COURT OF APPEALS

DECISION

DATED AND FILED

September 28, 2021

Sheila T. Reiff

Clerk of Court of Appeals

NOTICE

This opinion is subject to further editing. If 

published, the official version will appear in 

the bound volume of the Official Reports. 

A party may file with the Supreme Court a 

petition to review an adverse decision by the 

Court of Appeals. See WIS. STAT. § 808.10 

and RULE 809.62. 

Appeal No. 2021AP1290 Cir. Ct. No. 2019TP231

STATE OF WISCONSIN IN COURT OF APPEALS

DISTRICT I

IN RE THE TERMINATION OF PARENTAL RIGHTS TO K.J., A PERSON UNDER THE 

AGE OF 18:

STATE OF WISCONSIN,

PETITIONER-RESPONDENT,

V.

D.W.,

RESPONDENT-APPELLANT.

APPEAL from an order of the circuit court for Milwaukee County: 

ELLEN R. BROSTROM, Judge. Affirmed. 
No. 2021AP1290

2

¶1 WHITE, J.1 D.W. appeals the circuit court order terminating his 

parental rights to his child, K.J. D.W. argues that the circuit court erroneously 

exercised its discretion in granting the petition to terminate his parental rights

because the circuit court failed to weigh relevant facts affecting the best interests 

of the child in consideration of the petition for the termination of parental rights 

(TPR). We disagree, and accordingly, we affirm the circuit court.

BACKGROUND

¶2 In November 2019, the State filed a petition for TPR for K.J., born 

in September 2016, the non-marital child of L.J.2and D.W. The State alleged two 

grounds for the TPR with regard to D.W.: failure to assume parental 

responsibility and continuing CHIPS.3 Relevant to this matter, D.W. was 

incarcerated before K.J.’s birth and his expected release date is 2026. D.W. 

repeatedly and consistently sought to have K.J.’s placement changed to one of his 

family members instead of the foster placement that had cared for K.J. nearly his

entire life. 

 

1

 This appeal is decided by one judge pursuant to WIS. STAT. § 752.31(2)(e) (2019-20). 

All references to the Wisconsin Statutes are to the 2019-20 version unless otherwise noted.

2

 L.J.’s parental rights were terminated in the course of these proceedings. She is not 

appealing this decision and we do not address her rights. 

3

 “CHIPS is the commonly used acronym to denote the phrase ‘child in need of 

protection or services’ as used in the Wisconsin Children’s Code, chapter 48.” Marinette Cnty. v. 

Tammy C., 219 Wis. 2d 206, 209 n.1, 579 N.W.2d 635 (1998).
No. 2021AP1290

3

¶3 The case proceeded to trial4in January 2021, during which the 

circuit court found that the State proved one ground for the TPR—continuing 

CHIPS—but the State did not prove D.W.’s failure to assume parental 

responsibility. The case then continued into the dispositional phase to determine 

whether TPR was in the best interests of the child.

¶4 In the dispositional phase, the circuit court heard testimony from 

J.S., K.J.’s foster mother; E.K., the family case manager (FCM) at Children’s 

Wisconsin, the agency that managed K.J.’s out-of-home placement for the 

Division of Milwaukee County Child Protective Services (DMCPS);5two of 

D.W.’s sisters; D.W.’s mother, S.M.; and D.W. himself. The family members 

each testified about their willingness to care for K.J.

¶5 J.S. testified that K.J. had been placed in her home at eight weeks 

old; he is attached to her son who is twenty months older (and who was also 

adopted); and K.J. calls her and her husband, “mom and dad.” She testified that 

she coordinated visitation with S.M. and that the relationship with K.J.’s 

biological family was:

Ever-changing.... I love [S.M.]. That's the only 

way to put it. There’s things you can’t give a child when

you adopt them and we have learned that having done this 

before. I can’t give him my blood. He’s not made with my 

blood. He doesn’t look like me and I can’t change that. 

 

4

 Although two days of the trial were conducted before a jury, D.W.’s right to a jury trial 

was struck as a sanction for failing to follow court orders, and the grounds phase was ultimately 

decided in a trial to the court. The Honorable Ellen R. Brostrom conducted the trial and 

disposition of the TPR. We refer to Judge Brostrom as the circuit court.

5

 Additionally, the court heard from two of the FCMs who managed K.J.’s case earlier in 

the process and who each testified in the grounds phase of the proceedings.
No. 2021AP1290

4

I think it’s really important that while we might be 

his home and his stability, I think it’s really important that 

he has his biology with him .... Things looked a lot 

different when this first started and we worked really, really 

hard, and ... try to put our feelings aside and try to do 

what’s best for him. It’s our opinion what’s best for him is 

that he keeps them always in his life and she can always be 

his grandma.

¶6 The circuit court issued an oral decision on the disposition of the 

TPR petition, ultimately concluding that the TPR was in K.J.’s best interests. The 

court stated that “at its most fundamental level, this case is about bonding.” and 

the court’s decision as driven by K.J.’s “need to not have his primary caretaker 

bond traumatically severed” by removing him from his foster family, which had 

cared for him for over four years at the time of disposition. 

¶7 The court addressed the statutory factors it considered in making this 

decision:6

 

6

 In considering the best interests of the child in the disposition of a termination of 

parental rights petition, “the court shall consider but not be limited to the following” factors:

(a) The likelihood of the child’s adoption after termination.

(b) The age and health of the child....

(c) Whether the child has substantial relationships with the 

parent or other family members, and whether it would be 

harmful to the child to sever these relationships.

(d) The wishes of the child.

(e) The duration of the separation of the parent from the child.

(f) Whether the child will be able to enter into a more stable and 

permanent family relationship as a result of the termination, 

taking into account the conditions of the child’s ... placement[s] 

....

WIS. STAT. § 48.426.
No. 2021AP1290

5

[K.J.] is likely to be adopted after termination. The 

[foster parents] are obviously committed to him, and they 

are fully licensed and have adopted before.

....

[K.J.] is a very adoptable child, and certainly, that 

would happen in some other form. He is healthy both 

physically and mentally and emotionally at this time as 

well as at the time of disposition. He does not have a 

substantial relationship with his mother or anyone on his 

mother’s side. He is developing a relationship with [D.W.], 

but I don't know that I could find that it’s substantial yet. 

Arguably, he has a substantial relationship with [S.M.] I

don’t think it’s substantial yet with aunts and cousins, 

although certainly warm and close and developing, but I 

don’t think it would be harmful to sever those legal 

relationships because I think that these biological 

relationships will continue. [K.J.] is too little to express his 

wishes, but as I have already indicated, I think the 

traumatic effect of removing him from the [foster family’s] 

home at this time would be potentially overwhelming, so I 

think if he could express his wishes that he would wish to 

remain where he is. He has been separated from his parents 

his entire life, and he will be able to enter into a more stable 

and permanent family relationship as a result of termination 

taking into account the conditions of his current placement 

and any likely future placements. So the statutory factors 

do strongly mitigate in favor of termination. 

¶8 The trial court then ordered the termination of parental rights of 

D.W. and L.J. D.W. appeals this order. Additional facts are included in the 

opinion.

DISCUSSION

¶9 D.W. argues that the trial court failed to consider relevant facts when

it determined that termination of D.W.’s parental rights was in the best interests of 

K.J. He argues this constitutes an erroneous exercise of the trial court’s discretion. 

We conclude that his arguments are unavailing. 
No. 2021AP1290

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¶10 The determination of whether termination of parental rights is in the 

best interests of a child is governed by the statutory process in WIS. STAT. ch. 48 

and the factors under WIS. STAT. § 48.426(3). The decision to terminate parental 

rights is within the discretion of the circuit court after the grounds for termination 

have been proven. See Gerald O. v. Susan R., 203 Wis. 2d 148, 152, 551 N.W.2d 

855 (Ct. App. 1996). We will not overturn a circuit court’s discretionary decision 

unless the court erroneously exercised its discretion. WIS. STAT. § 805.17(2). A 

circuit court properly exercises its discretion when it examines the relevant facts, 

applies a proper standard of law, and using a demonstrated rational process 

reaches a conclusion that a reasonable judge could reach.7 Dane Cnty. DHS v. 

Mable K., 2013 WI 28, ¶39, 346 Wis. 2d 396, 828 N.W.2d 198. 

¶11 The State argues that the circuit court did not err when it considered 

the bonding between K.J. and the foster parents in its disposition of the best 

interests of the child. The circuit court is allowed to consider any additional 

factors that relate to the best interest of the child, with the statutory language 

setting forth that the court shall “not be limited” to the list of factors in the statute. 

See WIS. STAT. § 48.426(3). The State contends that the circuit court complied 

with Wisconsin law and considered on the record each of the six statutory factors 

as well as the entirety of K.J.’s best interests. The State argues that D.W. 

 

7

 In his reply brief, D.W. objects to the standard of review articulated by the State, which 

D.W. interprets to mean he would need to show that the circuit court erred when it considered the 

facts and the standard of law and in its demonstrated rational decision-making. We agree it is not 

D.W.’s burden to show error in all three steps. However, if our review shows that the circuit 

court’s considerations in all three steps were without error, then its decision is not an erroneous 

exercise of discretion. 
No. 2021AP1290

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disagrees with the circuit court’s ultimate conclusion, but he fails to show an error 

in the circuit court’s considerations. 

¶12 D.W. does not dispute that the bond between K.J. and his foster 

parents was a relevant factor to the disposition of the TPR petition. However, he 

contends that the trial court failed to examine other relevant facts when it made 

bonding the primary factor driving the disposition. D.W. argues that the court did 

not examine facts that demonstrated that K.J.’s bond with his biological family 

was weaker than his bond with his foster placement because the State did not 

allow the biological family’s bond to grow. He contends that the State failed to 

meaningfully engage D.W.’s family as placement options. 

¶13 Here, the record reflects that D.W.’s family members testified to 

their love and willingness to care for K.J.; however, their willingness does not 

undermine that the agency, DMCPS, or the court had already determined they 

were not suitable placements. S.M. testified that she had requested guardianship 

of K.J. on multiple occasions. The circuit court addressed on the record that S.M. 

petitioned for guardianship of K.J. in 2019, but the trial court8 determined after 

multiple days of evidentiary hearing that S.M. was “‘desperately willing, but not 

presently fit,’” and the transfer of guardianship was denied. We conclude that the 

circuit court did not err when it accepted the trial court’s decision regarding S.M.’s 

fitness for guardianship and did not revisit the facts underlying that issue. 

¶14 Further, the record reflects that D.W.’s family members were 

considered for placement of K.J. in 2017 when the initial CHIPS action was filed. 

 

8

 The Honorable Christopher R. Foley presided over the guardianship proceedings. We 

refer to him as the trial court. 
No. 2021AP1290

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The three FCMs who managed K.J.’s case at different times in the proceedings

each testified. One of the FCMs testified that D.W.’s sisters had been investigated 

and denied for the following reasons: (1) S.J. for having municipal warrants 

relating to “[e]victions, small claims actions, and some domestic violence history”; 

(2) D.P. for failing to understand DMCPS’s safety concerns about L.J., K.J.’s 

mother, and allowing L.J. to watch D.P.’s child and for having her own driver’s 

license suspended; and (3) A.J. for having a live-in significant other who had a 

history of domestic violence incidents.

¶15 When D.W.’s sisters were questioned about being denied as K.J’s 

potential caregiver, D.P. testified that after she was denied in 2017, she left a voice 

mail message for someone in the agency or DMCPS, but did not get a response 

and did not reach out to anyone else in the intervening years. Additionally, S.J. 

testified that after she was denied she did not try to do anything to have K.J. 

placed with her because she did not know she could ask for that. The record 

reflects that the agency did not seek out additional information from D.W.’s 

sisters; however, two of the FCMs testified that no information was given to the 

agency regarding whether any of the sisters’ issues had been remedied.9 Further, 

one of the FCMs testified that none of D.W.’s sisters requested any further 

assessment or evaluation as a placement for K.J.

¶16 The guardian ad litem asserts that it was reasonable for the circuit 

court to consider in its analysis that D.W.’s sisters’ history and failure to act 

diminished their relationships with K.J. Further, while S.M. made consistent 

 

9

 The record reflects that D.W.’s sisters testimonies showed that some of the agency’s 

concerns may have been remedied after the initial 2017 investigation; however, none of the

sisters claimed to have notified the agency about any changes in her situation. 
No. 2021AP1290

9

efforts to request placement of K.J., she was found not fit after an evidentiary 

hearing. We conclude that the circuit court considered the relevant facts related to 

D.W.’s family members’ willingness to care for K.J.; however, that willingness 

does not overcome the agency and court determinations that they were not suitable 

placements. 

¶17 As to D.W.’s argument that the State’s actions resulted in the weaker 

bonding with the biological family, the record reflects the circuit court considered 

the roles and actions of individuals and the child welfare system in making this 

decision. It recognized the “sadness” of this situation and it understood that D.W. 

“doesn’t trust the system”; however, it concluded that, as much as it was “hard,” 

[K.J.] needs permanency and security and a platform from 

which he can continue to development his budding 

relationship with [D.W.], continue his relationship with 

[S.M.] and his aunts and his cousins but from a safe space 

where he is not overwhelmed, and that safe space is the 

[foster parents’] home.

Further, regardless of what actions the State may or may not have taken 

throughout these proceedings, the State’s actions do not change that D.W.’s family 

members were not found to be suitable placements for K.J. and those family 

members did not remedy the court and agency concerns. Above all, the circuit 

court considers the best interests of the child in the disposition of a petition for 

TPR. See David S. v Laura S., 179 Wis. 2d 114, 149, 507 N.W.2d 94 (1993). 

Here, the court considered the importance of stability, permanency, and bonding in 

the best interests of K.J.’s future after he had already been placed outside of his 

parents’ care for essentially his entire life. We conclude that the circuit court 

demonstrated reasonable and rational decision making in its analysis of bonding 

under all of the relevant facts. 
No. 2021AP1290

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¶18 Further, D.W. asserts that the circuit court did not examine facts to 

support D.W.’s specific request at disposition that K.J. be placed with a family 

member or that the matter be continued as a CHIPS case to allow him to complete 

programming to prepare him to parent and to allow the bond between K.J. and his 

biological family to grow. We disagree. The records reflects that D.W.’s family 

members were considered for placement and that K.J. had been placed in out-ofhome care for over four years at the time of the disposition, nearly the entirety of 

his life. When weighing a petition for TPR, the court considers the “duration of 

the separation of the parent from the child” and whether the TPR will allow the 

child to “enter into a more stable and permanent family relationship.” See WIS.

STAT. § 48.426(3)(e)-(f). We conclude it was reasonable for the circuit court to 

determine that more time under a CHIPS order was not in K.J.’s best interests. 

¶19 Finally, D.W. contends that the circuit court failed to examine 

relevant facts demonstrating that familial stability and permanence for K.J. could 

exist outside of the context of a nuclear, marital family. D.W. contends that the 

circuit court summarily concluded that the factor of K.J.’s ability to enter into a 

more stable and permanent family relationship weighed in favor of the TPR; 

however, he argues that the court failed to consider that stability and permanence 

could be achieved through placement in his extended biological family. D.W. 

argues the circuit court considered this factor only through the paradigm of the 

nuclear, marital family, and did not consider cultural traditions of extended 

kinship care. Here, the circuit court considered the importance of K.J.’s 

connection to his extended biological family, but ultimately concluded that 

severing the legal relationship would not harm K.J. and that the TPR would allow 

him to enter into more stable and permanent family relationships. The record 

reflects that the court considered stability and permanence, but we do not detect an 
No. 2021AP1290

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overarching preference for a nuclear marital family. To the extent that D.W. 

advocates for an alternative placement structure, there is simply no evidence in the 

record to support that a viable option was unfairly rejected or not considered by 

the court. In sum, we conclude that D.W.’s arguments fail to show that the court 

ignored relevant facts. 

CONCLUSION

¶20 We conclude that the circuit court considered the relevant facts of 

K.J.’s life under the required statutory factors and demonstrated rational decision 

making when it determined that terminating D.W.’s parental rights was in K.J’s 

best interests. Therefore, we determine that the circuit court’s exercise of 

discretion was not erroneous. 

By the Court.—Order affirmed.

This opinion will not be published. See WIS. STAT. RULE

809.23(1)(b)4.