ILLINOIS OFFICIAL REPORTS

Appellate Court

People v. Minor, 2011 IL App (1st) 101097

Appellate Court

Caption

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellant, v.

MARY MINOR, Defendant-Appellee.

 District & No. First District, Sixth Division

Docket No. 1-10-1097

Filed December 9, 2011

Held

(Note: This syllabus

constitutes no part of

the opinion of the court

but has been prepared

by the Reporter of

Decisions for the

convenience of the

reader.)

Where defendant demanded a speedy trial on April 21, 2009, and then

failed to appear on a scheduled court date on August 4, 2009, because she

“mixed up” court dates, and on October 19, 2009, she filed a new

demand, the trial court erred in subsequently dismissing the case due to

a violation of her right to a speedy trial, notwithstanding her contentions

that 183 days had elapsed since her initial demand for a speedy trial and

that the speedy trial period was tolled from August 4, 2009, until her new

demand was filed on October 19, 2009, since she waived her initial

speedy trial term when she failed to appear on August 4, 2009, the term

was not tolled, and a new period commenced when she made her demand

on October 19, 2009, and her speedy trial rights were not violated as of

January 6, 2010.

Decision Under 

Review

Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. TP-082-537; the

Hon. Pamela M. Leeming, Judge, presiding.

Judgment Reversed and remanded.
Counsel on

Appeal

Anita M. Alvarez, State’s Attorney, of Chicago (Alan J. Spellberg,

Veronica Calderon Malavia, and Anne L. Magats, Assistant State’s

Attorneys, of counsel), for the People.

Abishi C. Cunningham, Jr., Public Defender, of Chicago (Ingrid Gill,

Assistant Public Defender, of counsel), for appellee.

Panel JUSTICE LAMPKIN delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.

Presiding Justice R. Gordon and Justice Garcia concurred in the judgment

and opinion.

OPINION

¶ 1 The State appeals the trial court’s dismissal of the driving under the influence (DUI) case

against defendant, MaryMinor, on speedy trial grounds (725 ILCS 5/103-5(b) (West 2006)).

The trial court initially denied defendant’s motion to dismiss the case, but granted dismissal

on a motion to reconsider its original ruling. The trial court then denied the State’s motion

to reconsider the dismissal. On appeal, the State contends the trial court erred where

defendant waived her speedy trial demand by failing to appear on a subsequent court date.

Based on the following, we reverse and remand.

¶ 2 FACTS

¶ 3 Defendant was chargedwithDUIonNovember 27, 2007. Following her arrest, defendant

was released on her own recognizance with bail set at $3,000. On April 21, 2009, defendant

filed a speedy trial demand pursuant to section 103-5(b) of the Code of Criminal Procedure

of 1963 (Code). 725 ILCS 5/103/5(b) (West 2006). The case was set for trial on June 5,

2009. On June 5, 2009, defendant again filed a speedy trial demand. On that date, the case

was continued on the State’s motion to August 4, 2009. Defendant was in court when the

continuance date was given.

¶ 4 On August 4, 2009, defendant failed to appear in court and the State answered that it was

ready for trial. Defense counsel asked the court to hold defendant’s case until 1 p.m. because

counsel was attempting to get in contact with defendant. The court agreed, but issued a bond

forfeiture warrant when defendant did not appear in the afternoon. Defendant appeared in

court the next day, August 5, 2009. Defense counsel informed the court that he attempted to

reach defendant twice on the telephone the previous day, but defendant did not receive the

messages until after 1 p.m. because she was at a doctor’s appointment. The trial court

admonished defendant and quashed and recalled the warrant. The case was continued on

defendant’s motion until October 19, 2009.

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¶ 5 On October 19, 2009, defendant again filed a speedy trial demand. The case was

continued on the State’s motion until January 6, 2010.

¶ 6 On January 4, 2010, defendant filed a motion to dismiss as a result of a speedy trial

violation. The motion was argued on January 6, 2010. Defendant argued that January 6,

2010, was 183 days after defendant’s first speedy trial demand on April 21, 2009, which

violated the speedytrial statute’s requirements of bringing defendant to trial within 160 days.

725 ILCS 5/103-5(b) (West 2006). The State responded that defendant waived her right to

a speedy trial in relation to the April 21, 2009, demand by failing to appear in court on

August 4, 2009, citing People v. Patterson, 392 Ill. App. 3d 461, 912 N.E.2d 244 (2009). The

State continued that defendant’s waiver caused the speedy trial term to restart on October 19,

2009, when she next demanded trial. Defendant responded, instead, that her speedy trial

period was tolled from August 4, 2009, until October 19, 2009; therefore, upon filing the

October 19, 2009, demand the earlier demands were included in her speedy trial period. The

trial court denied defendant’s motion to dismiss, relying on the “express language” of

subsection (b) of the speedy trial statute. 725 ILCS 5/103-5(b) (West 2006).

¶ 7 On January 25, 2010, defendant filed a motion to reconsider. The next day, the State filed

a response. On February 18, 2010, the trial court granted defendant’s motion to reconsider,

reversing its prior order denying defendant’s motion to dismiss. In so doing, the trial court

reasoned that subsection (f) of the speedy trial statute incorporated subsection (b), such that

defendant’s speedy trial period was “suspended” from August 4, 2009, when she failed to

appear in court, until October 19, 2009, when she filed her latest speedy trial demand. The

trial court, therefore, dismissed the case for want of speedy trial. The State filed a motion to

reconsider citing the recent case People v. Zakarauskas, 398 Ill. App. 3d 451, 924 N.E.2d

578 (2010).

¶ 8 On March 18, 2010, the court held a hearing on the State’s motion. Defendant was

represented by new counsel. The trial court directly questioned defendant regarding her

absence on August 4, 2009. Defendant initially blamed her prior attorney for providing the

incorrect date. Defendant then explained that she could not attend one of her court dates

because her husband passed away. Defendant finally explained that she mixed up the August

4, 2009, date with August 5, 2009. The court denied the State’s motion to reconsider, finding

the Zakarauskas case distinguishable because defendant was not a “fugitive” when she

appeared one day after her scheduled trial date. Relying on the “Appellate Court First

District” case, the court found important the distinction between “explained” and

“unexplained” failures to appear. The trial court found that, unlike the defendant in

Zakarauskas, defendant provided an explanation for her absence, and, therefore, the speedy

trial period was tolled. The court affirmed the dismissal of defendant’s DUI case.

¶ 9 DECISION

¶ 10 The question before us is whether defendant waived her speedy trial period by her

absence in court on August 4, 2009, or if the period was tolled from that date until she next

demanded trial on October 19, 2009. In order to resolve this question, we turn to the

language of the speedy trial statute.

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¶ 11 The speedy trial statute incorporates a defendant’s constitutional right to a speedy trial.

People v. Cordell, 223 Ill. 2d 380, 385-86, 860 N.E.2d 323 (2006). The goal of statutory

interpretation is to ascertain and give effect to the legislature’s intent. Id. at 389. In order to

do so, we look to the language of the statute, giving it its plain and ordinary meaning. Id.

When the statutory language is clear and unambiguous, the terms must be applied as written.

People v. Wooddell, 219 Ill. 2d 166, 171, 847 N.E.2d 117 (2006). Questions of statutory

interpretation are legal and are reviewed de novo. Cordell, 223 Ill. 2d at 389.

¶ 12 Subsection (b) of the speedy trial statute provides:

“Every person on bail or recognizance shall be tried by the court having jurisdiction

within 160 days from the date defendant demands trial unless delay is occasioned by the

defendant ***. The defendant’s failure to appear for any court date set by the court

operates to waive the defendant’s demand for trial made under this subsection.” 725

ILCS 5/103-5(b) (West 2006).

The statute was amended to include the final sentence regarding waiver in 2000. Pub. Act

91-123, § 5 (eff. Jan. 1, 2000). Subsection (f) of the statute continues:

“Delay occasioned by the defendant shall temporarily suspend for the time of the delay

the period within which a person shall be tried as prescribed in subsections (a), (b), or (e)

of this Section and on the day of expiration of the delay the said period shall continue at

the point at which it was suspended. *** This subsection (f) shall become effective on,

and apply to persons charged with alleged offenses committed on or after, March 1,

1977.” 725 ILCS 5/103-5(f) (West 2006).

¶ 13 In Zakarauskas, this court recently interpreted subsections (b) and (f) of the speedy trial

statute. In so doing, the court said:

“From 1977 until the 2000 amendment of section 103-5(b), a delay occasioned by a

defendant’s failure to appear in court suspended the 160-day speedy trial term.

[Citations.]

The plain language of section 103-5(b) as amended in 2000 manifested the

legislature’s intent to distinguish a defendant’s failure to appear in court from other types

of delay, a motion for continuance, for example, either by the defendant or by agreement.

We believe the 2000 ‘waiver’ amendment to section 103-5(b) controls the disposition of

this case. Waiver includes the notion of relinquishment.” Zakarauskas, 398 Ill. App. 3d

at 454.

We see no need to depart from the well-reasoned Zakarauskas opinion, especially where the

facts of this case are strikingly similar.

¶ 14 In Zakarauskas, the defendant was arrested for DUI and released on his own

recognizance. The defendant made a speedy trial demand in April 2006 and, following

several continuances by agreement, was absent on the date set for trial, October 6, 2006.

When the defendant could not be reached by telephone, the defense counsel explained that

there had been a “mix up” because defense counsel was on vacation when the defendant last

appeared in court. The trial court entered a bond forfeiture warrant and continued the case

to October 11, 2006. Defendant appeared on that date and filed a new written speedy trial

demand. On the date set for trial, March 20, 2007, the defendant moved to dismiss his case,

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arguing that his 160-day term had elapsed. After initially denying the defendant’s motion to

dismiss, the trial court reversed its decision and dismissed the charges upon reconsideration,

finding the “delay occasioned by the [d]efendant” was within the meaning of subsection (f)

of the speedy trial statute. (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id. at 452-53. The State

appealed. On review, this court concluded the defendant voluntarily relinquished his right

to trial within 160 days of his first speedy trial demand when he failed to appear. Id. at 454.

This court noted that “[w]hen defendant failed to appear he was no longer on bail” and

reasoned that “[i]f we were to treat a [bond forfeiture warrant] incident as comparable to a

request for a continuance or other delay, a fugitive defendant would be entitled to the benefit

of an earlier speedy trial demand when apprehended and again brought before the court.” Id.

¶ 15 Here, defendant first demanded trial on April 21, 2009. Defendant was then absent from

a scheduled court date on August 4, 2009. Defense counsel attempted to contact defendant

without success and a bond forfeiture warrant was issued. Defendant appeared the following

day and eventually explained that she “mixed up” the court dates. Defendant next demanded

a speedy trial on October 19, 2009. Applying the plain, unambiguous language of section

103-5(b) of the Code (725 ILCS 5/103-5(b) (West 2006)), we conclude that defendant

waived her initial speedy trial term beginning on April 21, 2009. The new speedy trial period

began on October 19, 2009, when she again filed a demand. The speedy trial term was not

tolled, as argued by defendant. As a result, defendant’s speedy trial rights were not violated

as of January 6, 2010.

¶ 16 We are reminded that, in interpreting statutes, courts must consider the statute as a whole

by looking at all relevant parts together. In re Jessica M., 399 Ill. App. 3d 730, 748, 928

N.E.2d 511 (2010). Moreover, “[a]n amendment to a statute is presumed to be intended to

effect a change in the law as it formerly existed.” People v. Craig, 403 Ill. App. 3d 762, 768,

934 N.E.2d 657 (2010). The 2000 amendment to the speedy trial statute clarified that a

defendant’s failure to appear in court operates as a waiver to a prior demand. Pub. Act 91-

123, § 5 (eff. Jan. 1, 2000). The legislature, therefore, distinguished failures to appear from

other “[d]elays occasioned by the defendant.” See 725 ILCS 5/103-5(f) (West 2006).

¶ 17 We find that “explained” failures to appear and “unexplained” failures to appear hold no

relevance where there is no such distinction in the language of the statute. “We will not

rewrite a statute under the guise of statutory construction or depart from a statute’s plain

language by reading into it conditions, exceptions, or limitations not expressed by the

legislature.” In re M.A., 356 Ill. App. 3d 733, 737, 826 N.E.2d 1071 (2005). Contrary to the

trial court’s March 18, 2010, ruling denying the State’s motion to reconsider the dismissal

of defendant’s case, in Zakarauskas, this court did not hold that an explained absence was

relieved of the waiverresult provided by subsection (b) of the speedy trial statute. Moreover,

the Zakarauskas facts are not distinguishable from this case where both defendants “mixed

up” the trial dates and their warrants were quashed and recalled within days, one day for our

defendant and five days for the Zakarauskas defendant. The Zakarauskaslanguage cited by

defendant in her brief and apparently relied on by the trial court states that “we believe the

legislature singled out an unexplained failure to appear for separate statutory treatment.”

Zakarauskas, 398 Ill. App. 3d at 452. That language is found in the introduction of the case

and cannot be extended to reflect the court’s holding. Whether the defendant had an

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explanation for his failure to appear did not enterthe court’s calculus in finding the defendant

waived his speedy trial demand. Id. at 454.

¶ 18 The Patterson decision supports our conclusion where it was held that the defendant

waived his speedy trial demand when he failed to appear on the scheduled trial date.

Patterson, 392 Ill. App. 3d at 467. The court went on to note that, waiver aside, the defendant

would have failed to prove his speedy trial rights had been violated under subsection (f) of

the statute where he contributed to the delay by failing to notify the trial court of his location

after being released from prison. Id. at 467-68.

¶ 19 We, therefore, conclude the trial court erred in finding a speedy trial violation and

dismissing defendant’s case.

¶ 20 CONCLUSION

¶ 21 Because we conclude that the speedy trial statute was not violated, we reverse the

judgment of the trial court and remand the cause with instructions to reinstate the charges

against defendant and proceed with trial.

¶ 22 Reversed and remanded.

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