# Patent

## Title
Method for treating cancer harboring EGFR mutations

## Abstract

The present invention relates to a method of treatment of patients suffering from cancer and harboring mutations of EGFR in the tumor, for instance an activating mutation of the EGFR or a mutation responsible for resistance or the emergence of acquired resistance to treatment with reversible EGFR and/or HER2 inhibitors or irreversible inhibitors such as CI-1033, EKB-569, HKI-272 or HKI-357, comprising administering an effective amount of the irreversible EGFR inhibitor BIBW2992 (1) 4-[(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)amino]-6-{[4-(N,N-dimethylamino)-1-oxo-2-buten-1-yl]amino}-7-((S)-tetrahydrofuran-3-yloxy)-quinazoline, to a person in need of such treatment, optionally in combination with the administration of a further chemotherapeutic agent, in combination with radiotherapy, radio-immunotherapy and/or tumor resection by surgery, and to the use of a BIBW 2992 (1) for preparing a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of patients suffering from cancer and harboring mutations of EGFR in the tumor.

## Background
RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a Section 371 (35 U.S.C.) filing of International Application No. PCT/EP2007/059735, which International Application was filed Sep. 14, 2007, and claims priority to European Patent Application No. 06120856.7, filed Sep. 18, 2006, and European Patent Application No. 07101505.1, filed Jan. 31, 2007, the contents of all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
The present invention relates to a method of treating patients suffering from cancer and harbouring mutations of EGFR in the tumour. The said method comprises administration of an effective amount of the irreversible EGFR inhibitor BIBW2992 (1) to a person in need of such treatment, optionally in combination with the administration of a further chemotherapeutic agent (2), in combination with radiotherapy, radio-immunotherapy and/or tumour resection by surgery. The mutation of the EGFR encompasses at least all amplifications or activating gene mutations that are relevant to enhanced expression (e.g. reduced CA-repeats (CA: cytosine-adenosine) in the first intron or other specific polymorphisms), increased sensitivity to activation or genuinely activating mutations (e.g. L858R or G719S point mutations or specific exon 19 deletions). It also includes those mutations associated with resistance (e.g. D761Y, insertions D770_N771insNPG) or emergence of acquired resistance (e.g. T790M) to treatment with reversible EGFR and/or HER2 inhibitors such as gefitinib, erlotinib, vandetanib (ZD-6474), AEE-788, PKI-166, lapatinib, cetuximab, nimotuzumab, matuzumab, panitumumab, trastuzumab and pertuzumab or other irreversible inhibitors such asCI-1033, EKB-569, HKI-272 or HKI-357.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Somatic mutations in the tyrosine kinase (TK) domain of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene in lung cancers have generated enormous interest, providing an approach to predict for sensitivity to TK inhibitors (TKIs). While mutational status is of great importance in determining response to TKIs, it is not the sole factor, and evidence is accumulating that EGFR gene amplification, other members of the EGFR family (HER2, HER3) and genes downstream of EGFR signaling (KRAS, BRAF), may be involved in cancer pathogenesis and the response of TKIs.
WO 2006/084058 discloses a method for the treatment of gefitinib and/or erlotinib resistant cancer comprising administered a pharmaceutical composition comprising an irreversible epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor to a person in need of such treatment, specifying the irreversible EGFR inhibitors EKB-569, HKI-272 and HKI-357.
Epithelial cell cancers, for example, prostate cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, ovarian cancer, cancer of the spleen, testicular cancer, cancer of the thymus, etc., are diseases characterized by abnormal, accelerated growth of epithelial cells. This accelerated growth initially causes a tumor to form. Eventually, metastasis to different organ sites can also occur. Although progress has been made in the diagnosis and treatment of various cancers, these diseases still result in significant mortality.
Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer death in industrialized countries. Cancers that begin in the lungs are divided into two major types, non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer, depending on how the cells appear under a microscope. Non-small cell lung cancer (squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma) generally spreads to other organs more slowly than does small cell lung cancer. About 75 percent of lung cancer cases are categorized as non-small cell lung cancer (e.g., adenocarcinomas), and the other 25 percent are small cell lung cancer. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States, Japan and Western Europe. For patients with advanced disease, chemotherapy provides a modest benefit in survival, but at the cost of significant toxicity, underscoring the need for therapeutic agents that are specifically targeted to the critical genetic lesions that direct tumor growth (Schiller J H et al., N Engl J Med, 346: 92-98, 2002).
Two of the more advanced compounds in clinical development include Gefitinib (compound ZD 1839 developed by AstraZeneca UK Ltd.; available under the tradename IRESSA; hereinafter “IRESSA”) and Erlotinib (compound OSI-774 developed by Genentech, Inc. and OSI Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; available under the tradename TARCEVA; hereinafter “TARCEVA”); both have generated encouraging clinical results. Conventional cancer treatment with both IRESSA and TARCEVA involves the daily, oral administration of no more than 500 mg of the respective compounds. In May, 2003, IRESSA became the first of these products to reach the United States market, when it was approved for the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients. IRESSA is an orally active quinazoline that functions by directly inhibiting tyrosine kinase phosphorylation on the EGFR molecule. It competes for the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) binding site, leading to suppression of the HER-kinase axis. The exact mechanism of the IRESSA response is not completely understood, however, studies suggest that the presence of EGFR is a necessary prerequisite for its action.
A significant limitation in using these compounds is that recipients thereof may develop a resistance to their therapeutic effects after they initially respond to therapy, or they may not respond to EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitots (TKIs) to any measurable degree at all. The response rate to EGFR-TKIs varies between different ethnic groups. At the low end of EGFR-TKI responders, in some populations, only 10-15 percent of advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients respond to EGFR kinase inhibitors. Thus, a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying sensitivity to IRESSA and TARCEVA would be extremely beneficial in targeting therapy to those individuals whom are most likely to benefit from such therapy.
There is a significant need in the art for a satisfactory treatment of cancer, and specifically epithelial cell cancers such as lung, ovarian, breast, brain, colon and prostate cancers, which incorporates the benefits of TKI therapy and overcoming the non-responsiveness exhibited by patients. Such a treatment could have a dramatic impact on the health of individuals, and especially older individuals, among whom cancer is especially common.
BIBW2992 (1) is known as the compound 4-[(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)amino]-6-{[4-(N,N-dimethylamino)-1-oxo-2-buten-1-yl]amino}-7-((S)-tetrahydrofuran-3-yloxy)-quinazoline,




BIBW 2992 (1) is a potent and selective dual inhibitor of erbb1 receptor (EGFR) and erbB2 (Her2/neu) receptor tyrosine kinases. Furthermore, BIBW 2992 (1) was designed to covalently bind to EGFR and HER2 thereby irreversibly inactivating the receptor molecule it has bound to. This compound, salts thereof such as the dimaleate salt, their preparation as well as pharmaceutical formulations comprising BIBW2992 (1) or a salt thereof are disclosed in WO 02/50043 and WO 2005/037824. These documents are incorporated by reference regarding these aspects.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Surprisingly, the irreversible dual EGFR/HER2 inhibitor BIBW2992 (1) is advantageously effective in the treatment of cancer in patients harbouring a mutation of the EGFR in the tumour, such as an activating mutation of the EGFR, especially where the activating mutation is associated with another mutation responsible for resistance or the emergence of acquired resistance to treatment with reversible EGFR inhibitors such as e.g. gefitinib and/or erlotinib or other irreversible inhibitors such as CI-1033, EKB-569, HKI-272 or HKI-357. Therefore. patients who show a reduced response or are not or no longer responding to gefitinib and/or erlotinib therapies may benefit from a BIBW 2992 treatment.
Thus, as a first aspect and in the broadest embodiment the present invention relates to a method of treating patients suffering from cancer and harbouring a mutation of the EGFR gene in the tumour, compared to the native sequence of the EGFR. The said method comprises administering an effective amount of the irreversible EGFR inhibitor BIBW2992 (1) to a person in need of such treatment, optionally in combination with the administration of a further chemotherapeutic agent (2), and/or optionally in combination with radiotherapy, radio-immunotherapy and/or tumour resection by surgery.
A second aspect of the present invention is the use of BIBW 2992 (1) for preparing a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of a patient suffering from cancer and harbouring a mutation of the EGFR gene in the tumour, compared to the native receptor, optionally in combination with a further chemotherapeutic agent (2).
In a first preferred embodiment of the present invention the mutation of the EGFR gene is an activating mutation.
In a second preferred embodiment of the present invention the mutation of the EGFR is an activating mutation associated with a resistance or acquired resistance mutation to treatment with reversible EGFR and HER2 inhibitors such as gefitinib, erlotinib, vandetanib (ZD-6474), AEE-788, PKI-166, lapatinib, cetuximab, nimotuzumab, matuzumab, panitumumab, trastuzumab and pertuzumab or other irreversible inhibitors such as CI-1033, EKB-569, HKI-272 or HKI-357.
Thus, in one embodiment, the present invention provides a method for the treatment of cancer resistant to treatment with reversible EGFR inhibitors, such as gefitinib and/or erlotinib resistant cancer. In this embodiment, progression of cancer in a subject is monitored at a time point after the subject has initiated gefitinib and/or erlotinib treatment or treatment with another reversible EGFR inhibitor. Progression of the cancer is indicative of cancer that is resistant to treatment with the reversible EGFR inhibitor.
The progression of cancer may be monitored by methods well known to those of skill in the art. For example, the progression may be monitored by way of visual inspection of the cancer, such as, by means of X-ray, CT scan or MRI. Alternatively, the progression may be monitored by way of tumor biomarker detection.
In one embodiment, the patient is monitored at various time points throughout the treatment of the cancer. For example, the progression of a cancer may be monitored by analyzing the progression of cancer at a second time point and comparing this analysis to an analysis at a first time point. The first time point may be before or after initiation of gefittinib and/or erlotinib treatment and the second time point is after the first. An increased growth of the cancer indicates progression of the cancer.
In one embodiment, the cancer is epithelial cell cancer. In one embodiment, the cancer is gastrointestinal cancer, prostate cancer, ovarian cancer, breast cancer, head and neck cancer, esophageal cancer, lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, cancer of the nervous system, kidney cancer, retina cancer, skin cancer, liver cancer, pancreatic cancer, genital-urinary cancer and bladder cancer.
In one embodiment, the size of the cancer is monitored at additional time points, and the additional time points are after the second time point.
In one embodiment, the later time point is at least 2 months after the preceding time point. In one embodiment, the later time point is at least 6 months after preceding time point. In one embodiment, the later time point is at least 10 months after preceding time point. In one embodiment, the later time point is at least one year after preceding time point.
In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating cancer, comprising administering to a subject having a mutation in EGFR, namely, a substitution of a methionine for a threonine at position 790, known as the T790M in the art, a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of BIBW 2992 (1). The T790M mutation confers resistance to gefitinib and/or erlotinib treatment.


DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The broadest embodiments of the present invention are not restricted with regard to the mutation of the EGFR, that is any difference in the sequence of the EGFR gene compared to the native sequence is to be understood as a mutation within the embodiments of the invention defined hereinbefore, e.g. the EGFR mutations selected from the group consisting of mutations listed in table 1. All EGFR mutations mentioned in table 1 are described in the state of the art.







TABLE 1







EGFR mutations












No.
Position
Amino Acid
Type
















 1
1
M1_A566del
activating



 2
30
V30_K209del
activating



 3
30
V30_R297 > G
activating



 4
297
R297 > [aa30-297]
activating



 5
545
E545-G627del
activating



 6
660
V660L
activating



 7
660
V660L
activating



 8
689
p.Val689Met
activating



 9
690
E690-end
activating



 10
700
N700D
activating



 11
709
E709K
activating



 12
709
E709Q
activating



 13
709
E709A + L858R
activating



 14
709
E709G + L858R
activating



 15
709
E709K + L858R
activating



 16
718
L718P
activating



 17
719
G719A
activating



 18
719
G719C
activating



 19
719
G719S
activating



 20
719
G719D
activating



 21
720
S720F
activating



 22
720
S720P
activating



 23
735
G735S
activating



 24
746
E746_A750 > QP
activating



 25
746
E746_A750del
activating



 26
746
E746_S752 > A
activating



 27
746
E746_S752 > V
activating



 28
746
E746_S752del
activating



 29
746
E746_T751 > A
activating



 30
746
E746_A750 > DP
activating



 31
746
E746_A750 > IP
activating



 32
746
E746_A750 > RP
activating



 33
746
E746_P753 > LS
activating



 34
746
E746_P753 > VS
activating



 35
746
E746_S752 > A
activating



 36
746
E746_S752 > D
activating



 37
746
E746_S752 > I
activating



 38
746
E746_S752 > T
activating



 39
746
E746_S752 > V
activating



 40
746
E746_T751 > A
activating



 41
746
E746_T751 > I
activating



 42
746
E746_T751 > IP
activating



 43
746
E746_T751 > V
activating



 44
746
E746_T751 > VA
activating



 45
746
E746_T751 > VP
activating



 46
746
E746_P753 > LS
activating



 47
746
E746_P753 > VS
activating



 48
746
E746_S752 > D
activating



 49
746
E746_S752 > I
activating



 50
746
E746_S752 > T
activating



 51
746
E746_T751 > I
activating



 52
746
E746_T751 > IP
activating



 53
746
E746_T751 > V
activating



 54
746
E746_T751 > VA
activating



 55
746
E746_T751 > VP
activating



 56
746
E746_T751del
activating



 57
747
L747-K754 > SR
activating



 58
747
L747_E749del
activating



 59
747
p.Leu747_Glu749del;
activating





p.Ala750Pro



 60
747
L747_P753 > S
activating



 61
747
L747_S752 > Q
activating



 62
747
L747_S752del
activating



 63
747
L747_T751 > P
activating



 64
747
L747_T751 > S
activating



 65
747
L747_T751del
activating



 66
747
L747-K754 > ST
activating



 67
747
K745_L747del
activating



 68
747
L747_A750 > P
activating



 69
747
L747_P753 > Q
activating



 70
747
L747_R748 > FP
activating



 71
747
L747_S752 > QH
activating



 72
747
L747_T751 > Q
activating



 73
750
A750P
activating



 74
752
S752_I759del
activating



 75
765
p.Val765Ala
activating



 76
766
M766_A767insAI
activating



 77
767
A767_S768insSVA
activating



 78
767
A767_S768insTLA
activating



 79
768
S768I
activating



 80
773
H773R
activating



 81
776
R776C
activating



 82
783
T783A
activating



 83
796
G796S
activating



 84
804
E804G
activating



 85
826
N826S
activating



 86
835
H835L
activating



 87
838
L838V
activating



 88
839
A839T
activating



 89
858
L858R
activating



 90
861
L861Q
activating



 91
863
G863D
activating



 92
761
D761N
resistance



 93
770
D770_N771insNPG
resistance



 94
770
D770_N771insSVD
resistance



 95
770
D770_P772 > ASVDNR
resistance



 96
790
T790M
resistance



 96-a
870
H870R
resistance



 97
884
E884K
resistance



 98
46
D46N; G63R



 99
108
R108K



100
263
T263P



101
289
A289D



102
289
A289T



103
289
A289V



104
324
R324L



105
330
E330K



106
596
P596L



107
598
G598V



108
624
C624F



109
624
C624F



110
688
L688P



111
694
P694L



112
694
P694S



113
703
L703V



114
707
L707L



115
715
I715S



116
718
L718L



117
719
G719C + S768I



118
719
G719S + S768I



119
724
G724S



120
725
T725M



121
727
Y727C



122
729
G729E



123
730
L730F



124
731
W731*



125
733
P733L



126
734
E734K



127
735
G735S



128
742
V742A



129
743
A743S



130
743
A743P



131
744
I744_K745insKIPVAI



132
745
K745_L747del



133
745
K745R



134
746
E746del



135
746
E746K



136
746
E746V



137
751
T751_I759 > S



138
751
T751I



139
752
S752_I759del



140
752
S752Y



141
753
P753P



142
753
P753S



143
754
K754R



144
755
A755A



145
761
D761_E762insEAFQ



146
764
Y764Y



147
768
S768-D770insIVD



148
768
S768I + V769L



149
768
S768I + V774M



150
769
D769_D770 > GY



151
769
V769_D770insASV



152
769
V769_D770insCV



153
769
V769_D770insGSV



154
769
V769_D770insGVV



155
769
V769L



156
769
V769M



157
769
V769_D770insASV



158
769
V769_D770insCV



159
769
V769_D770insDNV



160
769
V769_D770insGSV



161
769
V769_D770insGVV



162
769
V769-771 > VAS



163
770
D770_N771insAPW



164
770
D770_N771insG



165
770
D770_N771insN



166
770
D770_N771insSVD



167
770
D770_N771insSVQ



168
770
D770-P772 > DNV



169
770
D770_N771 > AGG



170
770
D770_N771insG



171
770
D770_N771insN



172
770
D770N



173
771
N771-H773 > APW



174
771
N771-H773insNPH



175
771
N771_P772 > SVDNR



176
771
N771 > GF



177
772
P772_H773insX



178
772
P772-H773insN



179
773
H773_V774insH



180
773
H773_V774insNPH



181
773
H773_V774insPH



182
773
H773_V774insH



183
773
H773_V774insNPH



184
773
H773_V774insPH



185
773
H773 > NPY



186
773
H773L



187
774
V774_C775insHV



188
774
V774M



189
774
V774-776 > NPH



190
779
G779F



191
783
T783I



192
784
S784F



193
787
Q787R



194
792
L792P



195
798
L798F



196
803
R803L



197
810
G810S



198
810
G810S



199
819
V819V



200
833
L833V



201
834
V834L



202
841
R841K



203
846
K846R



204
847
T847I



205
850
H850N



206
851
V851A



207
851
V851I



208
853
I853T



209
856
F856L



210
864
A864T



211
866
E866K



212
872
E872*



213
873
G873E



214
897
V897I



215
983
G983_end



216
1036
L1036_end



217
1038
L1038 > [aa688-1038]



218
1048
A1048V



219
1054
G1054 > [aa688-1054]



220
1070
S1070A



221
1071
S1071A










In the table above mutations have been described as single events. It should be noted that in terms of frequency 90% of the sensitizing mutations are covered by exon 19 deletions (e.g positions 746 and 747, 61%) and exon 21 point mutations (L858R, 24%; L861Q, 4%). It should also be noted that complex mutation combination patterns are often observed (e.g. G719S+S768I). In acquired resistance where the resistance mutation (e.g. T790M) is acquired in an activating background, a complex combination pattern is a common rule.
In the first preferred embodiment of the present invention the mutation of the EGFR is an activating mutation, e.g selected from the group consisting of mutations identified in table 1 under No. 1 to 91, or, even more preferred, identified in table 1 under No. 1 to 29, 57 to 65, 73, 75, 76, 77, 79 and 80-91.
In the second preferred embodiment of the present invention the mutation of the EGFR is an activating mutation associated with a resistance or acquired resistance mutation to treatment with reversible EGFR and HER2 inhibitors such as gefitinib, erlotinib, vandetanib (ZD-6474), AEE-788, PKI-166, lapatinib, cetuximab, nimotuzumab, matuzumab, panitumumab, trastuzumab and pertuzumab or other irreversible inhibitors such as CI-1033, EKB-569, HKI-272 or HKI-357, e.g selected from the group consisting of mutations identified in table 1 under No. 92 to 97, or, even more preferred, identified in table 1 under No. 92, 93, 96, 96-a and 97.
According to a third subgroup of preferred embodiments of the present invention the mutation of the EGFR is predictive for Gefitinib and/or Erlotinib sensitivity and includes deletion of residues 747 (lysine) to 749 (glutamic acid) combined with a mutation in 750 (alanine), deletion of residues 747 (lysine) to 750 (alanine), substitution of arginine for leucine at residue 858, or substitution of glutamine for leucine at residue 861.
In a fourth preferred embodiment of the present invention the mutation of the EGFR is selected from the group consisting of T790M, E746_A750del, E746_S752>V, L747_P753>S, L858R, L747_A750>P, S752_I759del.
Examples of carcinomas showing resistance or acquired resistance to treatment with reversible EGFR and HER2 inhibitors such as gefitinib or erlotinib or to other irreversible inhibitors such as CI-1033, EKB-569, HKI-272 or HKI-357 within the scope of the invention include but are not limited to adenocarcinoma (AC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and mixed or undifferentiated carcinomas. Carcinomas within the scope of the invention include but are not limited to the following histologies:

    
    
        Head and neck tumours: SCC, AC, transitional cell cancers, mucoepidermoid cancers, undifferentiated carcinomas;
        Central nervous system tumours: Astrocytoma, glioblastoma, meningeoma, neurinoma, schwannoma, ependymoma, hypophysoma, oligodendroglioma, medulloblastoma;
        Bronchial and mediastinal tumours:
        
            Bronchial tumours:
            
                Small cell lung cancers (SCLC): oat-cell lung cancer, intermediate cell cancer, combined oat-cell lung cancer;
                Non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC): SCC, spindle cell carcinoma, AC, bronchioalveolar carcinoma, large cell NSCLC, clear cell NSCLC;
            
            
            Mesothelioma;
            Thymoma;
            Thyroid carcinomas: papillary, follicular, anaplastic, medullary;
        
        
        Tumours of the gastrointestinal tract:
        
            Oesophageal cancers: SCC, AC, anaplastic, carcinoid, sarcoma;
            Gastric cancers: AC, adenosquamous, anaplastic;
            Colorectal cancers: AC, including hereditary forms of AC, carcinoid, sarcoma;
            Anal cancers: SCC, transitional epithelial cancer, AC, basal cell carcinoma;
            Pancreatic cancers: AC, including ductal and acinary cancers, papillary, adenosquamous, undifferentiated, tumours of the endocrine pancreas;
            Hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, angiosarcoma, hepatoblastoma;
            Biliary carcinomas: AC, SCC, small cell, undifferentiated;
            Gastrointestinal stroma tumours (GIST);
        
        
        Gynaecological cancers:
        
            Breast cancers: AC, including invasive ductal, lobular and medullary cancers, tubular, mucinous cancers, Paget-carcinoma, inflammatory carcinoma, ductal and lobular carcinoma in situ;
            Ovarian cancers: Epithelial tumours, stroma tumours, germ cell tumours, undifferentiated tumours;
            Cervical cancers: SCC, AC, mixed and undifferentiated tumours;
            Endometrial cancers: AC, SCC, mixed, undifferentiated tumours;
            Vulvar cancers: SCC, AC;
            Vaginal cancers: SCC, AC;
        
        
        Urinary tract and testicular cancers:
        
            Testicular cancers: seminoma;
            Non-seminomatous germ cell tumours: teratoma, embryonal cell carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, yolk sac tumour, mixed, Sertoli and Leydig-cell tumours;
            Extragonadal germ cell tumours;
            Prostate cancers: AC, small cell, SCC;
            Renal cell cancers: AC, including clear cell, papillary and chromophobous carcinomas, hereditary forms (e.g. von-Hippel-Lindau syndrome), nephroblastoma;
            Urinary bladder cancers: transitional cell (urothelial) cancers, SCC, AC;
            Urethral cancers: SCC, transitional cell cancers, AC;
            Penile cancers: SCC;
        
        
        Tumours of endocrine tissue:
        
            Thyroid cancers: papillary, follicular, anaplastic, medullary carcinomas, including MEN syndrome;
            Tumours of the endocrine pancreas;
            Carcinoids;
            Pheochromocytoma.

Preferably, the resistant cancer indication is selected from the group consisting of

        
        
        Head and neck tumours: SCC, AC, transitional cell cancers, mucoepidermoid cancers, undifferentiated carcinomas;
        Colorectal cancers, metastatic or non-metastatic: AC, including hereditary forms of AC, carcinoid, sarcoma;
        Pancreatic cancers: AC, including ductal and acinary cancers, papillary, adenosquamous, undifferentiated, tumours of the endocrine pancreas;
        Breast cancers, metastatic or non-metastatic: AC, including invasive ductal, lobular and medullary cancers, tubular, mucinous cancers, Paget-carcinoma, inflammatory carcinoma, ductal and lobular carcinoma in situ;
        Prostate cancers: AC, small cell, SCC;
        Non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC): SCC, spindle cell carcinoma, AC, bronchioalveolar carcinoma, large cell NSCLC, clear cell NSCLC.
    
    


Within the meaning of the present invention, the following classes of chemotherapeutic agents (2) are especially of interest, although not representing a limitation:

    
    
        Synthetic small molecule VEGF receptor antagonists
        Small molecule growth factor (GF) receptor antagonists
        Inhibitors of the EGF receptor and/or HER2 receptors and/or VEGF receptor and/or integrin receptors or any other protein tyrosine kinase receptors, which are not classified under the synthetic small-molecules
        Small molecule Polo-like kinase-1 (PLK-1) inhibitors
        Small molecule inhibitors of the Ras/Raf/MAPK or PI3K/AKT pathways or any other serine/threonine kinases.
        Inhibitors of the Ras/Raf/MAPK or PI3K/AKT pathways or any other serine/threonine kinases, which are not classified under the synthetic small-molecules
        Inhibitors directed to EGF receptor and/or VEGF receptor and/or integrin receptors or any other protein tyrosine kinase receptors, which are synthetically manufactured antibodies, antibody fragments or fusion proteins
        Inhibitors directed to circulating VEGF, which are synthetically manufactured antibodies, antibody fragments or fusion proteins
        Inhibitors directed to the IGF1 receptor and/or IGF1 or IGF2 growth factor, which are synthetically manufactured chemical entities or antibodies, antibody fragments or fusion proteins
        Compounds which interact with nucleic acids and which are classified as alkylating agents or platinum compounds
        Compounds which interact with nucleic acids and which are classified as anthracyclines, as DNA intercalators or as DNA cross-linking agents
        Anti-metabolites
        Naturally occurring, semi-synthetic or synthetic bleomycin type antibiotics (BLM-group antibiotics)
        Inhibitors of DNA transcribing enzymes, especially topoisomerase I or topoisomerase II inhibitors
        Chromatin modifying agents
        Mitosis inhibitors, anti-mitotic agents, or cell-cycle inhibitors
        Compounds interacting with or binding tubulin
        Compounds inhibiting mitotic kinesins or other motor proteins including but not limited to Eg5, CENP-E, MCAK, Kid, MKLP-1
        Proteasome inhibitors
        Heat shock protein inhibitors
        Compounds targeting the anti-apoptotic function of Bcl-2, Bcl-x1 and like molecules
        Enzymes Hormones, hormone antagonists or hormone inhibitors, or inhibitors of steroid biosynthesis
        Steroids
        Cytokines, hypoxia-selective cytotoxins, inhibitors of cytokines, lymphokines, antibodies directed against cytokines or oral and parenteral tolerance induction strategies
        Supportive agents
        Antiinflammatory compounds such as but not limited to COX-2 inhibitors
        Chemical radiation sensitizers and protectors
        Photochemically activated drugs
        Synthetic poly- or oligonucleotides
        Other chemotherapeutic or naturally occurring, semi-synthetic or synthetic therapeutic agents, such as cytotoxic antibiotics, antibodies targeting surface molecules of cancer cells, antibodies targeting growth factors or their receptors, inhibitors of metalloproteinases, inhibitors of oncogenes, inhibitors of gene transcription or of RNA translation or protein expression, or complexes of rare earth elements.
    
    


In another preferred embodiment of the invention the chemotherapeutic agent (2) is selected from the group consisting of a small molecule VEGF receptor antagonist such as vatalanib (PTK-787/ZK222584), SU-5416, SU-6668, SU-11248, SU-14813, AZD-6474, AZD-2171, CP-547632, CEP-7055, AG-013736, IM-842 or GW-786034, a dual EGFR/HER2 antagonist such as gefitinib, erlotinib, HKI-272, CI-1033 or GW-2016, an EGFR antagonist such as iressa (ZD-1839), tarceva (OSI-774), PKI-166, EKB-569 or herceptin, an antagonist of the mitogen-activated protein kinase such as BAY-43-9006 or BAY-57-9006, a protein kinase receptor antagonist which is not classified under the synthetic small molecules such as atrasentan, rituximab, cetuximab, AvastinTM (bevacizumab), bivatuzumab mertansine, IMC-1C11, erbitux (C-225), DC-101, EMD-72000, vitaxin, imatinib, a protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor which is a fusion protein such as VEGFtrap, an alkylating agent or a platinum compound such as melphalan, cyclophosphamide, an oxazaphosphorine, cisplatin, carboplatin, oxaliplatin, satraplatin, tetraplatin, iproplatin, mitomycin, streptozocin, carmustine (BCNU), lomustine (CCNU), busulfan, ifosfamide, streptozocin, thiotepa, chlorambucil, a nitrogen mustard such as mechlorethamine, an ethyleneimine compound, an alkylsulphonate, daunorubicin, doxorubicin (adriamycin), liposomal doxorubicin (doxil), epirubicin, idarubicin, mitoxantrone, amsacrine, dactinomycin, distamycin or a derivative thereof, netropsin, pibenzimol, mitomycin, CC-1065, a duocarmycin, mithramycin, chromomycin, olivomycin, a phtalanilide such as propamidine or stilbamidine, an anthramycin, an aziridine, a nitrosourea or a derivative thereof, a pyrimidine or purine analogue or antagonist or an inhibitor of the nucleoside diphosphate reductase such as cytarabine, 5-fluorouracile (5-FU), pemetrexed, tegafur/uracil, uracil mustard, fludarabine, gemcitabine, capecitabine, mercaptopurine, cladribine, thioguanine, methotrexate, pentostatin, hydroxyurea, or folic acid, a phleomycin, a bleomycin or a derivative or salt thereof, CHPP, BZPP, MTPP, BAPP, liblomycin, an acridine or a derivative thereof, a rifamycin, an actinomycin, adramycin, a camptothecin such as irinotecan (camptosar) or topotecan, an amsacrine or analogue thereof, a tricyclic carboxamide, an histonedeacetylase inhibitor such as SAHA, MD-275, trichostatin A, CBHA, LAQ824, or valproic acid, an anti-cancer drug from plants such as paclitaxel (taxol), docetaxel or taxotere, a vinca alkaloid such as navelbine, vinblastin, vincristin, vindesine or vinorelbine, a tropolone alkaloid such as colchicine or a derivative thereof, a macrolide such as maytansine, an ansamitocin or rhizoxin, an antimitotic peptide such as phomopsin or dolastatin, an epipodophyllotoxin or a derivative of podophyllotoxin such as etoposide or teniposide, a steganacin, an antimitotic carbamate derivative such as combretastatin or amphetinile, procarbazine, a proteasome inhibitor such as bortezomib, an enzyme such as asparaginase, pegylated asparaginase (pegaspargase) or a thymidine-phosphorylase inhibitor, a gestagen or an estrogen such as estramustine (T-66) or megestrol, an anti-androgen such as flutamide, casodex, anandron or cyproterone acetate, an aromatase inhibitor such as aminogluthetimide, anastrozole, formestan or letrozole, a GNrH analogue such as leuprorelin, buserelin, goserelin or triptorelin, an anti-estrogen such as tamoxifen or its citrate salt, droloxifene, trioxifene, raloxifene or zindoxifene, a derivative of 17β-estradiol such as ICI 164,384 or ICI 182,780, aminoglutethimide, formestane, fadrozole, finasteride, ketoconazole, a LH-RH antagonist such as leuprolide, a steroid such as prednisone, prednisolone, methylprednisolone, dexamethasone, budenoside, fluocortolone or triamcinolone, an interferon such as interferon β, an interleukin such as IL-10 or IL-12, an anti-TNFα antibody such as etanercept, TNF-α (tasonermin), an immunomodulatory drug such as thalidomide, its R- and S-enantiomers and its derivatives, or revimid (CC-5013), a leukotrien antagonist, mitomycin C, an aziridoquinone such as BMY-42355, AZQ or EO-9, a 2-nitroimidazole such as misonidazole, NLP-1 or NLA-1, a nitroacridine, a nitroquinoline, a nitropyrazoloacridine, a “dual-function” nitro aromatic such as RSU-1069 or RB-6145, CB-1954, a N-oxide of nitrogen mustard such as nitromin, a metal complex of a nitrogen mustard, an anti-CD3 or anti-CD25 antibody, a tolerance induction agent, a biphosphonate or derivative thereof such as minodronic acid or its derivatives (YM-529, Ono-5920, YH-529), zoledronic acid monohydrate, ibandronate sodium hydrate or clodronate disodium, a nitroimidazole such as metronidazole, misonidazole, benznidazole or nimorazole, a nitroaryl compound such as RSU-1069, a nitroxyl or N-oxide such as SR-4233, an halogenated pyrimidine analogue such as bromodeoxyuridine, iododeoxyuridine, a thiophosphate such as WR-2721, a photo-chemically activated drug such as porfimer, photofrin, a benzoporphyrin derivative, a pheophorbide derivative, merocyanin 540 (MC-540) or tin etioporpurin, an ant-template or an anti-sense RNA or DNA such as oblimersen, a non-steroidal inflammatory drug such as acetylsalicyclic acid, mesalazin, ibuprofen, naproxen, flurbiprofen, fenoprofen, fenbufen, ketoprofen, indoprofen, pirprofen, carprofen, oxaprozin, pranoprofen, miroprofen, tioxaprofen, suprofen, alminoprofen, tiaprofenic acid, fluprofen, indomethacin, sulindac, tolmetin, zomepirac, nabumetone, diclofenac, fenclofenac, alclofenac, bromfenac, ibufenac, aceclofenac, acemetacin, fentiazac, clidanac, etodolac, oxpinac, mefenamic acid, meclofenamic acid, flufenamic acid, nifluminic acid, tolfenamic acid, diflunisal, flufenisal, piroxicam, tenoxicam, lornoxicam, nimesulide, meloxicam, celecoxib, rofecoxib, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a non-steroidal inflammatory drug, a cytotoxic antibiotic, an antibody targeting the surface molecules of cancer cells such as apolizumab or 1D09C3, an inhibitor of metalloproteinases such as TIMP-1 or TIMP-2, Zinc, an inhibitor of oncogenes such as P53 and Rb, a complex of rare earth elements such as the heterocyclic complexes of lanthanides, a photo-chemotherapeutic agent such as PUVA, an inhibitor of the transcription factor complex ESX/DRIP130/Sur-2, an inhibitor of HER-2 expression, such as the heat shock protein HSP90 modulator geldanamycin and its derivative 17-allylaminogeldanamycin or 17-AAG, or a therapeutic agent selected from IM-842, tetrathiomolybdate, squalamine, combrestatin A4, TNP-470, marimastat, neovastat, bicalutamide, abarelix, oregovomab, mitumomab, TLK-286, alemtuzumab, ibritumomab, temozolomide, denileukin diftitox, aldesleukin, dacarbazine, floxuridine, plicamycin, mitotane, pipobroman, plicamycin, tamoxifen and testolactone.
For instance, cancers may initially be diagnosed as gefitinib/erlotinib sensitive or predicted to be gefitinib/erlotinib sensitive by means ofthe methods described in Lynch et al., 2004; 350:2129-2139. Gefitinib/erlotinib sensitivity may be predicted by the presence in the tumor of EGFR mutations including, for example, deletion of residues 747 (lysine) to 749 (glutamic acid) combined with a mutation in 750 (alanine), deletion of residues 747 (lysine) to 750 (alanine), substitution of arginine for leucine at residue 858, of substitution of glutamine for leucine at residue 861.
Cancers may be diagnosed as resistant to treatment with reversible EGFR and HER2 inhibitors such as gefitinib or erlotinib or to treatment with other irreversible inhibitors such as CI-1033, EKB-569, HKI-272 or HKI-357 after treatment with the respective actives has commenced. Alternatively, cancers may be diagnosed as resistant to the actives mentioned hereinbefore prior to initiation of treatment with such compounds. For instance, Gefitinib and/or erlotinib resistance in the tumor may occur after, e.g., 6 months or longer of gefitinib and/or erlotinib treatment. Alternatively, gefitinib and/or erlotinib resistance ofthe tumor may be diagnosed less than 6 months after gefitinib and/or erlotinib treatment has commenced. Diagnosis of gefitinib and/or erlotinib resistance may be accomplished by way of monitoring tumor progression during gefitinib and/or erlotinib treatment. Tumor progression may be determined by comparison of tumor status between time points after treatment has commenced or by comparison of tumor status between a time point after treatment has commenced to a time point prior to initiation of gefitinib and/or erlotinib treatment. Tumor progression may be monitored during gefitinib and/or erlotinib treatment visually, for example, by means of radiography, for example, X-ray, CT scan, or other monitoring methods known to the skilled artisan, including palpitation of the cancer or methods to monitor tumor biomarker levels. Progression of the cancer during treatment with gefitinib and/or erlotinib indicates gefitinib and/or erlotinib resistance. A rise in level of tumor biomarkers indicates tumor progression. Thus, a rise in tumor biomarker levels during treatment with gefitinib and/or erlotinib indicates gefitinib and/or erlotinib resistance. Detection of new tumors or detection of metastasis indicates tumor progression. Cessation of tumor shrinkage indicates tumor progression. Growth of the cancer is indicated by, for example, increase in tumor size, metastasis or detection of new cancer, and/or a rise in tumor biomarker levels. The same applies analogously in the case of resistance to other actives mentioned hereinbefore.
The development of resistance to the actives mentioned hereinbefore may be monitored by means of testing for presence of a mutation associated with resistance to the respective active in circulating tumor cells obtained from the circulation, or other bodily fluid, of the subject. For instance, presence of gefitinib and/or erlotinib resistance associated mutations in tumor cells from the subject is indicative of a gefitinib and/or erlotinib resistant tumor.
In one embodiment, the subject's tumor harbors mutations indicative of gefitinib and/or erlotinib sensitivity, yet it is resistant to gefitinib and/or erlotinib treatment. In one embodiment, the subject's tumor harbors mutations indicative gefitinib and/or erlotinib sensitivity and harbors mutations indicative of gefitinib and/or erlotinib resistance, e.g., the T790M mutation, that is, where a methione residue is substituted for the native threonine residue, in EGFR, e.g. increased EGFR internalization. In one embodiment, the subject's tumor does not harbor mutations indicative of gefitinib and/or erlotinib sensitivity and does harbor mutations indicative of gefitinib and/or erlotinib resistance, e.g., the T790M mutation in EGFR, e.g., increased EGFR internalization.
In connection with the administration of the drug, an “effective amount” indicates an amount that results in a beneficial effect for at least a statistically significant fraction of patients, such as a improvement of symptoms, a cure, a reduction in disease load, reduction in tumor mass or cell numbers, extension of life, improvement in quality of life, or other effect generally recognized as positive by medical doctors familiar with treating the particular type of disease or condition.
Method of Treatment:
The method of treatment according to the invention comprises administration of therapeutically effective amount of BIBW 2992 (1) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, preferably the dimaleate salt, optionally in combination with the administration of a further chemotherapeutic agent (2), to a patient in need thereof, [s.u.] optionally in combination with radiotherapy, radio-immunotherapy and/or tumour resection by surgery.
The term “therapeutically effective amount” shall mean that amount of a drug or pharmaceutical agent that will elicit the biological or medical response of a tissue, system, animal or human that is being sought by a researcher or clinician, resulting in a beneficial effect for at least a statistically significant fraction of patients, such as a improvement of symptoms, a cure, a reduction in disease load, reduction in tumor mass or cell numbers, extension of life, improvement in quality of life.
In accordance with the present invention BIBW 2992 (1) and the optional chemotherapeutic (2) may be administered by oral (including buccal or sublingual), enterical, parenteral (e.g., intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intravenous, transdermal or subcutaneous injection, or implant), nasal, vaginal, rectal, or topical (e.g. inhalative) routes of administration and may be formulated, alone or together, in suitable dosage unit formulations containing conventional non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants and vehicles appropriate for each route of administration.
In a preferred embodiment BIBW 2992 (1) is administered orally, enterically, transdermally, intravenously, peritoneally or by injection, preferably orally.
Dosages/BIBW 2992:
In one embodiment the invention relates to the method of treatment described above, characterised in that BIBW 2992 (1), or its polymorph, metabolite, hydrate, solvate, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is administered intermittent or in a daily dosage such that the plasma level of the active substance preferably lies between 10 and 5000 nM for at least 12 hours of the dosing interval.
BIBW 2992 (1) may be administered to the human patient in a daily dose of 0.01-4 mg/kg of body weight (bw), preferably 0.1-2 mg/kg, particularly preferred in a dose of 0.2-1.3 mg/kg bw. For oral treatment the compounds of formula (I) may be administered daily in a total dose of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 100, 200, or 300 mg, optionally divided into multiple doses, e.g. 1 to 3 doses to be administered through the day. Preferably the oral daily dose is administered only once a time. Especially for higher doses periods of treatment should alternate with periods of recovery, without administering the active of formula (I). For instance, treatment could follow a “7 day on—7 day off”, a “14 day on—14 day off”, a “21 day on 7 day off” or a continuous dosing schedule. “On-off” time periods can be chosen shorter, especially if higher doses are administered, or individually adapted to the needs of the patient.
The dosage for intravenous use of BIBW2992MA2 may be 1-1000 mg, preferably 5-300 mg, particularly preferred 10-100 mg (dosages refer to the base form BIBW2992 (1)), either given as a bolus or, especially if higher doses are applied, as a slow intravenous infusion over several hours, e.g. over about 1, 2, 4, 6, 10, 12 or 24 hours.
However, it may optionally be necessary to deviate from the amounts specified, depending on the body weight or method of administration, the individual response to the medication, the nature of the formulation used and the time or interval over which it is administered. Thus, in some cases, it may be sufficient to use less than the minimum quantity specified above, while in other cases the upper limit specified will have to be exceeded. When large amounts are administered it may be advisable to spread them over the day in a number of single doses.
Dosages/Chemotherapeutic Agents (2):
Dosages and treatment schedules for the individual chemotherapeutic agents (2) are known in the art and may be applied analogously within the invention. Depending on the individual activity of the specific combination dosage of the chemotherapeutic agents (2) may be reduced, e.g. may vary in the range of 1/1 to 1/20 of the dosages described in the prior art.
For patients with metastatic breast cancer the combination with docetaxel may be given at a dose between 55 mg/m2 and 100 mg/m2 and most specifically at a dose of 60 to 75 mg/m2 in administration schedule of once every 21 days. In a weekly administration schedule the dose of docetaxel may be lowered.
A similar dose range of docetaxel will be used in the treatment of hormone-refractory prostate cancer. In this case docetaxel is administered together with daily prednisone and/or with the administration of estramustine. The dose of estramustine is 14 mg per kg of body weight given in 3 or 4 divided doses daily. Most patients are treated at a dose range between 10 and 16 mg/kg body weight.
Docetaxel is also used in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer at similar doses and schedules.
In patients with metastatic breast cancer, the administration of paclitaxel is at a dose of up to 175 mg/m2 over 3 hours every 3 weeks. In a weekly administration schedule paclitaxel dose may be lower. In an adjuvant setting, paclitaxel will be administered at doses up to 175 mg/m2 over 3 hours every 3 weeks sequentially to a combination with a doxorubicin-containing chemotherapy (four courses of doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide were used).
For patients with non-small cell lung cancer the recommended dose of paclitaxel is 135 mg/m2 IV over 24 hours every 3 weeks. The administration of paclitaxel is followed by cisplatin at 75 mg/m2. Another option is the combination of paclitaxel with carboplatin.
In patients with ovarian carcinoma, paclitaxel is used at a dose of 175 mg/m2 IV over 3 hours followed by cisplatin at 75 mg/m2 or at a dose of 135 mg/m2 over 24 hours followed by cisplatin at a dose of 75 mg/m2. Paclitaxel can also be combined with carboplatin. This cycle will be repeated every 3 weeks. Another treatment schedule in the more advanced disease setting is the administration of paclitaxel at either 135 or 175 mg/m2 IV over 3 hours every 3 weeks.
Carboplatin is administered as a single agent in recurrent ovarian carcinoma at a dose of 360 mg/m2 IV on day 1 every 4 weeks. In advanced ovarian carcinoma it is used at a dose of 300 mg/m2 on day 1 every 4 weeks for six cycles together with cyclophosphomide 600 mg/m2 on day 1 every four weeks for 6 cycles. Carboplatin is also used in combination with paclitaxel for the treatment of advanced ovarian cancer and advanced non-small cell lung cancer.
In patients with breast cancer and colorectal cancer, the administration of capecitabine is used at a dose of up to 1250 mg/m2 twice daily for 2 weeks followed by a 1-week rest before repating this 3-week regimen. Such a dose will also be used in the adjuvant treatment of colorectal cancer for a total of eight 3-week cycles. When combining with drugs like docetaxel dose reductions according to actually experienced side effects may become necessary.
In patients with metastatic breast cancer, gemcitabine at a dose of 1250 mg/m2 over 30 minutes on days 1 and 8 of each 21-day treatment cycle will be used in combination with paclitaxel. Paclitaxel should be administered at 175 mg/m2 as a 3-hour infusion before the administration of gemcitabine on day 1.
Gemcitabine is also used for the treatment of pancreatic cancer at a dose of up to 1000 mg/m2 over 30 minutes once weekly for up to 7 weeks (or until toxicity necessitates reducing or holding the dose) followed by a week of rest. Subsequent cycles will be administration for 3 consecutive weeks every 4 weeks.
In non-small cell lung cancer, gemcitabine is used in two schedules. In the first schedule, gemcitabine is administered at 1000 mg/m2 over 30 minutes on days 1, 8, and 15 every 4 weeks. Cisplatin is administerd at 100 mg/m2 IV on day 1 after the infusion of gemcitabine. In another schedule gemcitabine is administered at 1250 mg/m2 IV over 30 minutes on days 1 and 8 every 3 weeks. Cisplatin should be administered at 100 mg/m2 IV on day 1.
Trastuzumab is used either single agent or in combination with paclitaxel for the treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer. Trastuzumab is recommended at an initial loading dose of of 4 mg/kg as a 90-minute infusion. The weekly recommended maintenance dose is 2 mg/kg as a 30 minute infusion. Additional dose schedules are under consideration.
In combination with a dosing schedule (FOLFOX4) for the treatment of colorectal cancer, oxaliplatin may be administerd on day 1 in a dose of up to 85 mg/m2 (in infusions of up to 2 hours or more). Leucovorin in this schedule may be up to 200 mg/m2 (in infusions of up to 2 hours or more) while fluorouracil may used in doses up to 400 mg/m2 (bolus) followed by infusion of 600 mg/m2 over 22 hours. On day 2, the administration will be leucovorin may be up to 200 mg/m2 (in infusions of up to 2 hours or more) while fluorouracil may used in doses up to 400 mg/m2 (bolus) followed by infusion of 600 mg/m2 over 22 hours. Such an regimen may be repeated every 2 weeks. Other treatment schedules based on variations of administration lengths of oxaliplatin, leucovorin and fluorouracil may also apply.
Also in the treatment of colorectal cancer other schedules may be used. These include irinotecan 125 mg/m2 as a 90 minute infusion, leucovorin as a 20 mg/m2 (15 minute bolus or IV push) followed by fluorouracil 500 mg/m2 (bolus every week×4). This schedule will be repeated every 6 weeks. Another treatment schedule is the administration of irinotecan 180 mg/m2 as a 90 minute infusion (day 1, 15, 29), leucovorin at 200 mg/m2 over 2 hours (days 1, 2, 15, 16, 29, 30), and fluorouracil as 400 mg/m2 bolus followed by an infusion of 600 mg/m2 over 22 hours (both on days 1, 2, 15, 16, 29, 30). This schedule will be repeated on day 43. Other treatment schedules based on variations of administration lengths of irinotecan, leucovorin and fluorouracil may also apply.
Irinotecan may also applied for colorectal cancer in a dosing schedule of 125 mg/m2 over 90 minutes on days 1, 8, 15, 22 followed by 2 week rest before repeating the schedule. Another option would be dosing of irinotecan at 350 mg/m2 over 90 minutes every 3 weeks.
Another treatment schedule for colorectal cancer may be administered by combination with leucovorin at 200 mg/m2 (2-hour infusion) followed by fluorouracil 400 mg/m2 (bolus) and 600 mg/m2 (22 hour infusion) at day 1. On day 2 this schedule is repeated. Such a schedule is repeated every 2 weeks. Other treatment schedules based on variations of administration lengths of leucovorin and fluorouracil may also apply.
However, it may optionally be necessary to deviate from the amounts specified, depending on the body weight or method of administration, the individual response to the medication, the nature of the formulation used and the time or interval over which it is administered. Thus, in some cases, it may be sufficient to use less than the minimum quantity specified above, while in other cases the upper limit specified will have to be exceeded. When large amounts are administered it may be advisable to spread them over the day in a number of single doses.
Dosages/Radiotherapy or Radio-Immunotherapy:
Dosages and treatment schedules for radiotherapy and radio-immunotherapy are known in the art and may be applied analogously within the invention. Depending on the individual activity of the specific combination with BIBW 2992 (1) and, optionally, chemotherapeutic agent (2), dosage of the radiotherapy and radio-immunotherapy component may be reduced, e.g. may vary in the range of 1/1 to 1/20 of the dosages described in the prior art.
Pharmaceutical Compositions:
As used herein, the term “composition” is intended to encompass a product comprising the specified ingredients in the specified amounts, as well as any product which results, directly or indirectly, from a combination of the specified ingredients in the specified amounts. The amount of pharmaceutically active compound in each case should be in the range from 0.1-90 wt. %, preferably 0.5-50 wt. % of the total composition, i.e. in amounts which are sufficient to achieve the dosage ranges given hereinbefore. The doses specified may, if necessary, be given several times a day.
As already mentioned before, within the meaning of the present invention, the components BIBW 2992 (1) and optional component (2) may be administered separately (which implies that they are formulated separately) or together (which implies that they are formulated together). Hence, the administration of one element of the combination of the present invention may be prior to, concurrent to, or subsequent to the administration of the other element of the combination.
The pharmaceutical compositions for the administration of the components BIBW 2992 (1) and (2) of this invention may conveniently be presented in dosage unit form and may be prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy. All methods include the step of bringing the active ingredient into association with the carrier which is constituted of one or more accessory ingredients. In general, the pharmaceutical compositions are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing the active ingredients into association with a liquid carrier or a finely divided solid carrier or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product into the desired dosage form. In the pharmaceutical compositions the active compounds are included in an amount sufficient to produce the desired pharmacologic effect.
Suitable excipients may be, for example, water, pharmaceutically acceptable organic solvents, such as paraffins (e.g. petroleum fractions), oils of vegetable origin (e.g. groundnut or sesame oil), mono- or polyfunctional alcohols (e.g. ethanol or glycerol), carriers such as e.g. natural mineral powders (e.g. kaolin, clays, talc, chalk), synthetic mineral powders (e.g. highly dispersed silica and silicates), sugar (e.g. glucose, lactose and dextrose), emulsifiers (e.g. lignin, spent sulphite liquors, methylcellulose, starch and polyvinylpyrrolidone) and lubricants (e.g. magnesium stearate, talc, stearic acid and sodium lauryl sulphate).
The preparations are administered in the usual way, preferably by oral or transdermal route, particularly preferably by oral route. When administered orally the tablets may, of course, contain additives, such as e.g. sodium citrate, calcium carbonate and dicalcium phosphate together with various additives, such as starch, preferably potato starch, gelatine and the like, in addition to the abovementioned carriers. Lubricants such as magnesium stearate, sodium laurylsulphate and talc may also be used to form tablets. In the case of aqueous suspensions the active substances may be combined with various flavour enhancers or colourings in addition to the abovementioned excipients.
For parenteral use, solutions of the active substances may be prepared using suitable liquid carrier materials.
The pharmaceutical compositions containing the active ingredients BIBW 2992 (1) and (2), separately or together, that are suitable for oral administration may be in the form of discrete units such as hard or soft capsules, tablets, troches or lozenges, each containing a predetermined amount of the active ingredients, or in the form of a dispersible powder or granules, or in the form of a solution or a suspension in an aqueous liquid or non-aqueous liquid, or in the form of syrups or elixirs, or in the form of an oil-in-water emulsion or a water-in-oil emulsion.
Dosage forms intended for oral use may be prepared according to any method known to the art for the manufacture of pharmaceutical formulations and such compositions. The excipients used may be, for example: (a) inert diluents such as mannitol, sorbitol, calcium carbonate, pregelatinized starch, lactose, calcium phosphate or sodium phosphate; (b) granulating and disintegrating agents, such as povidone, copovidone, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, corn starch, alginic acid, crospovidone, sodiumstarchglycolate, croscarmellose, or polacrilin potassium; (c) binding agents such as microcrystalline cellulose or acacia; and (d) lubricating agents such as magnesium stearate, stearic acid, fumaric acid or talc.
Coated tablets may be prepared accordingly by coating cores produced analogously to the tablets with substances normally used for tablet coatings, for example collidone or shellac, gum arabic, talc, titanium dioxide or sugar. To achieve delayed release or prevent incompatibilities the core may also consist of a number of layers. Similarly the tablet coating may consist of a number of layers to achieve delayed release, possibly using the excipients mentioned above for the tablets.
Capsules containing one or more active substances or combinations of active substances may for example be prepared by mixing the active substances with inert carriers such as lactose or sorbitol and packing them into gelatine capsules. In some cases, formulations for oral use may be in the form of hard gelatin or HPMC (hydroxypropylmethylcellulose) capsules wherein the active ingredients BIBW 2992 (1) or (2), separately or together, is mixed with an inert solid diluent, for example pregelatinized starch, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate or kaolin, or dispensed via a pellet formulation. They may also be in the form of soft gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with water or an oil medium, for example peanut oil, liquid paraffin, medium chain triglycerides or olive oil.
The tablets, capsules or pellets may be uncoated or they may be coated by known techniques to delay disintegration and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract and thereby provide a delayed action or sustained action over a longer period. For example, a time delay material such as celluloseacetate phtalate or hydroxypropylcellulose acetate succinate or sustained release material such as ethylcellulose or ammoniomethacrylate copolymer (type B) may be employed.
Liquid dosage forms for oral administration in accordance with the present invention include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups, and elixirs containing inert diluents commonly used in the art, such as water. Besides such inert diluents, compositions can also include adjuvants, such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, and sweetening, flavoring, perfuming and preserving agents.
Syrups or elixirs containing the active substances or combinations thereof according to the invention may additionally contain a sweetener such as saccharin, cyclamate, glycerol or sugar and a flavour enhancer, e.g. a flavouring such as vanillin or orange extract. They may also contain suspension adjuvants or thickeners such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, wetting agents such as, for example, condensation products of fatty alcohols with ethylene oxide, or preservatives such as p-hydroxybenzoates.
Definitions:
The terms “ErbB 1”, “epidermal growth factor receptor” and “EGFR” are used interchangeably herein and refer to native sequence EGFR as disclosed, for example, in Carpenter et al. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 56:881-914 (1987), including variants thereof (e.g. a deletion mutant EGFR as in Humphrey et al. PNAS (USA) 87:4207-4211 (1990)). erbB1 refers to the gene encoding the EGFR protein product. As used herein, the EGFR protein is disclosed as GenBank accession no. NP—005219 which is encoded by the erbB1 gene, GenBank accession no. NM—005228. The sequences are disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 1, and SEQ ID NO: 2, respectively, in FIG. 5 of WO 2006/084058.
The term “activating mutation of the EGFR” as used herein refers to a variance (i.e. mutation) in the nucleotide sequence of erbB1, the gene gene encoding the EGFR, that results in an increased kinase activity. The increased kinase activity is a direct result of the variance in the nucleic acid and is associated with the protein for which the gene encodes.
The following Examples serve to illustrate the invention without restricting it:
Example 1
Coated Tablets Containing 75 mg of Active Substance













1 tablet core contains:



















active substance
75.0 mg



calcium phosphate
93.0 mg



corn starch
35.5 mg



polyvinylpyrrolidone
10.0 mg



hydroxypropylmethylcellulose
15.0 mg



magnesium stearate
 1.5 mg




230.0 mg 










Preparation:
The active substance is mixed with calcium phosphate, corn starch, polyvinylpyrrolidone, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose and half the specified amount of magnesium stearate. Blanks 13 mm in diameter are produced in a tablet-making machine and these are then rubbed through a screen with a mesh size of 1.5 mm using a suitable machine and mixed with the rest of the magnesium stearate. This granulate is compressed in a tablet-making machine to form tablets of the desired shape.
















Weight of core:
230 mg



die:
 9 mm, convex










The tablet cores thus produced are coated with a film consisting essentially of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose. The finished film-coated tablets are polished with beeswax.
















Weight of coated tablet:
245 mg.










Example 2
Tablets Containing 100 mg of Active Substance













1 tablet contains:



















active substance
100.0 mg 



lactose
80.0 mg



corn starch
34.0 mg



polyvinylpyrrolidone
 4.0 mg



magnesium stearate
 2.0 mg




220.0 mg 










Preparation:
The active substance, lactose and starch are mixed together and uniformly moistened with an aqueous solution of the polyvinylpyrrolidone. After the moist composition has been screened (2.0 mm mesh size) and dried in a rack-type drier at 50° C. it is screened again (1.5 mm mesh size) and the lubricant is added. The finished mixture is compressed to form tablets.
















Weight of tablet:
220 mg



Diameter:
 10 mm, biplanar, facetted on both sides and




notched on one side.










Example 3
Tablets Containing 150 mg of Active Substance
1 Tablet Contains:
















active substance
150.0 mg 



powdered lactose
89.0 mg



corn starch
40.0 mg



colloidal silica
10.0 mg



polyvinylpyrrolidone
10.0 mg



magnesium stearate
 1.0 mg




300.0 mg 










Preparation:
The active substance mixed with lactose, corn starch and silica is moistened with a 20% aqueous polyvinylpyrrolidone solution and passed through a screen with a mesh size of 1.5 mm. The granules, dried at 45° C., are passed through the same screen again and mixed with the specified amount of magnesium stearate. Tablets are pressed from the mixture.
















Weight of tablet:
300 mg



die:
 10 mm, flat










Example 4
Hard Gelatine Capsules Containing 150 mg of Active Substance













1 capsule contains:




















active substance
50.0
mg



corn starch (dried)
approx. 80.0
mg



lactose (powdered)
approx. 87.0
mg



magnesium stearate
10.0
mg




approx. 420.0
mg










Preparation:
The active substance is mixed with the excipients, passed through a screen with a mesh size of 0.75 mm and homogeneously mixed using a suitable apparatus. The finished mixture is packed into size 1 hard gelatine capsules.
















Capsule filling:
approx. 320 mg



Capsule shell:
size 1 hard gelatine capsule.










Example 5
Suppositories Containing 150 mg of Active Substance
1 Suppository Contains:

















active substance
150.0
mg



polyethyleneglycol 1500
550.0
mg



polyethyleneglycol 6000
460.0
mg



polyoxyethylene sorbitan
840.0
mg



monostearate





2,000.0
mg










Preparation:
After the suppository mass has been melted the active substance is homogeneously distributed therein and the melt is poured into chilled moulds.
Example 6
Suspension Containing 50 mg of Active Substance













100 ml of suspension contain:




















active substance
1.00
g



carboxymethylcellulose-Na-salt
0.10
g



methyl p-hydroxybenzoate
0.05
g



propyl p-hydroxybenzoate
0.01
g



glucose
10.00
g



glycerol
5.00
g



70% sorbitol solution
20.00
g



flavouring
0.30
g



dist. water ad
100.0
ml










Preparation:
The distilled water is heated to 70° C. The methyl and propyl p-hydroxybenzoates together with the glycerol and sodium salt of carboxymethylcellulose are dissolved therein with stirring. The solution is cooled to ambient temperature and the active substance is added and homogeneously dispersed therein with stirring. After the sugar, the sorbitol solution and the flavouring have been added and dissolved, the suspension is evacuated with stirring to eliminate air.
5 ml of suspension contain 50 mg of active substance.
Example 7
Ampoules Containing 10 mg Active Substance













Composition:




















active substance
10.0
mg



0.01 N hydrochloric acid q.s.



double-distilled water ad
2.0
ml










Preparation:
The active substance is dissolved in the requisite amount of 0.01 N HCl, made isotonic with common salt, filtered sterile and transferred into 2 ml ampoules.
Example 8
Ampoules Containing 50 mg of Active Substance













Composition:




















active substance
50.0
mg



0.01 N hydrochloric acid q.s.



double-distilled water ad
10.0
ml










Preparation:
The active substance is dissolved in the necessary amount of 0.01 N HCl, made isotonic with common salt, filtered sterile and transferred into 10 ml ampoules.
Example 9
Capsules for Powder Inhalation Containing 5 mg of Active Substance













1 capsule contains:



















active substance
 5.0 mg



lactose for inhalation
15.0 mg




20.0 mg










Preparation:
The active substance is mixed with lactose for inhalation. The mixture is packed into capsules in a capsule-making machine (weight of the empty capsule approx. 50 mg).
















weight of capsule:
70.0 mg



size of capsule
3










Example 10
Solution for Inhalation for Hand-Held Nebulisers Containing 2.5 mg Active Substance













1 spray contains:



















active substance
2.500 mg



benzalkonium chloride
0.001 mg



1N hydrochloric acid q.s.
2.500 mg



ethanol/water (50/50) ad
15.000 mg 










Preparation:
The active substance and benzalkonium chloride are dissolved in ethanol/water (50/50). The pH of the solution is adjusted with 1N hydrochloric acid. The resulting solution is filtered and transferred into suitable containers for use in hand-held nebulisers (cartridges).
Contents of the container: 4.5 g

## Claims

1. A method of treating patients suffering from cancer selected from the group consisting of
Central nervous system tumours selected from the group consisting of:
Astrocytoma, glioblastoma, meningeoma, neurinoma, schwannoma, ependymoma, hypophysoma, oligodendroglioma and medulloblastoma;
Ovarian cancers selected from the group consisting of: Epithelial tumours, stroma tumours, germ cell tumours and undifferentiated tumours;
Prostate cancers selected from the group consisting of: AC, small cell and SCC;
said cancers harbouring a mutation of the EGFR gene in the tumour, wherein the EGFR mutation is an activating mutation selected from the group of mutations identified in table 1 under No. 1 to 29, 57 to 65, 73, 75, 76, 77, 79 and 80-91,
wherein the cancer shows resistance or acquired resistance to treatment with reversible EGFR and HER2 inhibitors or to other irreversible inhibitors selected from CI-1033, EKB-569, HKI-272 or HKI-357,
said method consisting of administering a therapeutically effective amount of the single irreversible EGFR inhibitor BIBW 2992 (1) to a patient in need thereof, optionally in combination with radiotherapy, radio-immunotherapy and/or tumour resection by surgery.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the cancer shows resistance or acquired resistance to treatment with gefitinib and/or erlotinib.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the EGFR mutation is selected from the group of mutations identified in table 1 under No. 92 to 97.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the EGFR mutation is selected from the group of mutations identified in table 1 under No. 92, 93, 96, 96-a and 97.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the EGFR mutation is selected from the group consisting of T790M, E746_A750del, E746_S752>V, L747_P753>S, L858R, L747_A750>P, S752—1759del.