**Exhibit 31.1      **

**Certification      by the Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to**

**Section 302      of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002**

| a)   | Designed                such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure                controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to                ensure                that material information relating to registrant, including its                consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those                entities, particularly during the period in which this report is                being                prepared; |
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| b)   | Designed                such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal                control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision,                to                provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial                reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external                purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting                principles; |
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| c)   | Evaluated                the effectiveness of registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and                presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness                of the                disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered                by                this report based on such evaluation;                and |
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| d)   | Disclosed                in this report any change in registrant’s internal control over financial                reporting that occurred during registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter                that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially                affect, registrant’s internal control over financial reporting;                and |
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| a)   | All                significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or                operation of internal control over financial reporting that are reasonably                likely to adversely affect registrant’s ability to record, process,                summarize and report financial information; and |
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| b)   | Any                fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other                employees who have a significant role in registrant’s internal control                over financial reporting. |
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