FILED

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

MARCH 29, 2006

THOMAS K. KAHN

CLERK

Honorable Melvin Brunetti, United States Circuit Judge for the Ninth Circuit, sitting by *

designation.

[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________

No. 04-16706

________________________

D. C. Docket No. 00-00101-CR-T-27MSS

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

Plaintiff-Appellee, 

versus 

EDWARD THOMAS, 

a.k.a. Ed Thomas, 

a.k.a. John Dawson, 

Defendant-Appellant. 

________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Middle District of Florida

_________________________

(March 29, 2006)

Before BIRCH, CARNES and BRUNETTI , Circuit Judges. *

PER CURIAM:
This case was originally scheduled for oral argument but was removed from the oral 1

argument calendar pursuant to 11th Cir. R. 34-3(f).

2

Defendant-appellant, Edward Thomas, appeals his convictions for

possession, by a convicted felon, of ammunition and a firearm that was

unregistered. In light of the evidence presented, the government sufficiently

proved that Thomas constructively possessed the firearm and ammunition in this

case. Moreover, the district court did not abuse its discretion by denying Thomas’s

motion for mistrial based on the government’s comment in its closing rebuttal

argument. Accordingly, we AFFIRM Thomas’s convictions.1

I. BACKGROUND

A federal grand jury indicted Thomas for possession of ammunition by a

convicted felon, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1) and 924(e) (Count One);

possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1)

and 924(e) (Count Two); and possession of an unregistered firearm by a convicted

felon, in violation of 26 U.S.C. § 5812 (Count Three). Prior to trial, Thomas

stipulated that he was a convicted felon. In its opening statement at trial, the

government explained that, it “need[ed] to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that

[Thomas] was a convicted felon at the time he possessed the firearm [which was

an] unregistered shotgun.” R3 at 2-3. In his opening statement, defense counsel

explained that:
3

on February 6th of 2000, over four and a half years ago, Mr. Thomas

and some friends had went over to Clearwater. And they had decided

to just hang out, and they ended up at The Club Mercedes in

Clearwater. 

. . .

 Now, Mr. Thomas was left at The Club Mercedes, which is not too

far from the Days Inn hotel. Mr. Thomas’s friends indicated that they

would be back shortly to pick him up. Mr. Thomas indicated to his

friends that if they did not return, then they could simply find him at

the Days Inn motel.

 As time began to pass, it became late and, in fact, as Mr. Thomas

suspected, his friends never returned to pick him up. Mr. Thomas, in

fact, went to the nearby Days Inn to possibly check in for the night,

because he had no other way home.

 While at the Days Inn motel, Mr. Thomas was approached by law

enforcement who began to question his whereabouts.

Id. at 7. 

Officer Kenneth Kanoski testified that, on the day of Thomas’s arrest, he

and several other units had responded to the report of a criminal incident involving

two black males in a small red vehicle. He reported conducting a search of a

vehicle matching the description which had been discovered near a motel. Inside

the vehicle, he observed an odor indicating that a shotgun might recently have been

fired. The officer also testified to finding a spent shotgun shell inside the vehicle

which appeared to have resulted from a shot fired through the floorboard of the

vehicle. Officer Kanoski described the recovery, from the area surrounding the

vehicle, of a flower duffle bag that contained “a small paper bag with a receipt, two
4

boxes of shells for shotguns, [and] the weapon itself, the shotgun.” R5 at 74-75. 

Each box of ammunition was marked with a price of $5.99. Id. at 77-78. The

receipt, which was also admitted into evidence, was from “Big E’s Guns” in

Tampa, Florida, listed the total amount of the purchase as $12.79, and was signed

“Ed Thomas.” Exh. 18h. In a jacket near the other items, Officer Kanoski reported

recovering what appeared to be an employee identification card for “Harborside

Refrigerated Services” listing the name “Ed Thomas” and Thomas’s social security

number. Id. at 88-89; see also Exh. 18f. 

The red vehicle, a Dodge Shadow, and the other items were all found

together in Clearwater, Florida. Officer Kanoski admitted, however, that he had

not seen Thomas in or around the vehicle. Id. at 95. Officer Kanoski also

explained that another officer using a dog had been unable to locate any person in

the area associated with the Dodge Shadow. Id. at 101. 

Officer Victor Brian Goodrich had also been dispatched to the scene of the

investigation to assist with the search for the two black males. He reported that,

once there, he joined another officer who was speaking with a man, identified as

Thomas, who was “on or near a pay phone at the Days Inn.” Id. at 127. He

testified that the motel and pay phone were located between 75 and 100 yards from

the Dodge Shadow. Id. at 129. Officer Goodrich agreed that he had never seen
5

Thomas in or around the vehicle and that Thomas was cooperative with

questioning. He testified that he did not check Thomas for gun powder and did not

recall whether Thomas smelled like gun powder. Id. at 135, 138.

Officer Kimberly Millen, a forensic science specialist, testified that she had

collected approximately 69 pieces of evidence at the scene of the investigation and

had tried to recover fingerprints. Id. at 149. She explained that, for a variety of

reasons, including texture, it is difficult to obtain fingerprints from firearms. She

testified that, although she was unable to recover fingerprints from the receipt or

ammunition, she was able to recover some from one of the boxes of ammunition. 

Carol Perkins Davis, who examined these fingerprints, testified that she found a

“positive identification to the right thumbprint” of Thomas. Id. at 215. Michael

Laroe, a special agent with the Department of Justice Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco,

Firearms and Explosives, testified that no firearms had been registered in Thomas’s

name, that the shotgun recovered should have been registered, and that, according

to Thomas’s driver’s license, he resided in Tampa, Florida.

At the close of the government’s case, Thomas asked the court to grant a

judgment of acquittal on Counts Two and Three on the ground that no evidence

had been presented showing that Thomas “possessed the shotgun.” R6 at at 270. 

Thomas also asked for a judgment of acquittal as to Count One on the ground that
6

the receipt failed to show that Thomas either purchased the ammunition or took

possession of it. The court denied Thomas’s motion, and Thomas rested his case.

In its closing argument, the government reiterated that it “must prove this

case beyond a reasonable doubt. And the burden will always be with the

government.” R4 at 2. In its rebuttal argument at closing, the government

observed:

Furthermore, there still has been no explanation, good explanation,

logical explanation as to how this defendant was in Clearwater when it

shows he lives in Tampa and, coincidentally, he’s found a hundred

yards in this exact spot, out of all Pinellas County, his identification is

found next to a bag that has evidence with his fingerprint and his

signature on it. 

Id. at 35. Thomas objected to this statement by the government as an improper

comment on Thomas’s right to remain silent and as a shifting of the burden of

proof. The court overruled the objection because: 

There [was] no genuine issue in this record as to whether this

defendant was in Clearwater. He was identified and arrested in

Clearwater. The argument, although appropriately objected to, does

not rise to the level, in my view, of shifting the burden of proof to the

defendant, nor commenting on the defendant’s fifth amendment

privilege of not testifying. 

Id. at 38. The court also denied Thomas’s request to perfect the record because it

had already ruled on the issue. 

After closing arguments, the court instructed the jury that:
7

It will be your duty to decide whether the government has proven

beyond a reasonable doubt the specific facts necessary to find the

defendant guilty of the offenses charged in the indictment. 

 . . . [Y]ou must follow all of my instructions as a whole, as I indicated

earlier. You may not single out or disregard any of the court’s

instructions.

 . . . [E]very defendant is presumed by the law to be innocent. The

law does not require a defendant to prove innocence or to produce any

evidence at all.

 And if a defendant elects not to testify you cannot consider that in

any way during your deliberations. The government has the burden of

proving a defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt; and if it has

failed to do so, you must find the defendant not guilty.

R6 at 362, 363. The jury found Thomas guilty on all three counts.

Thomas submitted a Motion for Judgment of Acquittal or Alternatively New

Trial Due to Prosecutorial Misconduct, in which he restated his previous argument

regarding the government’s comment in its closing rebuttal remarks. The district

court denied the motion, finding that “at worst, the prosecutor’s comment was in

response to [the] offer of proof [from Thomas’s opening statement], which [had

not been] forthcoming, rather than a comment on [Thomas’s] failure to testify.” 

R1-64 at 3. Moreover, the district court found that, even though the argument

should not have been made, it was not the prosecutor’s intention to refer to

Thomas’s silence and the comment was not of such a character that the jury would

naturally and necessarily have taken it to have been a comment on Thomas’s

exercise of his Fifth Amendment right.
8

On appeal, Thomas argues that (1) the evidence presented at trial was

insufficient to support his convictions because the government completely failed to

prove that he, either actually or constructively, possessed either the unregistered

shotgun or the ammunition and (2) the government’s comment during its rebuttal

argument in closing was improper such that the district court erred in not granting

Thomas’s motion for judgement of acquittal, or alternatively, a new trial.

II. DISCUSSION

A. Sufficiency of the Evidence

We review the sufficiency of the evidence to support a jury’s guilty verdict 

de novo, viewing that evidence in the light most favorable to the government,

resolving “all reasonable inferences and credibility evaluations in favor of the

jury’s verdict.” United States v. Clay, 376 F.3d 1296, 1300 (11th Cir. 2004), cert.

denied, __ U.S. __, 125 S.Ct. 1427 (2005). We “must uphold the jury’s verdict

whenever a reasonable factfinder could conclude that the evidence establishes guilt

beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. (quotation omitted). 

 To convict a defendant of possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, the

government must prove, inter alia, that the defendant possessed a firearm or

ammunition. 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). This means the government must prove that

the defendant had either actual or constructive possession of the firearm. See
9

United States v. Gunn, 369 F.3d 1229, 1235 (11th Cir.) (per curiam), cert. denied,

__ U.S. __, 125 S. Ct. 324 (2004). We explained that “[a] defendant has

constructive possession if he exercises ownership, dominion, or control over the

firearm,” or “has the power and intention to exercise dominion or control.” Id. 

The evidence the government presented to convict Thomas sufficiently

proved that Thomas constructively possessed both the shotgun and the

ammunition. Officer Goodrich testified that Thomas was found outside the Days

Inn in Clearwater, Florida, standing about 75 to 100 feet away from where Officer

Kanoski had recovered a bag that contained a receipt, two boxes of shotgun shells,

and a shotgun. The receipt from “Big E’s Guns” listed the total amount of the

purchase as $12.79, and was signed “Ed Thomas.” The two boxes of ammunition

were each marked with a price of $5.99, which, with the addition of tax, add up to

a little over $12.00. Moreover, the fingerprint examiner testified that she had

matched Thomas’s right thumb print to a print taken by Officer Millen from one of

the boxes of ammunition. In a jacket found near the other items, Officer Kanoski

recovered employee identification that listed the name “Ed Thomas” and Thomas’s

social security number. In light of this evidence, the government sufficiently

established that Thomas had ownership, dominion, or control over the shotgun and

ammunition, or the power and intention to exercise such dominion or control. 
10

B. Prosecutorial Comment 

Thomas next argues that the prosecutor’s statement in closing was an

impermissible comment on his Fifth Amendment right to remain silent, was burden

shifting, and, as such, constituted prosecutorial misconduct. We review a district

court’s denial of a motion for a mistrial for abuse of discretion. United States v.

Ettinger, 344 F.3d 1149, 1161 (11th Cir. 2003). “Prosecutorial misconduct

requires a new trial only if we find the remarks (1) were improper and (2)

prejudiced the defendant’s substantial rights.” United States v. Hernandez, 145

F.3d 1433, 1438 (11th Cir. 1998) (internal quotation omitted). To be substantially

prejudicial, the improper comments must have “so infected the trial with unfairness

as to make the resulting conviction or sentence a denial of due process.” Parker v.

Head, 244 F.3d 831, 838 (11th Cir. 2001) (alteration and citation omitted). 

“When a curative instruction has been given to address some improper and

prejudicial evidence, we will reverse only if the evidence ‘is so highly prejudicial

as to be incurable by the trial court’s admonition.’” United States v. Harriston, 329

F.3d 779, 787 n.4 (11th Cir. 2003) (per curiam) (citations omitted). Further, where

the alleged errors represent only an insignificant portion of the trial, and properly

admitted evidence sufficiently establishes a defendant’s guilt, the defendant’s
11

substantial rights are not affected. See, e.g., United States v. Adams, 74 F.3d 1093,

1100 (11th Cir. 1996).

As to the specifics of Thomas’ arguments, “[i]t is a basic constitutional

precept that reversible error will exist in a criminal case if the prosecution

comments on the fact that the defendant does not testify.” United States v.

LeQuire, 943 F.2d 1554, 1565 (11th Cir. 1991). A comment is not an

impermissible reference, however, unless (1) it was “intended to comment on the

defendant’s silence or [(2)] was of such a character that a jury would naturally and

necessarily construe it as a comment on the defendant's silence.” Id. 

Additionally, “in recognizing the government’s burden and obligation of proving

guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, [we have] recognized that a prosecutor’s

comment may be so prejudicial as to shift the burden of proof.” United States v.

Simon, 964 F.2d 1082, 1086 (11th Cir. 1992). “Nevertheless, [we have] held that

‘a prejudicial remark may be rendered harmless by curative instructions to the

jury.’” Id. at 1087 (citation omitted). 

In this case, the district court did not abuse its discretion by denying

Thomas’s motion for mistrial after the government’s comment during closing. 

First, the record supports the court’s finding that the government’s comment was

not improper, but rather served as a reply to the explanation by Thomas’s counsel
12

in his opening statement for Thomas’s presence in Clearwater on the night of the

offense and was thus not intended to emphasize Thomas’s silence. Second, the

reference was not of such a character that would lead the jury “naturally and

necessarily” to understand it to be a comment on Thomas’s silence. See LeQuire,

943 F.2d at 1565. Finally, even if the government’s comment had been improper

and could be viewed as an attempt to shift the burden of proof, the district court’s

instructions to the jury sufficiently clarified that the government had the burden

and that the jury could not consider Thomas’s silence in deciding if the

government proved its case. 

III. CONCLUSION

Thomas appeals his convictions for being a convicted felon in possession of

ammunition and an unregistered shotgun on the grounds that the government failed

(1) to prove that he, either actually or constructively, possessed the shotgun and

ammunition and (2) committed prosecutorial misconduct in the course of its

closing arguments. We find that the government presented sufficient evidence for

a jury to have found possession beyond a reasonable doubt and that, given the

government’s and the judge’s statements and instructions regarding Thomas’s

silence and the burden of proof, the district court did not abuse its discretion in

denying the motion for a mistrial. Accordingly, we AFFIRM.