FILED

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

May 20, 2009

THOMAS K. KAHN

CLERK

 [DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

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No. 08-11179

Non-Argument Calendar

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D. C. Docket No. 07-00212-CR-7-LSC-HGD

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

Plaintiff-Appellee, 

versus

REGINALD DEWAYNE DIXON, 

Defendant-Appellant. 

________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Northern District of Alabama

_________________________

(May 20, 2009)

Before BIRCH, BLACK and HULL, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
Reginald Dewayne Dixon challenges his conviction for being a felon in

possession of a firearm, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). On appeal, Dixon

argues the district court plainly erred when it allowed certain testimony at trial; the

district court erred when it denied his request for a free copy of the transcript from

his first trial, which had ended in a mistrial; and the cumulative effect of the

district court’s alleged errors warrants us vacating his verdict. We address each

argument in turn. 

I.

First, Dixon contends the district court should not have allowed a

government witness to testify (1) Dixon’s picture was in a book of people who

have had “run ins” with local police; and (2) a warrant for Dixon’s arrest stemmed

from a domestic violence charge. Dixon asserts the testimony was irrelevant and

unfairly prejudicial. He further argues the district court erred by allowing a

government witness to testify that the arresting officer said he was going to go

search for a gun that Dixon had dropped. Dixon asserts the testimony was hearsay

without an exception. 

Dixon did not object to any of the relevant testimony at the trial, so we

review for plain error. See United States v. Baker, 432 F.3d 1189, 1202 (11th Cir.

2005). Under the plain error standard, “there must be (1) error, (2) that is plain,

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and (3) that affects substantial rights. If all three conditions are met, an appellate

court may then exercise its discretion to notice a forfeited error, but only if (4) the

error seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial

proceedings.” Id. at 1202-03 (internal quotations omitted). “For the admission of

evidence to constitute plain error, the evidence must have been so obviously

inadmissible and prejudicial that, despite defense counsel’s failure to object, the

district court, sua sponte, should have excluded the evidence.” United States v.

Williams, 527 F.3d 1235, 1247 (11th Cir. 2008) (internal quotations omitted). 

A. The Testimony Concerning the Book and Domestic Violence

Relevant evidence is defined as “evidence having any tendency to make the

existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more

probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence.” Fed. R. Evid.

401. Generally, all relevant evidence is admissible. Fed. R. Evid. 402. Moreover, 

[e]vidence, not part of the crime charged but pertaining to the chain

of events explaining the context, . . . is properly admitted if linked in

time and circumstances with the charged crime, or forms an integral

and natural part of an account of the crime, or is necessary to

complete the story of the crime for the jury. 

United States v. Williford, 764 F.2d 1493, 1499 (11th Cir. 1985). 

Despite admissibility, evidence may be excluded when its probative value

“is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice.” Fed. R. Evid. 403. 

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A court’s discretion to exclude evidence under Fed. R. Evid. 403 should be used

sparingly, and the balance under the rule should be struck in favor of admissibility. 

United States v. Wright, 392 F.3d 1269, 1276 (11th Cir. 2004). When doing the

balancing test, the Court should ask “whether its probative value is outweighed by

its prejudicial effect.” Id.

In this case, the government witness’s testimony concerning the book of

pictures and the basis for the arrest warrant was relevant because it was part of the

witness’s account of the crime, explaining why the witness was checking to see if

there was a warrant for Dixon’s arrest. See Williford, 764 F.2d at 1499. 

Furthermore, unlike graphic evidence of spousal abuse, the testimony that Dixon’s

warrant was for the nondescript charge of domestic violence was not so prejudicial

that it should have been excluded because it was not likely to incite the jury to an

irrational decision. But cf. United States v. Hands, 184 F.3d 1322, 1328-29 (11th

Cir. 1999). Accordingly, the district court did not plainly err by allowing the

testimony.

B. Hearsay

Hearsay is defined as “a statement, other than one made by the declarant

while testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the

matter asserted.” Fed. R. Evid. 801(c). “Hearsay is inadmissible unless the

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statement is not hearsay as provided by [Fed. R. Evid.] 801(d), or falls into one of

the hearsay exceptions enumerated in [Fed. R. Evid.] 803, 804, and 807.” Baker,

432 F.3d at 1203. The following is not excluded as hearsay, even though the

declarant is available as a witness:

A statement of the declarant’s then existing state of mind, emotion,

sensation, or physical condition (such as intent, plan, motive, design,

mental feeling, pain, and bodily health), but not including a statement

of memory or belief to prove the fact remembered or believed unless

it relates to the execution, revocation, identification, or terms of

declarant’s will.

Fed. R. Evid. 803(3). “[T]he state-of-mind exception does not permit the witness

to relate any of the declarant’s statements as to why he held the particular state of

mind, or what he might have believed that would have induced the state of mind.”

United States v. Samaniego, 345 F.3d 1280, 1282 (11th Cir. 2003) (internal

quotations omitted). 

Although the witness’s testimony that the arresting officer told the witness

that he was going to search for a gun that Dixon had dropped may be hearsay, the

district court did not commit a reversible error because the testimony was not “so

obviously inadmissible and prejudicial that, despite defense counsel’s failure to

object, the district court, sua sponte, should have excluded the evidence.” 

Williams, 542 F.3d at 1247. This is especially true because another witness gave

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direct testimony that he saw Dixon throw the gun away. Accordingly, the district

court did not commit reversible error.

II.

Dixon, who is an indigent defendant, also argues the district court erred

when it denied his request for a free copy of the transcript from his first trial,

which had ended in a mistrial. A district court’s denial of an indigent defendant’s

request for a transcript on the basis that there is insufficient time to prepare the

transcript is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. See United States v. Smith, 605

F.2d 839, 843-44 (5th Cir. 1979) (holding it was within a court’s discretion to

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deny an indigent defendant a transcript when the reason for the denial was an

unnecessary delay of the trial). “An indigent defendant may not be deprived of

‘the basic tools of an adequate defense or appeal, when those tools are available

for a price to other prisoners.’” Id. at 842 (quoting Britt v. North Carolina, 92

S. Ct. 431, 433 (1971)). The transcript of a prior mistrial is valuable to the defense

in preparing for trial, and an “indigent [defendant] is entitled to a complete

transcript free of charge without showing a particular need for the transcript.” Id.

at 842-43. 

 In Bonner v. City of Prichard, 661 F.2d 1206, 1209 (11th Cir. 1981) (en banc), this 1

court adopted as binding precedent all decisions of the former Fifth Circuit handed down prior to

close of business on September 30, 1981. 

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The mere request for a transcript by an indigent defendant, however, does

not impose a constitutional duty on the trial court to order it prepared. Id. at 843. 

“Only differences in access to the instruments needed to vindicate legal rights,

[w]hen based upon the financial situation of the defendant, are repugnant to the

Constitution.” Id. (internal quotations omitted). It is not an abuse of discretion for

a trial court to refuse a “defense counsel’s request for a continuance to have a

transcript prepared at the defendant’s own expense when the request was made on

the eve of trial.” Id. 

In this case, the district court denied Dixon’s request for a transcript because

there was insufficient time for the court reporter to prepare a transcript before the

second trial, rather than because of Dixon’s indigence. This was a valid reason for

denying Dixon’s request. See Smith, 605 F.2d at 843. Accordingly, the district

court did not abuse its discretion when it denied his request for the transcript.

III.

Finally, Dixon argues the cumulative effect of the district court’s alleged

errors warrants us vacating his verdict. “The cumulative error doctrine provides

that an aggregation of non-reversible errors (i.e., plain errors failing to necessitate

reversal and harmless errors) can yield a denial of the constitutional right to a fair

trial, which calls for reversal.” Baker, 432 F.3d at 1223 (internal quotations

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omitted). We evaluate the harmlessness of cumulative error by examining

“whether the defendant’s substantial rights were affected.” Id. (internal quotations

omitted). 

The total effect of the errors on the trial will depend, among other

things, on the nature and number of the errors committed; their

interrelationship, if any, and combined effect; how the district court

dealt with the errors as they arose (including the efficacy—or lack of

efficacy—of any remedial efforts); the strength of the government’s

case, and the length of trial.

Id. (internal quotations and alteration omitted). We will not conclude that a

defendant’s substantial rights were affected unless the errors have a substantial

influence on the outcome of the case or leave grave doubt as to whether they

affected the outcome of a case. Id.

When the alleged errors in this case are grouped together, they do not create

a grave doubt as to whether they affected the outcome of the case. Even if the

alleged errors were not made, the arresting officer testified that he saw Dixon

holding a gun. Accordingly, the cumulative-error doctrine does not warrant us

vacating Dixon’s verdict.

After considering the parties’ briefs and the record on appeal, we discern no

reversible error and affirm Dixon’s conviction.

AFFIRMED.

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