# Patent

## Title
Management frame directed cluster assignment within multiple user, multiple access, and/or MIMO wireless communications

## Abstract

Management frame directed cluster assignment within multiple user, multiple access, and/or MIMO wireless communications. From a first wireless communication device, a management frame may be transmitted to a number of other wireless communication devices to assign respective clusters (i.e., cluster being one or more channels within one or more bands) for use in communications by those other wireless communication devices. The first wireless communication device may be an access point (AP), and the others may be wireless stations (STAs); alternatively, all of the wireless communication devices in the communication system (e.g., including the first wireless communication device) may be STAs. The cluster assignment may be modified for any of a number of various reasons (e.g., periodically, after a certain number of packets being transmitted and/or received, communication system operating condition change, change in number, type, capabilities, etc. of the various wireless communication devices in the communication system, etc.).

## Background
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENTS/PATENT APPLICATIONS
Provisional Priority Claims
The present U.S. Utility Patent Application claims priority pursuant to 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to the following U.S. Provisional Patent Applications which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety and made part of the present U.S. Utility Patent Application for all purposes:
1. U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/232,316, entitled “WLAN next generation PRY header options,” filed Aug. 7, 2009.
2. U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/240,285, entitled “WLAN next generation PRY header options,” filed Aug. 7, 2009.
3. U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/250,531, entitled “WLAN next generation PRY header options,” filed Oct. 11, 2009.
4. U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/255,232, entitled “WLAN next generation PRY header options,” filed Oct. 27, 2009.
Continuation-In-Part (CIP) Priority Claims, 35 U.S.C. §120
The present U.S. Utility Patent Application claims priority pursuant to 35 U.S.C. §120, as a continuation-in-part (CIP), to the following U.S. Utility Patent Application which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety and made part of the present U.S. Utility Patent Application for all purposes:
1. U.S. Utility patent application Ser. No. 12/794,707, entitled “Cluster parsing for signaling within multiple user, multiple access, and/or MIMO wireless communications,” filed on Jun. 4, 2010, pending, which claims priority pursuant to 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to the following U.S. Provisional Patent Applications which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety and made part of the present U.S. Utility Patent Application for all purposes:
1.1. U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/184,420, entitled “OFDMA cluster parsing and acknowledgement to OFDMA/MU-MIMO transmissions in WLAN device,” filed Jun. 5, 2009.
1.2. U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/185,153, entitled “OFDMA cluster parsing and acknowledgement to OFDMA/MU-MIMO transmissions in WLAN device,” filed Jun. 8, 2009.
The present U.S. Utility Patent Application also claims priority pursuant to 35 U.S.C. §120, as a continuation-in-part (CIP), to the following U.S. Utility Patent Application which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety and made part of the present U.S. Utility Patent Application for all purposes:
2. U.S. Utility patent application Ser. No. 12/794,711, entitled “Transmission acknowledgement within multiple user, multiple access, and/or MIMO wireless communications,” filed on Jun. 4, 2010, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,498,359, on Jul. 30, 2013, which claims priority pursuant to 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to the following U.S. Provisional Patent Applications which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety and made part of the present U.S. Utility Patent Application for all purposes:
2.1. U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/184,420, entitled “OFDMA cluster parsing and acknowledgement to OFDMA/MU-MIMO transmissions in WLAN device,” filed Jun. 5, 2009.
2.2. U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/185,153, entitled “OFDMA cluster parsing and acknowledgement to OFDMA/MU-MIMO transmissions in WLAN device,” filed Jun. 8, 2009.
Incorporation by Reference
The following U.S. Utility Patent Application is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety and is made part of the present U.S. Utility Patent Application for all purposes:
1. U.S. Utility patent application Ser. No. 12/821,094, entitled “Medium accessing mechanisms within multiple user, multiple access, and/or MIMO wireless communications,” filed on Jun. 22, 2010.
The following IEEE standard is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety and is made part of the present U.S. Utility Patent Application for all purposes:
1. IEEE 802.11-2007, “IEEE Standard for Information technology—Telecommunications and information exchange between systems—Local and metropolitan area networks—Specific requirements; Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications,” IEEE Computer Society, IEEE Std 802.11TM-2007, (Revision of IEEE Std 802.11-1999), 1232 pages.


BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Technical Field of the Invention
The invention relates generally to communication systems; and, more particularly, it relates to management frame directed cluster assignment for various wireless communication devices within multiple user, multiple access, and/or MIMO wireless communications.
2. Description of Related Art
Communication systems are known to support wireless and wire lined communications between wireless and/or wire lined communication devices. Such communication systems range from national and/or international cellular telephone systems to the Internet to point-to-point in-home wireless networks. Each type of communication system is constructed, and hence operates, in accordance with one or more communication standards. For instance, wireless communication systems may operate in accordance with one or more standards including, but not limited to, IEEE 802.11x, Bluetooth, advanced mobile phone services (AMPS), digital AMPS, global system for mobile communications (GSM), code division multiple access (CDMA), local multi-point distribution systems (LMDS), multi-channel-multi-point distribution systems (MMDS), and/or variations thereof.
Depending on the type of wireless communication system, a wireless communication device, such as a cellular telephone, two-way radio, personal digital assistant (PDA), personal computer (PC), laptop computer, home entertainment equipment, et cetera communicates directly or indirectly with other wireless communication devices. For direct communications (also known as point-to-point communications), the participating wireless communication devices tune their receivers and transmitters to the same channel or channels (e.g., one of the plurality of radio frequency (RF) carriers of the wireless communication system) and communicate over that channel(s). For indirect wireless communications, each wireless communication device communicates directly with an associated base station (e.g., for cellular services) and/or an associated access point (e.g., for an in-home or in-building wireless network) via an assigned channel. To complete a communication connection between the wireless communication devices, the associated base stations and/or associated access points communicate with each other directly, via a system controller, via the public switch telephone network, via the Internet, and/or via some other wide area network.
For each wireless communication device to participate in wireless communications, it includes a built-in radio transceiver (i.e., receiver and transmitter) or is coupled to an associated radio transceiver (e.g., a station for in-home and/or in-building wireless communication networks, RF modem, etc.). As is known, the receiver is coupled to the antenna and includes a low noise amplifier, one or more intermediate frequency stages, a filtering stage, and a data recovery stage. The low noise amplifier receives inbound RF signals via the antenna and amplifies them. The one or more intermediate frequency stages mix the amplified RF signals with one or more local oscillations to convert the amplified RF signal into baseband signals or intermediate frequency (IF) signals. The filtering stage filters the baseband signals or the IF signals to attenuate unwanted out of band signals to produce filtered signals. The data recovery stage recovers raw data from the filtered signals in accordance with the particular wireless communication standard.
As is also known, the transmitter includes a data modulation stage, one or more intermediate frequency stages, and a power amplifier. The data modulation stage converts raw data into baseband signals in accordance with a particular wireless communication standard. The one or more intermediate frequency stages mix the baseband signals with one or more local oscillations to produce RF signals. The power amplifier amplifies the RF signals prior to transmission via an antenna.
Typically, the transmitter will include one antenna for transmitting the RF signals, which are received by a single antenna, or multiple antennae (alternatively, antennas), of a receiver. When the receiver includes two or more antennae, the receiver will select one of them to receive the incoming RF signals. In this instance, the wireless communication between the transmitter and receiver is a single-output-single-input (SISO) communication, even if the receiver includes multiple antennae that are used as diversity antennae (i.e., selecting one of them to receive the incoming RF signals). For SISO wireless communications, a transceiver includes one transmitter and one receiver. Currently, most wireless local area networks (WLAN) that are IEEE 802.11, 802.11a, 802.11b, or 802.11g employ SISO wireless communications.
Other types of wireless communications include single-input-multiple-output (SIMO), multiple-input-single-output (MISO), and multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO). In a SIMO wireless communication, a single transmitter processes data into radio frequency signals that are transmitted to a receiver. The receiver includes two or more antennae and two or more receiver paths. Each of the antennae receives the RF signals and provides them to a corresponding receiver path (e.g., LNA, down conversion module, filters, and ADCs). Each of the receiver paths processes the received RF signals to produce digital signals, which are combined and then processed to recapture the transmitted data.
For a multiple-input-single-output (MISO) wireless communication, the transmitter includes two or more transmission paths (e.g., digital to analog converter, filters, up-conversion module, and a power amplifier) that each converts a corresponding portion of baseband signals into RF signals, which are transmitted via corresponding antennae to a receiver. The receiver includes a single receiver path that receives the multiple RF signals from the transmitter. In this instance, the receiver uses beam forming to combine the multiple RF signals into one signal for processing.
For a multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) wireless communication, the transmitter and receiver each include multiple paths. In such a communication, the transmitter parallel processes data using a spatial and time encoding function to produce two or more streams of data. The transmitter includes multiple transmission paths to convert each stream of data into multiple RF signals. The receiver receives the multiple RF signals via multiple receiver paths that recapture the streams of data utilizing a spatial and time decoding function. The recaptured streams of data are combined and subsequently processed to recover the original data.
With the various types of wireless communications (e.g., SISO, MISO, SIMO, and MIMO), it would be desirable to use one or more types of wireless communications to enhance data throughput within a WLAN. For example, high data rates can be achieved with MIMO communications in comparison to SISO communications. However, most WLAN include legacy wireless communication devices (i.e., devices that are compliant with an older version of a wireless communication standard). As such, a transmitter capable of MIMO wireless communications should also be backward compatible with legacy devices to function in a majority of existing WLANs.
Therefore, a need exists for a WLAN device that is capable of high data throughput and is backward compatible with legacy devices.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is directed to apparatus and methods of operation that are further described in the following Brief Description of the Several Views of the Drawings, the Detailed Description of the Invention, and the claims. Other features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of the invention made with reference to the accompanying drawings.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a wireless communication system.
FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a wireless communication device.
FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a radio frequency (RF) transmitter.
FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of an RF receiver.
FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a method for baseband processing of data.
FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a method that further defines Step 120 of FIG. 5.
FIGS. 7-9 are diagrams illustrating various embodiments for encoding the scrambled data.
FIGS. 10A and 10B are diagrams illustrating embodiments of a radio transmitter.
FIGS. 11A and 11B are diagrams illustrating embodiments of a radio receiver.
FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of an access point (AP) and multiple wireless local area network (WLAN) devices operating according to one or more various aspects and/or embodiments of the invention.
FIG. 13 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a wireless communication device, and clusters, as may be employed for supporting communications with at least one additional wireless communication device.
FIG. 14 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of communications between at least two wireless communication devices in accordance with a cluster assignment management frame for assigning respective clusters for use in subsequent communications.
FIG. 15 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of communications between multiple wireless communication devices in accordance with a cluster assignment management frame such that individual and subsets of wireless communication devices are assigned respective clusters for use in subsequent communications.
FIG. 16 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a frame format that may be used in conjunction with a wireless communication device such as a WLAN device.
FIG. 17 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of multi-user multiple input multiple output (MU-MIMO) communications provided to multiple receiving wireless communication devices.
FIG. 18 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of multi-user multiple input multiple output (MU-MIMO)/orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) communications provided to multiple receiving wireless communication devices.
FIG. 19 is a diagram illustrating an alternative embodiment of a MU-MIMO/OFDMA communications provided to multiple receiving wireless communication devices.
FIG. 20A, FIG. 20B, and FIG. 21 are diagrams illustrating various embodiments of methods for operating one or more wireless communication devices.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a wireless communication system 10 that includes a plurality of base stations and/or access points 12-16, a plurality of wireless communication devices 18-32 and a network hardware component 34. The wireless communication devices 18-32 may be laptop host computers 18 and 26, personal digital assistant hosts 20 and 30, personal computer hosts 24 and 32 and/or cellular telephone hosts 22 and 28. The details of an embodiment of such wireless communication devices is described in greater detail with reference to FIG. 2.
The base stations (BSs) or access points (APs) 12-16 are operably coupled to the network hardware 34 via local area network connections 36, 38 and 40. The network hardware 34, which may be a router, switch, bridge, modem, system controller, et cetera provides a wide area network connection 42 for the communication system 10. Each of the base stations or access points 12-16 has an associated antenna or antenna array to communicate with the wireless communication devices in its area. Typically, the wireless communication devices register with a particular base station or access point 12-14 to receive services from the communication system 10. For direct connections (i.e., point-to-point communications), wireless communication devices communicate directly via an allocated channel.
Typically, base stations are used for cellular telephone systems (e.g., advanced mobile phone services (AMPS), digital AMPS, global system for mobile communications (GSM), code division multiple access (CDMA), local multi-point distribution systems (LMDS), multi-channel-multi-point distribution systems (MMDS), Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), high-speed downlink packet access (HSDPA), high-speed uplink packet access (HSUPA and/or variations thereof) and like-type systems, while access points are used for in-home or in-building wireless networks (e.g., IEEE 802.11, Bluetooth, ZigBee, any other type of radio frequency based network protocol and/or variations thereof). Regardless of the particular type of communication system, each wireless communication device includes a built-in radio and/or is coupled to a radio. Such wireless communication devices may operate in accordance with the various aspects of the invention as presented herein to enhance performance, reduce costs, reduce size, and/or enhance broadband applications.
FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a wireless communication device that includes the host device 18-32 and an associated radio 60. For cellular telephone hosts, the radio 60 is a built-in component. For personal digital assistants hosts, laptop hosts, and/or personal computer hosts, the radio 60 may be built-in or an externally coupled component. For access points or base stations, the components are typically housed in a single structure.
As illustrated, the host device 18-32 includes a processing module 50, memory 52, radio interface 54, input interface 58 and output interface 56. The processing module 50 and memory 52 execute the corresponding instructions that are typically done by the host device. For example, for a cellular telephone host device, the processing module 50 performs the corresponding communication functions in accordance with a particular cellular telephone standard.
The radio interface 54 allows data to be received from and sent to the radio 60. For data received from the radio 60 (e.g., inbound data), the radio interface 54 provides the data to the processing module 50 for further processing and/or routing to the output interface 56. The output interface 56 provides connectivity to an output display device such as a display, monitor, speakers, et cetera such that the received data may be displayed. The radio interface 54 also provides data from the processing module 50 to the radio 60. The processing module 50 may receive the outbound data from an input device such as a keyboard, keypad, microphone, et cetera via the input interface 58 or generate the data itself. For data received via the input interface 58, the processing module 50 may perform a corresponding host function on the data and/or route it to the radio 60 via the radio interface 54.
Radio 60 includes a host interface 62, a baseband processing module 64, memory 66, a plurality of radio frequency (RF) transmitters 68-72, a transmit/receive (T/R) module 74, a plurality of antennae 82-86, a plurality of RF receivers 76-80, and a local oscillation module 100. The baseband processing module 64, in combination with operational instructions stored in memory 66, execute digital receiver functions and digital transmitter functions, respectively. The digital receiver functions, as will be described in greater detail with reference to FIG. 11B, include, but are not limited to, digital intermediate frequency to baseband conversion, demodulation, constellation demapping, decoding, de-interleaving, fast Fourier transform, cyclic prefix removal, space and time decoding, and/or descrambling. The digital transmitter functions, as will be described in greater detail with reference to later Figures, include, but are not limited to, scrambling, encoding, interleaving, constellation mapping, modulation, inverse fast Fourier transform, cyclic prefix addition, space and time encoding, and/or digital baseband to IF conversion. The baseband processing modules 64 may be implemented using one or more processing devices. Such a processing device may be a microprocessor, micro-controller, digital signal processor, microcomputer, central processing unit, field programmable gate array, programmable logic device, state machine, logic circuitry, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or any device that manipulates signals (analog and/or digital) based on operational instructions. The memory 66 may be a single memory device or a plurality of memory devices. Such a memory device may be a read-only memory, random access memory, volatile memory, non-volatile memory, static memory, dynamic memory, flash memory, and/or any device that stores digital information. Note that when the processing module 64 implements one or more of its functions via a state machine, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or logic circuitry, the memory storing the corresponding operational instructions is embedded with the circuitry comprising the state machine, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or logic circuitry.
In operation, the radio 60 receives outbound data 88 from the host device via the host interface 62. The baseband processing module 64 receives the outbound data 88 and, based on a mode selection signal 102, produces one or more outbound symbol streams 90. The mode selection signal 102 will indicate a particular mode as are illustrated in the mode selection tables, which appear at the end of the detailed discussion. For example, the mode selection signal 102, with reference to table 1 may indicate a frequency band of 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz, a channel bandwidth of 20 or 22 MHz (e.g., channels of 20 or 22 MHz width) and a maximum bit rate of 54 megabits-per-second. In other embodiments, the channel bandwidth may extend up to 1.28 GHz or wider with supported maximum bit rates extending to 1 gigabit-per-second or greater. In this general category, the mode selection signal will further indicate a particular rate ranging from 1 megabit-per-second to 54 megabits-per-second. In addition, the mode selection signal will indicate a particular type of modulation, which includes, but is not limited to, Barker Code Modulation, BPSK, QPSK, CCK, 16 QAM and/or 64 QAM. As is further illustrated in table 1, a code rate is supplied as well as number of coded bits per subcarrier (NBPSC), coded bits per OFDM symbol (NCBPS), data bits per OFDM symbol (NDBPS).
The mode selection signal may also indicate a particular channelization for the corresponding mode which for the information in table 1 is illustrated in table 2. As shown, table 2 includes a channel number and corresponding center frequency. The mode select signal may further indicate a power spectral density mask value which for table 1 is illustrated in table 3. The mode select signal may alternatively indicate rates within table 4 that has a 5 GHz frequency band, 20 MHz channel bandwidth and a maximum bit rate of 54 megabits-per-second. If this is the particular mode select, the channelization is illustrated in table 5. As a further alternative, the mode select signal 102 may indicate a 2.4 GHz frequency band, 20 MHz channels and a maximum bit rate of 192 megabits-per-second as illustrated in table 6. In table 6, a number of antennae may be utilized to achieve the higher bit rates. In this instance, the mode select would further indicate the number of antennae to be utilized. Table 7 illustrates the channelization for the set-up of table 6. Table 8 illustrates yet another mode option where the frequency band is 2.4 GHz, the channel bandwidth is 20 MHz and the maximum bit rate is 192 megabits-per-second. The corresponding table 8 includes various bit rates ranging from 12 megabits-per-second to 216 megabits-per-second utilizing 2-4 antennae and a spatial time encoding rate as indicated. Table 9 illustrates the channelization for table 8. The mode select signal 102 may further indicate a particular operating mode as illustrated in table 10, which corresponds to a 5 GHz frequency band having 40 MHz frequency band having 40 MHz channels and a maximum bit rate of 486 megabits-per-second. As shown in table 10, the bit rate may range from 13.5 megabits-per-second to 486 megabits-per-second utilizing 1-4 antennae and a corresponding spatial time code rate. Table 10 further illustrates a particular modulation scheme code rate and NBPSC values. Table 11 provides the power spectral density mask for table 10 and table 12 provides the channelization for table 10.
It is of course noted that other types of channels, having different bandwidths, may be employed in other embodiments without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. For example, various other channels such as those having 80 MHz, 120 MHz, and/or 160 MHz of bandwidth may alternatively be employed such as in accordance with IEEE Task Group ac (TGac VHTL6).
The baseband processing module 64, based on the mode selection signal 102 produces the one or more outbound symbol streams 90, as will be further described with reference to FIGS. 5-9 from the output data 88. For example, if the mode selection signal 102 indicates that a single transmit antenna is being utilized for the particular mode that has been selected, the baseband processing module 64 will produce a single outbound symbol stream 90. Alternatively, if the mode select signal indicates 2, 3 or 4 antennae, the baseband processing module 64 will produce 2, 3 or 4 outbound symbol streams 90 corresponding to the number of antennae from the output data 88.
Depending on the number of outbound streams 90 produced by the baseband module 64, a corresponding number of the RF transmitters 68-72 will be enabled to convert the outbound symbol streams 90 into outbound RF signals 92. The implementation of the RF transmitters 68-72 will be further described with reference to FIG. 3. The transmit/receive module 74 receives the outbound RF signals 92 and provides each outbound RF signal to a corresponding antenna 82-86.
When the radio 60 is in the receive mode, the transmit/receive module 74 receives one or more inbound RF signals via the antennae 82-86. The T/R module 74 provides the inbound RF signals 94 to one or more RF receivers 76-80. The RF receiver 76-80, which will be described in greater detail with reference to FIG. 4, converts the inbound RF signals 94 into a corresponding number of inbound symbol streams 96. The number of inbound symbol streams 96 will correspond to the particular mode in which the data was received (recall that the mode may be any one of the modes illustrated in tables 1-12). The baseband processing module 64 receives the inbound symbol streams 90 and converts them into inbound data 98, which is provided to the host device 18-32 via the host interface 62.
In one embodiment of radio 60 it includes a transmitter and a receiver. The transmitter may include a MAC module, a PLCP module, and a PMD module. The Medium Access Control (MAC) module, which may be implemented with the processing module 64, is operably coupled to convert a MAC Service Data Unit (MSDU) into a MAC Protocol Data Unit (MPDU) in accordance with a WLAN protocol. The Physical Layer Convergence Procedure (PLCP) Module, which may be implemented in the processing module 64, is operably coupled to convert the MPDU into a PLCP Protocol Data Unit (PPDU) in accordance with the WLAN protocol. The Physical Medium Dependent (PMD) module is operably coupled to convert the PPDU into a plurality of radio frequency (RF) signals in accordance with one of a plurality of operating modes of the WLAN protocol, wherein the plurality of operating modes includes multiple input and multiple output combinations.
An embodiment of the Physical Medium Dependent (PMD) module, which will be described in greater detail with reference to FIGS. 10A and 10B, includes an error protection module, a demultiplexing module, and a plurality of direction conversion modules. The error protection module, which may be implemented in the processing module 64, is operably coupled to restructure a PPDU (PLCP (Physical Layer Convergence Procedure) Protocol Data Unit) to reduce transmission errors producing error protected data. The demultiplexing module is operably coupled to divide the error protected data into a plurality of error protected data streams The plurality of direct conversion modules is operably coupled to convert the plurality of error protected data streams into a plurality of radio frequency (RF) signals.
As one of average skill in the art will appreciate, the wireless communication device of FIG. 2 may be implemented using one or more integrated circuits. For example, the host device may be implemented on one integrated circuit, the baseband processing module 64 and memory 66 may be implemented on a second integrated circuit, and the remaining components of the radio 60, less the antennae 82-86, may be implemented on a third integrated circuit. As an alternate example, the radio 60 may be implemented on a single integrated circuit. As yet another example, the processing module 50 of the host device and the baseband processing module 64 may be a common processing device implemented on a single integrated circuit. Further, the memory 52 and memory 66 may be implemented on a single integrated circuit and/or on the same integrated circuit as the common processing modules of processing module 50 and the baseband processing module 64.
FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a radio frequency (RF) transmitter 68-72, or RF front-end, of the WLAN transmitter. The RF transmitter 68-72 includes a digital filter and up-sampling module 75, a digital-to-analog conversion module 77, an analog filter 79, and up-conversion module 81, a power amplifier 83 and a RF filter 85. The digital filter and up-sampling module 75 receives one of the outbound symbol streams 90 and digitally filters it and then up-samples the rate of the symbol streams to a desired rate to produce the filtered symbol streams 87. The digital-to-analog conversion module 77 converts the filtered symbols 87 into analog signals 89. The analog signals may include an in-phase component and a quadrature component.
The analog filter 79 filters the analog signals 89 to produce filtered analog signals 91. The up-conversion module 81, which may include a pair of mixers and a filter, mixes the filtered analog signals 91 with a local oscillation 93, which is produced by local oscillation module 100, to produce high frequency signals 95. The frequency of the high frequency signals 95 corresponds to the frequency of the outbound RF signals 92.
The power amplifier 83 amplifies the high frequency signals 95 to produce amplified high frequency signals 97. The RF filter 85, which may be a high frequency band-pass filter, filters the amplified high frequency signals 97 to produce the desired output RF signals 92.
As one of average skill in the art will appreciate, each of the radio frequency transmitters 68-72 will include a similar architecture as illustrated in FIG. 3 and further include a shut-down mechanism such that when the particular radio frequency transmitter is not required, it is disabled in such a manner that it does not produce interfering signals and/or noise.
FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of an RF receiver. This may depict any one of the RF receivers 76-80. In this embodiment, each of the RF receivers 76-80 includes an RF filter 101, a low noise amplifier (LNA) 103, a programmable gain amplifier (PGA) 105, a down-conversion module 107, an analog filter 109, an analog-to-digital conversion module 111 and a digital filter and down-sampling module 113. The RF filter 101, which may be a high frequency band-pass filter, receives the inbound RF signals 94 and filters them to produce filtered inbound RF signals. The low noise amplifier 103 amplifies the filtered inbound RF signals 94 based on a gain setting and provides the amplified signals to the programmable gain amplifier 105. The programmable gain amplifier further amplifies the inbound RF signals 94 before providing them to the down-conversion module 107.
The down-conversion module 107 includes a pair of mixers, a summation module, and a filter to mix the inbound RF signals with a local oscillation (LO) that is provided by the local oscillation module to produce analog baseband signals. The analog filter 109 filters the analog baseband signals and provides them to the analog-to-digital conversion module 111 which converts them into a digital signal. The digital filter and down-sampling module 113 filters the digital signals and then adjusts the sampling rate to produce the digital samples (corresponding to the inbound symbol streams 96).
FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a method for baseband processing of data. This diagram shows a method for converting outbound data 88 into one or more outbound symbol streams 90 by the baseband processing module 64. The process begins at Step 110 where the baseband processing module receives the outbound data 88 and a mode selection signal 102. The mode selection signal may indicate any one of the various modes of operation as indicated in tables 1-12. The process then proceeds to Step 112 where the baseband processing module scrambles the data in accordance with a pseudo random sequence to produce scrambled data. Note that the pseudo random sequence may be generated from a feedback shift register with the generator polynomial of S(x)=x7+x4+1.
The process then proceeds to Step 114 where the baseband processing module selects one of a plurality of encoding modes based on the mode selection signal. The process then proceeds to Step 116 where the baseband processing module encodes the scrambled data in accordance with a selected encoding mode to produce encoded data. The encoding may be done utilizing any one or more a variety of coding schemes (e.g., convolutional coding, Reed-Solomon (RS) coding, turbo coding, turbo trellis coded modulation (TTCM) coding, LDPC (Low Density Parity Check) coding, etc.).
The process then proceeds to Step 118 where the baseband processing module determines a number of transmit streams based on the mode select signal. For example, the mode select signal will select a particular mode which indicates that 1, 2, 3, 4 or more antennae may be utilized for the transmission. Accordingly, the number of transmit streams will correspond to the number of antennae indicated by the mode select signal. The process then proceeds to Step 120 where the baseband processing module converts the encoded data into streams of symbols in accordance with the number of transmit streams in the mode select signal. This step will be described in greater detail with reference to FIG. 6.
FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a method that further defines Step 120 of FIG. 5. This diagram shows a method performed by the baseband processing module to convert the encoded data into streams of symbols in accordance with the number of transmit streams and the mode select signal. Such processing begins at Step 122 where the baseband processing module interleaves the encoded data over multiple symbols and subcarriers of a channel to produce interleaved data. In general, the interleaving process is designed to spread the encoded data over multiple symbols and transmit streams. This allows improved detection and error correction capability at the receiver. In one embodiment, the interleaving process will follow the IEEE 802.11(a) or (g) standard for backward compatible modes. For higher performance modes (e.g., IEEE 802.11(n), the interleaving will also be done over multiple transmit paths or streams.
The process then proceeds to Step 124 where the baseband processing module demultiplexes the interleaved data into a number of parallel streams of interleaved data. The number of parallel streams corresponds to the number of transmit streams, which in turn corresponds to the number of antennae indicated by the particular mode being utilized. The process then continues to Steps 126 and 128, where for each of the parallel streams of interleaved data, the baseband processing module maps the interleaved data into a quadrature amplitude modulated (QAM) symbol to produce frequency domain symbols at Step 126. At Step 128, the baseband processing module converts the frequency domain symbols into time domain symbols, which may be done utilizing an inverse fast Fourier transform. The conversion of the frequency domain symbols into the time domain symbols may further include adding a cyclic prefix to allow removal of intersymbol interference at the receiver. Note that the length of the inverse fast Fourier transform and cyclic prefix are defined in the mode tables of tables 1-12. In general, a 64-point inverse fast Fourier transform is employed for 20 MHz channels and 128-point inverse fast Fourier transform is employed for 40 MHz channels.
The process then proceeds to Step 130 where the baseband processing module space and time encodes the time domain symbols for each of the parallel streams of interleaved data to produce the streams of symbols. In one embodiment, the space and time encoding may be done by space and time encoding the time domain symbols of the parallel streams of interleaved data into a corresponding number of streams of symbols utilizing an encoding matrix. Alternatively, the space and time encoding may be done by space and time encoding the time domain symbols of M-parallel streams of interleaved data into P-streams of symbols utilizing the encoding matrix, where P=2M. In one embodiment the encoding matrix may comprise a form of:




  
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The number of rows of the encoding matrix corresponds to M and the number of columns of the encoding matrix corresponds to P. The particular symbol values of the constants within the encoding matrix may be real or imaginary numbers.

FIGS. 7-9 are diagrams illustrating various embodiments for encoding the scrambled data.
FIG. 7 is a diagram of one method that may be utilized by the baseband processing module to encode the scrambled data at Step 116 of FIG. 5. In this method, the encoding of FIG. 7 may include an optional Step 144 where the baseband processing module may optionally perform encoding with an outer Reed-Solomon (RS) code to produce RS encoded data. It is noted that Step 144 may be conducted in parallel with Step 140 described below.
Also, the process continues at Step 140 where the baseband processing module performs a convolutional encoding with a 64 state code and generator polynomials of G0=1338 and G1=1718 on the scrambled data (that may or may not have undergone RS encoding) to produce convolutional encoded data. The process then proceeds to Step 142 where the baseband processing module punctures the convolutional encoded data at one of a plurality of rates in accordance with the mode selection signal to produce the encoded data. Note that the puncture rates may include 1⁄2, 2⁄3 and/or 3⁄4, or any rate as specified in tables 1-12. Note that, for a particular, mode, the rate may be selected for backward compatibility with IEEE 802.11(a), IEEE 802.11(g), or IEEE 802.11(n) rate requirements.
FIG. 8 is a diagram of another encoding method that may be utilized by the baseband processing module to encode the scrambled data at Step 116 of FIG. 5. In this embodiment, the encoding of FIG. 8 may include an optional Step 148 where the baseband processing module may optionally perform encoding with an outer RS code to produce RS encoded data. It is noted that Step 148 may be conducted in parallel with Step 146 described below.
The method then continues at Step 146 where the baseband processing module encodes the scrambled data (that may or may not have undergone RS encoding) in accordance with a complimentary code keying (CCK) code to produce the encoded data. This may be done in accordance with IEEE 802.11(b) specifications, IEEE 802.11(g), and/or IEEE 802.11(n) specifications.
FIG. 9 is a diagram of yet another method for encoding the scrambled data at Step 116, which may be performed by the baseband processing module. In this embodiment, the encoding of FIG. 9 may include an optional Step 154 where the baseband processing module may optionally perform encoding with an outer RS code to produce RS encoded data.
Then, in some embodiments, the process continues at Step 150 where the baseband processing module performs LDPC (Low Density Parity Check) coding on the scrambled data (that may or may not have undergone RS encoding) to produce LDPC coded bits. Alternatively, the Step 150 may operate by performing convolutional encoding with a 256 state code and generator polynomials of G0=5618 and G1=7538 on the scrambled data the scrambled data (that may or may not have undergone RS encoding) to produce convolutional encoded data. The process then proceeds to Step 152 where the baseband processing module punctures the convolutional encoded data at one of the plurality of rates in accordance with a mode selection signal to produce encoded data. Note that the puncture rate is indicated in the tables 1-12 for the corresponding mode.
The encoding of FIG. 9 may further include the optional Step 154 where the baseband processing module combines the convolutional encoding with an outer Reed Solomon code to produce the convolutional encoded data.
FIGS. 10A and 10B are diagrams illustrating embodiments of a radio transmitter. This may involve the PMD module of a WLAN transmitter. In FIG. 10A, the baseband processing is shown to include a scrambler 172, channel encoder 174, interleaver 176, demultiplexer 170, a plurality of symbol mappers 180-184, a plurality of inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT)/cyclic prefix addition modules 186-190 and a space/time encoder 192. The baseband portion of the transmitter may further include a mode manager module 175 that receives the mode selection signal 173 and produces settings 179 for the radio transmitter portion and produces the rate selection 171 for the baseband portion. In this embodiment, the scrambler 172, the channel encoder 174, and the interleaver 176 comprise an error protection module. The symbol mappers 180-184, the plurality of IFFT/cyclic prefix modules 186-190, the space time encoder 192 comprise a portion of the digital baseband processing module.
In operations, the scrambler 172 adds (e.g., in a Galois Finite Field (GF2)) a pseudo random sequence to the outbound data bits 88 to make the data appear random. A pseudo random sequence may be generated from a feedback shift register with the generator polynomial of S(x)=x7+x4+1 to produce scrambled data. The channel encoder 174 receives the scrambled data and generates a new sequence of bits with redundancy. This will enable improved detection at the receiver. The channel encoder 174 may operate in one of a plurality of modes. For example, for backward compatibility with IEEE 802.11(a) and IEEE 802.11(g), the channel encoder has the form of a rate 1⁄2 convolutional encoder with 64 states and a generator polynomials of G0=1338 and G1=1718. The output of the convolutional encoder may be punctured to rates of 1⁄2, 2⁄3, and 3⁄4 according to the specified rate tables (e.g., tables 1-12). For backward compatibility with IEEE 802.11(b) and the CCK modes of IEEE 802.11(g), the channel encoder has the form of a CCK code as defined in IEEE 802.11(b). For higher data rates (such as those illustrated in tables 6, 8 and 10), the channel encoder may use the same convolution encoding as described above or it may use a more powerful code, including a convolutional code with more states, any one or more of the various types of error correction codes (ECCs) mentioned above (e.g., RS, LDPC, turbo, TTCM, etc.) a parallel concatenated (turbo) code and/or a low density parity check (LDPC) block code. Further, any one of these codes may be combined with an outer Reed Solomon code. Based on a balancing of performance, backward compatibility and low latency, one or more of these codes may be optimal. Note that the concatenated turbo encoding and low density parity check will be described in greater detail with reference to subsequent Figures.
The interleaver 176 receives the encoded data and spreads it over multiple symbols and transmit streams. This allows improved detection and error correction capabilities at the receiver. In one embodiment, the interleaver 176 will follow the IEEE 802.11(a) or (g) standard in the backward compatible modes. For higher performance modes (e.g., such as those illustrated in tables 6, 8 and 10), the interleaver will interleave data over multiple transmit streams. The demultiplexer 170 converts the serial interleave stream from interleaver 176 into M-parallel streams for transmission.
Each symbol mapper 180-184 receives a corresponding one of the M-parallel paths of data from the demultiplexer. Each symbol mapper 180-182 lock maps bit streams to quadrature amplitude modulated QAM symbols (e.g., BPSK, QPSK, 16 QAM, 64 QAM, 256 QAM, et cetera) according to the rate tables (e.g., tables 1-12). For IEEE 802.11(a) backward compatibility, double Gray coding may be used.
The map symbols produced by each of the symbol mappers 180-184 are provided to the IFFT/cyclic prefix addition modules 186-190, which performs frequency domain to time domain conversions and adds a prefix, which allows removal of inter-symbol interference at the receiver. Note that the length of the IFFT and cyclic prefix are defined in the mode tables of tables 1-12. In general, a 64-point IFFT will be used for 20 MHz channels and 128-point IFFT will be used for 40 MHz channels.
The space/time encoder 192 receives the M-parallel paths of time domain symbols and converts them into P-output symbols. In one embodiment, the number of M-input paths will equal the number of P-output paths. In another embodiment, the number of output paths P will equal 2M paths. For each of the paths, the space/time encoder multiples the input symbols with an encoding matrix that has the form of




  
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The rows of the encoding matrix correspond to the number of input paths and the columns correspond to the number of output paths.
FIG. 10B illustrates the radio portion of the transmitter that includes a plurality of digital filter/up-sampling modules 194-198, digital-to-analog conversion modules 200-204, analog filters 206-216, I/Q modulators 218-222, RF amplifiers 224-228, RF filters 230-234 and antennae 236-240. The P-outputs from the space/time encoder 192 are received by respective digital filtering/up-sampling modules 194-198. In one embodiment, the digital filters/up sampling modules 194-198 are part of the digital baseband processing module and the remaining components comprise the plurality of RF front-ends. In such an embodiment, the digital baseband processing module and the RF front end comprise a direct conversion module.
In operation, the number of radio paths that are active correspond to the number of P-outputs. For example, if only one P-output path is generated, only one of the radio transmitter paths will be active. As one of average skill in the art will appreciate, the number of output paths may range from one to any desired number.
The digital filtering/up-sampling modules 194-198 filter the corresponding symbols and adjust the sampling rates to correspond with the desired sampling rates of the digital-to-analog conversion modules 200-204. The digital-to-analog conversion modules 200-204 convert the digital filtered and up-sampled signals into corresponding in-phase and quadrature analog signals. The analog filters 206-214 filter the corresponding in-phase and/or quadrature components of the analog signals, and provide the filtered signals to the corresponding I/Q modulators 218-222. The I/Q modulators 218-222 based on a local oscillation, which is produced by a local oscillator 100, up-converts the I/Q signals into radio frequency signals.
The RF amplifiers 224-228 amplify the RF signals which are then subsequently filtered via RF filters 230-234 before being transmitted via antennae 236-240.
FIGS. 11A and 11B are diagrams illustrating embodiments of a radio receiver (as shown by reference numeral 250). These diagrams illustrate a schematic block diagram of another embodiment of a receiver. FIG. 11A illustrates the analog portion of the receiver which includes a plurality of receiver paths. Each receiver path includes an antenna, RF filters 252-256, low noise amplifiers 258-262, I/Q demodulators 264-268, analog filters 270-280, analog-to-digital converters 282-286 and digital filters and down-sampling modules 288-290.
In operation, the antennae receive inbound RF signals, which are band-pass filtered via the RF filters 252-256. The corresponding low noise amplifiers 258-262 amplify the filtered signals and provide them to the corresponding I/Q demodulators 264-268. The I/Q demodulators 264-268, based on a local oscillation, which is produced by local oscillator 100, down-converts the RF signals into baseband in-phase and quadrature analog signals.
The corresponding analog filters 270-280 filter the in-phase and quadrature analog components, respectively. The analog-to-digital converters 282-286 convert the in-phase and quadrature analog signals into a digital signal. The digital filtering and down-sampling modules 288-290 filter the digital signals and adjust the sampling rate to correspond to the rate of the baseband processing, which will be described in FIG. 11B.
FIG. 11B illustrates the baseband processing of a receiver. The baseband processing includes a space/time decoder 294, a plurality of fast Fourier transform (FFT)/cyclic prefix removal modules 296-300, a plurality of symbol demapping modules 302-306, a multiplexer 308, a deinterleaver 310, a channel decoder 312, and a descramble module 314. The baseband processing module may further include a mode managing module 175, which produces rate selections 171 and settings 179 based on mode selections 173. The space/time decoding module 294, which performs the inverse function of space/time encoder 192, receives P-inputs from the receiver paths and produce M-output paths. The M-output paths are processed via the FFT/cyclic prefix removal modules 296-300 which perform the inverse function of the IFFT/cyclic prefix addition modules 186-190 to produce frequency domain symbols.
The symbol demapping modules 302-306 convert the frequency domain symbols into data utilizing an inverse process of the symbol mappers 180-184. The multiplexer 308 combines the demapped symbol streams into a single path.
The deinterleaver 310 deinterleaves the single path utilizing an inverse function of the function performed by interleaver 176. The deinterleaved data is then provided to the channel decoder 312 which performs the inverse function of channel encoder 174. The descrambler 314 receives the decoded data and performs the inverse function of scrambler 172 to produce the inbound data 98.
FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of an access point (AP) and multiple wireless local area network (WLAN) devices operating according to one or more various aspects and/or embodiments of the invention. The AP point 1200 may compatible with any number of communication protocols and/or standards, e.g., IEEE 802.11(a), IEEE 802.11(b), IEEE 802.11(g), IEEE 802.11(n), as well as in accordance with various aspects of invention. According to certain aspects of the present invention, the AP supports backwards compatibility with prior versions of the IEEE 802.11x standards as well. According to other aspects of the present invention, the AP 1200 supports communications with the WLAN devices 1202, 1204, and 1206 with channel bandwidths, MIMO dimensions, and at data throughput rates unsupported by the prior IEEE 802.11x operating standards. For example, the access point 1200 and WLAN devices 1202, 1204, and 1206 may support channel bandwidths from those of prior version devices and from 40 MHz to 1.28 GHz and above. The access point 1200 and WLAN devices 1202, 1204, and 1206 support MIMO dimensions to 4×4 and greater. With these characteristics, the access point 1200 and WLAN devices 1202, 1204, and 1206 may support data throughput rates to 1 GHz and above.
The AP 1200 supports simultaneous communications with more than one of the WLAN devices 1202, 1204, and 1206. Simultaneous communications may be serviced via OFDM tone allocations (e.g., certain number of OFDM tones in a given cluster), MIMO dimension multiplexing, or via other techniques. With some simultaneous communications, the AP 1200 may allocate one or more of the multiple antennae thereof respectively to support communication with each WLAN device 1202, 1204, and 1206, for example.
Further, the AP 1200 and WLAN devices 1202, 1204, and 1206 are backwards compatible with the IEEE 802.11(a), (b), (g), and (n) operating standards. In supporting such backwards compatibility, these devices support signal formats and structures that are consistent with these prior operating standards.
Generally, communications as described herein may be targeted for reception by a single receiver or for multiple individual receivers (e.g. via multi-user multiple input multiple output (MU-MIMO), and/or OFDMA transmissions, which are different than single transmissions with a multi-receiver address). For example, a single OFDMA transmission uses different tones or sets of tones (e.g., clusters or channels) to send distinct sets of information, each set of set of information transmitted to one or more receivers simultaneously in the time domain. Again, an OFDMA transmission sent to one user is equivalent to an OFDM transmission. A single MU-MIMO transmission may include spatially-diverse signals over a common set of tones, each containing distinct information and each transmitted to one or more distinct receivers. Some single transmissions may be a combination of OFDMA and MU-MIMO. MIMO transceivers illustrated may include SISO, SIMO, and MISO transceivers. The clusters employed for such communications may be continuous (e.g., adjacent to one another) or discontinuous (e.g., separated by a guard interval of band gap). Transmissions on different OFDMA clusters may be simultaneous or non-simultaneous. Such wireless communication devices as described herein may be capable of supporting communications via a single cluster or any combination thereof. Legacy users and new version users (e.g., TGac MU-MIMO, OFDMA, MU-MIMO/OFDMA, etc.) may share bandwidth at a given time or they can be scheduled at different times for certain embodiments.
FIG. 13 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a wireless communication device, and clusters, as may be employed for supporting communications with at least one additional wireless communication device. Generally speaking, a cluster may be viewed as a depiction of the mapping of tones, such as for an OFDM symbol, within or among one or more channels (e.g., sub-divided portions of the spectrum) that may be situated in one or more bands (e.g., portions of the spectrum separated by relatively larger amounts). As an example, various channels of 20 MHz may be situated within or centered around a 5 GHz band. The channels within any such band may be continuous (e.g., adjacent to one another) or discontinuous (e.g., separated by some guard interval or band gap). Oftentimes, one or more channels may be situated within a given band, and different bands need not necessarily have a same number of channels therein. Again, a cluster may generally be understood as any combination one or more channels among one or more bands.
The wireless communication device of this diagram may be of any of the various types and/or equivalents described herein (e.g., AP, WLAN device, or other wireless communication device including, though not limited to, any of those depicted in FIG. 1, etc.). The wireless communication device includes multiple antennae from which one or more signals may be transmitted to one or more receiving wireless communication devices and/or received from one or more other wireless communication devices.
Such clusters may be used for transmissions of signals via various one or more selected antennae. For example, different clusters are shown as being used to transmit signals respectively using different one or more antennae.
Various embodiments of effectuating management frame cluster/channel assignment for communications as performed by wireless communication devices within multiple user, multiple access, and/or MIMO wireless communications. As mentioned above, a cluster may be viewed as being any combination of one or more channels among one or more bands. In certain embodiments, more than one cluster may be assigned for use by a single wireless communication device. In other embodiments, more than one wireless communication devices may be assigned to use a common cluster simultaneously (e.g., at the same time) in accordance with a multi-user (MU) operation. In even other embodiments, different wireless communication devices within the communication system may occupy and operate using different clusters entirely (e.g., a first one or more clusters assigned for use by a first wireless communication device, a second one or more clusters assigned for use by a second wireless communication device, etc.).
The temporal duration of a given cluster assignment (e.g., as effectuated by a cluster assignment management frame being transmitted from a first wireless communication device to other wireless communication devices) may be any desired duration. Generally, a given cluster assignment will be valid until a subsequent cluster assignment is provided (e.g., a subsequent cluster assignment management frame is transmitted). Such cluster assignment may then generally be viewed as being relatively long term in nature (e.g., being longer than being modified on a per-packet or per-frame basis).
Such cluster allocation for an orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) (multichannel/frequency division multiplexing (FDM)) dimension may be determined on long/longer term basis using various means such as employing a cluster assignment management frame for providing such cluster assignment information. As described elsewhere herein, other types of communications may be effectuate such cluster assignment among various wireless communication devices (e.g., a beacon may include such cluster assignment information therein, a probe response may include such cluster assignment information therein, such a cluster assignment management frame may be included with or aggregated with one or more data frames (e.g., may include 1 bit in the signal (SIG) field to indicate such aggregation), and/or other types of communications to include such cluster assignment information therein).
Such a cluster assignment management frame may also include information that indicates the number of wireless communication devices (e.g., MU-MIMO users) on each respective cluster. The signal (SIG) field may be employed to carry the number of wireless communication devices (e.g., MU-MIMO users) per cluster.
While certain embodiments certainly can effectuate cluster assignment on a relatively longer time duration bases (e.g., longer than merely on a per-packet or per-frame basis), other embodiments may desire to effectuate per-packet information/cluster assignment.
Such cluster assignment may be effectuated using the PHY header (SIG field) of a multi-user packet; this may involve indicating modulation coding scheme (e.g., including constellation shape, type, and mapping of the constellation points therein), length, channel bandwidth, space time block coding (STBC), short GI (Guard Interval), forward error correction (FEC) coding scheme (e.g., such as turbo, turbo trellis coded modulation (TTCM), convolutional coding, LDPC (Low Density Parity Check) coding, Reed-Solomon (RS) coding, etc.), smoothing, channel sounding, aggregation, number of extension spatial streams, etc.
Alternatively, such cluster assignment may be effectuated using the MAC header such as employing the MAC address and/or association ID (AID) information. In accordance with this variant, the cluster assignment information may be placed at the beginning of the data packet (payload), and such cluster assignment information may also includes the address of the wireless communication devices (e.g., wireless station (STA)) for which the multi-user packet is destined.
FIG. 14 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of communications between at least two wireless communication devices in accordance with a cluster assignment management frame for assigning respective clusters for use in subsequent communications. This diagram shows operation between various wireless communication devices such that one of the wireless communication devices provides a cluster assignment management frame to other wireless communication device such that the cluster assignment management frame indicate a respective at least one of a plurality of clusters for use by each respective one of the plurality of wireless communication devices during respective subsequent communications. In some instances, more than one clusters may be assigned to a given wireless communication device; in other instances, more than one wireless communication device may be assigned to use a common one or more clusters for respective subsequent communications.
For example, the wireless communication device 1401 may operate to generate such a cluster assignment management frame, and the wireless communication device 1401 may employ one or more antennae thereof for transmitting the management frame map to the wireless communication devices 1402a through 1402b. This cluster assignment management frame indicates a respective at least one of a plurality of clusters for use by each respective one of the wireless communication devices 1402a through 1402b during respective subsequent communications (e.g., including uplink and/or downlink communications, which may related to any of a variety of types of multi-user packets between various wireless communication devices).
For example, in this embodiment, the cluster assignment management frame is operative to assign a cluster 1 for use by the wireless communication device 1402a, and a cluster x for use by the wireless communication device 1402b. There may be some instances (as described elsewhere herein) in which more than one wireless communication device is assigned to use a common one or more clusters for subsequent communications, and various means of effectuating such common use of such one or more clusters may be made (e.g., carrier sense multiple access (CSMA), scheduled access, etc.).
The cluster assignment management frame described herein may be of a variety of types, including being a multiple input multiple output (MU-MIMO) packet, an orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) packet, or a combination MU-MIMO/OFDMA packet. Alternatively, the cluster assignment management frame may be included within a beacon that is provided from one of the wireless communication devices (e.g., from an access point (AP) within a wireless local area network (WLAN)) to a number of other wireless communication devices within the communication system (e.g., to a number of wireless stations (STAs)). Of course, a wireless station (STA) may alternatively provide such a beacon that includes a cluster assignment management frame therein as well without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention.
In even another instance, the cluster assignment management frame may be aggregated with one or more data frames thereby generating an aggregated multi-user packet. Such a modified data frame (e.g., the aggregated multi-user packet) may then be transmitted from the one of the wireless communication devices within the communication system to other of the wireless communication devices.
In yet another embodiment, the cluster assignment management frame may be included within a probe response that is sent from one of the wireless communication devices within the communication system to other of the wireless communication devices. For example, in response to a probe request sent from one of the wireless communication devices and received by another, the receiving wireless communication device may generate a from at least one of the plurality of wireless communication devices, generating a probe response that includes the cluster assignment management frame therein. Such a probe response (that includes the cluster assignment management frame therein) may then be transmitted to the various wireless communication devices.
It is noted that a variety of other means may also result in or precipitate the transmission of a cluster assignment management frame from a first wireless communication device to other wireless communication devices. For example, successive cluster assignment management frames may be sent from the first wireless communication device periodically (e.g., after the elapse of predetermined or adaptively determined periods of time), in response to the occurrence of certain conditions (e.g., a change in signal to noise ratio (SNR), interference, operating conditions such as activity on the medium, etc.). Each respective cluster assignment management frame may include different respective cluster assignment for the various wireless communication devices.
Within such a wireless communication device 1401 that is operative to generate such a cluster assignment management frame, a baseband processing module therein (e.g., such as in accordance with FIG. 2) may be operative to generate the cluster assignment management frame. The wireless communication device 1401 may then employ one or more antennae therein to transmit the cluster assignment management frame to other of the wireless communication devices 1402a through 1402b. Of course, in response to any number of events, or after the elapse of a period of time (e.g., in a periodic type embodiment in which the wireless communication device 1401 transmits various cluster assignment management frame periodically), the wireless communication device 1401 may then transmit at least one additional cluster assignment management frame to the wireless communication devices 1402a through 1402b. 
While certain embodiments describe herein are directed to an access point (AP) being a first wireless communication device that transmits such a cluster assignment management frame to a number of wireless stations (STAs), it is noted that such functionality may include a STA transmitting such a cluster assignment management frame to other of the STAs and/or an AP within such a communication system without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention.
FIG. 15 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of communications between multiple wireless communication devices in accordance with a cluster assignment management frame such that individual and subsets of wireless communication devices are assigned respective clusters for use in subsequent communications. This embodiment has some similarity to the previous embodiment, with at least one difference being that more than one of the wireless communication devices is assigned to use a common cluster for respective subsequent communications. For example, a cluster assignment management frame is transmitted from the wireless communication device 1501 to wireless communication devices 1502a through 1502b, wireless communication device 1503, wireless communication device 1504, and up to wireless communication devices 1505a through 1505b. The wireless communication devices 1502a through 1502b are included within a first subset or group of wireless communication devices, and the wireless communication devices 1505a through 1505b are included within a second subset or group of wireless communication devices. Each of the wireless communication devices within these respective subsets or groups of wireless communication devices employ a common one or more clusters for respective subsequent communications (e.g., wireless communication devices 1502a through 1502b using cluster 1 and wireless communication devices 1505a through 1505b using cluster x in this diagram).
When more than one wireless communication device employs a common one or more clusters, additional considerations may be performed to ensure that communications initiated by each of the wireless communication devices does not interfere with communications associated with other of the wireless communication devices. Carrier sense multiple access (CSMA) and/or carrier sense multiple access/collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) may be performed among the two or more wireless communication devices that are assigned to use a common one or more clusters for their respective communications.
In alternatively, embodiments, various means of scheduled access may be effectuated for those wireless communication devices that are assigned to use the same one or more clusters, such that alternatively to or in addition to performing CSMA or CSMA/CA, scheduled access of these two or more wireless communication devices effectuate medium access in accordance with some scheduled manner.
FIG. 16 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a frame format that may be used in conjunction with a wireless communication device such as a WLAN device. Packet construction in accordance with the various principles presented herein, generally speaking, may include a preamble, a signal field, and a payload. Again, generally, the preamble is used for carrier acquisition, synchronization, channel estimation, etc. The signal field is used to communicate frame specific parameters (e.g., coding rate, frame length, etc.) to a receiving device. The payload is the data portion of the packet.
A frame format may be modified based on a number of parameters, including, dependence upon the presence of other wireless communication devices in a communication system. In some instances, a communication may include various types of wireless communication devices having different respective capability sets (e.g., legacy devices, newer devices, mixed mode devices, etc.).
For example, with some embodiments, in the 5 GHz spectrum, legacy devices may include those being compliant in accordance with IEEE 802.11(a) and IEEE 802.11(n). Legacy devices must be able to recognize that a packet has been transmitted and remain off the air for the duration of the packet (i.e., not transmit energy into the communication channel or communication medium in order to give access to other communication devices). Thus, packets formed in accordance with the various aspects presented herein may include certain portions therein that are compliant with legacy or prior standards, recommended practices, etc. As one example, a new packet may include a legacy preamble and a signal field along with a new, modified version of a payload. With such a novel packet structure, a legacy device will still be able to recognize the legacy preamble and decode the legacy signal field. The legacy signal field contains information that tells the legacy devices how long the packet will be on the air (i.e., occupy or be using the communication channel or communication medium). The legacy signal field does not contain IEEE 802.11ac specific parameters (these are contained in the IEEE 802.11ac signal field).
A packet having a particular type of frame format, such as a Greenfield packet that does not include certain portions therein that are compliant with legacy or prior standards, recommended practices, etc. (i.e., non legacy supporting), may be used when only new version devices are present (e.g., no legacy or prior devices having compatibility with previous standards and/or recommended practices). Such a packet structure (Greenfield) need not include a legacy compatible preamble or a legacy compatible signal field, since no such devices are present. The Greenfield packet may have a shorter preamble and a signal field that yields a higher throughput.
Referring particularly to FIG. 16, various packet structures are illustrated as being compliant with various IEEE 802.11x standards (e.g., where x is a, n, ac, respectively). An IEEE 802.11a packet is shown including a legacy short training field (L-STF), a legacy long training field (L-LTF), a legacy signal field (L-SIG), followed by a data field.
An IEEE 802.11n mixed mode packet is shown including a legacy short training field (L-STF), a legacy long training field (L-LTF), a legacy signal field (L-SIG), a high throughput signal field (HT-SIG), multiple high throughput long training fields (HT-LTF), followed by a data field.
An IEEE 802.11ac mixed mode packet is shown including a legacy short training field (L-STF), a legacy long training field (L-LTF), a legacy signal field (L-SIG), a high throughput signal field (HT-SIG), a very high throughput signal field (VHT-SIG), a very high throughput short training field (VHT-STF), a very high throughput long training field (VHT-LTF), followed by a data field.
As may be seen when comparing the various types of packets, the IEEE 802.11ac mixed mode packet does have some similarity with respect to the IEEE 802.11n mixed mode packet, as shown by a legacy portion (e.g., similar to the IEEE 802.11n mixed mode packet and having some similarity to the IEEE 802.11a packet) and an IEEE 802.11ac portion including the very high throughput portions.
The IEEE 802.11ac packet includes the IEEE 802.11a preamble and signal field for detection by devices compliant with and operable with IEEE 802.11a. Such a packet may have set a fixed rate of information of 6 Mbps and a corresponding length based on its respective time on the air (i.e., time being transmitted via the communication channel or communication medium). The IEEE 802.11ac mixed mode packet is limited to the time on the air (channel/medium) corresponding to the maximum size of an IEEE 802.11a packet.
The IEEE 802.11ac mixed mode packet includes the IEEE 802.11n preamble and signal field for detection by devices compliant with and operable with IEEE 802.11n. When using the structure that is compatible with devices compliant with and operable with IEEE 802.11n, the rate is set to modulation code set (MCS) 0, regular Guard interval (GI), no space time block coding (STBC), and a corresponding length based on time on air (channel/medium). The HT-SIG cyclic redundancy check (CRC) must be valid so that HT device accepts the signal field and defers the medium (i.e., does not occupy the channel/air. This structure includes the VHT-SIG field shown as being immediately after the HT-SIG field. The VHT-SIG field is 90 degrees rotated with respect to HT-STF field to allow for better discrimination between the two respective fields. Other rotations (e.g., besides only 90 degrees) are alternatively and also possible to assist in such discrimination as preferred in other embodiments. As such, the probability of considering the HT-SIG field and thereby treating a VHT mixed mode frame as in fact being a valid HT frame should be relatively small. This problem typically occurs when an HT device finds its MAC address and the frame check sequence (FCS) passes in its decoding of an IEEE 802.11ac mixed mode frame. The VHT short training field (VHT-STF), VHT long training field (VHT-LTF), and payload data portion all follow VHT-SIG field in the 802.11ac mixed mode packet.
With respect to the cluster assignment information in accordance with various aspects of the invention, such information may be located in any of a variety of locations within the multi-user packet, and may generally be preferred to be located closer to a beginning of the multi-user packet (e.g., within a preamble) than an end of the multi-user packet. In one embodiment, such cluster assignment information may be located within a SIG field of the PHY header. Of course, alternative locations for such a map index may be employed in different embodiments without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention.
FIG. 17 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of multi-user multiple input multiple output (MU-MIMO) communications provided to multiple receiving wireless communication devices. As can be seen in this diagram, each of the preambles of these four different communications occupies a single respective cluster. Considering an embodiment where each cluster has a bandwidth of 20 MHz, all of the wireless communication devices are able to process the preambles thereof. However, later portions of the communications are implemented such that four separate clusters are combined together for transmission of communications between wireless communication devices. Again, considering an embodiment where each cluster has a bandwidth of 20 MHz, then combining four such clusters involves employing 80 MHz of bandwidth for such subsequent communications. With respect to certain portions of the communications (e.g., VHT-STF and VHT-LTF), the same information may be communicated to all wireless communication devices, while with respect to certain other portions of the communications (e.g., VHT-SIG, VHT-LTF, and VHT-LTF and subsequent DATA), different respective information may be communicated to different respective wireless communication devices.
FIG. 18 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of multi-user multiple input multiple output (MU-MIMO)/orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) communications provided to multiple receiving wireless communication devices. This embodiment is somewhat analogous to the previous embodiment, with at least one difference being that two clusters, each being 20 MHz in bandwidth, are combined to provide for a bandwidth of 40 MHz for effectuating communications. These two bandwidths of 40 MHz each total the 80 MHz as employed within the previous embodiment.
FIG. 19 is a diagram illustrating an alternative embodiment of a MU-MIMO/OFDMA communications provided to multiple receiving wireless communication devices. This embodiment is also somewhat analogous to the previous embodiments, with at least one difference being that each respective cluster, each being 20 MHz in bandwidth, is employed individually to provide for respective communications. These four bandwidths of 20 MHz each total the 80 MHz as employed within the previous embodiments.
FIG. 20A, FIG. 20B, and FIG. 21 are diagrams illustrating various embodiments of methods for operating one or more wireless communication devices.
Referring to method 2000 of FIG. 20A, the method 2000 describes operations as may be performed within a transmitting wireless communication device. The method 2000 begins by generating a cluster assignment management frame, as shown in a block 2010. Such generation of a cluster assignment management frame may be effectuated such as using a baseband processing module (e.g., such as within FIG. 2) that is implemented within a wireless communication device. The method 2000 continues by transmitting the cluster assignment management frame to a plurality of wireless communication devices, as shown in a block 2020. Within this embodiment, the cluster assignment management frame indicates a respective one or more + clusters for use by each respective one of the plurality of wireless communication devices during respective subsequent communications, as shown in a block 2020a. 
Referring to method 2001 of FIG. 20B, the method 2001 describes operations as may be performed within a transmitting wireless communication device. The method 2001 begins by generating a first cluster assignment management frame, as shown in a block 2011. The method 2001 then operates by transmitting the first cluster assignment management frame to a plurality of wireless communication devices, as shown in a block 2021. As shown in a block 2031, the method 2001 continues by one or more of the plurality of wireless communication devices supporting communications in accordance with the first cluster assignment.
The method 2001 then operates by generating a second cluster assignment management frame, as shown in a block 2041. The method 2001 continues by transmitting the second cluster assignment management frame to the plurality of wireless communication devices, as shown in a block 2051. As shown in a block 2061, the method 2001 continues by one or more of the plurality of wireless communication devices supporting communications in accordance with the second cluster assignment.
As can be seen in this embodiment, different cluster assignment management frames can be transmitted to the wireless communication devices at different times thereby indicating different cluster assignments for use by those wireless communication devices.
Referring to method 2100 of FIG. 21, the method 2100 describes operations as may be performed within a receiving wireless communication device.
Referring to method 2100 of FIG. 21, the method 2100 begins by receiving a cluster assignment management frame from a transmitting wireless communication device, as shown in a block 2110. The method 2100 continues by determining if the cluster assignment management frame is intended for the receiving wireless communication device (e.g., AID, MAC address, etc.), as shown in a block 2120.
If it is determined that the cluster assignment management frame is intended for the receiving wireless communication device, as shown in a decision block 2130, then the method 2100 continues by supporting communications using the assigned cluster based on cluster assignment within the cluster assignment management frame, as shown in a block 2140.
Alternatively, if it is determined that the cluster assignment management frame is not intended for the receiving wireless communication device, as shown in the decision block 2130, then the method 2100 may continue by discarding the cluster assignment management frame, as shown in a block 2150.
It is noted that the various modules, circuitries, functional blocks, etc. (e.g., for encoding, for decoding, for baseband processing, etc.) described herein may be a single processing device or a plurality of processing devices. Such a processing device may be a microprocessor, micro-controller, digital signal processor, microcomputer, central processing unit, field programmable gate array, programmable logic device, state machine, logic circuitry, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or any device that manipulates signals (analog and/or digital) based on operational instructions. The operational instructions may be stored in a memory. The memory may be a single memory device or a plurality of memory devices. Such a memory device may be a read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), volatile memory, non-volatile memory, static memory, dynamic memory, flash memory, and/or any device that stores digital information. It is also noted that when the processing module implements one or more of its functions via a state machine, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or logic circuitry, the memory storing the corresponding operational instructions is embedded with the circuitry comprising the state machine, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or logic circuitry. In such an embodiment, a memory stores, and a processing module coupled thereto executes, operational instructions corresponding to at least some of the steps and/or functions illustrated and/or described herein.
The present invention has also been described above with the aid of method steps illustrating the performance of specified functions and relationships thereof. The boundaries and sequence of these functional building blocks and method steps have been arbitrarily defined herein for convenience of description. Alternate boundaries and sequences can be defined so long as the specified functions and relationships are appropriately performed. Any such alternate boundaries or sequences are thus within the scope and spirit of the claimed invention.
The present invention has been described above with the aid of functional building blocks illustrating the performance of certain significant functions. The boundaries of these functional building blocks have been arbitrarily defined for convenience of description. Alternate boundaries could be defined as long as the certain significant functions are appropriately performed. Similarly, flow diagram blocks may also have been arbitrarily defined herein to illustrate certain significant functionality. To the extent used, the flow diagram block boundaries and sequence could have been defined otherwise and still perform the certain significant functionality. Such alternate definitions of both functional building blocks and flow diagram blocks and sequences are thus within the scope and spirit of the claimed invention.
One of average skill in the art will also recognize that the functional building blocks, and other illustrative blocks, modules and components herein, can be implemented as illustrated or by discrete components, application specific integrated circuits, processors executing appropriate software and the like or any combination thereof.
Moreover, although described in detail for purposes of clarity and understanding by way of the aforementioned embodiments, the present invention is not limited to such embodiments. It will be obvious to one of average skill in the art that various changes and modifications may be practiced within the spirit and scope of the invention, as limited only by the scope of the appended claims.
Mode Selection Tables:







TABLE 1







2.4 GHz, 20/22 MHz channel BW, 54 Mbps max bit rate


















Code









Rate
Modulation
Rate
NBPSC
NCBPS
NDBPS
EVM
Sensitivity
ACR
AACR



















1
Barker











BPSK


2
Barker



QPSK


5.5
CCK


6
BPSK
0.5
1
48
24
−5
−82
16
32


9
BPSK
0.75
1
48
36
−8
−81
15
31


11
CCK


12
QPSK
0.5
2
96
48
−10
−79
13
29


18
QPSK
0.75
2
96
72
−13
−77
11
27


24
16-QAM
0.5
4
192
96
−16
−74
8
24


36
16-QAM
0.75
4
192
144
−19
−70
4
20


48
64-QAM
0.666
6
288
192
−22
−66
0
16


54
64-QAM
0.75
6
288
216
−25
−65
−1
15
















TABLE 2







Channelization for Table 1











Frequency



Channel
(MHz)














1
2412



2
2417



3
2422



4
2427



5
2432



6
2437



7
2442



8
2447



9
2452



10
2457



11
2462



12
2467

















TABLE 3







Power Spectral Density (PSD) Mask for Table 1










PSD Mask
1



Frequency Offset
dBr














−9 MHz to 9 MHz
0



+/−11 MHz
−20



+/−20 MHz
−28



+/−30 MHz and
−50



greater

















TABLE 4







5 GHz, 20 MHz channel BW, 54 Mbps max bit rate


















Code









Rate
Modulation
Rate
NBPSC
NCBPS
NDBPS
EVM
Sensitivity
ACR
AACR



















6
BPSK
0.5
1
48
24
−5
−82
16
32


9
BPSK
0.75
1
48
36
−8
−81
15
31


12
QPSK
0.5
2
96
48
−10
−79
13
29


18
QPSK
0.75
2
96
72
−13
−77
11
27


24
16-QAM
0.5
4
192
96
−16
−74
8
24


36
16-QAM
0.75
4
192
144
−19
−70
4
20


48
64-QAM
0.666
6
288
192
−22
−66
0
16


54
64-QAM
0.75
6
288
216
−25
−65
−1
15
















TABLE 5







Channelization for Table 4













Frequency


Frequency



Channel
(MHz)
Country
Channel
(MHz)
Country















240
4920
Japan





244
4940
Japan


248
4960
Japan


252
4980
Japan


8
5040
Japan


12
5060
Japan


16
5080
Japan


36
5180
USA/Europe
34
5170
Japan


40
5200
USA/Europe
38
5190
Japan


44
5220
USA/Europe
42
5210
Japan


48
5240
USA/Europe
46
5230
Japan


52
5260
USA/Europe


56
5280
USA/Europe


60
5300
USA/Europe


64
5320
USA/Europe


100
5500
USA/Europe


104
5520
USA/Europe


108
5540
USA/Europe


112
5560
USA/Europe


116
5580
USA/Europe


120
5600
USA/Europe


124
5620
USA/Europe


128
5640
USA/Europe


132
5660
USA/Europe


136
5680
USA/Europe


140
5700
USA/Europe


149
5745
USA


153
5765
USA


157
5785
USA


161
5805
USA


165
5825
USA
















TABLE 6







2.4 GHz, 20 MHz channel BW, 192 Mbps max bit rate















TX
ST








Anten-
Code

Code


Rate
nas
Rate
Modulation
Rate
NBPSC
NCBPS
NDBPS

















12
2
1
BPSK
0.5
1
48
24


24
2
1
QPSK
0.5
2
96
48


48
2
1
16-QAM
0.5
4
192
96


96
2
1
64-QAM
0.666
6
288
192


108
2
1
64-QAM
0.75
6
288
216


18
3
1
BPSK
0.5
1
48
24


36
3
1
QPSK
0.5
2
96
48


72
3
1
16-QAM
0.5
4
192
96


144
3
1
64-QAM
0.666
6
288
192


162
3
1
64-QAM
0.75
6
288
216


24
4
1
BPSK
0.5
1
48
24


48
4
1
QPSK
0.5
2
96
48


96
4
1
16-QAM
0.5
4
192
96


192
4
1
64-QAM
0.666
6
288
192


216
4
1
64-QAM
0.75
6
288
216
















TABLE 7







Channelization for Table 6










Channel
Frequency (MHz)














1
2412



2
2417



3
2422



4
2427



5
2432



6
2437



7
2442



8
2447



9
2452



10
2457



11
2462



12
2467

















TABLE 8







5 GHz, 20 MHz channel BW, 192 Mbps max bit rate















TX
ST








Anten-
Code

Code


Rate
nas
Rate
Modulation
Rate
NBPSC
NCBPS
NDBPS

















12
2
1
BPSK
0.5
1
48
24


24
2
1
QPSK
0.5
2
96
48


48
2
1
16-QAM
0.5
4
192
96


96
2
1
64-QAM
0.666
6
288
192


108
2
1
64-QAM
0.75
6
288
216


18
3
1
BPSK
0.5
1
48
24


36
3
1
QPSK
0.5
2
96
48


72
3
1
16-QAM
0.5
4
192
96


144
3
1
64-QAM
0.666
6
288
192


162
3
1
64-QAM
0.75
6
288
216


24
4
1
BPSK
0.5
1
48
24


48
4
1
QPSK
0.5
2
96
48


96
4
1
16-QAM
0.5
4
192
96


192
4
1
64-QAM
0.666
6
288
192


216
4
1
64-QAM
0.75
6
288
216
















TABLE 9







channelization for Table 8













Frequency


Frequency



Channel
(MHz)
Country
Channel
(MHz)
Country















240
4920
Japan





244
4940
Japan


248
4960
Japan


252
4980
Japan


8
5040
Japan


12
5060
Japan


16
5080
Japan


36
5180
USA/Europe
34
5170
Japan


40
5200
USA/Europe
38
5190
Japan


44
5220
USA/Europe
42
5210
Japan


48
5240
USA/Europe
46
5230
Japan


52
5260
USA/Europe


56
5280
USA/Europe


60
5300
USA/Europe


64
5320
USA/Europe


100
5500
USA/Europe


104
5520
USA/Europe


108
5540
USA/Europe


112
5560
USA/Europe


116
5580
USA/Europe


120
5600
USA/Europe


124
5620
USA/Europe


128
5640
USA/Europe


132
5660
USA/Europe


136
5680
USA/Europe


140
5700
USA/Europe


149
5745
USA


153
5765
USA


157
5785
USA


161
5805
USA


165
5825
USA
















TABLE 10







5 GHz, with 40 MHz channels and max bit rate of 486 Mbps













TX
ST






Anten-
Code

Code


Rate
nas
Rate
Modulation
Rate
NBPSC
















13.5
Mbps
1
1
BPSK
0.5
1


27
Mbps
1
1
QPSK
0.5
2


54
Mbps
1
1
16-QAM
0.5
4


108
Mbps
1
1
64-QAM
0.666
6


121.5
Mbps
1
1
64-QAM
0.75
6


27
Mbps
2
1
BPSK
0.5
1


54
Mbps
2
1
QPSK
0.5
2


108
Mbps
2
1
16-QAM
0.5
4


216
Mbps
2
1
64-QAM
0.666
6


243
Mbps
2
1
64-QAM
0.75
6


40.5
Mbps
3
1
BPSK
0.5
1


81
Mbps
3
1
QPSK
0.5
2


162
Mbps
3
1
16-QAM
0.5
4


324
Mbps
3
1
64-QAM
0.666
6


365.5
Mbps
3
1
64-QAM
0.75
6


54
Mbps
4
1
BPSK
0.5
1


108
Mbps
4
1
QPSK
0.5
2


216
Mbps
4
1
16-QAM
0.5
4


432
Mbps
4
1
64-QAM
0.666
6


486
Mbps
4
1
64-QAM
0.75
6
















TABLE 11







Power Spectral Density (PSD) mask for Table 10










PSD Mask
2



Frequency Offset
dBr














−19 MHz to 19 MHz
0



+/−21 MHz
−20



+/−30 MHz
−28



+/−40 MHz and
−50



greater

















TABLE 12







Channelization for Table 10













Frequency


Frequency



Channel
(MHz)
Country
Channel
(MHz)
County















242
4930
Japan





250
4970
Japan


12
5060
Japan


38
5190
USA/Europe
36
5180
Japan


46
5230
USA/Europe
44
5520
Japan


54
5270
USA/Europe


62
5310
USA/Europe


102
5510
USA/Europe


110
5550
USA/Europe


118
5590
USA/Europe


126
5630
USA/Europe


134
5670
USA/Europe


151
5755
USA


159
5795
USA

## Claims

1. An apparatus for use in a wireless local area network, comprising:
a baseband processing module for generating a cluster assignment management frame that designates membership of at least two of a plurality of wireless communication devices per cluster, the cluster assignment management frame in a frame format conducive to a throughput capability of the at least two of the plurality of wireless communication devices; and
at least one antenna for transmitting the cluster assignment management frame to the plurality of wireless communication devices, wherein:
the cluster assignment management frame indicating a respective at least one of a plurality of clusters for use by the at least two of the plurality of wireless communication devices during respective subsequent communications, and having the frame format modified based upon a number of parameters relating to a capability set of each of the at least two of the plurality of wireless communication devices per the cluster, the number of parameters including an indication of legacy compatibility for the frame format.

2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein:
the cluster assignment management frame being a multi-user multiple input multiple output (MU-MIMO) packet or an orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) packet.

3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein:
the baseband processing module generating a beacon that includes the cluster assignment management frame; and
the at least one antenna transmitting the beacon to the plurality of wireless communication devices.

4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein:
the baseband processing module aggregating the cluster assignment management frame with at least one data frame thereby generating an aggregated multi-user packet; and
the at least one antenna transmitting the aggregated multi-user packet to the plurality of wireless communication devices.

5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein:
in response to a probe request from at least one of the plurality of wireless communication devices, the baseband processing module generating a probe response that includes the cluster assignment management frame; and
the at least one antenna transmitting the probe response to the plurality of wireless communication devices.

6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein:
the cluster assignment management frame indicating a first of the plurality of clusters for use by the at least two of the plurality of wireless communication devices during first subsequent communications; and
the cluster assignment management frame indicating a second of the plurality of clusters for use by another of the plurality of wireless communication devices during second subsequent communications.

7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein:
the cluster assignment management frame indicating at least two of the plurality of clusters for use by at least one of the plurality of wireless communication devices during subsequent communications corresponding thereto.

8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein:
the cluster assignment management frame indicating at least one of the plurality of clusters for common use by at least two of the plurality of wireless communication devices during subsequent communications corresponding thereto; and
the at least two of the plurality of wireless communication devices employing carrier sense multiple access (CSMA) for respective access of the commonly used at least one of the plurality of clusters.

9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein:
at least one of the respective subsequent communications corresponding to a plurality of multi-user packets.

10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein:
at least one of the respective subsequent communications corresponding to uplink communications from at least one of the plurality wireless communication devices to the apparatus; or
at least one of the respective subsequent communications corresponding to downlink communications from the apparatus to at least one of the plurality wireless communication devices.

11. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein:
the baseband processing module generating at least one additional cluster assignment management frame; and
the at least one antenna transmitting the at least one additional cluster assignment management frame to the plurality of wireless communication devices, wherein:
the at least one additional cluster assignment management frame indicating at least one additional respective at least one of the plurality of clusters for use by the at least two of the plurality of wireless communication devices during at least one additional respective subsequent communications.

12. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein:
the apparatus being an access point (AP); and
the plurality of wireless communication devices being a plurality of wireless stations (STAs).

13. An apparatus for use in a wireless local area network, comprising:
a baseband processing module for generating a first cluster assignment management frame and a second cluster assignment management frame; and
at least one antenna for:
firstly transmitting the first cluster assignment management frame to a plurality of wireless communication devices;
secondly transmitting the second cluster assignment management frame to the plurality of wireless communication devices, wherein:
the first cluster assignment management frame indicating a first of a plurality of clusters for use by a first of the plurality of wireless communication devices during first respective subsequent communications and also indicating a second of the plurality of clusters for use by a second of the plurality of wireless communication devices during second respective subsequent communications, the first cluster assignment management frame in a first frame format modified based on a first number of parameters relating to a first capability set of each of the first of the plurality of wireless communication devices, the first number of parameters including an indication of legacy compatibility for the first frame format and a first throughput capability; and
the second cluster assignment management frame indicating a third of the plurality of clusters for use by the first of the plurality of wireless communication devices during third respective subsequent communications and also indicating a fourth of the plurality of clusters for use by the second of the plurality of wireless communication devices during fourth respective subsequent communications, the second cluster assignment management frame in a second frame format modified based on a second number of parameters relating to a second capability set of each of the second of the plurality of wireless communication devices, the second number of parameters including another indication of the legacy compatibility for the second frame format and a second throughput capability.

14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein:
at least one of the first cluster assignment management frame and at least one of the second cluster assignment management frame indicating at least two of the plurality of clusters for use by at least one of the plurality of wireless communication devices during subsequent communications corresponding thereto.

15. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein:
at least one of the first cluster assignment management frame and the second cluster assignment management frame indicating at least one of the plurality of clusters for common use by at least two of the plurality of wireless communication devices during subsequent communications corresponding thereto; and
the at least two of the plurality of wireless communication devices employing carrier sense multiple access (CSMA) for respective access of the commonly used at least one of the plurality of clusters.

16. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein:
at least one of the first, second, third, and fourth respective subsequent communications corresponding to uplink communications from at least one of the plurality wireless communication devices to the apparatus; or
at least one of the first, second, third, and fourth respective subsequent communications corresponding to downlink communications from the apparatus to at least one of the plurality wireless communication devices.

17. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein:
the apparatus being an access point (AP); and
the plurality of wireless communication devices being a plurality of wireless stations (STAs).

18. A method for operating a wireless communication device, the method comprising:
generating a cluster assignment management frame that designates a number of a plurality of wireless communication devices per cluster, the cluster assignment management frame in a frame format modified based on a number of parameters relating to a capability set of each of the number of the plurality of other wireless communication devices, the number of parameters including an indication of legacy compatibility for the frame format and a throughput capability; and
transmitting the cluster assignment management frame to the plurality of the other wireless communication devices, wherein the cluster assignment management frame in the frame format indicating a respective at least one of a plurality of clusters for use by the number of the plurality of other wireless communication devices during respective subsequent communications.

19. The method of claim 18, wherein:
the cluster assignment management frame being a multi-user multiple input multiple output (MU-MIMO) packet or an orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) packet.

20. The method of claim 18, further comprising:
generating a beacon that includes the cluster assignment management frame; and
transmitting the beacon to the plurality of other wireless communication devices.

21. The method of claim 18, further comprising:
aggregating the cluster assignment management frame with at least one data frame thereby generating an aggregated multi-user packet; and
transmitting the aggregated multi-user packet to the plurality of other wireless communication devices.

22. The method of claim 18, further comprising:
in response to a probe request from at least one of the plurality of other wireless communication devices, generating a probe response that includes the cluster assignment management frame; and
transmitting the probe response to the plurality of other wireless communication devices.

23. The method of claim 18, wherein:
the cluster assignment management frame indicating a first of the plurality of clusters for use by the number of the plurality of other wireless communication devices during first subsequent communications; and
the cluster assignment management frame indicating a second of the plurality of clusters for use by another number of the plurality of other wireless communication devices during second subsequent communications.

24. The method of claim 18, wherein:
the cluster assignment management frame indicating at least two of the plurality of clusters for use by at least one of the plurality of other wireless communication devices during subsequent communications corresponding thereto.

25. The method of claim 18, wherein:
the cluster assignment management frame indicating at least one of the plurality of clusters for common use by the at least two of the plurality of other wireless communication devices during subsequent communications corresponding thereto; and further including:
the at least two of the plurality of other wireless communication devices operating in accordance with carrier sense multiple access (CSMA) for respective access of the commonly used at least one of the plurality of clusters.

26. The method of claim 18, wherein:
at least one of the respective subsequent communications corresponding to a plurality of multi-user packets.

27. The method of claim 18, wherein:
at least one of the respective subsequent communications corresponding to uplink communications received from at least one of the plurality wireless communication devices; or
at least one of the respective subsequent communications corresponding to downlink communications transmitted to at least one of the plurality wireless communication devices.

28. The method of claim 18, further comprising:
generating at least one additional cluster assignment management frame; and
transmitting the at least one additional cluster assignment management frame to the plurality of other wireless communication devices, wherein the at least one additional cluster assignment management frame indicating at least one additional at least one of the plurality of clusters for use by each respective one of the plurality of other wireless communication devices during at least one additional respective subsequent communications.

29. The method of claim 18, wherein:
the wireless communication device being an access point (AP); and
the plurality of other wireless communication devices being a plurality of wireless stations (STAs).