fo r th e p urp o s e o f e n g a g i n g i n th e d i s s e m i n at i o n o r tran s fe r o f any p h o t o g ra p h o r c o mp ut e r d e p i c t i o n o f a p e r s o n un d e r 1 8 y e ar s o f a g e e n g a g e d i n th e l e w d e x h i b i t i o n o f th e g e n i t a l s o r nu d i ty i f th e nu d i ty i s d e p i c t e d fo r th e p urp o s e o f s e x u a l s t i mu l at i o n o f any p e r s o n w h o m i g h t v i e w s u c h d e p i c t i o n . H e r e , th e Ap p e ll an t an d a g ro u p o f o th e r s , b y w ay o f th e i r r e l at i o n s h i p t o e a c h o th e r , a g r e e d t o c o mm i t a c r i m e , an d w i th s h ar e d i n t e n t , c o mm i tt e d o v e r a c t s i n furth e ran c e o f th e c o n s p i ra c y t o tr a f

fi c a m i n o r p e r s o n , p ro m o t e p ro s t i t ut i o n an d , b y th e n at

ur e o f th e i r b u s i n e s s , h a d un l awf

u l w i th a m i n o r . T h e Ap p e ll an t m ay b e h e l d a c c o un t ab l e un d e r a th e o r y o f a c c o mp l i c e l i ab i l i ty o r a s a c o - c o n s p i rat o r.

4 6T h e r e w as s u ffi c i e n t e v i d e n c e i n th e r e c o r d t o s u p p o rt th e Ap p e ll an t ' s c o n v i c t i o n fo r un l aw fu l c o n t a c t w i th a m i n o r un d e r a th e o ry o f a c c o mp l i c e l i ab i l i ty o r a s a c o - c o n s p i r at o r . R e g ar d i n g a c c o mp l i c e l i ab i l i ty , th e C r i m e s C o d e s t at e s : L i ab i l i ty fo r c o n d

u c t o f an o th e r ; c o mp l i c i ty ( a ) G e n e ra l ru l e . - A p e r s o n i s g u i lty o f an o ff e n s e i f i t i s c o mm i tt e d b y h i s o w n c o n d u c t o r b y th e c o n d

u c t o f an o th e r p e r s o n fo r w h i c h h e i s l e g a ll y a c c o un t ab l e , o r b o th . ( b ) C o n d u c t o f an o th e r. - A p e r s o n i s l e g a ll y a c c o un t ab l e fo r th e c o n d u c t o f an o th e r p e r s o n w h e n : (1 ) a c t i n g w i th th e k i n d o f c u l p ab i l i ty th at i s s u ffi c i e n t fo r th e c o m m i s s i o n o f th e o ff

e n s e , h e c au s e s an i nn o c e n t o r i rr e s p o n s i b l e p e r s o n t o e n g a g e i n s u c h c o n d

u c t ; ( 2 ) h e i s m a d e a c c o un t a b l e fo r th e c o n d

u c t o f s u c h o th e r p e r s o n b y th i s t i t l e o r b y th e l aw d e fi n i n g th e o ff e n s e ; o r ( 3 ) h e i s an a c c o mp l i c e o f s u c h o th e r p e r s o n i n th e c o m m i s s i o n o f th e o ff e n s e . ( c ) A c c o mp l i c e d e fi n e d . - A p e r s o n i s an a c c o mp l i c e o f an o th e r p e r s o n i n th e c o m m i s s i o n o f an o ff

e n s e i f : (1 ) w i th th e i n t e n t o fp r o m o t i n g or fa c i l i t at i n g th e c o m m i s s i o n o f th e o ff e n s e , h e : ( i ) s o l i c i t s s u c h o th e r p e r s o n t o c o m m i t i t ; o r ( i i ) a i d s o r a g r e e s o r att e mp t s t o a i d s u c h o th e r p e r s o n i n p l ann i n g o r c o m m i tt i n g i t ; o r ( 2 ) h i s c o n d

u c t i s e xp r e s s l y d e cl ar e d b y l aw t o e s t ab l i s h h i s c o mp li c i ty . ( d ) C u l p ab i l i ty o f a c c o mp l i c e . - W h e n c au s i n g a p art i c u l ar r e s u l t i s an e l e m e n t o f an o ff e n s e , an a c c o mp li c e i n th e c o n d u c t c au s i n g s u c h r e s u l t i s an a c c o mp li c e i n th e c o m m i s s i o n o f th at o ff e n s e , i fh e a c t s w i th th e k i n d o f c u l p ab i l i ty , i f any , w i th r e s p e c t t o th at r e s u lt th at i s s u ffi c i e n t fo r th e c o m m i s s i o n o f th e o ff e n s e . 1 8 P a . C . S . A . § 3 0 6 . T h e e v i d e n c e i n th i s c a s e , v i e w e d i n a l i g h t m o s t fav o rab l e t o th e C o m m o nw e a lth a s th e v e r d i c t - w i nn e r , d e m o n s trat e s th e Ap p e ll an t ' s a c t i v e p art i c i p at i o n i n th e c o n t a c t i n g an d r e c ru i tm e n t o fA . H . , a i d i n g an d a g r e e i n g t o a i d E l t o n C ro mw e ll i n p o s t i n g a dv e rt i s e m e n t s o f A. H . t o s o l i c i t c u s t o m e r s . T h e Ap p e ll an t a i d e d i n th e c o m m i s s i o n o f th e o ff e n s e thro u g h p ro v i d i n g c o mp ut e r s , tran s p o rt at i o n , an d h o t e l ro o m s th at p e rm i tt e d C ro mw e ll t o c o m m i t th e o ff

e n s e .

4 7T h e Ap p e ll an t i s a l s o l i ab l e a s a c o - c o n s p i rat o r. A c c o mp l i c e l i ab i l i ty an d c o n s p i ra c y ar e

n o t o n e an d th e s am e c r i m e . C o m m o n w e a l t

h v . M c C le n d o n , 8 7 4 A . 2 d 1 2 2 3 , 1 2 2 9 ( P a . S u p e r. 2 0 0 5 ) . C o n s p i ra c y r e qu i r e s p r o o f o f an a d d i t i o n a l fa c t o r w h i c h a c c o mp l i c e l i ab i l i ty d o e s n o t : th e e x i s t e n c e o f an a g r e e m e n t. C o m m o n w e a l t

h v . M u r p h y , 7 9 5 A. 2 d 1 0 2 5 ( P a . S u p e r . 2 0 0 2 ) . T o s u s t a i n a c o n v i c t i o n fo r c r i m i n a l c o n s p i ra c y , th e C o m m o nw e a lth mu s t e s t ab l i s h th at : (1 ) th e d e f e n d an t e n t e r e d i n t o an a g r e e m e n t t o c o m m i t o r a i d i n an un l awf u l a c t w i th an o th e r p e r s o n o r p e r s o n s ; ( 2 ) h e d i d s o w i th a s h ar e d c r i m i n a l i n t e n t ; an d ( 3 ) an o v e rt a c t w a s d o n e i n furth e ran c e o f th e c o n s p i ra c y . C

o m m o n w e a l t

h v . D e v i n e, 2 6 A . 3 d 1 1 3 9 , 1 1 4 7 ( P a . S u p e r . 2 0 1 1 ) . H o w e v e r , an " e xp l i c i t o r fo rm a l a g r e e m e n t t o c o m m i t th e c r i m e s c an s e l d o m , i f e v e r , b e p ro v e d an d i t n e e d n o t b e , fo r p ro o f o f a c r i m i n a l p artn e r s h i p i s a l m o s t i n v ar i ab l y e x tra c t e d fr o m th e c i r c um s t an c e s th at att e n d i t s a c t i v i t i e s . " C o m m o n w e a l t

h v . G e i ge r , 9 4 4 A. 2 d 8 5 , 9 0 ( P a . S u p e r. 2 0 0 8 ) . C i r c um s t an t i a l e v i d e n c e m ay p r o v i d e p ro o f o f th e c o n s p i ra c y . C o m m o n w e a l t

h v . G r e e n e, 7 0 2 A. 2 d 5 4 7 , 5 5 4 ( P a . S u

p e r . 1 9 9 7 ) . T h e c o n d

u c t o f th e p art i e s an d th e c i r c um s t an c e s s urr o un d i n g s u c h c o n d

u c t m ay c r e at e a w e b o f e v i d e n c e l i nk i n g th e a c c u s e d t o th e a ll e g e d c o n s p i ra c y . I d . A d d i t i o n a ll y , i n r e s p e c t t o th e o v e rt a c t , i t n e e d " n o t b e c o m m i tt e d b y th e d e fe n d an t ; i t n e e d o n l y b e c o m m i tt e d b y a c o - c o n s p i r at o r. " C o m m o n w e a l th v . H

e n n i g a n , 7 5 3 A . 2 d 2 4 5 , 2 5 3 ( P a . S u p e r. 2 0 0 0 ) . T h e i n t e n t r e qu i r e d fo r c r i m i n a l c o n s p i ra c y i s " i d e n t i c a l t o th at r e qu i r e d fo r a c c o mp li c e l i ab i l i ty . I n b o th c r i m e s a d e f e n d an t mu s t a c t w i th th e i n t e n t o fp ro m o t i n g o r fa c i l i t at i n g th e o ff

e n s e . " C o m m o n w e a l t

h v . M u r p h y , 7 9 5 A. 2 d 1 0 2 5 , 10 3 8 ( P a . S u p e r. 2 0 0 2 ) . T h e tr i a l c o urt w i ll b r i e fl y r e v i s i t th e e x i s t e n c e o f a c o n s p i ra c y a s i t r e l a t e s t o th i s c h ar g e . A t tr i a l , th e Ap p e ll an t w a s e mp h at i c i n h i s a s s e rt i o n th at th e m i n o r , A . H. , d i d n o t w o rk fo r h i m . H e w e n t th ro u g h e x tr e m e l e n g th s t o d i s t an c e h i m s e l f fr o m any a c t i v i ty th at i n cl u d e d A. H . H o w e v e r , th e tr i a l c o urt " w h i l e p a s s i n g u p o n th e c r e d i b i l i ty o fw i tn e s s e s an d th e w e i g h t o fth e

4 8e v i d e n c e p ro d u c e d , i s fr e e t o b el i e v e a ll , p art o r n o n e o f th e e v i d e n c e . " C o m m o n w e a lt

h v . T e j a d a , 1 0 7 A. 3 d 7 8 8 , 7 9 2 - 9 3 ( P a . S u p e r. 2 0 1 5 ) . T h e tr i a l c o urt h e ar d fr o m th e i n v e s t i g at i n g o ffi c e r o f th e P e nn s y l v an i a S t at e P o l i c e th at th e " h e a d s o f c o rru p t o r g an i z at i o n s a l w ay s att e mp t t o i n s u l at e th e m s e l v e s fr o m th e i r un d e rl i n g s . . . b e c au s e th e y d o n ' t w an t t o b e i mp l i c at e d a s th e r i n g l e a d e r. " N . T. 6 / 2 9 / 2 0 1 6 at 1 0 1 . D uri n g h i s t e s t i m o ny a ft e r d i s c o v e r i n g A . H . w a s a m i n o r , th e Ap p e ll an t s t at e d th at C ro mw e ll " d o n ' t [ s i c ] h av e n o m o n e y " t o g e t a h o t e l ro o m fo r A. H . o r d o anyth i n g w i th h e r. I

d at 1 9 4 . A . H . t e s t i fi e d th at th e Ap p e ll an t a l w ay s h a d o n e o r tw o h o t e l r o o m s at any g i v e n t i m e . N . T . 6 / 2 8 / 2 0 1 6 at 1 6 4 . A c c o r d i n g l y , th e tr i a l c o urt fo un d th at th e Ap p e ll an t w a s r e s p o n s i b l e fo r p ro v i d i n g th e h o t e l ro o m a ft e r d i s c o v e r i n g h e r m i n o r s t atu s th at a ll o w e d fo r th e c o n t i nu e d s e x u a l a b u s e o f a c h i l d an d un l aw fu l c o n t a c t w i th a m i n o r. R e g ar d i n g s p e ci fi e d e t a i l s o f th e tran s m i s s i o n o f th e c o mp ut e r d e p i c t i o n s o f a m i n o r th e r e i s l i ttl e d o ub t th at s u c h i m a g e s w e r e p o s t e d . T hro u g h a ll th e d e n i a l s o fh i s i nv o l v e m e n t w i th A . H . , th e tr i a l c o urt fo un d s a l i e n t o n e d e t a i l th at th e Ap p e ll an t p e r h a p s l e t s l i p d

ur i n g h i s t e s t i m o ny . R e g ar d i n g A . H . , th e Ap p e ll an t un e qu i v o c a ll y s t at e s th at " s h e u s e d my c o mp ut e r. " 

### N . T. 6 / 2 9 / 2 0 1 6 at 

### 1 7 1 . T ro o p e r P e t e r s o n p ro v i d e d a fo r e n s i c c o mp ut e r r e p o rt at tr i a l th at d o c um e n t e d th e r e tr i e v a l o fth e C ra i g s l i s t a dv e rt i s e m e n t s fo r e ro t i c s e rv i c e s an d p i c t ur e s o f A . H . u s e d i n th e a dv e rt i s e m e n t s . 

### I d at 6 2 - 6 4 . T h e r e i s n o qu e s t i o n th at A. H . w a s un d e r th e a g e o f 1 8 at th e t i m e th e s e p o s t i n g s w e r e m a d e t o C ra i g s l i s t. I d. A . H . t e s t i fi e d th at o n e p i c t ur e w a s t ak e n , b y C ro mw e ll , at th e R o o s e v e lt I nn w h i l e s h e w o rk e d fo r C ro mw e ll an d th e Ap p e ll an t. N . T . 6 / 2 8 / 2 0 1 6 at 1 9 1. T h e p ur p o s e o f th e p i c tur e s w a s t o draw i n t e r e s t i n A . H . fr o m p o t e n t i a l c u s t o m e r s , th e r e fo r e s u c h p i c t ur e s w o u l d h av e b e e n " th e l e w d e x h i b i t i o n o f th e g e n i t a l s o r nu d i ty i f th e nu d i ty i s d e p i c t e d fo r th e p urp o s e o f s e x u a l s t i mu l at i o n o f any p e r s o n , " a s r e qu i r e d un d e r § 6 3 1 2 ( c ) .

4 9T h e " w e b o f e v i d e n c e " p o i n t s t o th e e x i s t e n c e o f a c o n s p i ra c y h e a d e d b y th e Ap p e ll an t.

T h e r e i s a c h a i n o f m o n e y th at g o e s : ( 1 ) fr o m a c u s t o m e r t o th e v i c t i m s a ft e r a s e x u a l e n c o un t e r i n e x c h an g e fo r m o n e y ; ( 2 ) fr o m th e v i c t i m s t o a dr i v e r o r th e p e r s o n a s s i g n e d t o w at c h th e m ; ( 3 ) fr o m th e dr i v e r s o r p e r s o n s a s s i g n e d t o w at c h th e v i c t i m s t o th e Ap p e ll an t. N . T . 6 / 2 8 / 2 0 1 6 at 2 0 4 . T h e r e i s a c o mm o n thr e a d i n w h i c h th e v i c t i m s , i n o n l y th e fir s t o f s e v e ra l m e th o d s o f c o n tro l , ar e s u

p p l i e d n ar c o t i c s b y th e Ap p e ll an t. M . S . t e s t i fi e d th at s h e w i tn e s s e d th e Ap p e ll an t g i v i n g n ar c o t i c s t o C ro mw e ll fo r d i s tr i b ut i o n t o th e v i c t i m s . 

### I d at 7 5 - 7 5 . A. H . t e s t i fi e d th at i t w a s th e Ap p e ll an t' s d e c i s i o n w h e th e r t o c o n t i nu e t o a ll o w h e r w o rk i n g fo r th e o r g an i z at i o n . T h e r e w a s t e s t i m o ny th at th e Ap p e ll an t b r o u g h t C ro mw e ll , E d d i e M e n d e z an d D w ayn e T h o m a s i n t o th e o r g an i z at i o n t o h e l p i t e xp an d . N . T. 6 / 2 8 / 2 0 1 6 at 7 3 . T h e r e e x i s t s i n th e r e c o r d an e xp l i c i t r e f e r e n c e th at o n e v i c t i m , M . S . , h e ar d an a g r e e m e n t b e i n g m a d e b e tw e e n C ro mw e ll an d th e Ap p e ll an t r e g ar d i n g th e c r i m i n a l e n t e rp r i s e . I d at 1 2 4 . T h e r e fo r e , g i v e n th e e x i s t e n c e o f a c o n s p i ra c y , th e Ap p e ll an t i s r e s p o n s i b l e fo r th e a c t s o f h i s c o - c o n s p i rat o r s th at furth e r th e c o n s p i ra c y . T h e un l awf

u l c o n t a c t w i th a m i n o r c h ar g e i s s tro n g l y s u p p o rt e d w i th e v i d e n c e thr o u g h o ut th e r e c o r d th at s u p p o rt s th e Ap p e ll an t i s r e s p o n s i b l e b o th a s a m e mb e r o f th e c o n s p i ra c y an d un d e r a c c o mp l i c e l i ab i l i ty . T h e r e fo r e , th e r e w a s s u ffi c i e n t e v i d e n c e t o s u p p o rt th e Ap p e ll an t ' s c o nv i c t i o n fo r U n l aw fu l C o n t a c t w i th a M i n o r - S e x u a l Ab u s e . II . W e i g h t o f t h e E v i d e n c e C l a i m - T h e v e r d i c t s w e r e n o t a g a i n s t t h e w e i g h t o f t h e e v i d e n c e . I n h i s s e c o n d p r i n c i p l e p o i n t o f a p p e a l , th e Ap p e ll an t cl a i m s th at th e v e r d i c t w a s a g a i n s t th e w e i g h t o f th e e v i d e n c e . P e nn s y l v an i a R u l e o f C r i m i n a l P ro c e d

ur e 6 0 7 s t at e s th at a " cl a i m th at th e v e r d i c t w a s a g a i n s t th e w e i g h t o f th e e v i d e n c e s h a ll b e ra i s e d w i th th e tr i a l j u d g e i n a m o t i o n fo r n e w tr i a l " i n a w r i tt e n o r o r a l m o t i o n b e fo r e th e c o urt p r i o r t o s e n t e n c i n g , o r i n a p o s t s e n t e n c e m o t i o n . P a . R . C r i m . P . 6 0 7 ( a ) (l - 3 ) . T h e c o mm e n t t o R u l e 6 0 7 e s t ab l i s h e s th at th e



## s o" p urp o s e o f th i s ru l e i s t o m ak e i t cl e ar th at a c h a ll e n g e t o th e w e i g h t o f th e e v i d e n c e mu s t b e

ra i s e d w i th th e tr i a l j u d g e o r i t w ill b e w a i v e d . " P a . R . C r i m . P . 6 0 7 , c o mm e n t. T h e fa i l ur e t o c h a ll e n g e th e w e i g h t o f th e e v i d e n c e p r e s e n t e d at tr i a l i n an o ra l o r w r i tt e n m o t i o n p r i o r t o s e n t e n c i n g o r i n a p o s t - s e n t e n c e m o t i o n w i ll r e s u l t i n th e w a i v e r o fth e cl a i m . C o m m o n w e a lt

h v . B o n d , 9 8 5 A . 2 d 8 1 0 , 8 2 0 ( P a . 2 0 0 9 ) . T h e Ap p e ll an t fi l e d a t i m e l y p o s t - s e n t e n c e m o t i o n an d r a i s e d cl a i m s th at v e r d i c t s w e r e a g a i n s t th e w e i g h t o f th e e v i d e n c e . H o w e v e r , th e Ap p e ll an t i n h i s p o s t - s e n t e n c e m o t i o n ra i s e d o n l y cl a i m s th at th e v e r d i c t s fo r T ra ffi c k i n g o f P e r s o n s ( a M i n o r ) an d C o r ru p t O r g an i z at i o n s w e r e a g a i n s t th e w e i g h t o f th e e v i d e n c e . T h e r e fo r e , p ur s u an t t o P a . R . C r i m . P . 6 0 7 , th e Ap p e ll an t i s d e e m e d t o h av e w a i v e d any w e i g h t o f th e e v i d e n c e cl a i m s fo r th e o th e r r e m a i n i n g c o n v i c t i o n s . I n r e v i e w i n g a w e i g h t o f th e e v i d e n c e cl a i m , th e a p p e ll at e c o urt fo c u s e s s o l e l y o n w h e th e r th e tr i a l c o urt a b u s e d i t s d i s c r e t i o n ; i t d o e s n o t c o n s i d e r th e un d e r l y i n g qu e s t i o n o f w h e th e r th e v e r d i c t i t s e l f w a s a g a i n s t th e w e i g h t o f th e e v i d e n c e . C o m m o n w e a l t

h v . W i d m e r , 7 4 4 A . 2 d 7 4 5 , 7 5 1 ( P a . 2 0 0 0 ) . T h e e s s e n c e o f a p p e ll at e r e v i e w fo r a w e i g h t cl a i m a p p e ar s t o l i e i n e n s ur i n g th at th e " tr i a l c o urt ' s d e ci s i o n h a s r e c o r d s u p p o rt . W h e r e th e r e c o r d a d e qu at e l y s u p p o rt s th e tr i a l c o urt , th e tr i a l c o urt h a s a c t e d w i th i n th e l i m i t s o f i t s d i s c r e t i o n . " C o m m o n w e a lt

h v . Cla y , 6 4 A . 3 d 10 4 9 , 1 0 5 4 - 5 5 ( P a . 2 0 1 3 ) . B e c au s e th e tr i a l j u d g e " h a s h a d th e o p p o rt un i ty t o h e ar an d s e e th e e v i d e n c e p r e s e n t e d , an a p p e ll at e c o urt w ill g i v e th e g rav e s t c o n s i d e rat i o n t o th e fi n d i n g s an d r e a s o n s a dv an c e d b y th e tr i a l j u d g e w h e n r e v i e w i n g a tr i a l c o urt ' s d e t e rm i n at i o n th at th e v e r d i c t i s a g a i n s t th e w e i g h t o f th e e v i d e n c e . C

o m m o n w e a l! h v . J

o h n s o n , 9 10 A. 2 d 6 0 ( P a . 2 0 0 6 ) . R ath e r , th e ro l e o f th e tr i a l j u d g e i s t o d e t e rm i n e th at n o tw i th s t an d i n g a ll th e fa c t s , c e rt a i n fa c t s ar e s o cl e arl y o f g r e at e r w e i g h t th at t o i g n o r e th e m o r t o g i v e th e m e qu a l w e i g h t w i th a ll th e fa c t s i s t o d e ny j u s t i c e . W i d m e r , 7 4 4 A . 2 d at 7 4 5 .

5 1A w e i g h t cl a i m a c t u a ll y c o n c e d e s s u f

fi c i e n c y o f

th e e v i d e n c e , a s th e a

p p e ll at e c o urt i s t o fo c u s o n l y o n qu a l i ty o f th e tr i a l c o urt ' s d i s c r e t i o n . S e e W i d m e r , 7 4 4 A . 2 d at 7 5 1 . T h e r e fo r e , th e

" t e s t i s n o t w h e th e r th e c o urt w o u l d h av e d e c i d e d th e c as e i n th e s am e w ay , b ut w h e th e r th e v e r d i c t i s s o c o n trar

y t o th e e v i d e n c e a s t o m ak e th e aw ar d o f a n e w tr i a l i mp e rat i v e s o th at r i g h t m ay b e g i v e n an o th e r o p p o rt un i ty t o p r e v a i l. " C

o m m o n w e a lt

h v . W h i te m a n , 4 8 5 A. 2 d 4 5 9 , 4 6 2 ( P a . 1 9 8 4 ) . T h e e v i d e n c e mu s t b e " s o t e nu o u s , v a g u e an d un c e rt a i n th at th e v e r d i c t s h o c k s th e c o n s c i e n c e o f th e c o urt . " C o m m o n w e a l t

h v . S u lli v a n , 8 2 0 A. 2 d 7 9 5 , 8 0 6 ( P a . S u p e r. 2 0 0 3 ) . A c c o r d i n g l y , i n o r d e r t o r e v e r s e a tr i a l c o urt ' s ru l i n g o n a w e i g h t o f th e e v i d e n c e cl a i m , i t " mu s t d e t e rm i n e th at th e v e r d i c t i s s o c o n trary t o th e e v i d e n c e a s t o ' s h o c k o n e ' s s e n s e o f j u s t i c e . "' C o m m o n w e a ll

h v . H i t n e r , 9 1 0 A . 2 d 72 1 , 7 3 3 ( P a . S u p e r . 2 0 0 6 ) . a . T r a ffi c ki n g o f P e r s o n s ( M i n o r ) T h e Ap p e ll an t fi r s t c o n t e n d s th at h i s c o nv i c t i o n fo r T ra ffi c k i n g o f P e r s o n s - M i n o r w a s a g a i n s t th e w e i g h t o f th e e v i d e n c e . H o w e v e r , th e r e w a s amp l e s u p p o rt i n th e r e c o r d t o d e m o n s tr at e th at th e Ap p e ll an t w a s p ro p e rl y c o nv i c t e d o f 1 8 P a . C . S . A . § 3 0 0 2 an d d o e s n o t s h o c k o n e ' s s e n s e o f

j u s t i c e . T h e Ap p e ll an t c o n t e n d e d i n h i s p o s t - s e n t e n c e m o t i o n th at th e e v i d e n c e w a s " n o t o f s u f fi c i e n t w e i g h t t o c o nv i c t fo r T ra ffi c k i n g o f P e r s o n s ( a M i n o r ) s i n c e th e m i n o r t e s t i fi e d th at P e t i t i o n e r w a s n o t h e r p i mp an d d i d n o t e n g a g e i n any tra f fi c k i n g o r p ro fi t e e r i n g fr o m s a i d m i n o r . " D e f. P o s t - S e n t ' g M o t. 4 . T h e Ap p e ll an t a p p e ar s t o c o n fl at e th e s t an d ar d o fr e v i e w fo r w e i g h t o f th e e v i d e n c e cl a i m s w i th th at o f s u ffi c i e n c y o f th e e v i d e n c e . T h e tr i a l c o urt p r e v i o u s l y a d dr e s s e d th e s u ffi c i e n c y o f th e e v i d e n c e fo r th e Ap p e ll an t ' s T ra ffi c k i n g o f P e r s o n s ( M i n o r ) c o nv i c t i o n . H o w e v e r , i n th e i n t e r e s t o f j u s t i c e , th e tr i a l c o urt w i ll a d dr e s s th e w e i g h t o fth e e v i d e n c e cl a i m a s i t r e l at e s t o th e T ra ffi c k i n g o f P e r s o n s ( M i n o r) c o nv i c t i o n . G i v e n th at w e i g h t o f th e e v i d e n c e cl a i m s ar e r e v i e w e d un d e r an a b u s e o f d i s c r e t i o n



### 5 2s t an d ar d , th e tr i a l c o urt d o e s n o t b e l i e v e th at i t a b u s e d i t s d i s c r e t i o n i n fi n d i n g th e r e w a s amp l e s u p p o rt i n th e r e c o r d t o s u p p o rt th e Ap p e ll an t ' s c o nv i c t i o n un d e r 1 8 P a . C . S . A. 

### § 3 0 0 2 . U n d e r th e T ra f

fi c k i n g o f P e r s o n s s t at

ut e , th e C o mm o nw e a lth mu s t p ro v e : ( 1 ) th at th e Ap p e ll an t " d i d tra ffi c o r kn o w i n g l y att e mp t t o tra ffi c an o th e r p e r s o n ; " an d ( 2 ) th at h e " kn e w th at th e o th e r p e r s o n w o u l d b e s ub j e c t e d t o fo r c e d l ab o r o r s e rv i c e s . " T h e r e c o r d s u p p o rt s th at th e Ap p e ll an t d i d kn o w i n g l y tr a f fi c an o th e r p e r s o n . T ra ffi c i s d e fi n e d a s " r e c ru i t s , e n t i c e s , h ar b o r s , tran s p o rt s o r p ro v i d e s o r o b t a i n s b y any m e an s . " 1 8 P a . C . S . A 

### § 3 0 0 1 . T h e Ap p e ll an t an d C ro mw e ll , w h i l e o p e rat i n g a v e h i cl e , a p p ro a c h e d A . H . o n K e n s i n g t o n A v e nu e an d a s k e d h e r t o g e t i n t o th e i r c ar . N . T. 6 / 2 8 / 2 0 1 6 at 1 4 7 . A. H . w a s a s k e d w h i c h dru g s s h e u s e d an d u p o n i n fo rm i n g th e tw o th at s h e u s e d c o c a i n e , s h e g o t i n t o th e c ar w a s tran s p o rt e d t o th e R am a d a I nn o n R o o s e v e lt B o u l e v ar d . I d at 1 4 8 . T h e Ap p e ll an t an d C r o mw e ll , a ft e r t e ll i n g A . H . th e y h a d a p l a c e fo r h e r t o s t ay , t o o k h e r i n t o a ro o m fi ll e d w i th mu lt i p l e g i r l s w h e r e A. H . " r e a l i z e d w h at th e y h a d g o i n g o n th e r e " an d th e g i rl s w e r e " p ro s t i t ut i n g . " 

### I d at 1 5 0 - 5 1 . T h e s e c o n d i n s t an c e i n w h i c h th e Ap p e ll an t " tra ffi c k e d " A . H . i s thro u g h h i s tr an s p o rt at i o n o f A . H . fr o m h i s h o m e , a ft e r h e r tru e a g e w a s d i s c o v e r e d , b a c k t o th e h o t e l t o c o n t i nu e e n g a g i n g i n a c t s o fp ro s t i t ut i o n . A ft e r fi n d i n g o ut th at s h e w a s a m i n o r , th e Ap p e ll an t t o l d A . H . t o " p a c k u

p [ h e r ] s t u ff an d [ th e Ap p e ll an t ] w a s g o i n g t o l e t [ A. H . ] s t ay at h i s w i fe ' s h o u s e fo r a c o u

p l e d ay s . " N . T. 0 6 / 2 8 /2 0 1 6 at 1 8 2 . A f t e r a f e w d ay s at th e Ap p e ll an t ' s h o m e , A. H . w a s p i c k e d u

p fr o m th e r e s i d e n c e an d dr i v e n b a c k t o a h o t e l b y b o th C r o mw e ll an d th e Ap p e ll an t. N . T . 0 6 / 2 8 / 2 0 1 6 at 1 8 4 . A t th at t i m e , th e Ap p e ll an t d i d n o t t e ll A . H . t o s t o p p e r fo rm i n g w o rk a s a p ro s t i t ut e . 

### I d at 1 9 5 . T h e r e w a s d i r e c t t e s t i m o ny fr o m w i tn e s s T. W . th at a ft e r th e Ap p e ll an t b ro u g h t h e r b a c k t o th e h o t e l th at s h e c o n t i nu e d w o rk i n g a s a p ro s t i t ut e fo r th e o r g an i z at i o n l e a d b y th e Ap p e ll an t. N . T. 6 / 2 9 /2 0 1 6 at 2 2 . T hu s , th e fi r s t e l e m e n t r e qu i r e d

5 3fo r p ro v i n g tra f fi c k i n g i s s u ffi c i e n t l y thro u g h th e Ap p e ll an t' s r e c ru i tm e n t an d e n t i c i n g o f A . H. thro u g h o ff

e r i n g h e r n ar c o t i c s , o ff

e r i n g h e r a p l a c e t o s t ay kn o w i n g th at s h e w a s h o m e l e s s an d w o u l d a c c e p t h i s o ff

e r. T h e s e c o n d e l e m e n t r e qu i r e s th e C o m m o nw e a l th t o d e m o n s trat e th at th e Ap p e ll an t kn e w th e p e r s o n w o u l d b e s ub j e c t t o fo r c e d l ab o r . F o r c e d l ab o r i s d e fi n e d a s s e rv i c e s th at ar e p e r fo rm e d or p ro v i d e d b y an o th e r p e r s o n w h i c h ar e o b t a i n e d o r m a i n t a i n e d w h e n a p e r s o n : ( 1 ) att e mp t s t o c au s e , c au s e s o r b y th r e at o f p h y s i c a l m e n a c e p ut s an o th e r p e r s o n i n f e ar o f b o d i l y i n j ury . 1 8 P a . C . S . A. § 3 0 0 1. A. H . t e s t i fi e d at tr i a l th at s h e w a s " a fr a i d " o f th e Ap p e ll an t b e c au s e h e w a s m o r e i n t i m i d at i n g th an C ro mw e ll o r th e o th e r s b e c au s e " h e w a s m o r e v i o l e n t t o w ar d s th e g i rl s th at w o rk e d fo r h i m . " N . T. 6 / 2 8 / 2 0 1 6 at 1 8 0 . T h e Ap p e ll an t w a s fo un d t o b e th e l e a d e r o f th e p ro s t i t

ut i o n o r g an i z at i o n th at i n cl u d e d E d d i e M e n d e z , D w ayn e T h o m a s an d E lt o n C ro mw e l l. E v e n i f th e Ap p e ll an t h i m s e l f d i d n o t c o mm i t a c t s o f v i o l e n c e u p o n A. H . , th e s t at ut e o n l y r e qu i r e s th at th e Ap p e ll an t h av e tra f fi c k e d th e m i n o r kn o w i n g th at s h e w o u l d b e s ub j e c t t o fo r c e d l ab o r . A . H . n e v e r r e c e i v e d m o n e y b a c k fr o m th e s e x u a l s e rv i c e s s h e p ro v i d e d . I d at 1 6 6 . A . H . w a s th e v i c t i m o f v i o l e n c e at th e h an d s o f C r o mw e l l. I d at 1 7 1 - 72 . A. H . furth e r t e s t i fi e d th at i f s h e d i d n o t f e e l l i k e d o i n g a " d at e " o n a c e rt a i n d ay , s h e c o u l d n o t r e fu s e an d kn e w th e r e w o u l d b e c o n s e qu e n c e s fo r s u c h a r e fu s a l. I d at 1 7 1 . T h e s e c o n d r e qu i r i n g th at th e Ap p e ll an t h av e k

n o w l e d g e A. H . w o u l d b e s ub j e c t e d t o fo r c e d l ab o r i s s at i s fi e d b e c au s e th e Ap p e ll an t , a s h e a d o f th e o r g an i z at i o n , kn e w th e m e th o d s e mp l o y e d b y th o s e w o rk i n g fo r h i m t o g a i n c o mp l i an c e b y v i c t i m s thro u g h fo r c e an d e n g a g e d i n s u c h c o n d u c t h i m s e l f. H e r e , th e tr i a l c o urt h e ar d e x t e n s i v e t e s t i m o ny a b o ut h o w th e Ap p e ll an t r e c ru i t e d , e n t i c e d an d tran s p o rt e d g i rl s . T h i s m e e t s th e fir s t r e qu i r e m e n t th at th e Ap p e ll an t tr a f fi c th e v i c t i m . T h e tr i a l c o urt th e n h e ar d t e s t i m o ny a b o ut h o w th e Ap p e ll an t ran h i s o r g an i z at i o n thr o u g h b o th

5 4thr e at s o f v i o l e n c e an d a c t s o f v i o l e n c e . A. H . w a s fr i g h t e n e d o f th e Ap p e ll an t , an d w a s

s ub j e c t e d t o fo r c e d l ab o r at th e Ap p e ll an t ' s h an d s an d th e a c t s o f o th e r s i n th e o r g an i z at i o n . T h e r e ar e num e r o u s i n s t an c e s i n th e r e c o r d w h i c h s u p p o rt b o th th e Ap p e ll an t tr a ffi c k i n g th e m i n o r an d tra f

fi c k i n g h e r w i th kn o w l e d g e th at s h e w o u l d b e s ub j e c t t o fo r c e d l ab o r. D e s p i t e th e Ap p e ll an t ' s a s s e rt i o n i n h i s p o s t - tr i a l m o t i o n , th e r e i s n o r e qu i r e m e n t th at th e C o mm o nw e a l th p r e s e n t e v i d e n c e o fp r o fi t s fo r c o nv i c t i o n un d e r th e s t at ut e . B e c au s e th e r e i s amp l e s u p p o rt i n th e r e c o r d t o s u

p p o rt th e c o nv i c t i o n , th e v e r d i c t d o e s n o t " s h o c k o n e ' s s e n s e o f j u s t i c e . " T h e r e fo r e , th e tr i a l c o urt d i d n o t a b u s e i t s d i s c r e t i o n i n fi n d i n g th at th e v e r d i c t w a s n o t a g a i n s t th e w e i g h t o f th e e v i d e n c e . b . C o r r u p t O r g a n i z a t i o n s T h e Ap p e ll an t n e x t c o n t e n d s th at h i s c o nv i c t i o n fo r C o rr u p t O r g an i z at i o n s w a s a g a i n s t th e w e i g h t o f th e e v i d e n c e . H o w e v e r , th e r e w a s amp l e s u p p o rt i n th e r e c or d p r e s e n t e d t o d e m o n s trat e th at th e Ap p e ll an t w a s p ro p e r l y c o nv i c t e d o f s e c t i o n 9 1 1 ( b ) ( 1 ) o f th e C o rru p t O r g an i z at i o n s A c t an d h i s c o n v i c t i o n d o e s n o t " s h o c k o n e ' s s e n s e o f j u s t i c e . " I n h i s p o s t s e n t e n c e m o t i o n , th e Ap p e ll an t ar g u e s h i s c o nv i c t i o n fo r C o rr u p t O r g an i z at i o n s w a s a g a i n s t th e

" w e i g h t o f th e e v i d e n c e b e c au s e th e r e w e r e n o d e t a i l s o f n e c e s s ary c o n s p i ra c y , p ro fi t s , an d s o fo rth n e c e s s ar

y t o e s t ab l i s h s u c h a c o nv i c t i o n . " D e f. P o s t - S e n t ' g M o t. 4 . F o r r e a s o n s th at fo ll o w , th e Ap p e ll an t ' s c o nv i c t i o n fo r C o rru p t O r g an i z at i o n s w a s n o t a g a i n s t th e w e i g h t o f th e e v i d e n c e . A s an i n i t i a l m att e r , th e Ap p e ll an t cl a i m s i n h i s p o s t - s e n t e n c e m o t i o n th at h i s c o nv i c t i o n fo r C o rr u p t O r g an i z at i o n s w a s a g a i n s t th e w e i g h t o f th e e v i d e n c e b e c au s e th e r e w e r e n o d e t a i l s o f a n e c e s s ar

y c o n s p i ra c y . A f

t e r cl o s e r e a d i n g o f th e s u b s e c t i o n un d e r w h i c h th e Ap p e ll an t w a s c o nv i c t e d , 1 8 P a . C . S . A . § 9 1 1 ( b ) (1 ) , th e tr i a l c o urt d o e s n o t b e l i e v e th e C o mm o nw e a l th w a s r e qu i r e d t o p ro v e a c o n s p i r a c y a s an e l e m e n t fo r c o nv i c t i o n un d e r 9 1 l ( b ) ( l ) . R ath e r , th e C o rr u p t

5 5O r g an i z at i o n s A c t l i s t s th e c o n s p i ra c y t o c o mm i t any o ff e n s e s e t fo rth i n s ub p ar a g ra p h s ( i ) , (i i ) , an d ( v ) o f

§ 9 1 l ( h ) a s " ra c k e t e e r i n g a c t i v i ty " w i th i n th e m e an i n g o fth e C o rru p t O r g an i z at i o n s A c t. 1 8 P a . C . S . A. § 9 1 l ( h ) (l ) ( i i i ) . T hu s , c o n s p i ra c y i s o n l y o n e p o s s i b l e o ff e n s e th at m ay b e c o n s i d e r e d i n d e t e rm i n i n g w h e th e r a d e f e n d an t e n g a g e d i n " ra c k e t e e r i n g a c t i v i ty . " T h i s a l o n e d o e s n o t m ak e i t an e l e m e n t o f th e c r i m e . T h e C o rru p t O r g an i z at i o n s A c t , i n o n e e l e m e n t o f th e c r i m e , r e qu i r e s th e fi n d i n g b e y o n d a r e a s o n ab l e d o ub t th at a d e fe n d an t e n g a g e d i n a " p att e rn o f ra c k e t e e r i n g a c t i v i ty . " A s d i s c u s s e d at l e n g th p r e v i o u s l y , a " p att e rn o f ra c k e t e e r i n g a c t i v i ty " i s tw o o r m o r e o ff

e n s e s l a i d o ut i n § 9 1 l ( h ) ( l ) . T h e tw o o ff e n s e s un d e r § 9 1 l ( h ) ( l ) thro u g h w h i c h th e tr i a l c o urt fo un d th e Ap p e ll an t t o h av e e n g a g e d i n a " p att e rn o fra c k e t e e r i n g a c t i v i ty " ar e th e tra ffi c k i n g o fp e r s o n s ( § 9 1 l ( h ) (l ) ( i ) ) an d th e p o s s e s s i o n w i th i n t e n t t o d i s tr i b ut e a c o n tro ll e d s ub s t an c e ( § 9 1 1 ( h ) (l ) (i i ) ) . T h e r e fo r e , d e s p i t e th e Ap p e ll an t h av i n g b e e n c o nv i c t e d o f c o n s p i ra c y , th e C o mm o nw e a lth w a s n o t r e qu i r e d t o p ro v e th e e x i s t e n c e o f a c o n s p i ra c y fo r th e C o rru p t O r g an i z at i o n s c h ar g e . T h e tr i a l c o urt d i s a g r e e s w i th th e Ap p e ll an t th at th e r e w a s n o d i s c u s s i o n o fp ro fi t s thro u g h o ut h i s tr i a l. A g a i n r e c a ll i n g th at o n e o f th e un d e r l y i n g " ra c k e t e e r i n g a c t i v i t i e s ' ' i s th e tra ffi c k i n g o f p e r s o n s , h e r e , th e tr i a l c o urt w i ll s o l e l y e xp l o r e th e tra f fi c k i n g o fp e r s o n s ab o v e th e a g e o f 1 8 ( d e s p i t e th e Ap p e ll an t h av i n g b e e n c o nv i c t e d o f tra ffi c k i n g b o th a d u lt s an d a m i n o r ) . T h e r e w a s a n e tw o rk o f v i c t i m s th at th e Ap p e ll an t tra f fi c k e d an d fo r c e d i n t o l ab o r . T h e tr i a l c o urt h e ar d t e s t i m o ny th at th e r e w e r e p e r h a p s a s m any a s e i g h t v i c t i m s w o rk i n g fo r th e Ap p e ll an t. N . T. 6 / 2 9 / 2 0 1 6 at 2 1 5 . T h e tr i a l c o urt h e ar d t e s t i m o ny fr o m tw o v i c t i m s , th at w e r e a d u lt s at th e t i m e th e y w e r e tra ffi c k e d b y th e Ap p e ll an t , th at s t at e d th e y e a c h e arn e d u p w ar d s o f $ 1 , 0 0 0 p e r d ay fr o m p e r fo rm i n g d at e s . N . T. 6 / 2 8 /2 0 1 6 at 6 9 ; N . T . 6 /2 9 /2 0 1 6 at 1 9 . T h e v i c t i m s a l s o un e qu i v o c a ll y s t at e d th at th e y att e mp t e d t o l e av e mu lt i p l e t i m e s , w e r e fo un d an d b ro u g h t

5 6b a c k a ft e r p hy s i c a l a s s au lt s b y th e Ap p e ll an t. N . T . 6 / 2 8 / 2 0 1 6 at 9 6 ; N . T . 6 / 2 9 / 2 0 1 6 at 2 8 .

D e t e c t i v e D e rr i c k S t i g e rt s , th e C o mm o nw e a l th e xp e rt , t e s t i fi e d th at tra ffi c k i n g v i c t i m s n e v e r k e e p th e m o n e y e arn e d fr o m th e i r s e rv i c e s . N . T . 6 / 2 8 2 0 1 6 at 3 7 . T h e o th e r av e nu e thr o u g h w h i c h th e Ap p e ll an t dr e w a p ro fi t w a s fr o m h i s d i s tr i b ut i o n o f n ar c o t i c s . T h e Ap p e ll an t s t at e d th at aro un d th e t i m e o f th e c h ar g e d e v e n t s h e s o l d b o th c r a c k c o c a i n e an d h e ro i n . N . T . 0 6 / 2 9 / 2 0 1 8 at 1 8 4 . T h e Ap p e ll an t a dm i tt e d th at h e " s t art e d p i c k i n g [ n ar c o t i c s ] u

p i n l ar g e qu an t i t i e s s o th at i t w o u l d b e c h e a p e r . " I d . T h e Ap p e ll an t th e n t e s t i fi e d h e w o u l d p ur c h a s e a

p p ro x i m at e l y $ 5 0 0 w o rth o f h e ro i n at a t i m e , b r e ak i t d o wn an d s e ll t o th e g i r l s an d m ak e a p ro fi t. I

d at 1 8 5 - 8 6 . T h e Ap p e ll an t a l s o t e s t i fi e d th at h e w o u l d p ur c h a s e a p p ro x i m at e l y $ 1 0 0 o f c ra c k c o c a i n e fo r d i s tr i b ut i o n am o n g s t th e g i r l s h e h a d i n h i s e mp l o y . I d at 1 8 6 . H o w e v e r , th e r e i s a c o n tr a d i c t i o n i n th e Ap p e ll an t' s t e s t i m o ny b e c au s e h e l at e r t e s t i fi e d th at h e s o l d M . S . $ 5 0 0 , an d n o t th e $ 10 0 am o un t p r e v i o u s l y s t at e d , w o rth o f c ra c k c o c a i n e p e r d ay . I d at 1 9 1. T h e tr i a l c o urt b e l i e v e s th at th e Ap p e ll an t' s o w n a dm i s s i o n t o m ak i n g a p ro fi t thro u g h th e " ra c k e t e e r i n g a c t i v i ty " o f d i s tr i b ut i n g a c o n tr o ll e d s ub s t an c e n e g at e s any i n f e r e n c e th at p ro fi t s w e r e n e v e r d i s c u s s e d d ur i n g th e tr i a l. L a s t , th e tr i a l c o urt h e ar d t e s t i m o ny fr o m an e xp e rt w i tn e s s a b o ut th e s tru c t

ur e o f s u c h o r g an i z at i o n s . T h e C o mm o nw e a l th ' s e xp e rt w i tn e s s , D e t e c t i v e S t i g e rt s , e xp l a i n e d th at tra ffi c k e r s c o mm an d o b e d i e n c e thr o u g h fo r c e an d th at th e r e i s a fam i l y s tru c tur e w i th i n th e o r g an i z at i o n . N . T . 6 /2 8 / 2 0 1 6 at 3 1 , 3 8 . T h e tr i a l c o urt h e ar d t e s t i m o ny fr o m th e i n v e s t i g at i n g o ffi c e r th at th e Ap p e ll an t w a s th e p r i n c i p a l o f th e o r g an i z at i o n i nv o l v i n g E l t o n C ro mw e ll , E d d i e M e n d e z an d D w ayn e T h o m a s . N . T . 6 /2 9 2 0 1 6 at 10 1 - 10 3 . T h e tr i a l c o urt h e ar d t e s t i m o ny fr o m v i c t i m s th at M e n d e z , T h o m a s an d C ro mw e ll , a ll m e mb e r s o f th e o r g an i z at i o n , t o o k or d e r s fr o m th e Ap p e ll an t. N . T . 6 / 2 8 / 2 0 1 6 at 7 1 , 1 9 6 ; N . T . 6 / 2 9 / 2 0 1 6 at 5 6 . T h e r e w a s t e s t i m o ny th at th e s e

5 7m e mb e r s o f th e o r g an i z at i o n w o u l d c o ll e c t th e m o n e y fr o m th e v i c t i m s . N . T . 6 / 2 8 / 2 0 1 6 at 7 9 - 8 0 .

T h e r e w a s a l s o e x t e n s i v e t e s t i m o ny th at m e mb e r s o f th e o r g an i z at i o n , an d th e c o n s p i ra c y , w e r e r e c e i v i n g n ar c o t i c s fr o m th e Ap p e ll an t fo r d i s tr i b ut i o n an d " a l l th e m o n e y i s fi l t e r i n g b a c k i n . " I d at 7 3 . T h i s t e s t i m o ny i n d i c at e s th at th e r e w a s an " e n t e rp r i s e " a s r e qu i r e d w i th i n th e s t atut e . H e r e , th e tr i a l c o urt h e ar d e x t e n s i v e t e s t i m o ny h o w : (1 ) th e Ap p e ll an t r e c e i v e d i n c o m e fr o m a " p att e rn o fra c k e t e e r i n g a c t i v i ty ; ( 2 ) th e e x i s t e n c e o f an " e n t e rp r i s e " w i th i n th e m e an i n g o f th e C o rr

u p t O r g an i z at i o n s A c t ; an d ( 3 ) th e Ap p e ll an t u s e d th e i n c o m e r e c e i v e d fr o m th e

" p att e rn o fra c k e t e e r i n g " i n th e e s t ab l i s hm e n t o r o p e rat i o n o f th e e n t e rp r i s e . T h e tr i a l c o urt ' s d e c i s i o n h a d m o r e th an s u f fi c i e n t s u p p o rt w i th i n th e r e c o r d . T h e e v i d e n c e p r e s e n t e d at tr i a l , an d th e Ap p e ll an t ' s c o nv i c t i o n fo r C o rru p t O r g an i z at i o n s , d o e s n o t s h o c k o n e ' s s e n s e o f j u s t i c e . T h e r e fo r e , th e tr i a l c o urt d i d n o t e rr i n fi n d i n g th e v e r d i c t w a s n o t a g a i n s t th e w e i g h t o f th e e v i d e n c e . II I. U n r e a s o n ab l e S e n t e n c e C l a i m - T h e tr i a l c o urt d i d n o t e rr i n d e ny i n g th e Ap p e ll an t ' s M o t i o n t o R e c o n s i d e r S e n t e n c e an d g av e a r e a s o n ab l e s e n t e n c e . T h e Ap p e ll an t w a s fo un d g u i lty o n e l e v e n c o un t s an d s e n t e n c e d t o a t o t a l t e rm o f 3 7 t o 7 4 y e ar s c o n fi n e m e n t. F o r h i s c o nv i c t i o n o f P o s s e s s i o n o fw i th I n t e n t t o D e l i v e r ( 3 5 P a . C . S . A. § 7 8 0 - 1 1 3 ( a ) ( 3 0 ) ) , th e Ap p e ll an t w a s s e n t e n c e d t o o n e t o tw o y e ar s c o n fi n e m e n t. F o r h i s c o nv i c t i o n o n C o r

ru p t O r g an i z at i o n ( 1 8 P a . C . S . A. 

### § 9 1 l ( b ) ( l ) ) , a f e l o ny o f th e fir s t d e g r e e , th e Ap p e ll an t w a s s e n t e n c e d t o th r e e y e ar s an d s i x m o n th s t o s e v e n y e ar s c o n fi n e m e n t. F o r h i s c o nv i c t i o n o f C r i m i n a l C o n s p i ra c y (1 8 P a . C . S . A . 

### § 9 0 3 ) , a f e l o ny o f th e fir s t d e g r e e , th e Ap p e ll an t w a s s e n t e n c e d t o n i n e y e ar s t o e i g h t e e n y e ar s c o n fi n e m e n t. F o r h i s c o nv i c t i o n o f S e x u a l E xp l o i t at i o n o f C h i l dr e n ( 1 8 P a . C . S . A . § 6 3 2 0 ) , a fe l o ny o f th e s e c o n d d e g r e e , th e Ap p e ll an t w a s s e n t e n c e d t o fi v e y e ar s t o t e n y e ar s i n c ar c e rat i o n . F o r h i s c o n v i c t i o n o f C r i m i n a l U s e o f a C o mmun i c at i o n F a c i l i ty ( 1 8 P a . C . S . A . § 7 5 1 2 ( a ) ) , a fe l o ny o f th e th i r d d e g r e e , th e 5 8Ap p e ll an t w a s s e n t e n c e d o n e y e ar t o tw o y e ar s c o n fi n e m e n t. F o r h i s c o nv i c t i o n o f P ro m o t i n g

P ro s t i t ut i o n (1 8 P a . C . S . A. 

### § 5 9 0 2 ( b ) (l ) ) , a f e l o ny o f th e th i r d d e g r e e , th e Ap p e ll an t w a s s e n t e n c e d t o o n e y e ar an d s i x m o n th s t o thr e e y e ar s c o n fi n e m e n t. F o r h i s c o nv i c t i o n o f C o rru p t i o n o f M i n o r s ( 1 8 P a . C . S . A. § 6 3 0 l ( a ) (l ) ( i ) ) , a m i s d e m e an o r o f th e fi r s t d e g r e e , th e Ap p e ll an t w a s s e n t e n c e d t o o n e y e ar t o tw o y e ar s c o n fi n e m e n t. F o r h i s c o n v i c t i o n o f S i mp l e A s s au lt (1 8 P a . C . S . A . § 2 7 0 1 ( a ) ) , a m i s d e m e an o r o f th e s e c o n d d e g r e e , th e Ap p e ll an t r e c e i v e d a s e n t e n c e o f o n e t o tw o y e ar s c o n fi n e m e n t. F o r h i s c o nv i c t i o n o n T ra f fi c k i n g o f P e r s o n s - M i n or (1 8 P a . C . S . A . § 3 0 0 2 ) , a fe l o ny o f th e fi r s t d e g r e e , th e Ap p e ll an t w a s s e n t e n c e d t o n i n e y e ar s an d s i x m o n th s t o n i n e t e e n y e ar s c o n fi n e m e n t. F o r h i s c o nv i c t i o n o f T ra ffi c k i n g o f P e r s o n s ( 1 8 P a . C . S . A. § 3 0 0 2 ) , a fe l o ny o f th e s e c o n d d e g r e e , th e Ap p e ll an t r e c e i v e d a s e n t e n c e o f fi v e t o t e n y e ar s c o n fi n e m e n t. F o r h i s c o nv i c t i o n o f U n l aw fu l C o n t a c t w i th a M i n o r (1 8 P a . C . S . A. § 6 3 l 8 ( a ) ( 5 ) ) , a fe l o ny o f th e th i r d d e g r e e , th e Ap p e ll an t w a s s e n t e n c e d t o a t e rm o f tw o y e ar s an d s i x m o n th s t o 5 y e ar s c o n fi n e m e n t. T h e s e n t e n c i n g c o urt o r d e r e d a ll s e n t e n c e s run c o n s e c ut i v e l y w i th th e e x c e p t i o n o f th e P W I D s e n t e n c e ; S i mp l e A s s au l t s e n t e n c e ; C o rru p t i o n o f M i n o r s s e n t e n c e ; an d C r i m i n a l U s e o f a C o mmun i c at i o n F a c i l i ty s e n t e n c e , w h i c h w e r e a ll t o run c o n c urr e n tl y w i th th e fi r s t d e g r e e f e l o ny T ra ffi c k i n g o f P e r s o n s - M i n o r ( 9 . 5 t o 1 8 y e ar s ) s e n t e n c e . T hr o u g h th e S e n t e n c i n g C o d e , th e G e n e r a l A s s e mb l y e n a c t e d th e p ro c e s s b y w h i c h d e f e n d an t s ar e t o b e s e n t e n c e d . I n m ak i n g a d e t e rm i n at i o n o f th e a p p ro p r i at e s e n t e n c e fo r a d e f e n d an t , th e S e n t e n c i n g C o d e o ff e r s g e n e ra l s t an d ar d s w h i c h r e qu i r e th e tr i a l c o urt t o i mp o s e a s e n t e n c e th at i s " c o n s i s t e n t w i th th e p ro t e c t i o n o f th e p ub l i c , th e g r av i ty o f th e o ff e n s e a s i t r e l at e s t o th e i mp a c t o n th e l i f e o fth e v i c t i m an d o n th e c o mmun i ty , an d th e r e h ab i l i t at i v e n e e d s o f th e d e fe n d an t. " 4 2 . P a . C . S . § 9 72 l ( b ) . T h e a p p e ll at e c o urt s h a ll v a c at e th e s e n t e n c e an d

5 9r e m an d th e c a s e t o th e s e n t e n ci n g c o urt w i th i n s tru c t i o n s i f i t fi n d s : " th e s e n t e n c i n g c o urt

s e n t e n c e d o ut s i d e th e s e n t e n c i n g g u i d e l i n e s an d th e s e n t e n c e i s unr e a s o n ab l e . I n a ll o th e r c a s e s th e a p p e ll at e c o urt s h a ll a ffi rm th e s e n t e n c e i mp o s e d b y th e s e n t e n c i n g c o urt . " 

### C o m m o n w e a l t

h v . 

### W a ll s , 9 2 6 A. 2 d 9 5 7 , 9 6 3 ( P a . S u p e r . 2 0 0 7 ) . T h e s e n t e n c i n g c o urt " i s i n th e b e s t p o s i t i o n t o d e t e rm i n e th e p ro p e r p e n a lty fo r a p art i c u l ar o ff e n s e b a s e d u

p o n an e v a l u at i o n o f th e i n d i v i d u a l c i r c um s t an c e s b e fo r e i t. " 

### C o m m o n w e a l t

h v . J o n es , 6 13 A. 2 d 1 2 4 2 , 1 2 4 3 ( P a . 1 9 9 0 ) . T h e s e n t e n c i n g c o urt e n

j o y s an i n s t i t

ut i o n a l a dv an t a g e t o a

p p e ll at e r e v i e w " b r i n g i n g t o i t s d e c i s i o n s an e xp e rt i s e , e xp e r i e n c e , an d j u d g m e n t th at s h o u l d n o t b e l i g h t l y d i s t ur b e d . " 

### S e e W a ll s , 92 6 A . 2 d at 9 6 1. I n r e v i e w i n g Ap p e ll an t ' s s e n t e n c i n g cl a i m , th i s c o urt h a s d e t e rm i n e d th at th e s e n t e n c e w a s s o un d , r e a s o n ab l e , an d w i th i n th e p ro p e r l e g a l d i s c r e t i o n o f th e c o urt . I n m ak i n g an i n qu i r y i n t o th e " unr e a s o n ab l e n e s s " o f a s e n t e n c e , th e G e n e ra l A s s e mb l y h a s s e t fo rth fa c t o r s th at an a p p e ll at e c o urt i s t o c o n s i d e r : ( 1 ) T h e n at ur e an d c i r c um s t an c e s o f th e o ff e n s e an d th e h i s t o r

y an d c h ara c t e r i s t i c s o fth e d e fe n d an t s ; ( 2 ) th e o p p o rt un i ty o f th e s e n t e n c i n g c o urt t o o b s e rv e th e d e f e n d an t , i n cl u d i n g any p r e s e n t e n c e i n v e s t i g at i o n ; ( 3 ) th e fi n d i n g s u p o n w h i c h th e s e n t e n c e w a s b a s e d ; an d ( 4 ) th e g u i d e li n e s p ro mu l g at e d b y th e c o mm i s s i o n . 

### C o m m o n w e a l t

h v . 

### W a ll s , 9 2 6 A . 2 d 9 5 7 , 9 6 3 ( P a . S u

p e r. 2 0 0 7 ) . W h e n r e v i e w i n g th e s e fa c t o r s , th e c o urt w i ll n o t b e fo un d t o h av e a b u s e d i t s d i s c r e t i o n un l e s s th e r e c o r d c an s h o w th e j u d g m e n t i mp o s e d w a s " m an i f e s t l y unr e a s o n ab l e " o r th e r e s u l t o f p r e j u d i c e , b i a s , o r i ll - w i l l. 

### C o m m o n w e a l t

h v . 

### H e r m a n s o n , 6 7 4 A. 2 d 2 8 1 ( P a . 1 9 9 6 ) . A l s o , i n e v a l u at i n g a cl a i m o f th i s typ e , an a p p e ll at e c o urt mu s t r e m e mb e r th at th e s e n t e n c i n g g u i d e l i n e s ar e m e r e l y a dv i s o ry , an d th e s e n t e n c i n g c o urt m ay s e n t e n c e a d e fe n d an t o ut s i d e o f th e g u i d e l i n e s s o l o n g a s i t p l a c e s i t s r e a s o n s fo r th e d e v i at i o n o n th e r e c o r d . 

### S e e

6 0C

o m m o n w e a l t

h v . C u n n i ng h a m , 8 0 5 A. 2 d 5 6 6 , 5 7 5 ( P a . S u p e r. 2 0 0 , 2 ) . O ur S u

p r e m e C o urt h a s i n d i c at e d th at " i f th e s e n t e n c i n g c o urt p r o ff e r s r e a s o n s i n d i c at i n g th at i t s d e c i s i o n t o d e p art fr o m th e g u i d e l i n e s i s n o t unr e a s o n ab l e , w e mu s t a ffi rm a s e n t e n c e th at fa ll s o ut s i d e th o s e g u i d e l i n e s . " C

o m m o n w e a l t

h v . D a v i s , 7 3 7 A. 2 d 7 92 , 7 9 8 ( P a . S u p e r. 1 9 9 9 ) . T h e s e n t e n c i n g c o urt

" i s n o t r e qu i r e d t o p arr o t th e w o r d s o f th e S e n t e n c i n g C o d e , s t at i n g e v e r y fa c t o r th at mu s t b e c o n s i d e r e d un d e r S e c t i o n 9 7 2 l ( b ) . " C o m m o n w e a l t

h v . F e u c h t , 9 5 5 A. 2 d 3 77 , 3 8 3 ( P a . S u p e r. 2 0 0 8 ) . H e r e , th e s e n t e n c i n g c o urt s t at e d o n th e r e c o r d th e r e a s o n s fo r i t s d e p art ur e fr o m th e g u i d e l i n e s . T h e s e n t e n c i n g c o urt n o t e d h o w th e Ap p e ll an t p r e y e d u p o n , an d e s s e n t i a ll y h e l d c a p t i v e , th e m o s t vu l n e rab l e i n o ur s o c i e ty . T h e s e n t e n c i n g c o urt a l s o s t at e d : B e fo r e I s e n t e n c e y o u , I w an t t o p ut o n th e r e c o r d , a s th e l aw r e qu i r e s m e t o d o , w hy I ' m g o i n g t o i mp o s e u p o n y o u an a g g rav at e d s e n t e n c e . . . I fi n d y o u h av e b e e n th e h e a d o f th at o r g an i z at i o n , w h i c h ran o v e r s e v e ra l y e ar s . . w h e r e y o u p r e y e d u p o n w h at I w o u l d c a ll " d am a g e d y o un g w o m e n " w h o h a d dru g a d d i c t i o n s , w h o w e r e run aw ay s . . T h e fa c t th at o n e v i c t i m w a s a c t u a ll y a m i n o r j u s t a g g rav at e s th e c i r c um s t an c e s e v e n m o r e , b ut th e w o m e n I h e ar d t e s t i f y , y o u c o u l d h e ar th e p a i n i n th e i r v o i c e , an d th e y w i ll n e v e r b e th e s am e a g a i n . . Y o ur p r i or r e c or d , th e fa c t I fi n d y o u t o b e a d an g e r t o th e c o mmun i ty , th e fa c t y o u fl e d an d w a s a fu g i t i v e fo r fo ur y e ar s . W h e n I l o o k at th i s c a s e , I fi n d a b s o l ut e l y n o th i n g t o m i t i g at e , b ut e v e r y th i n g t o a g g rav at e y o ur s e n t e n c e th at I' m g o i n g t o i mp o s e u p o n y o u . N .T . 5 /4 / 2 0 1 7 at 2 8 - 2 9 . T h e s e n t e n c i n g c o urt s t at e d s p e c i fi c a ll y o n th e r e c o r d i t s r e a s o n s fo r a g g rav at i n g th e Ap p e ll an t' s s e n t e n c e . A d d i t i o n a ll y , w i th r e s p e c t t o c o n s e c ut i v e v e r s u s c o n c ur r e n t s e n t e n c e s , l o n g s t an d i n g p r e c e d e n t o f o ur a p p e ll at e c o urt s r e c o g n i z e s th at 4 2 P a . C . S . A . 

### § 9 2 7 1 " a ff

o r d s th e s e n t e n c i n g c o urt d i s c r e t i o n t o i mp o s e i t s s e n t e n c e c o n c urr e n t l y o r c o n s e c ut i v e l y t o o th e r s e n t e n c e s b e i n g i mp o s e d at th e s am e t i m e o r t o s e n t e n c e s a lr e a dy i mp o s e d . " S

e e C o m m o n w e a lth v . G o n z a le z -D e j u s u s , 9 9 4 A. 2 d 5 9 5 , 5 9 8 ( P a . S u p e r. 2 0 1 0 ) . I t s h o u l d a l s o b e n o t e d th at th e d e f e n d an t i s n o t e n t i t l e d t o a " v o l um e d i s c o un t " fo r h i s o r h e r c r i m e s . S e e C o m m o n w e a l t

h v . H o ag , 6 6 5 A. 2 d 1 2 1 2 , 1 2 1 5 ( P a . S u p e r. 1 9 9 5 ) . T h e r e fo r e , w i th

6 1s u f

fi ci e n t r e a s o n s fo r d e p art ur e fr o m th e g u i d e l i n e s p l a c e d o n th e r e c o r d , th e s e n t e n c i n g c o urt d i d n o t a b u s e i t s d i s c r e t i o n i n i t s d e p art ur e fr o m th e g u i d e l i n e s o r i mp o s i t i o n o f c o n s e c ut i v e s e n t e n c e s fo r th e Ap p e ll an t. T h e Ap p e ll an t c o n t e n d s th at th e s e n t e n c i n g c o urt e r r e d i n fa i l i n g t o a d dr e s s th e n o rm s o f s e n t e n c i n g , d e v i at e s fr o m th e g u i d e l i n e s , i mp o s e s mu l t i p l e s t at ut o ry m a x i mum s e n t e n c e s , an d i s an e ff e c t i v e l i fe s e n t e n c e w i th o ut p ro p e r j u s t i fi c at i o n o n th e r e c o r d . M o r e s p e c i fi c a ll y , i n h i s p o s t - s e n t e n c e m o t i o n , th e Ap p e ll an t s t at e s th e s e n t e n c i n g c o urt d i d n o t j u s t i fy i t s s e n t e n c e b e c au s e a l o w e r

/ g u i d e l i n e s e n t e n c e o r c o n c urr e n t s e n t e n c e w o u l d p ro t e c t th e p ub l i c an d w o u l d s e rv e th e Ap p e ll an t' s n e e d s . T h e Ap p e ll an t p r e s e n t e d at s e n t e n c i n g w i th a p r i o r r e c o r d s c o r e o f 5 ; th e Ap p e ll an t h a d p r i o r c o nv i c t i o n s fo r fe l o ny p o s s e s s i o n o f c ra c k c o c a i n e ; h i n d e r i n g a p p r e h e n s i o n o r p ro s e c ut i o n ; fe l o ny dru g p o s s e s s i o n ( c o c a i n e ) ; un l awfu l p o s s e s s i o n o f a h an d g un ; an d a p ro s t i t

ut i o n c h ar g e . I n th e i n s t an t c a s e , g i v e n th e p l e th o ra o f c h ar g e s o fw h i c h th e Ap p e ll an t w a s c o nv i c t e d , an d th e o ff e n s e g rav i ty s c o r e s o f

th o s e o ff e n s e s w h i c h r an g e d fr o m 4 ( C o rru p t i o n o f a M i n o r ) thro u g h 1 2 ( T ra ffi c k i n g o f P e r s o n s - M i n o r an d C r i m i n a l C o n s p i ra c y t o T r a ffi c P e r s o n s - M i n o r) , th e s e n t e n c e s i mp o s e d b y th i s c o urt w e r e r e a s o n ab l e . T h e s e n t e n c i n g c o urt d i s a g r e e s w i th th e d e fe n s e c o n t e n t i o n th at th e c o urt d i d n o t a d dr e s s th e n o rm s o f s e n t e n c i n g . T h e c o urt s p e c i fi c a ll y s t at e d th at th e s e n t e n c e s r e qu e s t e d b y th e C o mm o nw e a lth w e r e " w e ll b e y o n d e v e n th e a g g rav at e d ran g e o f th e g u i d e l i n e s . S o , I w an t y o u t o g i v e m e s o m e cl ar i ty o n w hy y o u th i n k th e g u i d e l i n e s c a ll fo r a l m o s t t e n y e ar s , y o u a s k e d fo r tw e n ty o n s o m e o f th e s e c h ar g e s . " N . T . 5 / 0 4 / 2 0 1 7 at 1 4 . T h e s e n t e n c i n g c o urt s t at e d o n th e r e c o r d an a c k

n o w l e d g e m e n t o f th e s e n t e n c i n g n orm s thro u g h th e g u i d e li n e s an d r e qu e s t e d furth e r s t at e m e n t s fr o m th e C o mm o nw e a lth o n w hy th e s e n t e n c e s s h o u l d b e a g g rav at e d .

6 2A s e n t e n c i n g c o urt h a s b ro a d l at i t u d e t o i n qu i r e i n t o th e p e r s o n a l c h ar a c t e r an d c i r c um s t an c e s o f th e d e f e n d an t. C

o m m o n w e a l t

h v . R i g g i n s , 4 5 3 A . 2 d 1 4 0 ( P a . 1 9 7 7 ) . I n p art i c u l ar , a s e n t e n c i n g c o urt m ay p ro p e r l y c o n s i d e r a d e fe n d an t ' s p o t e n t i a l fo r r e h ab i li t at i o n . C o m m o n w e a lt

h v . K o s t k a , 3 7 9 A. 2 d 8 8 4 ( P a . 1 9 77 ) . O n e fa c t o r i n g au g i n g a d e fe n d an t' s p o t e n t i a l fo r r e h ab i l i t at i o n i s h i s o r h e r m an i fe s t at i o n o f s o c i a l c o n s c i e n c e an d r e s p o n s i b i l i ty thro u g h c o n tr i t i o n , r e p e n t an c e an d c o o p e rat i o n w i th l aw e n fo r c e m e n t a g e n c i e s . R o b e r t s v . U n i te d S ta tes , 4 4 5 U . S . 5 5 2 (1 9 8 0 ) ; C o m m o n w e a lt

h v . G a llag

h e r , 4 4 2 A . 2 d 8 2 0 ( P a . 1 9 8 2 ) . T h e s e n t e n c i n g c o urt fo un d th e Ap p e ll an t l a c k e d p e r s o n a l c h ar a c t e r i s t i c s th at w o u l d m ak e h i m s u i t ab l e fo r r e h ab i l i t at i o n . F o r i n s t an c e , th e c o urt w a s fo r c e d t o a dm o n i s h th e Ap p e ll an t fo r l au g h i n g d

ur i n g th e t e s t i m o ny o f o n e C o mm o nw e a l th w i tn e s s . T h e tr i a l c o urt h a d t o i n t e rru p t t e s t i m o ny an d s t at e " C o un s e l , I w o u l d d i r e c t y o ur cl i e n t n o t t o l au g h d ur i n g th e c o ur s e o f t e s t i m o ny . " N . T . 6 / 2 8 / 2 0 1 6 1 0 4 . T h e s i mp l e fa c t th at th e Ap p e ll an t fo un d anyth i n g e l i c i t e d d ur i n g t e s t i m o ny a s hum o ro u s r e s o n at e s a s n o th i n g s h o rt o f c h ill i n g . S p e ak i n g t o th e s e n t e n c i n g c o urt ' s n e e d s t o p ro t e c t th e p ub l i c , th e s e n t e n c i n g c o urt d o e s n o t b e li e v e a l o w e r o r g u i d e l i n e s e n t e n c e o r c o n c urr e n t s e n t e n c e s w o u l d s u f fi c i e n t l y p ro t e c t th e p ub l i c . O n e r e a s o n th e Ap p e ll an t fa i l s t o m ak e a s u i t ab l e c an d i d at e fo r r e h ab i l i t at i o n an d r e m a i n s a thr e at t o c o mmun i ty s a fe ty i s d u e t o h i s fli g h t fr o m j u s t i c e a f t e r b e c o m i n g aw ar e o f th e c h ar g e s s t e mm i n g fr o m th i s c a s e . T h e Ap p e ll an t a ll e g e s th at h e b e c am e aw ar e o f th e s e c h ar g e s at s o m e p o i n t d ur i n g 2 0 1 2 . N . T . 6 / 2 9 / 2 0 1 6 at 2 0 4 . A f t e r h e b e c am e aw ar e o f th e s e c h ar g e s , th e Ap p e ll an t a c t i v e l y av o i d e d th e p o l i c e an d m o v e d thr o u g h o ut d i ff e r e n t j ur i s d i c t i o n s i n cl u d i n g P h i l a d e l p h i a , N e w Y o rk C i ty an d N e w J e r s e y . I d at 2 0 5 . T h e Ap p e ll an t th e n a dm i t s , u p o n h i s r e t

urn t o P h i l a d e l p h i a , i n o r d e r t o s u p p o rt h i m s e l f h e " s o l d dru g s " an d o n c e a g a i n w o rk e d a s a p i mp . I d at 2 0 6 . H e r e , th e c o urt w a s p r e s e n t e d w i th a d e fe n d an t w h o b e c am e a fu g i t i v e fr o m j u s t i c e fo r fo ur

6 3y e ar s , m o v e d thro u g h o ut mu l t i p l e j ur i s d i c t i o n s - an d th e n e n g a g e s i n th e s am e c o n d u c t th at p ro d u c e d th e s e c h ar g e s . T h e s e n t e n c i n g c o urt r e a s o n ab l y b e l i e v e d th at th e Ap p e ll an t w a s b e y o n d r e h ab i l i t at i o n an d p o s e d a c o n t i nu e d thr e at t o c o mmun i ty s a f e ty . O n e o f th e e num e rat e d fa c t o r s i n 

### § 9 72 1 ( b ) t o b e c o n s i d e r e d d ur i n g s e n t e n c i n g i s " th e g rav i ty o f th e o ff

e n s e a s i t r e l at e s t o th e i mp a c t o n th e l i fe o f th e v i c t i m an d o n th e c o mmun i ty . " 4 2 . P a . C. S . § 9 72 l ( b ) . T h e s e n t e n c i n g c o urt h e ar d e x t e n s i v e t e s t i m o ny ab o ut th e i mp a c t o f th e o ff e n s e a s i t r e l at e s t o th e i mp a c t o n th e v i c t i m s an d o n th e c o mmun i ty . P e rh a p s th e m o s t n o t ab l e a s p e c t o f th e Ap p e ll an t ' s o ff e n s e s i s h i s p r e d at i o n u

p o n th o s e w h o ar e m o s t vu l n e rab l e w i th i n o ur c o mmun i ty . T h e s e n t e n c i n g c o urt w a s a ff o r d e d a p r e s e n t e n c e r e p o rt an d a l s o un d e rw e n t an e v a l u at i o n t o c o n s i d e r w h e th e r th e Ap p e ll an t w a s a S e x u a ll y V i o l e n t P r e d at o r ( " S V P " ) . W h e n a s e n t e n c i n g j u d g e h a d th e b e n e fi t o f a p r e s e n t e n c e r e p o rt , i t w i ll b e p r e s um e d th at h e w a s aw ar e o f r e l e v an t i n fo rm at i o n r e g ar d i n g d e f e n d an t ' s c h ara c t e r an d w e i g h e d th o s e c o n s i d e rat i o n s a l o n g w i th m i t i g at i n g s t at

ut o r y fa c t o r s . 

### S

e e C o m m o n w e a l t

h v . W i d m e r , 6 6 7 A. 2 d 2 1 5 ( P a . S u

p e r. 1 9 9 5 ) . A lth o u g h th e S V P an a l y s i s d i d n o t c o n cl u d e th e Ap p e ll an t qu a l i fi e d a s a s e x u a ll y v i o l e n t p r e d at o r , i t d i d r e i n fo r c e th e e x tr e m e l e v e l o f d an g e ro u s n e s s th at th e Ap p e ll an t p o s e d . T h i s i s r e fl e c t e d i n tw o w ay s : fi r s t , thro u g h th e m ann e r i n w h i c h h e tr e at e d h i s v i c t i m s ; an d s e c o n d , h o w h e e xp l o i t e d v i c t i m s an d th e r i s k t o th e c o mmun i ty thro u g h th e s e m e th o d s . T h e s e n t e n ci n g c o urt w o u l d b e r e m i s s i f i t d i d n o t at l e a s t c o n s i d e r th e n at ur e o f th e o ff e n s e i t s e l f. A l th o u g h n o t th e o n l y fa c t o r c o n s i d e r e d i n c ra ft i n g h i s s e n t e n c e , th e e g r e g i o u s n at ur e o f th e c o n d

u c t a l s o r e fl e c t s u

p o n th e Ap p e ll an t ' s p o t e n t i a l fo r r e h ab i l i t at i o n . T h e Ap p e ll an t p r e y e d u

p o n , w h at th e c o urt at s e n t e n c i n g d e s c r i b e d a s , " d am a g e d y o un g w o m e n , w h o h a d dru g a d d i c t i o n s , w h o w e r e run aw ay s , [ an d ] l ur e d th e m i n t o w h at th e y b e l i e v e d w a s . . s o m e b o dy w a s try i n g t o h e l p th e m . " N .T . 5 /4 / 2 0 1 7 at 2 9 . T h e Ap p e ll an t " l o c k e d th e m i n h o t e l

6 4ro o m s , f

e d th e m dru g s , h a d l i n e s o ut th e d o o r fo r m e n t o c o m e i n an d h av e s e x w i th th e m . T h e y w e r e n o t a ll o w e d t o l e av e . T h e y w e r e thr e at e n e d th at i f th e y l e f t , th at y o u w e r e g o i n g t o i n fl i c t b o d i l y i n j ury u p o n th e m . " I

d. T h e Ap p e ll an t h a d fu ll kn o w l e d g e th at m any o f th e v i c t i m s h a d s ub s t an c e a

b u s e p ro b l e m s an d e xp l o i t e d th i s kn o w l e d g e thro u g h l i m i t i n g th e i r a c c e s s an d s u p p l y t o n ar c o t i c s . T h e v i c t i m s d i d n o t f e e l s a fe d uri n g th e i r t i m e un d e r th e Ap p e ll an t an d w e r e e xp o s e d t o p hy s i c a l a s s au lt s an d ra p e . T h e s e n t e n c i n g c o urt fo un d th at " th e a b u s e [ th e Ap p e ll an t ] i n fl i c t e d u

p o n th e s e w o m e n w a s j u s t b e y o n d [ ] i m a g i n at i o n . " I d at 2 8 . T h e s e n t e n c i n g c o urt d e t e rm i n e d th at th e Ap p e ll an t fo r e v e r c h an g e d th e l i v e s o fh i s v i c t i m s an d p o s e d a c o n t i nu i n g th r e at t o s o c i e ty at l ar g e . I d at 2 9 . T h e r e fo r e , th e r e i s s u ffi c i e n t e v i d e n c e i n th e r e c o r d t o s u p p o rt th at th e s e n t e n c i n g c o urt p ro v i d e d an i n d i v i d

u a l i z e d s e n t e n c i n g th at t o o k i n t o a c c o un t th e r e h a b i l i t at i v e n e e d s o f th e d e f e n d an t. A c c o r d i n g l y , th e s e n t e n c e i mp o s e d w a s fa i r , i mp art i a l , an d a b s e n t o f any b i a s . T h i s j u d g m e n t w a s m a d e i n a c c o r d an c e w i th th e a p p l i c ab l e g u i d e l i n e s an d w i th c ar e fu l c o n s i d e rat i o n o f a ll th e fa c t o r s t o b e c o n s i d e r e d un d e r P e nn s y l v an i a l aw . 

### I V . W i tn e s s T e s t i m o ny - T h e tr i a l c o urt p r o p e r l y a dm i tt e d e v i d e n c e fr o m th e i nv e s t i g a t i n g o ffi c e r th a t w a s r a t i o n a ll y b a s e d u p o n h i s p e r c e p t i o n . T h e Ap p e ll an t n e x t a s s e rt s th e tr i a l c o urt e rr e d i n p e rm i tt i n g th e i nv e s t i g at i n g o ffi c e r t o t e s t i f y t o h i s o p i n i o n th at th e Ap p e ll an t w a s th e h e a d o f a c o rru p t o r g an i z at i o n an d th e r e b y d e p r i v e d th e Ap p e ll an t o f a fa i r tr i a l. T h e a dm i s s i o n o f e v i d e n c e i s w i th i n th e s o un d d i s c r e t i o n o f th e tr i a l c o urt an d w i ll b e r e v e r s e d o n l y u p o n a s h o w i n g th at th e tr i a l c o urt cl e arl y a b u s e d i t s d i s c r e t i o n . S

e e C o m m o n w e a l t

h v . T y s o n , 1 1 9 A . 3 d 3 5 3 , 3 5 7 ( P a . S u p e r . 2 0 1 5 ) . A c c o r d i n g l y , a ru l i n g a dm i tt i n g e v i d e n c e " w i ll n o t b e d i s t ur b e d o n a p p e a l un l e s s th at ru l i n g r e fl e c t s m an i fe s t

6 5unr e a s o n ab l e n e s s , o r p art i a li ty , b i a s , o r i ll - w i ll , o r s u c h l a c k o f s u p p o rt t o b e cl e arl y e rr o n e o u s . " C o m m o n w e a l t

h v . H u g g i n s , 6 8 A. 3 d 9 6 2 , 9 6 6 ( P a . S u p e r . 2 0 13 ) . R e l e v an c e i s th e thr e s h o l d fo r a dm i s s i b i l i ty o f e v i d e n c e . C o m m o n w e a lt

h v . C o o k , 9 5 2 A . 2 d 5 9 4 , 6 1 2 ( P a . 2 0 0 8 ) . E v i d e n c e i s c o n s i d e r e d r e l e v an t i f : ( a ) i t h a s any t e n d e n c y t o m ak e a fa c t m o r e o r l e s s p ro b ab l e th an i t w o u l d b e w i th o ut th e e v i d e n c e ; an d ( b ) th e fa c t i s o f c o n s e qu e n c e i n d e t e rm i n i n g th e a c t i o n . P a . R . E . 4 0 1 ; C o m m o n w e a lt

h v . D r u m h e lle r

, 8 0 8 A. 2 d 8 9 3 , 9 0 4 ( P a . 2 0 0 2 ) . T h e P e nn s y l v an i a R u l e s o f E v i d e n c e s t at e th at any e v i d e n c e th at i s n o t r e l e v an t i s n o t a dm i s s i b l e . P a . RE. 4 0 2 . I n a d d i t i o n , th e c o urt m ay e x cl u d e r e l e v an t e v i d e n c e i f i t s " p ro b at i v e v a l u e i s o utw e i g h e d b y a d an g e r o f o n e o r m o r e o f th e fo ll o w i n g : un fa i r p r e j u d i c e , c o n fu s i n g th e i s s u e s , m i s l e a d i n g th e j ur y , un d u e d e l ay , w a s t i n g t i m e , o r n e e d l e s s l y p r e s e n t i n g c umu l at i v e e v i d e n c e . " P a . RE. 4 0 3 . P e nn s y l v an i a R

u l e o f E v i d e n c e 7 0 1 a d dr e s s e s th e a dm i s s i o n o f o p i n i o n t e s t i m o ny b y l ay w i tn e s s e s an d p ro v i d e s : If a w i tn e s s i s n o t t e s t i f

y i n g a s an e xp e rt , t e s t i m o ny i n th e fo rm o f an o p i n i o n i s l i m i t e d t o o n e th at i s : ( a ) rat i o n a ll y b a s e d o n th e w i tn e s s ' s p e r c e p t i o n ; ( b ) h e l p fu l t o cl e arl y un d e r s t an d i n g th e w i tn e s s ' s t e s t i m o ny o r t o d e t e rm i n i n g a fa c t i n i s s u e ; an d ( c ) n o t b a s e d o n s c i e n t i fi c , t e c hn i c a l , o r o th e r s p e c i a li z e d kn o w l e d g e w i th i n th e s c o p e o f R

u l e 7 0 2 . P a . R . E . 7 0 1 . G e n e ra ll y , l ay w i tn e s s e s m ay e xp r e s s p e r s o n a l o p i n i o n s r e l at e d t o th e i r o b s e rv at i o n s o n a ran g e o f s ub

j e c t ar e a s b a s e d o n th e i r p e r s o n a l e xp e r i e n c e s th at ar e h e l p fu l t o th e fa c t fi n d e r. S e e C o m m o n w e a lt

h v . D a v i es , 8 1 1 A . 2 d 6 0 0 , 6 0 2 ( P a . S u p e r . 2 0 0 2 ) . F urth e r , p ur s u an t t o P e nn s y l v an i a R

u l e o f E v i d e n c e 10 4 ( a ) , th e tr i a l c o urt e x e r c i s e s i t s d i s c r e t i o n t o d e t e rm i n e w h e th e r s u c h a l ay o p i n i o n i s h e l p fu l t o th e fa c t fi n d e r , w h i c h i s th e t o u c h s t o n e o f i t s a dm i s s i b i li ty . S

e e P a . R . E . 10 4 ( a ) ; L e w i

s v . M e llo r , 3 9 3 A. 2 d 9 4 1 , 9 4 8 - 4 9 ( P a . S u p e r. 1 9 7 8 ) .

6 6L ay w i tn e s s e s ar e p e rm i tt e d t o g i v e t e s t i m o ny i n th e fo rm o f th e i r o p i n i o n s o r i n fe r e n c e s th at ar e rat i o n a ll y b a s e d o n th e i r p e r c e p t i o n . F o r e x amp l e , i n 

### C o m m o n w e a l t

h v . B les s i tt

, 8 5 2 A . 2 d 1 2 1 5 ( P a . S u

p e r . 2 0 0 4 ) , a P e nn s y l v an i a S t at e P o l i c e tro o p e r p e r fo rm e d an un d e r c o v e r dru g p ur c h a s e fr o m a d e fe n d an t an d h an d e d th e d e fe n d an t a m ark e d tw e n ty - d o ll ar b i l l. T h e un d e r c o v e r tro o p e r ra d i o e d ah e a d t o a m ark e d p atr o l v e h i cl e w h i c h s ub s e qu e n tl y s t o p p e d th e d e f e n d an t an d , u

p o n arr i v a l o n th e s c e n e , th e un d e r c o v e r tro o p e r w a s n o t ab l e t o l o c at e th e m ark e d b i ll u s e d i n th e tr an s a c t i o n . O n c ro s s - e x am i n at i o n , d e fe n s e c o un s e l ra i s e d qu e s t i o n s a b o ut w h e th e r s u s p e c t s a l w ay s h av e th e m ark e d b i ll o n th e i r p e r s o n at th e t i m e o f arr e s t. O n r e d i r e c t e x am i n at i o n , th e p ro s e c ut o r a s k e d th e tr o o p e r h i s o p i n i o n a s t o w h at h a p p e n e d t o th e m ark e d $ 2 0 b i ll , t o w h i c h th e tro o p e r o ff e r e d th at i t w a s p ro b ab l y h an d e d o ff t o an o th e r i n d i v i d u a l. T h e S u

p e r i o r C o urt fo un d th e tr i a l c o urt h a d n o t a b u s e d i t s d i s c r e t i o n i n p e rm i tt i n g th e a dm i s s i o n o f th i s t e s t i m o ny b e c au s e th e tro o p e r ' s t e s t i m o ny w a s l i m i t e d t o e xp r e s s i n g an o p i n i o n th at w a s rat i o n a ll y b a s e d u p o n h i s p e r c e p t i o n . 

### S

e e B les s i tt

, 8 5 2 A. 2 d at 1 2 1 8 . H e r e , th e tr i a l c o urt d i d n o t ab u s e i t s d i s c r e t i o n i n p e rm i tt i n g th e i n v e s t i g at i n g o f fi c e r t o t e s t i fy t o h i s o p i n i o n th at th e Ap p e ll an t w a s th e h e a d o f a c o rru p t o r g an i z at i o n . T h e C o mm o nw e a lth s t at e d th at th e tr o o p e r w a s " n o t b e i n g o ff e r e d a s an e xp e rt . " N . T . 0 6 / 2 9 /2 0 1 6 at 9 9 . S i m i l ar t o th e o f

fi c e r i n 

### B les s i tt

, T ro o p e r P e t e r s o n e xp r e s s e d o n l y an o p i n i o n th at w a s rat i o n a ll y b a s e d o n h i s p e r c e p t i o n . H av i n g i n v e s t i g at e d th i s c a s e fo r " y e ar s , " th e tro o p e r w a s un i qu e l y qu a l i fi e d t o o ff e r h i s rat i o n a l p e r c e p t i o n a b o ut th e c a s e . 

### I

d at 6 8 . T ro o p e r P e t e r s o n ' s t e s t i m o ny ab o ut th e Ap p e ll an t ' s p o s i t i o n w i th i n th e o r g an i z at i o n d i d n o t p r e j u d i c e th e Ap p e l l an t. U n d e r R u l e 4 0 1 , th e e v i d e n c e b e i n g o ff e r e d - w h e th e r th e Ap p e ll an t w a s th e h e a d o f th e c o n s p i ra c y - o ff

e r e d th e t e n d e n c y t o m ak e th e fa c t m or e o r l e s s p ro b ab l e an d th e fa c t i s o f c o n s e qu e n c e i n d e t e rm i n i n g th e a c t i o n . U n d e r th e R u l e 4 0 3 b a l an c i n g t e s t , th e tr i a l c o urt d o e s



### 6 7n o t b e li e v e un fa i r p r e j u d i c e t o th e Ap p e ll an t o utw e i g h e d th e p ro b at i v e v a l u e o f th e r e l e v an t e v i d e n c e . C o urt s ar e n o t r e qu i r e d t o s an i t i z e th e tr i a l t o e l i m i n at e a ll unp l e a s an t fa c t s fr o m a fa c t fi n d e r ' s c o n s i d e rat i o n w h e n th o s e fa c t s ar e r e l e v an t t o th e i s s u e s at h an d an d fo rm p art o f th e h i s t o ry an d n at

ura l d e v e l o p m e n t o f th e e v e n t s an d o ff e n s e s fo r w h i c h th e d e f

e n d an t i s c h ar g e d . S e e C o m m o n w e a lt

h v . A n t i d

o r m i , 8 4 A . 3 d 7 3 6 ( P a . S u

p e r. 2 0 1 4 ) . R ath e r , th e t e s t i m o ny o f T ro o p e r P e t e r s o n s h e d l i g h t u p o n th e h i s t o ry an d n at

ura l d e v e l o p m e n t o f th e e v e n t s an d o ff e n s e s fo r w h i c h th e Ap p e ll an t w a s c h ar g e d - tr a ffi c k i n g o f p e r s o n s , c o n s p i ra c y , s e x u a l e xp l o i t at i o n o f c h i l dr e n an d c o rru

p t o r g an i z at i o n s am o n g s e v e ra l o th e r s . T h e r e fo r e , th e tr i a l c o urt p ro p e r l y a dm i tt e d th e t e s t i m o ny o f T ro o p e r P e t e r s o n i n g i v i n g h i s o p i n i o n th at w a s rat i o n a l l y b a s e d u p o n h i s p e r c e p t i o n . 

### V . W i tn e s s T e s t i m o ny - T h e tr i a l c o urt p r o p e r l y a dm i tt e d e v i d e n c e i n v o l v i n g an a ll e g e d th r e a t E l t o n C r o mw e ll b e c au s e a c o nn e c t i v e l i n k t o th e Ap p e ll an t w a s e s t a b li s h e d . T h e Ap p e ll an t n e x t a s s e rt s th e tr i a l c o urt e rr e d i n a ll o w i n g t e s t i m o ny e l i c i t e d b y th e C o mm o nw e a lth i nv o l v i n g an a ll e g e d th r e at b y E lt o n C ro mw e ll a g a i n s t a w i tn e s s t e s t i fy i n g a g a i n s t th e Ap p e ll an t w i th o u t e s t ab l i s h i n g any c o nn e c t i v e l i nk t o th e Ap p e ll an t. T h e s t an d ar d o f r e v i e w r e l at i v e t o th e a dm i s s i o n o f e v i d e n c e i s fo r an a b u s e o f d i s c r e t i o n . C

o m m o n w e a l t

h 

### v . C a i n , 2 9 A . 3 d 3 ( P a . S u

p e r. 2 0 1 1 ) . F o r r e a s o n s th at fo ll o w , th e tr i a l c o urt d i d n o t e rr i n a ll o w i n g t e s t i m o ny i n v o l v i n g an a ll e g e d thr e at b y E l t o n C ro mw e ll a g a i n s t a w i tn e s s . P e nn s y l v an i a R

u l e o f E v i d e n c e 8 0 1 ( c ) d e fi n e s h e ar s ay a s a s t at e m e n t , o th e r th an o n e m a d e b y a d e cl ar an t w h i l e t e s t i f y i n g at a tr i a l o r h e ar i n g , o ff e r e d t o p ro v e th e m att e r a s s e rt e d i n th e s t at e m e n t. S t at e m e n t i s furth e r d e fi n e d b y th i s R u l e a s e i th e r an o ra l o r wr i tt e n a s s e rt i o n . P a . R. E . 8 0 1 ( a ) . T hu s , a s t at e m e n t i s h e ar s ay w h e n i t i s a " s t at e m e n t , o th e r th an o n e m a d e b y th e

6 8d e cl aran t w h i l e t e s t i f y i n g at tr i a l o r h e ar i n g , o ff e r e d i n e v i d e n c e t o p ro v e th e truth o f th e m att e r a s s e rt e d . " S

e e C o m m o n w e a l t

h v . G ra y , 8 6 7 A. 2 d 5 6 0 ( P a . S u

p e r. 2 0 0 5 ) . H o w e v e r , s t at e m e n t s w h i c h ar e n o t a dm i tt e d fo r th e truth o fth e m att e r a s s e rt e d , b ut fo r s o m e o th e r p urp o s e , d o n o t qu a l i f y a s h e ar s ay an d ar e fr e e l y a dm i s s i b l e . C o m m o n w e a lt

h v . C a s s i d y , 4 6 2 A . 2 d 2 7 0 , 2 72 ( P a . S u p e r. 1 9 8 3 ) . T h e a dm i s s i o n o f e x tra j u d ic i a l s t at e m e n t s t o d e m o n s trat e th e e x i s t e n c e o f a c o n s p i r a c y i s o n e s u c h n o n - h e ar s ay p urp o s e . S e e C a s s i d y , 4 6 2 A. 2 d at 2 72 . T h e r e ar e a l s o s e v e ra l e x c e p t i o n s t o th e h e ar s ay ru l e . F o r i n s t an c e , P a . R . E . 8 0 3 ( 2 5 ) ( e ) p e rm i t s th e u s e o f s t at e m e n t s o f c o - c o n s p i rat o r s w h i c h w e r e m a d e d ur i n g th e c o ur s e o f th e c o n s p i ra c y a s an a dm i s s i o n o f th at p arty . B e c au s e P a . R . E . 8 0 3 ( 2 5 ) ( e ) i s b a s e d u p o n th e p r i n c i p l e s o f a g e n c y , a s t at e m e n t o f o n e c o - c o n s p i rat o r i s c o n s i d e r e d a s an a dm i s s i o n m a d e b y a ll c o n s p i rat o r s . S

e e C o m m o n w e a lt

h v . J o h n s o n , 8 3 8 A. 2 d 6 6 3 , 6 7 5 ( P a . 2 0 0 3 ) . T h e P e nn s y l v an i a S u p e r i o r C o urt h a s art i c u l at e d th e r e qu i s i t e s t an d ar d fo r a dm i tt i n g a c o - c o n s p i rat o r ' s h e ar s ay s t at e m e n t a s fo l l o w s : T o l ay a fo un d at i o n fo r th e c o - c o n s p i rat o r e x c e p t i o n t o th e h e ar s ay ru l e , th e C o mm o nw e a lth mu s t p r o v e th at: (1 ) a c o n s p i ra c y e x i s t e d b e tw e e n d e cl aran t an d th e p e r s o n a g a i n s t w h o m th e e v i d e n c e i s o ff e r e d an d ( 2 ) th e s t at e m e n t s o u g h t t o b e a dm i tt e d w a s m a d e d ur i n g th e c o ur s e o f

th e c o n s p i ra c y . I n a d d i t i o n , th e r e mu s t b e e v i d e n c e o th e r th an th e s t at e m e n t o f th e c o - c o n s p i r at o r t o p ro v e th at a c o n s p i ra c y e x i s t e d . C

o m m o n w e a lt

h v . B a s ile, 4 5 8 A . 2 d 5 8 7 ( 1 9 8 3 ) . T h e o r d e r o f p ro o f i s w i th i n th e d i s c r e t i o n o f th e l o w e r c o urt , w h i c h m ay , u p o n o n l y s l i g h t e v i d e n c e o f th e c o n s p i ra c y , a dm i t s u c h s t at e m e n t s s ub j e c t t o l at e r p r o o f o f th e c o n s p i ra c y . C

o m m o n w e a l th v . P lu s q u e lli c , 4 4 9 A. 2 d 4 7 ( P a . S u p e r. 1 9 8 2 ) . C o m m o n w e a l t

h v . K e r s te n , 4 8 2 A. 2 d 6 0 0 , 6 0 3 ( P a . S u p e r . 1 9 8 4 ) . T h e tr i a l c o urt n e e d o n l y s l i g h t e v i d e n c e o f a c o n s p i ra c y ' s e x i s t e n c e fo r s u c h t e s t i m o ny t o b e c o m e a dm i s s i b l e . G i v e n th e e x t e n s i v e p r i o r d i s c u s s i o n fi n d i n g a c o n s p i ra c y e x i s t e d b e tw e e n th e Ap p e ll an t an d E l t o n

6 9C ro mw e ll , th e o n l y qu e s t i o n fa c t o r r e m a i n i n g w h i c h p e rm i t s th e a dm i s s i o n o f s u c h t e s t i m o ny i s

w h e th e r th e s t at e m e n t w a s m a d e d ur i n g th e c o ur s e o f th e c o n s p i ra c y . O ur S u p r e m e C o urt a ffi rm e d i t s a p p ro v a l o f th e u s e o f e v i d e n c e o f a c o - c o n s p i rat o r ' s att e mp t t o c o n c e a l e v i d e n c e a ft e r th e c o mm i s s i o n o f a c r i m e , fi n d i n g th at s u c h a c t s " c [ a ] m e w i th i n th e s c o p e o fth e c o n s p i ra c y t o c o mm i t th e c r i m e . " C o m m o n w e a lt

h v . E v a n s , 4 13 A. 2 d 1 0 2 5 , l 0 2 8 ( P a . 1 9 8 0 ) . I n d o i n g s o , th e E v a n s c o urt d i r e c t e d th e fo ll o w i n g t e s t b e fo ll o w e d : T h e d urat i o n o f a c o n s p i ra c y d e p e n d s u p o n th e fa c t s o f th e p art i c u l ar c a s e , th at i s , i t d e p e n d s u

p o n th e s c o p e o f

th e a g r e e m e n t e n t e r e d i n t o b y i t s m e mb e r s . G e n e ra ll y , th e c o n s p i ra c y e n d s w h e n i t s p r i n c i p a l o b j e c t i v e i s a c c o mp l i s h e d b e c au s e n o a g r e e m e n t t o r e t a i n s e c r e c y a ft e r th e a c h i e v e m e n t o f th e un l aw fu l e n d c an b e s h o wn o r i mp l i e d b y m e r e " a c t s o f c o v e r i n g u p . " T hu s i n G ru n e w a l

d v . U n i te d S ta tes , 3 5 3 U . S . 3 9 1 at 4 0 2 , th e S u p r e m e C o urt s t at e d , " A c t s o f c o v e r i n g u p , e v e n th o u g h d o n e i n th e c o n t e x t o f a mut u a ll y un d e r s t o o d n e e d fo r s e c r e c y , c ann o t th e m s e l v e s c o n s t i t ut e p ro o f th at c o n c e a l m e n t o f th e c r i m e a ft e r i t s c o mm i s s i o n w a s p art o fth e i n i t i a l a g r e e m e n t am o n g th e c o n s p i rat o r s . " B ut th e fa c t th at th e " c e n tra l o b

j e c t i v e " o f th e c o n s p i ra c y h a s b e e n n o m i n a ll y att a i n e d d o e s n o t p r e cl u d e th e c o n t i nu an c e o f th e c o n s p i ra c y . W h e r e th e r e i s e v i d e n c e th at th e c o n s p i rat o r s o r i g i n a ll y a g r e e d t o t ak e c e rt a i n s t e p s a ft e r th e p r i n c i p a l o b j e c t i v e o f th e c o n s p i ra c y w a s r e a c h e d , o r e v i d e n c e fr o m w h i c h s u c h a g r e e m e n t m ay r e a s o n a b l y b e i n f

e r r e d , th e c o n s p i ra c y m ay b e fo un d t o c o n t i nu e . A t k i n s v . U n i te d S ta tes , 3 0 7 F . 2 d 9 3 7 , 9 4 0 ( 9 th C i r. 1 9 6 2 ) . E v a n s , 4 1 2 A. 2 d at 1 0 2 8 - 2 9 . T h e d urat i o n o f th e c o n s p i ra c y , an d w h e th e r th e c o n s p i ra c y e n d ur e d at th e t i m e s t at e m e n t s w e r e m a d e d e p e n d u p o n th e s p e c i fi c fa c t s o f th e c a s e . O th e r s t at ut o r y fa c t o r s th at m ay b e c o n s i d e r e d i n w e i g h i n g th e d urat i o n o fth e c o n s p i ra c y i n cl u d e w h e th e r th e c r i m e o r c r i m e s w h i c h ar e i t s o b j e c t ar e c o mm i tt e d o r th e r e i s a b an d o nm e n t b y th e c o n s p i rat o r s . 1 8 P a . C . S . A . 

### § 9 0 3 ( g ) . P r e s e n t l y , th e t e s t i m o ny i n d i s p ut e ar i s e s fr o m an s w e r s g i v e n b y w i tn e s s A . H. a b o ut thr e at s m a d e E lt o n C ro mw e l l. A . H . s t at e s th at C ro mw e ll att e mp t e d t o c o n t a c t h e r thro u g h h e r p ar e n t s . N . T . 6 / 2 8 / 2 0 1 6 at 2 0 7 . A. H . furth e r t e s t i fi e d th at C ro mw e ll s h o w e d u p t o h e r p ar e n t s ' h o m e l o c at e d i n B u c k s C o un ty . 

### I d at 1 4 5 , 2 0 7 . A . H. w a s n o t p r e s e n t at h e r p ar e n t s ' h o m e w h e n

7 0C ro mw e ll att e mp t e d t o v i s i t , b ut A. H. t e s t i fi e d th at s h e w a s " s c ar e d " w h e n s h e fo un d o ut

C ro mw e ll h a d s h o w e d u p at p ar e n t s ' h o m e an d th at s h e d i d n o t " kn o w w hy h e w o u l d d o th at. " 

### I d at 2 0 7 . M r. C ro mw e ll h a d n e v e r p r e v i o u s l y s p o k e n w i th A. H. ' s p ar e n t s . I d at 2 0 8 . A. H. a l s o furth e r t e s t i fi e d th at C r o mw e ll h a d a c e ll u l ar p h o n e w h i l e j a i l e d i n B a l t i m or e , M ary l an d an d w o u l d c a ll h e r c e ll p h o n e fr o m h i s c e ll p h o n e w h i l e i n j a i l. I d . H e r e , th e Ap p e ll an t m a d e s e v e ra l s t at e m e n t s th at c o u l d i mp ut e th e c o n s p i ra c y s t ill e x i s t e d w i th C ro mw e ll e v e n a ft e r th e Ap p e ll an t w a s arr e s t e d . H e w a s c h ar g e d i n th e p r e s e n t c a s e i n 2 0 10 . T h e Ap p e ll an t t e s t i fi e d th at h e b e c am e aw ar e o f th e c h ar g e s fr o m th i s c a s e s o m e t i m e i n 2 0 1 2 . N . T . 6 / 2 9 / 2 0 1 6 at 2 0 4 . H o w e v e r , th e Ap p e ll an t a dm i tt e d th at a f t e r h e b e c am e aw ar e o f

th e c h ar g e s , th e Ap p e ll an t s t i ll h a d s p o k e n w i th C ro mw e ll fi r s t o n th e p h o n e an d th e n r e c e i v e d h i m a s a v i s i t o r i n t o h i s h o m e i n th e m o n th s b e fo r e h i s 2 0 1 4 arr e s t. I d . T h e Ap p e ll an t th e n furth e r a dm i tt e d th at a ft e r fl e e i n g th e j ur i s d i c t i o n u p o n l e arn i n g o f th e c h ar g e s i n 2 0 1 2 , th at h e r e t urn e d t o P h i l a d e l p h i a an d s u

p p o rt e d h i m s e l fb y " s e ll [ i n g ] dru g s " an d w a s o n c e a g a i n " w o rk i n g a s a p i mp " an d h a d " s o m e b o dy w o rk i n g w i th [ h i m ] . " Id at 2 0 6 . T h e C o mm o nw e a l th d i l i g e n t l y s o u g h t c o n fi rm at i o n a s k i n g " W o rk i n g wi th y o u o r fo r y o u ? " t o w h i c h th e Ap p e ll an t a s s e rt e d " W i th m e . " I d . F urth e r , th e Ap p e ll an t a dm i tt e d th at w h i l e i n c ar c e rat e d aw a i t i n g r e s o l ut i o n o f th e s e c h ar g e s , h e s p o k e w i th v ic t i m M . S . o n th e p r i s o n t el e p h o n e an d s u g g e s t e d s h e s e e k o ut C ro mw e ll t o h e l p h e r w i th p ro b l e m s s h e w a s h av i n g i n r e n t i n g a ro o m . I d at 2 1 0 . T h e r e c o r d s u

p p o rt s th e c o n cl u s i o n th at th e Ap p e ll an t w a s s t ill o p e r at i n g a p ro s t i t ut i o n r i n g w i th a p artn e r a ft e r th e c h ar g e s w e r e fil e d , h a d b e e n i n c o n t a c t w i th C ro mw e ll b e fo r e h i s arr e s t , an d s u g g e s t e d M . S . r e s o l v e a p ro b l e m u s i n g C ro mw e ll w h i l e i n c ar c e rat e d . T h e r e i s n o e v i d e n c e t o s u g g e s t th e c o n s p i ra c y fo rm e d b e tw e e n th e Ap p e ll an t an d M r . C ro mw e ll h a d e v e r c e a s e d . T h e s c o p e o f th e o r i g i n a l c o n s p i ra c y w a s fo rm e d w i th th e i n t e n t i o n o f

71runn i n g a p ro s t i t ut i o n r i n g i n th e P h i l a d e l p h i a ar e a . A lth o u g h a c o n s p i ra c y e n d s w h e n i t s p r i n c i p a l o b

j e c t i v e i s a c h i e v e d , th e r e i s n o e v i d e n c e i n th e r e c o r d t o s u p p o rt th e Ap p e ll an t' s c o n s p i ra c y a c h i e v e d i t s p r i n c i p a l o b j e c t i v e , th e r e b y t e rm i n at i n g th e c o n s p i ra c y . R ath e r , h i s c o n d u c t o f c o n t i nu i n g a p ro s t i tut i o n r i n g w i th an unn am e d p artn e r s u g g e s t s th e c o n trar y . T h e Ap p e ll an t e n g a g e d i n c o n d u c t th at w e n t b e y o n d " m e r e a c t s o f c o v e r i n g u p . " T h e r e w a s a s y s t e m at i c m e th o d e n g a g e d b y m e mb e r s o f th e c o n s p i ra c y t o av o i d d e t e c t i o n an d a ll o w th e c o n s p i ra c y t o e n d

ur e . S u c h a c t s i n cl u d e d t e lli n g th e g i rl s w o rk i n g fo r th e m t o t e ll p o l i c e th e y w o rk e d b y th e m s e l v e s i f e v e r arr e s t e d . I n th e a l t e rn at i v e , th e o ut - o f - c o urt s t at e m e n t s m a d e b y C ro mw e ll w e r e n o t h e ar s ay . W h e n an e x tr a j u d i c i a l s t at e m e n t i s o ff e r e d fo r a p urp o s e a

p art fr o m p ro v i n g th e truth o f i t s c o n t e n t s , i t i s n o t h e ar s ay an d i s n o t e x cl u d e d un d e r th e h e ar s ay ru l e . 

### C o m m o n w e a l t

h v . D a rd e n , 4 5 7 A . 2 d 5 4 9 , 5 5 1 ( P a . S u

p e r . C t. 1 9 8 3 ) . T h e t e s t i m o ny e li c i t e d b y th e C o mm o nw e a l th i n v o l v i n g an a ll e g e d thr e at b y E l t o n C ro mw e ll w a s n o t o ff e r e d t o p ro v e th e truth o f th e m att e r a s s e rt e d , b ut rath e r a s c i r c um s t an t i a l e v i d e n c e o f th e e x i s t e n c e o f a c o n s p i r a c y . " [ O ] ut - o f - c o urt s t at e m e n t s o f c o n s p i rat o r s ar e o f

t e n a dm i tt e d a s c i r c um s t an t i a l e v i d e n c e o f th e i r p art i c i p at i o n i n a c o n s p i ra c y . " 

### S e e C o m m o n w e a lt

h v . C a s s i d y , 4 6 2 A . 2 d 2 7 0 , 2 72 ( P a . S u p e r . 1 9 8 3 ) c i t i n g D av i d F . B i n d e r , 

### T h e H e a r s a y H a n d b o o k § 5 . 2 (1 9 8 2 ) . T h e t e s t i m o ny c o n c e rn i n g th e a ll e g e d thr e at b y C ro mw e ll i s n o t b e i n g m a d e t o p ro v e th e truth o fth e m att e r a s s e rt e d . T h e tr i a l c o urt d i d n o t ab u s e i t s d i s c r e t i o n i n th e a dm i s s i o n o f s u c h t e s t i m o ny r e g ar d i n g a ll e g e d thr e at s m a d e b y C ro mw e l l. A d d i t i o n a ll y , th e Ap p e ll an t d i d n o t s u ff

e r any p r e j u d i c e fr o m s u c h a dm i s s i o n b e c au s e : (1 ) th e t e s t i m o ny t o p ro v e th e e x i s t e n c e o f a c o n s p i ra c y w a s c umu l at i v e i n n at ur e b e c au s e o th e r s u f

fi c i e n t e v i d e n c e w a s a dm i tt e d t o e s t ab l i s h s u c h a c o n s p i ra c y ; an d ( 2 ) a ll o th e r p ro p e rl y a dm i tt e d e v i d e n c e o f th e c o n s p i ra c y w a s s o o v e r

w h e l m i n g th at th e a dm i s s i o n o f th i s t e s t i m o ny r e g ar d i n g th e thr e at b y

72C ro mw e ll c o u l d n o t h av e c o n tr i b ut e d t o th e v e r d i c t. T h e r e fo r e , th e tr i a l c o urt d i d n o t e rr i n

p e rm i tt i n g th e t e s t i m o ny r e g ar d i n g a th r e at m a d e b y th e Ap p e ll an t ' s c o - c o n s p i rat o r , C ro mw e ll , a g a i n s t a v i c t i m . 

### V I. W i tn e s s T e s t i m o ny - T h e tr i a l c o urt p r o p e r l y a dm i tt e d t e s t i m o ny fr o m C o m m o nw e a lth w i tn e s s e s M . S . an d A . H . I n h i s fi n a l p o i n t s o f a

p p e a l , th e Ap p e ll an t c o n t e n d s th at th e tr i a l c o urt e r r e d i n th e a dm i s s i o n o ft e s t i m o ny fr o m C o mm o nw e a lth w i tn e s s e s r e g ar d i n g un c h ar g e d c o n d u c t w i th o ut p ro v i d i n g d e f

e n s e c o un s e l p r i o r N o t i c e o f I n t e n t t o A dm i t P r i o r B a d A c t s p ur s u an t t o P e nn s y l v an i a R

u l e o f E v i d e n c e 4 0 4 ( b ) . T h e Ap p e ll an t m ak e s th i s s i m i l ar cl a i m r e g ar d i n g th e t e s t i m o ny fr o m tw o C o mm o nw e a l th w i tn e s s e s ; a lth o u g h fo r d i ff e r i n g r e a s o n s fo r e a c h w i tn e s s . I n th e i n t e r e s t o f

j u d i c i a l e c o n o my , th e tr i a l c o urt w i ll a d dr e s s b o th cl a i m s i n o n e s e c t i o n . F o r r e a s o n s th at fo ll o w , th e C o mm o nw e a lth w a s n o t r e qu i r e d t o p ro v i d e n o t i c e un d e r P a . R . E . 4 0 4 ( b ) . T h e s t an d ar d o fr e v i e w fo r cl a i m s o f a dm i s s i b i l i ty i s w i th i n th e s o un d d i s c r e t i o n o f th e tr i a l c o urt an d w i ll b e r e v e r s e d o n l y u p o n a s h o w i n g th at th e tr i a l c o urt cl e ar l y a b u s e d i t s d i s c r e t i o n . C

o m m o n w e a lt

h v . D ru m h e lle r

, 8 0 8 A . 2 d 8 9 3 , 9 0 4 ( P a . 2 0 0 2 ) . A dm i s s i b i l i ty d e p e n d s o n r e l e v an c e an d p ro b at i v e v a l u e . E v i d e n c e i s r e l e v an t i f i t l o g i c a ll y t e n d s t o e s t ab l i s h a m at e r i a l fa c t i n th e c a s e , t e n d s t o m ak e a fa c t at i s s u e m o r e o r l e s s p ro b ab l e o r s u p p o rt s a r e a s o n ab l e i n f e r e n c e o r p r e s ump t i o n r e g ar d i n g a m at e r i a l fa c t. I d . T h e a c c u s e d i s e n t i t l e d t o r e l i e f fo r an e rr o n e o u s ru l i n g un l e s s th e c o urt fi n d s b e y o n d a r e a s o n ab l e d o ub t th at th e e rr o r i s h arm l e s s . S e e C o m m o n w e a l t

h v . S to r y , 3 8 3 A . 2 d 1 5 5 ( P a . 1 9 7 8 ) . T h e " h arm l e s s e rr o r d o c tr i n e , a s a d o p t e d i n P e nn s y l v an i a , r e fl e c t s th e r e a l i ty th at th e a c c u s e d i s e n t i tl e d t o a fa i r tr i a l , n o t a p e r f e c t tr i a l. " C o m m o n w e a lt

h v . D ru m m o n d

, 7 7 5 A . 2 d 8 4 9 , 8 5 3 ( P a . S u p e r. 2 0 0 1 . H o w e v e r , I t i s w e ll e s t ab l i s h e d th at an e rr o r i s h arm l e s s o n l y i f w e ar e c o n v i n c e d b e y o n d a r e a s o n ab l e d o u

b t th at th e r e i s n o r e a s o n ab l e p o s s i b i l i ty th at th e e rr o r c o u l d h av e c o n tr i b ut e d t o th e v e r d i c t. T h e C o mm o nw e a l th b e ar s th e b ur d e n o f e s t ab l i s h i n g

7 3th e h arm l e s s n e s s o f th e e rr o r. T h i s b ur d e n i s s at i s fi e d w h e n th e C o mm o nw e a l th i s

a b l e t o s h o w th at: (1 ) th e e rr o r d i d n o t p r e j u d i c e th e d e fe n d an t o r th e p r e j u d i c e w a s d e m i n i m i s , · o r ( 2 ) th e e r

ro n e o u s l y a dm i tt e d e v i d e n c e w a s m e r e l y c umu l at i v e o f o th e r un t a i n t e d e v i d e n c e w h i c h w a s s ub s t an t i a ll y s i m i l ar t o th e e r ro n e o u s l y a dm i tt e d e v i d e n c e ; o r ( 3 ) th e p r o p e rl y a dm i tt e d an d un c o n tra d i c t e d e v i d e n c e o f g u i lt w a s s o o v e rw h e l m i n g an d th e p r e j u d i c i a l [ e ] ff

e c t o f th e e r

ro r s o i n s i g n i fi c an t b y c o mp ar i s o n th at th e e r ro r c o u l d n o t h av e c o n tr i b ut e d t o th e v e r d i c t. C o m m o n w e a l t

h v . L a i c h , 77 7 A. 2 d 1 0 5 7 , 1 0 6 2 - 6 3 ( P a . 2 0 0 1 ) . A c o urt s i tt i n g a s tr i e r o f fa c t i s p r e s um e d t o d i s r e g ar d i n a dm i s s i b l e e v i d e n c e an d c o n s i d e r o n l y r e l e v an t an d c o mp e t e n t e v i d e n c e . C o m m o n w e a l t

h v . M o s s , 8 5 2 A . 2 d 3 7 4 ( P a . S u p e r. 2 0 0 4 ) . T h e Ap p e ll an t w a s n o t h arm e d thr o u g h th e a dm i s s i o n o f th e t e s t i m o ny ; h o w e v e r , e v e n i f s u c h t e s t i m o ny w e r e a dm i tt e d i n e rr o r , th e a dm i s s i o n w a s h arm l e s s e rr o r an d d o e s n o t e n t i t l e th e Ap p e l l an t t o r el i e f . A s an i n i t i a l m att e r , th e Ap p e ll an t ar g u e s th at th e t e s t i m o ny fr o m M . S . r e g ar d i n g an an a l ra p e , b r e ak i n g o f r i b s an d a b e at i n g b y fo ur p e r s o n s c o n s t i t ut e d p r i o r b a d a c t s w h i c h r e qu i r e d n o t i c e un d e r P e nn s y l v an i a R u l e o f E v i d e n c e 4 0 4 ( b ) . N .T . 6 / / 2 8 / 2 0 1 6 at 1 4 1 - 4 2 . T h e tr i a l c o urt d i s a g r e e s . P e nn s y l v an i a R u l e o f E v i d e n c e 4 0 4 ( b ) p ro h i b i t s a dm i s s i o n o f e v i d e n c e o f a " c r i m e , wr o n g , o r o th e r a c t . . t o p ro v e a p e r s o n ' s c h ara c t e r i n o r d e r t o s h o w th at o n a p art i c u l ar o c c a s i o n th e p e r s o n a c t e d i n a c c o r d an c e w i th th e c h ara c t e r. " P a . RE . 4 0 4 ( b ) (l ) . F urth e r , P e nn s y l v an i a R

u l e o f E v i d e n c e 4 0 4 ( b )( 4 ) s t at e s th at i n c r i m i n a l c a s e s , th e p ro s e c ut i o n s h a ll

" p ro v i d e r e a s o n ab l e n o t i c e i n a dv an c e o ftr i a l , o r d ur i n g tr i a l i f th e c o urt e x c u s e s p r e tr i a l n o t i c e o n g o o d c au s e s h o w n , o f th e g e n e ra l n at ur e o f any s u c h e v i d e n c e i t i n t e n d s t o i n tro d u c e at tr i a l. " P a . R . E . 4 0 4 ( b ) ( 4 ) . T h e p ur p o s e o f th i s ru l e " i s t o p r e v e n t un fa i r s urp r i s e , an d t o g i v e th e d e f e n d an t r e a s o n ab l e t i m e t o p r e p ar e an o b j e c t i o n t o , o r r e a dy a r e b utt a l fo r , s u c h e v i d e n c e . " P a . R . E . 4 0 4 ( b ) , c m t. H o w e v e r , th e r e i s n o r e qu i r e m e n t th at th e " n o t i c e " mu s t b e fo rm a ll y g i v e n o r b e i n wri t i n g i n o r d e r fo r th e e v i d e n c e t o b e a dm i s s i b l e . S e e C o m m o n w e a l th v . Mawh in n e y , 9 1 5 A. 2 d 1 0 7 , 1 10 ( P a . S u p e r. 2 0 0 6 ) .

7 4R e v i e w o f th e s umm ar y o f th e s t at e m e n t g i v e n b y M . S . t o th e F BI o n Ju l y 8 , 2 0 0 9 s t at e s th at M . S . " c am e b a c k t o [ th e Ap p e ll an t ]. C ro mw e ll , B. O . , an d D r e h e l d h e r d o w n w h i l e [ th e Ap p e ll an t ] b e at h e r u

p . [ T h e Ap p e ll an t ] m e s s e d u p h e r fa c e . C ro mw e ll g av e B. O . th e o k ay t o r a p e [ M . S . J . " D e f

. D - 1 at 5 . T h i s s t at e m e n t s p e c i fi c a ll y r e f e r e n c e s a b e at i n g b y fo ur p e r s o n s an d a ra p e . A d e f

e n d an t h a s r e a s o n ab l e n o t i c e un d e r R u l e 4 0 4 ( b ) w h e n th e C o mm o nw e a lth h a s p ro v i d e d th e d e fe n d an t w i th d i s c o v e ry c o n t a i n i n g e v i d e n c e o f th e p r i o r b a d a c t s . S e e C o m m o n w e a l t

h v . S ta ll w o r t h , 7 8 1 A . 2 d 1 1 0 , 1 1 8 , n . 2 ( P a . 2 0 0 1 ) . T h e d i s c o v e r y c o n t a i n i n g th e e v i d e n c e o fp r i o r b a d a c t s , 

### i f s u c h c o n d u c t i s c o n s i d e r e d p r i o r b a d a c t s , w a s furn i s h e d t o th e Ap p e ll an t. A c c o r d i n g l y , th e Ap p e ll an t w o u l d b e h ar d p r e s s e d t o c o n t e n d s u c h m at e r i a l w a s n e v e r p ro v i d e d d

ur i n g d i s c o v e ry b e c au s e th e F B I s t at e m e n t b e i n g r e f e r e n c e d w a s s ub m i tt e d i n t o e v i d e n c e b y th e d e f

e n s e i t s e l f N .T . 6 / 2 8 / 2 0 1 6 at 1 4 0 . A ny i n c o n s i s t e n c i e s b e tw e e n th e s u b m i tt e d F B I s t at e m e n t an d th e t e s t i m o ny o f M . S . s h o u l d h av e b e e n b o rn e o ut an d a d dr e s s e d d ur i n g c ro s s e x am i n at i o n . T h e r e fo r e , a b l ank e t s t at e m e n t th at th e C o mm o nw e a l th fa i l e d t o p ro v i d e n o t i c e r e g ar d i n g M . S . ' s t e s t i m o ny i s n o t p e r s u a s i v e . T h e Ap p e ll an t c o n t e n d s th e tr i a l c o urt e rr e d i n th e a dm i s s i o n o f t e s t i m o ny fr o m b o th M . S . an d A . H . a s t o un c h ar g e d c o n d u c t w i th o ut p r i o r N o t i c e o f I n t e n t t o A dm i t P r i o r B a d A c t s p ur s u an t t o R

u l e o f E v i d e n c e 4 0 4 ( b ) an d th e r e b y d e p r i v e d th e Ap p e ll an t o f a fa i r tr i a l. T h e tr i a l c o urt d o e s n o t b e l i e v e th at th e t e s t i m o ny o f M . S . r e g ar d i n g h e r an a l ra p e an d b e at i n g s b y th e Ap p e ll an t t o qu a l i f

y a s " p r i o r b a d a c t s " w i th i n th e m e an i n g o f P a . R. E . 4 0 4 ( b ) ( 2 ) . L i k e w i s e , th e tr i a l c o urt d o e s n o t b e l i e v e th at th e C o mm o nw e a lth w a s un d e r a b ur d e n t o p r o d u c e s u c h a n o t i c e r e g ar d i n g th e un c h ar g e d c o n d u c t o f th e ra

p e b e c au s e th e c o n d

u c t w a s n o t c o n s i d e r e d a " p r i o r b a d a c t. " W h e n i t b e c am e a

p p ar e n t t o d e f

e n s e c o un s e l th at p r e v i o u s s t at e m e n t s d i ff e r e d fr o m th e



### 7 5t e s t i m o ny p r e s e n t e d at tr i a l , r e g ar d i n g b o th M . S . an d A . H , th e p ro p e r r e m e dy i s t o a d dr e s s s u c h

d e fi c i e n c i e s d

ur i n g c ro s s - e x am i n at i o n . P e nn s y l v an i a c o urt s h av e l o n g p e rm i tt e d n o n - p arty w i tn e s s e s , s u c h a s M . S . an d A. H . , t o b e c ro s s - e x am i n e d o n p r i o r s t at e m e n t s th e y h av e m a d e w h e n th o s e s t at e m e n t s c o n tra d i c t th e i r i n c o urt t e s t i m o ny . T h e s e s t at e m e n t s , kn o w n a s p r i o r i n c o n s i s t e n t s t at e m e n t s , ar e a dm i s s i b l e fo r i mp e a c hm e n t p urp o s e s . C o m m o n w e a l t

h v . B ra d y , 5 0 7 A. 2 d 6 6 , 6 8 ( P a . 1 9 8 6 ) ; P a . R . E . 6 1 3 ( a ) . F urth e r , a p r i o r i n c o n s i s t e n t s t at e m e n t m ay b e o ff e r e d n o t o n l y t o i mp e a c h a w i tn e s s , b ut a l s o a s s ub s t an t i v e e v i d e n c e i f

th e s t at e m e n t m e e t s a d d i t i o n a l r e qu i r e m e n t s o f r e l i ab i l i ty . C o m m o n w e a l t

h v . Li v e l y , 6 1 0 A. 2 d 7 , 9 - 10 ( P a . 1 9 9 2 ) ; P a . RE . 8 0 3 . 1. T h i s t e s t i t a tw o - p arty i n qu i ry : ( 1 ) w h e th e r th e s t at e m e n t i s g i v e n un d e r r e li ab l e c i r c um s t an c e s ; an d ( 2 ) w h e th e r th e d e cl aran t i s av a i l ab l e fo r c ro s s - e x am i n at i o n . C o m m o n w e a l t

h v . B re w i ngto n , 7 4 0 A. 2 d 2 4 7 , 2 5 4 ( P a . S u p e r. 1 9 9 9 ) . W i th r e s p e c t t o th e fi r s t p ro n g , th at th e s t at e m e n t i s g i v e n un d e r r e l i ab l e c i r c um s t an c e s , o ur S u

p r e m e C o urt h a s d e e m e d r el i ab l e o n l y c e rt a i n s t at e m e n t s ; a p r i o r j u d i c i a l p ro c e e d i n g i s o n e s u c h c i r c um s t an c e . W i th r e s p e c t t o th e s e c o n d p ro n g , th e i n c o n s i s t e n t s t at e m e n t i t s e l fmu s t b e th e s u b j e c t o f th e c ro s s - e x am i n at i o n i n o r d e r t o s at i s f y th e t e s t. C o m m o n w e a lt

h v . R o m e ro , 72 2 A. 2 d 1 0 1 4 , 1 0 1 7 ( P a . 1 9 9 9 ) . R e g ar d i n g th e fi r s t w i tn e s s , M . H . , th e fi r s t p ro n g o f th e t e s t fo r r e l i ab i l i ty h a s b e e n m e t. M . H . g av e a s t at e m e n t t o th e F e d e ra l B ur e au o fl nv e s t i g at i o n o n Ju l y 8 , 2 0 0 9 . T h i s s t at e m e n t w a s r e d u c e d t o w r i t i n g an d e ff

e c t i v e l y a d o p t e d b y M . S . T h e F B I s t at e m e n t th at w a s r e d u c e d t o wr i t i n g d i d , i n fa c t , a c t

u a ll y m e n t i o n a b e at i n g b y fo ur i n d i v i d u a l s an d a ra

p e . D ur i n g tr i a l , M . S . t e s t i fi e d a

b o ut an an a l ra

p e th at o c c ur

r e d , b e at i n g b y fo ur p e r s o n s an d i n j ur i e s th at s h e s u s t a i n e d . T h e d e fe n s e w a s p ro v i d e d th e o p p o rt un i ty t o c ro s s - e x am i n e th e w i tn e s s a b o ut th e i n c o n s i s t e n c i e s an d d i d s o d

ur i n g c ro s s - e x am i n at i o n . T h e i n c o n s i s t e n t s t at e m e n t i t s e l f w a s th e s ub

j e c t o f c ro s s 7 6e x am i n at i o n w h e n d e fe n s e c o un s e l a s k e d w h e th e r M . S . " t e s t i fi e d th at [ th e Ap p e ll an t ] an d fo ur

o th e r i n d i v i d

u a l s p un c h e d y o u an d b ro k e y o ur r i b s , r i g h t ? " an d a l s o " th e n [ M . S . ] t e s t i fi e d th at my cl i e n t fo r c i b l y an a ll y ra p e d y o u , r i g h t ? " N . T . 6 / 2 8 / 2 0 1 6 at 1 0 2 . T h e r e fo r e , b o th p ro n g s o f th e t e s t w e r e m e t an d th e Ap p e ll an t h a d c h an c e t o c ro s s - e x am i n e o n p r i o r s t at e m e n t s . R e g ar d i n g th e s e c o n d w i tn e s s , A. H . , th e fi r s t p ro n g o f th e t e s t fo r r e li ab i l i ty h a s b e e n m e t. A. H . g av e s w o rn t e s t i m o ny at th e Ap p e ll an t ' s p r e l i m i n ary h e ar i n g o n O c t o b e r 2 1 , 2 0 1 4 i n P h i l a d e l p h i a M un i c i p a l C o urt . D ur i n g tr i a l , w h e n d e fe n s e c o un s e l r a i s e d an o b j e c t i o n t o th e s t at e m e n t r e g ar d i n g s e x u a l i n t e r c o ur s e w i th h i s cl i e n t s t at i n g th at " th i s i s th e fir s t t i m e th at th i s h a s b e e n m e n t i o n e d . " N . 

### T. 6 / 2 8 / 2 0 1 6 at 1 5 3 . T h e C o mm o nw e a lth e xp l a i n e d th at i f d e fe n s e c o un s e l " th i nk s th at th i s p art i c u l ar w i tn e s s d i dn ' t t e s t i f y t o th i s o n th e o th e r o c c a s i o n s , o r h e th i nk s th at s h e d i dn ' t r e l ay th i s d uri n g h e r p r e v i o u s s t at e m e n t s , th e n th o s e [ ar e ] qu e s t i o n s th at h e c an a s k h e r d

ur i n g c ro s s - e x am i n at i o n . " I d . T h e tr i a l c o urt a g r e e d w i th th e C o mm o nw e a l th an d o v e rru l e d th e o b

j e c t i o n . I d. H o w e v e r , d e s p i t e a s t at e m e n t o n th e r e c o r d a dv i s i n g d e f e n s e c o un s e l t o ra i s e s u c h qu e s t i o n s d ur i n g c ro s s - e x am i n at i o n , th e d e fe n s e fa i l e d t o r a i s e any qu e s t i o n s t o A. H . a b o ut th e s e x u a l i n t e r c o ur s e b e tw e e n h e r an d th e Ap p e ll an t. T h e fa i l ur e b y d e fe n s e c o un s e l , d e s p i t e o n - th e - r e c o r d d i r e c t i o n o n h o w t o p ro c e e d , t o ra i s e s u c h qu e s t i o n s s h o u l d n o t d i m i n i s h th e r e li ab i l i ty o f th e s t at e m e n t i t s e l f T h e fa i l ur e t o e x e r c i s e th e r i g h t t o c o n fr o n t at i o n an d d e p r i v at i o n fr o m th e r i g h t t o c o n fr o n t at i o n ar e tw o e n t i r e l y d i s t i n g u i s h ab l e e n t i t i e s . T h e r e fo r e , th e s t at e m e n t b y A. H . s h o u l d b e c o n s i d e r e d r e l i ab l e an d c o n s i d e r e d a s s ub s t an t i v e e v i d e n c e . F i n a ll y , i t i s w e ll e s t ab l i s h e d th at t o s u s t a i n a c o nv i c t i o n th e C o mm o nw e a lth i s r e qu i r e d t o p ro v e e a c h e l e m e n t o f a c r i m e b y r e l e v an t e v i d e n c e b e y o n d a r e a s o n ab l e d o ub t. S e e C o m m o n w e a l t

h v . W a l z a c k , 3 6 0 A . 2 d 9 1 4 ( P a . 1 9 7 6 ) . H e r e , th e Ap p e ll an t w a s c h ar g e d w i th tw o c o un t s o f

tra f fi c k i n g o fp e r s o n s - o n e fi r s t d e g r e e fe l o ny fo r tra ffi c k i n g a m i n o r ; th e o th e r a

77s e c o n d d e g r e e f e l o ny fo r tra f

fi c k i n g an a d

u l t. T h e p r e v i o u s s t at

ut e , un d e r w h i c h th e Ap p e ll an t i s c h ar g e d , m a d e i t an o ff

e n s e fo r any p e r s o n t o tra ffi c o r kn o w i n g l y att e mp t s t o tra f fi c an o th e r p e r s o n , kn o w i n g th at th e o th e r p e r s o n wi ll b e s ub j e c t e d t o fo r c e d l ab o r o r s e rv i c e s . 1 8 P a . C . S . A. § 3 0 0 2 . F o r c e d l ab o r , i n r e l e v an t p art un d e r th i s S e c t i o n , d e fi n e s fo r c e d l ab o r a s l ab o r o r s e rv i c e s th at ar e p e r fo rm e d o r p ro v i d e d b y an o th e r p e r s o n w h i c h ar e o b t a i n e d o r m a i n t a i n e d w h e n a p e r s o n : ( 1 ) att e mp t s t o c au s e , c au s e s o r b y thr e at o f p hy s i c a l m e n a c e p ut s an o th e r p e r s o n i n fe ar o fb o d i l y i n

j ur y ; ( 2 ) p hy s i c a ll y r e s tra i n s o r thr e at e n s t o p hy s i c a ll y r e s tra i n an o th e r p e r s o n un l aw fu ll y . " 1 8 P a . C . S . A. § 3 0 0 1. T h e s t at ut e , b y d e fi n i t i o n , a s o n e o f i t s e l e m e n t s h a s a r e qu i r e m e n t th at a p e r s o n w ill b e s ub j e c t e d t o fo r c e d l ab o r ; w h i c h fo r c e d l ab o r m ay c o m e thro u g h a c t

u a l o r th r e at e n e d b o d i l y i n j ury . T h e tr i a l c o urt b e l i e v e s th at s u c h fo r c e , fo r i n s t an c e s o f tra ffi c k i n g i n p e r s o n s , i s n o t l i m i t e d t o s i n g u l ar i n s t an c e s w h i c h w o u l d fo r c e d e b at e c o n c e rn i n g w h e th e r c o n d u c t w a s w i th i n th e s c o p e o f th e o ff e n s e . R ath e r a ll a c t s c o n t e mp o r an e o u s t o th e T ra f fi c k i n g o f P e r s o n s c h ar g e s h o u l d b e i n cl u d e d un d e r th i s umb r e ll a an d n o t c o n s i d e r e d " p r i o r b a d a c t s . " T h e tr i a l c o urt d o e s n o t b e li e v e th e a dm i tt e d t e s t i m o ny qu a l i fi e s a s p r i o r b a d a c t s th at w o u l d r e qu i r e s u c h n o t i c e un d e r 4 0 4 ( b ) ( 3 ) . A l th o u g h n o t b i n d i n g , th i s c o urt b e l i e v e s F e d e ra l R u l e o f E v i d e n c e 4 0 4 ( b ) i s i n s tru c t i v e b e c au s e F e d e r a l R u l e 4 0 4 ( b ) " d o e s n o t e x t e n d t o e v i d e n c e o f a c t s w h i c h ar e ' i n tr i n s i c ' t o th e c h ar g e d o ff e n s e . " U n ite d S ta tes v . C r o s s , 3 0 8 F . 3 d 3 0 8 , 3 2 0 ( 3 d C i r. 2 0 0 2 ) ( qu o t i n g A dv i s o ry C o mm i tt e e N o t e s t o F e d . R . E v i d . 4 0 4 ( b ) ) . W h e n e v i d e n c e i s i n tr i n s i c t o p ro o f o f th e c r i m e s c h ar g e d , " th e r e i s n o o th e r w ro n g fu l c o n d u c t at i s s u e ; th e e v i d e n c e i s a dm i s s i b l e a s p art an d p ar c e l o f th e c h ar g e d o ff e n s e . " G r e e n , 6 1 7 F . 3 d at 2 4 5 ( i n t e rn a l qu o t at i o n m ark s o m i tt e d ) . E v i d e n c e i s i n tr i n s i c i f i t d i r e c tl y p ro v e s th e c h ar g e d c r i m e , o r i f i t i s c o n c e rn e d w i th c o n t e mp o r an e o u s a c t s w h i c h fa c i l i t at e d th e c o m m i s s i o n o f a c h ar g e d

7 8o ff

e n s e . 

### S e e G re e n , 6 1 7 F . 3 d at 2 4 8 - 4 9 . T h e r e fo r e , un d e r th e F e d e ra l ru l e s , c o n d u c t th at i s c o n t e mp o ran e o u s t o th e c h ar g e d c r i m e s h o u l d n o t b e e x cl u d e d un d e r R u l e 4 0 4 ( b ) . T h e tr i a l c o urt h e ar d e x t e n s i v e t e s t i m o ny a b o ut th e d e t a i l s o fhum an tra f fi c k i n g thr o u g h D e t e c t i v e D e rr i c k S t i g e rt s , a C o mm o nw e a lth w i tn e s s . D e t e c t i v e S t i g e rt s w a s a s k e d a b o ut h o w p ro s t i t ut e s ar e c o n tro ll e d 

### b y th e i r tra ffi c k e r s , t o w h i c h h e s t at e d th at " th e m o s t p r e v a l e n t [ m e th o d ] th at w e s e e i s th e fo r c e , th e fe ar , th e v i o l e n c e t o c o n tro l th e g i r l s , t o p ut s o m e typ e o f f e ar i n th e m t o k e e p th e m w o rk i n g , t o o b e y th e p i mp ' s ru l e s , t o k e e p d o i n g w h at s h e ' s d o i n g . " N . T . 6 / 2 8 / 2 0 1 6 at 3 9 . D e t e c t i v e S t i g e rt s d e s c r i b e d h o w tra ffi c k e r s c u lt i v at e , o r g r o o m , th e v i c t i m s o f tra f

fi c k i n g thro u g h d e v e l o p i n g a r e l at i o n s h i p w i th th e v i c t i m s i n o r d e r t o a ff e c t th e i r c o n tro l. S i mp l y s t at e d , th e s e a c t s , b e i t thro u g h v i o le n c e o r o th e r m e an s , t o g ro o m th e v i c t i m s o f tra ffi c k i n g ar e n o t i s o l at e d i n c i d e n t s l i m i t e d i n t i m e o r s c o p e . T h e s e c umu l at i v e a c t s o fv i o l e n c e ar e d e s i g n e d t o h av e th e s i n g u l ar e ff e c t o f c o n tro ll i n g th e b e h av i o r o f tra f fi c k e d g i rl s . L i k e a c o n s t e ll at i o n i n th e s t arr y s k i e s , th e m any s t ar s ar e b ro u g h t t o g e th e r t o fo rm o n e s i n g u l ar e l e m e n t . H e r e , th e tr i a l c o urt b e l i e v e s th e m any s e p arat e a c t s o fv i o l e n c e a l s o c o n s t i t ut e o n e s i n g u l ar e l e m e n t: l ab o r o r s e rv i c e s o b t a i n e d thro u g h a c t u a l o r thr e at e n e d b o d i l y i n j ury . T h e r e fo r e , th e tr i a l c o urt c o rr e c t l y h e l d th at s u c h a c t i o n s w e r e n o t " p r i o r b a d a c t s " th at r e qu i r e d n o t i c e un d e r 4 0 4 ( b ) ( 3 ) . T h e Ap p e ll an t a s s e rt s th at th e tr i a l c o urt e rr e d i n p e rm i tt i n g th e a dm i s s i o n o f t e s t i m o ny fr o m C o mm o nw e a lth w i tn e s s e s M . S . an d A . H . T h e a dm i s s i o n o f s u c h t e s t i m o ny w a s n o t i n e rr or b e c au s e th e un c h ar g e d c o n d u c t w e n t t o p ro v i n g an e l e m e n t o fth e o ff e n s e c h ar g e d . T h e Ap p e ll an t w a s p ro v i d e d th e n e c e s s ary d o c um e n t s t o p r e p ar e any r e b utt a l t o s u c h t e s t i m o ny at tr i a l. F urth e r , th e Ap p e ll an t h a d fu ll o p p o rt un i ty t o c ro s s - e x am i n e th e w i tn e s s e s a b o ut p e r c e i v e d i n c o n s i s t e n c i e s fr o m th e i n - c o urt t e s t i m o ny c o mp ar e d t o p r e v i o u s s t at e m e n t s . L i k e w i s e , i f any

7 9e rr o r h a d o c c urr e d i n th e a dm i s s i o n o f s u c h t e s t i m o ny , th e C o mm o nw e a l th m o r e th an a d e qu at e l y

d e m o n s tr at e s u c h e rr o r w a s h arm l e s s b e c au s e th e Ap p e ll an t w a s n o t p r e j u d i c e d thro u g h s u c h e v i d e n c e an d p ro v e d th e e l e m e n t s o f th e c h ar g e d c r i m e s b e y o n d a r e a s o n ab l e d o ub t w i th th e o th e r c umu l at i v e e v i d e n c e . T h e r e fo r e , th e tr i a l c o urt d i d n o t e rr i n th e a dm i s s i o n o f s u c h t e s t i m o ny an d th e Ap p e ll an t i s n o t d u e r e l i e f fr o m i t s a dm i s s i o n .

C O N C L U S I O N T h e e v i d e n c e p r e s e n t e d at tr i a l w a s s u ffi c i e n t t o p ro v e e a c h e l e m e n t o f e v e ry c r i m e c h ar g e d b y th e C o mm o nw e a lth b e y o n d a r e a s o n ab l e d o u b t. A l th o u g h th e r e w e r e num e ro u s c h ar g e s , th e p att e rn o f c o n d u c t e n g a g e d b y th e Ap p e l l an t m a d e s i mp l e th e t a s k o f r e c o g n i z i n g th e r e qu i r e d e l e m e n t s fo r e a c h o ff e n s e . N e x t , h av i n g w a i v e d h i s w e i g h t o fth e e v i d e n c e cl a i m s fo r a ll b ut tw o o ff

e n s e s , th e tr i a l c o urt fi n d s th at th e v e r d i c t s w e r e n o t a g a i n s t th e w e i g h t o f th e e v i d e n c e . T h e s e n t e n c i n g c o urt d i d n o t ab u s e i t s d i s c r e t i o n i n i mp o s i n g i t s s e n t e n c e a g a i n s t Ap p e ll an t. T h e fa c t

u a l r e a s o n s fo r d e p artur e fr o m th e s e n t e n c i n g g u i d e l i n e s w e r e p l a c e d o n th e r e c o r d an d t o o k i n t o a c c o un t a ll p e rm i s s i b l e fa c t o r s . T h e tr i a l c o urt p ro p e r l y a dm i tt e d th e t e s t i m o ny o fth e i n v e s t i g at i n g o ffi c e r r e g ar d i n g th e Ap p e ll an t ' s p o s i t i o n w i th i n th e o r g an i z at i o n b e c au s e i t w a s rat i o n a ll y b a s e d u p o n h i s p e r c e p t i o n . T h e tr i a l c o urt p ro p e rl y p e rm i tt e d e v i d e n c e o f a thr e at m a d e b y E lt o n C ro mw e ll , a m e mb e r o f th e c o n s p i ra c y an d c o r ru p t o r g an i z at i o n . F i n a ll y , th e tr i a l c o urt p ro p e rl y a dm i tt e d th e t e s t i m o ny o f tw o C o mm o nw e a l th w i tn e s s e s b e c au s e th e d e fe n d an t h a d p r i o r n o t i c e o f s u c h c o n d u c t , h a d o p p o rt

un i ty t o c ro s s - e x am i n e b o th w i tn e s s e s ab o ut s u c h i n c o n s i s t e n c i e s an d th e c o n d u c t w a s n o t c o n s i d e r e d " p r i or b a d a c t s " th at w o u l d

8 0r e qu i r e s u c h p r i o r n o t i c e . A c c o r d i n g l y , th e T r i a l C o urt r e s p e c t fu ll y r e qu e s t s th at th e s e n t e n c e

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