* This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the

doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court

generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order

and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.

F I L E D

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

OCT 14 2003

PATRICK FISHER

Clerk

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT

OLEG V. MOSKALEV,

Petitioner,

v.

JOHN ASHCROFT, Attorney General

of the United States,

Respondent.

No. 02-9556

(BIA No. A75-369-772)

(Petition for Review)

ORDER AND JUDGMENT *

Before MURPHY and PORFILIO , Circuit Judges, and BRORBY , Senior Circuit

Judge.

After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined

unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of

this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is

therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.
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Oleg V. Moskalev petitions this court for review of a final order of the

Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA), summarily affirming the removal order

entered by an immigration judge (IJ). The IJ denied Moskalev’s applications for

asylum and withholding of deportation, but granted voluntary departure. 

Moskalev contends that the IJ and BIA erred and that he is entitled to asylum and

to withholding of deportation.

This case hinges largely on the IJ’s evaluation of the credibility of

witnesses and the authenticity of documents. The IJ held a hearing at which

Moskalev, his wife Olga and adoptive son Nikita all testified. They presented

a litany of atrocities they claimed that they and members of their families had

suffered at the hands of anti-Semites in Russia, including murders, beatings,

arrests, thefts, threats, a miscarriage, denial of medical treatment, and an incident

of arson at the family home. Moskalev’s mother was Jewish, and although he

apparently does not practice the Jewish religion, he asserts that the fact of her

Jewish nationality is responsible for the severe stigma and persecution that he and

his family encountered in Russia.

The IJ, after hearing this evidence, found that the Moskalevs were not

credible witnesses. He stated:

I must say that having decided dozens of cases dealing with

Jewish asylum seekers from Russia, I have approved many cases

where the alleged persecution was considerably less than that alleged

here. But, I have to say that I have never seen a case where there are
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so many incidents of persecution alleged, so many physical attacks,

vandalism of property, attacks of family members and yet the

respondent’s claim to being Jewish is that it’s on his birth certificate

and that his mother was Jewish. I agree with the asylum officer that

many of these attacks that were supposedly made on the street by

unknown people, I find it extremely difficult to believe that anyone

would know the respondent was Jewish as he claims to be, simply

from seeing him on the street. There is nothing in the file to indicate

that that would be the case.

Admin. R. at 45.

The IJ went on to analyze two of the incidents for which documentation had

been provided. The first incident involved an attack on Nikita by a man who

made him remove his clothes and allegedly threatened to kill him because he was

Jewish. The IJ noted, however, that the official trial report said nothing about the

anti-Semitic nature of the incident and instead stated that the individual was

a drug addict and apparently a pervert who tried to rob Nikita and other children

and was sentenced to nine years in jail for this crime.

The second documented incident involved drunken neighbors who came to

the Moskalevs’ apartment and threatened Olga and Nikita Moskalev. The IJ

noted that the report given to the police said nothing about the Moskalevs’ Jewish

identity or that the neighbors were going to kill Olga Moskalev because she was

married to a Jew.

The IJ also noted the asylum officer’s finding that Moskalev did not present

a valid, certified Russian birth certificate reflecting his Jewish identity. The
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document which was submitted was not a certified document, and the IJ noted

that Moskalev gave no reason for failing to comply. Moskalev’s military passport

identifies him as a Russian. The IJ emphasized the asylum officer’s conclusion

that “it was incredible the respondent would be harmed the many times he was

when from his appearance and official documents, no one would have any idea

that he was Jewish.” Id. at 44. The IJ concluded that the Moskalevs had

“aggrandized their case,” that the case was “contrived” and that he did not believe

the Moskalevs’ testimony. Id. at 46.

1. Asylum claim

In order to receive asylum, an alien must first establish that he or she is a

“refugee.” 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(1); Kapcia v. INS , 944 F.2d 702, 706 (10th Cir.

1991). “Refugee” is defined as “any person who is outside any country of such

person’s nationality . . . and who is unable or unwilling to return to, and is unable

or unwilling to avail himself or herself of the protection of, that country because

of persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion,

nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.” 

8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A). Moskalev contends that he has established both

past persecution and a well-founded fear of future persecution. See 8 C.F.R.

§ 208.13(b) (stating applicant may establish refugee status by showing either past

persecution or well-founded fear of future persecution).
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Moskalev was required to present “specific, credible evidence to support

his claim that he has been persecuted or will be persecuted if deported.” Rezai v.

INS, 62 F.3d 1286, 1289 (10th Cir. 1995). We review the BIA’s determination of

whether he met this burden for substantial evidence, reversing only if the

evidence was such that a reasonable fact finder would be compelled to conclude

that the requisite fear of persecution existed. Woldemeskel v. INS , 257 F.3d 1185,

1189 (10th Cir. 2001). Concomitant with this deferential standard of review,

“we will not question the immigration judge’s or BIA’s credibility determinations

so long as they are substantially reasonable.” Id. at 1192.

The IJ concluded that the Moskalevs distorted the record by attributing

anti-Semitic motives to incidents which did not have racial or ethnic overtones,

and even possibly by inventing some of the incidents to which they testified. 

The IJ was concerned that many of the alleged instances occurred in

circumstances where it was extremely unlikely that the assailants would have

any knowledge of the Moskalevs’ Jewish background.

Having reviewed the record in accordance with the prescribed standard of

review, we cannot say that the IJ’s credibility findings were substantially

unreasonable. Moskalev cites a number of cases to indicate that asylum is

appropriate in situations similar to his. These cases do not provide support for his

application, however, since they do not involve the kind of witness credibility
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issues at stake here. See Avetova-Elisseva v. INS , 213 F.3d 1192 (9th Cir. 2000);

Galina v. INS , 213 F.3d 955, 959 (7th Cir. 2000); Duarte de Guinac v. INS ,

179 F.3d 1156, 1160 n.4 (9th Cir. 1999). Moskalev has failed to establish by

credible evidence his claims of past persecution and future persecution based

on his Jewish identity.

2. Withholding of deportation

“The burden of proof for withholding of deportation is . . . significantly

higher than that for asylum.” Woldemeskel , 257 F.3d at 1193. To be entitled to

withholding of deportation, an applicant must show “a clear probability of

persecution through presentation of evidence establishing that it is more likely

than not that [the applicant] would be subject to persecution on one of the

specified grounds.” Id. (quotation omitted). Since Moskalev has failed to

establish his entitlement to asylum, he clearly did not carry his higher burden of

proof to establish his entitlement to withholding of deportation.

The petition for review is DENIED. The BIA’s decision to deny asylum

and withholding of deportation is AFFIRMED. The stay of removal previously

entered by a panel of this court is dissolved.

Entered for the Court

John C. Porfilio

Circuit Judge