RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION

Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206

File Name: 11a0071p.06

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT _________________

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

 Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

ROBERT JACKSON,

 Defendant-Appellant.

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No. 09-1630

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Western District of Michigan at Grand Rapids.

No. 08-00157-001—Janet T. Neff, District Judge.

Argued: November 30, 2010

Decided and Filed: March 24, 2011 

Before: SILER, CLAY, and GIBBONS, Circuit Judges. 

_________________

COUNSEL

ARGUED: Gary K. Springstead, SPRINGSTEAD LAW OFFICES, P.C., Fremont,

Michigan, for Appellant. Timothy P. VerHey, ASSISTANT UNITED STATES

ATTORNEY, Grand Rapids, Michigan, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Gary K.

Springstead, SPRINGSTEAD LAW OFFICES, P.C., Fremont, Michigan, for Appellant.

Timothy P. VerHey, ASSISTANT UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Grand Rapids,

Michigan, for Appellee. 

_________________

OPINION

_________________

SILER, Circuit Judge. Robert Jackson pled guilty to bank robbery pursuant to

a plea agreement. Before his proffer interview, the government promised, “No

statements made or other information provided by your client during such proffer and

discussion will be used directly against your client in any criminal case.” Jackson’s

1
No. 09-1630 United States v. Jackson Page 2

presentence report (“PSR”), however, later contained several of his proffer statements.

These were initially used in calculating his guideline sentence range, and the court relied

on them in determining his specific sentence. Jackson now challenges both his guideline

sentence range and the specific sentence imposed. For the reasons stated below, we

AFFIRM the decision of the district court.

I.

An indictment was returned in the Western District of Michigan against Jackson

and his co-defendant, Quentin Meux. The indictment stemmed from a bank robbery in

which Meux and Glenn Porter entered a bank brandishing handguns and ordering

everyone to the floor. Porter remained in the lobby of the bank, while Meux held a gun

on the bank manager. Meux and Porter then fled with the money in a car driven by

Jackson.

Jackson participated in a proffer interview, for which the government agreed,

“No statements made or other information provided by your client during such proffer

and discussion will be used directly against your client in any criminal case.” He also

executed a plea agreement in which he agreed to cooperate in the investigation of the

bank robbery and other crimes. This agreement provided that, “The United States agrees

that the statements made by the defendant during his cooperation will be protected as

provided by Sentencing Guideline § 1B1.8.”

Jackson pled guilty to bank robbery, pursuant to his plea deal. A PSR was then

prepared for Jackson that contained information he provided during his proffer

statement. The PSR revealed he was aware Porter possessed and used firearms during

the robbery and that Jackson provided the gun Meux used. It also detailed other bank

robberies in which Jackson had been involved, including one in which he entered a bank

with a BB gun and another in which he drove the getaway car while Meux entered with

a gun.

In calculating Jackson’s guideline sentence range, the PSR assessed a six-level

increase because Meux “otherwise used” a firearm by placing a gun to the bank
No. 09-1630 United States v. Jackson Page 3

manager’s head and a two-level increase for the physical restraint involved in the same

conduct. This resulted in a total offense level of 29. Jackson’s guideline range for

imprisonment was 108 to 135 months.

Jackson objected to this increase. He argued the conclusion Meux’s conduct was

a “reasonably foreseeable act[] . . . in furtherance of the jointly undertaken criminal

activity,” USSG § 1B1.3(a)(1)(B), was impermissibly based on his proffer-protected

statements. The government agreed and used an FBI agent to establish an independent

basis for his guideline range increase. The district court then overruled Jackson’s

objection, holding “the information with regard to the use of the guns was obtained by

law enforcement before Mr. Jackson’s proffer.” It sentenced Jackson to 120 months

imprisonment, emphasizing that he 1) provided one of the guns used in the robbery,

2) had previously been a getaway driver for another armed bank robbery, and

3) participated in yet another bank robbery in which he entered with a BB gun. Jackson

did not object to any of the information relied on by the court in determining his

sentence.

II.

Jackson argues his proffer-protected statements were impermissibly used to

increase his guideline sentence range.

“Legal conclusions regarding application of the United States Sentencing

Guidelines are reviewed de novo, while factual findings are reviewed for ‘clear error.’”

United States v. Hover, 293 F.3d 930, 933 (6th Cir. 2002) (citing United States v.

Raleigh, 278 F.3d 563, 566 (6th Cir. 2002)).

United States Sentencing Guideline § 1B1.8 states,

Where a defendant agrees to cooperate with the government by providing

information concerning unlawful activities of others, and as part of that

cooperation agreement the government agrees that self-incriminating

information provided pursuant to the agreement will not be used against

the defendant, then such information shall not be used in determining the

applicable guideline range, except to the extent provided in the

agreement.
No. 09-1630 United States v. Jackson Page 4

This provision “forbids the government to influence the sentencing range by disclosing

revelations by a defendant in the course of cooperation as required by a plea agreement.”

 United States v. Miller, 910 F.2d 1321, 1325 (6th Cir. 1990).

In justifying Jackson’s eight-level increase due to the actions of Meux, the PSR

specifically noted “Jackson admitted he furnished the weapon that Mr. Meux used” and

that he had participated in another bank robbery in which “[Jackson] covered employees

and customers in the lobby of a bank.” Had this information provided the basis for the

enhancement that determined Jackson’s ultimate guideline range, a violation of USSG

§ 1B1.8 would have occurred.

However, Jackson’s guideline range can be sustained without the use of the

impermissible proffer-protected information. The commentary to Sentencing Guideline

§ 1B1.3 specifically establishes Meux’s conduct was reasonably foreseeable in setting

out the following example:

Defendant C is the getaway driver in an armed bank robbery in which

$15,000 is taken and a teller is assaulted and injured . . . . Defendant C

is accountable for the injury to the teller under subsection (a)(1)(B)

because the assault on the teller was in furtherance of the jointly

undertaken criminal activity (the robbery) and was reasonably

foreseeable in connection with that criminal activity (given the nature of

the offense).

The PSR cited this illustration. Further, the government called an FBI agent to testify

at the sentencing hearing to provide an independent source for the enhancement against

Jackson.

Jackson also argues his guideline sentence increase is impermissible because,

without the improper information initially relied upon in the PSR, he never would have

received a higher guideline range, since the eight-level increase would never have been

in issue. He further argues that the FBI agent’s testimony was improper because it never

would have been presented, but for his objection to the impermissible proffer

information, which put the government on notice of its deficiency. Jackson, however,
No. 09-1630 United States v. Jackson Page 5

cites no case holding a later, valid guideline enhancement improper because of an

earlier, improper enhancement. We therefore reject this contention.

Finally, Jackson argues he was given insufficient notice of the FBI agent’s

testimony being the factual basis for the enhancement. Jackson maintains the

information provided by the agent should have been contained in the PSR and it was a

violation of Fed. R. Crim. P. 32 to allow the evidence to be presented for the first time

at the sentencing hearing.

Jackson did not object to the FBI agent’s testimony. Nor did he seek a

continuance to allow him time to prepare. Further, Fed. R. Crim. P. 32 was not violated

by allowing the agent’s testimony. According to Rule 32, “The presentence report must

calculate the defendant’s offense level and criminal history category.” Fed. R. Crim. P.

32(d)(1)(B). There is no requirement that every possible basis for determining the

offense level be included, nor is there any provision preventing the government from

introducing additional evidence concerning the offense level at the sentencing hearing.

It is also unclear how Jackson was harmed by a lack of time to prepare for the agent’s

testimony. Jackson himself conceded the very information to which the agent testified.

The district court’s calculation of Jackson’s guideline sentence range is

AFFIRMED.

III.

Jackson argues that not only does USSG § 1B1.8 preclude the use of profferprotected information in determining the guideline sentence range, but that it also

categorically precludes the use of proffer information in the PSR. Therefore, Jackson

asserts it was error for the district court to use the proffer information in determining his

specific sentence of 120 months. However, he did not make this objection at the district

court when invited to do so, so we review only for plain error. See United States v.

Vonner, 516 F.3d 382, 391-92 (6th Cir. 2008) (en banc).

In interpreting the Sentencing Guidelines, the traditional canons of statutory

interpretation apply. See, e.g., United States v. Cole, 418 F.3d 592, 597 (6th Cir. 2005)
No. 09-1630 United States v. Jackson Page 6

1

Jackson suggests Fed. R. Crim. P. 32(d)(3)(B) also provides support for his position. However,

since this rule merely precludes information from the presentence report obtained “upon a promise of

confidentiality,” and the Government’s promise of confidentiality is defined by USSG §1B1.8, Rule

32(d)(3)(B) cannot possibly provide more protection than is provided by the guidelines. 

(quoting United States v. Martinez, 69 F.3d 999, 1000 (9th Cir. 1995)). “The language

of the statute is the starting point for interpretation, and it should also be the ending point

if the plain meaning of that language is clear.” United States v. Choice, 201 F.3d 837,

840 (6th Cir. 2000) (citations omitted). Here, the plain language of USSG § 1B1.8

specifically and unequivocally protects proffer statements from use “in determining the

applicable guideline range.” But the text also appears to be similarly unequivocal in its

lack of any further protection for proffer statements.

The Commentary is similarly unhelpful to Jackson’s position. First, Note 1 of

the Commentary specifically precludes the government from withholding information

from the court — something that would be required if Jackson’s proffer information

were to be omitted from the PSR. USSG § 1B1.8, note 1 (“This provision does not

authorize the government to withhold information from the court.”). Second, Note 5, on

which Jackson relies, only speaks to the use of proffer-protected information in

computing the guideline sentence range. USSG § 1B1.8, note 5 (“The guideline operates

as a limitation on the use of such incriminating information in determining the applicable

guideline range . . . .”).

No Sixth Circuit case has reached a contrary result, while out-of-circuit opinion

on this issue is split. Compare United States v. Abantha, 999 F.2d 1246, 1248 (8th Cir.

1996) (holding information disclosed to the government under a promise of

confidentiality cannot be included in a PSR), with United States v. Rourke, 74 F.3d 802,

809 n.6 (7th Cir. 1996) (precluding the government from withholding relevant

information from the sentencing court).1

We only review this issue for plain error, since Jackson failed to object at the

district court. While we reserve ruling on the question of whether proffer-protected

information can be used in determining a defendant’s specific sentence, any error by the

district court in this case is certainly not plain.
No. 09-1630 United States v. Jackson Page 7

The district court’s determination of Jackson’s sentence is AFFIRMED.

AFFIRMED.