NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION

File Name: 23a0166n.06

No. 22-2033

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

ANTHONY TERRELL MCGOWAN,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

CELENA HERBERT, Lieutenant; L. 

PAUL BAILEY, Sherriff, named as Paul 

Bailey,

Defendants-Appellees.

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ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED 

STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR 

THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF 

MICHIGAN

OPINION

Before: KETHLEDGE, WHITE, and STRANCH, Circuit Judges.

JANE B. STRANCH, Circuit Judge. Anthony McGowan, a pretrial detainee, appeals 

the dismissal of his 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claim against Celena Herbert, a Classification Officer at 

Berrien County Jail. The district court concluded that McGowan failed to state a claim and 

dismissed his pro se complaint at the initial screening stage under the Prison Litigation Reform 

Act (PLRA), 28 U.S.C. § 1915A. McGowan, who is now represented by counsel, appeals the

dismissal of his Fourteenth Amendment failure-to-protect claim against Herbert based on her 

decision to remove him from protective custody and return him to a shared housing unit, where he 

was violently attacked by another detainee.1 For the reasons stated below, we REVERSE the 

district court’s dismissal of this claim and REMAND the case for further proceedings consistent 

with this opinion. 

1 His complaint also alleged other constitutional claims and listed Sherriff L. Paul Bailey as a Defendant, but 

McGowan appeals only the dismissal of his failure-to-protect claim against Herbert.
No. 22-2033, McGowan v. Herbert, et al.

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I. BACKGROUND2

McGowan is currently incarcerated as a pretrial detainee at Berrien County Jail in 

St. Joseph, Michigan. McGowan alleges that he was labeled a “snitch” by other detainees in his 

housing unit, Dorm 2-E, after they became aware that he had provided information to the Berrien 

County Prosecuting Attorney’s Office in a “double murder” case against Dwand Carter. In April 

2022, McGowan informed a jail official that he needed to be moved out of Dorm 2-E “because 

inmates were calling him a snitch.” Another jail official interviewed McGowan about his request, 

and McGowan stated that he had been assaulted by Dorm 2-E residents. He was then placed in 

protective custody.

On May 28, while in protective custody, McGowan sent an affidavit to Herbert, who was 

“in charge of all inmate housing and placement,” in which he “begged and pleaded” not to be 

removed from protective custody because he was afraid that other inmates would harm or kill him. 

He averred that he had been “subjected to assaults daily” in Dorm 2-E and that he would be 

“assaulted or killed” if he returned because “everyone” knew he “gave information on Carter.” 

R. 1-2, McGowan Aff., PageID 10. McGowan stated that if he was “released to any other housing 

area within the Jail, I’ll be assaulted, because Carter has put a price on my head, or maybe even 

killed.” Id.

Despite McGowan’s request to remain in protective custody, Herbert placed him back in 

Dorm 2-E on June 13, 2022. He was attacked less than a month later, on July 7, by another detainee 

who had been moved into Dorm 2-E that day—Richard Hill. When Hill entered Dorm 2-E, he 

2 The facts are taken from the pro se complaint and its several attachments. “We may consider exhibits attached to 

the complaint so long as they are referred to in the complaint and are central to the claims.” Floyd v. County of Kent, 

454 F. App’x 493, 494 n.1 (6th Cir. 2021) (citing Rondigo, LLC v. Twp. of Richmond, 641 F.3d 673, 680-81 (6th Cir.

2011)).
No. 22-2033, McGowan v. Herbert, et al.

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asked who Anthony McGowan was. McGowan identified himself, and Hill stated loudly: “So 

you’re the one who jumped on my man’s Dwand Carter’s case” and “got him bound over on his 

double murder.” McGowan said that he was not involved in the case and left the common area. 

Hill followed him into his cell, but McGowan showed Hill an edited newspaper clipping to 

convince Hill not to attack him.

After this initial encounter, Hill recruited another detainee, Dean Bell, to retrieve court 

records that would confirm whether McGowan testified against Carter. Bell had work privileges 

that enabled him to access records at the jail, and later that day he delivered to Hill a transcript 

which showed that McGowan had testified against Carter. After reading the transcript, Hill ran 

into McGowan’s cell and attacked him. Over the course of several minutes, Hill punched 

McGowan in the face, knocked him down onto his bed, and choked him. During the attack, Hill 

stated that he was “about to kill [McGowan] for snitching on [Carter].” When other detainees 

yelled that a deputy was coming, Hill left the cell. McGowan was then able to press an emergency 

button and notify jail staff that he had been attacked.

McGowan suffered injuries to his head, neck, and body, and lost vision in his left eye. He 

has been prescribed several medications to treat his anxiety, depression, and nightmares following 

the incident. The Berrien County Prosecutor’s Office charged Hill with assault and battery for the 

attack, and Hill pleaded guilty. Bell’s work privileges were suspended as a result of his 

involvement. 

In September 2022, McGowan filed a pro se complaint, alleging claims against Herbert in 

her official and personal capacities, and against L. Paul Bailey (the Berrien County Sheriff 

responsible for overseeing the jail) in his official capacity. He consented to have his case proceed 

before a magistrate judge, and applied for leave to proceed in forma pauperis, which the court 
No. 22-2033, McGowan v. Herbert, et al.

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granted. The district court then conducted an initial screening and dismissed the entire complaint 

with prejudice pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1915(e)(2) and 1915A, and 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(c). This 

timely appeal followed. 

II. ANALYSIS

We review de novo a district court’s sua sponte dismissal of a prisoner’s complaint for 

failure to state a claim under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1915(e)(2) and 1915A(b). Thomas v. Eby, 481 F.3d

434, 437 (6th Cir. 2007). “In determining whether a prisoner has failed to state a claim, we 

construe his complaint in the light most favorable to him, accept his factual allegations as true, and 

determine whether he can prove any set of facts that would entitle him to relief.” Wershe v. Combs, 

763 F.3d 500, 505 (6th Cir. 2014) (quoting Harbin-Bey v. Rutter, 420 F.3d 571, 575 

(6th Cir. 2005)). “To state a claim for relief under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, a plaintiff must allege a 

violation of a right secured by the federal Constitution or laws and must show that the violation 

was committed by a person acting under color of state law.” Id. at 504-05 (quoting Flanory v. 

Bonn, 604 F.3d 249, 253 (6th Cir. 2010)). 

The Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment governs claims brought by pretrial 

detainees. See Westmoreland v. Butler County, 29 F.4th 721, 729 (6th Cir. 2022). To state a

failure-to-protect claim under the Fourteenth Amendment, a plaintiff must show that the defendant 

acted with “deliberate indifference,” which is “more than negligence but less than subjective 

intent—something akin to reckless disregard.” Id. at 728 (quoting Brawner v. Scott County, 14 F. 

4th 585, 596-97 (6th Cir. 2021)). Four elements are required to meet this standard: (1) the 

defendant “made an intentional decision with respect to the conditions under which the plaintiff

was confined”; (2) those conditions put the plaintiff “at substantial risk of suffering serious harm”; 

(3) the defendant “did not take reasonable available measures to abate that risk,” although a 
No. 22-2033, McGowan v. Herbert, et al.

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reasonable officer in her position would have “appreciated the high degree of risk involved—

making the consequences of [her] conduct obvious”; and (4) the defendant caused the plaintiff’s

injuries by not taking such measures. Id. at 729 (quoting Castro v. County of Los Angeles, 833 

F.3d 1060, 1071 (9th Cir. 2016)). 

The district court concluded that McGowan failed to allege sufficient facts showing that 

Herbert acted with reckless disregard in removing him from protective custody and placing him 

back in Dorm 2-E because McGowan did not allege that the same inmates who had threatened him 

previously were still housed in Dorm 2-E when Herbert returned him to the unit. The court also 

noted that McGowan remained in Dorm 2-E “without incident” from June 13 to July 7 when Hill—

who had not previously resided in Dorm 2-E—was moved into the unit. On appeal, McGowan 

argues that his complaint adequately alleged each of the Westmoreland elements, and that the 

court’s stated reasons for dismissal strayed from precedent. 

Beginning with the Westmoreland elements, McGowan first alleges that he was “forced to 

move out of protection” and back into Dorm 2-E by Herbert, which shows that Herbert made an

“intentional decision” regarding McGowan’s conditions of confinement. See Westmoreland, 29 

F.4th at 729. Second, he alleges that Herbert’s decision to remove him from protective custody 

and return him to Dorm 2-E put him at a substantial risk of serious harm because “everyone” in 

Dorm 2-E knew he was a snitch and that there was a price on his head, and because he had been 

subject to daily assaults when he was previously housed in the unit. As we recognized in 

Westmoreland, “being identified as a ‘snitch’ in prison puts an inmate at substantial risk of serious 

assault.” Id. (citing Comstock v. McCrary, 273 F.3d 693, 699 n.2 (6th Cir. 2001)). Third, 

McGowan alleges that he notified Herbert in his May 28 affidavit that he would likely be assaulted 

again if transferred back to Dorm 2-E because he is a known snitch. Viewing the alleged facts in 
No. 22-2033, McGowan v. Herbert, et al.

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McGowan’s favor, a factfinder could conclude that “a reasonable officer in the circumstances 

would have appreciated the high degree of risk involved and the obvious consequences” of 

removing McGowan from protective custody. Id. at 730. Fourth, McGowan sufficiently alleges

that Herbert caused his injuries by not taking reasonable precautionary measures. As in 

Westmoreland, McGowan “established this element by showing he suffered physical harm as a 

result of being labeled a snitch[.]” Id. Specifically, McGowan alleges that Hill attacked him 

because he testified against Carter and Hill stated during the assault that he would kill McGowan 

“for snitching.” Applying Westmoreland—a case on all fours with this one—McGowan’s 

complaint plausibly states the elements of a failure-to-protect claim against Herbert.

Turning to the district court’s stated reasons for dismissing the claim, McGowan was not 

required to plead that the detainees who previously threatened him were still housed in Dorm 2-E 

when Herbert removed McGowan from protective custody. The Supreme Court has explained that 

a prison official cannot “escape liability for deliberate indifference by showing that, while he was 

aware of an obvious, substantial risk to inmate safety, he did not know that the complainant was 

especially likely to be assaulted by the specific prisoner who eventually committed the assault.” 

Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 843 (1994).McGowan alleges that “everyone” knew he had 

testified against Carter. Because McGowan’s role in Carter’s criminal case was common 

knowledge, it was easy for newcomers like Hill to find out McGowan was a snitch, and there was 

an incentive to attack him because allegedly there was a bounty on his head. Given that pro se 

complaints should be liberally construed and held “to less stringent standards than formal 

pleadings drafted by lawyers,” we have little difficulty concluding that McGowan’s complaint 

states a failure-to-protect claim against Herbert. Williams v. Curtin, 631 F.3d 380, 383 (6th Cir. 

2011) (quoting Martin v. Overton, 391 F.3d 710, 712 (6th Cir. 2004)). 
No. 22-2033, McGowan v. Herbert, et al.

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Finally, we address McGowan’s argument that the district court should have allowed him 

to amend his complaint to state a claim against Bailey in his individual capacity. Typically, “a 

plaintiff must be given at least one chance to amend the complaint before the district court 

dismisses the action with prejudice.” United States ex rel. Bledsoe v. Cmty. Health Sys., Inc., 342 

F.3d 634, 644 (6th Cir. 2003) (quoting EEOC v. Ohio Edison Co., 7 F.3d 541, 546 (6th Cir. 1993)). 

Although “[t]here is currently no rule of law in this circuit that requires a district court to give sua 

sponte a pro se plaintiff leave to amend his complaint absent a request,” Berndt v. Tennessee, 796 

F.2d 879, 882 (6th Cir. 1986) (emphasis added), we have explained that “a district court can allow 

a plaintiff to amend his complaint even when the complaint is subject to dismissal under the 

PLRA,” LaFountain v. Harry, 716 F.3d 944, 951 (6th Cir. 2013). Accordingly, on remand, the 

district court should consider whether to allow McGowan to amend his complaint as to his failureto-protect claim against Bailey in his individual capacity. See LaFountain, 716 F.3d at 951.

III. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we REVERSE the district court’s dismissal of McGowan’s 

failure-to-protect claim against Herbert, and REMAND the case for further proceedings consistent 

with this opinion.