1

Filed 8/20/20 P. v. Handwerk CA4/2

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication 

or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION TWO

THE PEOPLE,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

RONALD WESLEY HANDWERK,

Defendant and Appellant.

E072738

(Super.Ct.No. INF065236)

OPINION

APPEAL from the Superior Court of Riverside County. John D. Molloy, Judge. 

Affirmed.

William Paul Melcher, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant 

and Appellant.

Xavier Becerra, Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Chief Assistant Attorney 

General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, Eric A. Swenson and Michael D. 

Butera, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
2

I. INTRODUCTION

In 2012 a jury convicted defendant and appellant Ronald Wesley Handwerk of

first degree murder. The jury also found true a special circumstance allegation that 

defendant committed the murder during a robbery. In 2019, defendant filed a petition for 

resentencing pursuant to newly enacted Penal Code section 1170.95,1 which the trial 

court denied. Defendant appealed.

On appeal, defendant argues that his petition was improperly denied because he 

made a prima facie showing that the provisions of section 1170.95 apply to him and that 

he is entitled to relief. We affirm.

II. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND2

(a) The Killing of William Dobbs

In November 2007, Robert and Jackie lived in the ground floor studio apartment 

of a two-story duplex on Sage Street in Indio. Handwerk occasionally stayed at the 

apartment.

Zuniga and his girlfriend, Melissa Johnson, stayed in the vacant, second floor 

apartment above the Dunsons’ apartment. The apartment had no electricity or running 

water. They slept in a closet to keep warm.

1

 All further statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise indicated.

2 The Factual and Procedural Background is taken from this court’s nonpublished 

2015 opinion affirming defendant’s judgment of conviction which is part of the record on 

appeal in this case. (People v. Dunson (Feb. 26, 2015) E056565 [nonpub. opn.], fns. 

omitted.)
3

According to Johnson, Benavidez was Jackie’s “on-again off-again” boyfriend and 

visited at the Dunsons’ apartment occasionally but did not stay there. Johnson also said 

that Jackie was a prostitute, and Benavidez was known to bring clients, or “dates,” to 

Jackie.

In November 2007, Robert, Jackie, Johnson, Zuniga, and Handwerk hung out 

together and smoked methamphetamine every day in the Dunsons’ apartment. Benavidez 

would join them a couple of times per week.

On November 25, 2007, Johnson and Zuniga smoked a “little bit” of 

methamphetamine. For Johnson, it was the fourth day of a “crystal meth run,” during 

which she did not sleep. That evening, she, Jackie, Robert, Zuniga, Handwerk, and 

Benavidez were together at the Dunsons’ apartment. Benavidez said he would get a date 

for Jackie and bring him back to the apartment to have sex with Jackie. Robert told the 

others he would not let his sister have sex for money; instead, they would bring a man 

“back to the apartment, beat his ass, rob him, and take all of his shit.” Benavidez nodded 

his head in agreement and said “okay,” and that he would go get her a date. Jackie also 

nodded in agreement. Zuniga said nothing. Handwerk, who had been walking back and 

forth between the kitchen and living room and appeared to be listening, said nothing.

Benavidez then left the apartment. Johnson and Zuniga went to the upstairs apartment.

It takes about five minutes to drive from the Dunsons’ apartment to the Spotlight 

29 casino. A surveillance videotape from the Spotlight 29 casino showed Benavidez 

entering the casino just after midnight during the morning of November 26, 2007. The 
4

victim, William Dobbs, entered the casino about 1:15 a.m. Dobbs walked around the 

interior of the casino for about one-half hour, then walked outside. As Dobbs waited for 

the valet to bring his Cadillac Escalade, Benavidez stood near the doorway outside the 

casino, watching Dobbs. Dobbs left in the Escalade at 1:46 a.m.

Dobbs returned to the Spotlight 29 casino about 3:30 a.m. At 3:45 a.m., Dobbs 

met with Benavidez inside the casino. They talked briefly and then left together in 

Dobbs’s Escalade.

Dobbs had a bank card which could be used to withdraw money from ATM’s. A 

personal identification number, or PIN, must be used in order to use the card at an ATM.

At some point that night or early morning, Johnson woke to the voice of a man in 

the Dunsons’ apartment screaming: “Oh, God. Please help me.” Johnson described the 

screaming as “gut wrenching,” “like someone is in pain, like they were hurt [and] 

screaming for someone to help them.” She also heard “very loud” sounds of banging on 

a wall downstairs, “like something pretty heavy slamming up against the wall.” Zuniga 

told Johnson to go back to sleep, which she did.

Handwerk went upstairs and knocked on the closet door where Johnson and 

Zuniga slept. He told Zuniga he needed to go downstairs “because . . . he had fucked 

somebody up and broke someone’s ribs.” Handwerk was holding his right hand in his 

left hand. Johnson could see that his hand was “messed up.” Although Johnson pleaded 

with Zuniga not to go, Zuniga left with Handwerk. Johnson went back to sleep.
5

Johnson was next awakened by the sound of a vehicle engine starting up in the 

alley behind the apartment. It was still dark outside. Johnson walked downstairs where 

she saw Jackie standing at a fence that separated the property from the alley. There was 

no vehicle in the alley. Johnson asked Jackie about Zuniga. Jackie told her: “ ‘They just 

had to go[,] Melissa. They will be right back. They just had to go. They just had to go 

somewhere.’ ” Jackie seemed excited and a little agitated. Johnson walked back upstairs 

and went to sleep.

When Zuniga returned to the upstairs apartment, Johnson awoke. In response to 

Johnson’s inquiries, Zuniga told her that Robert had “hurt that man very bad.” Zuniga 

left a short time later because he had to be in court. Johnson went back to sleep and slept 

throughout that day.

Tamara Steinruck was a prostitute who had known Jackie and Robert for 

approximately 20 years. In November 2007, she was living in a car and using heroin two 

or three times per day. She had Jackie’s permission to take showers at the Dunsons’

apartment. In the pre-dawn hours of November 26, 2007, Steinruck walked to the 

Dunsons’ apartment to take a shower. As she approached the apartment, she saw the 

back of a person walking away from the Dunsons’ apartment. She later told a detective 

that the person was Benavidez and testified to that fact at the preliminary hearing in this 

case. At trial, however, she testified that she had “assumed” the person was Benavidez 

and that, after “getting [her] mind right” and off drugs, she recalled seeing Benavidez at a 
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gas station immediately before going to the Dunsons’ apartment and not seeing him again 

that night. The gas station is 1.62 miles from the Dunsons’ apartment.

As Steinruck approached the apartment, she heard Jackie arguing, yelling, and 

crying. Steinruck heard Jackie say, “he was acting stupid,” and something to the effect of 

“[h]e doesn’t want to give [the money] to her.” A side door to the apartment was ajar. 

As Steinruck passed by that door, she heard Robert yelling loudly and angrily, “ ‘[g]et 

down, mother fucker’ ” and “[t]hese better be the right PIN numbers.” Steinruck watched 

Robert push a man to his knees. The man appeared to have blood under his chin. Robert 

then put a plastic bag over the man’s head and used duct tape to secure the bag to the 

man’s neck and face. The man appeared to be whimpering. Steinruck heard a male voice 

say, “ ‘Are you sure you can breathe?’ ” and Robert responded, “ ‘Yes, the mother fucker 

could breathe.’ ” Steinruck testified that the male voice was not Handwerk’s. Robert 

again yelled: “ ‘This better be the right PIN numbers.’ ” As Steinruck began to leave, 

she heard Robert say: “Come on, mother fucker. We’re going for a ride.” Steinruck 

then left.

At 4:50 a.m.—about one hour after Benavidez and Dobbs left the Spotlight 29 

casino—Jackie attempted to withdraw $500 from an ATM machine using Dobbs’s bank 

card. The attempt was denied because it exceeded the daily withdrawal limit for the 

account. She then successfully withdrew $200 from the ATM. An attempt to obtain an 

additional $200 was denied.
7

Eight or nine hours later, during the evening of November 26, 2007, three 

unsuccessful attempts to withdraw money with Dobbs’s bank card were made. No 

evidence was presented as to who made these attempts.

When Johnson went downstairs to the Dunsons’ apartment during the morning of 

November 27, Robert was kneeling in a corner of the living room scrubbing the walls 

with bleach and pulling up carpet. Robert gave Johnson a bank card and a piece of paper 

with a PIN number written on it. He told Johnson to go to the ATM and pull out as much 

money as she could and bring it back to him, and she would get “a little bit of money in 

return for going.” Johnson said she took the card “to get money to eat, to buy drugs, to 

have somewhere warm to sleep.” Johnson looked at Zuniga; Zuniga said, “let’s go.”

Between 10:26 a.m. and 11:39 a.m. on November 27, Johnson and Zuniga used 

Dobbs’s bank card to retrieve approximately $1,000 from different ATMs. Johnson put 

$300, one of the transaction receipts, the bank card, and the PIN number in a pocket; she 

ripped up the other transaction receipts and put the rest of the cash in her bra.

When she and Zuniga returned to the Dunsons’ apartment, she gave the receipt, 

$300, the bank card, and the PIN number to Robert. Johnson kept the remaining cash. 

Jackie observed the exchange without comment. Jackie then said, “Oh shit. It’s on T.V.” 

When Johnson asked what she was talking about, Jackie said, “nothing” and “[d]on’t 

worry about it.”

Dobbs’s body was found on November 27 in a desolate area about two miles from 

the Spotlight 29 casino. A black bag had been attached to his neck with red tape. A 
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Spotlight 29 valet parking pass was in his pocket. Dobbs had been stabbed with a sharp 

instrument, perhaps a knife, 14 times, mostly on his face and neck. His internal and 

external jugular veins and carotid artery were severed, which would have caused him to 

bleed to death very quickly. His trachea was also severed, which would have made it 

impossible for him to breathe. He had multiple bruises and abrasions on his face and 

scalp, and signs of blunt force trauma to his chest. The force was strong enough to break 

four ribs, which caused ruptures to his liver and lung. The forensic pathologist who 

performed the autopsy on Dobbs described the injuries as “brutal,” and said it “looked 

like perhaps some injuries were inflicted for the purpose of torture” and for “causing 

pain.” He believed that “[t]his is something that went on for a number of minutes or 

longer, . . . maybe 15, 20, 30 minutes. . . . Maybe more.”

(b) The Aftermath

In the days following the incident, Johnson “nagged” Zuniga to tell her what 

happened. Eventually, as she, Zuniga, and Handwerk were walking near the Indio 

library, Zuniga told her that Robert “had murdered that man.” Handwerk was standing 

next to Zuniga at that time. When Johnson said, “ ‘[a]re you fucking kidding me,’ ”

Handwerk said, “Yes, it happened.” Zuniga elaborated, saying that the man had been 

beaten, his ribs had been broken, and he was stabbed in the back and neck. Handwerk 

agreed with Zuniga and said he had cracked the man’s ribs. Handwerk explained that the 

man was murdered because he would have been able to identify Handwerk and Robert.

Johnson noticed that Handwerk’s right hand was bruised and swollen, and that Handwerk 
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had been complaining that his hand was sore and about how he was unable to move his 

fingers.

Sometime after this conversation with Zuniga and Handwerk, Johnson met Jackie 

outside a convenience store. Jackie told Johnson she had been picked up and questioned 

by the police. Jackie told Johnson that if she was questioned by the police to tell them 

that she (Johnson) did not know her (Jackie) and had never seen or talked to her. Jackie 

also told her that the bank card Robert gave her belonged to the murdered man.

On December 1, 2007, four days after Dobbs’s body was found, a detective found 

Dobbs’s Escalade about 100 yards away from the Dunsons’ apartment. Dobbs’s blood 

was found in the Escalade.

Benavidez was questioned by detectives on December 1, 2007. When Riverside 

County Sheriff’s Detective Kenneth Patterson asked Benavidez if he had been at the 

Spotlight 29 casino on or about November 26, 2007, Benavidez initially said “no.” But 

when confronted with information regarding videotaped surveillance, Benavidez 

admitted he had been there, but denied meeting or leaving the casino with Dobbs.

The detective observed that Benavidez’s shoes appeared to have paint on them. 

The shoes appeared to be the same shoes Benavidez was wearing in the Spotlight 29 

casino surveillance videotape. Benavidez told the detective he had painted the shoes 

earlier that day or the day before. The detective collected the shoes from Benavidez and 

had them tested “[f]or blood.” The results of the test were not introduced into evidence.

Photographs of the painted shoes were shown to the jury.
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After his police interview, Benavidez went to the Dunsons’ apartment where he 

told Johnson he had been picked up by the police and held for murder. He told Johnson 

that he had gone to the casino to pick up a date for Jackie and that the police had a 

videotaped recording of him leaving the casino with the man he brought back to the 

Dunsons’ apartment. He explained that the police let him go because “that’s all they 

had.”

Steinruck testified about a statement Jackie made to her about two weeks after the 

incident. They were walking along a street when a police car passed by. According to 

Steinruck, Jackie began to panic and act nervous. Jackie told Steinruck that she feared 

the police would be coming for her “because Robert killed” a man and that she had used 

the victim’s bank card. Jackie explained to Steinruck that Benavidez brought her a date 

from a casino and that the man started acting stupid and refused to pay her. She said 

Robert argued with the man, that “it got out of hand,” and Robert killed him.

During trial, Steinruck and Jackie were among others being transported by bus 

from the jail to the courthouse. Jackie announced: “ ‘That bitch is the snitch on my 

case,’ ” and told Steinruck, “ ‘You better go in there and tell them you were lying.’ ” The 

jury was instructed that this testimony could be considered for evaluating any bias in 

Steinruck’s testimony.

On January 8, 2007, a parole compliance search was conducted at the Dunsons’

apartment. A 10- or 11-inch knife—larger than permitted under Robert’s parole 
11

conditions—was found in the laundry room. The knife had Robert’s blood on it, not 

Dobbs’s.

(c) Police Interview of Handwerk

In April 2009, about 17 months after Dobbs was killed, Detective Patterson 

interviewed Handwerk. Handwerk initially said he “kn[e]w nothing,” but eventually 

acknowledged that he had been involved in a fight with Dobbs. He said the fight 

occurred in the Dunsons’ living room during the early morning of November 26, 2007. It 

ended when Robert got a “control hold” on Dobbs and Dobbs stopped resisting. Robert 

initially explained to Handwerk that he was beating Dobbs because Dobbs “ ‘disrespected 

his sister.’ ” Later, Handwerk learned that Robert had been beating Dobbs to get Dobbs’s 

wallet.

When Detective Patterson asked Handwerk if he went to the bank, Handwerk 

initially said, “ ‘No, I would never do that because that would make me an accessory.’ ”

Later, Handwerk admitted, “ ‘yeah, I did go to the bank.’ ” He explained that Robert had 

“possession” of the bank card and “obtained” the PIN. Handwerk then drove to the bank 

in Dobbs’s SUV. He was gone five or 10 minutes. Handwerk did not tell 

Detective Patterson that he personally held or used the card or PIN, or that he received 

any money. After going to the bank, Handwerk returned to the apartment and parked the 

SUV in the alley behind the apartment.

Handwerk further told Detective Patterson that when he got back from the bank, 

Zuniga and Robert were “marching” Dobbs out of the apartment. Dobbs had a plastic 
12

bag over his head and Handwerk could hear him whimpering. As Handwerk collected 

his things to leave, he heard the SUV drive away. It was still dark outside. He then went 

to a casino.

Detective Patterson explained to Handwerk that his interviews with others led him 

to believe that “[t]his was not a scam about sex. This was a scam to rob the guy. To get 

him there, beat him, rob him, and take his money.” Handwerk agreed.

Handwerk also acknowledged that he was present near the Indio library when 

Zuniga spoke to Johnson about the murder. He said that Johnson and Zuniga were 

crying and he assumed it had to do with the incident involving Dobbs, but he told 

Detective Paterson he was not involved in that conversation.

Neither Benavidez nor Handwerk presented a defense.

A jury convicted defendant of first degree murder (§ 187, subd. (a)). The jury also 

found true a special circumstance allegation that defendant committed the murder during 

a robbery. (§ 190.2, subd. (a)(17)(A).) The sentencing court sentenced defendant to life 

without the possibility of parole.

Defendant appealed his judgment, and in 2015 this court affirmed defendant’s 

conviction. (People v. Dunson, supra, E056565.)

On January 4, 2019, defendant filed a petition for resentencing pursuant to newly 

enacted section 1170.95.
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The trial court set a status conference on the petition for March 8, 2019. This was 

eventually continued to March 15, 2019. On March 1, 2019, the People filed an 

opposition to defendant’s petition for resentencing. Defendant did not file a reply prior to 

the status conference.

At the status conference, defendant was represented by counsel. The trial court 

denied defendant’s petition on the basis that “the jury specifically found the special 

circumstance of the felony murder special true. That being the case, it has been one of 

the surviving predicates under 1437 that has been proved as a matter of law.”

Defendant timely appealed.

III. DISCUSSION

Defendant argues that the trial court improperly denied defendant’s petition for 

resentencing because defendant did state a prima facie case for eligibility for relief. We 

agree.3

A. Defendant’s Petition Made Prima Facie Case for Eligibility Under 

Section 1170.95

1. History of Senate Bill 1437

Senate Bill 1437 “which became effective on January 1, 2019, addresses certain 

aspects of California law regarding felony murder and the natural and probable 

3

 Defendant also argues that Senate Bill No. 1437 (Senate Bill 1437) and 

section 1170.95 are constitutional and that the trial court’s denial of his petition violated 

his state and federal constitutional rights. Because neither the trial court nor the People 

addressed the constitutionality of Senate Bill 1437 and section 1170.95, and we find the 

trial court erred on non-constitutional grounds, we do not address defendant’s 

constitutional arguments.
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consequences doctrine by amending Penal Code sections 188 and 189, as well as by 

adding Penal Code section 1170.95, which provides a procedure by which those 

convicted of murder can seek retroactive relief if the changes in law would affect their 

previously sustained convictions.” (People v. Martinez (2019) 31 Cal.App.5th 719, 722-

723 (Martinez).)

Prior to Senate Bill 1437’s enactment, a person who knowingly aided and abetted 

a crime, the natural and probable consequence of which was murder or attempted murder, 

could be convicted of not only the target crime but also of the resulting murder or 

attempted murder. (People v. Chiu (2014) 59 Cal.4th 155, 161; In re R.G. (2019) 35 

Cal.App.5th 141, 144 (R.G.).) “This was true irrespective of whether the defendant 

harbored malice aforethought. Liability was imposed ‘ “for the criminal harms [the 

defendant] . . . naturally, probably, and foreseeably put in motion.” [Citations.]’ 

[Citation.]” (R.G., at p. 144.)

Senate Bill 1437 “redefined ‘malice’ in section 188. Now, to be convicted of 

murder, a principal must act with malice aforethought; malice can no longer ‘be imputed 

to a person based solely on [his or her] participation in a crime.’ (§ 188, subd. (a)(3).)”

(R.G., supra, 35 Cal.App.5th at p. 144.) “Senate Bill 1437 also amended section 189, 

which defines first and second degree murder, by, among other things, adding 

subdivision (e). Under that subdivision, a participant in enumerated crimes is liable 

under the felony-murder doctrine only if he or she was the actual killer; or, with the intent 

to kill, aided and abetted the actual killer in commission of first degree murder; or was a 
15

major participant in the underlying felony and acted with reckless indifference to human 

life.” (People v. Munoz (2019) 39 Cal.App.5th 738, 749.)

Senate Bill 1437 also added section 1170.95, which states that “[a] person 

convicted of felony murder or murder under a natural and probable consequences theory 

may file a petition with the court that sentenced the petitioner to have the petitioner’s 

murder conviction vacated and to be resentenced on any remaining counts.” (§ 1170.95, 

subd. (a).) An offender may file a section 1170.95 petition if he or she was prosecuted 

under a felony murder or natural and probable consequences theory, but under amended 

sections 188 or 189, could not have been convicted of first or second degree murder.

(§ 1170.95, subd. (a).) 

2. Process for Review of a Petition Under Section 1170.95

The trial court’s review of a petition under section 1170.95 occurs in several 

phases. A petitioner must meet the standards of each before proceeding to an evidentiary 

hearing on the full merits of the petition. First, the trial court determines whether the 

petition is complete as defined in subdivision (b)—that is, whether it contains the 

minimum necessary components the statute requires of a petition. If the petition is 

facially adequate, the trial court next determines whether “the petitioner has made a 

prima facie showing that the petitioner falls within the provisions of this section.” 

(§ 1170.95, subd. (c).) If so, the trial court appoints counsel (if requested by the 
16

petitioner), and may extend the briefing schedule set by the statute.4 The statutory 

deadlines require that the People file any opposition to the petition up to 60 days after the 

petition was served, and the defendant may serve any reply up to 30 days after the 

People’s opposition is served. (§ 1170.95, subd. (c).) After briefing, the court 

determines whether the petitioner has stated a prima facie case that he or she is entitled to 

relief. If so, the court must issue an order to show cause and hold a hearing to determine 

whether to re-sentence the petitioner. (§ 1170.95, subds. (c)-(d).) 

Section 1170.95, subdivision (c), thus requires the trial court to make two prima 

facie assessments. “The first is whether the petitioner has made a prima facie showing of 

eligibility for relief. A petitioner is eligible for relief if he or she makes a prima facie 

showing of the three criteria listed in section 1170.95(a)—namely he or she (1) was 

charged with murder ‘under a theory of felony murder or murder under the natural and 

probable consequences doctrine,’ (2) was convicted of first or second degree murder, and 

(3) can no longer be convicted of first or second degree murder ‘because of changes to 

Section 188 or 189 made effective January 1, 2019.’ ” (People v. Drayton (2020) 47 

4

 When petitioner is entitled to have counsel appointed is currently under review 

by our Supreme Court. (People v. Verdugo (2020) 44 Cal.App.5th 320 (Verdugo), 

review granted Mar. 18, 2020, S260493; People v. Lewis (2020) 43 Cal.App.5th 1128

(Lewis), review granted Mar. 18, 2020, S260598; People v. Cornelius (2020) 44 

Cal.App.5th 54 (Cornelius), review granted Mar. 18, 2020, S260410.) However, pending 

further guidance from our Supreme Court, we agree with Verdugo, Cornelius, and Lewis

and conclude that counsel need not be appointed until after a trial court concludes that the 

petitioner has made a prima facie showing that he or she falls within the provisions of the 

statute. (Verdugo, at p. 332-333, Lewis, at p. 1140, Cornelius, at p. 58.) We also agree 

with Lewis and Verdugo’s broader conclusion that 1170.95 is laid out in chronological 

order, and that events under it proceed in the order they are enumerated in the statute. 

(Lewis, at p. 1140, Verdugo, at p. 332.)
17

Cal.App.5th 965, 975-976 (Drayton), italics omitted.) “If the trial court determines a 

petitioner has made a prima facie showing of eligibility for relief, the court proceeds to 

the ‘second’ inquiry into the prima facie showing under section 1170.95(c). [Citation.] 

In this second step, the trial [court] considers whether the petitioner has made a prima 

facie showing of entitlement to (rather than eligibility for) relief.” (Id. at p. 976, italics 

omitted.)5 Only after these first two prima facie review phases are complete, and the 

court is satisfied that the petition is meritorious under these standards, does it then issue 

an order to show cause and hold a hearing on the petition’s merits.

3. Defendant Stated a Prima Facie Case for Eligibility

Because the trial court in this case denied defendant’s petition before defendant’s 

opportunity to respond expired, the record indicates that the trial court denied the petition 

on the basis that defendant did not meet the first prima facie showing of eligibility for 

relief. Had the trial court concluded that defendant was eligible, it would have been 

required to provide defendant with time to file formal briefing at a minimum. This did 

not happen. Thus, we review whether the trial court erred in implicitly finding that 

5 Defendant cites to Martinez, supra, 31 Cal.App.5th at p. 723 and In re Taylor

(2019) 34 Cal.App.5th 543, 562 for the proposition that once a petitioner makes a prima 

facie showing he or she falls within the provisions of section 1170.95, the court must then 

issue an order to show cause. Neither of these cases addressed what prima facie showing 

is required under section 1170.95, and only summarized the statute’s procedures for 

context. Our colleagues in the Sixth District and elsewhere have more closely analyzed 

this provision of the statute and concluded that it requires two separate prima facie 

showings. (See Drayton, supra, 47 Cal.App.5th at pp. 975-976.) We agree with this 

approach. We also agree that the statute only requires the trial court to issue an order to 

show cause once it is satisfied that defendant has made a prima facie showing of 

entitlement to relief, not merely eligibility. 
18

defendant failed to state a prima facie case that he fell within the provisions of the 

section.

The appropriate standard for review of the denial of a petition under 

section 1170.95 is set forth in Drayton, supra, 47 Cal.App.5th at pp. 980-981. As that 

case notes, “[a]ppellate review of petitions in similar context, such as Proposition 47, 

typically involves multiple standards of review.” (Ibid.) In Proposition 47 cases, we 

review the trial court’s decision under a mixed question of law and fact standard. Thus, 

“ ‘[w]here an appeal involves the interpretation of a statute . . . , the issue on appeal is a 

legal one, which we review de novo. Where the trial court applies disputed facts to such 

a statute, we review the factual findings for substantial evidence and the application of 

those facts to the statute de novo. [Citation.] “ ‘[A]n order is presumed correct; all 

intendments are indulged in to support it on matters as to which the record is silent, and 

error must be affirmatively shown.’ ” [Citation.] In addition, we must “ ‘view the record 

in the light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling.’ ” ’ ” (People v. Sledge (2017) 7 

Cal.App.5th 1089, 1095-1096 (Sledge).) 

Here, the trial court never acted as a factfinder. It simply reviewed the petition 

and record of conviction to determine whether petitioner made a prima facie showing of 

eligibility for relief. Therefore, we review the trial court’s determination that defendant 

failed to make a prima facie showing of eligibility for relief de novo.

Next, we turn to what kind of review section 1170.95 requires. The statute does 

not set out a precise standard for reviewing whether a petition states a prima facie case 
19

that the petitioner falls within the provisions of the statute. However, given that this 

review is statutorily distinct from the facial sufficiency required under section 1170.95, 

subdivision (b), and the more substantive prima facie analysis under subdivision (c), we 

can conclude that the relevant standard is somewhere between those two.

We conclude that reviewing a petition to determine whether it states a prima facie 

case for statutory eligibility is analogous to a preliminary review of statutory eligibility 

for resentencing under Propositions 36 and 47.6 Under both these types of review, the 

petitioner must first “establish his or her initial eligibility for relief,” after which the 

prosecution gets the opportunity to show that the petitioner is ineligible for relief. 

(Sledge, supra, 7 Cal.App.5th at p. 1094.) In both cases, an evidentiary hearing is not 

necessary to resolve the question of eligibility for relief, but “ ‘[a]n evidentiary hearing is 

required if . . . there is a reasonable likelihood that the petitioner may be entitled to relief 

and the petitioner’s entitlement to relief depends on the resolution of an issue of fact.’ ” 

(Id. at p. 1095, quoting California Rules of Court, rule 4.551(f).) 

This procedure is very similar to the statutory procedure set out in 

section 1170.95. All three require a trial court to preliminarily determine whether the 

petition sets out a prima facie case of eligibility for relief, an opportunity for the parties to 

6 This was the conclusion our Second District colleagues reached in Verdugo,

supra, 44 Cal.App.5th at p. 329. This case is currently under review by our Supreme 

Court, though the relevant analysis is not under review. (See People v. Lewis, S260598, 

Supreme Ct. Mins., Mar. 18, 2020 [requesting briefing and argument only on whether 

superior courts can “consider the record of conviction in determining whether a defendant 

has made a prima facie showing of eligibility for relief,” under section 1170.95 and when 

the right to appointed counsel arises under the same].)
20

dispute eligibility, and the opportunity for an evidentiary hearing if the court determines 

that the petitioner has established a prima facie case that he or she is both eligible for and 

entitled to relief. 

When performing the preliminary review for statutory eligibility under 

Propositions 36 and 47—and, analogously, under section 1170.95—the “ ‘court’s 

role . . . is simply to decide whether the petitioner is ineligible for relief as a matter of 

law, making all factual inferences in favor of the petitioner.’ ” (People v. Torres (2020) 

46 Cal.App.5th 1168, 1178 (Torres).) Thus, our review must be whether the trial court 

erred in finding that defendant was not eligible for relief as a matter of law.

There is no question that defendant’s petition meets the first two criteria to show 

a prima face case of eligibility for relief. Defendant was charged and convicted of 

murder under a felony-murder theory. The only question is whether he meets the third 

criteria—namely, that he can no longer be convicted of murder under the law as it exists 

now. As the People point out, the jury in defendant’s 2012 case found true the special 

allegation that the murder occurred during a robbery.7 This necessarily required the jury 

to find that defendant either acted with the intent to kill or was a major participant in the 

underlying crime who acted with reckless indifference to human life. (See § 190.2, 

7 Again, whether a trial court may “consider the record of conviction in 

determining whether a defendant has made a prima facie showing of eligibility for relief” 

is currently under review by our Supreme Court. (See People v. Lewis, S260598, 

Supreme Ct. Mins., Mar. 18, 2020.) Pending further guidance from our Supreme Court, 

we agree with Lewis and conclude that a trial court may look at the entire record of 

conviction, including the appellate court’s opinion on direct appeal, to determine whether 

defendant has made either necessary prima facie showing.
21

subd. (a)(17)(B); People v. Estrada (1995) 11 Cal.4th 568, 575 [finding that a person 

may be sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole only if they are “found 

to have acted with ‘reckless indifference to human life and as a major participant’ in the 

commission of the underlying felony”].) They contend that this makes defendant legally 

ineligible for relief under section 1170.95.

However, as our colleagues in the Second District recently recognized, a true 

finding on a robbery-murder special circumstances allegation is not enough, on its own, 

to allow a trial court to conclude a petitioner is not entitled to relief under section 1170.95 

where the finding occurred prior to our Supreme Court’s recent clarification of what 

those terms mean. In Torres, supra, 46 Cal.App.5th at page 1178 the trial court denied a 

petition under section 1170.95 because “the existence of the jury’s 2001 robbery murder 

special circumstance findings alone established that Torres was ‘a major participant in the 

underlying felony and acted with reckless indifference to human life, as described in 

subdivision (d) of Section 190.2’ [citation], as a matter of law, thereby barring him from 

relief.” The court in Torres disagreed with the trial court’s holding. It found that 

“[a]lthough the jury’s special circumstances findings rendered in 2001 indicate that the 

jury concluded Torres was a ‘major participant’ who acted with ‘reckless indifference to 

human life’ in the murders . . . , those jury findings alone do not preclude Torres from 

showing today that he could not be convicted of first or second degree murder as 

redefined by Senate Bill 1437.” (Torres, at p. 1179.) This conclusion is based upon the 

fact that our Supreme Court has since narrowed the definition of what it means to be a 
22

major participant or to act with reckless indifference to human life. (See People v. Banks

(2015) 61 Cal.4th 788 (Banks); People v. Clark (2016) 63 Cal.4th 522 (Clark); Torres, at 

p. 1179.)

There is no question that the trial court in this case based its denial of defendant’s 

petition entirely on the true special circumstances allegation. The trial court explicitly 

said it was denying defendant’s petition because “the jury specifically found the special 

circumstance . . . true. That being the case, it has been one of the surviving predicates 

under 1437 that has been proved as a matter of law.” As discussed above, it is not true 

that a pre-Banks and Clark special circumstances finding establishes, as a matter of law, 

that defendant is not eligible for relief under section 1170.95. 

We can identify no meaningful difference between Torres and the case here. Both 

involved the denial of a petition under section 1170.95 for failing to show a prima facie 

case for eligibility for relief. Both involved findings by the trial court that a robbery 

special murder circumstance was determinative of defendant’s eligibility for relief. We

conclude, as did the court in Torres, that the trial court in this case erred in summarily 

denying defendant’s petition.

B. The Trial Court’s Error Was Harmless

Although the trial court erred by concluding the special circumstance finding on 

its own meant defendant was not eligible for relief, we conclude the error was harmless 

because the record demonstrates defendant was a major participant who acted with 
23

reckless indifference to human life under the standards set forth in Banks and Clark. As a 

result, we conclude the denial of defendant’s petition was proper.

Whether there is sufficient evidence that defendant was a major participant in the 

underlying crime who acted with reckless indifference to human life is a question we can 

decide on appeal. A “[d]efendant’s claim that the evidence presented against him failed 

to support [a] . . . robbery-murder special circumstance [finding made prior to Banks and 

Clark] . . . is not a ‘routine’ claim of insufficient evidence.” (In re Miller (2017) 14 

Cal.App.5th 960, 979-980; see People v. Law (2020) 48 Cal.App.5th 811 (Law), review 

granted July 8, 2020, S262490.) The “claim does not require resolution of disputed facts; 

the facts are a given.” (In re Miller, at p. 980.)

In Banks, our Supreme Court described what is often referred to as the TisonEnmund spectrum, after the United States Supreme Court’s decisions in Tison v. Arizona

(1987) 481 U.S. 137 and Enmund v. Florida (1982) 458 U.S. 782. “At one extreme” are 

people like the defendant in Enmund—“the minor actor in an armed robbery, not on the 

scene, who neither intended to kill nor was found to have had any culpable mental state.” 

(Banks, supra, 61 Cal.4th at p. 800.) “At the other extreme [are] actual killers and those 

who attempted or intended to kill.” (Ibid.) Section 190.2, subdivision (d), covers those 

people who fall “ ‘into neither of these neat categories’ ”—people like the Tison brothers, 

who were major participants in the underlying felony and acted with a reckless 

indifference to human life. (Ibid.)
24

Our Supreme Court articulated several factors intended to aid in determining 

whether a defendant falls into this middle category. The relevant questions are “[w]hat 

role did the defendant have in planning the criminal enterprise that led to one or more 

deaths? What role did the defendant have in supplying or using lethal weapons? What 

awareness did the defendant have of particular dangers posed by the nature of the crime, 

weapons used, or past experience or conduct of the other participants? Was the 

defendant present at the scene of the killing, in a position to facilitate or prevent the 

actual murder, and did his or her own actions or inaction play a particular role in the 

death? What did the defendant do after lethal force was used?” (Banks, supra, 61 

Cal.4th at p. 803, fn. omitted.)

These considerations weigh against defendant in this proceeding. Defendant was 

present when the others discussed the plan to “bring a man ‘back to the apartment, beat 

his ass, rob him, and take all of his shit.’ ” Though defendant heard the plan, he did not 

object to it. Later that evening, Johnson heard a man screaming. Johnson then heard 

defendant wake Zuniga to tell Zuniga “ ‘he had fucked somebody up and broke 

someone’s ribs,’ ” and Zuniga needed to go downstairs. At the time “[defendant] was 

holding his right hand in his left hand,” and “Johnson could see that his hand was 

‘messed up.’ ” The victim’s body showed evidence of a severe beating, consistent with 

defendant’s statement that he broke the victim’s ribs. Defendant then confessed to 

Johnson that he beat the victim and Robert killed him because he could have identified 
25

Robert and defendant. Defendant later admitted to the police that he took the victim’s 

debit card and PIN to a bank to attempt to withdraw cash.

Therefore, there is little question that defendant had a major role in the underlying 

criminal robbery and assault of the victim for money. He was present during the 

planning and did not object. Defendant himself admitted to participating in the 

underlying crime by violently assaulting the victim—breaking his ribs and taking the 

victim’s debit card and PIN to a bank in an attempt to withdraw cash. Defendant 

admitted seeing the victim with a plastic bag over his head and did nothing to help or stop 

the killing. Defendant heard the gut wrenching screams of the victim while the victim

was being beaten. Defendant was aware the victim was falsely imprisoned while 

attempts to make ATM withdrawals from his accounts were being made. Overwhelming 

evidence establishes that defendant not only participated in the beatings but that he 

apparently acquiesced to the killing in order to silence the victim. Defendant was the 

quintessential major participant in the intended felony to beat the victim for money who 

acted with reckless disregard for life. It is difficult to imagine a more compelling case of 

a major participant who acted with reckless disregard for life than is demonstrated by 

defendant’s conduct on this record.

“Although the trial court erred by concluding the special circumstance finding, on 

its own, rendered [defendant] ineligible for relief—that is, the court erred by failing to 

determine whether [defendant] qualified as a major participant who acted with reckless 

indifference to human life under Banks and Clark—we conclude the error was harmless 
26

because the record demonstrates the answer to that question is yes. As a result, we 

conclude the denial of [defendant’s] petition was proper.” (Law, supra, 48 Cal.App.5th 

at p. 825.)

IV. DISPOSITION

We affirm the trial court’s order denying defendant’s petition.

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

FIELDS

J.

We concur:

MILLER

Acting P. J.

RAPHAEL

J.