[Cite as State v. Troche, 2023-Ohio-565.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT

MARION COUNTY

STATE OF OHIO,

 PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE, CASE NO. 9-22-18

 v.

ROBERT W. TROCHE, JR., O P I N I O N

 DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.

Appeal from Marion County Common Pleas Court

Trial Court No. 2021 CR 027

Judgment Affirmed

Date of Decision: February 27, 2023 

APPEARANCES:

Edwin M. Bibler for Appellant

Jocelyn Stefancin for Appellee
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MILLER, P.J.

{¶1} Defendant-appellant, Robert W. Troche, Jr., appeals the March 9, 2022 

judgment of sentence of the Marion County Court of Common Pleas. For the 

reasons that follow, we affirm.

{¶2} On January 13, 2021, the Marion County Grand Jury indicted Troche 

on two counts: Count One of possession of fentanyl in violation of R.C. 2925.11(A), 

(C)(11), a fifth-degree felony, and Count Two of aggravated possession of drugs in 

violation of R.C. 2925.11(A), (C)(1), a fifth-degree felony. Troche appeared for 

arraignment on March 22, 2021 and pleaded not guilty to the counts in the 

indictment. The matter eventually proceeded to a jury trial commencing on 

February 15, 2022.

{¶3} At trial, Lieutenant Richard Wheeler, a third-shift supervisor and canine 

handler with the Marion City Police Department, testified that while on patrol on 

July 11, 2020, he observed a stopped vehicle facing eastbound at the intersection of 

East Mark Street and North Greenwood. (Feb. 15, 2022 Tr. at 130-131). Lieutenant 

Wheeler testified that as he passed the vehicle, he ran the license plate through 

ILINCS, a law-enforcement database, and learned that the vehicle was registered to 

Susan Hardgrove, a female from Delaware, Ohio. (Id. at 131-132). According to 

Lieutenant Wheeler, the ILINCS system allows law enforcement officers to add 

notes to vehicles in the system regarding previous drivers, occupants, and safety 
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concerns. (Id.). Lieutenant Wheeler observed a note associated with the vehicle 

listing Troche as a previous occupant. (Id. at 132). When Lieutenant Wheeler ran 

the information associated with Troche through ILINCS, he was able to view 

Troche’s BMV photograph. (Id.). Lieutenant Wheeler also learned that Troche’s 

driver’s license was suspended and the Marion City Police Department had an active 

warrant for his arrest. (Id.). When Lieutenant Wheeler passed the vehicle, he 

observed the male driver and noted that he appeared to be the person depicted in 

Troche’s BMV photograph. (Id. at 132-133). 

{¶4} Lieutenant Wheeler testified that, in the process of turning around his 

police cruiser, he briefly lost sight of the vehicle. (Id. at 132). However, shortly 

thereafter, he observed the vehicle in the driveway of 525 Tyler Street in Marion, 

Ohio. (Id.). At the time Lieutenant Wheeler made contact with Troche, he was 

outside the vehicle. (Id. at 133). Lieutenant Wheeler approached Troche by calling 

out his name; however, Troche repeatedly denied that it was his name. (Id.). 

However, Lieutenant Wheeler stated that he “confirmed” the individual he was 

talking to was Troche through the BMV photograph and an assisting officer who 

identified Troche from a previous encounter. (Id.).

{¶5} Then, Lieutenant Wheeler placed Troche under arrest. (Feb. 15, 2022 

Tr. at 133). At the time, Troche maintained that his name was not Robert Troche

and alleged that the police were “harassing” him. (Id.). So, Lieutenant Wheeler 
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escorted Troche to his cruiser and showed him the BMV photograph visible on the 

computer screen. (Id. at 133-134). Lieutenant Wheeler recalled that he asked 

Troche, “Is that you?” Troche did not give a response. (Id. at 134). 

{¶6} Lieutenant Wheeler explained that pursuant to Marion Police 

Department policy, officers are not permitted to leave a vehicle parked on private 

property without the consent of the property owner or manager. (Id. at 142). 

Lieutenant Wheeler stated that he knocked on the door of 525 Tyler Street in an 

attempt to make contact with the owners, but there was no answer. (Id. at 134). 

According to Lieutenant Wheeler, if officers do not receive permission to leave a 

vehicle on private property, the officer’s options are to tow the vehicle off the 

property or allow the vehicle’s owner to move the vehicle from the property, if it 

can be accomplished in a timely fashion. (Id.). Lieutenant Wheeler then called 

Hardgrove, who confirmed that her son, Troche, had her consent to use the vehicle. 

(Id.). Hardgrove, who was located in Delaware, Ohio, informed Lieutenant Wheeler 

that she would immediately travel to 525 Tyler Street to retrieve her vehicle. (Id. at 

142, 150).

{¶7} While Lieutenant Wheeler waited for Hardgrove to arrive on the scene, 

he deployed his canine partner to conduct an exterior vehicle sniff to detect the odor 

of narcotics and the canine gave a positive alert. (Id. at 134-136). Then, Lieutenant 
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Wheeler stated that he searched the vehicle.1 (Id. at 134). During the search, he 

located a black case in the driver’s door pocket. (Id. at 134, 136). Lieutenant 

Wheeler identified the black case he removed from the vehicle as State’s Exhibit 1. 

(Id. at 136); (State’s Ex. 1). Inside the case, Lieutenant Wheeler described locating

two baggies that contained suspected narcotics. (Feb. 15, 2022 Tr. at 136-137). 

Lieutenant Wheeler identified State’s Exhibit 2 as the suspected narcotics he 

removed from the black case. (Id. at 137); (State’s Ex. 2).

{¶8} State’s Exhibit 3, Lieutenant Wheeler’s body camera footage of the 

incident on July 11, 2020 was played for the jury. (Feb. 15, 2022 Tr. at 139-142); 

(State’s Ex. 3). The body camera footage was consistent with Lieutenant Wheeler’s 

testimony regarding the events of July 11, 2020. (State’s Ex. 3). Additionally, the 

body camera footage depicted Lieutenant Wheeler finding a bag of marijuana in the 

center console of the vehicle. (Id.). In the body camera footage, Troche admitted

the marijuana belonged to him and explained that he has a medical marijuana card. 

(Id.).

{¶9} On cross-examination, Lieutenant Wheeler admitted that he did not 

witness Troche make furtive movements. (Feb. 15, 2022 Tr. at 146-147). Likewise, 

he did not observe Troche “scrambl[e]” or throw any objects away from the vehicle. 

1 On May 20, 2021, Troche filed a motion to suppress which sought to suppress the evidence obtained during 

the search. In a judgment entry filed on December 10, 2021, the trial court denied the motion. Troche does 

not challenge that ruling on appeal.
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(Id. at 147). Lieutenant Wheeler also listed other items he located in the driver’s 

door pocket including a coin purse and a bottle of “female cologne.” (Id. at 148-

149). Lieutenant Wheeler acknowledged that he did not know when the black case 

containing the suspected drugs was brought into the vehicle and did not observe 

anyone place it there. (Id. at 152-153). He also conceded that he did not know how 

long the black case had been in the vehicle. (Id. at 153). Lieutenant Wheeler further 

stated that he could not testify whether Troche knew that the case containing the 

suspected drugs was inside the vehicle. (Id.). 

{¶10} On redirect examination, Lieutenant Wheeler testified that Troche was 

smoking a cigarette when Lieutenant Wheeler first approached him. (Id. at 153-

154). Lieutenant Wheeler described finding two packages of Newport cigarettes 

inside the vehicle. (Id. at 154). One package of Newport cigarettes was located in 

the driver’s door pocket. (Id. at 153). Additionally, according to Lieutenant 

Wheeler, when he located the black case in the driver’s door pocket, the case was 

sitting on the top of the other items located therein, including the Newport cigarettes. 

(Id. at 153-154). Lieutenant Wheeler confirmed that officers did not locate 

cigarettes on Troche’s person when he was searched incident to his arrest. (Id. at 

154). Additionally, Lieutenant Wheeler verified Troche was inside the vehicle at 

the same time as the black case containing the suspected drugs was inside the 

vehicle. (Id. at 154-155).
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{¶11} During recross examination, Lieutenant Wheeler stated the pack of 

Newport cigarettes located in the driver’s door pocket appeared to be sealed. (Id. at 

155). However, the second package of Newport cigarettes, which was located next 

to the marijuana in the center console, was open. (Id.). Lieutenant Wheeler 

confirmed that Troche acknowledged that the marijuana was his, but that he claimed 

to have a medical marijuana card. (Id. at 155-156). Lieutenant Wheeler testified

that although Troche took responsibility for the marijuana, he denied the contents 

of the black case belonged to him. (Id. at 156). 

{¶12} At the close of the State’s evidence, Troche moved for a judgment of 

acquittal under Crim.R. 29. Troche argued generally that the State failed to meet its 

burden of proof with respect to all elements of the offenses. Troche specifically 

argued the State failed to establish that he knowingly possessed the drugs. The trial 

court overruled Troche’s Crim.R. 29 motion, after which Troche rested without 

presenting any evidence.

{¶13} The jury found Troche guilty on both counts as charged in the 

indictment. The trial court accepted the jury’s verdicts and continued Troche’s 

sentencing pending completion of a presentence investigation report.

{¶14} At the sentencing hearing on March 7, 2022, the trial court sentenced 

Troche to nine months in prison on Count One and nine months in prison on Count 

Two. The court ordered the sentences to run consecutively for an aggregate prison 
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term of 18 months. On March 9, 2022, the trial court filed its judgment entry of 

sentence.

{¶15} Troche filed a notice of appeal on April 7, 2022. He raises four 

assignments of error for our review. For ease of discussion, we elect to address his 

first two assignments of error together.

Assignment of Error No. I

The trial court erred by failing to grant a judgment of acquittal, 

pursuant to Crim.R. 29(A) on the Possession of Fentanyl [Charge] 

in violation of O.R.C. 2925.11(A)(C)(11), and the Aggravated 

Possession of Drugs Charge in violation of O.R.C. 

2925.11(A)(C)(1) and thereafter entering a judgment of 

conviction on these offenses as the charges were not supported by 

sufficient evidence.

Assignment of Error No. II

The jury verdict on the Possession of Fentanyl and the 

Aggravated Possession of Drugs Charge[s] were against the 

manifest weight of the evidence presented at trial.

{¶16} In his first assignment of error, Troche argues that his convictions are 

not supported by sufficient evidence. Specifically, Troche maintains the State 

presented insufficient evidence that he “knowingly” possessed the drugs contained 

in the black case. Accordingly, Troche contends the trial court abused its discretion 

by denying his Crim.R. 29 motion with respect to both counts. In his second 

assignment of error, Troche alleges the weight of the evidence weighs against his 

convictions.
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Standards for Sufficient-of-the Evidence, Crim.R. 29, 

and Manifest Weight Review

{¶17} Manifest “weight of the evidence and sufficiency of the evidence are 

clearly different legal concepts.” State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 389

(1997). Accordingly, we address each legal concept individually.

{¶18} “An appellate court’s function when reviewing the sufficiency of the 

evidence to support a criminal conviction is to examine the evidence admitted at 

trial to determine whether such evidence, if believed, would convince the average 

mind of the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio 

St.3d 259 (1991), paragraph two of the syllabus, superseded by state constitutional 

amendment on other grounds, State v. Smith, 80 Ohio St.3d 89 (1997). 

Consequently, “[t]he relevant inquiry is whether, after viewing the evidence in a 

light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found 

the essential elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. “In 

deciding if the evidence was sufficient, we neither resolve evidentiary conflicts nor 

assess the credibility of witnesses, as both are functions reserved for the trier of 

fact.” State v. Jones, 1st Dist. Hamilton Nos. C-120570 and C-120571, 2013-Ohio4775, ¶ 33.
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{¶19} Pursuant to Crim.R. 29(A), “[t]he court on motion of a defendant * * 

*, after the evidence on either side is closed, shall order the entry of a judgment of 

acquittal of one or more offenses charged in the indictment * * *, if the evidence is 

insufficient to sustain a conviction of such offense or offenses.” “Because the 

purpose of a Crim.R. 29 motion for acquittal ‘is to test the sufficiency of the 

evidence presented at trial,’ we ‘review[] a denial of a Crim.R. 29 motion for 

judgment of acquittal using the same standard that is used to review a sufficiency of 

the evidence claim.’” (Bracketing in original.) State v. Brown, 3d Dist. Allen No. 

1-19-61, 2020-Ohio-3614, ¶ 35, quoting State v. Willis, 12th Dist. Butler No. 

CA2009-10-270, 2010-Ohio-4404, ¶ 9. 

{¶20} On the other hand, in determining whether a conviction is against the 

manifest weight of the evidence, a reviewing court must examine the entire record, 

“‘weigh[ ] the evidence and all reasonable inferences, consider[ ] the credibility of 

witnesses and determine[ ] whether in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the [trier 

of fact] clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that 

the conviction must be reversed and a new trial ordered.’” Thompkins at 387, 

quoting State v. Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d 172, 175 (1st Dist.1983). A reviewing 

court must, however, allow the trier of fact appropriate discretion on matters relating 

to the weight of the evidence and the credibility of the witnesses. State v. DeHass, 

10 Ohio St.2d 230, 231 (1967). When applying the manifest weight standard, 
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“[o]nly in exceptional cases, where the evidence ‘weighs heavily against the 

conviction,’ should an appellate court overturn the trial court’s judgment.” State v. 

Haller, 3d Dist. Allen No. 1-11-34, 2012-Ohio-5233, ¶ 9, quoting State v. Hunter, 

131 Ohio St.3d 67, 2011-Ohio-6524, ¶ 119.

Troche’s Offenses

{¶21} We first review the sufficiency of the evidence supporting Troche’s 

convictions. Troche was found guilty of possession of fentanyl in violation of R.C. 

2925.11(A), (C)(11) and aggravated possession of drugs in violation of R.C. 

2925.11(A), (C)(1), respectively.

{¶22} Possession of drugs under R.C. 2925.11(A) provides, “No person shall 

knowingly obtain, possess, or use a controlled substance or a controlled substance 

analog.” Count One relates to the heroin and fentanyl combination recovered from 

the vehicle and Count Two relates to the methamphetamine recovered from the 

vehicle.

{¶23} “‘Possess’ or ‘possession’ means having control over a thing or 

substance, but may not be inferred solely from mere access to the thing or substance 

through ownership or occupation of the premises upon which the thing or substance 

is found.” R.C. 2925.01(K).

{¶24} On appeal, Troche argues only that there is insufficient evidence that 

he had knowledge of the drugs found in the black case. He challenges the State’s 
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evidence that he knowingly possessed the drugs located in the black case in light of 

the evidence that the vehicle was registered to his mother. Troche asserts that there 

was insufficient evidence to establish that he possessed the drugs in the black case 

because constructive possession requires proof that he was not only able to exercise 

dominion and control over the items, but also that he was conscious of the presence 

of the items. Because knowledge is the only element Troche challenges on appeal, 

our review is limited to determining whether sufficient evidence was presented that 

Troche had knowledge of the drugs found in the black case of the driver’s door 

pocket. 

{¶25} “The issue of whether a person charged with drug possession 

knowingly possessed a controlled substance ‘is to be determined from all the 

attendant facts and circumstances available.’” State v. Brooks, 3d Dist. Hancock 

No. 5-11-11, 2012-Ohio-5235, ¶ 45, quoting State v. Teamer, 82 Ohio St.3d 490, 

492 (1998). The Ohio Revised Code defines “knowingly” as follows:

A person acts knowingly, regardless of purpose, when the person is 

aware that the person’s conduct will probably cause a certain result or 

will probably be of a certain nature. A person has knowledge of 

circumstances when the person is aware that such circumstances 

probably exist. When knowledge of the existence of a particular fact 

is an element of an offense, such knowledge is established if a person 

subjectively believes that there is a high probability of its existence 

and fails to make inquiry or acts with a conscious purpose to avoid 

learning the fact.

R.C. 2901.22(B). 
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{¶26} “Possession of drugs can be either actual or constructive.” State v. 

Bustamante, 3d Dist. Seneca Nos. 13-12-26 and 13-13-04, 2013-Ohio-4975, ¶ 25. 

“A person has ‘actual possession’ of an item if the item is within his immediate 

physical possession.” State v. Williams, 4th Dist. Ross No. 03CA2736, 2004-Ohio1130, ¶ 23. “A person has ‘constructive possession’ if he is able to exercise 

dominion and control over an item, even if the individual does not have immediate 

physical possession of it.” Bustamante at ¶ 25. “For constructive possession to 

exist, ‘[i]t must be shown that the person was conscious of the presence of the 

object.’” Id., quoting State v. Hankerson, 70 Ohio St.2d 87, 91 (1982). 

{¶27} “[T]he State may prove the existence of the various elements of 

constructive possession of contraband by circumstantial evidence alone.” Id. 

“Absent a defendant’s admission, the surrounding facts and circumstances, 

including the defendant’s actions, are evidence that the trier of fact can consider in 

determining whether the defendant had constructive possession.” State v. Voll, 3d 

Dist. Union No. 14-12-04, 2012-Ohio-3900, ¶ 19. “Inherent in a finding of 

constructive possession is that the defendant was conscious of the item and therefore 

had knowledge of it.” State v. Alexander, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 90509, 2009-

Ohio-597, ¶ 24, citing Hankerson at syllabus and State v. Wolery, 46 Ohio St.2d 

316, 329 (1976). 
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{¶28} To summarize the evidence the State presented related to Troche’s 

knowledge of the drugs contained within the black case, Troche was the driver and 

sole occupant of the vehicle. Lieutenant Wheeler contacted Troche’s mother, the 

registered owner of the vehicle, who confirmed that Troche had her permission to 

use the vehicle. Lieutenant Wheeler found the drugs in a black zippered case located 

in the driver’s door pocket, a location easily accessible to the driver. The black case 

containing the controlled substances was located on the top of the other objects in 

the driver’s door pocket, including a package of Newport cigarettes. Moreover, 

when Lieutenant Wheeler made initial contact with Troche, he was smoking a 

cigarette. The only cigarettes found in the search of the vehicle and the search of 

Troche’s person incident to arrest were Newport cigarettes.

{¶29} “A jury can make reasonable inferences from the evidence.” State v. 

Knight, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 16AP-288, and 16AP-290, 2016-Ohio-8134, ¶ 26. 

“‘It is permissible for a jury to draw inferences from the facts presented to them.’” 

Id., quoting State v. Sanders, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-96-379, 1998 WL 78787, *3 

(Feb. 13, 1998), citing State v. Palmer, 80 Ohio St.3d 543, 561 (1997). There are 

numerous inferences that can be made from the State’s evidence that Troche was 

aware of the presence of the contents of the zippered black case. For example, the 

fact that the black case was on top of the other items contained inside the driver’s 

door pocket, including Newport cigarettes, leads to an inference that Troche was 
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aware of the presence of the black case and the controlled substances that it 

contained. 

{¶30} Troche contends that his acknowledgement of ownership of the 

cigarettes and marijuana contained in the center console, combined with his denial 

of knowledge of the items contained within the black case, leads to an inference that 

he was not aware of the black case or its contents. This argument largely relates to 

the weight of the evidence rather than sufficiency of the evidence. See State v. 

Shelby, 6th Dist. Wood No. WD-17-056, 2019-Ohio-1564, ¶ 27 (“[A]ppellant’s 

argument—that either Britton or Holmes ‘could have placed’ the drugs into his 

hand—speaks to the weight, not the sufficiency of the evidence.”). Nevertheless, 

Troche’s assertion that the drugs in the black case did not belong to him is 

inconsequential in light of the evidence that Troche had dominion and control over 

those items. State v. Frye, 3d Dist. Allen No. 1-17-30, 2018-Ohio-894, ¶ 53, quoting 

State v. Grundy, 9th Dist. Summit No. 19016, 1998 WL 852844, *10 (Dec. 9, 1998) 

(“‘It is also irrelevant that he did not admit that the cocaine was his. Sufficient 

evidence existed that Defendant had exercised dominion and control over the 

cocaine, and was in constructive possession of the substance.’”).

{¶31} Furthermore, even assuming Hardgrove also had access to the drugs 

in the black case, as Troche implies, does not vitiate Troche’s conviction since 

Troche and Hardgrove could have had joint possession and control of the drugs. 
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State v. Hudson, 8th Dist. Trumbull No. 2014-T-0097, 2018-Ohio-133, ¶ 57, 

quoting State v. Smith, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 78277, 2001 WL 563077 (May 24, 

2001) (“holding that ‘[j]oint possession * * * exists when two or more persons 

together have the ability to control an object, exclusive of others’”).

{¶32} Thus, when examining the evidence in the light most favorable to the 

State, we find that a rational trier of fact could have found that Troche was aware of 

the drugs inside the black case. See State v. Willamson, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 

27147, 2017-Ohio-7098, ¶ 15, 58 (sufficient evidence supported the conclusion that 

the defendant knowingly possessed the heroin and cocaine where officers found a 

bag of heroin capsules on the passenger seat of the vehicle and an additional baggie 

of cocaine “in the middle console of the car, in the ashtray, just below the radio 

[both of which] would have been easily accessible to the driver.”).

{¶33} Having determined that sufficient evidence supports his convictions, 

we turn to Troche’s arguments that his convictions are against the manifest weight 

of the evidence. In support of this assertion, Troche largely relies on similar 

arguments to those relating to the sufficiency of the evidence.

{¶34} Troche argues that his convictions are against the manifest weight of 

the evidence because the State could not conclusively establish that Troche placed 

the black case containing the drugs into the vehicle. However, as noted above, the 

jury is able to make reasonable inferences based on the evidence presented at trial. 
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See Knight, 2016-Ohio-8134, at ¶ 26. “‘The weight given to an inference is a 

question for the trier of fact and will not be disturbed unless it is such that reasonable 

minds could not reach such a conclusion.’” Id., quoting Sanders, 1998 WL 78787, 

at *3, citing Palmer, 80 Ohio St.3d 543, at paragraph four of the syllabus. As 

discussed in our sufficiency-of-the-evidence analysis, the State did not need to 

establish that Troche owned or even placed the black case containing the drugs in 

the vehicle for the jury to determine that he had dominion and control over the drugs.

{¶35} Troche also argues that his admission to the ownership of the 

cigarettes and marijuana found near the center console lends credibility to his denial 

of knowledge of the drugs located in the black case in the driver’s door pocket. 

However, through his own statements, Troche did not believe the cigarettes and 

marijuana were illegal. Accordingly, Troche’s admission to ownership of those 

items does not bolster his credibility such that the jury clearly lost its way by 

choosing not to believe that he was unaware of the black case containing drugs in 

the driver’s door pocket.

{¶36} Additionally, Troche contends that the fact that the marijuana and 

opened package of Newport cigarettes were found in a different location from the 

unopened package of Newport cigarettes and the black case containing the drugs at 

issue weighs heavily against the jury’s finding that he knowingly possessed the 

drugs. We disagree. Although Troche’s appellate brief implies otherwise, 
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knowledge of the marijuana and cigarettes in the center console is not mutually 

exclusive to knowledge of the contents of the driver’s door pocket. Furthermore, 

the weight given to inferences made from the locations of items recovered from the 

vehicle is primarily a question for the trier of fact. Because reasonable minds could 

conclude that Troche had knowledge of the contents of the center console and the 

driver’s door pocket, we will not disturb the jury’s finding with respect to this issue.

{¶37} We conclude that the jury could reasonably infer from the evidence 

presented at trial that Troche exercised dominion and control over the drugs located 

in the black case. After reviewing the evidence presented at trial, we do not find 

that the jury lost its way in concluding that Troche knowingly possessed the items 

contained in the black case. Accordingly, Troche’s possession-of-fentanyl and 

aggravated-possession-of-drugs convictions are not against the manifest weight of 

the evidence. See Hudson, 2018-Ohio-133, at ¶ 60 (rejecting a similar manifestweight-of-the-evidence argument). 

{¶38} Troche’s first and second assignments of error are overruled.

Assignment of Error No. III

The Trial Court abused its discretion by imposing a prison 

sentence contrary to R.C. 2929.11 and the purposes and principles 

of the felony sentencing guidelines.

{¶39} In his third assignment of error, Troche argues that his sentence is 

contrary to law. 
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Standard of Review

{¶40} Under R.C. 2953.08(G)(2), an appellate court will reverse a sentence 

“only if it determines by clear and convincing evidence that the record does not 

support the trial court’s findings under relevant statutes or that the sentence is 

otherwise contrary to law.” State v. Marcum, 146 Ohio St.3d 516, 2016-Ohio-1002, 

¶ 1. Clear and convincing evidence is that “‘which will produce in the mind of the 

trier of facts a firm belief or conviction as to the facts sought to be established.’” Id.

at ¶ 22, quoting Cross v. Ledford, 161 Ohio St. 469 (1954), paragraph three of the 

syllabus.

Relevant Authority

{¶41} “‘Trial courts have full discretion to impose any sentence within the 

statutory range.’” State v. Smith, 3d Dist. Seneca No. 13-15-17, 2015-Ohio-4225, ¶ 

9, quoting State v. Noble, 3d Dist. Logan No. 8-14-06, 2014-Ohio-5485, ¶ 9, citing 

State v. Saldana, 3d Dist. Putnam No. 12-12-09, 2013-Ohio-1122, ¶ 20. A sentence 

imposed within the statutory range is generally valid so long as the trial court 

considered the applicable statutory policies that apply to every felony sentencing, 

including those contained in R.C. 2929.11, and the sentencing factors of 2929.12. 

See State v. Watts, 3d Dist. Auglaize No. 2-20-10, 2020-Ohio-5572, ¶ 10, 14; State 

v. Maggette, 3d Dist. Seneca No. 13-16-06, 2016-Ohio-5554, ¶ 31.
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{¶42} R.C. 2929.11 provides, in pertinent part, that the “overriding purposes 

of felony sentencing are to protect the public from future crime by the offender and 

others, to punish the offender, and to promote the effective rehabilitation of the 

offender using the minimum sanctions that the court determines accomplish those 

purposes without imposing an unnecessary burden on state or local government 

resources.” R.C. 2929.11(A). To achieve the overriding purposes of felony 

sentencing, R.C. 2929.11 directs courts to “consider the need for incapacitating the 

offender, deterring the offender and others from future crime, rehabilitating the 

offender, and making restitution to the victim of the offense, the public, or both.” 

Id. In addition, R.C. 2929.11(B) instructs that a sentence imposed for a felony “shall 

be reasonably calculated to achieve the three overriding purposes of felony 

sentencing * * *, commensurate with and not demeaning to the seriousness of the 

offender’s conduct and its impact upon the victim, and consistent with sentences 

imposed for similar crimes committed by similar offenders.”

{¶43} “In accordance with these principles, the trial court must consider the 

factors set forth in R.C. 2929.12(B)-(E) relating to the seriousness of the offender’s 

conduct and the likelihood of the offender’s recidivism.” Smith at ¶ 10, citing R.C. 

2929.12(A). In addition, the trial court must consider “the factors set forth in [R.C. 

2929.12(F)] pertaining to the offender’s service in the armed forces of the United 

States.” R.C. 2929.12(A). “‘A sentencing court has broad discretion to determine 
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the relative weight to assign the sentencing factors in R.C. 2929.12.’” Smith at ¶ 

15, quoting State v. Brimacombe, 195 Ohio App.3d 524, 2011-Ohio-5032, ¶ 18 (6th 

Dist.), citing State v. Arnett, 88 Ohio St.3d 208, 215 (2000).

Analysis

{¶44} In the instant case, Troche was sentenced for one count of possession 

of fentanyl in violation of R.C. 2925.11(A), (C)(11) and one count of aggravated 

possession of drugs in violation of R.C. 2925.11(A), (C)(1), fifth-degree felonies. 

For these fifth-degree-felony offenses, “the prison term shall be a definite term of 

six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, or twelve months.” R.C. 2929.14(A)(5). The 

trial court sentenced Troche to nine months in prison on each of the counts, which 

is within the statutory range.2 

{¶45} Furthermore, the record reflects that the trial court considered R.C. 

2929.11 and 2929.12 when it sentenced Troche. At the sentencing hearing, the trial

court stated that it “considered” the purposes and principles of felony sentencing set 

forth in R.C. 2929.11 including protecting the public from future crime by the 

offender and others and punishing the offender using the minimum sanctions that 

the court determines accomplishes those purposes without imposing an unnecessary 

burden on state or local governmental resources. (Mar. 7, 2020 Tr. at 5-6). The 

trial court also stated that it considered the need for incapacitating Troche, deterring 

2 The trial court ordered the sentences to be served consecutively for an aggregate prison term of 18 months. 

(Doc. No. 59). However, Troche does not challenge the consecutive nature of his sentence. 
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Troche and others from future crime, rehabilitating Troche, and making restitution. 

(Id. at 6).

{¶46} The trial court also considered the seriousness and recidivism factors 

set forth in R.C. 2929.12. (Id. at 6-7). In its discussion of R.C. 2929.12, the trial 

court stated that “none of the seriousness factors are indicated, but there are several 

recidivism factors showing that recidivism is likely.” (Id. at 6). Specifically, the 

trial court referenced Troche’s criminal history, failure to respond favorably to 

sanctions imposed for prior criminal convictions, Troche’s pattern of substance 

abuse, and his unwillingness to seek substance-abuse treatment. (Id. at 6-7). The 

trial court also noted Troche had been unfavorably terminated from prior 

community control supervision and had an ORAS score of 25, which the trial court 

described as “on the high end.” (Id. at 7). The trial court recognized Troche’s 

offenses in the instant case were low-level felonies. (Id. at 6). However, while

reviewing Troche’s criminal history, the court noted Troche had several felony 

charges and “many misdemeanor charges.” (Id.). The trial court also indicated that 

Troche was charged with two misdemeanor charges—driving under suspension and 

possession of marijuana—while he was out on bond in this matter. (Id.).

Furthermore, in its judgment entry of sentence, the trial court indicated that it 

“carefully considered the purposes and principles of sentencing in accordance with 
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R.C. 2929.11 and the appropriate seriousness and recidivism factors in accordance 

with R.C. 2929.12.” (Doc. No. 59).

{¶47} “A trial court’s statement that it considered the required statutory 

factors * * * is sufficient to fulfill its obligations under the sentencing statutes.” 

Maggette, 2016-Ohio-5554, at ¶ 32, citing State v. Abrams, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 

103786, 2016-Ohio-4570, ¶ 14, citing State v. Payne, 114 Ohio St.3d 502, 2007-

Ohio-4642, ¶ 18. Therefore, because Troche’s sentence is within the statutory range 

and the record supports that the trial court fulfilled its obligation of considering R.C. 

2929.11 and 2929.12, Troche’s sentence is valid. See Watts, 2020-Ohio-5572, at ¶ 

14.

{¶48} Nevertheless, Troche argues that his sentence is “inconsistent” with 

the purposes of felony sentencing because his offenses were low-level felonies, the 

offenses were not violent, and there was no victim. Additionally, Troche claims he 

accepted responsibility for his actions, had already been incarcerated for 

approximately one month prior to sentencing, and his most recent felony conviction 

was in 2015.

{¶49} Although “R.C. 2953.08(G)(2)(a) permits an appellate court to modify 

or vacate a sentence if it clearly and convincingly finds that ‘the record does not 

support the sentencing court’s findings under’ certain specified statutory 

provisions[,] * * * R.C. 2929.11 and 2929.12 are not among the statutory provisions 
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listed in R.C. 2953.08(G)(2)(a).” State v. Jones, 163 Ohio St.3d 242, 2020-Ohio6729, ¶ 28. Furthermore, “an appellate court’s determination that the record does 

not support a sentence does not equate to a determination that the sentence is 

‘otherwise contrary to law’ as that term is used in R.C. 2953.08(G)(2)(b).” Id. at ¶ 

32. Thus, R.C. 2953.08(G)(2) “does not provide a basis for an appellate court to 

modify or vacate a sentence based on its view that the sentence is not supported by

the record under R.C. 2929.11 and 2929.12.” Id. at ¶ 39. “[A]n appellate court errs 

if it * * * modifies or vacates a sentence ‘based on the lack of support in the record 

for the trial court’s findings under R.C. 2929.11 and R.C. 2929.12.’” State v. 

Dorsey, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 28747, 2021-Ohio-76, ¶ 17, quoting Jones at ¶ 

29.

{¶50} Accordingly, even if we were to agree with Troche that his sentence 

is not supported by the record under R.C. 2929.11 and 2929.12, we could not vacate 

or modify his sentence on that basis. As discussed above, Troche’s sentence is 

within the statutory range and it is clear that the trial court considered R.C. 2929.11 

and 2929.12 when fashioning his sentence. Thus, Troche’s sentence is not clearly 

and convincingly contrary to law, and it must be affirmed. See State v. Slife, 3d 

Dist. Auglaize No. 2-20-17, 2021-Ohio-644, ¶ 17. 

{¶51} Troche’s third assignment of error is overruled.
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Assignment of Error No. IV

Defendant-Appellant was deprived of his rights to due process 

and a fair trial under the federal and state constitutions by the 

cumulative effect of the numerous errors in this case.

{¶52} In his fourth assignment of error, Troche summarily argues that he was 

deprived of a fair trial due to the cumulative effect of the alleged errors outlined in 

his other three assignments of error. We disagree.

{¶53} Under the cumulative-error doctrine, “a conviction will be reversed 

when the cumulative effect of errors in a trial deprives a defendant of a fair trial 

even though each of the numerous instances of trial court error does not individually 

constitute cause for reversal.” State v. Spencer, 3d Dist. Marion No. 9-13-50, 2015-

Ohio-52, ¶ 83. “To find cumulative error, a court must first find multiple errors 

committed at trial and determine that there is a reasonable probability that the 

outcome below would have been different but for the combination of the harmless 

errors.” In re J.M., 3d Dist. Putnam No. 12-11-06, 2012-Ohio-1467, ¶ 36. Here, 

we have not found that the trial court committed any errors, let alone, multiple 

errors. Therefore, the cumulative-error doctrine does not apply. See State v. 

Jamison, 9th Dist. Summit No. 27664, 2016-Ohio-5122, ¶ 40, abrogated on other

grounds, State v. Haynes, ___ Ohio St.3d ___, 2022-Ohio-4473. (“If there [are] 

not multiple errors, * * * the cumulative error doctrine does not apply.”); State v. 
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Carpenter, 3d Dist. Seneca No. 13-18-16, 2019-Ohio-58, ¶ 104, citing State v. 

Bertuzzi, 3d Dist. Marion No. 9-13-12, 2014-Ohio-5093, ¶ 110.

{¶54} Troche’s fourth assignment of error is overruled.

{¶55} Having found no error prejudicial to the appellant herein in the 

particulars assigned and argued, we affirm the judgment of the Marion County Court 

of Common Pleas.

Judgment Affirmed

WILLAMOWSKI and ZIMMERMAN, J.J., concur.

/jlr