NOTICE: Summary decisions issued by the Appeals Court pursuant to M.A.C. Rule 

23.0, as appearing in 97 Mass. App. Ct. 1017 (2020) (formerly known as rule 1:28, 

as amended by 73 Mass. App. Ct. 1001 [2009]), are primarily directed to the parties 

and, therefore, may not fully address the facts of the case or the panel's 

decisional rationale. Moreover, such decisions are not circulated to the entire 

court and, therefore, represent only the views of the panel that decided the case. 

A summary decision pursuant to rule 23.0 or rule 1:28 issued after February 25, 

2008, may be cited for its persuasive value but, because of the limitations noted 

above, not as binding precedent. See Chace v. Curran, 71 Mass. App. Ct. 258, 260 

n.4 (2008).

COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS

APPEALS COURT

23-P-682

FRANK C. CHIODO, JR.1

vs.

TOWN OF BOLTON & another.2

MEMORANDUM AND ORDER PURSUANT TO RULE 23.0

Frank C. Chiodo, Jr., filed suit against the town of 

Bolton (town) and former town official Joseph Lynch, alleging

defamation, violations of the Massachusetts Civil Rights Act, 

G. L. c. 12, §§ 11H, 11I (MCRA), and intentional interference 

with advantageous relations, among other claims. The claims

stemmed from a series of events that occurred while Lynch was 

the director of the department of public works for the town. A

Superior Court judge allowed the defendants' motion for summary 

judgment, and Chiodo appeals, principally arguing that there are 

1 Doing business as F.C. Chiodo, Jr. Excavating Company.

2 Joseph Lynch, individually and in his capacity as the 

director of public works of the town of Bolton.
2

disputed issues of fact precluding summary judgment on his 

defamation claim against Lynch. In addition, Chiodo challenges 

the grant of summary judgment on his claims under the MCRA and 

for intentional interference with advantageous relations and

argues that the judge erred by denying his motion to compel the 

production of certain documents. We affirm.

Background. We summarize the material facts in the light 

most favorable to Chiodo, the nonmoving party. See Cesso v. 

Todd, 92 Mass. App. Ct. 131, 132 (2017). Lynch served as the 

town's director of the department of public works at all 

relevant times. As part of his role, Lynch assisted with 

reviewing bids and proposals for a project to install 

underground propane tanks at a local school. At a meeting in

the fall of 2017, Chiodo critiqued Lynch's suggestion to use a 

less costly method as "patently unsafe and improper." The town 

awarded the contract to Chiodo, and he successfully completed

the project.

Chiodo contracted again with the town during the winter of 

2017 to 2018, this time to provide snowplowing services. During 

a snowstorm in March 2018, Lynch confronted two of Chiodo's 

employees, accused them of poor work practices, and yelled at 

them using inappropriate language. After the confrontation

Chiodo terminated his plowing contract with the town.
3

About a year later in early 2019, Lynch contacted Bill 

Brookings, a member of the town's board of health (board), to 

complain of tree clearing, excavation activity, and suspected 

improper burying of tree stumps on Chiodo's property, which was 

located directly across from Lynch's office. Lynch suggested 

that the board may want to look into the matter. Lynch also

informed the town administrator, Donald Lowe, about the issue. 

At his deposition Lowe testified that his conversation with 

Lynch went as follows:

"Mr. Lynch told me that he observed while Mr. Chiodo was 

clearing property that he owned across the street from the 

D.P.W. of trees, that in his opinion, he didn't see a lot 

of material being shipped off the -- or trucked off the 

property, and he speculated that Mr. Chiodo may be burying 

stumps on the property."

The board contacted Chiodo to inform him of the complaint and 

requested that he attend a board meeting, which he did. 

Ultimately, the board did not order Chiodo to do anything 

related to the complaint. Acting on his own accord, however, 

Chiodo had test holes excavated on his property to prove that he 

had not buried any tree stumps.

Based on these events, Chiodo filed suit raising numerous 

claims against both Lynch and the town. Only the following are 

at issue on appeal. First, Chiodo claimed that Lynch defamed 

him by complaining to Brookings and Lowe about the potential 

burying of tree stumps on his property. Second, Chiodo claimed
4

that Lynch interfered or attempted to interfere with his free 

speech and petitioning rights through threats, intimidation, or 

coercion in violation of the MCRA. Third, Chiodo claimed that 

Lynch intentionally interfered with his advantageous relations

("snow plowing" and "new business") with the town. As noted, 

Chiodo appeals from the grant of summary judgment for the 

defendants on these claims.3

Discussion. 1. Summary judgment. We review a grant of 

summary judgment de novo to determine "whether, viewing the 

evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, all 

material facts have been established and the moving party is 

entitled to judgment as a matter of law." See Matter of the 

Estate of Urban, 102 Mass. App. Ct. 284, 289-290 (2023), quoting 

Molina v. State Garden, Inc., 88 Mass. App. Ct. 173, 177 (2015). 

Where, as here, the nonmoving party will have the burden of 

proof at trial, summary judgment is appropriate if the nonmoving 

party "has no reasonable expectation of proving an essential 

element of that party's case" (citation omitted). Bourque v. 

Cape Southport Assocs., LLC, 60 Mass. App. Ct. 271, 277 (2004).

a. Defamation. To prove defamation, a plaintiff must 

establish, among other elements, that "the defendant published a 

3 Chiodo raises either no argument or inadequate argument 

about the grant of summary judgment on his remaining claims, 

which we therefore need not address. See Mass. R. A. P.

16 (a) (9), as appearing in 481 Mass. 1628 (2019).
5

defamatory statement of and concerning the plaintiff" and that 

"the statement was a false statement of fact (as opposed to 

opinion)." Lawless v. Estrella, 99 Mass. App. Ct. 16, 18-19 

(2020). The "plaintiff must specifically identify the allegedly

false statement" in the complaint. Kelleher v. Lowell Gen.

Hosp., 98 Mass. App. Ct. 49, 53 n.2 (2020). To be actionable, 

the identified statement "must reasonably be understood either 

as a statement of actual fact, or one that implies defamatory 

facts." Id. at 53. Statements that merely "express a 

'subjective view,' are not statements of actual fact." Id.

Here, while the complaint refers generally to Lynch's 

"accusations" and "allegations" that Chiodo was burying tree 

stumps on his property, it does not identify any specific words 

spoken by Lynch, let alone identify a statement that could 

reasonably be understood as a statement of actual fact. Even on 

appeal, Chiodo fails to identify the allegedly false statement

with any specificity. See Kelleher, 98 Mass. App. Ct. at 53 n.2

("The plaintiff's allegation that the defendant made statements 

that 'cast the plaintiff in a negative light,' but that does not 

identify a specific statement, is not sufficient"). To the 

extent Chiodo relies on Lowe's deposition testimony, that 

testimony does not show that Lynch made a false statement of 

fact. As Lowe testified, Lynch "speculated" that Chiodo "may"

be burying tree stumps and conveyed that this was his "opinion"
6

based on his not "see[ing] a lot of material being . . . trucked 

off the property." This constituted a nonactionable statement 

of opinion, as Lynch's "use of cautionary terms" relayed that he

was "indulging in speculation" based on what he saw occurring on 

Chiodo's property. Scholz v. Delp, 473 Mass. 242, 251 (2015), 

quoting King v. Globe Newspaper Co., 400 Mass. 705, 713 (1987). 

See Lyons v. Globe Newspaper Co., 415 Mass. 258, 266 (1993) 

(statement not actionable because it "indicated to the 

reasonable reader that the proponent of the expressed opinion 

engaged in speculation and deduction based on the disclosed 

facts").

Chiodo points to no other evidence that Lynch made a 

statement that reasonably could be understood as a factual 

assertion that Chiodo was burying tree stumps on his property. 

Although Chiodo claims that Lynch also made defamatory 

statements to Brookings, Chiodo did not depose Brookings or

submit any evidence about what Lynch said to him or to any other 

member of the board. Thus, the summary judgment record does not 

show that Lynch made a false statement of fact, as opposed to 

opinion. For at least this reason, summary judgment was 

properly granted for Lynch on the defamation claim.

b. MCRA. A successful MCRA claim requires proof "that the 

defendant[] used 'threats, intimidation or coercion' to

interfere with, or attempt to interfere with, rights secured by 
7

the Constitution or laws of the United States or the 

Commonwealth of Massachusetts." Mancuso v. Massachusetts

Interscholastic Athletic Ass'n, 453 Mass. 116, 131 (2009), 

quoting Brum v. Dartmouth, 428 Mass. 684, 707-708 (1999). 

Although it is unclear from the complaint what Chiodo alleges to 

be the "threats, intimidation or coercion" engaged in by Lynch, 

on appeal he points to "the snow plowing incident and the false 

and defamatory tree stump burial allegations." According to

Chiodo, these incidents interfered with or constituted an 

attempt to interfere with his rights to free speech and to 

petition the government. 

Chiodo's claims under the MCRA were properly dismissed 

because he did not offer evidence, or even allege, that Lynch 

took some act that, "objectively viewed, would cause a person 

not to exercise a constitutional right or deprive that person of 

that right." Doe v. Senechal, 66 Mass. App. Ct. 68, 79 (2006). 

Chiodo makes no allegation that the snowplowing incident or the

complaint about the tree stumps constrained him from speaking or 

from petitioning the government. Instead, the basis of his 

claims is that Lynch's conduct was retaliation for Chiodo's

prior speech, namely, his criticism of Lynch at the 2017 

meeting. But Chiodo cites no authority supporting the 

proposition that retaliation is cognizable under the MCRA, nor 

does he explain how his theory can be reconciled with the 
8

statutory language, which requires a showing that the defendant 

"interfere[d]" or "attempt[ed] to interfere" with a secured 

right. G. L. c. 12, §§ 11H, 11I. See Doe, supra (summary 

judgment properly granted on MCRA claim where no evidence that 

defendant's conduct "constrain[ed] [plaintiff] against her will 

to do something she would not otherwise have done").4 His MCRA 

claims thus fail as a matter of law.

c. Intentional interference with advantageous relations. 

An essential element of the tort of intentional interference

with advantageous relations is that the defendant "knowingly 

induced a breaking" of the plaintiff's "advantageous 

4 The only case Chiodo cites (for the first time in his 

reply brief) is a Federal case, Najas Realty, LLC v. Seekonk 

Water Dist., 821 F.3d 134 (1st Cir. 2016), which expressly 

recognizes that "the MCRA is narrower than [42 U.S.C.] § 1983 in 

that it limits its remedy to conduct that interferes with a 

secured right 'by threats, intimidation or coercion.'" Id. at

141 n.8, quoting Nolan v. CN8, 656 F.3d 71, 76 (1st Cir. 2011). 

See Sena v. Commonwealth, 417 Mass. 250, 262 (1994) ("whereas 

§ 1983 provides relief for direct violations of one's rights, 

relief under [the MCRA] is available only where one's rights are 

interfered with or attempted to be interfered with by threats, 

intimidation, or coercion"). We note also that, even assuming 

retaliation is cognizable under the MCRA, Chiodo offered no 

evidence to suggest a causal connection between his comments at 

the 2017 meeting and Lynch's later actions. Cf. Mole v. 

University of Mass., 442 Mass. 582, 592-593 (2004) (defendant 

entitled to directed verdict on retaliation claim under G. L. 

c. 151B, where plaintiff did not present sufficient evidence of 

causal link between protected conduct and adverse action); 

Najas, supra at 141-143 (defendant entitled to judgment on the 

pleadings on retaliation claim under § 1983 where complaint did 

not plausibly establish causal link between protected conduct 

and alleged retaliatory response).
9

relationship with a third party." See Blackstone v. Cashman, 

448 Mass. 255, 260 (2007). Chiodo has no reasonable expectation 

of proving this element of his claim. Although he suggests that 

Lynch interfered with his plowing contract with the town, it is 

undisputed that Chiodo voluntarily terminated that contract in 

2018. Moreover, Chiodo testified in his deposition that, 

despite terminating the contract, he continued to plow for the 

local schools. As Chiodo points to no other relationship that 

Lynch allegedly interfered with, summary judgment was 

appropriate.

2. Motion to compel. Chiodo also appeals from the judge's 

denial of his motion to compel unredacted minutes from an August 

12, 2020 meeting of the town's board of selectmen.5 The 

defendants provided Chiodo with redacted minutes from the

meeting -- at which the board of selectmen discussed Lynch's 

separation of employment from the town -- but Chiodo later moved

to compel the unredacted minutes. After a hearing and an in 

camera review of the unredacted minutes, the judge denied 

Chiodo's motion on the grounds that the records were protected 

5 We are unpersuaded by the defendants' assertion that 

Chiodo did not preserve this issue because he failed to 

designate it in his notice of appeal. "The notice of appeal 

need not designate prejudgment orders that are appealable as 

part of the judgment . . . designated in the notice of appeal." 

Mass. R. A. P. 3 (c) (1) (B), as appearing in 491 Mass. 1601 

(2023).
10

by attorney-client privilege and irrelevant. Chiodo fails to 

explain on appeal why this was an abuse of discretion. See 

Cardone v. Boston Reg'l Med. Ctr., Inc., 60 Mass. App. Ct. 179, 

191 (2003) ("The conduct and scope of discovery is within the 

sound discretion of the judge"). The issue is therefore waived. 

See Mass. R. A. P. 16 (a) (9), as appearing in 481 Mass. 1628 

(2019).6

Judgment affirmed.

By the Court (Massing, Shin & 

D'Angelo, JJ.7),

Clerk

Entered: August 19, 2024.

6 We deny the defendants' request for attorney's fees as 

they have not provided a basis for the request. See Mass. 

R. A. P. 16 (a) (10), as appearing in 481 Mass. 1628 (2019). 

The defendants are entitled to the costs of the appeal in the 

ordinary course. See Mass. R. A. P. 26 (a), as appearing in 481 

Mass. 1655 (2019).

7 The panelists are listed in order of seniority.