COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA 

Present: Judges Elder, Frank and Clements 

Argued at Richmond, Virginia 

ANTONIO M. LIGHTFOOT 

 MEMORANDUM OPINION*

 BY 

v. Record No. 1600-07-1 JUDGE ROBERT P. FRANK 

 OCTOBER 14, 2008 

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA 

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF PORTSMOUTH 

Dean W. Sword, Jr., Judge 

 Joseph A. Sadighian, Senior Assistant Appellate Defender (Office of 

the Appellate Defender, on briefs), for appellant. 

 Kathleen B. Martin, Senior Assistant Attorney General (Robert F. 

McDonnell, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee. 

 Antonio M. Lightfoot, appellant, was convicted in a bench trial of possession of cocaine in 

violation of Code § 18.2-250. On appeal he contends the trial court erred in denying his motion to 

suppress, as the police did not have reasonable suspicion to detain him, pat him down, or search 

him. For the reasons that follow, we reverse and remand. 

BACKGROUND 

On December 16, 2006 at 10:26 p.m., Portsmouth Police Officers Hawes and Hall were 

making rounds in a marked police vehicle when they encountered appellant. Appellant was 

facing a tall window on the corner of a closed and unlit church building, with his hands placed 

above his head and against the window. Neither officer saw any objects in appellant’s hands, 

however, Officer Hawes testified that it appeared to him that appellant was “tampering” with the 

window. After noticing appellant, the officers made a U-turn with the intent of approaching 

 *

 Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. 
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appellant. At this time, appellant walked towards a vehicle that had stopped in the street and 

entered on the passenger’s side. The vehicle was stopped for approximately fifteen seconds in a 

travel lane. The officers followed the car, and then stopped the vehicle because it had stopped in 

a travel lane. 

After stopping the vehicle, Officer Hawes approached the driver, while Officer Hall 

approached appellant. Appellant was attempting to exit the vehicle, with the door open and one 

foot on the ground, when Officer Hall ordered appellant to get back into the vehicle. At this time 

appellant was agitated and said “Why the f[. . .] are y’all stopping me? Y’all always f[. . .]ing 

with me.” Officer Hall observed appellant moving his hands “fast” and putting them in his 

pockets. Based on appellant’s hand movement and verbal abuse, Officer Hall removed appellant 

from the vehicle to conduct a pat down for Officer Hall’s safety. At no point during the 

interaction did it appear to Officer Hall that appellant was trying to “conceal items in his 

pockets,” nor did appellant at any point threaten the officers physically or verbally. 

During the pat down, Officer Hall felt a “piece of paper or something soft with a hard 

object inside of it” within appellant’s front left pocket. When asked about this object, appellant 

claimed it was a “piece of paper with numbers on it,” and consented to Officer Hall’s request to 

“see it.” Officer Hall then removed the object from appellant’s pocket and handed it to Officer 

Hawes for inspection. Officer Hawes opened the soft paper towel covering the object, and 

discovered a “glass cocaine smoking device.” 

Appellant filed a motion to suppress the evidence of the smoking device on the ground 

that the evidence was the result of an illegal search and seizure. The trial court denied the 

motion, finding that the police had reasonable suspicion to seize the appellant, to conduct a pat 

down, and that appellant consented to the search of the contents of his pocket. 

This appeal follows. 
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ANALYSIS 

Standard of Review

“On appeal from a denial of a suppression motion, we must review the evidence in the 

light most favorable to the Commonwealth, giving it the benefit of any reasonable inferences.” 

Slayton v. Commonwealth, 41 Va. App. 101, 103, 582 S.E.2d 448, 449 (2003). 

 An appellant’s claim that evidence was seized in violation 

of the Fourth Amendment “presents a mixed question of law and 

fact that we review de novo on appeal. In making such a 

determination, we give deference to the factual findings of the trial 

court and independently determine whether the manner in which 

the evidence was obtained [violated] the Fourth Amendment.” 

Wilson v. Commonwealth, 45 Va. App. 193, 202-03, 609 S.E.2d 612, 616 (2005) (alteration in 

original) (quoting Murphy v. Commonwealth, 264 Va. 568, 573, 570 S.E.2d 836, 838 (2002)). 

Traffic Stop of the Vehicle

Appellant first argues that the police did not have reasonable articulable suspicion to stop 

the vehicle in which he was a passenger. In particular, appellant contends that the officers did 

not have a reasonable suspicion that appellant was engaged in criminal wrongdoing. The 

Commonwealth responds that an officer may effect a traffic stop when he reasonably believes a 

traffic violation has occurred. The Commonwealth reasons that in this case the officers believed 

the vehicle was impeding traffic, and therefore they were authorized to stop the vehicle and 

detain the occupants without contravening the Fourth Amendment. We agree with the 

Commonwealth. 

In order to detain a vehicle on a traffic violation, the police must have “reasonable 

suspicion to believe a traffic or equipment violation has occurred.” McCain v. Commonwealth, 

275 Va. 546, 553, 659 S.E.2d 512, 516 (2008) (citing Bass v. Commonwealth, 259 Va. 470, 525 

S.E.2d 921 (2000)). As the Virginia Supreme Court recognized in McCain, the police can detain 

a suspect without any reasonable suspicion of criminal activity, so long as the police possess the 
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required reasonable suspicion that a traffic violation has occurred. Id. at 553, 659 S.E.2d at 516. 

Additionally, during the traffic stop, officers may detain passengers of a vehicle throughout the 

course of the traffic investigation. Id. at 553, 659 S.E.2d at 516. 

Except in cases of emergency, Code § 46.2-888 prohibits stopping on a highway in a 

“manner as to impede or render dangerous the use of the highway by others.” Here, police 

detained the vehicle because the driver “stopped in the middle of the travel lane” for fifteen 

seconds. Although the officers did not notice any other moving vehicles on the street at the time, 

the street where the vehicle containing appellant had stopped was in an urban area where it is 

likely that the temporary stop of the vehicle would have proved a hazard for any oncoming 

traffic.1 

The facts presented in this record provided the officers with a reasonable suspicion that 

the vehicle was either impeding traffic in the travel lane or rendering the use of the highway 

dangerous to others. Once the traffic stop was executed, the officer did not need any additional 

cause to detain appellant or remove him from the vehicle. As stated, for safety reasons, police 

can detain and order passengers to step out of the car during a traffic stop without additional 

cause. Maryland v. Wilson, 519 U.S. 408, 414-15 (1997); McCain, 275 Va. at 553, 659 S.E.2d 

at 516. Thus, the initial stop of the vehicle and detention of appellant did not violate appellant’s 

Fourth Amendment rights and the trial court properly denied appellant’s motion to suppress on 

this ground. 

 1

 We do not determine whether the evidence proves beyond a reasonable doubt that the 

vehicle was in violation of Code § 46.2-888. In order to investigate, the officers need only have 

reasonable suspicion to believe a traffic violation has occurred. McCain, 275 Va. at 553, 659 

S.E.2d at 516. 
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Terry2

 Search for Weapons

Appellant next argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress because 

the officers patted him down with no reason to believe he was engaged in criminal activity or 

that he was armed and presently dangerous. We agree with appellant that the officers had no 

reasonable belief that appellant was armed and presently dangerous. 

Once an officer lawfully stops a vehicle, he may not automatically search a driver or 

passenger for weapons, but may do so only if he develops reasonable suspicion during the stop to 

believe the particular person to be frisked is armed and dangerous. Knowles v. Iowa, 525 U.S. 

113, 117-18 (1998). “‘Because a frisk or “pat-down” is substantially more intrusive than an 

order to exit a vehicle, . . . an officer must have justification for a frisk or a “pat-down” beyond 

the mere justification for the traffic stop.”’ McCain, 275 Va. at 554, 659 S.E.2d at 517 (quoting 

United States v. Sakyi, 160 F.3d 164, 169 (4th Cir. 1998)). 

A pat down or frisk may be conducted “where a police officer observes unusual conduct 

which leads him reasonably to conclude in light of his experience that criminal activity may be 

afoot and that the persons with whom he is dealing may be armed and presently dangerous.” 

Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 30 (1968). It is not an unreasonable search to frisk a suspect where 

the police officer has ‘“specific and articulable facts”’ that the individual to be frisked is armed 

and dangerous and criminal activity may be afoot. James v. Commonwealth, 22 Va. App. 740, 

745, 473 S.E.2d 90, 92 (1996) (quoting Lansdown v. Commonwealth, 226 Va. 204, 209, 308 

S.E.2d 106, 110 (1983)). In making this determination, an “officer must be able to articulate 

more than an ‘inchoate and unparticularized suspicion or “hunch’” of criminal activity.” Illinois 

v. Wardlow, 528 U.S. 119, 123-24 (2000) (quoting Terry, 392 U.S. at 27). Circumstances 

relevant to this analysis include: “characteristics of the area surrounding the stop, the time of the 

 2 Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968). 
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stop, the specific conduct of the suspect individual, the character of the offense under suspicion, 

and the unique perspective of a police officer trained and experienced in the detection of crime.” 

McCain, 275 Va. at 554, 659 S.E.2d at 517. 

Clearly, police had reason to believe criminal activity was afoot. Appellant was seen 

facing a window of a closed church building at 10:26 p.m. The officers testified that they 

believed appellant was “tampering” with the window. The officers noted several “specific and 

articulable” facts supporting their suspicion that criminal activity was afoot, including: the late 

hour, the fact that the church building was closed, the position of appellant’s hands on the 

window, appellant’s quick retreat when he noticed the marked police vehicle, and appellant’s 

highly agitated state at being stopped by police. Considering these factors in light of the 

officers’ experience, it was reasonable for the officers to conclude that appellant was engaging in 

criminal activity at the time they frisked him for weapons. Although the officers never directly 

articulated a specific crime they suspected appellant was committing at the time, it is clear from 

both officers’ statements that they possessed sufficient facts to support a reasonable belief that 

appellant was acting criminally. 

While the officers reasonably believed appellant was engaged in criminal activity, we 

find that the record does not support the belief that appellant was armed and dangerous. The 

record reflects that the primary source of the officers’ suspicion that appellant was armed and 

dangerous was appellant’s rapid arm movement and hostile verbal language during the traffic 

stop of the car. Officer Hawes described appellant’s arm movement as “furtive,” and Officer 

Hall testified that appellant was moving his hands into his pockets. Neither officer, however, 

noticed appellant grab, remove, or conceal anything. Officer Hall, who performed the search, 

testified that despite appellant’s agitation, appellant never made any threats against the officers. 
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Furthermore, the officers were investigating appellant for suspected criminal activity that does 

not require weapons. 

In Asble v. Commonwealth, 50 Va. App. 643, 653 S.E.2d 285 (2007), this Court 

determined that movement alone, without other indicators supporting the finding that an 

individual was armed and dangerous, was not enough to generate the requisite reasonable 

suspicion for a weapons pat down. 50 Va. App. at 649, 653 S.E.2d at 288. Likewise, in Roulhac 

v. Commonwealth, 50 Va. App. 8, 646 S.E.2d 4 (2007), this Court held that the action of placing 

hands within pockets while talking to a police officer is not enough to create a reasonable 

suspicion that an individual is armed and dangerous without other factors present to support that 

conclusion. 50 Va. App. at 17-18, 646 S.E.2d at 8-9. Much like Roulhac, the officers here failed 

to instruct appellant to remove his hands from his pockets, place them on the dashboard, or 

engage in any less intrusive means of ensuring safety. Id. at 19, 646 S.E.2d at 9. The officers 

neither articulated other factors aside from the movement and language of appellant that 

indicated he was armed and dangerous, nor identified any reason why less intrusive measures 

could not have been used to ensure safety. Under the particular facts in this record, we conclude 

that appellant’s hand movement and verbal agitation alone did not provide enough cause for the 

officers to reasonably conclude that appellant was armed and dangerous. 

Thus, we find that the frisk of appellant for weapons was not supported by a reasonable 

belief he was armed and presently dangerous. See id. at 19, 646 S.E.2d at 10 (“Without consent 

or reasonable suspicion that appellant was armed, [the officer] had no lawful authority to grab 

appellant and to pat him down for weapons.”). 

The Commonwealth argues that appellant consented to the search that led to the 

discovery of the pipe in his pocket. Thus, reasons the Commonwealth, the evidence was 

admissible against him at trial. However, the admissibility of the evidence obtained in violation 
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of the Fourth Amendment depends on if the connection between the primary illegality of the 

police and the evidence obtained had “become so attenuated as to dissipate the taint.” Wong Sun 

v. United States, 371 U.S. 471, 491 (1963). 

Here, appellant’s consent was made immediately following the illegal pat down, and no 

intervening factors existed. See Walls v. Commonwealth, 2 Va. App. 639, 652, 347 S.E.2d 175, 

183 (1986) (“Under these circumstances, the consent itself was a fruit of the poisonous tree 

unless the Commonwealth can show that it was obtained through an independent act of free 

will.”). We find that appellant’s consent not only fails to meet the standard of an independent act 

of free will, but is the causal result of the illegal pat down itself. To that end, we hold that the 

evidence recovered as a result of that illegal search was not admissible at trial. Wong Sun, 371 

U.S. at 485-88. 

CONCLUSION 

For the foregoing reasons, we find that the trial court erred in denying appellant’s motion 

to suppress. Accordingly, we reverse the trial court and remand for further proceedings if the 

Commonwealth be so advised. 

Reversed and remanded.