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[Congressional Bills 111th Congress]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
[H.R. 4997 Introduced in House (IH)]

111th CONGRESS
  2d Session
                                H. R. 4997

To authorize appropriations for fiscal years 2011 through 2015 for the 
          National Science Foundation, and for other purposes.

_______________________________________________________________________

                    IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

                             April 13, 2010

 Mr. Lipinski introduced the following bill; which was referred to the 
                  Committee on Science and Technology

_______________________________________________________________________

                                 A BILL

 
To authorize appropriations for fiscal years 2011 through 2015 for the 
          National Science Foundation, and for other purposes.

    Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the 
United States of America in Congress assembled,

SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS.

    (a) Short Title.--This Act may be cited as the ``National Science 
Foundation Authorization Act of 2010''.
    (b) Table of Contents.--The table of contents for this Act is as 
follows:

Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents.
                      TITLE I--GENERAL PROVISIONS

Sec. 101. Definitions.
Sec. 102. Authorization of appropriations.
Sec. 103. National Science Board administrative amendments.
Sec. 104. Broader impacts review criterion.
                   TITLE II--RESEARCH AND INNOVATION

Sec. 201. Support for potentially transformative research.
Sec. 202. Facilitating interdisciplinary collaborations for national 
                            needs.
Sec. 203. National Science Foundation manufacturing research.
Sec. 204. Strengthening institutional research partnerships.
Sec. 205. National Science Board report on mid-scale instrumentation.
Sec. 206. Sense of Congress on overall support for research 
                            infrastructure at the Foundation.
            TITLE III--STEM EDUCATION AND WORKFORCE TRAINING

Sec. 301. Graduate student support.
Sec. 302. Postdoctoral fellowship in STEM education research.
Sec. 303. Robert Noyce teacher scholarship program.
Sec. 304. Institutions serving persons with disabilities.
Sec. 305. Institutional integration.
Sec. 306. Postdoctoral research fellowships.
Sec. 307. Broadening participation training and outreach.

                      TITLE I--GENERAL PROVISIONS

SEC. 101. DEFINITIONS.

    In this Act:
            (1) Director.--The term ``Director'' means the Director of 
        the National Science Foundation established under section 2 of 
        the National Science Foundation Act of 1950 (42 U.S.C. 1861).
            (2) Foundation.--The term ``Foundation'' means the National 
        Science Foundation established under section 2 of the National 
        Science Foundation Act of 1950 (42 U.S.C. 1861).
            (3) Institution of higher education.--The term 
        ``institution of higher education'' has the meaning given such 
        term in section 101(a) of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (20 
        U.S.C. 1001(a)).
            (4) State.--The term ``State'' means one of the several 
        States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto 
        Rico, the Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, the 
        Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, or any other 
        territory or possession of the United States.
            (5) STEM.--The term ``STEM'' means science, technology, 
        engineering, and mathematics.
            (6) United states.--The term ``United States'' means the 
        several States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of 
        Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, the 
        Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, and any other 
        territory or possession of the United States.

SEC. 102. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.

    (a) Fiscal Year 2011.--
            (1) In general.--There are authorized to be appropriated to 
        the Foundation $8,219,670,000 for fiscal year 2011.
            (2) Specific allocations.--Of the amount authorized under 
        paragraph (1)--
                    (A) $6,600,000,000 shall be made available for 
                research and related activities;
                    (B) $1,104,000,000 shall be made available for 
                education and human resources;
                    (C) $166,000,000 shall be made available for major 
                research equipment and facilities construction;
                    (D) $330,000,000 shall be made available for agency 
                operations and award management;
                    (E) $4,840,000 shall be made available for the 
                Office of the National Science Board; and
                    (F) $14,830,000 shall be made available for the 
                Office of Inspector General.
    (b) Fiscal Year 2012.--
            (1) In general.--There are authorized to be appropriated to 
        the Foundation $8,932,080,000 for fiscal year 2012.
            (2) Specific allocations.--Of the amount authorized under 
        paragraph (1)--
                    (A) $7,128,000,000 shall be made available for 
                research and related activities;
                    (B) $1,192,320,000 shall be made available for 
                education and human resources;
                    (C) $235,000,000 shall be made available for major 
                research equipment and facilities construction;
                    (D) $356,400,000 shall be made available for agency 
                operations and award management;
                    (E) $5,010,000 shall be made available for the 
                Office of the National Science Board; and
                    (F) $15,350,000 shall be made available for the 
                Office of Inspector General.
    (c) Fiscal Year 2013.--
            (1) In general.--There are authorized to be appropriated to 
        the Foundation $9,555,160,000 for fiscal year 2013.
            (2) Specific allocations.--Of the amount authorized under 
        paragraph (1)--
                    (A) $7,626,960,000 shall be made available for 
                research and related activities;
                    (B) $1,275,780,000 shall be made available for 
                education and human resources;
                    (C) $250,000,000 shall be made available for major 
                research equipment and facilities construction;
                    (D) $381,350,000 shall be made available for agency 
                operations and award management;
                    (E) $5,180,000 shall be made available for the 
                Office of the National Science Board; and
                    (F) $15,890,000 shall be made available for the 
                Office of Inspector General.
    (d) Fiscal Year 2014.--
            (1) In general.--There are authorized to be appropriated to 
        the Foundation $10,112,940,000 for fiscal year 2014.
            (2) Specific allocations.--Of the amount authorized under 
        paragraph (1)--
                    (A) $8,084,580,000 shall be made available for 
                research and related activities;
                    (B) $1,352,330,000 shall be made available for 
                education and human resources;
                    (C) $250,000,000 shall be made available for major 
                research equipment and facilities construction;
                    (D) $404,230,000 shall be made available for agency 
                operations and award management;
                    (E) $5,370,000 shall be made available for the 
                Office of the National Science Board; and
                    (F) $16,440,000 shall be made available for the 
                Office of Inspector General.
    (e) Fiscal Year 2015.--
            (1) In general.--There are authorized to be appropriated to 
        the Foundation $10,704,180,000 for fiscal year 2015.
            (2) Specific allocations.--Of the amount authorized under 
        paragraph (1)--
                    (A) $8,569,650,000 shall be made available for 
                research and related activities;
                    (B) $1,433,470,000 shall be made available for 
                education and human resources;
                    (C) $250,000,000 shall be made available for major 
                research equipment and facilities construction;
                    (D) $428,480,000 shall be made available for agency 
                operations and award management;
                    (E) $5,550,000 shall be made available for the 
                Office of the National Science Board; and
                    (F) $17,020,000 shall be made available for the 
                Office of Inspector General.

SEC. 103. NATIONAL SCIENCE BOARD ADMINISTRATIVE AMENDMENTS.

    (a) Staffing at the National Science Board.--Section 4(g) of the 
National Science Foundation Act of 1950 (42 U.S.C. 1863(g)) is amended 
by striking ``not more than 5''.
    (b) Science and Engineering Indicators Due Date.--Section 4(j)(1) 
of the National Science Foundation Act of 1950 (42 U.S.C. 1863(j)(1)) 
is amended by striking ``January 15'' and inserting ``May 31''.
    (c) National Science Board Reports.--Section 4(j)(2) of the 
National Science Foundation Act of 1950 (42 U.S.C. 1863(j)(2)) is 
amended by inserting ``within the authority of the Foundation (or 
otherwise as requested by the Congress or the President)'' after 
``individual policy matters''.
    (d) Board Adherence to Sunshine Act.--Section 15(a) of the National 
Science Foundation Authorization Act of 2002 (42 U.S.C. 1862n-5(a)) is 
amended--
            (1) by striking paragraph (3) and redesignating paragraphs 
        (4) and (5) as paragraphs (3) and (4), respectively;
            (2) in paragraph (3), as so redesignated by paragraph (1) 
        of this subsection--
                    (A) by striking ``February 15'' and inserting 
                ``April 15''; and
                    (B) by striking ``audit required under paragraph 
                (3) along with''; and
            (3) in paragraph (4), as so redesignated by paragraph (1) 
        of this subsection, by striking ``To facilitate the audit 
        required under paragraph (3) of this subsection, the'' and 
        inserting ``The''.

SEC. 104. BROADER IMPACTS REVIEW CRITERION.

    (a) Goals.--The Foundation shall apply a Broader Impacts Review 
Criterion to achieve the following goals:
            (1) Increased economic competitiveness of the United 
        States.
            (2) Development of a globally competitive STEM workforce.
            (3) Increased participation of women and underrepresented 
        minorities in STEM.
            (4) Increased partnerships between academia and industry.
            (5) Improved K-12 STEM education and teacher development.
            (6) Improved undergraduate STEM education.
            (7) Increased public scientific literacy.
            (8) Increased national security.
    (b) Policy.--Not later than 6 months after the date of enactment of 
this Act, the Director shall develop and implement a policy for the 
Broader Impacts Review Criterion that--
            (1) provides for educating professional staff at the 
        Foundation, merit review panels, and applicants for Foundation 
        research grants on the policy developed under this subsection;
            (2) clarifies that the activities of grant recipients 
        undertaken to satisfy the Broader Impacts Review Criterion 
        shall--
                    (A) to the extent practicable employ proven 
                strategies and models and draw on existing programs and 
                activities; and
                    (B) when novel approaches are justified, build on 
                the most current research results;
            (3) allows for some portion of funds allocated to broader 
        impacts under a research grant to be used for assessment and 
        evaluation of the broader impacts activity;
            (4) encourages institutions of higher education and other 
        nonprofit organizations to develop and provide, either as 
        individual institutions or in partnerships thereof, appropriate 
        training and programs to assist Foundation-funded principal 
        investigators at their institutions in achieving the goals of 
        the Broader Impacts Review Criterion as described in subsection 
        (a); and
            (5) requires principal investigators applying for 
        Foundation research grants to provide evidence of institutional 
        support for the portion of the investigator's proposal designed 
        to satisfy the Broader Impacts Review Criterion, including 
        evidence of relevant training, programs, and other 
        institutional resources available to the investigator from 
        either their home institution or organization or another 
        institution or organization with relevant expertise.

                   TITLE II--RESEARCH AND INNOVATION

SEC. 201. SUPPORT FOR POTENTIALLY TRANSFORMATIVE RESEARCH.

    (a) Policy.--The Director shall establish a policy that requires 
the Foundation to use at least 5 percent of its research budget to fund 
basic, high-risk, high-reward research proposals. Support for 
facilities and infrastructure, including preconstruction design and 
operations and maintenance of major research facilities, shall not be 
counted as part of the research budget for the purposes of this 
section.
    (b) Implementation.--In implementing such policy, the Foundation 
may--
            (1) develop solicitations specifically for high-risk, high-
        reward research;
            (2) establish review panels for the primary purpose of 
        selecting high-risk, high-reward proposals or modify 
        instructions to standard review panels to require 
        identification of high-risk, high-reward proposals; and
            (3) support workshops and participate in conferences with 
        the primary purpose of identifying new opportunities for high-
        risk, high-reward research, especially at interdisciplinary 
        interfaces.
    (c) Definition.--For purposes of this section, the term ``high-
risk, high-reward research'' means research driven by ideas that have 
the potential to radically change our understanding of an important 
existing scientific or engineering concept, or leading to the creation 
of a new paradigm or field of science or engineering, and that is 
characterized by its challenge to current understanding or its pathway 
to new frontiers.

SEC. 202. FACILITATING INTERDISCIPLINARY COLLABORATIONS FOR NATIONAL 
              NEEDS.

    (a) In General.--The Director shall award competitive, merit-based 
awards in amounts not to exceed $5,000,000 over a period of up to 5 
years to interdisciplinary research collaborations that are likely to 
assist in addressing critical challenges to national security, 
competitiveness, and societal well-being and that--
            (1) involve at least 2 co-equal principal investigators at 
        the same or different institutions;
            (2) draw upon well-integrated, diverse teams of 
        investigators, including students or postdoctoral researchers, 
        from one or more disciplines; and
            (3) foster creativity and pursue high-risk, high-reward 
        research.
    (b) Priority.--In selecting grant recipients under this section, 
the Director shall give priority to applicants that propose to use 
advances in cyberinfrastructure and simulation-based science 
engineering.

SEC. 203. NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION MANUFACTURING RESEARCH.

    The Director shall carry out a program to award merit-reviewed, 
competitive grants to institutions of higher education to support 
fundamental research leading to transformative advances in 
manufacturing technologies, processes, and enterprises that will 
support United States manufacturing through improved performance, 
productivity, sustainability, and competitiveness. Research areas may 
include--
            (1) nanomanufacturing;
            (2) manufacturing and construction machines and equipment, 
        including robotics, automation, and other intelligent systems;
            (3) manufacturing enterprise systems;
            (4) advanced sensing and control techniques;
            (5) materials processing; and
            (6) information technologies for manufacturing, including 
        predictive and real-time models and simulations, and virtual 
        manufacturing.

SEC. 204. STRENGTHENING INSTITUTIONAL RESEARCH PARTNERSHIPS.

    (a) In General.--For any Foundation research grant, in an amount 
greater than $2,000,000, to be carried out through a partnership that 
includes one or more minority-serving institutions or predominantly 
undergraduate institutions and one or more institutions described in 
subsection (b), the Director shall award funds directly, according to 
the budget justification described in the grant proposal, to at least 
two of the institutions of higher education in the partnership, 
including at least one minority-serving institution or one 
predominantly undergraduate institution, to ensure a strong and 
equitable partnership.
    (b) Institutions.--The institutions referred to in subsection (a) 
are institutions of higher education that are among the 100 
institutions receiving, over the 3-year period immediately preceding 
the awarding of grants, the highest amount of research funding from the 
Foundation.

SEC. 205. NATIONAL SCIENCE BOARD REPORT ON MID-SCALE INSTRUMENTATION.

    (a) Mid-Scale Research Instrumentation Needs.--The National Science 
Board shall evaluate the needs, across all disciplines supported by the 
Foundation, for mid-scale research instrumentation that falls between 
the instruments funded by the Major Research Instrumentation program 
and the very large projects funded by the Major Research Equipment and 
Facilities Construction program.
    (b) Report on Mid-Scale Research Instrumentation Program.--Not 
later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act, the National 
Science Board shall submit to Congress a report on mid-scale research 
instrumentation at the Foundation. At a minimum, this report shall 
include--
            (1) the findings from the Board's evaluation of 
        instrumentation needs required under subsection (a), including 
        a description of differences across disciplines and Foundation 
        research directorates;
            (2) a recommendation or recommendations regarding how the 
        Foundation should set priorities for mid-scale instrumentation 
        across disciplines and Foundation research directorates;
            (3) a recommendation or recommendations regarding the 
        appropriateness of expanding existing programs, including the 
        Major Research Instrumentation program or the Major Research 
        Equipment and Facilities Construction program, to support more 
        instrumentation at the mid-scale;
            (4) a recommendation or recommendations regarding the need 
        for and appropriateness of a new, Foundation-wide program or 
        initiative in support of mid-scale instrumentation, including 
        any recommendations regarding the administration of and budget 
        for such a program or initiative and the appropriate scope of 
        instruments to be funded under such a program or initiative; 
        and
            (5) any recommendation or recommendations regarding other 
        options for supporting mid-scale research instrumentation at 
        the Foundation.

SEC. 206. SENSE OF CONGRESS ON OVERALL SUPPORT FOR RESEARCH 
              INFRASTRUCTURE AT THE FOUNDATION.

    It is the sense of Congress that the Foundation should strive to 
keep the percentage of the Foundation budget devoted to research 
infrastructure in the range of 24 to 27 percent, as recommended in the 
2003 National Science Board report entitled ``Science and Engineering 
Infrastructure for the 21st Century''.

            TITLE III--STEM EDUCATION AND WORKFORCE TRAINING

SEC. 301. GRADUATE STUDENT SUPPORT.

    (a) Finding.--The Congress finds that--
            (1) the Integrative Graduate Education and Research 
        Traineeship program is an important program for training the 
        next generation of scientists and engineers in team-based 
        interdisciplinary research and problem solving, and for 
        providing them with the many additional skills, such as 
        communication skills, needed to thrive in diverse STEM careers; 
        and
            (2) the Integrative Graduate Education and Research 
        Traineeship program is no less valuable to the preparation and 
        support of graduate students than the Foundation's Graduate 
        Research Fellowship program.
    (b) Equal Treatment of IGERT and GRF.--Beginning in fiscal year 
2011, the Director shall increase or, if necessary, decrease funding 
for the Foundation's Integrative Graduate Education and Research 
Traineeship program (or any program by which it is replaced) at least 
at the same rate as it increases or decreases funding for the Graduate 
Research Fellowship program.
    (c) Support for Graduate Student Research From the Research 
Account.--For each of the fiscal years 2011 through 2015, at least 50 
percent of the total Foundation funds allocated to the Integrative 
Graduate Education and Research Traineeship program and the Graduate 
Research Fellowship program shall come from funds appropriated for 
Research and Related Activities.
    (d) Cost of Education Allowance for GRF Program.--Section 10 of the 
National Science Foundation Act of 1950 (42 U.S.C. 1869) is amended--
            (1) by inserting ``(a)'' before ``The Foundation is 
        authorized''; and
            (2) by adding at the end the following new subsection:
    ``(b) The Director shall establish for each year the amount to be 
awarded for scholarships and fellowships under this section for that 
year. Each such scholarship and fellowship shall include a cost of 
education allowance of at least the lesser of $12,000 or the cost of 
education at the institution in which the scholarship or fellowship 
recipient is matriculated, subject to any restrictions on the use of 
cost of education allowance as determined by the Director.''.

SEC. 302. POSTDOCTORAL FELLOWSHIP IN STEM EDUCATION RESEARCH.

    (a) In General.--The Director shall establish postdoctoral 
fellowships in STEM education research to provide recent doctoral 
degree graduates in STEM fields with the necessary skills to assume 
leadership roles in STEM education research, program development, and 
evaluation in our Nation's diverse educational institutions.
    (b) Awards.--
            (1) Duration.--Fellowships may be awarded under this 
        section for a period of up to 24 months in duration, renewable 
        for an additional 12 months. The Director shall establish 
        criteria for eligibility for renewal of the fellowship.
            (2) Stipend.--The Director shall determine the amount of 
        the award for a fellowship, which shall include a stipend and a 
        research allowance, and may include an educational allowance.
            (3) Location.--A fellowship shall be awarded for research 
        at any institution of higher education that offers degrees in 
        fields supported by the Foundation, or at any institution or 
        organization that the Director determines is eligible for 
        education research grants from the Foundation.
            (4) Number of awards.--The Director may award up to 20 new 
        fellowships per year.
    (c) Research.--Fellowships under this section shall be awarded for 
research on STEM education at any educational level, including grades 
K-12, undergraduate, graduate, and general public education, in both 
formal and informal settings. Research topics may include--
            (1) learning processes;
            (2) knowledge transfer, including curriculum development;
            (3) uses of technology as teaching and learning tools;
            (4) integrating STEM fields; and
            (5) student assessment and program evaluation.
    (d) Eligibility.--To be eligible for a fellowship under this 
section, an individual must--
            (1) be a United States citizen or national, or an alien 
        lawfully admitted to the United States for permanent residence, 
        at the time of application; and
            (2) have received a doctoral degree in one of the STEM 
        fields supported by the Foundation within 3 years prior to the 
        fellowship application deadline.

SEC. 303. ROBERT NOYCE TEACHER SCHOLARSHIP PROGRAM.

    (a) Section 10 Amendments.--Section 10 of the National Science 
Foundation Authorization Act of 2002 (42 U.S.C. 1862n-1) is amended--
            (1) in subsection (c)(4), by striking ``Service required 
        under this paragraph shall be performed in a high-need local 
        educational agency.''; and
            (2) in subsection (c), by adding at the end a new paragraph 
        as follows:
            ``(5) Exception.--The period of service obligation under 
        paragraph (4) shall be reduced by 1 year for scholarship 
        recipients whose service is performed in a high-need local 
        educational agency. The Director shall establish and maintain a 
        central clearinghouse of information on teaching opportunities 
        available in high-need local educational agencies throughout 
        the United States, which shall be made available to individuals 
        having a service obligation under this section.''.
    (b) Section 10A Amendments.--Section 10A of the National Science 
Foundation Authorization Act of 2002 (42 U.S.C. 1862n-1a) is amended in 
subsection (h)(1) by striking ``50'' and inserting ``30''.

SEC. 304. INSTITUTIONS SERVING PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES.

    For the purposes of the activities and programs supported by the 
Foundation, institutions of higher education chartered to serve large 
numbers of students with disabilities, including Gallaudet University, 
Landmark College, and the National Technical Institute for the Deaf, 
shall be designated as minority-serving institutions.

SEC. 305. INSTITUTIONAL INTEGRATION.

    (a) Innovation Through Institutional Integration.--The Director 
shall award grants for the institutional integration of projects funded 
by the Foundation with a focus on education or broadening participation 
in STEM by underrepresented groups for the purpose of increasing 
collaboration and coordination across funded projects and institutions 
and expanding the impact of such projects within and among institutions 
of higher education in an innovative and sustainable manner.
    (b) Program Activities.--The program under this section shall 
support integrative activities that involve the strategic and 
innovative combination of Foundation-funded projects and that provide 
for--
            (1) additional opportunities to increase the recruitment, 
        retention, and degree attainment of underrepresented groups in 
        STEM disciplines;
            (2) the inclusion of programming, practices, and policies 
        that encourage the integration of education and research;
            (3) seamless transitions from one educational level to 
        another; and
            (4) other activities that expand and deepen the impact of 
        Foundation-funded projects with a focus on education or 
        broadening participation in STEM by underrepresented groups and 
        enhance their sustainability.
    (c) Review Criteria.--In selecting recipients of grants under this 
section, the Director shall consider at a minimum--
            (1) the extent to which the proposed project addresses the 
        goals of project and program integration and adds value to the 
        existing funded projects;
            (2) the extent to which there is a proven record of success 
        for the existing projects on which the proposed integration 
        project is based; and
            (3) the extent to which the proposed project addresses the 
        modification of programming, practices, and policies necessary 
        to achieve the purpose described in subsection (a).
    (d) Priority.--In selecting recipients of grants under this 
section, the Director shall give priority to proposals for which a 
senior institutional administrator, including a dean or other 
administrator of equal or higher rank, serves as the principal 
investigator.

SEC. 306. POSTDOCTORAL RESEARCH FELLOWSHIPS.

    (a) In General.--The Director shall establish a Foundation-wide 
postdoctoral research fellowship program, to award competitive, merit-
based postdoctoral research fellowships in any field of research 
supported by the Foundation.
    (b) Duration and Amount.--Fellowships may be awarded under this 
section for a period of up to 3 years in duration. The Director shall 
determine the amount of the award for a fellowship, which shall include 
a stipend and a research allowance, and may include an educational 
allowance.
    (c) Eligibility.--To be eligible to receive a fellowship under this 
section, an individual--
            (1) must be a United States citizen or national, or an 
        alien lawfully admitted to the United States for permanent 
        residence, at the time of application;
            (2) must have received a doctoral degree in any field of 
        research supported by the Foundation within 3 years prior to 
        the fellowship application deadline, or will complete a 
        doctoral degree no more than 1 year after the application 
        deadline; and
            (3) may not have previously received funding as the 
        principal investigator of a research grant from the Foundation, 
        unless such funding was received as a graduate student.
    (d) Priority.--In evaluating applications for fellowships under 
this section, the Director shall give priority to applications that 
include--
            (1) proposals for interdisciplinary research; or
            (2) proposals for high-risk, high-reward research.
    (e) Additional Considerations.--In evaluating applications for 
fellowships under this section, the Director shall give consideration 
to the goal of promoting the participation of individuals identified in 
section 33 or 34 of the Science and Engineering Equal Opportunities Act 
(42 U.S.C. 1885a or 1885b).
    (f) Nonsubstitution.--The fellowship program authorized under this 
section is not intended to replace or reduce support for postdoctoral 
research through existing programs at the Foundation.

SEC. 307. BROADENING PARTICIPATION TRAINING AND OUTREACH.

    The Director shall provide education and training--
            (1) to Foundation staff and grant proposal review panels on 
        effective mechanisms and tools for broadening participation in 
        STEM by underrepresented groups, including reviewer selection 
        and mitigation of implicit bias in the review process; and
            (2) to Foundation staff on related outreach approaches.
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