IN THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS OF WEST VIRGINIA January 202 3 Term

_____________

No. 21

- 0 796

_____________ STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA,

Plaintiff Below, Respondent,
V.
CHRISTOPHER MCDONALD , Defendant Below, Petitioner.

________________________________________________ Appeal from the Circuit Court of Nicholas County The Honorable Stephen O. Calla g han , Judge Criminal Action No. 20

- F

- 56
VACATED AND REMANDED

________________________________________________ Submitted: February 7 , 202 3 Filed: April 14, 2023

Jason T. Gain , Esq
. Losh Mountain Legal Services Anmore , West Virginia Attorney for the Petitioner Patrick Morrisey , Esq
. Attorney General Andrea Ne a se Proper , Esq
. Assistant Attorney General Charleston, West Virginia Attorneys for the Respondent

JUSTICE BUNN delivered the Opinion of the Court. 

### FILED April 14, 2023
released at 3:00 p.m. EDYTHE NASH GAISER, CLERK SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS OF WEST VIRGINIAi SYLLABUS BY THE COURT

1. “ This Court’s application of the plain error rule in a criminal prosecution is not dependent upon a defendant asking the Court to invoke the rule. We may, sua sponte, in the interest of justice, notice plain error.” Syllabus point 1, State v. Myers , 204 W. Va. 449, 513 S.E.2d 676 (1998).

2. “To trigger application of the ‘ plain error ’ doctrine, there must be (1) an error; (2) that is plain; (3) that affects substantial rights; and (4) seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of the judicial proceedings.” Syllabus point 7, State
v. Miller , 194 W. Va. 3, 459 S.E.2d 114 (1995).

3. “ The West Virginia Rules of Criminal Procedure are the paramount authority controlli ng criminal proceedings before the circuit courts of this jurisdiction[.]” Syllabus p oint 5, in part, State v. Wallace , 205 W. Va. 155, 517 S.E.2d 20 (1999).

4. West Virginia Rule of Criminal Procedure 32(b)(1) requires that the sentencing court receive and consider a presentence report before sentencing unless all
conditions in (A), (B), and (C) are met. To the extent that Syllabus point 3 of State v. Bruffey , 207 W. Va. 267, 531 S.E.2d 332 (2000), indicates otherwise, it is hereby
overruled

.1 BUNN , Justice : Petitioner Christopher McDonald appeals the Circuit Court of Nicholas County’s September 24 , 2021 order re sentencing him to eighty years of incarceration
fol lowing his conviction for first

- degree robbery, in violation of West Virginia Code § 61

- 2

- 12

. 1 While Mr. McDonald raises two issues on appeal

— that the sentence was disproportionate to his crime and that the circuit court failed to make particularized findings to justify the sentence

— we need not reach the merits of his claims. I nstead, we find that the sentencing court plainly erred by failing to follow West Virginia Rule of Criminal Procedure 32(b)(1) when sentencing Mr. McDonald

. We vacate the sentencing order and remand the case for resentencing pursuant to the directives set forth herein

.

I.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY In February 2020 , Mr. McDonald entered a Subway restaurant in Nicholas County, West Virginia ; instructed the cashier to give him the money in the register ; and showed the cashier a gun. 2 The cashier gave Mr. McDonald $183.00

. Mr. McDonald left

1 The circuit court originally sentenced Mr. McDonald on December 7, 2020; he was resentenced for purposes of appeal.

2 Mr. McDonald asserts that he showed the cashier a BB gun. He does not challenge his conviction. Still, w e have upheld convictions for aggravated robbery, the predecessor to first

- degree robbery, when the defendant used an air pistol that only shot pellets

. See State v. Phillips , 199 W. Va. 507, 512, 485 S.E.2d 676, 681 (1997) (per curiam) (“[T]he presence of a firearm is not required for a conviction of aggravated robbery. It is sufficient that the robber threatened the use of a firearm and that the victims reasonably believed that he ha d possession of a firearm.”)

.2 the Subway, got into a vehicle with two o ther people, and they drove away. Law enforcement ultimately arrested the three people, including Mr. McDonald, in Arkansas.

In June 2020, a Nicholas County grand jury indicted Mr. McDonald and his
two codefendants with one count of conspiracy to commit robbery and one count of first

degree robbery. Mr. McDonald agreed to plead guilty to first

- degree robbery in exchange for dismissal of the conspiracy charge. At the plea hearing, Mr. McDonald waived the
presentence report

. Still, the circuit court ordered that a presentence report be completed two weeks before the sentencing hearing.

The probation department filed a one - page document recommending an eighty

- year sentence

. 3 Mr. McDonald filed objections to the document along with a sentencing memorandum. T he memorandum acknowledged that Mr. McDonald waived a presentence investigation and observed that the document “failed to provide any supporting

3 The document also included Mr. McDonald’s name and his birthdate. It contained limited information about his purported criminal history, including that he had a prior felony from New York, but included no date or description of the crime other than the term “felony assault

. ” The report noted that “ [ c ] harg es should be coming soon” for other conduct in Pennsylvania but provided no details or accompanying reports , just an assertion that Mr. McDonald “robbed a place” and committed “the exact crime the night before” but with “ better video

. ” The document explain ed that the eighty

- year sentencing recommendation for a “fair sentence” followed the probation officer’s conversation with a West Virginia State Trooper.
T he State later explained at the sentencing hearing that the probation department fil ed the document; the document did not indicate that the probation department created it.3 data, evidence of convictions, counties/charges/case numbers or any other meaningful
information

. . . upon which

. . . [ the circuit c]ourt could base its sentence.” Mr. McDonald also argued that, “[t]o date, the State has offered no meaningful evidence to support a sentence of [e]ighty (80) [y]ears.”

At the sentencing hearing on December 7, 2020, the circuit court noted that while at the plea hearing Mr. McDonald sought to proceed directly to sentencing, the court “wanted to delay sentencing so [it] could look at sentencing options and look at some of the underlying circumstances here.” The court acknowledged that it had no presentence report , and no parties asserted that th e one - page document prepared by the probation office met the requirements of a presentence report

. Mr. McDonald objected to the one - page
document and asked that the sentencing court not consider it. His attorney remarked on some of Mr. McDonald’s personal history, including that he had only a single conviction
about eight or nine years pr ior for a second

- degree assault in New York , and requested a

ten

- year sentence . He also explained that Mr. McDonald had pending Pennsylvania charges
related to an incident occurring shortly before the one in Nicholas County

.

When the court inquired whether Mr. McDonald wanted to go forward with sentencing, Mr. McDonald stated that he wanted to be sentenced

. The circuit court ask ed
Mr. McDonald if he still wished to waive the presentence investigation , which he
confirmed . The circuit court then offered to delay the hearing, explaining that it would have4 “the probation department conduct a [presentence] investigation, and we’ll come back here for sentencing.” The court asked Mr. McDonald, “Do you wish to do that?” Again, M r. McDonald replied , “I’d like to proceed with the sentencing, your Honor.”

In his allocution to the court, Mr. McDonald said that he had a very troubled life, and after his mother died, he started using drugs, including meth amphetamine and
heroin . He ap ologized for “ wasting every body ’s time and money

. ” The State then argued
that Mr. McDonald participated in a “ whirlwind of crime that started in New York, traveled across a couple of states and ended up here, and it didn’t stop here.” C ontinu ing , the State

not ed that the coconspirators “went down to Arkansas and committed more crimes on the way.” While explaining that the one - page document “came from the probation department” and the chief probation officer, the State was not certain why the probation department did not complete the presentence investigation and conjectured that possibly the defendant did
not cooperate

. The State concluded by request ing that the court follow the recommendation of the probation officer and impose an eighty

- year sentence

.

The circuit court remarked that it offered to reschedule the hearing and have
the probation department complete a presentence report , but that Mr. McDonald waived it

. The court made no findings regarding why the presentence report was not completed. The

court stated that it would “proceed with sentencing,” then reasoned :5 And it ’ s a first degree robbery. We go from meth

- — methamphetamine, heroin, first degree robbery wit h the use and presentment of a firearm

— [w]hether that was a BB gun or not, doesn’t matter to me, and it certainly didn’t matter to that store clerk who was standing there scared for her life or his life. It’s a very serious charge, and this kind of violent threatening crime that takes place in Nicholas County deserves a stiff sentence, and that’s what’s going to happen

.

While sentencing Mr. McDonald to an eighty

- year determinate sentence of imprisonment , the court denied a motion for probation and alternative sentencing 4 because “the crime involved the use and presentment of a firearm” and the “ dangerous ” and
“deliberative” nature of the crime. T he court clarified that the sentencing was not based on the victim being afraid, after Mr. McDonald’s at torney noted no victim testified , and the court did not receive a victim impact statement

. The circuit court made no other findings regarding Mr. McDonald’s sentence and concluded the hearing

.

On March 26, 2021, Mr. McDonald , with new counsel, filed a motion to reconsider his sentence for a number of reasons, including that no presentence report was completed ; that his sentence was longer than it would be if he had been convicted of
second

- degree murder or first

- degree sexual assault ; and that his sentence was disproportionate to those received by his codefendants

. Mr. McDonald argued that his

4 Mr. McDonald contends that he did not ask for probation; his sentencing memorandum reflects th at he sought a ten

- year sentence.6 codefendants each received indeterminate sentences of one

- to

- five years and further explained that “counsel is aware that it is this Honorable Court’s practice to sentence a defendant to the maximum if they do not participate in a [presentence investigation] .” The
court denied the motion. On September 23, 2021, t he circuit court resentenced Mr.
Mc Donald to enable him to file this appeal, with no objection by the State.

II
. STANDARD OF REVIEW

“ T he Supreme Court of Appeals reviews sentencing orders

. . . under a deferential abuse of discretion standard, unless the order violates statutory or constitutional
commands.” Syl. pt. 1, in part, State v. Lucas , 201 W. Va. 271, 496 S.E.2d 221 (1997).

III

. DISCUSSION
Mr. McDonald ask s this Court to find that the sentencing court gave him a disproportionate sentence , in violation of A rticle III, S ection 5 of the West Virginia
Constitution , for his first

- degree robbery conviction

. “Article III, Section 5 of the West Virginia Constitution, which contains the cruel and unusual punishment counterpart to the Eighth Amendment of the United States Constitution, has an express statement of the proportionality principle: ‘Penalties shall be proportioned to the character and degree of7 the offence.’” Syl. pt. 8, State v. Vance , 164 W. Va. 216, 262 S.E.2d 423 ( 1980). Typically, we limit proportionality reviews to sentences “where there is either no fixed maximum set by statute or where there is a life recidivist sentence.” Syl. pt. 4, in part, Wanstreet v.
Bordenkircher , 166 W. Va. 523, 276 S.E.2d 205 (1981). As sentences for first

- degree robbery have no maximum , we have previously reviewed them f or proportionality. See,

e.g. , State v. Gibbs , 238 W. Va. 646, 659

- 61, 797 S.E.2d 623, 63 6

- 3 8 (2017 ) (noting that the Court uses two tests for determining proportionality, subjective and objective)

. Mr.
McDonald also argues that the circuit court erred by failing to make particularized findings to justify his sentence. In this case , we do not need to reach the issue of proportionality or directly address his complaint regarding particularized findings . Instead, we conclude that
the sentencing court plainly erred when it failed to follow the procedure set forth in Rule 32(b)(1) of the West Virginia Rul es of Criminal Procedure when sentencing Mr.
McDonald.

W e recognize that Mr. McDonald waived a presentenc e investigation and
report , and he failed to specifically argue a violation of Rule 32(b)(1) on appeal. However,

w e may examine the circuit court’s sentencing procedure u sing a plain error analysis. “ T his
Court ’ s application of the plain error rule in a criminal prosecution is not dependent upon a defendant asking the Court to invoke the rule. We may, sua sponte, in the interest o f justice, notice plain error. ” Syl. pt. 1, State v. Myers , 204 W. Va. 449, 513 S.E.2d 676 (1998)

. We apply plain error analysis “sparingly and only in those circumstances where substantial rights are affected, or the truth

- finding process is substantially impaired, or a8 miscarriage of justice would otherwise result.” Syl. pt. 4, in part, State v. England , 180
W. Va. 342, 376 S.E.2d 548 (1988).

We apply a four

- pronged test to determine whether plain error occurred

. “ To trigger application of the ‘ plain error ’ doctrine, t here must be (1) an error; (2) that is plain; (3) that affects substantial rights; and (4) se riously affects the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of the judicial proceedings.” Syl. pt. 7 , State v. Miller , 194 W. Va. 3, 459 S.E.2d 114 (1995).

A. An E rror O ccurred
.

“ The West Virginia Rules of Criminal Procedure are the paramount authority controlling criminal proceedings before the circuit courts of this jurisdiction[.]” Syl. pt. 5, in part, State v. Wallace , 205 W. Va. 155, 517 S.E.2d 20 (1999). Subdivision (b) of Rule
32 of the West Virginia Rule s of Criminal Procedure , titled “Presentence investigation and
report , ” states that “[t]he probation officer shall make a presentence investigation and submit a presentence report to the sentencing court ” before sentencing , unless , as more fully explained below, certain conditions are met

. W. Va. R. Crim. P. 32(b)(1). The
presentence report “ must contain ” defendant

- specific information, including “the defendant’s history and characteristics,” criminal history, “ occupation, family background, education, habits and associations, mental and physical condition,

. . . and any circumstances that, because they affect the defendant’s behavior, m ay be helpful in imposing sentence, determining the propriety and conditions of release on probation, or9 determining correctional treatment.” W. Va. R. Crim. P. 32(b)(4)(A)

- (C). Rule 32(b) (1)

governs when a presentence report must be prepared and submitted to the circuit court to
review before sentencing a defendant , providing: (1) When m ade

. — The probation officer shall make a presentence investigation and submit a report to the court before the sentence is imposed, unless: (A) the defendant waives a presentence investigation and report; (B) the court finds that the information in the record enables it to meaningfully exercise its sentencing authority; and (C) the court explains on the record its finding that the information in the record enables it to meaningfully exercise its sentencing authority.

While t he Rule specifies that, a t times , a court may sentence a defendant without a presentence investigation and report , the Court has issued conflicting opinions regarding which conditions in Rule 32(b)(1) trigger this exception to the mandatory presentence investigation and report requirement

. See In re R.S. , 244 W. Va. 564, 571, 855 S.E.2d 355, 362 (2021) (acknowledging that “shall” an d “must” are mandatory terms)

. In Syllabus p oint 3 of State v. Bruffey , 207 W. Va. 267, 531 S.E.2d 332 (2000), this Court interpreted Rule 32(b)(1) to permit the court to sentence a defendant without a presentence investigation and report if either the defendant waives the requirement, pursuant to
condition (A), or the court makes the required findings and explanation, pursuant to
conditions (B) and (C). The Bruffey Court reasoned that an amendment to Rule 32 removed a previously placed “or” after wh at would become condition (A) in the current rule and10 that the amendment was “purely stylistic,” explaining that situations exist where sentencing courts may not need a presentence investigation and report, “irrespective of a defendant’s
wishes.” 207 W. Va

. at 271, 531 S.E.2d at 336

. 5

However, t he next year, in a case where a defendant waived and then withdrew his waiver of a presentence investigation and report, this Court found that all

5 We also distinguish the facts in Bruffey from the facts presently before this Court, where Mr. McDonald waived the presentence investigation and report. See State v. Bruffey , 207 W. Va. 267, 272, 531 S.E.2d 332, 337 (2000). In Bruffey , t he defendant requested, rather than waived , the prese nte nce investigation and report

. Id. T he circuit court refused to order the presentence investigation and report because it incorrectly concluded that the offense of conviction had a “mandatory” prison sentence. Id

. After analyzing Rule 32(b)(1) of the West Virginia Rules of Criminal Procedure , th is Court reversed and remanded the case “for a determination of whether a presentence investigation and report [were] needed for sentencing in light of the availability of home detention as an alternative to incarcer ation.” 207 W. Va. at 272, 531 S.E.2d at 337

. Still, we were left with a syllabus point that appears to apply to the factual scenario presently before the Court, where a defendant waiv es a presentence investigation and report, yet the circuit court made no specific findings or explanation pursuant to Rule 32(b) (1) (B) and (C). See Syl. pt. 3, 207 W. Va. 267, 531 S.E.2d 332

. The analysis in Bruffey , which found that an “or” should be read between conditions (A) and (B), relied on State ex rel. Harless v. Bordenkircher , 173 W. Va. 384, 315 S.E.2d 643 (1984) (per curiam). The Bruffey Court noted that in Harless , the Court found that “‘[i]n cases

. . . where the trial court is familiar with th e defendant, it may be that the court has personal knowledge about much of the information that would be included in a presentence report and indeed, does not require a report as a sentencing aid.’” Bruffey , 207 W. Va. at 272, 531 S.E.2d at 337 (quoting Ha rless , 173 W. Va. at 386, 315 S.E.2d at 645). The Harless Court , however, also reasoned that “[a]n appropriate sentencing record necessarily includes any presentence report prepared on a defendant,” and if a court decides not to require a presentence report “because he is familiar with the defendant” yet “does not articulate the knowledge beh ind that familiarity on the record, appellate review becomes meaningless ” especially when “a lengthy sentence is imposed and it is important that appellate review be adequate.” Harless , 173 W. Va. at 386, 315 S.E.2d at 645 (remanding the case back to the s entencing court).11 three conditions of Rule 32(b) (1) must be satisfied for a court to sentence a defendant
without a presentence investigation and report

. See State v. Brown , 210 W. Va. 14, 28, 552 S.E.2d 390, 404 (2001) (per curiam) (“ I t is undisputed that a presentence report is mandatory under Rule 32 unless the three factors listed in (A), (B), and (C) are all present.”). We found that c onditions (B) and (C) were met in Brown because “the trial court found that the evidence adduced at the bifurcated hearing enabled it to meaningfully exercise its sentencing authority a nd explained this on the record

. . . .” 2 10 W. Va. at 28,
552 S.E.2d at 404

. Still, because the defendant did not waive the presentence investigation
and report, the Court found that the absence of condition (A) constituted plain error that resulted in prejudice to the defendant

. Id. The Court reasoned that the defendant’s consecutive, rather than concurrent , life sentences produced a fifteen

- year difference in parole eligibility, and “ a presentence investigation and report could result in a significant change in the defendant ’s sentence .” Id. While Brown modified this Court’s interpretation of Rule 32(b)(1), it failed to recognize the holding

— and syllabus point

— in Bruffey

. See
Brown , 2 10 W. Va. at 28, 552 S.E.2d at 404

.

The plain language of Rule 32(b)(1 ) persuade s us to now reject the holding
in Bruffey and, instead, to follow our interpretation in Brown

. T he word “and” joins
conditions (A), (B), and (C) in Rule 32(b)(1)

. The use of the word “and” in a list indicates the conjunctive, meaning that all listed conditions must be satisfied

. See, e.g. , In re Z.H. , 245 W. Va. 456, 469, 859 S.E.2d 399, 412 (2021) (“ However, the statute uses the word12 ‘ and ’

— thus evidence establishing both subpart (A) and subpart (B) is required

. . . . ”)

. 6 W e
now hold that the plain language of West Virginia Rule of Criminal Procedure 32(b)(1) requires that the sentencing court receive and consider a presentence report before sentencing unless all conditions in (A), (B), and (C) are met. To the extent that Syllabus point 3 of State v. Bruffey , 207 W. Va. 267, 531 S.E.2d 332 (2000), indicates otherwise, it
is hereby overruled. 7

Our holding today regarding the plain language of Rule 32(b)(1 ) comports with Rule 2’s general guidance regarding the purpose of the Rules:

T hese rules are intended to provide for the just determination of every criminal proceeding. They shall be construed to secure simplicity in procedure, fairness in administration, and the elimination of unjustifiable expense and delay.

6 See also Bowden v. Monroe Cnty. Comm’n , 239 W. Va. 214, 221, 800 S.E.2d 252, 259 (2017) ( interpreting a four

- part test set forth by the Court and explaining that the word “and” signifies “ that all elements are required” ); Jan

- Care Ambulance Serv., Inc. v. Pub. Serv. Comm’n of W. Va. , 206 W. Va. 183, 193 n.13, 522 S.E.2d 912, 922 n.13 (1999) (“Because of the use of the conjunctive ‘and,’ all of the services contained in Section 1206(b)(4)(C) of the 1973 Act are required of a n emergency medical services system.”); Ooten v. Faerber , 181 W. Va. 592, 597, 383 S.E.2d 774, 779 (1989) (“‘And’ is a conjunctive , and the use of ‘and’ here clearly makes both conditions necessary, not merely either of the two.”). By contrast, t he use of the word “or” in a statute means that only one of the conditions needs to be met. See State v. Wilkerson , 230 W. Va. 366, 372, 738 S.E.2d 32, 38 (2013) (“The use of the word ‘or’ indicates an alternative choice.”). The word “or” is not present in Rule 32(b)(1)

.

7 Likewise, we overrule State v. Criner , No. 21

- 0793, 2022 WL 4355593 (W. Va. Sept. 20, 2022) (memorandum decision ) , to the extent it is inconsistent with our decision today

.13 A presentence investigation and its accompanying report provide a sentencing court with significant information regarding a defendant ’s history, characteristics, and circumstances.
See W. Va. R. Crim. P. 32(b)(4) (establishing mandatory contents of a presentence report)

. Even when a defendant chooses to waive the preparation of that report, the sentencing court still needs adequate , accurate information to fairly sentence the defendant

. See Gall v.
United States , 552 U.S. 38, 50, 128 S. Ct. 586, 597 , 169 L.Ed.2d 445 , 457 (2007) (discussing federal sentencing procedure and explaining that “ [a] fter settling on the appropriate sentence, [a court] must adequately explain the chosen sentence to allow for meaningful appellate review and to promote the perception of fair sentencing. ” )

. Conditions (B) and (C) of Rule 32(b)(1) ensure that a sentencing court has and uses
information in the record to “meaningfully exercise its sentencing authority ,” even without a presentence investigation and report. While the Rule provides for the waiver o f the presentence investigation and report by the defendant, the Rule does not provide for the defendant’s waiver of conditions (B) and (C). The reasoning in Bruffey , which allow s a sentencing court to simply ignore conditions (B) and (C) if the defendant waives the presentence investigation and report , is not in accordance with the reasoning and purpose
of our Rules of Criminal Procedure.

Here, t he sentencing court erred by sentencing Mr. McDonald without meeting all the conditions list ed in Rule 32(b)(1). The parties agreed that no presentence investigation was conducted, and the sentencin g court had no presentence report. Mr.14 McDonald waived the completion of the presentence investigation and report at multiple points during the plea and sentencing hearings , satisfying condition (A)

. Still , his waiver
did not satisfy the requirements set forth in (B) and (C) of Rule 32(b)(1), and the sentencing

court failed to meet those conditions. The sentencing court made only a brief statement
related to the imposition of Mr. McDonald ’s eighty

- year sentence, concluding that it was “a very serious charge” that “deserves a stiff sentence.” The sentencing court made no findings indicating “that the information in the record enable [d] it to meaningfully exercise its sentencing authority

. ” See W. Va. R. Crim. P. 32(b)(1)(B) & (C)

.

B
. The Error was Plain.
This Court recognize s two types of plain error: plain under existing law, and plain because the court has clarified the applicable law. See Syl. pt. 6, in part, State v. Myers , 204 W. Va. 449, 513 S.E.2d 676 (1998). Under the first type of plain error , “the plainness of the error is predicated upon legal principles that the litigants and trial court knew or should have known at the time of the prosecution.” Id. Here, because this Court previously provided conflicting interpretations regarding the relationship between the three
conditions in subdivisi on (b)(1) of Rule 32 , the sentencing court could not have known ,

n or should it have known , of the error

. Compare Syl. pt. 3, Bruffey , 207 W. Va. 267, 531 S.E.2d 332, with Brown , 210 W. Va. at 28, 552 S.E.2d at 404

.

The second type of plain error becomes “plain on appeal because the applicable law has been clarified.” See Syl. pt. 6, in part, Myers , 204 W. Va. 449, 51315 S.E.2d 676

. As we have now clarified that Rule 32(b)(1) require s all three conditions to be

met before a court may sentence a defendant without a presentence investigation and
report , we find that the sentencing court committed the second type of plain error

. The sentencing c ourt had no presentence report and made no findings or explanation that would meet the requirements of Rule 32(b)(1)(B) and (C ).

C

. The Error Affected Substantial Rights. The plain error in this case affected Mr. McDonald’s substantial rights. “To affect substantial rights means the error was prejudicial.” Syl. pt. 9, in part, State v. Miller , 194 W. Va. 3, 459 S.E.2d 114 (1995)

.

“The imposition of sentence is a critical stage of a criminal proceeding.”
State v. Byers , 247 W. Va. 168, ___, 875 S.E.2d 306, 313 (2022). Typically, “ the sentencing court is in the best position to determine the proper penalty for a particular offense based upon an evaluation of the individual circumstances before it.”
Commonwealth v. Walls , 926 A.2d 957, 961 (Pa. 2007) ( quotations omitted ). Consequently , the sentencing court must use accurate information when sentencing a
defendant

. See Fox v. State , 176 W. Va. 677, 682, 347 S.E.2d 197, 202 (1986) ( “ [ A ] defendant has a right to be sentenced on the basis of accurate information.” ). Furthermore,
this Court must have accurate information in the record to conduct “ meaningful appellate
review

. ” State v. Houston , 166 W. Va. 202, 207, 273 S.E.2d 375, 377 (1980 ) (remanding a16 sentence for robbery by violence to permit a sentencing record to be developed )

. “Meaningful appellate review” of a sentence “ must to a large degree be predicated on a sentencing record.” Id

. at 207, 273 S.E.2d at 377

- 78. See State ex rel. Harless v.
Bordenkircher , 173 W. Va. 384, 386, 315 S.E.2d 643, 645 (1984) (explaining the importance of an adequate record for appellate review)

.

Here, we have an insufficient sentencing record and no findings and explanation pursuant to Rule 32(b)(1)(B) and (C) demonstrating whether the sentencing
court “ meaningfully exercise [d] its sentencing authority. ” With this slim record, w e cannot

gauge whether the sentencing court gave an appropriate sentence, based on accurate information, to Mr. McDonald

. Mr. McDonald’s objections filed with the sentencing court
illustrate the lack of evaluation and scant record , as his objections contended that the one

page document “failed to provide any supporting data, evidence of convictions,

. . . or any other meaningful information

. ” At sentencing, the parties gave varying accounts of Mr. McDonald’s criminal history: Mr. McDonald’s counsel stating that he had a n almost ten

year - old conviction from New York and pending Pennsylvania charge s , while the State
mentioned a “whirlwind of crim e” all the way to Arkansas. T he sentencing c ourt did not
attempt to resolve these issues before sentencing and made no findings as to the sufficiency17 of the record. 8 Consequently, t his Court cannot review Mr. McDonald’s sentence to
determine its proportionality , pursuant to his appeal, because there is no adequate record to review, and we must conclude that the error affected Mr. McDonald’s substantial rights

.

D
. The E rror A ffected the F airness and I ntegrity of the J udicial P roceedings
. Finally, for the same reasons that we find that Mr. McDonald’s substantial rights have been affected, we likewise determine that the error at sentencing also affected
the fairness and integrity of the judicial proceedings. See Myers , 204 W. Va. at 463

- 64, 513
S.E.2d at 690

- 91. In this case, w ithout “ a developed factual record, ” we are unable to provide “ a meaningful judicial review ” of whether Mr. McDonald ’ s sentence was proportionate. See Houston , 166 W. Va. at 207, 273 S.E.2d at 377

- 78. The sentencing court
made no record of findings or explanation “that the information in the record enables [the sentencing court] to meaningfully exercise its sentencing authority

. ” See W. Va. R. Crim.
P. 32(b)(1)(B) & (C). The spa rse factual findings and explanation by the sentencing court , and our resulting inability to review Mr. McDonald’s sentence, affect the fairness and integrity of this critical stage of the judicial proceedings below

. 9

8 Mr. McDonald filed a motion asking the circuit court to reconsider his sentence and mentioned the lack of a presentence investigation and report as an issue with his sentencing. The circuit court denied his motion.

9 We draw no conclusions as to whether the sentencing court already has enough information in the record before it to “meaningfully exercise its sentencing authority.” See W. Va. Rule Crim. P. 32(b)(1)(B) & (C).18 IV.
CONCLUSION
F or the reasons stated a bove , this Court vacates the September 24, 2021 order sentencing Mr. McDonald and remands this matter to the Circuit Court of Nicholas County
for a new sentencing hearing , held consistent with the mandatory requirements of Rule 32,
as set forth in this opinion.
Vacated and Remanded

.