NOT PRECEDENTIAL

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

___________

No. 11-2354

___________

CHRISTOPHER ANTHONY WILLIAMS,

Petitioner

v.

ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES,

Respondent

____________________________________

On Petition for Review of an Order of the

Board of Immigration Appeals

(Agency No. A31-373-156)

Immigration Judge: Honorable Walter A. Durling

____________________________________

Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)

January 11, 2012

Before: SCIRICA, GREENAWAY, JR., and VAN ANTWERPEN, Circuit Judges

(Filed : January 17, 2012)

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OPINION OF THE COURT

___________

PER CURIAM.

Petitioner Christopher Anthony Williams, proceeding pro se, seeks review of a 

final order of removal. For the reasons that follow, we will deny his petition for review.
2

I.

Williams, a native and citizen of Jamaica, was admitted to the United States as a 

lawful permanent resident at age 9 in 1970. In October 1993, Williams pled guilty in

federal district court to one count of RICO conspiracy (18 U.S.C. § 1962(d)) and one 

count of conspiracy to distribute and possess with intent to distribute cocaine, cocaine 

base (crack) and heroin (21 U.S.C. § 846). He was sentenced to twenty years of 

imprisonment on the first count and twenty-five on the second, to be served concurrently. 

In 2007, the Department of Homeland Security (“DHS”) charged him with removability 

under 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(A)(iii) (convicted of aggravated felonies as defined by § 

1101(a)(43)(B) (drug trafficking) and (U) (conspiracy)), § 1227(a)(2)(B)(i) (convicted of 

an offense relating to a controlled substance, other than than a single offense involving 

possession of 30 grams or less for personal use), and § 1227(a)(2)(B)(i) (convicted of a 

law relating to a controlled substance). 

The Immigration Judge (“IJ”) sustained the charges of removability at a hearing in 

July 2008, and continued proceedings so that Williams could submit an application for a 

certificate of citizenship (Form N-600). Williams claimed that he was eligible for 

derivative citizenship through his mother, who he believed had been born in Guantanamo 

Bay, Cuba. The United States Customs and Immigration Services (“USCIS”) denied his 

application on October 9, 2008.

1

 1 The USCIS rejected Williams’ claim for derivative citizenship after finding that his 

mother never became a naturalized citizen of the United States and that her birth in 

Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, did not render her a citizen. Williams also did not qualify for 

 At a hearing on October 29, 2008, the IJ noted the 
3

USCIS’ decision, denied Williams’ motion arguing that the District Court lacked 

jurisdiction over his criminal conviction after modifying his sentence in 2004, and 

rejected his claim that his conviction was not final in light of the modification. Williams 

appealed the USCIS decision with a document purportedly issued by the Supreme Court 

of Judicature of Jamaica granting his father custody over him. The Administrative 

Appeals Office dismissed the appeal in February 2010, after finding that the decree was 

fraudulent. At an April 2010 hearing, Williams asked the IJ of a waiver of 

inadmissibility under 8 U.S.C. § 1182(c); the IJ stated he did not qualify for that relief 

because he had served a term of imprisonment of more than five years for an aggravated 

felony. Finally, on November 17, 2010, the IJ issued a removal order.

The Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) agreed, and dismissed Williams’

appeal on May 6, 2011. Williams filed a timely notice of appeal.

II.

Because Williams has been convicted of an aggravated felony, a determination he 

does not challenge, our review of the denial of cancellation of removal is limited to 

constitutional claims or questions of law. See 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(C) & (D); Pierre v. 

Att’y Gen., 528 F.3d 180, 184 (3d Cir. 2008) (en banc). We review the BIA’s legal 

conclusions de novo. Kaplun v. Att’y Gen., 602 F.3d 260, 265 (3d Cir. 2010); Pierre, 

528 F.3d at 184.

 

derivative citizenship through his father, who naturalized in 1977, because Williams 

failed to prove that his parents were legally separated and that his father had been granted 

legal custody of him prior to his eighteenth birthday.
4

III.

Williams first argues that the government is equitably estopped (and barred by 

laches) from bringing “new charges” in 2007 based on his 1993 conviction, after having 

previously brought charges in a 1999 Notice to Appear (“NTA”) based on a 1990 

conviction for marijuana possession.2

The doctrine of equitable estoppel can apply to the government in the immigration 

context. To prevail, Williams would have to prove (1) a misrepresentation by the 

 He argues that the government was required to 

proceed with those charges and was precluded by the doctrines of estoppel and laches 

from commencing proceedings against him under the 2007 NTA. He also argues that the 

government misled him for over eight years into believing that he would have to defend 

against the charges alleged in the 1999 NTA. The Government insists that we lack 

jurisdiction over Williams’ claims under 8 U.S.C. § 1252(g), which withdraws federal 

court jurisdiction over, inter alia, “decision[s] to commence proceedings.” We have read 

that provision more narrowly, going so far as to apply the jurisdictional bar of § 1252(g) 

only to claims of selective enforcement. See DiPeppe v. Quarantillo, 337 F.3d 326, 335 

n.19 (3d Cir. 2003); see also Garcia, 553 F.3d 724, 729 (3d Cir. 2009) (emphasizing the 

difference between challenging the discretionary decision to commence proceedings and 

the government’s authority to do so); Park v. Att’y Gen., 472 F.3d 66, 73 (3d Cir. 2006) 

(adjudicating such a claim). Moreover, Williams’ claim is, at least in part, a due process 

claim, which is within our jurisdiction. See § 1252(a)(2)(D). 

 2 The government never served the 1999 NTA on the immigration court.
5

government; (2) which he reasonably relied upon; (3) to his detriment; and (4) 

affirmative misconduct by the government. See DiPeppe, 337 F.3d at 335. That the 

government chose not to pursue the 1999 charges, and instead filed a new NTA in 2007 

based on his 1993 conviction is not “misrepresentation.” See, e.g., Park, 472 F.3d at 73 

(amending at NTA to add a new charge permissible, so long as the government does not 

employ intentional self-contradiction to obtain unfair advantage). The charges in the 

NTA were clear, and Williams was granted several hearing postponements and had 

ample time to prepare. Accordingly, Williams cannot meet the first element of his 

estoppel claim.

We do not appear to have addressed whether the defense of laches is available in a 

removal proceeding. But cf. INS v. Hibi, 414 U.S. 5, 8 (1973) (“As a general rule laches 

. . .on the part of officers of the Government is no defense to a suit by it to enforce a 

public right or protect a public interest.”) (quotations omitted). Even if we were to 

extend the defense in this context, Williams would fail to satisfy the elements: (1) lack of 

diligence by the government; and (2) resulting prejudice. See, e.g., Santana Prods., Inc. 

v. Bobrick Washroom Equip., Inc., 401 F.3d 123, 138 (3d Cir. 2005). The failure to 

commence proceedings earlier does not necessarily show a lack of diligence, because 

subsequent events (such as his incarceration) may have made removal unnecessary,

inappropriate, or premature. Moreover, he cannot show prejudice, because he would not 

have received relief from removal due to his convictions. See Thom v. Ashcroft, 369 

F.3d 158, 165-67 (2d Cir. 2004) (finding no merit to alien’s laches argument where 
6

alien’s conviction occurred in 1982 and NTA was not issued until 1998). 

Williams alleges that the government’s delay in seeking removal resulted in the 

loss of witnesses and his right to relief under 8 U.S.C. § 1182(c) due to changes to the 

Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”). First, Williams could have applied for a 

certificate of citizenship at any time, thereby preserving his witnesses, including in 1999 

when he believed the government intended to seek his removal. Additionally, we have 

previously rejected a claim that an alien serving a long prison sentence was prejudiced by 

changes in the INA, as well as a claim that such delay violates due process.3

Finally, Williams claims that he derived citizenship through his mother, who was 

born in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. We retain jurisdiction to review the determination of 

 See

DiPeppe, 337 F.3d 333-34 (finding no merit to alien’s estoppel and due process 

arguments where alien’s conviction for aggravated manslaughter occurred in 1992 and 

NTA was not issued until 2000). 

Williams next claims the IJ lacked jurisdiction to order his removal based on his 

1993 conviction, which he claims is not yet final. In 2004, the District Court modified 

Williams’ twenty-five year sentence on the second count to five years, to be run 

consecutively to the twenty-year sentence on count one. The modification had no 

practical impact on the length of time Williams must serve, nor did it have any effect on 

the substance or finality of his conviction. Accordingly, this claim is without merit.

 3 We note that the delay did not hurt Williams’ chances for relief under former 8 U.S.C. § 

1182(c), as he was never eligible for relief under that provision, given that his sentence 

for his 1993 convictions surpassed five years. See, e.g., DiPeppe, 337 F.3d at 333.
7

whether Williams is an alien. See § 1252(b)(5); Salim v. Ashcroft, 350 F.3d 307, 308 (3d 

Cir. 2003). Williams bears the burden of proving by a preponderance of evidence that he 

derived citizenship through one or both of his parents. See Bagot v. Ashcroft, 398 F.3d 

252, 256 (3d Cir. 2005). He states that his mother was born in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, 

which he asserts is a sovereign territory of the United States, and was therefore a United 

States citizen. The IJ rejected this claim and Williams’ reliance on Boumediene v. Bush, 

553 U.S. 723 (2008). Williams did not prove that his mother was born on the United 

States military installation there, and even if he had, the Department of State’s Foreign 

Affairs Manual provides that military installations are not part of the United States within 

the meaning of the Fourteenth Amendment. The BIA and IJ agreed with the USCIS, 

reyling on Boumediene, 553 U.S. at 754-55, that Cuba retains de jure sovereignty over 

Guantanamo Bay. Accordingly, Williams’ mother was not a citizen by birth, nor did she 

ever become a naturalized citizen before her death.

Williams also claimed in his appeal to the BIA that he can derive citizenship 

through his father, who naturalized in 1977. Former 8 U.S.C. § 1432(a)(3)

4

 4 The Administrative Appeals Office makes one mention, see A.R. 295, that Williams’ 

mother died in 1977, but this appears to be a scrivener’s error. Williams (and the 

government) make repeated references to his mother’s death in 1997. The 1997 date also 

comports with Williams’ argument that he was prejudiced by the government’s delay 

because his mother died in the intervening years. Accordingly, former § 1432(a)(2), 

which provided for derivative citizenship upon the naturalization of the surviving parent 

of a child under the age of eighteen, does not apply. 

provided for 

derivative citizenship upon the naturalization of the parent with legal custody after a legal 

separation. The BIA agreed with the IJ that Williams failed to establish that his parents 
8

ever legally separated under a court decree and that his father was granted legal custody. 

The IJ relied on the USCIS’s findings that the decree that Williams submitted was 

fraudulent, and the BIA agreed with the IJ’s findings. Williams offered, and still offers, 

nothing to counter the IJ’s analysis. Thus, Williams has not met his burden of proof that 

he was eligible for derivative citizenship.

IV.

For the foregoing reasons, we will deny the petition for review