22-3007-cv

Business Casual Holdings, LLC v. YouTube, LLC 

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

SUMMARY ORDER

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY 

ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007 IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF 

APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER 

IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN 

ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING TO A SUMMARY 

ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL. 

At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at 

the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, 

on the 17th day of October, two thousand twenty-three.

PRESENT:

JOSEPH F. BIANCO,

SARAH A. L. MERRIAM,

MARIA ARAÚJO KAHN,

Circuit Judges.

_____________________________________

Business Casual Holdings, LLC, a Delaware limited 

liability company,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v. 22-3007-cv

YouTube, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, 

Google LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, 

Alphabet Inc., a Delaware corporation, 

Defendants-Appellees.

_____________________________________
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FOR PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT: RONALD D. COLEMAN, Dhillon Law Group, 

Inc., Newark, NJ. 

FOR DEFENDANTS-APPELLEES: BRIAN M. WILLEN, Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & 

Rosati, P.C., New York, NY. 

Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Southern District of 

New York (Koeltl, J.).

UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND 

DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.

Business Casual Holdings, LLC (“Business Casual”) appeals the district court’s judgment 

entered on November 23, 2022, denying its motion for leave to file an amended complaint and 

dismissing with prejudice its claims against YouTube, LLC, Google LLC, and Alphabet Inc. 

(collectively, “YouTube”). This lawsuit relates to the posting of three videos on YouTube by nonparty TV-Novosti, which allegedly operates 39 channels on YouTube’s video-sharing platform,

including the “RT Arabic” channel. Business Casual asserts that three videos posted by TVNovosti on the RT Arabic channel on YouTube contained copyrighted content from documentary 

videos that Business Casual had published on YouTube entitled “How Rockefeller Built His 

Trillion Dollar Empire” and “J.P. Morgan Documentary: How One Man Financed America.” 

App’x at 16. Business Casual alleges that these videos feature unique three-dimensional 

renderings of historical scenes that were created using Business Casual’s specialized “parallax” 

technology.

1

 Business Casual filed its initial complaint against YouTube, alleging that YouTube:

1 Business Casual obtained federal copyright registrations for both videos on March 8, 2021. 
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(1) directly infringed Business Casual’s copyrights; (2) contributed to TV-Novosti’s copyright 

infringement; and (3) is vicariously liable for TV-Novosti’s copyright infringement.2

 

In a Memorandum Opinion and Order dated March 21, 2022, the district court granted 

YouTube’s motion to dismiss all of Business Casual’s claims pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil 

Procedure 12(b)(6) and dismissed the initial complaint without prejudice. See Bus. Casual 

Holdings, LLC v. YouTube, LLC, et al., 21-cv-03610(JGK), 2022 WL 837596 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 21, 

2022). On November 22, 2022, the district court denied Business Casual’s motion for leave to file 

an amended complaint and dismissed the action with prejudice. See Bus. Casual Holdings, LLC 

v. YouTube, LLC, et al., 21-cv-03610(JGK), 2022 WL 17177970 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 22, 2022).

On appeal, Business Casual argues that the district court erred in denying leave to amend

because it sufficiently alleged claims for secondary (or “indirect”) copyright infringement under 

theories of contributory and vicarious liability.

3

 We assume the parties’ familiarity with the 

underlying facts, procedural history, and issues on appeal, to which we refer only as necessary to 

explain our decision to affirm. 

We review de novo the denial of leave to amend where, as here, the district court 

determined that the proposed amendments would be futile. See IBEW Loc. Union No. 58 Pension 

Tr. Fund & Annuity Fund v. Royal Bank of Scot. Grp., 783 F.3d 383, 389 (2d Cir. 2015). “Proposed 

amendments are futile if they would fail to cure prior deficiencies or state a claim.” Id. (internal 

2 Business Casual subsequently filed a separate infringement case against TV-Novosti in the Southern 

District of New York. See Bus. Casual Holdings, LLC v. TV-Novosti, No. 21-cv-02007(JGK) (S.D.N.Y.

Mar. 9, 2021).

3

 Because Business Casual does not challenge the district court’s dismissal of its claim of direct copyright 

infringement, that claim is abandoned. See LoSacco v. City of Middletown, 71 F.3d 88, 92–93 (2d Cir.1995)

(citing Fed. R. App. P. 28(a)(6)).
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quotation marks and citation omitted). To evaluate whether a proposed amended complaint would 

state a claim, we rely on “the same standards as those governing the adequacy of a filed pleading.” 

See Anderson News, L.L.C. v. Am. Media, Inc., 680 F.3d 162, 185 (2d Cir. 2012). Thus, “[i]n 

assessing whether the proposed complaint states a claim, we consider the proposed amendments .

. . along with the remainder of the complaint, accept as true all non-conclusory factual allegations 

therein, and draw all reasonable inferences in plaintiff’s favor to determine whether the allegations 

plausibly give rise to an entitlement to relief.” Panther Partners Inc. v. Ikanos Commc’ns, Inc., 

681 F.3d 114, 119 (2d Cir. 2012) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).

As set forth below, for substantially the same reasons set forth in the district court’s 

thorough and well-reasoned decisions dismissing the initial complaint and then denying leave to 

file the amended complaint, we conclude that Business Casual did not sufficiently plead 

allegations in the amended complaint to support a plausible claim that YouTube is contributorily 

or vicariously liable for TV-Novosti’s copyright infringement. In reaching this conclusion, the 

district court correctly determined that Business Casual’s failure to assert a plausible claim of 

secondary copyright infringement rendered irrelevant its argument that YouTube did not meet the 

requirements for the affirmative defense under the safe harbor provisions of the Digital Millennium 

Copyright Act (“DMCA”), see 17 U.S.C. § 512.

I. Contributory Copyright Infringement

To establish contributory infringement, Business Casual must show that YouTube, “with 

knowledge of the infringing activity, induce[d], cause[d] or materially contribute[d] to the 

infringing conduct of another.” EMI Christian Music Grp. Inc. v. MP3 Tunes LLC, 844 F.3d 79, 

99-100 (2d Cir. 2016) (internal quotation marks omitted). The district court correctly held that the 
5

amended complaint did not contain allegations that would support a plausible claim against 

YouTube for contributory infringement. There is not a single allegation in the amended complaint 

that YouTube had any knowledge of TV-Novosti’s use of the three allegedly infringing videos 

until YouTube received Business Casual’s notifications of claimed infringement, commonly 

known as “takedown notices” under the DMCA. See 17 U.S.C. § 512 (c)(2). Rather, the amended 

complaint states that TV-Novosti took active steps to conceal its infringement by removing 

Business Casual’s watermark from the images in question, replacing it with its own watermark, 

and removing the color from Business Casual’s videos. According to the amended complaint, 

these steps by TV-Novosti allowed it to “evade detection from YouTube’s copyright-detection 

technology.” App’x at 299. Moreover, the amended complaint established that YouTube 

promptly removed the three videos at issue from its platform once it became aware of the alleged 

infringement, and these videos remain unavailable. 

Business Casual’s own allegations reveal that YouTube did not materially contribute to, 

but rather acted to remedy, TV-Novosti’s infringement. Apparently recognizing that these 

allegations undermine a plausible claim, Business Casual concedes in its brief that its claims “do 

not arise from a failure by YouTube to detect, prevent, or acknowledge the infringement” by TVNovosti and are, thus, “[u]nlike typical cases involving secondary infringement.” Appellant’s Br. 

at 11. Instead, Business Casual asserts that YouTube is liable for contributory copyright 

infringement because it removed the three infringing videos rather than terminating RT Arabic’s 

entire YouTube account including all associated TV-Novosti channels. However, the amended 

complaint alleges no specific additional acts of infringement against Business Casual on the RT 
6

Arabic channel after YouTube removed the three infringing videos. 4 As the district court 

explained, “YouTube’s claimed refusal to terminate TV-Novosti’s channels postdates both TVNovosti’s posting of the three allegedly infringing videos and YouTube’s removal of them,” and 

thus, “YouTube’s alleged failure to terminate TV-Novosti's channels could not have caused or 

contributed to TV-Novosti’s decision to upload the allegedly infringing content at the outset, nor 

could it constitute volitional conduct that caused or perpetuated the alleged infringement.” Bus.

Casual Holdings, LLC, 2022 WL 17177970, at *8 n.7. In short, we agree with the district court 

that, “because YouTube promptly and permanently removed the First, Second, and Third RT 

Videos from its platform once it received the plaintiff’s DMCA notices, the Amended Complaint 

does not permit an inference that YouTube acted in concert with TV-Novosti.” Id. at *6.

Accordingly, the district court properly denied leave to replead the contributory 

infringement claim on the ground of futility.

II. Vicarious Copyright Infringement

Business Casual’s claim for vicarious copyright infringement is similarly flawed. Vicarious 

liability for copyright infringement may arise only when the defendant had the “right and ability 

to supervise that coalesced with an obvious and direct financial interest in the exploitation of 

copyrighted materials.” EMI Christian Music Group, Inc., 844 F.3d at 99 (internal quotation 

marks, citations, and alterations omitted). In other words, a party “infringes vicariously by 

4

 The proposed Amended Complaint alleges that the RT Arabic channel on YouTube features other videos 

that Business Casual believes to have infringed its copyright, and it alleges that TV-Novosti repeatedly 

infringed Business Casual’s copyrights for years, but it does not allege with any specificity which videos 

are allegedly infringing Business Casual’s copyrights. Such conclusory allegations of infringement are 

insufficient to state a plausible copyright claim. See Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) 

(“Threadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements, do not 

suffice.”) (citing Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007)).
7

profiting from direct infringement while declining to exercise a right to stop or limit it.” MetroGoldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd., 545 U.S. 913, 930 (2005). 

As discussed above, the allegations in the amended complaint establish that YouTube did 

not decline to exercise its right to stop TV-Novosti’s alleged infringement, and instead removed 

the three videos shortly after learning about their alleged infringement. Therefore, the district 

court correctly held that the amended complaint failed to assert a plausible claim for vicarious 

copyright infringement. 

III. YouTube’s Repeat Infringer Policy

Business Casual devotes much of its brief to arguing that YouTube’s failure to terminate 

TV-Novosti’s channels after it received three notices of infringing conduct is inconsistent with 

YouTube’s Repeat Infringer Policy. Business Casual argues that YouTube’s inconsistent practices 

should “result in the withdrawal of safe harbor protection” under the DMCA.5 Appellant’s Br. at 

18. However, we agree with the district court that Business Casual’s attempt to assert an 

independent claim against YouTube based on its alleged failure to consistently apply its Repeat 

Infringer Policy is entirely misplaced. 

The DMCA safe harbor provision that Business Casual relies on is an affirmative defense

that a defendant may assert when a plaintiff sufficiently alleges a viable claim of prima facie

copyright infringement. See 17 U.S.C. § 512(l) (“The failure of a service provider’s conduct to 

qualify for limitation of liability under this section shall not bear adversely upon the consideration 

5

 The safe harbor defenses under the DMCA shield internet service providers from liability for copyright 

infringement if certain statutory criteria are met, including the maintenance of a policy for terminating 

“repeat infringers.” See 17 U.S.C. § 512(i)(1)(A); see also Viacom Intern., Inc., v. YouTube, Inc., 676 F.3d 

19, 40 (2d Cir. 2012).
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of a defense by the service provider that the service provider’s conduct is not infringing under this 

title or any other defense.”); see also Capitol Recs., LLC v. Vimeo, LLC, 826 F.3d 78, 94 (2d Cir. 

2016) (“[T]he safe harbor is properly seen as an affirmative defense, and therefore must be raised 

by the defendant.”); CoStar Grp., Inc. v. LoopNet, Inc., 373 F.3d 544, 555 (4th Cir. 2004) (“[T]he 

DMCA is irrelevant to determining what constitutes a prima facie case of copyright 

infringement.”). In other words, there is no affirmative cause of action for any alleged failure by 

YouTube to apply its Repeat Infringer Policy in accordance with the DMCA’s safe harbor 

provisions. As discussed above, Business Casual has not sufficiently alleged a plausible claim for 

contributory or vicarious copyright infringement. Thus, the district court properly determined that 

it need not reach the applicability of the “safe harbor” affirmative defense under the DMCA. 

* * *

We have considered Business Casual’s remaining arguments and find them to be without 

merit. Accordingly, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.

FOR THE COURT: 

Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court