STATE of North Carolina v. Jeffery Daniel WAYCASTER

No. COA17-1249

Court of Appeals of North Carolina.

Filed: August 7, 2018

Attorney General Joshua H. Stein, by Assistant Attorney General Alexander Walton, for the State.

Dylan J.C. Buffum Attorney at Law, PLLC, by Dylan J.C. Buffum for defendant-appellant.

ARROWOOD, Judge.

*685Jeffery Daniel Waycaster ("defendant") appeals from judgments entered on his convictions of interfering with an electronic monitoring device and attaining the status of a habitual felon.

I. *Background*

On 26 October 2015, defendant was indicted for interfering with an electronic monitoring device, and for attaining the status of a habitual felon. The matter came on for trial in McDowell County Superior Court before Judge Gary M. Gavenus on 15 May 2017. The State's evidence tended to show that, on 24 September 2015, defendant was subject to supervised probation due to a conviction for felony larceny that was entered 22 July 2014. As a modified condition of his probation, defendant submitted to electronic monitoring.

Probation Officer Matthew Plaster ("Officer Plaster") supervised defendant. Officer Plaster testified that defendant's electronic monitoring equipment was installed prior to 24 September 2015 by BI Total Monitoring, the company contracted to install and monitor the equipment. Officer Plaster described the equipment as follows. BI Total Monitoring's electronic monitoring equipment includes an ankle monitor, a beacon that used a global positioning system ("GPS") to track the monitor, and a charger for each probationer. The ankle monitor and beacon "have serial numbers on them that are specific to" the probationer they monitor. BI Total Monitoring's computer software, BI Total Access, keeps logs of which serial numbers are assigned to each probationer.

When an ankle monitor is not in the beacon's range, it transmits a GPS signal. These signals enable the probation officer to log onto a computer program to see, "within a fairly accurate distance[,]" where a probationer is located. When a probationer removes the ankle monitor, BI Total Monitoring notifies the probation office. Officer Plaster testified that this technology "works really well" and their office has "not had much issue with dead spots and stuff." After the equipment's installation on defendant's person and at his residence, Officer Plaster inspected it to ensure "it was on properly."

*686On 24 September 2015, the "on call" probation officer, Probation Officer David Ashe ("Officer Ashe"), received an alert from BI Total Monitoring that defendant's ankle monitor's strap had been tampered with. Unable to reach defendant by phone, Officer Ashe used the GPS to locate the monitor miles from defendant's residence, in a ditch approximately *1928 feet from a road. He testified that he took the ankle monitor to his office, where he verified it was the one assigned to and installed on defendant.

Defendant did not present any evidence.

On 16 May 2017, the jury found defendant guilty of interfering with an electronic monitoring device.

On 17 May 2017, the habitual felon phase of the trial began. The indictment charged defendant with habitual felon status based on three convictions in McDowell County: a 4 June 2001 conviction for felonious breaking and entering on or about 20 February 2001, a 18 February 2010 conviction for felonious breaking and entering on or about 29 October 2009, and a 22 July 2014 conviction for safecracking on or about 27 June 2013. The State offered true copies of judgments related to the 18 February 2010 and 22 July 2014 convictions as evidence.

As proof of the 4 June 2001 conviction, the State called the Clerk of McDowell County Superior Court, Melissa Adams, as a witness. She identified a printout of a record entered into the Automated Criminal/Infraction System ("ACIS") that showed that, on 4 June 2001, defendant was convicted in McDowell County case 01 CR 1216 of felony breaking and entering for an offense that occurred on 20 February 2001. Defendant objected to the submission of the ACIS printout, arguing it was not the best evidence in this case because it was not a copy of the judgment. The trial court overruled defendant's objection, explaining: "ACIS is a way in which the State can introduce true copies of judgments entered in the system, and it's admissible under the rules of evidence."

The jury found defendant had attained habitual felon status. The trial court sentenced defendant to an active term of incarceration for 38 to 58 months.

Defendant appeals.

II. *Discussion*

Defendant makes two arguments on appeal. First, he argues the trial court committed plain error by admitting hearsay evidence to establish that the ankle monitor found in the ditch was the monitor assigned to *687defendant. Second, he argues the trial court erred when it allowed an ACIS printout into evidence as proof of defendant's 2 June 2001 conviction for felony breaking and entering. We address each argument in turn.

A. *Hearsay Evidence*

Defendant argues the trial court plainly erred when it allowed Officer Ashe to provide testimony based on GPS tracking evidence and simultaneously prepared reports to establish that the ankle monitor that he found was the same monitor that had been installed on and assigned to defendant. Defendant contends this testimony constituted hearsay that was not admissible under any exception. We disagree.

Officer Ashe testified that the 24 September 2015 alert he received from BI Total Monitoring identified defendant as the probationer to whom the monitor at issue was assigned. Defendant objected to this statement as hearsay, but was overruled. Subsequently, Officer Ashe testified that he verified the monitor was the one assigned to and installed on defendant. Defendant did not object. Therefore, he lost the benefit of his initial objection and failed to preserve this issue for appellate review. *See* *State v. Maccia,* 311 N.C. 222, 229, 316 S.E.2d 241, 245 (1984) ("[W]hen ... evidence is admitted over objection, and the same evidence has been previously admitted or is later admitted without objection, the benefit of the objection is lost.") (citations omitted). Nonetheless, defendant contends the admission of Officer Ashe's testimony based on GPS tracking evidence and simultaneously prepared reports amounts to plain error.

Under plain error review, an issue that was not preserved "may be made the basis of an issue presented on appeal when the judicial action questioned is specifically and distinctly contended to amount to plain error." N.C.R. App. P. 10(a)(4) (2018). "[P]lain error review ... is normally limited to instructional and evidentiary error." *State v. Lawrence* , 365 N.C. 506, 516, 723 S.E.2d 326, 333 (2012) (citation omitted). To show plain error, a "defendant must convince this Court not only that there was error, but that absent the error, the jury probably would *193have reached a different result." *State v. Jordan* , 333 N.C. 431, 440, 426 S.E.2d 692, 697 (1993) (citation omitted). Accordingly, the error must have been "so basic, so prejudicial, so lacking in its elements that justice cannot have been done[.]" *State v. Odom* , 307 N.C. 655, 660, 300 S.E.2d 375, 378 (1983) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).

Rule 801 of the North Carolina Rules of Evidence defines hearsay as "a statement, other than one made by the declarant while testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter *688asserted." N.C. Gen. Stat. § 8C-1, Rule 801(c) (2017). Hearsay is generally not admissible at trial, unless otherwise allowed by statute or the North Carolina Rules of Evidence. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 8C-1, Rule 802. Rule 803(6) of the North Carolina Rules of Evidence establishes an exception to the general exclusion of hearsay for business records, which the rules define as:

> A memorandum, report, record, or data compilation, in any form, of acts, events, conditions, opinions, or diagnoses, made at or near the time by, or from information transmitted by, a person with knowledge, if (i) kept in the course of a regularly conducted business activity, and (ii) it was the regular practice of that business activity to make the memorandum, report, record, or data compilation, all as shown by the testimony of the custodian or other qualified witness, or by affidavit or by document under seal under Rule 902 of the Rules of Evidence made by the custodian or witness, unless the source of information or the method or circumstances of preparation indicate lack of trustworthiness. Authentication of evidence by affidavit shall be confined to the records of nonparties, and the proponent of that evidence shall give advance notice to all other parties of intent to offer the evidence with authentication by affidavit. The term "business" as used in this paragraph includes business, institution, association, profession, occupation, and calling of every kind, whether or not conducted for profit.

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 8C-1, Rule 803(6). Electronically stored business records are admissible if:

> (1) the computerized entries were made in the regular course of business, (2) at or near the time of the transaction involved, and (3) a proper foundation for such evidence is laid by testimony of a witness who is familiar with the computerized records and the methods under which they were made so as to satisfy the court that the methods, the sources of information, and the time of preparation render such evidence trustworthy.

*State v. Jackson* , 229 N.C. App. 644, 650, 748 S.E.2d 50, 55 (2013) (quoting *State v. Crawley,* 217 N.C. App. 509, 516, 719 S.E.2d 632, 637 (2011) ). These records need not be authenticated by the person who made them. *State v. Wilson,* 313 N.C. 516, 533, 330 S.E.2d 450, 462 (1985) (citations omitted).

*689Our Court has previously held that hearsay statements based on "GPS tracking evidence and simultaneously prepared reports are admissible under the business records exception to the hearsay rule." *State v. Gardner* , 237 N.C. App. 496, 499, 769 S.E.2d 196, 198 (2014) (citation omitted). However, defendant argues that the testimony at issue does not meet the requirements of the business records exception because the probation officers that testified did not lay a proper foundation "to satisfy the court that the methods, the sources of information, and the time of preparation render such evidence trustworthy" as required under our caselaw. We disagree.

In both *Gardner* and *Jackson* , we held that the probation officers' testimony was sufficient to lay a proper foundation for statements based on GPS tracking evidence and simultaneously prepared reports. *Id.* at 501, 769 S.E.2d at199 ; *Jackson* , 229 N.C. App. at 650-51, 748 S.E.2d at 55-56. Here, as in *Gardner* , one of the probation officers that testified, Officer Plaster, testified concerning the operation of the electronic monitoring device worn by defendant and demonstrated his familiarity with the system through his testimony. Additionally, he testified that the information transmitted through the GPS technology is stored in a software database *194that the probation office uses to conduct its business. He also testified that the program is an accurate source of information that "works really well." We hold that his testimony established a sufficient foundation of trustworthiness for the tracking evidence to be admissible as a business record. Therefore, the trial court did not err when it permitted Officer Ashe to testify that the tracking data in this case verified that the ankle monitor at issue had been assigned to defendant. Because the trial court did not err, the trial court did not commit plain error.

B. *Evidentiary Requirements Under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-7.4*

Defendant argues the trial court erred when it allowed an ACIS printout to be admitted as proof of a prior conviction to establish defendant's habitual felon status. Specifically, he argues the admission of the printout violated the best evidence rule, which requires secondary evidence offered to prove the contents of a recording be excluded whenever the original recording is available. *See* *State v. York* , 347 N.C. 79, 91, 489 S.E.2d 380, 387 (1997) (citing N.C. Gen. Stat. § 8C-1, Rules 1002 - 1004 (2017) ).

While this Court has previously concluded, in an unpublished opinion, that criminal history printouts from the ACIS database were admissible evidence to prove a prior felony under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-7.4, *see* *690*State v. Aultman* , No. COA15-242, 244 N.C. App. 777, 781 S.E.2d 532, 2016 WL 47970 at *6 (N.C. Ct. App. Jan. 5, 2016) (unpublished), it is well settled that "[a]n unpublished opinion establishes no precedent and is not binding authority[.]" *Long v. Harris,* 137 N.C. App. 461, 470, 528 S.E.2d 633, 639 (2000) (citation, internal quotation marks, and brackets omitted). Nonetheless, we agree with the reasoning set out in *Aultman* and hold that printouts from the ACIS database were admissible evidence to prove a prior felony under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-7.4, and, thus, were not barred by the best evidence rule, for the reasons that follow.

Under the Habitual Felon Act ("the Act"), "when a defendant has previously been convicted of or pled guilty to three non-overlapping felonies," and commits a new felony under North Carolina law, the "defendant may be indicted by the State in a separate bill of indictment for having attained the status of being an habitual felon." *State v. Wells* , 196 N.C. App. 498, 502, 675 S.E.2d 85, 88 (2009) (citation omitted); N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-7.1 (2017). "The trial for the substantive felony is held first, and only after defendant is convicted of the substantive felony is the habitual felon indictment revealed to and considered by the jury." *State v. Cheek* , 339 N.C. 725, 729, 453 S.E.2d 862, 864 (1995) (citing N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-7.5 ). "Upon a conviction as an habitual felon, the court must sentence the defendant for the underlying felony as a Class C felon." *State v. Penland* , 89 N.C. App. 350, 351, 365 S.E.2d 721, 722 (1988) (citing N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-7.6 ) (citation omitted).

The Act sets out the following evidentiary requirements for proving prior felonies:

> In all cases where a person is charged ... with being an habitual felon, the record or records of prior convictions of felony offenses shall be admissible in evidence, but only for the purpose of proving that said person has been convicted of former felony offenses. A prior conviction may be proved by stipulation of the parties or by the original or a certified copy of the court record of the prior conviction.

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-7.4. A "certified copy" under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-7.4 is "a copy of a document or record, signed and certified as a true copy by the officer whose custody the original is [entrusted]." *State v. Gant* , 153 N.C. App. 136, 143, 568 S.E.2d 909, 913 (2002) (citing Black's Law Dictionary 228 (6th ed. 1990) ) (emphasis and alteration omitted). There is no recognizable distinction between certified copies and true copies. *Id.* "[A]lthough section 14-7.4 contemplates the most appropriate means to prove prior convictions for the purpose of establishing habitual felon status, it does not exclude other methods of proof." *State v. Wall* , 141 N.C. App. 529, 533, 539 S.E.2d 692, 695 (2000) (citation omitted).

*195*691Our Supreme Court has explained ACIS is:

> an electronic compilation of all criminal records in North Carolina. While the North Carolina Administrative Office of the Courts (AOC) administers and maintains ACIS, the information contained in ACIS is entered on a continuing, real-time basis by the individual Clerks of Superior Court, or by an employee in that Clerk's office, from the physical records maintained by that Clerk. Any subsequent modifications to that information are under the exclusive control of the office of the Clerk that initially entered the information, so that personnel in one Clerk's office cannot change records entered into ACIS by personnel in a different Clerk's office. In other words, the information in ACIS both duplicates the physical records maintained by each Clerk and constitutes the collective compilation of all records individually entered by the one hundred Clerks of Court.

*LexisNexis Risk Data Mgmt. Inc. v. North Carolina Administrative Office of Courts,* 368 N.C. 180, 181, 775 S.E.2d 651, 652 (2015). In a case not involving the Habitual Felon Act, our court held that a "printed-out email, which contains a screenshot of the AOC record of the conviction, is 'a copy' of a 'record maintained electronically' by the Administrative Office of the Courts, which is sufficient to prove [a] prior conviction under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1340.14(f)(3)" to determine prior record level for sentencing. *State v. Best* , 202 N.C. App. 753, 757, 690 S.E.2d 58, 61 (2010).

In the instant case, the ACIS printout was sufficient evidentiary proof of defendant's 4 June 2001 conviction under the Habitual Felon Act. ACIS "duplicates the physical records maintained by each Clerk and constitutes the collective compilation of all records individually entered by" clerks of court. *LexisNexis Risk Data Mgmt. Inc.,* 368 N.C. at 181, 775 S.E.2d at 652. The Clerk of McDowell County Superior Court, the individual tasked with maintaining the physical court records in McDowell County, testified that the printout was a certified true copy of the information in ACIS regarding this judgment. She also explained the information was "the same as the judgment" and affirmed it "is a different way of recording what's on a judgment[.]" The Clerk's certification of the ACIS printout as a true copy of the original information is significant due to her responsibility and control over the physical court records, copies, and ACIS entries, as described in *LexisNexis Risk Data Mgmt. Inc* .

*692The Best Evidence Rule does not bar the admission of this ACIS printout merely because the original judgment was unaccounted for at trial. The plain reading of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-7.4 and our habitual felon jurisprudence makes clear that the statute is permissive and does not exclude methods of proof that are not specifically delineated in the Act. *Wall* , 141 N.C. App. at 533, 539 S.E.2d at 695 (citation omitted). Moreover, the Clerk of McDowell County Superior Court certified the information as a true copy. The trial court did not err by permitting the State to offer the ACIS printout as evidence of the 4 June 2001 conviction.

III. *Conclusion*

For the forgoing reasons we hold the trial court did not commit error.

NO ERROR.

Judge CALABRIA concurs.

Judge MURPHY concurs in part and dissents in part in a separate opinion.

Murphy, Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part.

I concur with the Majority opinion as to the conviction of interfering with an electronic monitoring device, but must respectfully dissent as to the conviction of habitual felon status. State's Exhibit 4, the Automated Criminal/Infraction System (ACIS) printout used to prove one of Defendant's three convictions, was not admissible because the State did not sufficiently comply with the foundational requirements of the best evidence rule.

Under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-7.4, "[a] prior conviction may be proved by stipulation of the parties or by the original or a certified copy of the *court record* of the prior conviction." N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-7.4 (2017) (emphasis added). While the habitual felon statutory *196language is "permissive," *Wall* , 141 N.C. App. at 533, 539 S.E.2d at 695, "[t]he preferred method for proving a prior conviction includes the introduction of the judgment itself into evidence." *State v. Blakney* , 233 N.C. App. 516, 521, 756 S.E.2d 844, 848 (2014) (alteration omitted) (quoting *State v. Maynard* , 311 N.C. 1, 26, 316 S.E.2d 197, 211 (1984) ). Thus, although N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-7.4 "does not exclude other methods of proof[,]" *Wall* , 141 N.C. App. at 533, 539 S.E.2d at 695, I dissent because the Majority extends the "permissive" nature of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-7.4 too far and suspends *693the applicability of our Supreme Court precedent and the Rules of Evidence to habitual felon proceedings.

I note that a printout from the ACIS is neither a "court" nor "judicial" record of a criminal conviction. Rather, the ACIS "is an electronic compilation of all criminal records in North Carolina." *LexisNexis Risk Data Mgmt. Inc.* , 368 N.C. at 181, 775 S.E.2d at 652. Thus, an ACIS printout is actually a record of the data stored in the ACIS database at one point in time, not a court record. *See id.* Our Supreme Court has held that "[t]he proceedings of courts of record can be proved by their records only[.]" *Jones v. Jones* , 241 N.C. 291, 293, 85 S.E.2d 156, 158 (1954) ("Public policy and convenience require the rule, and a necessary consequence from it is the absolute and undeniable presumption that the record speaks the truth."). This historic mandate is consistent with the modern statutory language of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-7.4, which provides that "[a] prior conviction may be proved by the original or a certified copy of the court record of the prior conviction." Therefore, this precedent has not been superseded by statute and is still applicable in the instant case. Our precedent prefers that the proceedings of Courts, such as a criminal conviction, be proved by "their records." Notwithstanding this critical distinction between a judgment record and an ACIS printout, I agree that an ACIS printout may serve as secondary evidence of a defendant's record of conviction, provided that the requirements of the best evidence rule are satisfied. Here, they were not.

*Wall* , a case principally relied upon by the Majority, is distinguishable from the instant case. In *Wall* , we determined whether "*a faxed certified copy of a criminal record* is admissible under section 14-7.4 to prove defendant's status as an habitual felon." *Wall* , 141 N.C. App. at 532, 539 S.E.2d at 694 (emphasis added). There, although the State did not submit the original or a certified copy of the court record of the defendant's prior felony conviction, the State still proved his conviction with a "court record." *Id.* at 530, 539 S.E.2d at 693. It was with a faxed version of the certified copy of the judgment and commitment form, not an ACIS printout. *Id.* *Wall* 's holding, confined to its facts, is fairly simple: a facsimile of a certified copy of a defendant's judgment and commitment form is permitted under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-7.4. *Id.*at 533, 539 S.E.2d at 695. This distinction between *Wall* and the instant case further confirms that despite N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-7.4's permissive nature, the State must either proffer a "court record" or otherwise comply with the best evidence rule.

Further, although bound by *Wall* , I dissent in part to recognize that we provided an incomplete and truncated interpretation of *694N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-7.4 in that case. *Id.*at 531-32, 539 S.E.2d at 694. Specifically, *Wall* 's interpretation of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-7.4 omits critical words of the statute, and as a result ignores legislative intent. *Id.* *Wall* stated that:

> The statute at issue in the instant case, section 14-7.4, clearly indicates that the provision is permissive, not mandatory, in that it provides a prior conviction "may" be proven by stipulation or a certified copy of *a record* .

*Id.*at 533, 539 S.E.2d at 695 (emphasis added). However, the plain language of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-7.4 does not provide that a prior conviction may be proven by any "copy of a record," as the above language from *Wall* suggests. *Id.* Rather, N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-7.4 expressly states that a copy of "the court record" of the prior conviction may be used:

> A prior conviction may be proved by ... the original or a certified copy of *the court record* of the prior conviction.

*197N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-7.4 (emphasis added). A "certified copy of *the court record* " is not synonymous with a "certified copy of *a record* ." *Compare id. with* *Wall* , 141 N.C. App. at 533, 539 S.E.2d at 695.

*State v. Aultman* , an unpublished decision of this Court, whose reasoning is adopted by the Majority today, relied on *Wall's* truncated interpretation of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-7.4. *See* *Aultman* , 244 N.C.App. 777, 781 S.E.2d 532, 2016 WL 47970 at *5 (unpublished) (citing *Wall* , 141 N.C. App. at 531-32, 539 S.E.2d at694 ). Unlike the Majority and the unpublished opinion in *Aultman* , I would limit the holding of *Wall* to its facts, and would decline to extend its reasoning to permit the introduction of ACIS printouts as secondary evidence of a criminal defendant's judgment record without first complying with the foundational requirements of the best evidence rule. *Wall* , 141 N.C. App. at 533, 539 S.E.2d at 695 (holding that a faxed copy of a certified copy of the actual judgment can be admitted to prove a prior conviction in a habitual felon proceeding).

I note that at trial, Defendant argued that the ACIS printout should have been barred by the best evidence rule. Defendant also advances this argument on appeal. However, in neither *Wall* nor *Aultman* did the defendant make any argument concerning the best evidence rule. *Wall* , 141 N.C. App. 529, 539 S.E.2d 692 ; *Aultman* , 244 N.C.App. 777, 781 S.E.2d 532, 2016 WL 47970. Thus, neither of these cases should be deemed controlling in our resolution of the present case.

The best evidence rule applies here because the ACIS printout was admitted to prove the contents of a judicial record (i.e. a "writing") that the State indicated was unavailable. In response to Defendant's *695objection, the State admitted that they had originally intended to use Defendant's judgment and commitment record to prove his conviction, but were using the ACIS printout (submitted as State's Exhibit 4) because the original could not be found.

> *The State* : I'll tell you Your Honor that when we were gathering these documents, 4A had come from microfilming and they said that they didn't have the original of 4. So 4 is the record of the original judgment.

However, this explanation by the State fails to lay the proper foundation necessary to admit secondary evidence of public records under North Carolina Rule of Evidence 1005. I again emphasize that an ACIS printout is not a court record of the original judgment, but is only secondary evidence thereof. *LexisNexis Risk Data Mgmt. Inc.* , 368 N.C. at 181, 775 S.E.2d at 652. The information contained in the ACIS database is entirely dependent upon the contents of a physical court record, a signed judgment and commitment form. *Id.* ("[T]he information contained in ACIS is entered on a continuing, real-time basis by the individual Clerks of Superior Court, or by an employee in that Clerk's office, from the physical records maintained by that Clerk.").

As Defendant's 4 June 2001 judgment record is a "public record," the admissibility of an ACIS printout as secondary evidence of it is governed by Rule 1005. Thus, to properly admit the ACIS printout, the State was required to establish that a copy of the 4 June 2001 judgment record could not be "obtained by the exercise of reasonable diligence." N.C. Gen. Stat. § 8C-1, Rule 1005 ("If a copy which complies with the foregoing cannot be obtained by the exercise of *reasonable diligence* , then other evidence of the contents may be given." (emphasis added) ).

Here, there was an inadequate foundation regarding the State's exercise of "reasonable diligence" to obtain a copy of the 4 June 2001 judgment record. *Id.* The only statement made by the State regarding the unavailability of Defendant's judgment record is simply that "they didn't have the original[.]" As to the degree of diligence required under Rule 1005, reasonable diligence "is not easy to define, as each case depends much on its peculiar circumstances[.]" *Avery v. Stewart* , 134 N.C. 287, 290, 46 S.E. 519, 520 (1904). However, reasonable diligence is not an insurmountable standard, even in this context where the State has the burden to prove a defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt:

> What degree of diligence in the search is necessary it is not easy to define, as each case depends much on its peculiar circumstances; and the question whether the loss of *696the instrument is sufficiently proved to *198admit secondary evidence of its contents is to be determined by the Court and not by the jury. But it seems that in general the party is expected to show that he has in good faith exhausted, in a reasonable degree, all the sources of information and means of discovery which the nature of the case would naturally suggest and which were accessible to him.... [T]he burden of showing the loss of a written instrument is upon the party seeking to introduce secondary evidence. He must establish its loss by proof that he has made diligent but unavailing search for the paper in places where it would be most likely to be found, and the degree of diligence necessary to be shown must depend upon the value and importance of the lost document.

*Id.* (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).

The prosecutor's statement that "they said that they didn't have the original" is not competent evidence of reasonable diligence under Rule 1005. I recognize that the admissibility of secondary evidence of a public record under Rule 1005 is a preliminary question, and the trial court, in making its determination on the question of admissibility, is not bound by the Rules of Evidence. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 8C-1, Rule 104(a). However, our precedent does not treat the statements of counsel to be "evidence." *State v. Crouch* , 74 N.C. App. 565, 567, 328 S.E.2d 833, 835 (1985) ("Our review of representative cases discloses no circumstances where statements of counsel have been treated as evidence[.]"). In *Crouch* , we recognized that the Rules of Evidence do not apply at probation revocation hearings yet still concluded that the defendant was required to present "competent evidence" of his inability to comply with the terms of his probation to meet his burden. *Id* . at 567, 328 S.E.2d at 835. We held that statements from the defendant's counsel were not competent evidence. *Id* . Similarly, in the instant case, although Rule 104 allowed for a relaxation of the Rules of Evidence in determining the preliminary matter of diligence, the State was still required to present evidence. The prosecutor's statement that "they didn't have the original" is not evidence.

Assuming *arguendo* that the statements of counsel are competent evidence for a Rule 1005 foundation, the statement "they said that they didn't have the original" fails to evince a reasonably diligent search. We are unable to discern who they are, where they looked for Defendant's judgment record, and why they did not have an original or a copy of the record. Thus, we have no way of discerning whether a good faith search *697has been made in a place where the judgment record was most likely to be found. Even in our unpublished and nonbinding decision in *Aultman* , the ACIS report was only admitted after the Assistant Clerk of Court for the criminal division of Duplin County testified that the ACIS reports were "the only records that would be left of the district court files."1 *Aultman* , 244 N.C.App. 777, 781 S.E.2d 532, 2016 WL 47970 at *3. Here there was no such testimony, and although the Clerk of McDowell Superior Court testified at Defendant's habitual felon trial, she only testified as to what an ACIS printout was generally and to the meaning of the abbreviations in the ACIS report fields.

By ignoring the applicability of the best evidence rule, the Majority implicitly endorses a subminimal foundation standard that impedes our ability to conduct effective and efficient appellate review. Moreover, the Majority's opinion is a departure from our precedent because it suggests that the evidence necessary to establish a Rule 1005 "reasonable diligence" foundation can come solely from the statements of counsel who seek to admit evidence of the contents of a *199public record against the other party. Our precedent dictates that ACIS printouts should be used out of necessity, not choice. *See* *Wall* , 141 N.C. App. at 531, 539 S.E.2d at 693 (facsimile of judgment); *State v. Ross* , 207 N.C. App. 379, 400, 700 S.E.2d 412, 426 (2010) ("Although other documents, such as a transcript of plea, could be used to prove a conviction, we agree that, as our Supreme Court stated, the '*preferred method* for proving a prior conviction includes the introduction of the judgment itself into evidence.' " (quoting *Maynard* , 311 N.C. at 26, 316 S.E.2d at 211 ) ). The Rules of Evidence and in turn, the best evidence rule apply during the habitual felon enhancement stage of a trial. As the State failed to present competent evidence necessary to establish a foundation demonstrating that a reasonably diligent search was conducted to locate Defendant's 4 June 2001 judgment record, I must respectfully dissent.

I note that the foundation laid by the Duplin County Clerk in *Aultman* further indicated that the ACIS printout was the only remaining evidence of the defendant's conviction. Specifically, ACIS printouts contain a data field labeled "FILM" and this field denotes whether a particular conviction record has been archived via microfilming. In *Aultman* , the "FILM" field in the ACIS printout indicated that the District Court's judgment record was never microfilmed. In contrast, here the "FILM" field in Defendant's ACIS printout contains a corresponding microfilm number, confirming that his original 4 June 2001 judgment record has been archived via microfilming. As a result, the State needed to do more to lay a foundation of a reasonably diligent search for this record.