IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT

No. 15-30369

JAKARTA GROGAN, 

 Plaintiff,

v.

W & T OFFSHORE, INCORPORATED, 

 Defendant - Appellant

v.

TRITON DIVING SERVICES, L.L.C., 

 Defendant - Appellee

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Western District of Louisiana

Before HIGGINBOTHAM, OWEN, and ELROD, Circuit Judges.

PATRICK E. HIGGINBOTHAM, Circuit Judge:

W&T Offshore hired Triton Diving Services to provide a vessel, staff, and 

equipment for W&T’s offshore pipeline project. W&T also hired a safety 

contractor, Tiger Safety, to provide safety monitoring and training. Tiger 

personnel came aboard Triton’s vessel to furnish these services, and one of 

them, a technician named Jakarta Grogan, was injured while on board. W&T 

and Triton now dispute which party must pay for Grogan’s injuries. The court 

United States Court of Appeals

Fifth Circuit

FILED

January 27, 2016

Lyle W. Cayce

Clerk

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below interpreted the parties’ Master Service Contract to place this burden on 

W&T alone. We affirm.

I

W&T Offshore (“W&T”) is a pipeline and platform operator in the Gulf 

of Mexico. In October 2011, it hired Triton Diving Services (“Triton”) to 

participate in an offshore pipeline recommissioning project. The project

required flushing the pipeline of impurities, which Triton accomplished by 

pumping fluids flushed from the pipeline to the TRITON ACHIEVER, a dive 

support vessel (DSV) that Triton captained, crewed, and operated. W&T 

provided detailed instructions for the filtering operation in a work order that 

Triton was obliged to follow pursuant to the Master Service Contract (“MSC”) 

between Triton and W&T.

While Triton was performing this service, it detected potentially unsafe 

levels of hydrogen sulfide (“H2S”) being filtered out of the pipeline fluids and 

suspended its operations in accordance with its safety manual. Triton then 

consulted with a W&T facilities engineer, Alan Greig, who recommended that 

Triton hire Tiger Safety (“Tiger”) to help resolve the H2S problem. A Triton 

representative made some of the arrangements with Tiger, and Greig also 

contacted Tiger to discuss the services it would provide, approve the equipment 

it would use, and confirm how much the services would cost W&T. Because 

Triton’s work order with W&T would require W&T to pay “cost plus 10%” to 

Triton for any charges for third-party services not addressed in the work order, 

W&T opted to pay for Tiger’s services directly. The contract and job tickets 

Tiger prepared for its work on the project listed W&T as “Customer” and were 

signed by W&T representatives.

Tiger personnel, including Jakarta Grogan, came aboard the 

ACHIEVER to provide H2S monitoring and safety training. Grogan testified 

that his job was to take samples when instructed to do so by W&T’s 

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representative and to provide measurements to that representative.1 The H2S 

problem was eventually resolved, and W&T decided to discharge Grogan and 

Tiger.

Shortly thereafter, Grogan fell on the deck of the ACHIEVER while 

attempting to board a personnel basket. He sued Triton and W&T in federal 

district court over the resulting injuries. W&T and Triton answered and filed 

cross-claims against each other for indemnity and defense of Grogan’s claims.

Under the MSC, W&T had agreed to indemnify Triton for personal injury 

claims brought by members of the “W&T Group,” and Triton had agreed to 

indemnify W&T from personal injury claims brought by members of the 

“Contractor Group.” The MSC defines these groups as follows:

1.1.2 “Contractor Group” shall mean: Contractor, its parent, 

subsidiary and affiliated companies, and their respective parents, 

subsidiary and affiliated companies, and all of their respective 

officers, directors, representatives, employees and invitees on the 

Work sites and insurers of all of the foregoing.

1.1.3 “W&T Group” shall mean: W&T, its parent, subsidiary and 

affiliated or related companies, its and their working interest 

owners, co-lessees, co-owners, partners, farmors, farmees, joint 

operators, and joint venturers, if any, and all of their respective 

officers, directors, representatives, employees and invitees on the 

Work sites and insurers of all of the foregoing.2

Each side claimed a right to indemnification under these provisions.3

W&T claimed that Grogan was Triton’s invitee or, in the alternative, that he 

 

1 More generally, although a W&T representative on the ACHIEVER monitored 

Tiger’s activities, Tiger personnel were directed by Triton personnel with respect to where 

they were allowed to go on board the vessel and where they were allowed to set up equipment.

2 Emphases added.

3 Each side also seeks its defense costs from the other.

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was an invitee of both Triton and W&T.4 Triton argued that Grogan was W&T’s 

invitee alone. The parties agreed to a bench trial on this issue.5

The district court sided with Triton. It rejected W&T’s argument that a 

“dual invitee” situation existed. Rather, it found, ““[b]ased on the facts of [the] 

case,” that Grogan was W&T’s invitee, and “decline[d] the invitation to find 

Triton a ‘co-invitor.’” In turn, it concluded that W&T owed Triton indemnity.

W&T appealed.

II

“Interpretation of the terms of a contract, including an indemnity clause, 

is a matter of law, reviewable de novo on appeal.”6 However, “[a] district court’s 

factual findings, including those on which the court based its legal conclusions, 

are reviewed for clear error.”7 “A finding is clearly erroneous when, although 

there is evidence to support it, the reviewing court based on all of the evidence 

is left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been 

committed.”8

We use the six-factor framework set forth in Davis & Sons, Inc. v. Gulf 

Oil Corp. to determine whether federal maritime law, rather than state law, 

 

4 Pursuant to stipulations between the two parties, if both W&T and Triton were found 

to have invited Grogan, then liability would be allocated 63% to Triton and 37% to W&T. 

Because each party funded half of the settlement with Grogan, such a finding would obligate 

Triton to reimburse W&T for the amount it overpaid. 5 With the consent of both parties, the district court used only the briefs and summary 

judgment record in the case to reach its ruling. 6 Offshore Marine Contractors, Inc. v. Palm Energy Offshore, L.L.C., 779 F.3d 345, 348 

(5th Cir. 2015) (quoting Duval v. N. Assur. Co. of Am., 722 F.3d 300, 303 (5th Cir. 2013)); see 

Luhr Bros., Inc. v. Crystal Shipowning, PTE. Ltd. (In re Luhr Bros., Inc.), 325 F.3d 681, 684 

(5th Cir. 2003) (specifically addressing bench trials in admiralty actions). 7 Superior MRI Servs., Inc. v. Alliance Healthcare Servs., Inc., 778 F.3d 502, 504 (5th 

Cir. 2015) (quoting St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co. v. Labuzan, 579 F.3d 533, 538 (5th Cir.

2009)); see Luhr Bros., 325 F.3d at 684.

8 Luhr Bros., 325 F.3d at 684 (quoting Walker v. Braus, 995 F.2d 77, 80 (5th Cir.

1993)).

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applies to the interpretation and application of a contract.9 Here, the district 

court correctly ruled that the MSC is a maritime contract under that 

framework, a conclusion the parties do not dispute.

“A maritime contract containing an indemnity agreement . . . should be 

read as a whole and its words given their plain meaning unless the provision 

is ambiguous.”10 In this case, the district court’s interpretation of the MSC 

turned on the definition of the word “invitee.” The MSC itself does not define 

this term. When a maritime contract uses but does not define “invitee,” courts 

in this circuit apply the definition articulated in Blanks v. Murco Drilling 

Corp.11 In that case, drawing on Louisiana law, we defined “invitee” as “a 

person who goes onto premises with the expressed or implied invitation of the 

occupant, on business of the occupant or for their mutual advantage.”12 The 

court below used the Blanks definition without objection from either party.

III

We first consider the district court’s determination that Grogan was 

W&T’s invitee. The court found that “W&T satisfies all of the elements 

necessary to be Tiger’s [and therefore Grogan’s] invitor.” On appeal, W&T

disputes only the finding, made as part of the court’s Blanks analysis, that 

W&T was an occupant of the ACHIEVER. W&T objects that it did not “charter, 

 

9 919 F.2d 313, 316 (5th Cir. 1990); see generally id. (“What constitutes maritime 

character is not determinable by rubric. The Supreme Court has resorted to the observation 

that a contract is maritime if it has a ‘genuinely salty flavor.’”) (quoting Kossick v. United 

Fruit Co., 365 U.S. 731, 742 (1961)).

10 Hardy v. Gulf Oil Corp., 949 F.2d 826, 834 (5th Cir. 1992) (quoting Weathersby v. 

Conoco Oil Co., 752 F.2d 953, 955 (5th Cir. 1984)).

11 See, e.g., Brown v. Sea Mar Mgmt., LLC, 288 F. App’x 922, 924 (5th Cir. 2008)

(unpublished); Alex v. Wild Well Control, Inc., No. 07-9183, 2009 WL 2599782, at *9 (E.D. La. 

Aug. 18, 2009) (“When a contract does not specifically define ‘invitee,’ courts adopt the Blanks

definition.”); Clayton Williams Energy, Inc. v. Nat’l Union Fire Ins. Co. of La., No. 03-2980, 

2004 WL 2452780, at *5 (E.D. La. Nov. 1 2004), aff’d, 161 F. App’x 378 (5th Cir. 2006); 

Reynaud v. Rowan Companies, Inc., No. 98-1326, 1999 WL 65022, at *3 (E.D. La. Feb. 5, 

1999).

12 766 F.2d 891, 894 (5th Cir. 1985).

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man, or operate the vessel” and that Triton was an “independent contractor” 

according to the MSC.

These objections, whether right or wrong, are not dispositive. The MSC

does not define the term “occupant” for purposes of determining invitee status, 

nor does Blanks or any other published case from our court. However, in an 

unpublished case, we applied “the customary meaning of ‘occupant,’” namely, 

“‘[o]ne who has possessory rights in, or control over, certain property or 

premises.’”13 The district court found that W&T occupied the ACHIEVER 

because “[w]hile [Triton’s] crew . . . retained control over decisions related to 

the safe operation of the vessel . . . the direction, command, and control of the 

vessel as it pertained to the work on the pipeline recommissioning project itself 

came from W&T or its company representative.”

W&T claims this finding lacks support in the record. We disagree. The 

record indicates that Triton did what W&T paid it to do pursuant to the MSC 

and an ensuing work order. The work order incorporated documents that 

provided detailed instructions for every step of Triton’s work on 

recommissioning the pipeline and specified when and where Triton’s vessel 

was to be “mobilize[d],” “relocate[d],” and “demobilized.” Under the MSC, 

Triton warranted that “all Work provided by [Triton] hereunder will conform, 

in all particulars, to the specifications set forth in the relevant Order,” and it 

agreed that “in the event [Triton’s] Work fails to conform to said specifications, 

W&T may . . . direct [Triton] to repair, replace or re-accomplish (as applicable) 

the non-conforming Work.” Moreover, although the ACHIEVER’s crew mostly 

consisted of Triton employees and invitees, a W&T consultant was on board for 

much of the time that Triton’s was performing work for W&T.

 

13 Brown v. Sea Mar Mgmt., LLC, 288 F. App'x 922, 925 (5th Cir. 2008) (quoting 

BLACK'S LAW DICTIONARY 1108 (8th ed. 2004)).

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Given this evidence, we cannot conclude that the district court clearly 

erred in determining that W&T occupied the ACHIEVER. W&T does not claim 

that the district court otherwise erred in applying Blanks to it, and we find no 

other error. The district court correctly determined that Grogan was W&T’s 

invitee.

IV

We next consider the district court’s determination that Grogan was not 

Triton’s invitee. W&T argues that this determination arose purely from a 

misreading of the MSC. According to W&T, the district court erroneously held 

that a “dual invitee” situation could not exist under the MSC. Accordingly, once 

the district court determined W&T invited Grogan, it concluded that Grogan 

could not have been Triton’s invitee by simple operation of the contract. In 

W&T’s telling, then, the district court’s finding as to Triton was not factual in 

nature and is entitled to no deference. Triton disputes W&T’s reading of the 

opinion below. We find W&T’s reading plausible,14 but see no need to resolve 

this debate. Nor need we determine whether the MSC admits the possibility of

a “dual invitee” situation. Even if the district court believed it could not deem 

Triton an invitor because it had already deemed W&T an invitor, and even if

 

14 The district court repeatedly suggested that it could not deem Triton an invitor 

because it had already deemed W&T an invitor: “Having found that W&T satisfies all of the 

elements necessary to be Tiger's invitor, this Court declines the invitation to find Triton a 

“co-invitor.” . . . The Court finds that it would be absurd to conclude that . . . there are two 

invitors since this would eviscerate the indemnity provisions of a contract like the one in this 

case . . . . Accordingly, the Court concludes that Grogan was not the invitee of both Triton 

and W&T. . . . Based on the facts of this case, the Court concludes that Tiger was W&T's 

invitee, and therefore, that Grogan, Tiger's employee, was a member of the W&T Group. 

Having reached this conclusion, it is the ruling of this Court that W&T owes Triton indemnity 

for its defense costs and the amounts paid in settlement of Grogan's claims.” (Emphases 

added.) On the other hand, the court observed that “the facts in [another Fifth Circuit case] 

are analogous to the facts found by this Court to conclude that a ‘dual invitor’ situation simply 

did not exist” and that “most cases that have analyzed the concept of invitee status have facts 

in common with the facts of this case, which when taken together, militate in favor of finding 

W&T to be the invitor.”

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this belief resulted from a misinterpretation of the MSC, the district court still

found facts sufficient to sustain its holding that Grogan was not Triton’s 

invitee.15

The district court found that Triton did not induce Tiger’s and Grogan’s

participation in W&T’s project. Rather, although Triton “coordinate[d] 

logistics” with Tiger and “impliedly consented to Tiger working from the 

[ACHIEVER],” “it was W&T . . . that directly contracted with Tiger for a 

specific scope of work, funded and directed all of Tiger’s work, and was the 

entity that explicitly invited Tiger to work on the ‘overall’ pipeline 

recommissioning project.” The conduct of the parties over the course of the 

project further demonstrated that W&T was ultimately responsible for Tiger’s 

presence and that of its employees. “Tiger’s operations manager, David 

Lacombe, considered his customer to be W&T, and he corresponded directly 

with [W&T’s project manager Alan] Greig when changes were made to the 

number of Tiger personnel or regarding the return of equipment.” Tiger and 

Grogan were subject to the “oversight and project management of . . . Greig . . 

. and his on-site representatives”; W&T representatives “gave Grogan his dayto-day instructions,” approved his work tickets, and decided when he would be 

sent back to shore.

Under the Blanks standard, these facts justify the district court’s 

conclusion that Grogan was not Triton’s invitee. Blanks presented closely 

 

15 See Bickford v. Int'l Speedway Corp., 654 F.2d 1028, 1031 (5th Cir. Unit B 1981)

(“[R]eversal is inappropriate if the ruling of the district court can be affirmed on any grounds, 

regardless of whether those grounds were used by the district court.”). To be clear: we do not 

reach the issue of whether W&T accurately characterizes the district court’s reasoning, nor 

do we determine whether the MSC allows a “dual invitee” situation. We note, however, that 

even if the district court had erroneously rejected the possibility of a “dual invitee,” this may 

not have affected its result. In Blanks, the contract at issue explicitly contemplated and 

allocated liability in case of a “dual invitee” situation; nevertheless, we held, on similar facts, 

that only the party analogous to W&T could be considered an invitor. 766 F.2d at 893-94.

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analogous facts, and in that case, we declined to extend invitor status to the 

party in Triton’s position. In Blanks, a well operator, ANR, hired a service 

company, Murco. ANR and Murco each indemnified the other for claims 

brought by the other’s invitees. ANR also hired a subcontractor, Consolidated, 

to work on the same project. Consolidated’s employee, Blanks, was injured 

while assisting a Murco employee on Murco’s rig. We held that Blanks was 

ANR’s invitee alone, and emphasized that he “was invited onto the drilling site 

by ANR through his employee status with Consolidated and was there 

performing services for ANR's benefit.”16 Our analysis in Blanks thus focused 

on the party ultimately responsible for the invitee’s presence.17 In this case,

that party was W&T, not Triton.

In disputing the district court’s Blanks analysis as to Triton, W&T

focuses solely on the court’s observation that “the presence of H2S did not 

preclude the operation of Triton’s vessel . . . . The vessel could have been 

reassigned to another job where there was no H2S threat.” In the district court’s 

view, this showed that “W&T was the party that stood to benefit from Tiger’s 

H2S services.” W&T argues that the record is devoid of evidence of “another 

job” available to Triton and that the court’s invitee determination as to Triton

was therefore clearly erroneous.

Again, we disagree. The district court’s “another job” hypothetical merely 

illustrates the undeniable nature of the parties’ relationship: W&T’s project 

was the ultimate reason for Triton and Tiger’s presence on the work site, and 

 

16 Blanks, 766 F.2d at 894. We also pointed out that “[a]lthough there was no written 

contract between ANR and Consolidated, Consolidated was clearly working directly for ANR 

. . . . Weekly reports and service tickets for Consolidated's services were signed by an on-site 

representative of ANR. Consolidated's invoices were presented to ANR for payment.” Id. at 

893.

17 See also id. (“[I]nvitee status is determined by who invites the injured party onto 

the premises.”).

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any benefit to Triton from Tiger’s presence was indirect. Under our case law, a 

contractor may incidentally benefit from the presence of a subcontractor 

without having invited the subcontractor onto the project for purposes of 

liability.18 Such was the case here. As the district court explained, although 

Tiger’s presence may have indirectly benefited Triton, it was crucial for W&T: 

“The [ACHIEVER] could have been reassigned to another job where there was 

no H2S threat, but W&T’s project could not move forward at all until the H2S

situation was addressed.” The district court did not err in reasoning that this

fact, alongside others, was consistent with a finding that Grogan and Tiger 

were not Triton’s invitees.

V

The district court properly determined that Grogan was W&T’s invitee. 

Moreover, its valid factual findings compel the conclusion that Grogan was not 

Triton’s invitee. The district court was therefore correct to hold W&T liable 

under the MSC for Triton’s settlement and defense costs related to Grogan’s 

claims. We AFFIRM the ruling of the district court.

 

18 In Blanks, the injured party, Blanks, was found to be ANR’s invitee, and not 

Murco’s, even though he was assisting Murco’s employee on Murco’s rig at the time he was 

injured. See 766 F.2d at 893-95.

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