No. 86-158 IN 

### THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA 1987

STATEOF MONTANA, Plaintiffand Respondent,

-VSGREG FLEMING,Defendant and Appellant.

APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Twentieth JudicialDistrict, In and for the County of Lake, The HonorableC. B. McNeil, Judgepresiding.

COUNSEL OF RECORD:

ForAppellant: ThomasAlan Kragh,Polson,Montana

For Respondent: Hon. Mike Greely,Attorney General,Helena,Montana Barbara Claassen,Asst. Atty. General,Helena John R. Frederick,CountyAttorney, Polson,Montana

Submitted on Briefs: Oct. 23, 1980 Decided: 

### January 2, 1987

Fjled: 

### JAN

## 2

# -j357

Clerk

### Mr. Justice L. C. Gulbrandson delivered the Opinion of the Court. Greg Fleming appeals a Lake County District Court verdict convicting him of issuing bad checks,common scheme,

a felony. Fleming was sentenced to three years in prison with all but ten days suspended subject to certain conditions,and ordered topay restitution. Three issues are raised on appeal: 1) Whether the District Court erred in denying the appellant's motion to dismiss the second amended information? 2) 

### Whether the District Court erred in admitting testimony by a 

### bank officer regarding appellant's signature? 3) 

### Whether sufficient evidence exists to support the conviction of issuingbad checks as part of a 

### common scheme? We affirm. On September 3, 

### 1985, Fleming was charged by second amended information with issuingbad checks,common scheme,a 

### felony, or in the alternative, theft, common scheme, a felony. The information specified that eleven checks "as well as others" constituted a common scheme. On September 17, 

### 1985,Fleming filed amotion to dismiss which stated that the information failed to charge an offense and/or was not supported by probable cause. The motion was denied October 3, 

### 1985. At trial, the State established that between January 1984 and April 1985, Fleming issued a total of 198 

### checks returned N.S.F. by the Ronan State Rank, the depository bank. Representatives of six merchants in the Lake County area testified in regard to nine of the N.S.F. checks listed in the amended information. The managinq officer and executive vice president of the bank testified that written notice is sent by 

### the bank to a customer wheninsufficient funds are available to pay a particular check. Thebank officerprovided copies of Fleming'sbank statements for the months of January 1984 through May 1985,which were admitted into evidence to show that 198 of Fleming's checks had been returnedby the bank due to insufficient funds. The bank officer further testified that he had known Fleming since birth and because of his personal contact with Fleming at the bank,he was familiarwith Fleming's signature. Prior to trial, the officer inspected Fleming's signature card filed with the bank and at trial identified the mark placed

on the checksby the bank showing that the checks had indeed been returned due to insufficient funds. He concluded his testimony by stating that in his opinion, Fleming wrote the checks in question. On January 31, 1986, the District Court found Fleming guilty of issuing bad checks, common scheme, a felony, under § 45-6-316, MCA. The court dismissed the alternative count of theft, common scheme, a felony. The first issue is whether the District Court erred in denying the appellant's motion to dismiss the second amended information. Fleming argues that he was not adequately apprised of the charges being brought against him, and that the allegation of a common scheme of issuing bad checks should only be considered as a sentencingmatter. The statute underwhich Flemingwas charged,5 45-6-316, statesas follows: (1) A person commits the offense of issuing a bad check when he issues or delivers a check or other order upon a real or fictitious depository for the payment ofmoney knowing that it wili not be paid by the depository. (2) If the offender has an account with the depository, failure to make good the check or other order within 5 days after writter. notice of nonpayment has been

### received by the issuer is prima facie evidence that he knew that it would not be paid by the depository.

(3) A person convicted of issuing a bad check shall be fined not to exceed $500 or be imprisoned in the county jail for any termnot to exceed 6 months, orboth. 1f-the offender has engaged in issuin 

## -- 

## - bad checks which are part ofacommoz 

### ---- scheme or if the value of any property, 

### --- -- labor, or services obtained 

## - or attempted to be oEained exceeds $300,he shall be 

### -

## - - fined 

### - not 

### - to exceed $50,000 or be imprisoned in the state prison for

# any -- term not to exceed 10 vears. or both.

2. 

### --- - -

(Emphasisadded.) The second amended information charged that:

on or about the dates stated below

# .

# . . Greg Fleming,with the purpose to secure property, to-wit: merchandise, services, ormoney from the followingbusinesses or persons, issued or delivered the following checks,upon a depository

# .. . knowing that they would not be paid by the depository

# ...The a.bovechecks, as well as others constituted a Common Scheme orwere issued to obtain property, labor,or serviceswhich exceeded $300.00 invalue

# ... The information charges the offense in the language of 5 

### 45-6-316, MCA, and matches eleven checks with a particular payee, amount, and date. Montana follows the general rule that an information is sufficient if it properly charges an offense in the languageof the statute describing the offense thereby sufficiently apprising the accused of the crime charged. It need not be perfect. State v. 

### Pearson (Mont.

follows that Fleming was clearly on notice of the charges being brought against him. In additionwe reject Fleming's argument that the common scheme concept should only be considered.as a sentencingmatter. "Common scheme" is defined in S 

### 45-2-101(7), 

### MCA as "a series of acts or omissions motivated by a 

### purpose toaccomplish a single criminal objectiveorby a commonpurpose 

### --- or plan which results in the repeated commission of the same 

### - -- --- offense or affects the sameperson or the same persons or the property thereof." (Emphasisadded.) In State 

### v. Renz (Mont. 1981), 628 P.2d 644, 646, 38 St.Rep. 720, 723, we said that proof of common scheme requires proof that the suspect series of acts constitute a common criminal scheme. These acts must be either individually incomplete such that they show that a single crimehad been committed,orbe acts which closely follow one another evidencing a continuing criminaldesign. Common scheme is clearly an element to be charged and proven under 5 45-6-316,MCA, as it is specifically mentioned in subsection (3) of the statute. The District Court ~OUP~. that Fleming was involved in a common scheme which resulted in the repeated commissionof the same offense, issuinq a bsd check. We agreewith this finding. The second issue iswhether the District Court erred in admitting testimony by a hank officer regsrdinq appellant's signature. Rule 901,M.R.Evid., provides: (a) General provision. The requirement of authentication or identification as a condition precedent to admissibility is satisfied by evidence sufficient to support a finding that the matter in question is what its proponent claims.

(b) Illustrations. By way of illustration only, and not by way of limitation,the following are examples of authentication or identification conformi-ngwith the requirements of this rule:

(2) Nonexpert opinion on handwriting. Nonexpert opinion as to the genuineness of handwriting, based upon familiarity

### justifies the District Court's conclusion that the requirements of S 45-6-316, 

### MCA, have been met. It was proven that Fleming issued or delivered a total of nine checks to various businesses and individuals over the course of a year, knowing that the checks would not be paid by his bank. The repeated issuance of one bad check after another fits 

### the definition of a common scheme as found in the statute. The decision of the District Court was correct. Affirmed.

JusticeJ



### We concur:

### accomplish a single criminal objectiveor

## 3a 

### commonpurpose 

### - - or plan which results in the repeated commission of the same 

### - -- 

## --- offense or affects the sameperson or the same persons or the property thereof." (Emphasisadded.) In State v. Renz (Mont. 1981), 628 P.2d 

### 644, 646, 38 St.Rep. 720, 723, we said that proof of common scheme requires proof that the suspect series of acts constitute a common criminal scheme. These acts must be either individually incomplete such that they show that a single crimehad been committed,orbe acts which closely follow one another evidencing a continuing criminaldesign. Common scheme is clearly an element to be charged and proven under 5 

### 45-6-316,MCA, as it is specifically mentioned in subsection (3) of the statute. The District Court found! that Fleming was involved in a common scheme which resulted in the repeated commissionof the same offense,issuing abad check. We agreewith this finding. The second issue iswhether the DistrictCourt erred in admitting testimony by a bank 

### officer regarding appellant's signature. Rule 901,M.R.Evid., provides: 

### (a) General provision. The requirement of authentication or identification as a condition precedent to admissibility is satisfied by evidence sufficient to support a finding that the matter in question is what its proponent claims.

(b) Illustrations. By way of illustration only, and not by way of limitation,the following are examples of authentication or identification conforming with the requirements of this rule:



### (2) Nonexpert opinion on handwriting. Nonexpert opinion as to the genuineness of handwriting, ba-sed upon familiaritynot acquired for purposes of the litigation. Subsection (b)(2) expresses the rule observed at common law and in Montana that a nonexpertmay give his opinion on the genuineness of handwriting if he is familiar with that handwriting. See Commission Comment to Rule 901(b)(2)

### , M.R.Evid. Themanaging officer and executivevice president of the bank which handled the checks testified that he was familiar with Fleming's signature. The bank official's familiarity

was gained through having known Fleming since birth, his personal contact with Fleming at the bank, and his review of Fleming's signature card on file at the bank. The bank officer stated that comparing signature cards with the signatures on individual checks was part of his job at the bank. He concluded that, in his opinion, Fleming wrote the checks in question. We believe the bank officer was sufficiently qualified to render an opinion as to the author of the checks admitted into evidence. The final issue iswhether sufficientevidence exists to support the conviction of issuing bad checks as part of a

common scheme. The test applied by this Court where sufficiency of the evidence is an issue on appeal in a criminal case,whether the trial is by jury or not, is the substantial evidence test. This test is met if a reasonablemind would accept the evidence as supporting the conclusion reached. In applying this test the evidence isviewed in a lightmost favorable to th~ prevailing party. State v. Oman, (Mont. 1985)

## , 707 P.2d 1117, 11.20, 42 St.Rep. 1565, 1568. The evidence clearly