T hi s di s pos i t i on i s notappr opr i a t e f orpubl i c a t i on and i s notpr e c e de nt * e xc e pta s pr ovi de d by9th C i r . R . 36- 3.

T he pa ne l una ni m ous l yc onc l ude s thi s c a s e i s s ui t abl e f orde c i s i on ** w ith o u t o r a l a r g u m e n t. See F ed. R . A pp . P . 34 (a )( 2).

T he H on orabl e P atri ci a C . F aw se tt , S eni or U ni t ed S t at es D i stri ct ** * J udge f orthe M i ddl e D i s tr i c tof F l or i da , s i tt i ng by de s i gna t i on. NOT F OR P UB L I CAT I ON UN I TE D STATE S C OU RT OF APPE ALS FOR T HE NI NTH CI RC UI T UN I T E D S T AT E S OF AME R I C A, P l ai nt i ff

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o rn ia B ef ore: R Y M E R and M cK E O W N , C i rc ui tJudg es , and F A W S E T T , S eni or D i stri ct Judg e. *** 

# FI LED MA Y14 2 010 M OLLY C. DW Y ER, CLERK U . S. C O U R T OF APPE ALS2

R ob ertL atham (“ L atham ”) appeal s f rom the di stri ctcourt ’ s j ud gm entat s e n te n c in g a f

te raju ryf

o u n d h im g u iltyo f

v a r io u s c o u n ts r e la te d to c h ild p o rn o g r ap h y . L a th a m a s s ig n s e rr o r s to b o th h is c o n v ic tio n s a n d s e n te n c e s . W e a f f irm . In 20 05 , an un derc ov erchi l d p orno graphy i nv es t i gat i on yi el ded an Int ernet P r o to c o l ( “I P ” ) a d d r e s s th a t F B I a g e n ts tr a c e d to L a th a m ’s b r o th e r . T h e a g e n ts co n su lt ed w ith th e I n tern et se rv ice p ro v id eran d in d ep en d en tl y c o n firm ed L ath am ’s brother’ s a dd re ss usi ng pu bl i c r ec ords and survei l l ance . T he agent s thu s had pr obabl e c aus e t o s upportaw a rr a ntauthor i z i ng as e a r c h of the r e s i de nc e f

or c o m p u te r s u s e d to s h a r e a n d s to r e c h ildp o rn o g r ap h y . T he po ss i bi l i ty of “ spoo fi ng ”— usi ng spec i al softw ar e t o m ake i tappear that one i s us i ng as pe c i f

i c r out e rw he n i n f

a c tone i s s e c r e t l yus i ng adi f f e r e nt rout er— do es no tun derm i ne the af fi davi tsupp ort i ng the w arrant . S ee U ni t ed S ta te s v . C r a ig h e a d , 5 3 9 F .3 d 1 0 7 3 , 1 0 8 1 ( 9 th C ir . 2 0 0 8 ) ( h o ld in g th a t p r o b ab le c au s e is n o t d e f

e a te d b yo m is s io n s f

r o m s u p p o rtin g a f

f id a v its o f “s ta te m e n ts . . . r e la tin g to I P s p o o f

in g ” o r“I n te rn e t h ija c k in g ” ) . T h e d is tr ic t c o u rt d id n o t e rrin d e n y in g L a th a m ’s m o tio n to s u p p r e s s . L atham ’ s c on t ent i on thatthe af fi davi t ’ s i nform at i on w as st al e i s w ai ved be c aus e he di d notr a i s e i ti n hi s m ot i on t o s uppr e s s be l ow . S e e U ni t e d S t a t e s v.3

M uri l l o, 28 8 F . 3d 11 26 , 11 35 (9th C i r. 20 02 ) ( expl ai ni ng thatfa i l ure t o rai se a part i cul argrou nd i n sup po rtof a m ot i on t o sup pres s c on st i tut es w ai ver and “ pl ac es th e i s s u e b e y o n d th e s c o p e o f o u rab i l i tyt o r e v i e w f

o rp l a i n e rr o r ” ) . E v e n i f we w er e t o i nt erpretthe st al enes s argum entas a var i at i on of the grou nd L atham ra i se d in h is m o tio n to s u p p r e s s , g iv e n th e n a tu r e o f th e c r im e , th e th r e e - m o n th d e la yd id n o t r e n d e rth e in f

o rm a tio n s ta le . S e e U n ite d S ta te s v . L a c y , 1 1 9 F .3 d 7 4 2 , 7 4 6 ( 9 th C ir . 1 9 9 7 ) . T o a s s e s s L a th a m ’ s c l a i m th a th e wa s “ i n c u s t o d y ” d u r i n g h i s i n t e rv i e w, we re vi ew the t ot al i ty of f

ac t s and as k w hether a“ re as on abl e i nn ocentpers on i n such c i r c um s t a nc e s w oul d c onc l ude tha ta f t e rbr i e f que s t i oni ng he ors he w oul d notbe fr ee t o l ea ve. ” U ni t ed S t at es v. B oo th, 66 9 F . 2d 12 31 , 12 35 (9th C i r. 19 81 ). L a th a m w a s in te rv ie w e d in h is b e d r o o m w ith th e d o o ro p e n a n d w ith in e a r s hotof

hi s br othe r . A l l pa rt i e s a gr e e tha tno thr e a t s w e r e m a de dur i ng the se ar ch and thata c on vers at i on al t on e w as used throu gh ou t . L atham w as i nform ed on a tl e a s ttw o oc c a s i ons tha the w a s f r e e t o l e a ve . H e t e s t i f

i e d tha tone r e a s on he di d notdo s o i s tha the di d notw a ntt o l e a ve hi s br othe ra l one — s ugge s t i ng tha the stay ed b ec au se h e p re fe rr ed to , n o t b ec au se h e f elt co m p elled to re m ain . L ath am ’s neph ew , on the other hand, di d exerci se hi s r i gh tt o l ea ve. T hi s i s f urther in d ic a tio n th a t it w a s u n r e a s o n ab le f o rL a th a m to th in kh e c o u ld n o t le a v e a s w e ll.4

T h e d is tr ic t c o u rt d id n o t e rrin f in d in g th a t L a th a m w a s n o t “in c u s to d y ” d u r in g h is i n t e rv i e w. L a th a m ar g u e s th a t th e g o v e rn m e n t d e s tr o y e d tw o d e s k to p c o m p u te r s th a t it s e i z e d f r om hi s br othe r ’ s r e s i de nc e , the r e byvi ol a t i ng hi s due pr oc e s s r i ght s by f a ilin g to p r e s e rv e p o s s ib lye x c u lp a to rye v id e n c e . T h e g o v e rn m e n t d is p u te s th is c h a r a c te r iz a tio n o f

th e e v id e n c e . U n d e rC a lif o rn iav . T r o m b e tta , th e d u tyto p reserv e ev i d en ce i s: lim ite d to e v id e n c e th a t m ig h t b e e x p e c te d to p la yas ig n if ic a n t r o le in the suspec t ' s def

ense . T o m ee tthi s s t andard of const i tut i on al m at er i al i ty, evi dence m ustbo th p osse ss an excul pat ory val ue thatw as apparentbefore the evi dence w as destroye d, and b e of s uch a nature tha tthe de f

e nda ntw oul d be unabl e t o obt a i n c om pa r abl e e vi de nc e by o th e rr e a s o n ab lya v a ilab le m e a n s . 467 U . S . 479, 488- 89 ( 1984) ( f ootnot e a nd c i t a t i on om i tt e d) . T he r e i s no due p ro cess v i o l at i o n fo r fai l u re t o p reserv e p o t en t i al l y u sefu l ev i d en ce u n l ess th ere i s a s h o w in g o f

b a d f a ith . A r iz o n av . Y o u n g b lo o d , 4 8 8 U .S . 5 1 , 5 8 ( 1 9 8 8 ) . L a tha m ha s note s t abl i s he d t o a nyr e a s onabl e de gr e e tha tthe r e m i ghtha ve be e n e xc ul pa t orye vi de nc e f ound on the othe rde s kt op c om put e r s . N ordi d he es t abl i sh bad fai th. T he evi dence found on L atham ’ s l apt op com pu t erw as s uf f i c i e ntt o s upporthi s c onvi c t i ons a nd i nde pe nde ntf r om a nye vi de nc e tha tm i ghtL a tha m ’ s s e nt e nc e on C ount1 w a s s t a tut or i l ym a nda t e d. 1 5 h a v e b e e n d is c o v e r e d o n th e d e s k to p c o m p u te r s . T h e d is tr ic t c o u rt d id n o t e rrin f a ilin g to d is m is s th e in d ic tm e n t o n th e s e g r o u n d s . “W e r e v ie w d e n o v o w h e th e ras e n te n c e v io la te s th e E ig h th A m e n d m e n t.” U ni t ed S t at es v. M ei ners , 48 5 F . 3d 12 11 , 12 12 (9th C i r. 20 07 ). T o sust ai n an E ig h th A m e n d m e n t v io la tio n , th e r e m u s t b e ath r e s h o ld d e te rm in a tio n le a d in g to th e in f e r e n c e th a t th e s e n te n c e s a r e g r o s s lyd is p r o p o rtio n a te to th e c r im e . H arm el i n v . M i chi gan, 50 1 U . S . 95 7, 10 05 (199 1) (K ennedy, J. , concurri ng i n p art a n d c o n c u rr in g in th e ju d g m e n t) . T h e r e c o r d s u p p o rts n o s u c h in f e r e n c e . In re vi ew i ng the se nt enci ng deci si on , w e f i rs t“ consi der w hether the di stri ct c ourtc om m i tt e d s i gni f

i c a ntpr oc e dur a l e rr or , the n w e c ons i de rthe s ubs t a nt i ve r e a s o n ab le n e s s o f

th e s e n te n c e .” U n ite d S ta te s v . C a rty , 5 2 0 F .3 d 9 8 4 , 9 9 3 ( 9 th C ir . 2 0 0 8 ) . T he di s tr i c tc ourt ’ s i m pos i t i on of the s t a tut orym a xi m um s e nt e nc e s on C o u n ts 2 a n d 3 w a s n e ith e rp r o c e d u r a llye rr o n e o u s n o rs u b s ta n tiv e ly un re as on abl e. T he di stri ctcourtused the se nt enci ng gu i del i nes a s are fe re nce

1 poi ntt o de t e rm i ne tha tL a tha m ’ s of f e ns e l e ve l e xc e e de d the hi ghe s tl e ve l l i s t e d on th e s e n te n c in g tab le . L a th a m h a s id e n tif ie d n o p r o c e d u r a l e rr o r s , a n d b o th s e nt e nc e s f

a l l w i thi n the gui de l i ne s r a nge . C ons i de r i ng the t ot a l i tyof theLa th a m’ s d u e p r o c e s s c l a i m o f j u d i c i a l b i a s i s a l s o r a i s e d f o rth e f i r s tt i me 2 o n ap p e a l. W e f

in d n o e v id e n c e in th e r e c o r d o f b ia s o rh o s tility , a n d th u s n o p la in e rr o r . 6 c i r c um s t a nc e s , the s e nt e nc e s w e r e notunr e a s onabl e . S e e C a rty , 520 F . 3d a t988 ( e xpl a i ni ng tha t“ ac orr e c t l yc a l c ul a t e d G ui de l i ne s s e nt e nc e w i l l norm a l l ynotbe foun d u nrea sonabl e on app ea l ”) . L a th a m ’ s d o u b l e j e o p a r d yc l a i m i s r a i s e d f o rth e f i r s tt i m e o n ap p e a l ; we re vi ew for pl ai n err or. U ni t ed S t at es v. O l ano, 50 7 U . S . 72 5, 73 2 (19 93 ). L atham 2 w a s c onvi c t e d of

both R e c e i ptof

C hi l d P ornogr aphy ( C ount3) a nd P os s e s s i on of C h ildP o rn o g r ap h y( C o u n t 4 ) . T h e tw o C o u n ts w e r e b a s e d o n th e s a m e im a g e s . B e c au s e p o s s e s s io n is ale s s e r - in c lu d e d o f f e n s e o f r e c e ip t, th e d is tr ic t c o u rt p la in ly e rr e d by i m pos i ng c onvi c t i ons on both c ount s . U ni t e d S t a t e s v. D a ve nport , 519 F .3 d 9 4 0 , 9 4 7 ( 9 th C ir . 2 0 0 8 ) . T h e r e m e d yf

o rth is e rr o ris g e n e r a llyto r e m a n d to th e d is tr ic t c o u rt s o th a t it c a n d e c id e , in its d is c r e tio n , w h ic h c o n v ic tio n to v a c a te . W h ic h e v e rc o n v ic tio n is va c a t e d c a n be r e i ns t a t e d w i thoutpr e j udi c e i f the othe rc onvi c t i on i s ove rturne d on di re ctor col l at er al re vi ew . Id. at94 8. H er e, ho w ever , the di stri ctcourtre cogn i ze d thati tshou l d n oti m po se a s ent ence on bo th cou nt s and decl i ned t o i m po se a s e nt e nc e on C ount4. G i ve n tha tthe di s tr i c tc ourts e e m s t o ha ve be e n a w a r e of the D oubl e J e opa r dypr obl e m a nd tha ti tc hos e t o i m pos e as e nt e nc e onl yon C ount3,7

r e m a nd i s unne c e s s a ry . W e the r e f or e va c a t e the c onvi c t i on unde rC ount4 w i thout p r e ju d ic e . AF F I RME D I N P AR T a n d V AC AT E D I N P AR T .