FILED

July 15, 1998

Cecil W. Crowson

Appellate Court Clerk

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT NASHVILLE

JAMES K. ALLEN, )

)

Plaintiff/Appellant, )

) Appeal No.

) 01-A-01-9710-CV-00565

VS. )

) Rutherford Circuit

) No. 36021

JIM WISEMAN, )

)

Defendant/Appellee. )

APPEALED FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF RUTHERFORD COUNTY

AT MURFREESBORO, TENNESSEE

THE HONORABLE BOBBY CAPERS, JUDGE

PAUL CAMPBELL, JR.

WILLIAM R. HANNAH

CAMPBELL & CAMPBELL

1200 James Building

735 Broad Street

Chattanooga, Tennessee 37402-1835

Attorneys for Plaintiff/Appellant

LELA M. HOLLABAUGH

MANIER, HEROD, HOLLABAUGH & SMITH

2200 First Union Tower

150 Fourth Avenue North

Nashville, Tennessee 37219

Attorney for Defendant/Appellee

AFFIRMED AND REMANDED

BEN H. CANTRELL, JUDGE

CONCUR:

KOCH, J.

CAIN, J.
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O P I N I O N

This is a legal malpractice action arising out of a criminal case. The

plaintiff was convicted of assault and criminal trespass and he charges his attorney

with multiple failures before, during, and after the trial, the most serious being the

failure to retain a court reporter to preserve the evidence introduced in the criminal

case. The Circuit Court of Rutherford County granted summary judgment to the

defendant. We affirm.

I.

James K. Allen retained Jim Wiseman, an attorney in Murfreesboro, to

defend an indictment for criminal trespass and assault. Mr. Wiseman had previously

represented Mr. Allen in his divorce from Cathy Allen, the prosecuting witness in the

criminal trespass charge. The assault charge was brought by Eddie Sandlin, who

allegedly had an affair with Cathy Allen during her marriage to James Allen. 

At the criminal trial, Mr. Wiseman did not employ a court reporter to

record the proceeding. The jury found Mr. Allen guilty on both counts. He received

a sentence of eleven months and twenty-nine days in jail with all but five days

suspended, and he had to pay approximately $4,000 in fines and restitution. He

appealed his conviction pro se, and the opinion of the Court of Criminal Appeals

points out that he did not file a statement of the evidence even though he was given

the chance to do so under Tenn. R. App. Proc. 24(c). Thus, the court had no choice

but to affirm the conviction.

Mr. Allen sued Mr. Wiseman, alleging that he failed to:

(A) Adequately investigate both the scene of the crime

and facts of the crime before trial day.
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(B) Question everyone involved with the case before

the trial day

(C) Obtain the medical and employment records of the

plaintiff in this trial to fully evaluate his claims of injury and

loss of work

(D) Issue timely subpoenas to insure key defense

individuals for his client would be on hand for this trial

(E) Employ a court reporter for this trial, even though

he repeatedly told his client this was a serious offense

and could result in fines up to $2,500.00 and a sentence

of up to 11 months and 29 days in jail.

(F) To adequately set up a defense plan for the

plaintiff, or spend adequate time discussing his court

plans with the defendant

Mr. Wiseman denied the material allegations of wrongdoing and moved for summary

judgment. He supported his motion with his own affidavit, in which he detailed the

work he did in the criminal case. He concluded by averring that he acted with

reasonable skill and diligence and in accordance with the recognized standards of

acceptable professional practice.

Mr. Allen filed the affidavits of two lay people and two lawyers. Cathy

Allen made one relevant statement of fact. She said that Mr. Wiseman did not crossexamine her about her knowledge of Mr. Sandlin’s part in harassing Mr. Allen for a

year before the incident which resulted in the criminal charge. Chris Campbell, the

other lay witness said in his affidavit that he was acquainted with Mr. Sandlin and had

heard him threaten to “take care” of Mr. Allen. He also said he was prepared to testify

about Mr. Sandlin’s personal character, his lying, his exaggeration of facts, his

dishonesty and infidelity. Despite having told Mr. Allen about this information, Mr.

Campbell was not contacted by Mr. Wiseman.

One lawyer gave his opinion that the failure to arrange for a court

reporter to take a verbatim transcript of the trial in a criminal case was a breach of the

recognized standard of acceptable professional practice for a lawyer practicing
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criminal law. Another lawyer said that the failure to have a court reporter made a

meaningful appeal of the conviction impossible.

The trial judge held that as a matter of law the failure to have a court

reporter at the trial of a misdemeanor was not below the standard of care. He also

held that there were no disputed questions of fact on the other allegations of

negligence; therefore he granted Mr. Wiseman’s motion for summary judgment.

II.

Summary judgment is proper where there are no disputed issues of

material facts and the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law. Taylor

v. Nashville Banner Pub. Co., 573 S.W.2d 476 (Tenn. App. 1978). Whether a

lawyer’s conduct meets a particular standard of conduct is a question of fact, Cleckner

v. Dale, 719 S.W.2d 535 (Tenn. App. 1986), and a deviation from that standard must

be shown by expert proof, except in cases involving “clear and palpable negligence.”

Id. at 540.

Except on the question of the failure to hire a court reporter, there is no

expert testimony that any action taken or not taken by Mr. Wiseman fell below the

standard of care required of a trial lawyer and, despite Mr. Allen’s insistence that Mr.

Wiseman’s negligence was “palpable, plain, and obvious,” we cannot agree. In his

brief, Mr. Allen lists nine instances of “palpably” bad conduct on Mr. Wiseman’s part

(excepting the court reporter issue). Mr. Wiseman allegedly did not: 

(1) investigate properly,

(2) question everyone involved in the case,

(3) obtain the medical and employment records of

Sandlin,

(4) issue timely subpoenas to insure key defense

individuals at trial,

(5) set up a defense plan for Allen or spend adequate

time discussing his court case with him,

(6) represent his client zealously.
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He did:

(1) conduct himself in an extremely inappropriate

manner in court so badly as to be threatened with

contempt of court,

(2) abandon Allen after the sentencing hearing

because of a planned trip to London,

(3) place his personal interests above those of his

client.

We note that more than half of the alleged failures concern trial tactics or Mr.

Wiseman’s conduct of the defense. At one time we thought that a lawyer’s trial

conduct or tactics could not be questioned, see Stricklan v. Koella, 546 S.W.2d 810

(Tenn. App. 1976), but a more flexible approach was announced by the federal court

in Woodruff v. Tomlin, 616 F.2d 924 (6th Cir. 1980). The federal court, interpreting

Tennessee law, recognized that there can be no liability for acts or omissions by an

attorney in the conduct of litigation which are based on an honest exercise of

professional judgment, but the court also said that an attorney is still bound to

exercise a reasonable degree of skill and care. Cf. Pera v. Kroger Co., 674 S.W.2d

715 (Tenn. 1984).

We believe that whether an attorney has failed to meet that standard

requires a knowledge of the issues involved in the litigation, what proof was available,

what steps were taken to advance the client’s interests, and what reasons lay behind

the choices made. With all the facts, a skilled, experienced trial lawyer could give an

opinion about how the attorney’s actions measured up to the standard of reasonable

skill and care. Ordinary laymen (even judges) could not say that the attorney’s

conduct fell below that standard. See Cleckner v. Dale, 719 S.W.2d 535 (Tenn. App.

1986). Therefore, Mr. Wiseman’s affidavit stating that he conformed to the standard

of care is unrefuted in the record.
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We think the items on Mr. Allen’s list that do not involve trial tactics or

conduct are either simply conclusory (Mr. Wiseman “abandoned” Allen and placed his

personal interests above Mr. Allen’s), see Doff v. Brunswick Corp., 372 F.2d 801 (9th

Cir. 1966), or are also beyond the common knowledge of laymen. Therefore, we think

summary judgment on these issues was proper.

IV.

The Court Reporter Issue

Mr. Allen filed two affidavits on this issue. Only one of the affidavits

expressed an opinion on the standard of care. It stated the following:

1. I am an attorney licensed to practice law in the

State of Tennessee and have been so licensed 

since 1969.

2. I have been in private practice in Chattanooga,

Tennessee continuously since 1969.

3. During my years of practice I have represented

many defendants in criminal jury and non-jury trials.

4. Failure of defense counsel to arrange for a court

reporter to take a verbatim transcript of the trial in a criminal

case, in my opinion, constitutes a failure by the attorney to

exercise reasonable skill and diligence in representing the

client and does not constitute legal representation in

accordance with recognized standards of acceptable

professional practice for attorneys practicing in the area of

criminal law.

This breach of standard practice renders it impossible for the

client to make a meaningful appeal in the event of a

conviction.

The trial judge found, however, that, as a matter of law, “the failure to

have a court reporter at the misdemeanor criminal hearing of the plaintiff was not

below the acceptable standard of professional practice.” We think the trial judge was

correct. Our criminal code requires the state to furnish a court reporter in felony

cases. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-14-301, et seq. Indigent defendants in those cases are

entitled to the transcript free of charge. Elliott v. State, 435 S.W.2d 812 (Tenn. 1968).
1W e note that the Court of Criminal Appeals expre ssed surprise that Mr. Allen had not taken

advantage of the chance to file a narrative statement of the evidence.

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But in a misdemeanor prosecution involving an indigent defendant, the court’s denial

of a request for a court reporter is not reversible. State v. Hammond, 638 S.W.2d 433

(Tenn. Cr. App. 1982). A narrative statement of the evidence is sufficient to preserve

the issues on appeal, in the absence of some explanation to the contrary. Id. See

Tenn. R. App. Proc. 24(c). So, as a matter of public policy, a narrative statement of

the evidence is sufficient and available in the absence of a court reporter.1

While we have said that a trial judge should not act as an expert witness

in a malpractice case, and that whether a lawyer’s conduct falls below a particular

standard is a question of fact, Cleckner v. Dale, 719 S.W.2d 535 (Tenn. App. 1986),

in some cases it has been held that the breach of duty may be resolved as a matter

of law if the particular conduct does not permit a reasonable doubt as to whether the

defendant’s conduct violates the degree of care exacted of him. Lysick v. Walcom,

258 Cal. App. 2d 136 (1968). 

Further, examining the affidavit, we note that it could not be universally

applied. Otherwise, every defense lawyer appointed to defend an indigent client

charged with a misdemeanor would be obligated to hire the court reporter at his own

expense. And trial judges would invite reversal if they allowed the trial to proceed

without a court reporter. As we have seen, the Court of Criminal Appeals has rejected

that argument. See State v. Hammond, 638 S.W.2d 433 (Tenn. Cr. App. 1982).

The judgment of the trial court is affirmed and the cause is remanded

to the Circuit Court of Rutherford County for any further proceedings necessary. Tax

the costs on appeal to the appellant.
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____________________________

BEN H. CANTRELL, JUDGE

CONCUR:

_____________________________

WILLIAM C. KOCH, JR., JUDGE

_____________________________

WILLIAM B. CAIN, JUDGE