Illinois Official Reports 

Appellate Court

In re Estate of Kleine, 2015 IL App (2d) 150063

Appellate Court 

Caption

In re ESTATE OF NANCY KLEINE (Richard Calkins, as 

Administrator of the Estate of Nancy Kleine, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. 

Alden Park Strathmoor, Inc., and Alden Park Strathmoor, LLC, 

Defendants-Appellants).

District & No. Second District

Docket No. 2-15-0063

Filed April 28, 2015

Decision Under 

Review

Appeal from the Circuit Court of Winnebago County; No. 14-L-79; 

the Hon. J. Edward Prochaska, Judge, presiding.

Judgment Certified question answered; cause remanded.

Counsel on

Appeal

Lisa A. Jensen, of Jensen Law Office, LLC, of Rockford, for 

appellants.

Lynne Plum Duffey, of Law Offices of Craig L. Manchik & 

Associates, of Chicago, for appellee.
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Panel JUSTICE SPENCE delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.

Justices McLaren and Jorgensen concurred in the judgment and 

opinion.

 OPINION 

¶ 1 Defendants, Alden Park Strathmoor, Inc., and Alden Park Strathmoor, LLC, petitioned for 

leave to appeal under Illinois Supreme Court Rule 308 (eff. Feb. 26, 2010), asking that we 

answer the question of whether the relation-back doctrine applied to the amended pleadings, 

filed after the action’s limitations period had run, of plaintiff, Richard Calkins. For the reasons 

set forth herein, we answer the question in the affirmative: the amended pleadings related back 

to the timely filed complaint. 

¶ 2 I. BACKGROUND 

¶ 3 Nancy Kleine passed away on March 26, 2012, prior to the filing of this action. Her probate 

estate (the Estate) was opened September 28, 2012, and an order appointing Calkins as the 

special administrator of the Estate was entered January 7, 2013, with letters of office filed the 

same day. 

¶ 4 Jim Kleine initiated this action on March 18, 2014, filing a three-count complaint that 

alleged violations of the Nursing Home Care Act (210 ILCS 45/1-101 et seq. (West 2012)), 

negligence under the Illinois Survival Act (755 ILCS 5/27-6 (West 2012)), and wrongful death 

under the Illinois Wrongful Death Act (Act) (740 ILCS 180/1 et seq. (West 2012)). Calkins 

was not named as a plaintiff. Jim brought the suit individually and as special administrator of 

the Estate. However, Jim was not special administrator of the estate until March 20, 2014, 

when the court granted his motion to be appointed special administrator. 

¶ 5 Jim filed a first amended complaint on June 9, 2014, after he and defendants entered an 

agreed order to dismiss count I (Nursing Home Care Act violation) without prejudice. The 

amended complaint did not add Calkins as a plaintiff. 

¶ 6 On July 17, 2014, defendants filed a motion to dismiss pursuant to section 2-619 of the 

Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-619 (West 2012)). In their motion to dismiss, they 

argued that the appointment of Jim as special administrator of the Estate was void because 

letters of office for the Estate had already issued for Calkins and thus the court lacked 

jurisdiction to appoint Jim. On July 23, 2014, the trial court entered an order granting 

defendants’ motion to dismiss and allowing Calkins 14 days to file an amended complaint. 

¶ 7 On August 8, 2014, Calkins, now as plaintiff, filed a second amended complaint, as special 

administrator of the Estate.1 On August 18, defendants moved to dismiss the second amended 

complaint on the basis that it was filed after the relevant limitations period had run and did not 

relate back to the original complaint. On October 17, 2014, the trial court denied defendants’

motion to dismiss and ordered that they answer plaintiff’s second amended complaint. 

 

1The amended complaint was actually entitled “1st Amended Complaint at Law,” but we note, as 

did the trial court in its October 17, 2014, order, that the amended complaint was incorrectly captioned. 
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¶ 8 On October 30, 2014, defendants filed a motion to reconsider or, in the alternative, for 

leave to file an interlocutory appeal pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 308. In their 

motion, defendants argued that the recently decided case of Pirrello v. Maryville Academy, 

Inc., 2014 IL App (1st) 133964, directly applied to this case and supported that plaintiff’s 

second amended complaint did not relate back to the original complaint. On December 29, 

2014, the trial court denied defendants’ motion to reconsider and granted their motion for an 

interlocutory appeal. On January 8, 2015, the trial court found that the order involved a 

question of law for which there were substantial grounds for difference of opinion and that an 

immediate appeal would materially advance the ultimate termination of the litigation. The 

court certified the following question: 

“Whether the relation back doctrine applies when a wrongful death and survival 

action is timely filed by an improperly appointed special administrator, who was 

appointed pursuant to the Act despite the fact that letters of office had already issued, 

pursuant to the Probate Act, to another person who did not bring the action nor 

substitute in as plaintiff within the statute of limitations?”

¶ 9 We granted defendants’ petition for leave to appeal. 

¶ 10 II. ANALYSIS 

¶ 11 Our review of a certified question on permissive interlocutory appeal is governed by 

Illinois Supreme Court Rule 308 (eff. Feb. 26, 2010). Barbara’s Sales, Inc. v. Intel Corp., 227 

Ill. 2d 45, 57 (2007). Illinois Supreme Court Rule 308 provides an avenue for permissive 

appeal of an interlocutory order where the trial court finds that the order involves a question of 

law for which there is substantial ground for difference of opinion and that an immediate 

appeal from the order may materially advance the ultimate termination of the litigation. Walker 

v. Carnival Cruise Lines, Inc., 383 Ill. App. 3d 129, 133 (2008). On appeal pursuant to Rule 

308, we are limited to the question certified by the trial court, and the question must be one of 

law, which we review de novo. Barbara’s Sales, Inc., 227 Ill. 2d at 58; In re Estate of Williams, 

366 Ill. App. 3d 746, 748 (2006). 

¶ 12 Here, the trial court found that its order involved a question of law for which substantial 

grounds for difference of opinion exist and that resolution of the issue would materially 

advance the ultimate termination of the litigation. However, plaintiff argues that the certified 

question meets neither of these two requirements for a Rule 308 appeal. 

¶ 13 First, we address the material-advancement-of-the-litigation prong. Plaintiff argues that 

the certified question is deficient in that it does not mention what amendment the court found 

to have related back, nor does it mention that it was undisputed that the amendment arose out 

of the same transaction or occurrence. Plaintiff continues that, because the question is 

improper and incomplete, its answer cannot materially advance the litigation. We disagree that 

the question is improper or incomplete. First, it is clear that the impetus for the appeal is 

whether the second amended complaint relates back to the original complaint. Second, we 

decide questions of law on Rule 308 appeals, not whether the law was correctly applied to the 

specific facts. See Walker, 383 Ill. App. 3d at 133. We may not address whether the amended 

complaint arose out of the same transaction or occurrence as the original. That is a fact 

question, which the trial court properly did not attempt to certify. Rather, we may answer only 

the certified question of law, which, fairly construed, is whether an amended complaint relates 

back to the original, timely filed complaint where the original complaint was filed by an 
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improperly appointed special administrator under the Act and the amended complaint 

substituted in the properly appointed administrator as plaintiff after the limitations period had 

run. We find that resolution of this issue could materially advance the litigation because, if we 

answer in the negative, defendants’ motion to dismiss should have been granted. 

¶ 14 Next, we address the substantial-grounds-for-difference-of-opinion prong. Plaintiff argues 

that no substantial ground exists, but he acknowledges that, as defendants assert, the certified 

question has not been directly addressed by us or our supreme court. Defendants begin their 

argument with the premise that the appointment of a special administrator under the Act, such 

as Jim’s appointment here, is void where no prior letters of revocation issued for the duly 

appointed administrator, here, plaintiff. See, e.g., Relf v. Shatayeva, 2013 IL 114925, ¶ 52 

(“[I]n the context of the Wrongful Death Act [citation], courts have concluded that 

appointment of a special administrator after a petition for issuance of letters of office has been 

filed is void.”). Thus, defendants continue, any relation back of the amended complaint would 

be to a void filing. They argue that the certified question presents an issue distinguishable from 

that in cases where the identities of the plaintiffs did not change but only their capacities. In 

circumstances such as those here, only the administrator of an estate has the authority to bring 

an action on behalf of the estate. See, e.g., Kubian v. Alexian Brothers Medical Center, 272 Ill. 

App. 3d 246, 252 (1995). Defendants ask: “If the properly appointed administrator under the 

Probate Act is the only person who can bring a cause of action on behalf of an estate and such 

administrator does not file any claim within the limitations period, how can the actions of 

someone without power to sue on behalf of the estate act to preserve the cause of action?”

(Emphasis in original.) Accordingly, we will consider the issue because of its novelty and the 

intuitive appeal of defendants’ arguments. 

¶ 15 Turning to the certified question itself, defendants argue that the relation-back doctrine 

does not apply where only one person owns a cause of action and that person does not file a 

complaint within the limitations period. Defendants rely on three cases for support. 

¶ 16 First, defendants cite In re Estate of Mankowski, 2014 IL App (2d) 140154. There, a widow 

filed suit against her late husband’s caregivers. Id. ¶ 1. The plaintiff filed her complaint against 

the defendants in March 2011, but in September 2013 she filed a motion seeking leave to file a 

petition for her appointment as special administrator of the estate and for that appointment to 

relate back to the original filing. Id. ¶¶ 4-5. The defendants moved to dismiss the case on the 

basis that, because the original complaint was improperly filed and void, the trial court never 

had subject matter jurisdiction over the claims and thus the appointment could not relate back 

to the original complaint. Id. ¶ 6. The trial court denied the defendants’ motion to dismiss and 

appointed the plaintiff as special administrator in order to continue prosecuting the action. 

Id. ¶ 7. 

¶ 17 On appeal, we held that “[a]lthough plaintiff in her individual capacity could not maintain a 

wrongful death suit [citation], it was not subject to dismissal; the trial court’s appointment of 

plaintiff as special administrator ‘cured’ this procedural defect.” Id. ¶ 47. We continued that, 

because the plaintiff was “an identifiable, real person, and not a fictional entity,” the trial court 

could appoint her as special administrator of the estate, the suit was not a nullity, and subject 

matter jurisdiction existed. Therefore, the trial court was right to deny the defendants’ motion 

to dismiss; the appointment of the plaintiff cured the only defect in the original, timely 

complaint, and she was not required to file an amended complaint after her appointment as 

special administrator. Id. ¶¶ 49, 51. The plaintiff was the “only party by whom and in whose 
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name the suit could be brought.” Id. ¶ 52. In a special concurrence, Justice Zenoff reached the 

same outcome via an alternative rationale, relying on Pavlov v. Konwall, 113 Ill. App. 3d 576, 

578-79 (1983), which held that the relation-back doctrine applied where an improperly 

appointed administrator was not properly appointed until after the limitations period for the 

wrongful-death complaint had run. Mankowski, 2014 IL App (2d) 140154, ¶ 72 (Zenuff, J., 

concurring). Justice McLaren specially concurred in both rationales. 

¶ 18 Defendants argue that, because we held that the plaintiff was the only person who could 

bring the cause of action, Mankowski supports their position, because here plaintiff was the 

only person with the authority to bring the original complaint. Defendants continue that 

Mankowski demonstrates that relation back is allowed when the plaintiff’s capacity changes as 

long as the plaintiff is the only person who could inhabit that capacity. However, defendants 

argue, we should not infer from this that the relation-back doctrine applies when the change is 

to the plaintiff’s identity, not his capacity, and when another person properly holds the 

necessary capacity to sue. 

¶ 19 Second, defendants cite Pirrello, 2014 IL App (1st) 133964. In Pirrello, the plaintiff sued 

the defendant, a facility for young people with behavioral and mental health issues, for 

damages she incurred while a resident at the facility. Id. ¶¶ 3-4. The defendant filed a motion 

for partial summary judgment, arguing that the plaintiff was not entitled to recover damages 

incurred from the date of her accident to when she turned 18. Id. ¶ 5. The defendant argued that 

the plaintiff was covered by her father’s health insurance at the time of her injuries and that her 

bills for her injuries were sent to her father and submitted to his insurance. Id. ¶ 6. The 

plaintiff’s father never assigned his claim for recovery of those expenses under the Rights of 

Married Persons Act, commonly known as the Family Expense Act (750 ILCS 65/15(a)(1) 

(West 2008)), nor did he have any intention of joining her lawsuit. Pirrello, 2014 IL App (1st) 

133964, ¶ 6. In response to the defendant’s motion, the plaintiff sought leave to file an 

amended complaint adding her father as a plaintiff and asserting a claim under the Family 

Expense Act, although the applicable limitations period had run. Id. ¶ 7. The trial court denied 

her motion to file an amended complaint and granted partial summary judgment for the 

defendant, finding that any claim under the Family Expense Act was time-barred. Id. ¶ 8. 

¶ 20 On appeal, the plaintiff argued that her father’s claim under the Family Expense Act would 

relate back to the date she filed her original, timely complaint, because it arose out of the same 

transaction or occurrence, that is, her personal injuries. Id. ¶ 15. In affirming the trial court, the 

First District held that the relation-back doctrine did not apply, because the plaintiff never 

owned the cause of action under the Family Expense Act and that cause of action arose not out 

of her personal injuries but out of a separate and distinct occurrence, that is, her father’s 

responsibility under the Family Expense Act to pay her medical bills. Id. ¶¶ 19-20. Because the 

plaintiff’s father, as the owner of the cause of action, did not assert the claim within the 

limitations period, the trial court properly held that the claim was time-barred. Id. ¶ 20. 

¶ 21 Defendants analogize the Pirrello situation to the situation here as follows. Because Jim 

did not own the cause of action on behalf of the Estate, as the Pirrello plaintiff did not own her 

father’s cause of action under the Family Expense Act, the complaint could not be amended to 

add the owner after the limitations period had run. Plaintiff was the sole owner of the right to 

sue on behalf of the Estate, just as in Pirrello the plaintiff’s father had the sole right to assert a 

claim derived from the Family Expense Act. Finally, the Pirrello court found that the 

plaintiff’s attempt to assert the claim owned by her father was a legal nullity and that her 
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proposed amendment to the complaint would not cure that defect, because the father’s claim 

was time-barred. Id. ¶ 19. Likewise, here, Jim did not have the authority to assert the original 

claim on behalf of the Estate and it was a nullity, and amending the complaint to add plaintiff 

could not cure the defect, because the limitations period had run. 

¶ 22 Third, defendants cite Kubian, 272 Ill. App. 3d 246. In Kubian, the plaintiff’s husband was 

taken to the defendants’ medical center, and he died upon being transferred by the defendant to 

its hospice care unit. Id. at 248. The husband’s daughter from another marriage opened his 

estate as executor, and during the pendency of his estate the plaintiff signed an agreement 

waiving her rights in the estate and ratifying an antenuptial agreement, which itself stated that 

she would not make a claim as to any part of the estate and that she waived certain rights in the 

estate. Id. at 249. The plaintiff filed a wrongful-death suit in her individual capacity during the 

pendency of the estate, but the daughter did not bring a wrongful-death claim before the estate 

closed. Id.

¶ 23 We held that the trial court did not err in granting the defendants’ motion to dismiss the 

wrongful-death claim. Id. at 250. In reaching our holding, we found that the relation-back 

doctrine did not apply to the wrongful-death claim, for several reasons: (1) the daughter had 

the sole authority to control any litigation on behalf of the estate; (2) the Act would not allow 

an appointment of a special administrator, because the estate had assets of approximately 

$33,000 (see 740 ILCS 180/2.1 (West 1992) (a necessary condition for appointment of special 

administrator is that the estate not have an asset beyond a cause of action arising under the 

Act)); and (3) letters of office had already issued by the time the plaintiff filed suit, and thus the 

trial court did not have the authority under the Act to appoint a special administrator. Kubian, 

272 Ill. App. 3d at 252. “The ‘relation back’ doctrine [did] not, therefore, cure the plaintiff’s 

procedural miscues.” Id. However, this logic did not apply to the plaintiff’s loss-of-consortium 

claim, which was a common-law cause of action, and we ultimately let the plaintiff proceed on 

that claim. Id. at 252-57. 

¶ 24 Defendants argue that Kubian, along with Mankowski and Pirrello, provides a basis to 

answer the certified question in the negative. We disagree, finding that none of the three cases 

provides such a basis. 

¶ 25 First, Mankowski does not aid defendants. In Mankowski, we held that the plaintiff’s 

amended complaint did relate back to the original complaint. Mankowski, 2014 IL App (2d) 

140154, ¶ 56. The plaintiff filed her original complaint in her individual capacity but later the 

trial court granted her motion to be appointed as special administrator of the estate. Id. ¶¶ 6-7. 

We held that her amended complaint, which grew out of the same transaction or occurrence 

that was set out in the original complaint and which properly reflected her capacity as special 

administrator, related back to the original complaint that she filed only in her individual 

capacity. Id. ¶ 56. The logic of that case supports, rather than contradicts, the notion that an 

amended complaint can relate back when the plaintiff in the original complaint lacked the 

authority to sue under the Act. 

¶ 26 Next, Pirrello presents a distinguishable situation from that posed by the certified question 

before us. There, the plaintiff sought to amend her complaint to bring a claim under the Family 

Expense Act, after the limitations period had run, but the claim did not arise out of the same 

transaction or occurrence as did the plaintiff’s original claim. The plaintiff’s original claim 

arose when she was personally injured while a resident at the defendant’s facility, whereas her 

father’s Family Expense Act claim arose out of his obligation to pay his daughter’s medical 
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bills. Pirrello, 2014 IL App (1st) 133964, ¶¶ 12, 19 (father’s claim was not a claim for 

damages resulting from plaintiff’s personal injuries but was a “separate and distinct” claim for 

her medical expenses under the Family Expense Act). The resolution of the certified question 

before us depends not on whether the amended complaint arises out of the same transaction or 

occurrence–the question implicitly assumes that–but instead on whether a change in 

parties–from a party without the capacity to sue to a party with the capacity to sue–precludes 

relation back under the Act. Accordingly, Pirrello, which held that the relation-back doctrine 

did not allow the plaintiff to amend her complaint to add a separate and distinct cause of action 

after the limitations period had run, does not support defendants’ position in the resolution of 

the question before us. 

¶ 27 Finally, Kubian presented a situation similar to that here but with one crucial difference: In 

Kubian, the plaintiff attempted in her amended complaint to be appointed as special 

administrator of her husband’s estate despite an administrator already having been appointed, 

whereas here the question asks whether it was proper to substitute Calkins, the already 

appointed administrator, as plaintiff. Relation back did not apply in Kubian because under the 

Act, once letters of office issued to the deceased’s daughter, the court had no power to appoint 

the plaintiff as special administrator in order to prosecute her claim. Kubian, 272 Ill. App. 3d at 

252. Therefore, the determinative issue in Kubian was not actually the relation-back doctrine, 

because relation back, even if it theoretically applied, could not “cure the plaintiff’s procedural 

miscues,” that is, the court could not appoint the plaintiff as special administrator to prosecute 

her amended claim whether the amended claim was timely or not. Id.

¶ 28 In contrast to Kubian is the First District’s holding in Pavlov, 113 Ill. App. 3d 576, which 

we adopted in Mankowski. In Pavlov, the plaintiff filed a complaint under the Act on behalf of 

the deceased’s estate. Id. at 577. The plaintiff filed his original complaint the same day he 

moved to be appointed as administrator of the estate, but his appointment was defective 

because it was made upon his motion and he was not entitled to recovery under the Act. Id. The 

defendant therefore moved to dismiss the complaint, and the court granted the dismissal but 

later vacated it and reinstated the cause. The plaintiff filed an amended complaint but it was 

stricken. Id.

¶ 29 Approximately nine months after the filing of the original complaint–and after the 

two-year limitations period had run–the plaintiff was properly appointed administrator of the 

estate, and he subsequently filed his second amended complaint, making substantially the 

same allegations as in the original. Id. The trial court denied the defendant’s motion to dismiss 

but certified the following question for appeal: “ ‘Does a proper appointment of an 

administrator relate back to the initial filing of a complaint under the Wrongful Death Act?’ ”

Id.

¶ 30 In answering the question, the court noted that the relation-back doctrine was included in 

the Code of Civil Procedure “to implement the legislative intent to preserve causes of action 

including those sounding in wrongful death against loss by reason of technical rules of 

pleading.” Id. at 578. In light of the purpose of the relation-back doctrine, the court held that 

the plaintiff’s second amended complaint related back to the filing of the original complaint. 

Id. at 578-79. The court reasoned that both complaints made substantially the same allegations 

and arose out of the same transaction or occurrence and that the estate was always named as the 

interested party. Id. at 579. Moreover, the fact that the plaintiff was not properly named 

administrator until after the limitations period had run was “a technical consideration” that 
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“should not prevent the cause from being decided on its merits in furtherance of justice.” Id.

Further, the court rejected the argument that the failure to meet certain conditions precedent 

under the Act, in particular that the action be brought in the name of the personal representative 

of the deceased, warranted dismissal of the amended complaint. Id. at 580. Rather, the court 

noted, an amendment may relate back to a timely filed complaint in order to cure a defective 

pleading that did not set forth a condition precedent under the Act. Id.; see Redmond v. Central 

Community Hospital, 65 Ill. App. 3d 669, 676-77 (1978). 

¶ 31 Further problematic for defendants’ position is Boatmen’s National Bank of Belleville v. 

Direct Lines, Inc., 167 Ill. 2d 88 (1995). There, a father filed three amended wrongful-death 

complaints on behalf of his deceased daughter’s estate, with the original complaint filed within 

the limitations period. Id. at 91, 103. The father sued in his capacity as special administrator of 

the estate and sought damages on behalf of the decedent’s “ ‘next in kin.’ ” Id. at 91. It was 

later discovered, however, that the decedent had been married and therefore her parents were 

not “ ‘next in kin’ ” within the meaning of the Act. Id. A corporate administrator, Boatmen’s 

National Bank of Belleville, was subsequently appointed special administrator of the estate 

and filed the fourth through ninth amended complaints. Id. at 93-96. The action went to trial on 

the ninth amended complaint, and Boatmen’s secured a jury verdict for $2,500. Id. at 96. On 

appeal, however, the Fifth District reversed the judgment in a split decision, with the majority 

finding that the ninth amended complaint, which was filed outside of the limitations period, did 

not relate back to the original complaint. Id. at 97. 

¶ 32 Our supreme court reversed the appellate court, reasoning that the original complaint 

informed the defendant of the nature of the underlying cause of action, that it was brought on 

behalf of the decedent’s next of kin, and that the amended complaint did not change the nature 

of the suit, which was an action to recover for the wrongful death of the decedent. Id. at 105. 

Therefore, the amended complaint grew out of the same transaction or occurrence as the 

original, and allowing relation back furthered the legislative intent of preserving a cause of 

action against loss by overly technical application of the rules of pleading. Id. In its analysis, 

the supreme court also cited approvingly the American Law Reports: 

“ ‘By the weight of authority, the addition as parties plaintiff in an action under the 

wrongful death statutes, of persons who might have instituted the action, is not 

regarded as the beginning of a new action by such additional plaintiffs as regards the 

statute of limitations.’ ” Id. (quoting C.T. Drechsler, Annotation, Change in Party After 

Statute of Limitations Has Run, 8 A.L.R.2d 6, 47 (1949)). 

¶ 33 After considering these cases and the relation-back statute itself (735 ILCS 5/2-616 (West 

2012)), we answer the certified question in the affirmative: The relation-back doctrine applies 

to an amended wrongful-death and survival complaint where the original complaint was timely 

filed by an improperly appointed special administrator and the amended complaint substituted 

in the properly appointed administrator after the limitations period had run. The situation 

presented by the certified question is similar to that in Pavlov, where the court found that the 

amended complaint related back because the amended complaint made substantially the same 

allegations and arose out of the same transaction or occurrence, the estate was always listed as 

an interested party, and technical rules of pleading should not preclude resolving the case on its 

merits. The main difference between Pavlov and the question before us is that in Pavlov no 

person was properly appointed as administrator until after the limitations period had run, 

whereas here a proper administrator was timely appointed but not added as a plaintiff until 
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after the limitations period had run. Yet, for purposes of the Act, the Pavlov plaintiff had the 

same authority to file the original complaint as Jim did: none. 

¶ 34 Moreover, defendants’ reliance on Mankowski is misplaced, as Mankowski supports 

permitting relation back here. There, we found that the plaintiff was allowed to amend her 

complaint to add her capacity as the properly appointed special administrator and that the 

amended complaint related back to her original, timely complaint. The main difference 

between Mankowski and the situation here is the same difference present in Pavlov: in 

Mankowski, there was no special administrator appointed within the limitations period but the 

plaintiff was eventually appointed administrator, whereas here a proper administrator was 

timely appointed but not added as plaintiff until after the limitations period had run. 

¶ 35 We see no reason why these differences should affect our application of the relation-back 

doctrine, and we stand by the holdings in Pavlov and Mankowski. Pavlov, Mankowski, and this 

case are all similar in that all the amended complaints added a proper plaintiff after the 

limitations period. The relation-back doctrine allows amendments if (1) the original complaint 

was timely filed, and (2) the cause of action grew out of the same transaction or occurrence set 

out in the original, timely complaint. 735 ILCS 5/2-616(b) (West 2012); see Boatmen’s 

National Bank of Belleville, 167 Ill. 2d at 101-02 (relation back allowed if two requirements 

are met: the original pleading was timely filed and the original and amended pleadings grew 

out of the same transaction or occurrence). While section 2-616(b) allows relation back if these 

two conditions are met, section 2-616(a) describes the amendments that may be made “any 

time before final judgment,” which include changing the cause of action, adding defenses, or 

“introducing any party who ought to have been joined as plaintiff.” 735 ILCS 5/2-616(a) (West 

2012). Moreover, we “liberally construe the requirements of section 2-616(b) in order to allow 

the resolution of litigation on the merits and to avoid elevating questions of form over 

substance.” Boatmen’s National Bank of Belleville, 167 Ill. 2d at 102. Therefore, we hold that 

whether the amended complaint added a new party or the same party in a new capacity does 

not affect our relation-back analysis. To hold otherwise would be inconsistent with the purpose 

of the relation-back doctrine and would elevate the technical rules of pleading above our 

interest in resolving cases on the merits. 

¶ 36 Accordingly, we reject defendants’ argument and answer the certified question in the 

affirmative. 

¶ 37 III. CONCLUSION 

¶ 38 We have answered the certified question in the affirmative. That is, the relation-back 

doctrine applies to an amended complaint under the Act, where the original complaint was 

timely filed by an improperly appointed special administrator and the amended complaint 

substituted in the properly appointed administrator after the limitations period had run. We 

remand the cause to the trial court for further proceedings. 

¶ 39 Certified question answered; cause remanded.