### IN THE CO URT OF CR IMINAL APPEALS OF T ENN ESSEE

AT JACKSON

Ass ig ne d o n B rie fs Nov em be r 1, 2 01 1

STATE OF TENNESS EE v . MARQUETTE WOO DS

D i r e c t A p p e a l f

r o m t h e C r i m i n a l C o u r t f o r S h e l b y C o u n t y

N o

. 1 0

- 0 1 8 9 9 P a u l a S k a h a n , J u d g e

N o

. W 2 0 1 1

- 0 0 8 1 9

- C C A

- R 3

- C D

- F i l e d F e b r u a r y 1 0

, 2 0 1 2

T h e d ef en d an t, M arq u ette Wo o d s, w as co n v icted b y a S h elb y C o u n ty C rim in al C o u rt j u ry

o f ag g rav ated ro b b ery

, a C lass B f elo n y

, an d w as sen ten ced to n in e y ears in th e D ep artm en t

o f C o rrectio n

. O n ap p eal, h e ch allen g es th e su f f icien cy o f th e co n v ictin g ev id en ce. A f ter

rev iew , w e af

f irm th e j u d g m en t o f

th e trial co u rt.

T e n n

. R

. A p p

. P

. 3 A p p e a l a s o f R i g h t ; J u d g m e n t o f t h e C r i m i n a l C o u r t A f f i r m e d

A LA N E

. G LE N N

, J

. , d e l i v e r e d t h e o p i n i o n o f t h e C o u r t

, i n w h i c h J O S E P H M

. T IP T O N

, P

. J

. , a n d

J E R R Y L

. S M IT H

, J

. , j o i n e d

.

S t e p h e n C

. B u s h

, D i s t r i c t P u b l i c D e f e n d e r ; B a r r y W

. K u h n ( o n a p p e a l ) a n d A l i c i a J

. K u t c h

a n d J e n n i f

e r E

. J o h n s o n ( a t t r i a l )

, A s s i s t a n t P u b l i c D e f e n d e r s

, f o r t h e a p p e l l a n t

, M a r q u e t t e

W o o d s

.

R o b e r t E

. C o o p e r

, J r

. , A t t o r n e y G e n e r a l a n d R e p o r t e r ; J e f f r e y D

. Z e n t n e r

, A s s i s t a n t A t t o r n e y

G e n e r a l ; A m y P

. W e i r i c h

, D i s t r i c t A t t o r n e y G e n e r a l ; a n d C o r l i s s S h a w

, A s s i s t a n t D i s t r i c t

A t t o r n e y G e n e r a l

, f

o r t h e a p p e l l e e

, S t a t e o f T e n n e s s e e

.

O P I N I O N

F A C T S

T h e d ef en d an t w as in d icted o n ch arg es o f ag g rav ated ro bbe r y a nd a g g rav ated assau lt 1

af ter th e v ictim

, R ay f

o rd R ich ard so n

, id en tif

ied th e d ef

en d an t as th e m an w h o to o k $ 9 1 3

f ro m h im at g u n p o in t.

T he a gg ra vated ass aul t c har ge was d is m is sed

. 1S ta te’s P ro o f

A t trial, th e six ty -sev en -y ear-o ld v ictim testif ied th at h e w as ro b b ed o n Ju ly 2 2

, 2 0 0 9

. T h e v ictim recalled th at, o n th at d a t e

, h e w en t to th e b an k an d w ith d rew $ 1 0 1 3 an d th en

d ro v e to h is h o u se, arriv in g aro u n d 1 :3 0 o r 2 :3 0 p .m

. A f ter h e p u lled in to th e d riv ew ay an d

w as g ettin g o u t o f h is car, h e h eard so m eo n e ru n n in g u p b eh in d h im

. H e recalled th at “th e

p erso n said g iv e m e th e m o n ey

. A n d I said w h at m o n ey

. A n d t h e n h e s a i d g iv e m e th e

m o n ey .” T h e ro b b e r w as arm ed w ith w h at ap p eared to b e a b lack .3 8 calib er rev o lv er,

w h ich h e p o in ted at th e v ictim an d th reaten ed to sh o o t. T h e v ictim g o t a g o o d lo o k at th e

ro b b er an d id en tif

ied th e d ef

en d an t as th e ro b b er in co u rt.

T h e v i c t i m t e s t i f

ied th at h is w if

e cam e to th e d o o r, ex claim ed th at th e v ictim w as

b ein g ro b b ed

, an d th e d ef en d an t co m m an d ed h er to g o b ack in sid e. T h e v ictim ’s so n th en

cam e to th e d o o r an d en treated th e v ictim to h an d o v er th e m o n ey

. T h e v ictim sto o d u p

, an d

th e d ef en d an t reach ed in to th e v ictim ’s p o ck et, g rab b ed $ 9 1 3

, g o t in to a car, an d lef t. T h e

d ef en d an t d ro v e to th e en d o f th e street, “w h ich is a d ead en d [ ,] an d tu rn ed aro u n d an d cam e

b ack o u t.” A s th e d ef

en d an t d ro v e b y th e v ictim ’s h o u se, h e p o in ted th e g u n at th e v ictim

. T h e v ictim ’s w if

e an d so n w ere stan d in g i n t h e d r i v e w ay w ith h im at th at tim e, an d th e

v ictim ’s so n w as ab le to g et th e tag n u m b er f ro m th e car.

T h e v ictim testif

ied th at h e called th e p o lice an d th at th ey cam e to th e scen e an d to o k

a statem en t f

ro m h im

. T h e d ay af

ter th e ro b b ery

, h e sp o k e w ith S erg ean t Wh ite in t h e

ro b b ery d iv isio n

. S erg ean t Wh ite sh o w ed h im an array o f su sp ects f ro m w h ich h e id en tif

ied

th e d ef en d an t as th e ro b b er. S erg ean t Wh ite th en in f o rm ed h im th at th e t a g n u m b er f ro m

th e car in v o lv ed in th e ro b b ery traced b ack to th e s u s p e c t h e h a d id en tif ied

. In co u rt, th e

v ictim reiterated th at h e w as su re th e d ef en d an t w as th e p erso n w h o ro b b ed h im

.

D ef en d a n t’s P ro o f

A sh ley S m ith , th e d ef

en d an t’s g irlf

rien d , testif

ied th at, in Ju ly

2 0 0 9 , sh e liv ed w ith

a ro o m m ate, S ierra K n ig h t, at th e E d en P o in t A p artm en ts, an d th e d ef en d an t sp en t th e n ig h t

w ith h er f req u en tly

. N eith er S m ith n o r th e d ef en d an t w ere em

p lo y ed at th e tim e, b u t K n ig h t

h ad a j o b

. S m ith co u ld n o t recall Ju ly 2 2

, 2 0 0 9

, sp ecif ically

, b u t sh e recalled h er ro u tin e f o r

th at m o n th

. S h e said th at sh e w o u ld w ak e u p aro u n d n o o n

, an d K n ig h t w o u ld g et read y f o r

w o rk . A ro u n d 1 :4 5 p .m . sh e w o u ld d riv e K n ig h t to w o rk an d th en retu rn h o m e. S h e said

th at th e d ef

en d an t sp en t th e n ig h t w ith h er th e n ig h t b ef o re th e v ictim w as ro b b ed

, an d h e

acco m p an ied h er to tak e K n ig h t to w o rk th e d ay o f th e ro b b ery

. A p p ro x im ately th irty

m in u tes af

ter th ey g o t h o m e f

ro m tak in g K n ig h t to w o rk , th e d ef en d an t’s f rien d , T erran ce

R o b in so n

, arriv ed at h er ap artm en t in th e d ef en d an t’s car to p ick u p th e d ef en d an t. S h e

ex p lain ed th at R o b in so n h ad th e d ef en d an t’s car b ecau se th e d ef en d an t d id n o t lik e to p ark

-2-it at S m ith ’s ap artm en t d u e to crim e co n cern s.

S m ith testif

ied th at sh e assu m ed th at R o b in so n d ro p p ed th e d ef en d an t o f f at a n

au to m o b ile p ain t sh o p b ecau se th e d ef en d an t called h er an h o u r later ask in g h er to p ick h im

u p f ro m su ch lo catio n

. S m ith ex p lain ed th at th e d e f e n d an t’s car w as b ein g rep ain ted

b ecau se h e h ad b een in a recen t accid en t. S h e said th at th e d ef en d an t’s in su ran ce w as

p ay in g f o r t h e rep airs. T h e d ef

en d an t h ad a ch eck w ith h im f ro m th e in su ran ce co m

p an y

w ith w h ich to p ay

f o r th e rep airs, an d sh e ag reed th at th e d ef en d an t m ig h t h av e n eed ed to

g o to th e b an k to cash th e ch eck in o rd er to d o so

. A f ter S m ith p ick ed u p th e d ef en d an t f ro m

th e p ain t sh o p

, th ey retu rn ed to h er ap artm en t. T h ey rem ain ed at S m ith ’s ap artm en t f o r tw o

to th ree h o u rs u n til th e d ef en d an t lef t ag ain aro u n d d in n er tim e. S h e d id n o t see w h o p ick ed

u p th e d ef

en d an t, b u t h e retu rn ed ag ain later th at n ig h t b ein g d ro p p ed o f f b y R o b in so n

.

S m ith ack n o w led g ed th at h er testim o n y co n cern ed h er d aily

ro u tin e an d th at it w as

n o t p art o f th e d ef

en d an t’s d aily ro u tin e to tak e h is car to th e p ain t sh o p

. S h e ad m itted th at

sh e w as n o t certain th at th e ev en ts co n cern in g th e d ef en d an t’s tak in g h is car to th e p ain t

sh o p an d h er p ick in g h im u p h ap p en ed o n th e d ay th at th e ro b b ery o ccu rred

. S m ith stated

th at sh e h ad n o k n o w led g e o f th e ro b b ery o f th e v ictim an d d id n o t f in d o u t ab o u t it u n til th e

d ef en d an t tu rn ed h im self in

. T h e d ef en d an t d id n o t g iv e h er an y d etails, b u t h e to ld h er th at

an in v estig ato r w as g o in g to call h er an d th at sh e w as h is alib i. S h e th o u g h t th is o ccu rred

at th e en d o f Ju ly o r th e b eg in n in g o f A u g u st. S h e said th e p o lice n ev er co n tacted h er. S h e

cam e f o rw ard th e d ay b ef

o re trial to say th at th e d ef en d an t w as w ith h er at th e tim e o f th e

ro b b ery

.

S m ith testif

ied th at sh e h ad k n o w n th e d ef en d an t sin ce 2 0 0 4 an d co n sid ered th em to

b e en g ag ed

. E v en so

, sh e w o u ld n o t lie f o r h im if h e co m

m itted a crim e. S h e said th at th e

d ef en d an t h ad h ad a slig h t g o atee an d m u stach e sin ce sh e h ad k n o w n h im

. S h e id en tif ied

th e d ef en d an t in th e p h o to g rap h ic array th at h ad b een sh o w n to th e v ictim

. S h e n o ted th at

R o b in so n w as also p ictu red in th e array

– in th e to p rig h t co rn er. S h e said th at R o b in so n h ad

a sm aller m

u stach e th an th e d ef

en d an t an d d id n o t h av e a g o atee.

T h e d ef en d an t testif

ied th at h e d id n o t ro b th e v ictim

. H e rec a l l e d th e seq u en ce o f

ev en ts o f th e d ay o f th e ro b b ery co n sisten tly to th at testif ied b y S m ith

. H e said th at h e h ad

k n o w n T erran ce R o b in so n sin ce elem en tary sch o o l. H e claim ed th at af ter R o b in so n p ick ed

h im u p at S m ith ’s ap artm en t, h e d ro p p ed R o b in so n o f f at h is h o u se a n d t h e n w en t to h is

g ran d m o th er’s h o u se to p ick u p h is in su ran ce ch eck

. H e said th at th e in su ran ce ch eck w as

in th e am o u n t o f $ 2 7 0 0 f

o r a h it an d ru n claim h e h ad f iled

. A f ter leav in g h is g ran d m o th er’s

h o u se, th e d ef

en d an t w en t to th e p ain t sh o p

, lef t h is car, an d h ad S m ith co m e p ick h im u p

. T h ey retu rn ed to S m ith ’s ap artm en t w h ere h e stay ed f o r th ree to th ree an d a h alf h o u rs.

-3-T h e d ef en d an t testif

ied th at, af

ter th at tim e p erio d

, “[ h is] p artn er N o el Jack so n ” cam e

an d p ick ed h im u p f

ro m S m ith ’s. T h e d ef

en d an t claim ed th at Jack so n called an d to ld h im

th at a ro b b ery h ad b een co m m itted b y so m eo n e d riv in g th e d ef en d an t’s car. T h e d ef

en d an t

called T erran ce R o b in so n to co n f ro n t h im ab o u t th e ro b b ery

, b u t R o b in so n “said n o th in g .”

T h e d ef en d an t claim ed th at R o b in so n co m m itted th e ro b b ery

.

T h e d ef en d an t ack n o w led g ed th at h e d ro v e a 2 0 0 4 In f in iti I3 5

, w h ich u sed to b e g o ld

b u t h a d b een rep ain ted w h ite. H e said th at a title lo an co m p an y h ad tak en th e car. T h e

d ef en d an t testif

ied th at h e w as n o t w o rk in g o r g o in g to sch o o l at th e tim e o f th e ro b b ery

. H e resid ed w ith h is g ran d m o th er at th e tim e o f th e ro b b ery b ecau se h is m o th er h ad p assed

aw a y

. H e receiv ed $ 3 0 ,5 3 6 in lif e in su ran ce p ro ceed s d u e to h is m o th er’s p assin g an d

, th eref o re, h ad n o n eed o f $ 9 0 0 f ro m th e v ictim

. H e d en ied tu rn in g h im self in to th e p o lice.

T h e d ef en d an t testif

ied th a t w h e n th e p o lice arrested h im

, h e d id n o t tell th em th at

T erran ce R o b in so n co m m itted th e ro b b ery b ecau se R o b in so n h ad th reaten ed to k ill h im if

h e to ld th e p o lice an y

th in g

. H e also d id n o t tell th e p o lice th at h e h ad b een w ith S m ith at th e

time o f t h e ro b b ery

. H e said th at h e to ld th e p o lice th at h is car w as at th e p ain t sh o p

, b u t

“th e p ain t w o rk er sh o w ed th em [ h is] car w as at th e sh o p af ter [ th e ro b b ery ] h ap p en ed .” T h e

d ef en d an t stated th at R o b in so n

, w h o w a s n o w d eceased

, h ad th reaten ed h im w ith a b lack

n in e-m illim eter g u n

. H e d id n o t tell th e p o lice th at R o b in so n h ad co m m itted th e ro b b ery

ev en af ter R o b in so n d ied b ecau se h e th o u g h t R o b in so n ’s b ro th ers m ig h t th reaten h im if h e

accu sed R o b in so n af

ter R o b in so n ’s d eath

. T h e d ef en d an t stated th at h e d id n o t t e l l h is

atto rn ey ab o u t S m ith o r R o b i n s o n e a r lier b ecau se h e d id n o t tak e th e ch arg es serio u sly at

f irst b ecau se h e k n ew h e w as in n o cen t.

R eb u tta l P ro o f

L ieu ten an t F ran k Win sto n w ith th e M em p h is P o lice D ep artm en t testif ied th at h e w as

assig n ed to th e ro b b ery b u reau in A u g u st 2 0 0 9 w h en h e receiv ed a call f ro m a “C A T U n it”

th at th ey w ere ex ecu tin g a sear c h w arran t o f th e resid en ce o f N o lan Jack so n

, th e v ictim ’s

n ex t-d o o r n eig h b o r, an d cam e acro ss a p iece o f p ap er w ith th e d ef en d an t’s n am e o n it. T h e

C A T U n it ran th e d ef

en d an t’s n am e an d d isco v ered th at th ere w as a w arran t o u t o n h im f o r

ag g ra va t e d r obbe r

y

. L ieu ten an t Win sto n to ld th em to b rin g th e d ef en d an t in

, w h ich th ey d id

.

L ieu ten an t Win sto n testif ie d t h a t h e started to in terv iew th e d ef en d an t an d th at th e

d ef en d an t to ld h im h e w o u ld tell h im w h at h ap p en ed b u t w o u ld n o t sig n a n y t h i n g

. T h e

d ef en d an t reco u n ted to L ieu ten an t Win sto n th at “h e f o llo w ed th e v ictim

. . . to a b an k

. A n d

. . . o n ce th e g u y

lef t th e b an k h e f

o llo w ed h im b ack to h is h o u se an d h e g o t o u t o f th e car

w ith a g u n an d ro b b ed th e g u y in h is d riv ew ay

. H e g o t n in e h u n d red an d th irteen d o llars

f ro m h im .” L ieu ten an t Win sto n said th at th e d ef en d an t n ev er d en ied co m m ittin g th e ro b b ery

-4-o r said th at so m eo n e else w as to b lam e. T h e d ef en d an t also n ev er said th at so m eo n e f o rced

h im to co n f ess.

A f ter th e co n clu sio n o f th e p ro o f

, th e j u ry co n v icted th e d ef en d an t o f ag g rav ated

ro b b ery as ch arg ed in th e in d ictm en t.

A N A L Y S IS

O n a p p e a l

, t h e d e f

e n d a n t c h a l l e n g e s t h e s u f f i c i e n c y o f t h e c o n v i c t i n g e v i d e n c e

,

a r g u i n g h e w a s n o t t h e p e r s o n w h o r o b b e d t h e v i c t i m

. I n c o n s i d e r i n g t h i s i s s u e

, w e a p p l y t h e

r u l e t h a t w h e r e s u f

f i c i e n c y o f t h e c o n v i c t i n g e v i d e n c e i s c h a l l e n g e d

, t h e r e l e v a n t q u e s t i o n o f

t h e r e v i e w i n g c o u r t i s “ w h e t h e r

, a f t e r v i e w i n g t h e e v i d e n c e i n t h e l i g h t m o s t f a v o r a b l e t o t h e

p r o s e c u t i o n

, a n y r a t i o n a l t r i e r o f f a c t c o u l d h a v e f

o u n d t h e e s s e n t i a l e l e m e n t s o f t h e c r i m e

b e y o n d a r e a s o n a b l e d o u b t

. ” J a c k s o n v

. V i r g i n i a

, 4 4 3 U

. S

. 3 0 7

, 3 1 9 ( 1 9 7 9 ) ; s e e a l s o T e n n

.

R

. A p p

. P

. 1 3 ( e ) ( “ F i n d i n g s o f g u i l t i n c r i m i n a l a c t i o n s w h e t h e r b y t h e t r i a l c o u r t o r j u r y s h a l l

b e s e t a s i d e i f

t h e e v i d e n c e i s i n s u f

f i c i e n t t o s u p p o r t t h e f

i n d i n g s b y t h e t r i e r o f

f a c t o f g u i l t

b e y o n d a r e a s o n a b l e d o u b t

. ” ) ; S t a t e v

. E v a n s

, 8 3 8 S

. W

. 2 d 1 8 5

, 1 9 0

- 9 2 ( T e n n

. 1 9 9 2 ) ; S t a t e

v

. A n d e r s o n

, 8 3 5 S

. W

. 2 d 6 0 0

, 6 0 4 ( T e n n

. C r i m

. A p p

. 1 9 9 2 )

. A l l q u e s t i o n s i n v o l v i n g t h e

c r e d i b i l i t y o f w i t n e s s e s

, t h e w e i g h t a n d v a l u e t o b e g i v e n t h e e v i d e n c e

, a n d a l l f a c t u a l i s s u e s

a r e r e s o l v e d b y t h e t r i e r o f f a c t

. S e e S t a t e v

. P a p p a s

, 7 5 4 S

. W

. 2 d 6 2 0

, 6 2 3 ( T e n n

. C r i m

. A p p

.

1 9 8 7 )

. “ A g u i l t y v e r d i c t b y t h e j u r y

, a p p r o v e d b y t h e t r i a l j u d g e

, a c c r e d i t s t h e t e s t i m o n y o f

t h e w i t n e s s e s f

o r t h e S t a t e a n d r e s o l v e s a l l c o n f l i c t s i n f a v o r o f t h e t h e o r y o f t h e S t a t e

. ” S t a t e

v

. G r a c e

, 4 9 3 S

. W

. 2 d 4 7 4

, 4 7 6 ( T e n n

. 1 9 7 3 )

. O u r s u p r e m e c o u r t s t a t e d t h e r a t i o n a l e f o r t h i s

r u l e :

T h i s w e l l

- s e t t l e d r u l e r e s t s o n a s o u n d f o u n d a t i o n

. T h e t r i a l j u d g e a n d

t h e j u r y s e e t h e w i t n e s s e s f a c e t o f a c e

, h e a r t h e i r t e s t i m o n y a n d o b s e r v e t h e i r

d e m e a n o r o n t h e s t a n d

. T h u s t h e t r i a l j u d g e a n d j u r y a r e t h e p r i m a r y

i n s t r u m e n t a l i t y o f j u s t i c e t o d e t e r m i n e t h e w e i g h t a n d c r e d i b i l i t y t o b e g i v e n

t o t h e t e s t i m o n y o f w i t n e s s e s

. I n t h e t r i a l f o r u m a l o n e i s t h e r e h u m a n

a t m o s p h e r e a n d t h e t o t a l i t y o f t h e e v i d e n c e c a n n o t b e r e p r o d u c e d w i t h a

w r i t t e n r e c o r d i n t h i s C o u r t

.

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. S t a t e

, 2 1 9 T e n n

. 4

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. S t a t e

, 2 1 2

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. W

. 2 d 5 2 3 ( 1 9 6 3 ) )

. “ A j u r y c o n v i c t i o n r e m o v e s t h e p r e s u m p t i o n o f

i n n o c e n c e w i t h w h i c h a d e f e n d a n t i s i n i t i a l l y c l o a k e d a n d r e p l a c e s i t w i t h o n e o f g u i l t

, s o t h a t

o n a p p e a l a c o n v i c t e d d e f e n d a n t h a s t h e b u r d e n o f d e m o n s t r a t i n g t h a t t h e e v i d e n c e i s

i n s u f f i c i e n t

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. T u g g l e

, 6 3 9 S

. W

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r o m t h e p e r s o n

o f a n o t h e r b y v i o l e n c e o r p u t t i n g t h e p e r s o n i n f e a r w h e n “ [ a ] c c o m p l i s h e d w i t h a d e a d l y

w e a p o n o r b y d i s p l a y o f a n y a r t i c l e u s e d o r f a s h i o n e d t o l e a d t h e v i c t i m t o r e a s o n a b l y b e l i e v e

i t t o b e a d e a d l y w e a p o n

. ” T e n n

. C o d e A n n

. § 3 9

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.

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a v o r a b l e t o t h e S t a t e

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o f f a c t t o f i n d t h e d e f

e n d a n t g u i l t y o f a g g r a v a t e d r o b b e r y

. T h e v i c t i m i d e n t i f i e d t h e

d e f e n d a n t a s t h e p e r s o n w h o p o i n t e d a g u n a t h i m

, t h r e a t e n e d t o s h o o t h i m i f h e d i d n o t h a n d

o v e r h i s m o n e y

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. A v i c t i m ’ s i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f a d e f

e n d a n t a s

t h e p e r p e t r a t o r o f a n o f

f e n s e i s

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f i c i e n t t o e s t a b l i s h i d e n t i t y

. S e e S t a t e v

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. L i e u t e n a n t W i n s t o n t e s t i f i e d t h a t t h e d e f

e n d a n t c o n f

e s s e d t o h i m t h a t h e

r o b b e d t h e v i c t i m a n d r e c o u n t e d t h e e v e n t s c o n s i s t e n t l y w i t h t h e v i c t i m ’ s r e c o l l e c t i o n o f

e v e n t s

. T h e d e f

e n d a n t a r g u e s t h a t h e d i d n o t “ n e e d ” t o r o b t h e v i c t i m b e c a u s e h e a l r e a d y h a d

a s i g n i f i c a n t a m o u n t o f m o n e y i n h i s p o s s e s s i o n a n d a l s o p r o v i d e d a n a l i b i f r o m h i s

g i r l f r i e n d

. H o w e v e r

, i t w a s w i t h i n t h e p r o v i n c e o f t h e j u r y t o d i s c r e d i t t h e d e f e n d a n t ’ s s e l f

s e r v i n g a l i b i t h a t m a t e r i a l i z e d t h e n i g h t b e f o r e t r i a l

, a s w a s i t a l s o w i t h i n t h e p r o v i n c e o f t h e

j u r y t o d e t e r m i n e t h a t t h e d e f e n d a n t c o m m i t t e d t h e r o b b e r y e v e n i f h e d i d n o t “ n e e d ” t h e

m o n e y

. T h e d e f

e n d a n t i s n o t e n t i t l e d t o r e l i e f

.

C O N C L U S IO N

B ased o n th e f

o reg o in g au th o rities an d reaso n in g , w e af f irm th e j u d g m en t o f

th e

trial co u rt.

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ A L A N E

. G L E N N

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