IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT

No. 11-41010

In the Matter of: ASARCO, L.L.C.,

Debtors,

ASARCO, L.L.C.; ASARCO INCORPORATED; AMERICAS MINING

CORPORATION,

Appellants Cross-Appellees,

v.

BARCLAYS CAPITAL, INCORPORATED,

Appellee Cross-Appellant.

Appeals from the United States District Court for the 

Southern District of Texas

Before WIENER, ELROD, and SOUTHWICK, Circuit Judges.

JENNIFER WALKER ELROD, Circuit Judge:

In this fee dispute, we are asked to determine whether the bankruptcy

court erred in: (1) awarding a $975,000 fee enhancement to Barclays Capital,

Inc. (“Barclays”) pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 328(a); and (2) denying Barclays’s

request for a $2 million “success fee” based on the successful outcome of

ASARCO, L.L.C.’s Chapter 11 bankruptcy proceeding. For the following

reasons, we REVERSE the $975,000 fee enhancement and REMAND to the

district court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

United States Court of Appeals

Fifth Circuit

F I L E D

December 11, 2012

Lyle W. Cayce

Clerk

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I.

In August 2005, ASARCO, a mining company based in the United States

and owned by Grupo Mexico S.A.B. de C.V., filed a voluntary Chapter 11

bankruptcy petition in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern

District of Texas. ASARCO’s bankruptcy filing was precipitated by “a mounting

labor crisis, billions of dollars in environmental and asbestos liability, and a

decline in copper prices . . . .” ASARCO LLC v. Barclays Capital Inc. (In re

ASARCO LLC), 457 B.R. 575, 578 (S.D. Tex. 2011) (ASARCO II). 

Shortly after the petition date, ASARCO filed an application to retain

Lehman Brothers (“Lehman”) as its financial advisor and investment banker

during the course of the bankruptcy proceeding. In October 2005, the

bankruptcy court approved ASARCO’s application to retain Lehman pursuant

to §§ 327(a) and 328(a) of the Bankruptcy Code. See 11 U.S.C. §§ 327(a) and

328(a). 

ASARCO’s engagement letter with Lehman (“Engagement Letter”)

provided that Lehman would perform the following services: 

a. Advise and assist [ASARCO] in formulating a plan of

reorganization and/or analyzing any proposed plan, including

assisting in the plan negotiation and confirmation process of a

Restructuring Transaction under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy

Code;

b. In connection therewith, provide financial advice and assistance

to [ASARCO] in structuring any new securities to be issued in a

Restructuring Transaction;

c. Participate in negotiations among [ASARCO] and its creditors,

unions, suppliers, lessors and other interested parties relating to the

Chapter 11 Case;

d. Participate in hearings before the bankruptcy court with respect

to the matters upon which Lehman Brothers has provided advice,

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including, as relevant, coordinating with [ASARCO’s] counsel with

respect to testimony in connection therewith;

e. Provide expert witness testimony concerning any of the subjects

encompassed by the other financial advisory services;

f. Upon request, review and analyze any proposals [ASARCO]

receives from third parties in connection with a Transaction,

including, without limitation, any proposals for debtor-in-possession

(“DIP”) financing and/or exit financing;

g. Assist [ASARCO] in connection with [ASARCO’s] liquidity

analysis;

h. Review and analyze [ASARCO’s] business, operations, properties,

financial condition and prospects and financial projections

(including business plans provided by [ASARCO]);

i. Evaluate [ASARCO’s] debt capacity in light of its projected cash

flows and assist in the determination of an appropriate capital

structure for [ASARCO];

j. Analyze various restructuring scenarios and the potential impact

of these scenarios on the recoveries of those stakeholders impacted

by any Transaction;

k. Provide strategic advice with regard to restructuring or

refinancing [ASARCO’s] financial obligations;

l. Assist in the drafting, preparation and distribution of selected

information and other related documentation describing [ASARCO]

and the terms of a potential transaction; 

m. Assist [ASARCO] in identifying, contacting and evaluating

potential purchasers for any Sale Transaction; and

n. Provide such other advisory services as are customarily provided

in connection with the analysis and negotiation of a Restructuring

Transaction or a Sale Transaction, as requested.

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ASARCO II, 457 B.R. at 578–79. The Engagement Letter also listed services

that were outside the scope of Lehman’s engagement, including “accounting,

audit, crisis management, or business consulting services,” and “designing or

implementing operating, organizational, administrative, cash management or

liquidity improvements, or any advice or opinions with respect to solvency in

connection with any transaction.” Id. at 579 (internal quotation marks omitted). 

As compensation for the aforementioned services, ASARCO agreed to pay

Lehman a $100,000 monthly advisory fee for the first 24 months of service and

$75,000 per month thereafter until the end of Lehman’s engagement. ASARCO

also agreed to pay Lehman a $4 million transaction fee; however, 100% of the

advisory fees paid during the first 24 months and 50% of the advisory fees paid

thereafter would be credited towards the $4 million transaction fee. 

In August 2007, and again in January 2008, ASARCO applied to the

bankruptcy court for permission to expand the scope of Lehman’s engagement

and augment Lehman’s compensation package. ASARCO stated that it had

originally anticipated that Lehman’s role in the bankruptcy proceeding would

be limited and thus had negotiated the Engagement Letter with that limited role

in mind. After Lehman was retained, however, ASARCO regularly asked

Lehman to undertake additional (and, at times, critical) responsibilities that fell

outside the scope of the Engagement Letter. ASARCO wanted to compensate

Lehman for these additional services and to redefine the terms governing its

retention of Lehman for the remaining months of its engagement. With regard

to compensation, ASARCO sought to increase Lehman’s monthly advisory fee

retroactively to $150,000 for the period between April 2007 and September 2008.

In addition, Lehman asked the bankruptcy court for authority to apply for “an

additional discretionary fee based [on] the successful outcome” of ASARCO’s

bankruptcy. In its January 2008 application, ASARCO also requested

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permission to pay Lehman a total of $1 million for specified services that it

would render in connection with three pending fraudulent-transfer proceedings. 

In May 2008, the bankruptcy court approved ASARCO’s request to pay

Lehman $1 million for services related to the fraudulent-transfer proceedings,

but it declined to approve any of the other proposed revisions to the Engagement

Letter. See In re ASARCO LLC, 2010 WL 4976937, at *3 (Bankr. S.D. Tex. Dec.

2, 2010) (ASARCO I). According to the bankruptcy court: 

Lehman was bound by the terms of its original engagement but

could, under § 328(a), apply for additional compensation after the

conclusion of its employment if it could prove that its original terms

and conditions were “improvident in light of developments not

capable of being anticipated at the time of fixing of such terms and

conditions.” 

Id. (quoting 11 U.S.C. § 328(a)).

Less than four months later, in September 2008, Lehman’s parent

company, Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc., filed its own Chapter 11 bankruptcy

petition, commencing the largest bankruptcy proceeding in United States

history. And, a week after that, Barclays acquired Lehman’s investment

banking and financial advisory businesses.1

Barclays informed ASARCO that it was not willing to proceed under the

terms of the Engagement Letter. ASARCO subsequently agreed to increase

Barclays’s compensation and, in late November 2008, the bankruptcy court

approved the revised terms of Barclays’s engagement (“Revised Engagement 2

For the sake of clarity, we will refer to Lehman as Barclays for the remainder of this 1

opinion, even when discussing events that preceded Barclays’s acquisition of Lehman.

ASARCO and Barclays contemplated that the same team of investment bankers and 2

financial advisors that previously assisted ASARCO under the banner of Lehman would

continue to serve ASARCO as newly-minted members of Barclays. 

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Letter”) in accordance with §§ 327(a) and 328(a) of the Bankruptcy Code. The 3

Revised Engagement Letter provided that Barclays would receive a monthly

advisory fee of $225,000 and a transaction fee of $5 million. Unlike the original 

Engagement Letter, the Revised Engagement Letter specified that ASARCO’s

monthly advisory fee payments would not be credited towards the $5 million

transaction fee. In addition, the Revised Engagement Letter authorized

Barclays to seek a “discretionary fee based upon the successful outcome of the

case.” Barclays then proceeded to provide its services to ASARCO up to the

point of plan confirmation. 

In November 2009, the bankruptcy court approved the bankruptcy plan

that was presented by Grupo Mexico, which provided for: (1) a 100% return to

all of ASARCO’s creditors; and (2) Grupo Mexico’s reacquisition of ASARCO. 

The confirmed plan “result[ed] in one of the most successful bankruptcies in the

United States in history.” ASARCO II, 457 B.R. at 580. The bankruptcy court

praised Barclays for helping to make this outcome possible, remarking that

“[d]uring its more than four years of intensive service Lehman and then

Bar[clays] played a critical role in achieving the successful reorganization of

[ASARCO].” ASARCO I, 2010 WL 4976937, at *13. 

After the plan’s confirmation, Barclays submitted a final fee application

requesting, inter alia, (1) $1,202,500 for “unanticipated services”; (2) a $2 million

success fee (“Success Fee”) based on the overall outcome of ASARCO’s

reorganization; and (3) a $6 million auction fee (“Auction Fee”) for Barclays’s

assistance in marketing and auctioning one of the bankruptcy estate’s largest

The bankruptcy court’s order stated, in pertinent part, that “fee applications filed by 3

[Barclays] shall be subject to review pursuant to the standards set forth in Section 328(a) of

the Bankruptcy Code and not subject to the standard of review set forth in Section 330 of the

Bankruptcy Code.”

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assets. In December 2010, the bankruptcy court ruled that Barclays could

4

recover an additional $975,000 for the “unanticipated services” pursuant to

§ 328(a) of the Bankruptcy Code. Id. at *8. The bankruptcy court denied

Barclays’s request for the Success Fee and the Auction Fee. Id. at *13. 

The reorganized ASARCO appealed the bankruptcy court’s award of

$975,000 to Barclays, and Barclays appealed the bankruptcy court’s denial of the

Success Fee and Auction Fee. ASARCO II, 457 B.R. at 577–78. The district

court affirmed all of the bankruptcy court’s decisions. Id. at 594. 

This appeal followed, in which ASARCO challenges the $975,000 fee award

and Barclays contests the denial of its request for a $2 million success fee. 

Barclays has not challenged the denial of its request for a $6 million Auction

Fee. 

II.

In reviewing the rulings of the bankruptcy court, this court applies the

same standards of review as applied by the district court. In re Scopac, 624 F.3d

274, 279–80 (5th Cir. 2010). We review the award of attorneys’ fees for abuse of

discretion. In re Barron, 225 F.3d 583, 585 (5th Cir. 2000) (Barron I); see also

In re Pilgrim’s Pride Corp., 690 F.3d 650, 657–61 (5th Cir. 2012). In conducting

this review, we analyze the legal conclusions that guided the awarding court’s

determinations de novo and that court’s findings of fact for clear error. In re

Coho Energy Inc., 395 F.3d 198, 204 (5th Cir. 2004); In re Consol. Bancshares,

Inc., 785 F.2d 1249, 1252 (5th Cir. 1986). We also review mixed questions of law

and fact de novo. In re Quinlivan, 434 F.3d 314, 318 (5th Cir. 2005).

The request for the Auction Fee was premised on a supplemental engagement letter 4

that Barclays entered into with ASARCO. The bankruptcy court had never approved this

supplemental engagement letter. 

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III.

The first issue we consider is whether the bankruptcy court erred in

awarding $975,000 to Barclays pursuant to § 328(a) of the Bankruptcy Code. 

ASARCO contends that the court erred in so doing because the subsequent

developments giving rise to the additional services provided by Barclays were

not “incapable of anticipation,” which is a necessary prerequisite under § 328(a)

for increasing such fees. Barclays counters that it provided numerous services

that were both outside of the scope of the Revised Engagement Letter and “not

capable of being anticipated” at the time the bankruptcy court approved

Barclays’s retention, justifying the $975,000 fee enhancement. As set forth

below, we agree with ASARCO that the bankruptcy court erred in awarding the

$975,000 fee enhancement. 

A.

Before delving into the merits of this case, we deem it useful to consult

§ 328(a) of the Bankruptcy Code and our relevant case law interpreting it. 

Section 328(a) provides that: 

The trustee, or a committee appointed under section 1102 of this

title, with the court’s approval, may employ or authorize the

employment of a professional person under section 327 or 1103 of

this title, as the case may be, on any reasonable terms and

conditions of employment, including on a retainer, on an hourly

basis, on a fixed or percentage fee basis, or on a contingent fee basis.

Notwithstanding such terms and conditions, the court may allow

compensation different from the compensation provided under such

terms and conditions after the conclusion of such employment, if

such terms and conditions prove to have been improvident in light

of developments not capable of being anticipated at the time of the

fixing of such terms and conditions.

11 U.S.C. § 328(a) (emphasis added). 

We have repeatedly interpreted § 328(a) as meaning precisely what it says:

A professional may be retained on any reasonable terms; but, once those terms

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have been approved pursuant to § 328(a), the court may not stray from them at

the end of the engagement unless developments subsequent to the original

approval that were incapable of being anticipated render the terms improvident. 

See Coho Energy, 395 F.3d at 204–05; In re Barron, 325 F.3d 690, 693 (5th Cir.

2003) (Barron II); Barron I, 225 F.3d at 586 (admonishing the bankruptcy court

for failing to rely “upon the plain language of” § 328(a)); see also In re Nucentrix

Broadband Networks, Inc., 314 B.R. 574, 580 (Bankr. N.D. Tex. 2004) (“As

taught by the Fifth Circuit, the bankruptcy court must honor the plain meaning

of Section 328.”). Section 328(a) therefore creates a “high hurdle” for a movant

seeking to revise the terms governing a professional’s compensation ex post facto.

In re Smart World Techs., LLC, 552 F.3d 228, 234–35 (2d Cir. 2009)

(“Surprisingly few cases have construed [§ 328(a)’s] language, but those that

have make it evident that it is a high hurdle to clear.”); see also Coho Energy,

395 F.3d at 205 (commenting that § 328(a) sets a “high standard”). Such a

movant must show not merely that a compensation adjustment is appropriate

in light of subsequent developments that were previously unforeseen or

unanticipated by the parties; instead, the movant is tasked with the weightier

burden of proving that the subsequent developments were incapable of being

anticipated at the time the engagement was approved. See Barron II, 325 F.3d

at 693 (“[T]he intervening circumstances must have been incapable of

anticipation, not merely unanticipated.”); Barron I, 225 F.3d at 586 (“It is not

enough that the developments were simply unforeseen.”); Smart World, 552 F.3d

at 235 (“[S]imply because the size and scope of a settlement had not actually

been anticipated, it does not follow that it was incapable of anticipation.”). 

Likewise, before a court may revise a compensation agreement, it must explain

with specificity why the subsequent developments were “incapable of being

foreseen.” Barron II, 325 F.3d at 693; see also 3 Collier on Bankruptcy § 328.01 (Alan

N. Resnick & Henry J. Sommer eds., 16th ed. 2009) (“A failure by the bankruptcy court

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to make a record establishing that the approval was improvident and setting out

with specificity (not conclusory statements) the development that could not have

been anticipated at the time of approval will be insufficient to comply with the

requirements of section 328.”) (emphasis added); cf. In re Evangeline Ref. Co.,

890 F.2d 1312, 1327–28 (5th Cir. 1989) (“If a court awards fees but fails to

explain why compensation was awarded at the level it was given, it is difficult,

if not impossible, for an appellate court to engage in meaningful review of a fee

award.”). 

Section 328(a)’s establishment of such a “high hurdle” was no accident. 

Congress enacted § 328(a) to eliminate the previous uncertainty associated with

professional compensation in bankruptcy proceedings, even at the risk of

potentially underpaying, or, conversely, providing a windfall to, professionals

retained by the estate under § 328(a). Coho Energy, 395 F.3d at 204 (“When [the

bankruptcy courts’] fee discretion began to dissuade professionals from offering

their services to debtors, Congress passed section 328(a) of the bankruptcy code,

which allowed professionals to have greater certainty as to their eventual

payment.”); see also Barron II, 325 F.3d at 695 (Jones, C.J., concurring)

(referring to the attorney’s fee as a “sizeable windfall” but agreeing that the

attorney was entitled to receive it under § 328(a)); Smart World, 552 F.3d at 232

(“Where the court pre-approves the terms and conditions of the retention under

section 328(a), its power to amend those terms is severely constrained.”); In re

Nat’l Gypsum Co., 123 F.3d 861, 862–63 (5th Cir. 1997) (“If the most competent

professionals are to be available for complicated capital restructuring and the

development of successful corporate reorganization, they must know what they

will receive for their expertise and commitment. Courts must protect those

agreements and expectations, once found to be acceptable.”). 

Thus, consistent with § 328(a)’s text and purpose, we have reversed a

bankruptcy court’s reduction of an attorney’s contingency fee based on the

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limited amount of work that was needed for the attorney to prevail in an

adversary proceeding. Barron II, 325 F.3d at 691–92. In Barron II, the

bankruptcy court had approved a 33% contingency fee under § 328(a) for an

attorney retained by the estate to pursue a fraudulent transfer action against

the debtor’s husband. Id. After expeditiously obtaining and collecting on a

judgment for $160,000, the attorney filed an application seeking a $53,333.33

fee, which amounted to 33% of the recovery. Id. at 692. The bankruptcy court

refused to approve the application and instead reduced the attorney’s fee to

$24,341.25. Id. The court explained that a $53,333.33 fee was too high, and

thus, improvident, in light of three developments: (1) it “did not anticipate the

substantial amount of the subsequent recovery”; (2) the adversary proceeding

was a “slam dunk,” which enabled the attorney to prevail quickly; and (3) the

judgment was collected with “relative ease.” Id. at 693. 

We reversed and reinstated the original contingency fee because: (1) the

bankruptcy court had failed to explain specifically why the three subsequent

developments were actually incapable of anticipation; and (2) the record

indicated that the developments were foreseeable. Id. at 693–94. In so doing, 5

we made clear that fee arrangements approved under § 328(a) may not be cast

aside merely because the fee appears excessive in hindsight at the end of the

case. Id. at 693–95; see also Smart World, 552 F.3d at 235 (“[T]he fact that

contingency fees may appear excessive in retrospect is not a ground to reduce

them because ‘early success by counsel is always a possibility capable of being

In support of our conclusion that the developments were foreseeable, we explained

5

that: (1) the bankruptcy court had previously received documents indicating that the husband

owed $160,000; (2) before the attorney was retained, creditors had argued that the fraudulent

transfer proceeding “would prove easy”; and (3) “[t]here [was] no evidence that [the debtor’s

husband] did not have funds with which to pay an eventual judgment or that he would be

inclined to avoid his obligation. Although there was no certainty that [the attorney] would be

able to collect the judgment, it seems to us one could equally reasonably anticipate that he

might not unreasonably avoid payment, even if there was some possibility that collection

would not be easy.” Id. at 693–94. 

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anticipated.’” (quoting In re Gilbertson, 2007 WL 433096, at *5 (E.D. Wisc. Feb.

4, 2007)). Such arrangements will be honored unless they are proved to fit

within § 328(a)’s narrow improvidence exception. Barron II, 325 F.3d at 694.

We have upheld a bankruptcy court’s revision of a fee arrangement

pursuant to § 328(a)’s improvidence exception on only one occasion. See Coho

Energy, 395 F.3d at 205. In Coho Energy, the debtor hired a law firm to

represent it in a contract dispute. Id. at 200–01. The fee agreement, which was

approved under § 328(a), provided that the attorneys would receive a 30%

contingency fee, and that any disputes between that firm and the debtor would

be resolved through arbitration. Id. at 201. The debtor subsequently terminated

its relationship with that law firm and hired another to continue the litigation

that had been commenced by the initial firm. Id. The successor law firm

ultimately obtained an $8.5 million settlement in the debtor’s favor. Id. Even

though the new firm was successful in settling the contract dispute, the first

firm initiated an arbitration proceeding against the debtor to recover its fees. 

Id. Not having been informed of the $8.5 million settlement, the arbitrator

presumed that the litigation would settle for approximately $20 million and 

generate a $5.9 million contingency fee award for the original law firm. Id. at 6

201, 205. The bankruptcy court did not adhere to the arbitrator’s findings, and

instead awarded the original firm only $1,540,625 in legal fees. Id. at 202. We

affirmed the bankruptcy court’s decision, holding that: 

One of the findings of the arbitration panel was that the full amount

[the attorney] would be entitled to under the contract would be $5.9

million. This shows that the arbitration panel was operating on the

assumption that the total settlement would be approximately $20

million. That the arbitration panel would be kept so ill-informed as

The arbitrator also determined that the original firm would be entitled to a $2.9 6

million fee based on the quantum meruit doctrine. Id. 

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to use figures two and a half times in excess of the actual amount

qualifies as an unanticipatable development . . . .

Id. at 205. Thus, Coho Energy teaches that § 328(a)’s improvidence exception

may be satisfied if: (1) the fee arrangement called for an adjudicatory body to

resolve compensation disputes; and (2) that body’s conclusions were premised on

patently erroneous findings of fact. 

Finally, it bears mention that the Bankruptcy Code does not require that,

when setting their rate or means of payment at the commencement of an

engagement, professionals select the rigid standards of § 328(a). To the

contrary, professionals employed by the estate have the option of being

compensated under either § 328(a) or § 330(a). Barron II, 325 F.3d at 692; In re

Texas Sec., Inc., 218 F.3d 443, 445 (5th Cir. 2000); Nat’l Gypsum, 123 F.3d at

862. “Section 328 applies when the bankruptcy court approves a particular rate

or means of payment [at the outset of the engagement], and § 330 applies when

the court does not do so.” Texas Sec., 218 F.3d at 445. Section 330(a) is a far

more flexible provision, authorizing bankruptcy courts to award “reasonable

compensation for actual, necessary services rendered by the . . . professional

person . . . .” 11 U.S.C. § 330(a)(1)(A). Unlike § 328(a), § 330(a) affords

bankruptcy courts broad discretion when determining the amount that

professionals should be paid after they have completed their engagements. See

In re Babcock & Wilcox Co., 526 F.3d 824, 828 (5th Cir. 2008). This discretion

enables bankruptcy courts to consider numerous factors—including (1) the

lodestar, (2) those found in § 330(a)(3)’s non-exclusive list, and (3) those listed 7 8

“The lodestar amount is equal to the number of hours reasonably expended multiplied 7

by the prevailing hourly rate in the community for similar work.” Pilgrim’s Pride, 690 F.3d

at 655 (internal quotation marks omitted).

 Section 330(a)(3) provides: 8

In determining the amount of reasonable compensation to be awarded to an

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in Johnson v. Georgia Highway Express, Inc., 488 F.2d 714, 717–19 (5th Cir.

1994) —when determining “reasonable compensation.” Pilgrim’s Pride, 690 F.3d 9

at 654–56. As discussed above, however, professionals may avoid subjecting

their fees to the inherent uncertainty associated with such court discretion by

examiner, trustee under chapter 11, or professional person, the court shall

consider the nature, the extent, and the value of such services, taking into

account all relevant factors, including—

(A) the time spent on such services;

(B) the rates charged for such services;

(C) whether the services were necessary to the administration of, or

beneficial at the time at which the service was rendered toward the

completion of, a case under this title;

(D) whether the services were performed within a reasonable amount of

time commensurate with the complexity, importance, and nature of the

problem, issue, or task addressed;

(E) with respect to a professional person, whether the person is board

certified or otherwise has demonstrated skill and experience in the

bankruptcy field; and

(F) whether the compensation is reasonable based on the customary

compensation charged by comparably skilled practitioners in cases other

than cases under this title.

11 U.S.C. § 330(a)(3). 

 The twelve Johnson factors are: 9

(1) The time and labor required; (2) The novelty and difficulty of the questions;

(3) The skill requisite to perform the legal service properly; (4) The preclusion

of other employment by the attorney due to acceptance of the case; (5) The

customary fee; (6) Whether the fee is fixed or contingent; (7) Time limitations

imposed by the client or other circumstances; (8) The amount involved and the

results obtained; (9) The experience, reputation, and ability of the attorneys;

(10) The “undesirability” of the case; (11) The nature and length of the

professional relationship with the client; (12) Awards in similar cases.

Pilgrim’s Pride, 690 F.3d at 654 (quoting Johnson, 488 F.2d at 717–19). 

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obtaining prior approval of their fee arrangements under § 328(a). See also 10

Nat’l Gypsum, 123 F.3d at 862 (explaining that, under § 330(a), “compensation

[is] subject to the uncertainties of what a judge [thinks] the work [is] worth after

it ha[s] been done”); Smart World, 552 F.3d at 232 (“[S]ection 328(a) permits a

bankruptcy court to forgo a full post-hoc reasonableness inquiry.”). In so doing,

however, professionals must accept the tradeoff presented by § 328(a). That

section’s certainty and predictability come at the expense of flexibility: The

professionals would be underpaid if their engagements should require more work

than they had initially expected. See Nucentrix, 314 B.R. at 580–81 (“[I]f a firm

obtains the protection of Section 328, the firm and the Court must live with the

conditions of that section.”). 

B.

We now turn to the case at hand. The district court affirmed the

bankruptcy court’s $975,000 fee enhancement based on numerous developments

that it concluded were incapable of anticipation. The first development involved

the length of the ASARCO bankruptcy proceeding. ASARCO II, 457 B.R. at 582. 

We note in passing, however, that when a court approves a specific hourly rate (e.g.,

10

$200 per hour) pursuant to § 328(a) but fails to pre-approve the specific number of hours that

will be billed at that pre-approved hourly rate, the court may review the hours billed for

reasonableness in accordance with § 330(a). See In re Confections by Sandra, Inc., 83 B.R. 729,

733 (B.A.P. 9th Cir. 1987) (“Although the hourly rate was fixed by the May 10th order

approving the fee arrangement, the hours expended in pursuing the claim were not fixed. 

Thus, under the hourly rate approach, the trial court would have discretion to review the

appellant’s fee schedules to determine if the hours expended were reasonable under the

circumstances.”); Stephen J. Lubben, The Chapter 11 Financial Advisors, 28 Emory Bankr.

Dev. J. 11, 27–28 (2011) (“In short, § 328 involves whether the proposed hourly rate is

reasonable, while § 330 involves consideration of whether the number of hours actually billed

was reasonable. The court approves the rate at the point of retention and the total number

of hours at the point of the fee application.”). The court may not subsequently alter the preapproved hourly rate, however, unless it proves “improvident in light of developments not

capable of being anticipated at the time of the fixing of such terms and conditions.” See 11

U.S.C. § 328(a); Texas Sec., 218 F.3d at 445–46. On the other hand, when a court approves

a contingency fee or flat fee under § 328(a), the court may never revisit the amount of the fee

for reasonableness under § 330(a). See Barron II, 325 F.3d at 693–95. 

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The bankruptcy court found that, when the parties inked the Engagement

Letter, ASARCO’s “restructuring process was expected to take the form of a

quick sale,” and that ASARCO “expected the bankruptcy to take about one

month.” Id.; see also ASARCO I, 2010 WL 4976937, at *3 (“In the early stages

of this case, the Debtors’ restructuring process was expected to take the form of

a quick sale, because the company was unlikely to survive for long on its own in

its then-current operational state.”). The bankruptcy court found that this

expectation was reasonable based on the public information available to

Barclays at that time—which was limited because ASARCO was a non-public

subsidiary of a foreign company. ASARCO II, 457 B.R. at 582. After being

retained, however, Barclays became aware of numerous internal problems,

which hindered ASARCO’s ability to effectuate a quick sale: 

Since ASARCO was (and is) a non-public subsidiary of a foreign

company, [Barclays] had no way of knowing that the Company had

serious deficiencies in its internal management capabilities and

reporting systems. Further, no one could have anticipated that the

chief executive officer would be removed within one month or that

the Board would be replaced twice within the first months of this

case.

Id. (citation, internal quotation marks, and alterations omitted). 

Second, in addition to the departures of the CEO and board of directors,

ASARCO experienced a steady exodus of its salaried employees throughout 2005

and 2006. Id. at 582–83; see also ASARCO I, 2010 WL 4976937, at *5 (ASARCO

was “losing personnel at an alarming rate”). The bankruptcy court found the

scale of the employee exodus unusual, remarking that “although some

management upheaval is to be expected in a Chapter 11 case, it would be

difficult to forecast that a company with the size, complexity and history of

ASARCO would lack depth of management to the extent of company [sic].” 

ASARCO I, 2010 WL 4976937, at *5. This prompted Barclays, at ASARCO’s

request, to develop an employee retention plan, a task that was specifically

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excluded from the scope of Barclays’s engagement. ASARCO II, 457 B.R. at

582–83. 

The district court summarized other services performed by Barclays to

help stabilize ASARCO, some that were outside the scope of the Engagement

Letter and others that were not the kind traditionally performed by investment

bankers, including the following:

[Barclays] worked to resolve ASARCO’s liquidity crisis, a “service

beyond the scope of a traditional investment banker.” To that end,

it negotiated the terms of a debtor-in-possession financing facility

(“DIP”) and worked to resolve operational crises caused by the

ongoing labor strike, both of which were instrumental in avoiding

a disadvantageous quick liquidation.

[Barclays] recruited new members to ASARCO’s board of directors,

and upon the board’s request advised ASARCO’s management on a

daily basis on tasks that the debtor’s management typically

performs. This work included preparing “numerous reports

analyzing budget and cash flow projections and certain metal

purchase agreements,” and [Barclays] professionals were

permanently on-site at the Debtor’s Tucson offices.

. . .

[Barclays] filled ASARCO’s management vacuum caused by the

dismissal of ASARCO’s CEO and the absence of a CFO. [Barclays]

acted in place of a CFO and later assisted the new CFO in several

tasks, such as creating reports for constituents, managing

communications with financial advisors and creditors, and obtaining

and analyzing financial information.

[Barclays] led searches for a new CEO and contacted Joseph

Lapinsky, whose work as CEO was of enormous benefit to ASARCO.

[Barclays] also worked to retain for ASARCO the management

consulting firm of Alvarez & Marsal.

[Barclays] designed and implemented a copper hedging program,

“unique for a chapter 11 debtor outside of the ordinary course of the

debtor’s business,” and expended many hours achieving a consensus

regarding the hedging program among ASARCO’s many creditors.

Id. (quoting ASARCO I, 2010 WL 4976937, at *4–7). 

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After explaining the nature of Barclays’s expanded role in ASARCO’s

reorganization, the district court “turn[ed] to a review of the Bankruptcy Court’s

factual determination that [Barclays’s] agreement was improvident and

incapable of anticipation.” Id. at 585 (emphasis added). The district court

explained that it would conduct this review pursuant to the deferential clear

error standard and then held that:

Under this deferential standard, this Court affirms the Bankruptcy

Court’s determination that [Barclays’s] arrangement was

improvident and incapable of anticipation when it was made. There

is ample evidence in the record to support the Bankruptcy Court’s

conclusions that the length and complexity of the bankruptcy were

incapable of anticipation when [Barclays] entered into the

engagement letter. . . . Evidence . . . also supports the finding that

[Barclays] performed many services outside the scope of its original

agreement, the need for which was incapable of anticipation when

the agreement was made. This Court finds that the Bankruptcy

Court’s finding that Bar[clays] deserved $975,000 to make up for

[Barclays’s] services was supported by the record and not clearly

erroneous; therefore, the Court affirms the award of $975,000 to

Bar[clays].

Id. at 585 (emphasis added). 

C.

It is true that appellate courts must review the facts on which a fee award

is based for clear error. See Quinlivan, 434 F.3d at 318. In the context of a

§ 328(a) award, however, clear error is not the appropriate standard for

reviewing a conclusion that the facts (i.e., the subsequent developments) were

“not capable of being anticipated.” See 11 U.S.C. § 328(a). The question whether

subsequent developments were “not capable of being anticipated” is, at the very

least, a mixed question of law and fact, if not a pure question of law, subject in

either case to de novo review. See Barron II, 325 F.3d at 693 (holding “as a

matter of law, that none of the[] facts or developments [were] ‘not capable of

being anticipated’ within the meaning of Section 328(a)”); see also Quinlivan, 434

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F.3d at 318 (providing that questions of law and mixed questions of law and fact

are reviewed de novo). Thus, the district court erred in reviewing the

bankruptcy court’s conclusion that the subsequent developments were “not

capable of being anticipated” for clear error. Moreover, the district court erred

in reviewing the amount of the bankruptcy court’s fee enhancement for clear

error. See ASARCO II, 457 B.R. at 585. We review the amount of the fees

awarded by the bankruptcy court for abuse of discretion. See Barron I, 225 F.3d

at 585. 

We reverse the bankruptcy court because none of the facts on which the

$975,000 enhancement is based satisfy § 328(a)’s improvidence exception. The

bankruptcy court’s analysis focused on the notion that, given ASARCO’s status

as a non-public subsidiary of a foreign corporation, Barclays did not know—and

was incapable of discovering—how dysfunctional ASARCO truly was at the time

that it agreed to the terms of the Engagement Letter. The bankruptcy court also

relied heavily on the fact that many of ASARCO’s executives, directors, and

salaried employees had jumped ship during the pendency of the bankruptcy

case, resulting in a significant vacuum of leadership and management. The

additional services performed by Barclays were aimed at reducing ASARCO’s

dysfunction and filling the gaps created by those who had left. Although these

efforts were commendable, we conclude that the developments giving rise to the

need for Barclays’s additional services were capable of being anticipated and,

therefore, fail to satisfy § 328(a)’s improvidence exception.

Barclays contends, in essence, that when it agreed to the terms of the

Engagement Letter, it anticipated that ASARCO would be making a quick stop

in Chapter 11. To analogize, Barclays apparently thought that it had a dusty,

yet functional, Corvette on its hands. Although it needed a little polish, this

Corvette was poised for a speedy trip into and out of Chapter 11 with the help

of an experienced driver, i.e., Barclays. Once in the driver’s seat, however,

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Barclays realized that the Corvette needed far more than a car wash. The dust

was nothing compared to the disarray that it discovered “under the hood.” 

Assuming, arguendo, that Barclays did not know that ASARCO had more

serious problems, we nevertheless conclude that it could have and should have

anticipated, within the meaning of § 328(a), that a company in need of a Chapter

11 reorganization might have latent problems lurking under its hood. Cf. In re

Home Express, Inc., 213 B.R. 162, 165 (Bankr. N.D. Cal. 1997) (“[B]ad

management is too often the norm in Chapter 11 cases.”). It is foreseeable that

such problems, once discovered, could transform what was expected to be a pitstop into a lengthy reorganization process, requiring considerably more work

than was initially expected. 

Here, the record indicates that, much like the dusty Corvette, ASARCO

was coated in, at the very least, a substantial layer of dust when Barclays agreed

to the terms of the Engagement Letter. At that time, a union was on strike and

“no end to the strike was in sight.” ASARCO I, 2010 WL 4976937, at *4. In the

words of the bankruptcy court, the strike made it “impossible to predict when

[ASARCO’s] employees would return to their jobs and allow [ASARCO] to

resume normal operations.” Id. (emphasis added). Further, Barclays was well

aware that ASARCO’s bankruptcy filing had been precipitated by, in addition

to the labor crisis, “billions of dollars in environmental and asbestos liability,

and a decline in copper prices.” ASARCO II, 457 B.R. at 578. Thus, Barclays

was capable of anticipating that its plans for a quick pit-stop reorganization

could be slowed by the problems of which it was aware, like the labor strike, as

well as other foreseeable problems—such as inadequate leadership,

management, internal controls, and reporting systems—that it had not yet

discovered. See Home Express, 213 B.R. at 165 (explaining that surprises are

common in Chapter 11 proceedings). 

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Moreover, Barclays’s EngagementLetter with ASARCO clearly illustrates

the parties’ understanding that the reorganization process could last well over

one month, if not multiple years. Specifically, the Engagement Letter provided

that Barclays would receive a $100,000 monthly advisory fee for the first 24

months of service and, thereafter, $75,000 per month until the end of Barclays’s

engagement. These terms are significant because courts routinely hold that

subsequent developments were capable of being anticipated when the

engagement agreement explicitly plans for the possibility that such

developments might occur. See, e.g., Smart World, 552 F.3d at 235 (“[T]he

prospect of prolonged litigation always exists, and was clearly anticipated by the

parties, who made [the attorneys’] contingent fee a function of the length of the

litigation.”); In re Merry-Go-Round Enters., Inc., 244 B.R. 327, 337 (Bankr. D.

Md. 2000) (pre-trial settlement was capable of being anticipated as the parties’

contingency fee agreement established the applicable fee in the event of a

settlement); Confections by Sandra, 83 B.R. at 733 (same); Liani v. Baker, 2010

WL 2653392, at *10 (E.D.N.Y. June 28, 2010) (“[I]t was impossible to argue that

Liani’s default was a development ‘not capable of being anticipated’ . . . [because

the] very provision at issue was included in the agreement precisely because the

possibility of default was anticipated.”). Accordingly, the Engagement Letter

itself undermines Barclays’s contention that a protracted reorganization could

not have been anticipated. It demonstrates the parties’ own understanding that

the engagement could last for more than two years. See also ASARCO II, 457

B.R. at 585 n.6 (“This Court finds it incredible that any sophisticated lawyer or

advisor actually thought that this bankruptcy would last for only one month.”). 

We are also unpersuaded by Barclays’s proffered excuse that it had no way

of knowing—and, therefore, could not have anticipated—the full extent of

ASARCO’s internal disarray because ASARCO was a non-public subsidiary that

did not share confidential information prior to Barclays’s retention. Barclays’s

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theory essentially concedes that, when it signed up for the job, it knew that it

lacked a complete understanding of ASARCO’s overall condition. Cognizant of

this information gap, it nevertheless agreed to be compensated in accordance

with the rigid standards found in § 328(a). Barclays was not required to do so;

it could have chosen to be compensated under § 330(a), which gives bankruptcy

courts broad discretion to award reasonable fees after the engagement has

ended. See Barron II, 325 F.3d at 692; Texas Sec., 218 F.3d at 445; Nat’l

Gypsum, 123 F.3d at 862. This would have easily enabled Barclays to seek more

compensation than it expected to request at the outset of the case if it ultimately

provided more services than originally anticipated. Barclays chose to be

compensated in accordance with § 328(a), however, which mandates a different,

immutable bargain. As Barclays enjoyed the benefits of this bargain by, for

example, obtaining pre-approval of a $4 million transaction fee, it must now 11

bear § 328(a)’s burdens. In re Amberjack Interests, Inc., 326 B.R. 379, 387

(Bankr. S.D. Tex. 2005) (“[Fee applicant who] enjoyed the benefit of Section

328(a) in protecting his fee from potential reduction . . . must also accept Section

328(a)'s rigid standard in attempting to enhance his fee.”). Because Barclays

knew when it signed the Engagement Letter thatitlacked complete information,

it cannot now seek additional compensation simply because the previously

undisclosed information reduced Barclays’s projected bottom-line. Barclays

could have anticipated this outcome and should have accounted for it in the fee

arrangement that was approved under § 328(a). See also Home Express, 213 12

This transaction fee was later increased to $5 million after Barclays renegotiated the 11

terms of the Engagement Letter. 

We also generally disagree with the distinction Barclays makes between public and 12

private companies. If we accepted Barclays’s theory, it would likely make it easier for those

employed by private companies, which comprise the majority of Chapter 11 filers, to seek to

re-write their compensation terms after the engagement has ended, thus undermining

§ 328(a)’s framework. Such professionals would simply need to point to confidential

information that they were prevented from accessing pre-retention when arguing that

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B.R. at 165 (“[M]ost Chapter 11 cases are filled with surprises, both good and

bad, and [professionals] should build such contingencies into their flat fee.”). 

Likewise, we find no merit in Barclays’s contention that the employee

exodus was incapable of anticipation. The bankruptcy court acknowledged that

“some management upheaval is to be expected in a chapter 11 case” but then

concluded that “it would be difficult to forecast that a company with the size,

complexity, and history of ASARCO” would have such a steady loss of salaried

employees. ASARCO I, 2010 WL 4976937, at *5 (emphasis added). We conclude

that, although the parties might not have expected such an extraordinary

employee exodus, they could have anticipated that executives, board members,

and salaried employees would depart the company after it filed a Chapter 11

petition. See Michelle M. Harner, The Corporate Governance and Public Policy

Implications of Activist Distressed Debt Investing, 77 FORDHAM L. REV. 703, 759

n.352 (2008) (“Management turnover in connection with a Chapter 11 case is not

a new development.”); Lynn M. LoPucki & William C. Whitford, Corporate

Governance in the Bankruptcy Reorganization of Large, Publicly Held

Companies, 141 U.PA.L.REV. 669, 723–38 (1993) (discussing empirical research

indicating that turnover among chief executive officers is common during the

pendency of Chapter 11 proceedings). The fact that the number of personnel

departures was above average, or even extraordinary, does not transform a

foreseeable development into one that is incapable of anticipation.

Cf. Nucentrix, 314 B.R. at 580 (“While no party, even including this Court,

expected the auction process would be so successful, the success of the auction

was capable of being anticipated.”). 

subsequent developments, which required additional, unexpected services, were incapable of

anticipation. We decline to open this door. 

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Finally, although Barclays undertook numerous tasks, discussed supra,

that either went beyond the scope of the Engagement Letter or constituted

services not typically performed by investment banks, see ASARCO II, 457 B.R.

at 582–83, the bankruptcy court failed to explain with the requisite specificity

why Barclays was incapable of anticipating that it would be asked to perform

such services. See Barron II, 325 F.3d at 693 (bankruptcy court must explain

with specificity why developments were “incapable of being foreseen”); 3 Collier

on Bankruptcy § 328.01 (“A failure by the bankruptcy court to make a record

establishing that the approval was improvident and setting out with specificity

(not conclusory statements) the development that could not have been anticipated

at the time of approval will be insufficient to comply with the requirements of

section 328.”) (emphasis added). Thus, on this record, we conclude that the

bankruptcy court erred in granting fee enhancements based on services that fell

outside the scope of Barclays’s engagement. 

13

In sum, we conclude that all of the subsequent developments in the

ASARCO bankruptcy proceeding were “capable of being anticipated” within the

meaning of § 328(a). Accordingly, the bankruptcy court erred in awarding

Barclays a $975,000 fee enhancement based on § 328(a). 

IV.

The second issue presented in this case is whether the bankruptcy court

erred in denying the $2 million Success Fee sought by Barclays. Although we

find no reversible error, we remand to the district court with instructions to

remand to the bankruptcy court for it to consider whether a Success Fee is

To the extent the enhancements were based on the employee exodus or the 13

unexpected internal dysfunction at ASARCO, they were improper because, as discussed supra,

those developments were capable of being anticipated.

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appropriate in light of our conclusion that the $975,000 fee enhancement award

was made in error.14

A.

Barclays first contends that the bankruptcy court “erred by not applying

11 U.S.C. § 330’s reasonableness test to the requested fee, which should have

governed because the amount of the success fee was not pre-approved.” In

support, Barclays relies on our statement in Texas Securities that § 328(a)

“applies when the bankruptcy court approves a particular rate or means of

payment, and § 330 applies when the court does not do so.” 218 F.3d at 445. 

Barclays contends that because the Revised Engagement Letter “did not specify

an amount for the success fee, the bankruptcy court should have considered

§ 330(a)(3)’s reasonableness factors.” 

Paragraph 6(f) of the Revised Engagement Letter authorized Barclays:

to apply to the court for final approval of an additional discretionary

fee based upon the successful outcome of the Chapter 11 case. This

fee shall be based upon a variety of factors including but not limited

to quality of service, creativity of advice, and comparable market

rates, all of which should be evaluated by the most objective

standard available.

ASARCO I, 2010 WL 4976937, at *10. 

Without addressing § 330(a)(3), the bankruptcy court denied Barclays’s

request for the discretionary Success Fee because it found that it had already

awarded Barclays sufficient compensation:

There is no dispute that these Chapter 11 Cases were a remarkable

success. Moreover, Bar[clays’] advice, commitment, and

undertaking of a variety of tasks, including those that are typically

We do so because the bankruptcy court’s finding—that it had awarded Barclays 14

sufficient compensation and did not need to award a Success Fee—was based in part on the

$975,000 fee enhancement. Accordingly, the bankruptcy court, on remand from the district

court, must consider whether a discretionary Success Fee should be awarded, and, if so, in

what amount.

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not performed by investment bankers, provided benefits to the

estate. Indeed, both this Court and the District Court recognized

the benefits conferred upon the estate by Bar[clays]. The contract

rate plus the additional [$975,000 in] fees awarded herein provide

Bar[clays] with reasonable compensation for the services performed

at a market rate. Therefore, taking into consideration the

nonexclusive factors set out in the Bar[clays] engagement letter, the

Court finds that no additional compensation is warranted.

Id. at *11. 

We conclude that the bankruptcy court did not err in declining to consult

the factors listed in § 330(a)(3). Nothing in Paragraph 6(f) required the

bankruptcy court to consult § 330(a)(3) and, more importantly, the Revised

Engagement Letter explicitly disclaims consideration of that provision. 

Paragraph 11 of the Revised Engagement Letter provides that Barclays’s

retention would be “subject to the standard of review provided for in Section

328(a) of the Bankruptcy Code, and not subject to any other standard of review

under section 330 of the Bankruptcy Code.” We adhere to the parties’ wishes as

expressed in the Revised Engagement Letter.

Further, Barclays’s reliance on Texas Securities is misplaced. There, we

were asked to determine whether an attorney’s employment was “governed by

11 U.S.C. § 328 or 11 U.S.C. § 330.” Texas Sec., 218 F.3d at 444. The question

arose because the bankruptcy court’s order approving the attorney’s employment

was ambiguous as to which provision governed. See id. at 444–45. We resolved

the dispute by applying the rule that § 328(a) “applies when the bankruptcy

court approves a particular rate or means of payment, and § 330 applies when

the court does not do so.” Id. at 445. In this case, however, there is no question

that Barclays’s engagement was governed by § 328(a). We are only asked to

address the much narrower question: whether § 330(a)(3)’s factors must be

considered when a compensation arrangement that was approved under § 328(a)

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provides for a discretionary success fee. Texas Securities provides no assistance

in resolving this discrete issue. 

In disputes governed by § 328(a), the contractual arrangement is supreme,

and we shall enforce the contract as written. See Nat’l Gypsum, 123 F.3d at 862

(“Courts must protect those [§ 328(a)] agreements and expectations, once found

to be acceptable.”); cf. In re Citation Corp., 493 F.3d 1319, 1319 (11th Cir. 2007)

(explaining that it is appropriate for the court to recognize that the employment

contract “was a product of free and equal bargaining by sophisticated,

knowledgeable parties” when considering whether to adjust a fee pre-approved

under § 328). If Barclays wanted the Success Fee to be evaluated in light of the

factors found in § 330(a)(3), it should have provided for such review expressly in

the Revised Engagement Letter. Because the Revised Engagement Letter is

devoid of any such mandate, the bankruptcy court did not err in declining to

address § 330(a)(3).15

B.

Barclays next contends that the bankruptcy court incorrectly focused on

Paragraph 6(f)’s “comparable market rates” factor and failed to consider the

other factors listed in that paragraph when declining to award the Success Fee. 

We disagree. The bankruptcy court’s opinion stated that it considered “the

nonexclusive factors set out in the” Revised Engagement Letter. See ASARCO

I, 2010 WL 4976937, at *11. Accordingly, Barclays’s claim to the contrary is

without merit. 

We note that the three factors found in Paragraph 6(f) are unquestionably non- 15

exclusive. Accordingly, the bankruptcy court would have been acting within its discretion by

considering § 330(a)(3) when evaluating whether to grant the Success Fee. Nothing in

Paragraph 6(f) required the bankruptcy court to do so, however, and we find no error in its

decision not to consider the factors listed in § 330(a)(3). 

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C.

Finally, Barclays argues that the bankruptcy court “made a clearly

erroneous factual finding that Bar[clays] had received market rate

[compensation] when both parties’ evidence showed to the contrary.” Our review

of the record leaves us with the definite and firm conviction that no such error

occurred. See Quinlivan, 434 F.3d at 318. Accordingly, we reject Barclays’s

contention that the bankruptcy court clearly erred in finding that Barclays was

compensated at market rate. 

V.

For the foregoing reasons, we REVERSE the $975,000 fee enhancement

award and we REMAND to the district court for further proceedings consistent

with this opinion. 

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