COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA 

Present: Chief Judge Huff, Judge O’Brien, and Senior Judge Haley 

Argued at Norfolk, Virginia 

STEPHONE AMOS FOREMAN 

 MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY 

v. Record No. 0401-15-1 CHIEF JUDGE GLEN A. HUFF 

 DECEMBER 22, 2015 

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA 

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF VIRGINIA BEACH 

Glenn R. Croshaw, Judge 

 Kimberly R. Smith, Assistant Public Defender, for appellant. 

 Kathleen B. Martin, Senior Assistant Attorney General (Mark R. Herring, 

 Attorney General, on brief), for appellee. 

Stephone Amos Foreman (“appellant”) appeals his conviction of possession of a 

Schedule I or II controlled substance, in violation of Code § 18.2-250. After a bench trial in the 

Circuit Court of the City of Virginia Beach (“trial court”), appellant was sentenced to ten years 

in prison with eight years suspended. On appeal, appellant argues that the “trial court erred by 

denying appellant’s motion to suppress inasmuch as the evidence was obtained in violation of the 

Fourth Amendment of the Constitution of the United States in that Officer Krause lacked specific 

and articulable facts to reasonably conclude that appellant was armed and dangerous.” For the 

following reasons, this Court affirms the trial court’s ruling. 

I. BACKGROUND 

On appeal, “we consider the evidence and all reasonable inferences flowing from that 

evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, the prevailing party at trial.” 

Williams v. Commonwealth, 49 Va. App. 439, 442, 642 S.E.2d 295, 296 (2007) (en banc) 

 *

 Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. 

UNPUBLISHED 
- 2 - 

(quoting Jackson v. Commonwealth, 267 Va. 666, 672, 594 S.E.2d 595, 598 (2004)). So viewed, 

the evidence is as follows. 

Around 2:00 a.m. on November 24, 2013, Officers Christopher J. Mackie (“Mackie”) and 

Nick Krause (“Krause”) of the Virginia Beach Police Department conducted a traffic stop of a 

“black Ford SUV” for a “missing tag light.” The stop occurred in “a high-crime area.” Daniel Lee 

Upshur (“Upshur”) was driving the vehicle, and appellant was sitting in the passenger seat. Mackie 

approached the driver side of the vehicle while Krause approached the passenger side. 

The passenger window was up, and Krause observed that appellant “was holding something 

in his right hand with a clenched fist.” Krause testified that the object “was kind of shiny” and that 

he believed “it could be some type of weapon, possibly a knife, maybe even a small handgun.” 

Krause asked appellant “what was in his hand,” but appellant “clenched his fist even tighter and 

attempted to put his hand into his right pants pocket.” Krause asked appellant to exit the vehicle, 

but appellant “just . . . sat there continuing to try to dig his hands into his right pants pocket.” 

Krause informed Mackie that appellant had something in his right hand and, “believ[ing] it was a 

weapon of some sort,” attempted “to open the passenger side door.” The door was locked, however, 

and appellant did not respond to Krause’s orders “to unlock the door.” 

Mackie testified that as he approached the vehicle, appellant appeared “nervous.” While 

speaking to Upshur regarding the traffic infraction, Mackie observed that appellant had “something 

in his hand clenched.” Mackie testified that he noticed this because he told appellant “to put his 

hands flat on his lap,” but appellant “refused to do so.” Mackie testified that appellant “looked 

directly at me” and “began to reach into his pockets.” At this point, Mackie “reached in through the 

driver’s window and hit the unlock button.” Krause then “opened the passenger side door[] and . . . 

grabbed [appellant] to take him out of the vehicle.” Krause testified that as he was taking appellant 

out of the vehicle, appellant “dropped the item [that he was holding] onto the right-side floorboard 
- 3 - 

of the passenger side of the vehicle.” Krause conducted a pat-down search for weapons on 

appellant’s person, but found none. He then returned to the vehicle where he observed, on the 

passenger side floorboard, a three-inch glass tube “with some white residue in it” that was later 

determined to be cocaine. 

On April 29, 2014, the trial court heard appellant’s motion to suppress the cocaine as the 

result of an illegal search. During this hearing, Krause testified that he was not “one hundred 

percent sure” that Foreman had a weapon, and when pressed during cross-examination stated that he 

was “fifty percent sure” that it could have been a knife or firearm. He also testified that he was 

concerned that appellant’s efforts to put his fist into his pocket were attempts to conceal or get a 

weapon. Ultimately, Krause testified that he removed appellant from the vehicle to discover 

whether he had a weapon in his hand and to make sure that he did not have any other weapons on 

his person. 

The trial court denied appellant’s motion to suppress, and the matter proceeded to a bench 

trial on September 15, 2014. The trial court found appellant guilty of possession of a Schedule I or 

II controlled substance, in violation of Code § 18.2-250. This appeal followed. 

II. ANALYSIS 

On appeal, appellant contends that the trial court erred by denying his motion to suppress. 

Specifically, appellant argues that Krause lacked reasonable, articulable suspicion to frisk 

appellant and, therefore, the evidence found as a result of that frisk should have been suppressed. 

“A defendant’s claim that evidence was seized in violation of the Fourth Amendment 

presents a mixed question of law and fact that we review de novo on appeal.” McCain v. 

Commonwealth, 275 Va. 546, 551, 659 S.E.2d 512, 515 (2008) (citing Murphy v. 

Commonwealth, 264 Va. 568, 573, 570 S.E.2d 836, 838 (2002)); see also Ornelas v. United 

States, 517 U.S. 690, 691, 699 (1996). Under this standard, “we give deference to the factual 
- 4 - 

findings of the circuit court, but we independently determine whether the manner in which the 

evidence was obtained meets the requirements of the Fourth Amendment.” McCain, 275 Va. at 

551, 659 S.E.2d at 515 (citing Bolden v. Commonwealth, 263 Va. 465, 470, 561 S.E.2d 701, 704 

(2002)). On appeal, “[t]he defendant has the burden to show that, considering the evidence in 

the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, the trial court’s denial of his suppression motion 

was reversible error.” Id. 

“In assessing the propriety of the trial court’s ruling, we keep in mind that the [F]ourth 

[A]mendment does not proscribe all searches and seizures, only those that are ‘unreasonable.’” 

Stanley v. Commonwealth, 16 Va. App. 873, 874-75, 433 S.E.2d 512, 513 (1993) (quoting Terry 

v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 9 (1968)). “Whether the Fourth Amendment has been violated is a question 

to be determined from all the circumstances.” McCain, 275 Va. at 552, 659 S.E.2d at 515-16 

(citing Samson v. California, 547 U.S. 843, 848 (2006)). Additionally, “[r]eview of the 

existence of probable cause or reasonable suspicion involves application of an objective rather 

than subjective standard.” Id. at 552, 659 S.E.2d at 516 (citing Terry, 392 U.S. at 21-22). 

It is well settled that a “police officer may stop a person for the purpose of investigating 

possible criminal behavior even though no probable cause exists for an arrest.” Id. To justify 

such an investigatory stop, an officer must have “reasonable, articulable suspicion that criminal 

activity is afoot.” Id. (quoting United States v. Sokolow, 490 U.S. 1, 7 (1989)). In the context of 

a traffic stop, an officer may “stop [a vehicle] when he has reasonable suspicion to believe a 

traffic or equipment violation has occurred.” McCain, 275 Va. at 553, 659 S.E.2d at 516 (citing 

Bass v. Commonwealth, 259 Va. 470, 475, 525 S.E.2d 921, 923-24 (2000)). “The authority to 

conduct a pat-down search,” however, “does not follow automatically from the authority to 

effectuate an investigative stop.” Harris v. Commonwealth, 262 Va. 407, 412-13, 551 S.E.2d 

606, 609 (2001). “Only where [an] officer can point to particular facts from which [the officer] 
- 5 - 

reasonably inferred that the individual was armed and dangerous is he justified in searching for 

weapons.” Williams v. Commonwealth, 4 Va. App. 53, 66, 354 S.E.2d 79, 86 (1987). 

Appellant’s assignment of error challenges the trial court’s denial of the motion to 

suppress on the ground that reasonable and articulable suspicion did not exist to justify the frisk. 

This argument fails, however, because the contraband was not discovered as a result of the frisk, 

but rather was discovered in plain view, after appellant was lawfully removed from the vehicle. 

In Pennsylvania v. Mimms, 434 U.S. 106, 111 n.6 (1977), the United States Supreme 

Court held that “once a motor vehicle has been lawfully detained for a traffic violation, the 

police officers may order the driver to get out of the vehicle without violating the Fourth 

Amendment’s proscription of unreasonable searches or seizures.” See also Lowe v. 

Commonwealth, 33 Va. App. 656, 661, 536 S.E.2d 454, 457 (2000) (holding that the 

“generalized risk to officer safety” during a traffic stop “permits officers to order occupants to 

exit a lawfully stopped vehicle”). The evidence in the present case demonstrated that Upshur’s 

vehicle was lawfully detained for a “missing tag light” and that appellant was acting evasively 

and disregarding the officers’ commands during the traffic stop. Consequently, Krause first 

ordered appellant to exit the vehicle and then, when appellant ignored this order, forced him out 

of the vehicle. Appellant does not challenge that it was constitutionally reasonable in the present 

case for Krause to force appellant out of the vehicle during the lawful traffic stop, but rather 

appellant only argues that the frisk of his person was not justified. See Harris v. Commonwealth, 

27 Va. App. 554, 563, 500 S.E.2d 257, 261 (1998) (“[T]he police are permitted to use methods 

of restraint that are reasonable under the circumstances.”). 

As appellant was being removed from the vehicle, but before Krause began the frisk of 

appellant’s person, he dropped the contraband onto the vehicle’s floorboard, in Krause’s plain 

view. Under “the plain view exception to the warrant requirement,” “an officer must meet two 
- 6 - 

requirements: first, he must be lawfully in a position to ‘perceive’ a suspicious object, and 

second, he must have probable cause to believe it to be contraband.” Arnold v. Commonwealth, 

17 Va. App. 313, 317-18, 437 S.E.2d 235, 238 (1993) (quoting Ruffin v. Commonwealth, 13 

Va. App. 206, 208-09, 409 S.E.2d 177, 179 (1991)). 

As applied in the present case, Upshur’s vehicle was lawfully stopped for a “missing tag 

light,” and appellant dropped the contraband into plain view while Krause was removing him 

from the vehicle. Then, upon seeing the object, Krause had probable cause to believe it was, in 

fact, contraband. Specifically, he testified that it was a three-inch glass tube “with some white 

residue in it,” which he believed to be a “crack pipe” based upon his “training, knowledge, and 

experience.” Thus, the contraband was not discovered as a result of the frisk, as appellant’s 

assignment of error assumes, but rather was discovered in plain view. Therefore, the denial of 

appellant’s motion to suppress, which argued that the frisk was unconstitutional, was not error. 

III. CONCLUSION 

Based on the foregoing, this Court affirms the trial court’s ruling. 

Affirmed.