* After examining the briefs and appellate record, th is panel has determined

unanimously to grant the parties’ request for a dec ision on the briefs without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f) and 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). T he case is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines o f law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court generally disfa vors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3. 

## F I L E D United States Court of Appeals Tenth Circuit 

### JAN 10 2003 

### PATRICK FISHER Clerk UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

TENTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff - Appellee, v. JOSEPH ROY MORRISON, Defendant - Appellant. No. 02-1136 D.C. No. 01-CR-277-N (D. Colorado)

ORDER AND JUDGMENT *

Before EBEL , LUCERO and O’BRIEN , Circuit Judges.

Joseph Roy Morrison appeals his conviction of being a felon in possession of ammunition in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1) . He argues that the district court should have suppressed evidence introduced ag ainst him because it was the product of various Fourth and Fifth Amendment violations. Because we find that no constitutional violations were committed during Morrison’s investigation and1 Unless otherwise noted, these facts are taken from the district court’s oral

findings of fact at the hearing on Defendant’s Moti on to Suppress. (9/13/01 Hrg. Tr. at 62-69.) - 2 - arrest, we exercise jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S .C. § 1291 and AFFIRM his conviction.

I. FACTS 1 On the evening of June 21, 2001, Chaffee County She riff’s Deputy Mike Browett observed two cars parked on the northbound shoulder of Highway 285, south of Nathrop, Colorado. As he drove by, he not iced two men standing outside these cars, one of whom appeared to be waving the d eputy down. Deputy Browett made a u-turn, pulled in behind the cars and addres sed the man who had flagged him down—William Boyd. Boyd informed Deputy Browett that the other driver (the defendant Joseph Morrison) was speeding and driving recklessly. Boy d told Browett that after Morrison had passed Boyd in his car, they both pull ed off the highway. They began to have an argument and Morrison hit Boyd in the chest and chin. Morrison then brandished a pipe device and asked Bo yd if he wanted Morrison to “blow his head off.” As Boyd related these details to Deputy Browett, Mo rrison drove away. Intending to further investigate the alleged traffi c violations and menacing- 3 -

behavior, Deputy Browett decided to follow Morrison and instructed Boyd to follow in his own car. Browett pulled Morrison over and ran a routine chec k of his license, registration, and insurance, which revealed nothing unusual. Browett informed Morrison that he wanted to talk further with both h im and Boyd to determine what happened during the altercation. Boyd then reported that Morrison, who was speeding, had tailgated and then passed him over a double yellow line. Boyd th en attempted to pass Morrison, who swerved, running Boyd off the highway . They then exchanged obscene gestures and Boyd pulled over, followed by Morrison. As Morrison approached him, Boyd took out a metal fly rod case to protect himself. An argument ensued; Morrison hit Boyd in the chin and chest, pushed Boyd, pulled out the pipe device and threatened to “blow his hea d off.” Browett and a back-up officer, Deputy Vidmar, then approached Morrison’s car to question him. Morrison claimed he had no we apons except a pocket knife, which he gave to the officers, and denied pointing anything at Boyd’s head. Browett then conducted a protective pat-down and di scovered a .308 caliber bullet in Morrison’s pocket, which Morrison explained was his good luck charm. During this interview, Browett detected the smell o f alcohol on Morrison’s breath.- 4 -

Browett asked Morrison if he had anything illegal i n his car. Morrison denied having anything illegal and permitted Browett to search the car. Browett recovered the pipe device, which he thought might b e drug paraphernalia, as well as a butterfly knife. Morrison told Browett the de vice was something he had put together because he was bored. Browett showed the device to Boyd, who confirmed th at it was the object Morrison used to threaten him. Upon closer examination, Browett realized that the pipe was a loaded makeshift firearm known as a “zip gun” and arrested Morrison for possession of an illegal weapon and fe lony menacing. Fearing that it would discharge, Browett placed the zip gun on t he ground and summoned a more experienced police officer to help him disarm it. (ROA 2 at 26.) In response to that officer’s question, Morrison said that the gun could be unscrewed and dismantled. Browett then took Morrison to the Sheriff’s office. On the way there, Morrison made several lewd suggestions and offensiv e remarks to Browett. A test revealed Morrison’s blood alcohol level to be .047. Prior to trial, Morrison moved to suppress the .308 caliber bullet and other evidence obtained from his car as well as several o f the statements he made during the investigation. The district court denie d his motion, and a jury convicted Morrison of being a felon in possession o f ammunition.- 5 -

We review the denial of a motion to suppress de nov o; however, the district court’s factual findings are only reviewed for clea r error, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the Government. United States v. Treto-Haro , 287 F.3d 1000, 1002 (10th Cir. 2002).

II. FOURTH AMENDMENT CLAIMS Morrison argues that the seized bullet and “zip gun ” should have been suppressed as the products of an illegal search and seizure. He first claims that Deputy Browett lacked the reasonable suspicion of c riminal activity to detain him as required by Terry v. Ohio , 392 U.S. 1, 19-20 (1968). To justify the seizure of a person, the “police officer must be able to point to specific and articulable facts which, taken together with rational inferences from those facts, reasonably warrant that intrusion.” Id. at 21. We agree with the district court that Deputy Browett did have reasonable suspicion of criminal activity to detain Morrison. He had been flagged down by a citizen and given facts that would support several violations of state law. Although Browett did not witness any hostile activi ty or weapons, we find that Boyd’s statement was sufficiently detailed, reliabl e, and consistent with his waving the deputy down to justify the Terry stop. United States v. Hishaw , 235 F.3d 565, 570 (10th Cir. 2000) (“[E]ven ambiguous b ehavior, susceptible to an- 6 -

innocent interpretation, may give rise to a reasona ble suspicion of criminal activity depending on the totality of the circumsta nces.”) (internal quotations and citations omitted). The resulting detention lasted only long enough for Browett to investigate Boyd’s claims and thus did not violate Morrison’s Fourth Amendment rights. Morrison next argues that 1) Browett did not have areasonable suspicion that criminal activity was afoot or that Morrison m ight be armed and dangerous, such that a protective pat-down was justified, and 2) that even if Browett did have reasonable suspicion, he exceeded the scope of the permissible pat-down by reaching into Morrison’s pocket to recover the bull et. A police officer may pat down a detainee when the “ officer is justified in believing that the individual whose suspicious behavior he is investigating at close range is armed and presently dangerous to the officer or to others.” Terry , 392 U.S. at 24. Although Morrison maintains that h is conduct provided no reasonable basis for Deputy Browett to fear that Mo rrison was potentially armed and dangerous, we have no trouble affirming the dis trict court’s contrary conclusion. Although Morrison had not behaved in ahostile or violent way, Browett had just been informed by a distressed moto rist that Morrison had threatened to blow his head off with some kind of w eapon. Furthermore, Morrison himself had revealed that during the viole nt confrontation with Boyd, he- 7 -

had been holding a knife. (ROA 2 at 18.) These fa cts warrant Browett’s patdown of Morrison. See Hishaw , 235 F.3d at 570 (officers’ reasonable suspicion that defendant was dealing drugs was alone sufficie nt to permit a protective patdown). In conducting the pat down, Deputy Browett encounte red a long, cylindrical metal object in Morrison’s pocket. (ROA 2 at 20.) “A search for weapons in the absence of probable cause to arrest . . . must, lik e any other search, be strictly circumscribed by the exigencies which justify its i nitiation.” Terry , 392 U.S. at 25-26. Morrison contends that by just feeling the object, Browett could not have surmised that it was a weapon; thus, Browett exceed ed the permissible scope of the pat-down. We disagree. Deputy Browett testifi ed that he thought the object might be another knife. Terry , 392 U.S. at 27 (“The officer need not be absolutely certain that the individual is armed; th e issue is whether a reasonably prudent man in the circumstances would be warranted in the belief that his safety or that of others was in danger.”). Browett’s susp icion was not unreasonable, and he was justified in removing the bullet from Morris on’s pocket. Morrison finally objects to the search of his car, which revealed the second knife and the zip gun. The district court’s findin g that Morrison consented to the search of his car is not clearly erroneous. There is no evidence that Morrison was under any duress or coercion, and Deputy Browett te stified that Morrison- 8 -

manifested clear and unequivocal consent for Browett to search the car. United States v. Lang , 81 F.3d 955, 967 (10th Cir. 1996). Because we find that the police officers committed no Fourth Amendment violations in their investigation and arrest of Mor rison, we affirm the district court’s denial of Morrison’s motion to suppress thi s physical evidence.

III. FIFTH AMENDMENT CLAIMS Morrison contests the introduction of the following four statements during his jury trial: 1) his denial that he had pointed a nything at Boyd’s head; 2) his admission that he held a knife during the confrontation with Boyd; 3) his characterization of the .308 caliber bullet in his pocket as a “good luck charm”; 4) his explanation to Browett that the zip gun was som ething he put together because he was bored; and 5) his explanation that the zip g un could be unscrewed. Morrison argues that because he never received Mira ndawarnings these statements were obtained in violation of the Fifth Amendment. The district court found that the statements were n ot suppressible. Reviewing the district court’s findings of fact forclear error and its legal conclusions de novo, United States v. Hudson , 210 F.3d 1184, 1190 (10th Cir. 2000), we affirm its denial of Morrison’s motion to suppress these statements.- 9 -

Mirandawarnings are only required when a defendant is in custody. Berkemer v. McCarty , 468 U.S. 420, 429 (1984). A defendant is not in custody for Mirandapurposes unless his “freedom of action is curtaile d to a degree associated with formal arrest.” Id. at 440 (internal quotations and citations omitted). In this case, Morrison was not in custody when the first four statements were made. Deputy Browett had indicated to Morriso n that he was merely trying to understand what had happened during the altercat ion between Boyd and Morrison. He did not physically restrain Morrison, use a weapon, or use a threatening tone of voice. Thus, Morrison was not in custody, and Mirandadid not apply to his first four statements. The final statement regarding the dismantling of th e zip gun was made after Morrison was placed under arrest; however, it was c learly obtained only for the purpose of protecting the officers. A loaded makes hift firearm in the immediate vicinity of police officers and the public certainl y poses the threat to public safety that permits questioning of a defendant in custody, even in the absence of Mirandawarnings, about how to remove the immediate safety hazard that the home-made gun could accidentally discharge. New Yo rk v. Quarles , 467 U.S. 649, 655-56 (1984).- 10 -

For the foregoing reasons, we find that the distric t court correctly denied Morrison’s motion to suppress and AFFIRM its judgme nt.

ENTERED FOR THE COURT

David M. Ebel Circuit Judge