J-S32005-19

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA

v.

DWAYNE ANTHONY LATTY 

Appellant

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 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 3433 EDA 2018

Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered September 27, 2018

In the Court of Common Pleas of Lehigh County Criminal Division at 

No(s): CP-39-CR-0005896-2017

BEFORE: SHOGAN, J., NICHOLS, J., and MURRAY, J.

MEMORANDUM BY SHOGAN, J.: FILED AUGUST 15, 2019

Dwayne Anthony Latty (“Appellant”) appeals from the judgment of 

sentence entered after the Lehigh County Court of Common Pleas, sitting as 

the factfinder in Appellant’s nonjury trial, found him guilty of Possession with 

Intent to Deliver (“PWID”) a Controlled Substance (cocaine), Possession of a 

Controlled Substance (cocaine), Possession of Drug Paraphernalia, and 

Speeding.

1

 We affirm.

In its opinion to this Court, the trial court explained the procedural 

history of this case as follows:

[Appellant] was charged in the above-captioned matter with 

[PWID] (cocaine), Possession of a Controlled Substance (cocaine), 

Possession of Drug Paraphernalia, and Speeding. An Omnibus 

Pretrial Motion in the nature of a Motion to Suppress Physical 

____________________________________________

1

 35 P.S. §§ 780-113(a)(30), (16), (32), and 75 Pa.C.S. § 3362(a), 

respectively.
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Evidence was filed by [Appellant]. An evidentiary hearing relative 

to [Appellant’s] motion was conducted before this [c]ourt on June 

4, 2018. At the evidentiary hearing, the Commonwealth 

presented the testimony of Trooper Brian Konopka of the 

Pennsylvania State Police, Fogelsville Barracks. [Appellant] did 

not testify on his own behalf. In addition, this [c]ourt reviewed 

the dash cam video from the subject stop. After hearing, by Order 

and Opinion [dated] June 18, 2018, this [c]ourt denied

[Appellant’s] Omnibus Pretrial Motion.

Trial Court Opinion, 11/7/18, at 1–2 (original footnotes omitted). In disposing 

of Appellant’s omnibus motion, the suppression court entered the following 

findings of fact:

1. On October 4, 2017, at approximately 4:40 P.M., Trooper Brian 

Konopka of the Pennsylvania State Police, Fogelsville Barracks, 

was patrolling in the area of Interstate 78 west in Allentown, 

Upper Saucon Township, Lehigh County, Pennsylvania. 

Trooper Konopka was patrolling in a marked vehicle and in full 

uniform.

2. Trooper Konopka observed a silver Chevrolet Cruze traveling 

the center lane of travel at a very slow rate of speedy, thereby 

impeding the flow of traffic.5 Trooper Konopka then proceeded 

to follow the subject vehicle. During this interval, the vehicles 

[sic] speed increased substantially. In fact, Trooper Konopka 

clocked the vehicle . . . traveling at 68 mph in a posted 55 mph 

zone. Therefore, Trooper Konopka initiated a traffic stop on I78 westbound.

5

 [Appellant] was traveling at approximately 40 mph 

in a posted 55 mph zone.

3. There were two (2) occupants in the subject vehicle. Trooper 

Konopka approached the passenger side of the vehicle and 

immediately detected a strong smell of raw marijuana 

emanating from the vehicle. In addition, there were numerous 

black tree-shaped air fresheners throughout the vehicle.6 

Trooper Konopka also observed in the vehicle an iPhone that 

was being used as a GPS device. The iPhone displayed a 

destination that was over eight (8) hours away.
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6 Trooper Konopka testified that there were 

approximately five (5) to ten (10) air fresheners 

spread out between the front of the vehicle and the 

rear passenger compartment. Based on Trooper 

Konopka’s training and experience, he opined that air 

fresheners are used to mask odors of contraband in 

case canines are called on scene, as well as from plain 

smell.

4. Trooper Konopka requested that the driver and the passenger 

provide him with the appropriate documents, including their 

identification. This request was complied with, and 

consequently the driver was identified as [Appellant] of 

Brooklyn, New York. The front passenger was identified as 

[Appellant’s] friend, Fabian Jackson, of Houston, Texas. In 

addition, the vehicle was registered to a third party who resided 

in Allentown, Pennsylvania, and who was not present in the 

vehicle at the time of the stop.

5. Trooper Konopka requested that [Appellant] exit his vehicle so 

that [the trooper] could speak with him. Upon complying, 

[Appellant] appeared to be nervous. He told Trooper Konopka 

that he was traveling to Maryland from New York, but was 

unable to provide any specific details. Interesting, Trooper 

Konopka noted that this information contradicted the 

destination on the iPhone GPS. Also, [Appellant] advised 

Trooper Konopka that he had been driving the vehicle for 

approximately one and a half (1 1⁄2) years and that he received 

it from his Jamaican friend, Richard Hines, in exchange for a 

truck.7 [Appellant’s] behavior appeared unusual, as he 

repeatedly stuttered and would not make eye contact with 

Trooper Konopka during their conversation. Trooper Konopka 

requested consent to search the vehicle based on the totality 

of the circumstances surrounding the traffic stop and 

[Appellant] denied consent.

7

 [Appellant] later related to Trooper Konopka that 

the vehicle was given to him by a friend.

6. After speaking with [Appellant], Trooper Konopka spoke 

separately with the passenger while he was still in the vehicle. 

Mr. Jackson told Trooper Konopka that they were traveling to 

Charlotte from New York,8 but did not know what state 

Charlotte was located [in]. Then, Trooper Konopka inquired if 
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there was any marijuana in the vehicle. At this time, Mr. 

Jackson produced a clear plastic container from his right pants 

pocket containing a small amount of suspected marijuana. At 

this time, Trooper Konopka took possession of the marijuana 

and requested that the passenger exit the vehicle.

8

 Trooper Konopka testified that New York is a known 

source city for narcotics, meaning that narcotics are 

frequently transported out of New York to other United 

State[s] destinations. 

7. Based on his training and experience, as well as his 

observations and the circumstances surrounding the vehicle 

stop, Trooper Konopka conducted a search of the vehicle. As 

a result of this search, Trooper Konopka located a black plastic 

grocery-style bag behind the spare tire in the trunk of the 

vehicle. Upon opening the bag, Trooper Konopka located a 

clear air-tight plastic bag containing a yellow in color cylindrical 

package with the word “Navi” in black marker on it. Trooper 

Konopka peeled back the packaging and observed a white 

powdery substance that he suspected to be cocaine. There 

appeared to be approximately 530 grams of suspected 

cocaine.9

9

 The suspected cocaine field-tested positive for cocaine.

8. Consequently, [Appellant] and Mr. Jackson were placed into 

custody and transported to the Fogelsville Barracks of the 

Pennsylvania State Police.10

10

 Consistent with drug trafficking, [Appellant] had two (2) 

cellular phones on his person, including a BLU smart phone 

and an LG [s]mart phone. Similarly, Mr. Jackson possessed 

two cellular phones, including an LG phone and an Apple 

iPhone.

9. This Court finds Trooper Konopka’s testimony to be credible.

Suppression Court Opinion, 6/19/18, at 2–5. Based on its findings of fact, the 

suppression court reached the following legal conclusions:

1. The stop and detention of [Appellant] was lawful in that 

Trooper Konopka pointed to specific and articulable facts 
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causing him to have a reasonable suspicion and probable cause 

that criminal activity may be afoot.

2. Trooper Konopka possessed probable cause to arrest 

[Appellant].

3. The search of [Appellant’s] vehicle was lawful and supported 

by probable cause.

4. The physical evidence obtained by the police was not obtained 

in violation of the Fourth Amendment of the United States 

Constitution and Article 1, Section 8 of the Pennsylvania 

Constitution, and need not be suppressed.

Id. at 5.

Thereafter:

[o]n August 27, 2018, a non-jury trial was conducted. After trial, 

this [c]ourt found [Appellant] guilty of [the above-referenced 

charges]. Then, on September 27, 2018, this [c]ourt sentenced 

[Appellant] to a term of imprisonment in a state correctional 

facility of not less than three (3) years nor more than six (6) years 

on the charge of [PWID] a Controlled Substance (cocaine). No 

sentence was imposed on the charge of Possession of a Controlled 

Substance, (cocaine), as it merged for sentencing purposes. In 

addition, this [c]ourt imposed a sentence of not less than one (1) 

month nor more than twelve (12) months on the charge of 

Possession of Drug Paraphernalia. This sentence was ordered to 

run concurrently to the sentence imposed on the charge of [PWID]

a Controlled Substance (cocaine). Finally, this [c]ourt imposed a 

fine of $51.00 on the charge of Speeding.

Trial Court Opinion, 11/7/18, at 2.

Appellant filed post-sentence motions on October 2, 2018, which the 

trial court denied on November 7, 2018. This appeal followed. Appellant and 

the trial court complied with Pa.R.A.P. 1925.

On appeal, Appellant presents three questions for our consideration:
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A. Did the suppression court commit an error of law by denying 

Appellant’s motion to suppress because the State Trooper 

lacked sufficient grounds to extend the traffic stop beyond that 

which was necessary for the initial stop?

B. Did the suppression court commit an error of law by denying 

Appellant’s motion to suppress because the State Trooper 

lacked probable cause to conduct a search of the trunk of the 

vehicle in which [Appellant] was traveling?

C. Whether the trial court committed an error of law in convicting 

the Appellant of possession with the intent to distribute 

fentanyl recovered from the trunk of a vehicle in which 

[Appellant] was traveling?

Appellant’s Brief at 3 (full capitalization omitted).

We first address Appellant’s third issue because a successful sufficiencyof-the-evidence claim requires discharge. Commonwealth v. Mikitiuk, ___ 

A.3d ___, ___, 2019 PA Super 195, *7 (Pa. Super. filed June 20, 2019). As 

a preliminary matter, we must consider whether Appellant has preserved this 

issue for appellate review.

This Court has stated, “In order to preserve a challenge to the 

sufficiency of the evidence on appeal, an appellant’s [Pa.R.A.P.] 1925(b) 

statement must state with specificity the element or elements upon which the 

appellant alleges that the evidence was insufficient.” Commonwealth v. 

Stiles, 143 A.3d 968, 982 (Pa. Super. 2016) (quoting Commonwealth v. 

Garland, 63 A.3d 339, 344 (Pa. Super. 2013)) (internal quotation marks 

omitted; emphasis added); see also Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b)(4)(ii) (“[T]he 

Statement shall concisely identify each ruling or error that the appellant 

intends to challenge with sufficient detail to identify all pertinent issues for the 
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judge.”). “Such specificity is of particular importance in cases where, as here, 

[A]ppellant was convicted of multiple crimes each of which contains numerous 

elements that the Commonwealth must prove beyond a reasonable doubt.” 

Garland, 63 A.3d at 344. Failure to identify what specific elements the 

Commonwealth did not prove at trial in a Rule 1925(b) statement renders an 

appellant’s sufficiency-of-the-evidence claim waived for appellate review. See 

Commonwealth v. Tyack, 128 A.3d 254, 261 (Pa. Super. 2015) (finding 

appellant’s issues waived where “1925(b) statement simply declared, in 

boilerplate fashion, that the evidence was insufficient to support his 

conviction”).

Here, Appellant generically states the following in his Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) 

statement:

Whether the trial court committed an error of law in convicting the 

Appellant of possession with the intent to distribute Fentanyl 

recovered from the trunk of a vehicle in which he was traveling.

Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) Statement, 12/17/18, at ¶ C (full capitalization omitted). 

Appellant does not identify any element of the PWID or other convictions that 

was not proven beyond a reasonable doubt. Additionally, Appellant’s 

“Statement of Questions Involved” fails to specify what element(s) of PWID 

he is challenging on appeal. Appellant’s Brief at 3. Finally, Appellant identifies 

the recovered contraband as Fentanyl, but he was charged with and convicted 

of possessing cocaine. Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) Statement, 12/17/18, at ¶ C; 

Appellant’s Brief at 3. Consequently, Appellant’s nonspecific and inaccurate 
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claim challenging the sufficiency of the evidence, which fails to state any 

elements of any crimes allegedly not proven by the Commonwealth, is waived.

Tyack, 128 A.3d at 261.

We note that, in the argument section of his appellate brief, Appellant 

complains that the evidence was insufficient to sustain the PWID and 

possession convictions. Appellant’s Brief at 41. According to Appellant, the 

Commonwealth “failed to establish beyond a reasonable doubt that he 

constructively possessed . . . the drugs hidden in the vehicle” or that he 

“actually knew of the existence of the contraband [and] if he did, he had the 

intent to possess it[.]” Id. at 42. To the extent that Appellant attempts to 

challenge the sufficiency of the possession and mens rea evidence supporting 

his possession convictions, we would conclude that, even if not waived, his 

claim would not merit relief.

In reaching this conclusion, we would rely on—and adopt as our own—

the well-reasoned analysis of the trial court in its Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) opinion. 

Trial Court Opinion, 11/7/18, at 3–8. After stating the applicable law and 

reiterating the facts of record, the trial court disposed of Appellant’s sufficiency 

challenge as follows:

Viewing all the evidence and all reasonable inferences 

arising therefrom in the light most favorable to the 

Commonwealth, it is clear that the evidence was sufficient to 

enable a finder of fact to conclude that all the elements of the 

offenses were established beyond a reasonable doubt. Indeed, at 

the conclusion of the bench trial, this [c]ourt had no doubt that 

[Appellant] constructively possessed the [cocaine], and that he 

possessed it with the intent to deliver it.
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Id. at 8. In sum, were we to reach this issue, we would conclude the 

Commonwealth proved beyond a reasonable doubt that Appellant possessed 

the cocaine found in the trunk of the vehicle he was driving with the intent to 

deliver it.

Appellant’s remaining issues challenge the trial court’s denial of his 

motion to suppress physical evidence of cocaine recovered from the vehicle 

he was driving. Appellant’s Brief at 14, 36. With respect to an appeal from 

the denial of a motion to suppress, our Supreme Court has stated the 

following:

Our standard of review in addressing a challenge to a trial court’s 

denial of a suppression motion is whether the factual findings are 

supported by the record and whether the legal conclusions drawn 

from those facts are correct. When reviewing the ruling of a 

suppression court, we must consider only the evidence of the 

prosecution and so much of the evidence of the defense as 

remains uncontradicted when read in the context of the record .... 

Where the record supports the findings of the suppression court, 

we are bound by those facts and may reverse only if the legal 

conclusions drawn therefrom are in error.

Commonwealth v. Eichinger, 915 A.2d 1122, 1134 (Pa. 2007) (citations 

omitted). “It is within the suppression court’s sole province as factfinder to 

pass on the credibility of witnesses and the weight to be given their 

testimony.” Commonwealth v. Gallagher, 896 A.2d 583, 585 (Pa. Super. 

2006). Moreover, we note that our scope of review from a suppression ruling 

is limited to the evidentiary record that was created at the suppression 

hearing. In re L.J., 79 A.3d 1073, 1087 (Pa. 2013). In addition, questions 
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of the admission and exclusion of evidence are within the sound discretion of 

the trial court and will not be reversed on appeal absent an abuse of discretion. 

Commonwealth v. Freidl, 834 A.2d 638, 641 (Pa. Super. 2003).

On appeal, Appellant first argues that Trooper Konopka “did not have a 

‘particularized and objective basis’ for suspecting that [A]ppellant had or was 

engaging in criminal activity after he returned to [A]ppellant upon finding 

nothing unusual or suspicious in [A]ppellant’s and the vehicle’s paperwork.” 

Appellant’s Brief at 22. According to Appellant, “[m]ere nervousness and the 

other observations[2] by the [trooper] before he checked the documents and 

ran the licenses certainly did not provide grounds to continue an ended traffic 

stop.” Id. at 27.3

Appellant supports his argument that the extended detention was 

unlawful with citations to older decisions. He fails to address the Pennsylvania 

Supreme Court’s recent decision in In Interest of A.A., 195 A.3d 896 (Pa. 

2018). Therein, our Supreme Court confirmed that:

“all relevant facts” and the “whole picture” necessarily includes 

any information learned by a police officer during an initial lawful 

traffic stop, irrespective of whether or not the officer suggests at 

____________________________________________

2

 Appellant identifies the “other observations” as “inconsistent responses, air 

fresheners, a smell of marijuana, and a trip calculator that looked suspicious.” 

Appellant’s Brief at 33 (footnote omitted).

3

 In response, the Commonwealth relies on the suppression court’s analysis. 

Commonwealth’s Brief at 9. The suppression court’s analysis consists of citing 

relevant legal authority and repeating its findings of fact. Suppression Court 

Opinion, 6/19/18, at 5–7, 7–9.
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some point during that stop that the subject of the stop is free to 

leave or tells him or her to “have a good night.”

Id. at 910 (internal quotation marks omitted). Thus, Appellant’s legal 

authority is inapposite.

As for the merit of Appellant’s first suppression argument, we conclude 

that he is not entitled to relief. Trooper Konopka stopped Appellant for a 

violation of the Motor Vehicle Code. N.T., 6/4/18, at 4–5.4 Upon processing 

Appellant’s documentation, Trooper Konopka learned that Appellant’s license 

was valid and he had no active warrants. Id. at 12. Trooper Konopka reapproached Appellant to ask him “some clarifying questions about his vehicle 

and his travel arrangement due to the major conflictions [sic] that [the 

trooper] obtained on [his] initial traffic stop.” Id. When Trooper Konopka 

extended the traffic stop by questioning Appellant about his possession of the 

vehicle, he knew the following relevant facts:

 Trooper Konopka had five years of experience as a Pennsylvania 

State Police Trooper, approximately 150 to 200 drug arrests during 

that period, and over 300 hours of criminal intra-diction training. 

N.T., 6/4/18, at 4, 10.

 Appellant produced a New York driver’s license, the vehicle was 

registered to a third-person who was not present in the vehicle, and 

the registration card was not signed. Id. at 7, 13.

 Appellant gave inconsistent statements related to his possession of 

the vehicle. Id. at 8, 12–13.

____________________________________________

4 Appellant does not challenge the validity of the traffic stop by Trooper 

Konopka. N.T., 6/4/18, at 34.
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 Appellant appeared nervous; he was unable to provide specific details 

as to his travel plans; his statement that he was traveling from New 

York to Maryland contradicted the iPhone GPS display. Id. at 8–9.

 Appellant stuttered and would not make eye contact with the trooper. 

Id. at 9.

 Trooper Konopka detected a strong smell of raw marijuana 

emanating from the vehicle, saw “a significant number” of treeshaped air fresheners throughout the passenger compartment of the 

vehicle, and knew that air fresheners are used to “mask any type of 

odor.” Id. at 9–10, 14–15.

 The passenger, Fabian Jackson, stated he was traveling from New 

York to “Charlotte,” but he did not know where Charlotte was. Id.

at 10.

 Trooper Konopka knew that New York is a source city for narcotics, 

which are then transported throughout the United States. Id. at 10–

11.

Based on the foregoing facts of record, we conclude that Trooper 

Konopka had reasonable suspicion to extend the initial detention in order to 

investigate Appellant’s inconsistent statements about his possession of the 

vehicle and his travel plans. In Interest of A.A., 195 A.3d at 910. 

Appellant’s contrary claim fails.

In his second suppression issue, Appellant argues that Trooper Konopka 

lacked probable cause to search the trunk of the vehicle. Appellant’s Brief at 

36. According to Appellant, “after [Mr.] Jackson exited the car with his 

personal supply of marijuana,” Trooper Konopka did not observe any other 

odor, drugs, or paraphernalia in the vehicle; therefore, the trooper lacked 

“probable cause to believe that there was additional drugs or contraband in 

the car.” Id. at 40. In support of his position, Appellant directs our attention 
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to this Court’s recent decision in Commonwealth v. Scott, ___ A.3d ___, 

2019 PA Super 154 (Pa. Super. filed May 10, 2019), wherein we reviewed the 

warrantless search of a vehicle trunk. Appellant’s Reply Brief at 1. 

The Scott Court reiterated the legal principles relevant to a warrantless 

search of a vehicle:

The prerequisite for a warrantless search of a motor 

vehicle is probable cause to search; no exigency 

beyond the inherent mobility of a motor vehicle is 

required. The consistent and firm requirement for 

probable cause is a strong and sufficient safeguard 

against illegal searches of motor vehicles, whose 

inherent mobility and the endless factual 

circumstances that such mobility engenders 

constitute a per se exigency allowing police officers to 

make the determination of probable cause in the first 

instance in the field.

The level of probable cause necessary for warrantless 

searches of automobiles is the same as that required to obtain a 

search warrant. Probable cause does not demand the certainty 

we associate with formal trials. Rather, a determination of 

probable cause requires only that the totality of the circumstances 

demonstrates a fair probability that contraband or evidence of a 

crime will be found in a particular place. The evidence required to 

establish probable cause for a warrantless search must be more 

than a mere suspicion or a good faith belief on the part of the 

police officer.

The Supreme Court of the United States has held that an 

odor may be sufficient to establish probable cause.... [W]e 

analogized a ‘plain smell’ concept with that of plain view and held 

that where an officer is justified in being where he is, his detection 

of the odor of marijuana is sufficient to establish probable cause. 

Regarding the search of an automobile, the scope of a 

warrantless search of an automobile ... is not defined by the 

nature of the container in which the contraband is secreted. 

Rather, it is defined by the object of the search and the places in 

which there is probable cause to believe that it may be found. It 
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follows from the foregoing that if a police officer possesses 

probable cause to search a motor vehicle, he may then conduct a 

search of the trunk compartment without seeking to obtain 

probable cause relative to the particularized area.

Scott, ___ A.3d at ___, 2019 PA Super 154 at *3–4 (internal quotation marks, 

citations, and original brackets omitted).

In Scott, a police officer stopped the defendant for a motor vehicle 

violation. When the officer approached the vehicle, “he could smell the strong 

odor of burnt marijuana . . . and saw that smoke was still emanating from the 

vehicle. He also saw [the defendant] attempt to place a blunt in the center 

counsel.” Scott, ___ A.3d at ___, 2019 PA Super 154 at *1 (citing Trial Court 

Opinion, 1/30/18, at 2–3). After detaining the defendant and without asking 

consent, police officers searched the passenger compartment of the vehicle, 

where they found a blunt, a jar of alleged marijuana, and a black ski mask; 

they could smell only the odor of burnt marijuana. Id. The police officers 

then searched the trunk of the vehicle, where they “found a loaded .38 caliber 

revolver wrapped in clothes.” Id. (citing Trial Court Opinion, 1/30/18, at 3). 

The defendant litigated a motion to suppress the firearm recovered from 

the trunk, arguing “that the officers conducted an illegal, warrantless search 

of the trunk.” Scott, ___ A.3d at ___, 2019 PA Super 154 at *2 (citing N.T., 

10/30/17, at 28, 30). The trial court granted the defendant’s suppression 

motion, concluding that the officers lacked probable cause to search the trunk 

because the smell and contraband were limited to the passenger compartment 

of the vehicle. 
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On appeal of the suppression ruling, the Commonwealth argued that the 

federal automobile exception adopted by a plurality of the Pennsylvania 

Supreme Court in Commonwealth v. Gary, 91 A.3d 102 (Pa. 2014)

(plurality), authorized the search. According to the Commonwealth, the Gary

Court opined that, “[i]f probable cause justifies the search of a lawfully 

stopped vehicle, it justifies the search of every part of the vehicle and its 

contents that may conceal the object of the search.” Gary, 91 A.3d at 11 

(quoting United States v. Ross, 456 U.S. 798 (1982)). “Based upon the 

existence of probable cause, as well as the officers’ recovery of the blunt and 

an additional jar of marijuana from the passenger compartment, the 

Commonwealth insist[ed] that ‘the officers were entitled to search anywhere 

in the car, including the trunk, for additional’ drugs.” Scott, ___ A.3d at ___, 

2019 PA Super 154 at *2.

The Scott Court affirmed the trial court, agreeing that the police officer 

did not establish sufficient probable cause to continue to search the trunk” of 

the defendant’s vehicle. Scott, ___ A.3d at ___, 2019 PA Super 154 at *4. 

According to the Scott panel:

the lingering odor of burnt marijuana was consistent with the 

contraband that the officer observed in plain view. . . . 

Furthermore, the record does not provide any other facts that 

could have supported a belief that additional contraband was 

located in the trunk. The officer did not testify that [the 

defendant] fidgeted or displayed nervous behavior. . . .

* * *
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Likewise, the officer did not indicate that he had received 

any sort of special training to support his belief that additional 

contraband was located in the trunk. 

Under these circumstances, the odor of burnt marijuana and 

small amount of contraband recovered from the passenger 

compartment of the vehicle did not create a fair probability that 

the officer could recover additional contraband in the trunk.

Id. at *4–5 (internal citations omitted).

Upon review, we consider Scott factually distinguishable and conclude 

that the trial court did not err in denying suppression. In contrast to the lack 

of evidence providing probable cause to search the trunk in Scott, the totality 

of the circumstances known to Trooper Konopka during the extended 

detention provided probable cause to search the trunk of Appellant’s vehicle. 

Trooper Konopka’s training and experience as a drug enforcement officer, the 

significant quantity of air fresheners, Appellant’s nervous demeanor, his 

inconsistent statements regarding possession of the vehicle, and the 

contradictory evidence about his travel plans, along with the following facts of 

record support Trooper Konopka’s search of the trunk:

 When Trooper Konopka asked Appellant “if there’s any heroin, cocaine, 

marijuana, large quantities of untaxed cigarettes, if there’s large 

quantities of US currency in the vehicle[,]” Appellant looked “at the 

vehicle multiple times but he had related ‘no’ to all of them.” N.T., 

6/4/18, at 13.

 When Trooper Konopka asked Appellant for consent to search the 

vehicle, Appellant asked why; when the trooper explained he was 

looking for any of the items he had just mentioned, Appellant denied 

consent. Id.

 When Trooper Konopka asked Appellant why the vehicle smelled like 

marijuana, Appellant became very defensive, denied any knowledge 
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about marijuana in the vehicle or “why it might smell like that.” Id. at 

13–14.

 When asked about marijuana in the vehicle, Mr. Jackson first responded 

negatively. Id. at 26–27. He later produced a small amount of 

marijuana and informed Trooper Konopka that the vehicle smelled like 

marijuana because the passenger “had it in his hand and had to put it 

back into a small container that he had and put it back into his pocket.” 

Id. at 14.

 In Trooper Konopka’s training and experience, “numerous criminals 

have produced a small amount of marijuana as a way to get the police 

to stop searching vehicles and thus, say, ‘Oops, you got me. Here’s a 

small amount of marijuana,’ when in fact there’s a large quantity of it, 

either an additional substance or that same substance in the vehicle.” 

Id. at 29.

 Appellant and the passenger each possessed two cell phones, which, 

according to Trooper Konopka’s training and experience, is common 

among “people who are often trafficking narcotics or contraband or 

anything illegal[.]” Id. at 16–17.

We reiterate: “If probable cause justifies the search of a lawfully stopped 

vehicle, it justifies the search of every part of the vehicle and its contents that 

may conceal the object of the search.” Gary, 91 A.3d at 11. Here, Appellant’s 

vehicle was lawfully stopped, and the totality of the circumstances provided

probable cause to search the passenger compartment and trunk of the vehicle

for contraband. Appellant’s contrary claim lacks merit.

Judgment of sentence affirmed. 
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Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 8/15/19
Circulated 07/26/2019 10:42 AM

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• KEVIN M¢¢iosI<E\.'t E$QU1R.E, 

DEPU'IY DISTRICT A'I"I'ORNEY, . . .: .: .• 

. . . . . On behal(ofthe po�qriy,ealth. 

······ ······· ···························:·•••·:···············:················: 

. ........• ,;..******* . 

. . . . : 

... ··;· ·:: ·: 

... . . 

. . ·;· ·:· : . 

... . . ... . .. 

... . . ... . 

,· :· ·:::. :··.·::·: ... ·::: : -: :: :;. .. ·:.::: .: 

.: : .: ::::. . .. : 

. Dwayne Latty, . wa.s chatge�t iri tlle above .. c:aptioneci 

mattex. \Vith •• Posse.ssioll • \Vith •• 

lntertt. 

•.to • Deliver • a 

• 

Controlled 

•• 

Suqstance •• {cocait1eJ1I •.•• 

: . . ::: .: ::::; ): ::::: ::.:::: :::.:::: : :· :·:·:::::·:·::-.:::·<:<· ::::: : ..... :.:::-::: .:.: .::·:.: ·:·· .: .: : :-: ·::·.:: : ::: ·::.:.::: .'. ::: : .i:. : : ::,:: ... :, .:::::::::·:-:.::: : .. :.:::. : : 

Possession > of>a.•• i Controlled $ttl>stan.ce {6ocaitle),2 })()SS�S�<>n pf Drug •.. 

· . ·: .: : :::./t\\:.·::":1\ TT\\\;\/::::..:::::::_:;/.:.::: 

Paraphe i

1

• a .d :s· •: .. hG 4 "· ... ·•. ·.o.·. . · ·mru ..·•··..··..b.·u•··.s·.·: . ·•p·... •r.e···.t · ... ·•· ....•· .. 

1. .•·M· .

·o·ti.•·.o•.n···.·•.m.. · ·.. .· . th··..·· e.. . ··n...a. ·tu·. ·. . · ·r·.e.··.·O· .·r. .·· .a.·· . . . , · . • •.. m�1�; an. pee�,1.g,. .n.u. "n"" 

Motion 

•to••suppress• I'hysic�.Evidence.Was.ftled:�y �e$)e(end&fit. ••.• An·T��ehtiaty • 

• heating. relative ••• to •• I)efer1J�t's. ·�()J()n. \V8.S. dohc1ucted. • ll�fdre•. this1. Court. ()Il. ·June.· ... 

...... · ···:·:::":":.:: :::·.::.:·::.: :·.::::::·.: .. : . .. 

•·1·: as·-e.s;•§•7so�113(a.H�O) .•.. 

· as P.s. § is(j�l.la(a)(16J.· 

35 e:.s;§ rao .. n3(aH32). 

··15 Pa.; q.s.A. § 3362(a), 
. : :· ·.:,::; :::.::::: :: :: : ·:: :: :: ::: ·:: :: ::: :·; >:::·:: ·::: ':::<:::; : ::::::.: :::·::: .::.:::.. .: < ... :: : ····: _:: . :::.:: . . ::. ::· > :;:: .. ·:·: 

Possession. of Dr.ug Parapher11alia., .• arid. Sp�eding 

.• Tqen,. on. September. 27,. 2018 I. 

: . : . ·. ·::-::. : :·:::::::·.:: .: : ::: ·:·· : . : ;:::::: . .::: :::: . :-- .. 

: .. .·: · . ·: . : .:.:.: :· .···· ·: ·.: : : .: .. : . :· .. .. :.· ···: :·. : . 

4, 2ors. Afthe evideritlary hearing, the Cofilrttoriwealth presented t'.lle tes1:iritot1y ... 

:.: .. ::·. ·:· :······· . : :; :: ::·····:: . . :. :: .· .. · ··.:· ., . . · · :.::: . : .. · : :,::::: :.: :····:·. ·: ·::· .. : . . . .. ... . :· ·: . :: . · . · 

··:: :: .: : .: .. · : . .. : .: .... : :. ·:· .·. :·: : ·:· ·:; ·:··· : : : :. : :: .: ·:· : . -: .:: . . : .·: -: ·:·· -: ·;· .: 

Ori)\\lgUst 27, 20t8, 

•� non-juey trial sw� coridl.lcted. }Aftertria.1, 

. :· : . :: ": . :· : ·: ::: : ::. :: ·:: ·::. ::· .. ::: : .. :::�::::. : :::: . . : .... : :: ': ::: .::: : :: . : ::: .. : : .. :::· : ·:::>:: . ::; . : : :: : : ·::::;::: .: 

June is, 2ofs,.this c()urt denied theoere#dant's C>lllnibus fyeμ,al Motion.·••• •·•·· 

. . :-:. :_::::;:::····:::/·.:::· :::·::::::/: :: :::.:::·:: :::::::.:::'.:.::: :::::-:::-:::::"::::::: -:::·::·::·:;:: : ·;:::::<:::.:.::: : ::: :.:: : .. _::. · . 

court's .• ctecisio11 of denying t1te. l)eteridant's • �<>tio11. to suppress.· .. 

:: .:· . . . . . . . ... . . . ;·· .·::· ·::· ·:: ::· ··:· · ···:: ·::····:: . ... : .· ..•.. : . :. : . ·: 

: : ·::: :: ... ::: :::.: :: .. : .:::.: :::.::: : >,. :;·· :::. ::·:: ::: : ::· :::: : :--:: : : .:< :·.:: ;:::.:: ::: : . : · . : · : ·:::. ·:: . : ·· : .: 

this Cburt.founc[tlle Qefend�t gtiilty :ofP0s$¢$sJ0n With b1teh,t to f.)eliyet a 

. ·:-:···· ... :. :. :: :: .: . . :::. . . ... < .:: .:::-: . . ::: .. : . : :· ::: '. .::-:, ·.: ::: : : .: :· . ::. : . . . ·:· · . 

. of Trooper. aHa11 l{()nopka. of the • Peru1sylvB1,1ie.' state·f olice, .• idgelsViUe•. i3�ac�s . 

. .. :·· ::::· ·:·: .' :·:: ::.: -. ·:· :::·::.:::: :::;: .i.. : :::::: ·:·.-::: : ::';" : i:· ::::: : :: ;: ;::::: : ; . ·:···::.::::-.-::: -::; : . : :.::: .. :::. : -: :··:: ::.::::: . :: ... :: . 

The befe11ci8ft did. not. te$tify pn his. own .1:>eli�.. • Iri kddition, •.this. Court. reviewed 

·the dash.cam.video.frqrnlthe. subject.stoP .: After.hearfug,. by.C>rder• arid.Qpinfon .()f 

: .: ·: .. :.::· : .. :. ::. :: :: : .. ::··:·:: . .. ·: : :::· ::: .. :::::::.::-::: ::.·::.;:;: : ·;:;::::·::· :::: : :·:: : : :: . .. : . : :: : �::: ::: : ::::· .:: ·: . : < .:.: 

Substance,••• (codaitie), · •• as . it•• inetg�d·. f<>r • sentencing •• putpqaes •• • • • 111 • • a.dditi()rt, 

•• tliis 

:. . . .. :: .. :·:·: ..... ·::· . . :· .::.. . : ::.:. :: <: .. : ::: . ::::::::. :::.:·::-.: : :::. ::::::·:::·:::::-:><: <: :. :: ;:· .:·::·.::::: .... ::::::: : : ::· : : :'"··<: . 

Court• imposed •• s., •• seriterice. of nC>t:le�s •• thari. 011e.(l): .. xn.or1tb..nor • rriore. tllan••twelfe· .•• 

:: _::·::: .:::: .. ::. . !: ::: .:::·.::::< : :::-:::.: :::.::::.::.:: :::. :: .. ·:.:::::. : ::. :::::::·_.::::::· .. : ::<:-:::<::::-:::::: :·::: ::::::·:::::;::· :::::·: 

{12) m<>11ths 011)1:ie cb.arge of Pd$sessidf o{pfug P.iaptjernalia. . This se11ter1ce 

: . ·:.: <:' .::: ·:: ·::: ::::.::·:::::·:::·.::::::·::··.: : :: . _::::::: :::::, :>>·!>"·::::::::::::; :··.:: :):·.:::::::::::::::::·:::·:::. :: :;: ::: : :>::·:::: :::::::>::::::: 

was·• ordere4 ••. to •• !l'l.1tl •• CC>IlC\lft'elltlY••fo•••tb.�·· se�tertcf ••i111posed .• ori. the • charge _8(' 

:""' : .. :::· :>· .:::-:.::"::".:. ·::<::: ::.:::::"::: .. : .: .:: .. : .:: : :: : :·:':> < :::::·;::._ <:.::::·:··;::: : ::·_:::·.::.::.:. :· :: ::::-.:::::·: : :::: ::::·::.:: :::-::· :-: :: :: : : :·: ::· .::: :: 

Detendaht·challertg��·tlte··�t1fficiehhYarici.•Weight.ofth6.cvidbrice, •• Js•,uellas•.tfus,·· 

:·· : . ·::. ··: :: :: _: :· ::·: . · :.: .:· . :: :.::· .:: : : .:·: :_::.::: :··.::· '::: : . : :":::-··::::: ·: ·:::·:: . :· . : . 

this CQurf sentehced •• the Detenda�t to a terxn pf imprisorirneht in a . state •. 

· cOfre¢tiot1al •• facilifJr:··of. not •• less •• th#• tbtee • (i3) •• ye�$ •• llOt··IpOte·fhE111 • six .•• (6l. years•• 

On th� bha.rge of Po�����i6ll \vitfi ·Int�tt(t<> Delivef a: C¢htt()Ued Sub�tal\Ce 

. . . ·········�· . •......................... 

. : . :· _.: . : :. : :::, ·: :": ::: .. :: ... :-::. : · ::: ·····.:: ::-:::::.:":· : :. ::- ::· ·.·::::: :.:: : :: .:. :-:· : : : .::: : ::::·::. :.:: :·· ·:::-::: .. 

. (cocaine).··· �o•sentence was. irnp()se<i. ott tlle. bha.rge-of PO$Session• of a•Corttrolled 

. :· ·.: .: :: :: :::: ::::-:: .. : :: :: .·: .:: ·::.::·:::. :: :::::": ·:::··::: .. ::·:· : ·-:::·::· : :: ·::; :::.::· :::·· .. : : : ·: :-:> :. :::· >-::: .: :::·::. ::::::: ::: ·::::-: ·:: 

. controllecl •• §ubsta.11te···(Cocaine)IPosse$$ioti'. br' a.. Contr()l1ed• $Ubsta11qe·· (cocaill�), . 

. :. :·· .:::.::. :;. ::::: :: : .:: :: .:'-. ::: . _.· :: .. : ::::::.:::.::: .: ·> : :. : :·:·::::.: ·::···. : ·:;·::::: .:; . : · : · .::·:· . :.: . 

PossessioJi Vlith ]ntet1t to l)eliyer a Ct>litrqllecl $μpstance (cbcairie). F'irially, �liis 

:: : .. : ·:::: ·::: :::: ·.· : ·.· . ::: .: .· · . .:· : ·· : ··::.:: : : : . : : ,., ·::. : ·: .:::·::: .:· : : .. ::::: 

. ·court.iniposecl••a•fine · of $51•.oo• orl. tlle.cluttge. of .SP,eecHng.· • l'fesently. before.tlμs • 

.... .. .. . . , ,. , ,. ······ · ··· ,.,. ,. ,. . . . . . .. .. . . . . . 

. Criminal. Pfbcedure •• Rule •• 72().... 111'. the.·. l)efendarit's • Pdst . Sentence • Motions ••• the 

.. . . . . . . . ,., . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .,. . . . . . . . 

.. .. . :.: .:::: ::::· : :: :: ::··::: :·::·:: ::·:: ·::::··:::·::: : : ":::·::::. :::·:::::.:;:·:::::::::.::: :: .. ···: : :: : :·.::::::::::: . :·.::::::- :.<::: .: : ·:: :·:-::: : ·:: .. : ·:·· :::· ::·::·: . 

· ... Court .• is . • I)efendant's •. •})ost···���te11ce •• ¥6tiori···Nrsuant .tq •.. Pennsylvailia •• Rtile,of 
:·· :::·::. · .. : : : :··:· · :··: .: . . : .... '. :: ... :: ::·· ·:· : .:·;·:·:: :·:: :··: ·:·:::· .: . :·:· : ·:····::::. :.: :·: .. :·· ·. : ::·.::.: .. :.· .. :::: :· ;, 

•·•••A• .clailn. chajl¢ngin� • the.stifti�iericy. of the• e\1de11ce •• is. •a•. �ues�ort • of i 

. :: ;,::·.:··:::. : <: :::;;: .. ::<.:::::::::::::::::<>.:::: _:(··: ::-::· ·::::::···:: 

t1ie Superio#ccrcirt'of Pe11nsy1va11ia: 

:::: . : .: : : ·: .:: .::,-:,.::: ::,: ::: : ::::::: >:::<:(· :::::::.:::;):.::::::::: : ·::::::::::::::::: .:(;:::·::::::: :::: ·:::::: ::>:/ ·:/·::: : .:: : : .: .. :::< :::::(:::·:::. 

II1ateria} • eleme11t • • •. <>f · • th�•••• C:t'ittle •.••for• whic:li ••.•the • • • • [)efelldflllt • • • vvas • ¢br1'Victed . 

:·: ·:·:. :. ::· ..'. :: ::: : :: ::·::·::-: ::::::.::: �:::::::::: ::::::-.: ·:::·::::·:·,:;"-::::<:::;:; :::.::::. :::: . . :; : · :::·:: :·:::: ::·:::::: ::: .; :: ·::: . :::::::::. ::: .:: :": 

law. which .. a.sserts:. that •• tlier� j§ •. iri�ilfficiept •. e\Tid�IlCC •• to .• s�PpOrt •• at •• least • Orie •• 

: . .: ·:. :-: :: ::: .: :: :: ..: ::- ··. : .: . ... . : ... ·. : . . 

. The oeieridPrit ¥s$erts �at the ver�ic:t waa • not supported 1?.f 

. . . . . . . '.. . . . . .. . 

sumclerit eviden:ce because the dornlllonweattli fa.nb,i to /prove 111at the 

.I)efenda11t•··constructively.possessed .• th.e •• f�t1tar1yl •• that·w�s···recoveredi•rrC>JXl •• the •. 

.. :··: . .. :;::::·:::::·: ::: .:::.:: ::··::·//::::: :::::·.::.:::.::'. :::::::::·:::> :;·:<T:::·:::::::: : :: <<>· .. ···-::;:: ::::: · ::::. · ·::···::·:·). :::::·:::· ::: : ::. ::: : 

Co111111onW�alth y, t&s¥s, 8'33 A.2cl fa4s, 258 (fa. S#p�r .• 2003}; The startdard•• 

··:····:· . .:::· > : . ::: . : : : :.·: .. ::-: :-::-:.::.:: :::·.::: :::: .:··:>:::: _::.: :::·.::.:::::: ::.::· : · :::::·::: ::::::::-:::::·:: · : :· :· :.:: :. : . : : :: : .. :: ::- .::: :-:::::·:::::::.::::·::: 

• the• crectibility •• of .witnesses • and·· the. Weigijt• of •• the • e.;dence. prodticea,•• is.free .tt• · 

. . .. .. . .. . . ' : : ::.::.:: : .. : : . :: : .. : 

• .mside: of th�: tl"Uilk 0£ the. vehitle .••• I)efeμctijnt'$. aS$�t.tiop lack merit .•• 

:··::::.:::::: :::·::::·::::: ::::: :::::: :::::·:::;:::::::::: ::::.::: >>· /:::·::::::::;;;·;:; : ::·: : ·:: ::<:-::: : : ;:. ;::: : ·:::.:: .: :.::·:·: . 

••. ······.r::··:��i:::•r:••:,i�: r:n�g·.·��··.;q:��:�::•• . 

. • a.dtrlitted •• a.t .• trial. iri •• the •. light. Iliost. f�vorable . to •• the •.. 

• • • \rerd.ic{ VI.inner, • th¢re • is. sufficient. evi�ence •. ·to .. enable •.•• 

. •••.t�yo[:-Jtift!f ��n1bi�i�ut>'t?'•• elernertt·•• of ••the•••crirn�• • 

.... .•.• ..•.••. '. > > •·•••••• ••••••••• ••• • . • . > . jJ 

COJntl'LO!i\VeiIDJ•· 'V ·. Ta1rldr�··· &Si··· f\ .• 2<11•• 66l,. 6�3·· ,P�····· Sup�r ...• 2()03)., •••. quc,tirig·· ···· . •cornrnori�ealth.0 .•• t>is'.tef@n0,.1782}E2'1574, .• s.ad•(Pa;··s�p�r .• 2001)l···ln.addition:, .••• 

··the····facts·····and·· ·ctcun1sttces···es4bus�eci····by .•.•• tlle•·•·(Jorrunonwealth•••need·· ··�ot··············· ····· 

••prec1Uc1e •• etery •• possibility••or.innc>qell�e .. ••••••cJznri16�we.�t�··v···Hu�zn,•••a��•••Pi·2.d•••••• 

. , ·:::::.: : :.::.:·:::::.:.: :. :· ::··.·;::··::··"· ::: ;::.:: .::: : .. :.:::::·:::: ·:::.: :·.:::::::::::.::.::: ::· .·.:.:. ::.::· :·:·· : :::.::::::: .:: .::: .. :: . 

498, •• sos •• (F'a .••• Sμper. : • 2obs) ·•.. • • A:ny. i doupt( 1}g�l"C1PJ.g .. a. defehdan..1:'$ •• guilt aie • . 

properly •. •res61Ved··• by •• the:••finder·• of •:ract• .• uilless•·•t1i�•••evidence•• is•·••so·••te�·· alla••··•·••• 

•• 1nco�ch1slve • that,. •as • a• ·�ktter .• of. 

law,. rid. probability.<>£ •rlpt •• rn�y. bb .• ctf awn •• frofu •.•••••.. 

•. the •• cotnbineci • circun1stances .••.• ld.·.·· ·Finally; •• the .. 

trie.t·of·fact;•while 

.•. PaSsit1g.upon•�··· .•...•.. 

: ··;:: ::· ·::· .. ::: : : ::> :-:: ·:: :;: :: :: .. ;·;: : .::.:::: ;:: .. :: :::;; .. ::; . ::.:: :::·· :: . : .:.: .... : ... :. : . . :· . . ; .. ;:;;.:·· : :· : :: ::: .·: .:::: : ·:· -; :; : : .:: -:: .:: ;:; .. :;: .. : : : ;· ; 

• • believe a1I, part or r1011.e of the eviden.e<�;. Id .• lf the find�r· of fact r�asonab.ly • 

····:· .:':. ·:: :: :.::·:.: .. :: :::::.:::::::::::::·.::.·:::·.:::·.:::·. :::.::: :: . :::: .: ::: :: :::::>:-.:::: ::: : ·:-:·::: ·'":::::::-:·: :: :::: .": : ·:::::: :: . .: .::·::.::· : :· ::: "::::·::: .. :·::: .:·. 

:•:for •. r¢viewin�·. stifliciency··�llallellges. w-a�·. e�pla.inect•• irl .• th¢. foll�Win�·· rita�ner••by···· .• 
·::· apprdprlate. St�t� bbtij-d, •• q�l¢s� the JJbstlfu¢�•w�s· &btaiiied.jijrec�ly .fre>t11,; Qr·'· 

pursuant to; � v�ici pre�¢riptie>ll ordef<>r e>rd�r of a �r�ctitfoner/pr excie,pt as ., . 

. • e>therwis� �\lth6�d :• 'by···tlli$•. •act.;,

•••••• 3=5 •• ls.:: •• §7�0-ll:3•te.)(16) •... ': The�eforej·• tli�·· .•. : .. ; . 

.··. lrtitit#l:v;&i$ c.aul"triote� that th¥ o�r�hc1aht. wairou11c1•guitty or 

.: J>ossessie>n of:c1. Coritrpllecl S\l b�t�c.� / ±�,� • 'ci1111.e • 1S ci�f n.1eci·,s. "lk)np'Viri$lf • qr:··•· · 

interitionanY:P:?S�¢�s�g�Conttolled b{b6ut1terleit �u.b:�tarice by:S. persp6.'not .•.. 

regi$teted,ti.rtd¢t :this·:a1ci; ()r J1,f�c�tj9.11�r:::11d,t t�gi�te��ij ()t_•tfo�nsed 1:>ytlie. 

.. : .. couid h��C&eteim�:J:� rr�tri: .tlie• eJi4�119ei••�aauce�! t:1i�fa1t or· thb heiessajj, .••. 

··.:. elenients of tl,;e)ffiirj� wet�)esi�biisflec( t��μ; th/ 1evid.etjce will ,t,e .. deem�d 

... 

. . •• d<?Iniriio� . o\ier Jlle[ s;�p�t�c�·r the ):,o�e( to cd�trq( t¥�r: qbrhi,b�ncl�; �cl μie{ •• 

: -: 

·.�te�L t� e*�ffCi�e,•:·�itc.h cp11troIU" 90Jntll9���tti·.,�.n.Bri���r�: �8;f �.2cf ip?�,······· 

, •• ·1014: .(Pt.L• · s\lp�t.·1290 sr, • eitihg,

•·��m.Tf12n!�w�,�y •. ::-F,d�we.• �47•A:2c1 •. 11�.• 1'.1_6 

••••: !l'a·•• • supex-.•. i2Q�4l .•• ���F�r1t�:•:Rr • co�sti'tlr�"� •ip8$#e�si8# .. 9f • cot:1Jr*b·�n:a•hi�y··�e .••• 

intei�4. fr9ip jlif )ptalify.>oft��. '.:,pitpμin��ail¢e.s: �d.• .. �a.Y.:; ·1,le J>r9;8�:: �{ . : · · · 

.•. ' t:irtUn1$tan:1� e'li�eride;' .Ca1'riirio#��ru#r'tJ·:a��(322 F�. ��pbr/ �7:, 469 A.2�(:····· •..••. 

· .. ·. the····I)e(eIIdahi

1

s:•'!•p6i�()D;·····��·····66111�()riWea1th····:ijJ#··:··u• ••.• J)rdt�·····con1str\lCJV,e•r• ····:• 

possessibn. • Cor11#i�nweaitb "· Kit:ktand, • s31 A�.�ci -�97·, 610 (Pa� $u.p#f. •• 2qpa)} • . 

. C9JlWlOilVJe�th V· Avilc:s; �1.9 Pa'. Sttp:er. �45,915. J\:.2d �-Q�� 4()1 ,(199:�); 

co1rifrtoti\\i�9lih. :yL Mμctri#k, S�<f' Pa./:so:s,:: :$0.7 '.J\,2� 1212,: �213 (1986),> : 

"C<>nstriidtive.••• �6si�:�$�i:oh:••r�ciun-e�• • • htodr. •of• t�e•• a�ititi• :f Q·•• ei�rcis¢i : •. c:6J�bi��s .. • ••• · •• ·· · 
., 

: .. :.·:: ... : :: :. :: ." : : : · .::· : :· ·:: :>:: ::·· ..' ::: .: : ·.: ·::::. :: .:.::::.: :::.::· ... i.. :::"- ::: ·::· ·:::·.;::.: : ·: -: . ·:-:·:: 

]11 tb.e fristart(case, the eviq.e11ce estplJlislled that orl ()cte>ber 41 • 

... ··:·: : · .. :::·: :. ::.· .:. : :::: .. :: .. : . ::.: .. :.::.::.:: .::· .. :: ·.: . .. :: .. :::. :::::··::.:: ·::.·:: : .:: ·:;··· :···;:::::::·:·;:·· ·:·· : .:::: : : : :: . .. :.:.:: ·::: ·::: · .. : .: .. ::::::::· . . :.:::::·: 

vehicle at tra.veling at 68 rtlph 111 a po�ted 55 ti11>,h zd11e. 'Fhet¢fore, 

i Trbdp#l" •• 

.. : : · :.:.::·: ·::.::.·: :·:-:. ::· :: :: :·::::::::::::: :::::::.::::: : ···:::·::::: :::.::: ::: : ·:::::· ;.; :.:. -:: : .: : : : ·::::::::.::>:::::·::·::, ::::::·· : : : ·:: 

•• Konopka.f e11. proc:efded. to• follow. tl1e. 

subJect ·v�hi71e .••.• DBririg •• thisiinterv�,· �e···· •.. 

• vehi�les••speed.Jnfre�s�d •• sub·st�tially.·····I#·f�Qt,

•·�ooper •• Konopka..•clocke�•·tije··· • 

. :.::: : · : :::·.::.:: .:::·::: ::"<} :: )·.]:}:::·:::· :: <::-:::- ·::-.·"' ··::-:/.::-:::::::::.::::::-:::::::::::::::>.\:::\:::·::--.:: }·::: : :>>· : :::::::-:::::::::: ::: ·::::::::::: 

•Konopka •• initillt¢d •. a.tr#�c •• stop •• b11··I·78··�estlloun.�1··t_!ea.r.t11ile··�arl(er •• !5'7.7 •. (¢···· 

. ............. .... ......... , . , ,., •' . 

.. Kon.opka Ob$ertted a • �ilver Chevroletcruz¢ ttijv�ling Uie center J8l1.e Jf travel. at I • . . . 

. . .. .. . ····· .. ,. . . . . . . . . .. . . 

:·:··:·): : ··· . 

:.:: :. .:": ;.::::. ·::: ·: ·.::.:: . :.: .. : .:. :· :: : : : : .. : : : : .. : . ::: ·::: ::: ··: : .: : : . :.·::.·:: . 

•· 1n• .Alle11to�, •. HPper .• §aucor1 • 'I'o�ship, •• Lehig�:•c�;u1ty •• Pennsylvflllia. •. • Troop;r 

: :. :· :·:. :;:: :· :.·::: ·:::: ·:· ;. :::":: : :.:::::::.:.:::·.::·.·::·::::. ::·· ::::·:::· :::::::: ::· : :: : :.:::::=:: .·::;-::.:: :.::: . ::.::.: .. : :·.:::.::: .::.::: .·::-- .: :·.· : : ·: · ::: : ... :.::: ... Konopka. wa� J>afrollirLg in a 111�ked yellicle· a.ncl iri Iμll #lliforin; ••••·'l'roope,(••• 

. . :· :: : ::-:: ·:·-:::::::.::.::;;::. :;": :'.:·:::·.:;·· : : .;·::::::: : .: :.::::::.::::: : :: : ::::: !\::··:::- .: :··:: .. ·; .t.: . : ·.:::: :::::. : : ··::· : .:::::·: __ 

•· 2017,. at• appr�,dfuatety• 4:4o·• P.N1., .• Troopef :$�art••,brtopka•of the.•Pennsylvan.ia. 

. . . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . 

ktlowillgly. •6reates,• •delivers.• br •• possesses \Vith. the •• i#t�nt. to . de¥ver I a .• cbunterfeit • •• • 

·;:::. : .·:.::: .. : .::: . .. ::::.::::.·:::::::::::·::.::::: . . : .. : .: . ·.: . . : . . : ... ::: . .. :: .. :::.: .... : ... ::.:::: .. :: : .:: ... : .:: : :::::· . : ::: ;:·::: ·:::·:· .:: : ·:·····::·:::· ·:.:: : ::. ::.:::.:::::::·:· . : .. : · . 

additiori,.there.\\'ere •• 11\ltrlCl'OtlS •• §ltiC*•tte#-sRa.p¢d •• air'freshetters.throUgh<>.Ut•u.ic•··· 

. . : . : . . 

.: .. ·• .••••• •••·••• •.. •.. > .•. . •.• <•• . ..•.••... ) .f ••••••... · 

•. 692 A2d• 563'(1997').•• ••·rn. a.dditie>ri,· a.pet$�#.i$.gttilty �f Possesslbn.v.ritfl• . 1htbr,f ···· 

.. : . :::. ::· .:.·: ::: . : ·::·.· ::. :.:::::: :: ::.:._. ·:: ·.:.·::::· ::: : ·::·:: : .:: : .. :: ::::: .. ·:::: : . :·:.: :·: :·::· :: ·::··:: ··: · ::.:: . 

. a . vefy •• sl<>W •. rate•••.e>f .speed,•••iherebi • illlpeciiri�···thf • flov.r···of .traffic.s···· .Troqp�r.········· 

·.. -: : . . :.: . . :.: .:. :: . : : :: -: : ·:: -: -:": ... : ... ::··::: : ·::· .. ::. ··:·· .: ::·. -: . · :: :· .. :· : :· .. ::·::· .. ·::.:: :. : . -: ·. : ·::. .:: 

registered • hncier• this •• act•• o.r·•licen�ed • by • tlie •.• appropri,Je• •• St�te•••ijoai-μ,•• or •• he····· 

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

•·to··oeliver .• J •. Controlled••sμbstance •• \mdet·35 .• P.$ ..• §.7�0-1t$(a)(30)··�·he •• 

d�livers

1••·· 

I:);:.:.::::: . .. :: : .:. :-:: . : ·>: ·::·:::: : :::.::: .. ..' :·i::: 

. controlled $ulJstarice. 35 P.S. § 780-113(a)(30). 'l'l,le QOIJl!Il.O#wealtll s�stailie�

••its.burden.·· 

:·· : .: -: :;:. .::: ·:· : ::":: . : .. ::: .. : ... .: ::·:: ::::: :-: ": ·.:: .·:·: .. ·;:· :> :. ::-:::::: ::: .. ::::::.: . . : :. :"::: . : ·::::. -:: . ::.::: ..' .. :<:· ·:: .:.:: .::::::: 

Jr••poss�sses •• with •• the.•irlterit •• to •• deliver,•.•a••cohtfolled·.·s�9stfA!lce, •. aild. he •• i�··n()t • •. 

. ... ::: ·< ::::·:::::::<::·:::<·::<:>: :-<:>:::>::>:<:::::-:::·::::::::::::::: ::- :::�::::::::::::: .: . :;:·.::.::-:::::::::::::::·::: : .:::: : .:::: :: ::-::: /: )::·::;:::: : ;:: ::::: ::::::: 

. . The oaeridant \\18.S traveling at approximately 40 rripffin � posted SS rilph zone; . 

Tr.· . er Kon · ·.k· •·fi . · ·d• ·1· . k. d··th · ... o· ·"'£ ··:.i: • •t' \ • •· •· •d· · . •'th••h•·• . v h' T • . ••h • • ••�•11 v/d• • t·k ·••·••·• •... o(;)p . o.pa a coc e .. e •.. el,nL4an. sspee w1, is ,e 1ce,.as .e.,o o e ,ye• 

. vehicle • •for.•• .3 . •miles••• 'llSit1g • •. llfo • • • spe�donteter. • on••• hi� •,police·•• vehicle .. •••••• Qf . note. • the •·• • · 

speedonieter on the poli¢e crti.iset ha.d been. tested for accuracy and certified !,}' . Rabold 's • s�rvices,. an approved• riiairiteriari.ce .a.rid• ca.libra.tion f0:cility pursuant to• 44, Pp..••••.•·•· · 

Ehilletin § 2589)ori :Jμl.Yl3, 2017/ · · · · · · ·· · ·· · ·· · · · ·· ···· · · · ···· · · · ·· · · · · · ···· ··· · · · ·· · ·· ··· ·· · 

... ·:·: ,:: ::·::::::::.:::.·:·:·:··:::: . . :::::-: .. ::.:: :: .... :·· :·:::·.:: :·: ::·:. : : :. -: ·:::-::·.::::: : . ·::: ::.:::.:: .. . . .: :. :· <:: : -: . . :·.· .: : .. :.::···: : 

· State Police, Fogel&\rille BcU'l"a.bk�· Was J)a.tre>llipg ill the areJ ot lnierste.te 7tJ west· 

. . . .. . . � . 

: . . · . · . . . .. ·::::.::: ::::::< :: :: ::: .:: .:::- : : ::: .::.·::: .. : .:::::::::.:: :::::: : :··: ·:"::··-<:::·:::::::::::.:.: : ·.::.'. :--:: ::: : ::·· :.:: .. ·:::":":::··::::·:::··:: 

. ·E�. 2) ... There •• v.rere t\vo.•(2} •• inal¢ •• d¢dtip'il1t�· in·· tl)e •• supject .itehitle ••• •·. Troop_er· . 

... .. . . ········· '• . 

.... . :.::. .::.:: ·:·::· :: :.:: :::::_::·:.:·:-:: :::::::: ::. ·::-:::::·.::.::.:·.::.· ·::::·::<:::·:::::. ··.: .. ··.· : : .:· .. : . ... : : : . · ... :: .. :·. : .. :. ·:·· .... : · :·:: .. :: :·· .: 

•••Konc>pka••••approa.cbed···· the ••.• pa.ssenget• • sicle••· of ••• thr ··•vehlcle····alld···.·.irn�ediat�y· ... 

. . . . . ::·':. :· .. :·:·:· ·::· ·::· :;: : :·: :::::·:: : :··::.·:·.:::::: . : .:: ··:· :-:·::·: ·:···::::.::.:::: ::.::: : . : :-: .. ::. ::::":::::: :·::·. ·:: 

. .. d• . ·t·· · . t ·d·. ·•••···•·tr • • • •>> •· ··••••·1·1·· · •·••f· · • ••· ·••· • · ·· ·· .;•. ·· · ·•· ••·•· 

··· e·• .

.m.. · · 

•

an······�·· .·

. 

tiri · ·

•

•·.··• 

.. 

g··· ·

•. 

· 

.

· 

.. 

•

•f·r·.o. · • ·. · •m· ·

•. 

·•····th· ·

. 

· 

•

· 

. 

·e · 

•. 

· .· 

•

· •• •v · 

• ··e·h·· . ·

1·.c··

•

·1·e· · 

. 

•

.• 

• •• . •• •. 

••1•n··•. · ·

. • . · .. ····•.· · ··•· . e ec. e ... a s ong sme o ··• ravv Inar1Juana r 
. . ' . 

· . efgllt (8) hoμrs away . 

. .... ... . 

::::.:: .: :. : 

Trooper J(ortopka reqμested that tlle driver ana' the 

provide. bim•••with•.ithe••·a�pr0Priate:•.c1oc\lt11e#ts,···includi11g•••th�ir•••identifibation.•••·• • 

Tfafs.•request·was.cornplied••.\Vith,.atid,conseque•ntlY•fhe • d,river.,as • identlfied··as••• . 

: . ::.. . .:.: ::: ;::· :::::·;;·::: . ::: . :·:. :·:·(: . : 

.vehicle.6·· .Trooper ••Kortopl<a· .also • obs�rve.ct•• in···the ••ve}#c1e 

.being.�sed •• as·.a··�PS.device 

.. The·iPhone.display.ed .. a.des.tination•that•w�\,S.OVer 

. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 

D.efendaitt. D\Vayne •• .LatJ •. of ••13ro6,klyn,. • Ne\V•• Y,ork;··· •f:Ite .••. front•• pJssenger.•was. 

identifieb••• as···Defenciarit'�····rriend, .•• Fabiclll •.• Jackson, ···9r•l.kc)uston, • •Te�a$ .••• 

additioni •. the•.Vehicle • was.registered.to••a··third •• partY·who • resided.in.AlleI1town, 

••P�nrisylva.nia.i.••anci •. who.•was riot.pr�sent•in.the· veijicle • at.the•_tintel•of .the •• stop. 

•·TroOper.KO:nopka.req12ested.that•the•lDeren�arit·exit ·.llis·y�hic1e.so tbat•·he.cou1ct . .. 

speak. witli••hi�.••. Jpon •• cofupl�rig,· ·the•• I)ef�nd.int. ·��peared• to ••be • nervous. and····. 

defensive.·· ·· He •. told •. Trooper. Konopk*••thJt•• hJ. �as •• trave{ing .• to•• Map,land•·.from·· 

•Bronx,••New •• York,••but· Jas· .• 11n�ble •• to •• pro\Ticl�··a.ny·•�Jedf1c• .• <ietails ..•••• l11teresting,•.•· . 

.•• Trooper. Ko11opka •• tloted• that • this •• inforrnatiotl •• COI1f radicted •• the 

•. destination••oll····· 

••the .• iPhone •• ClP:s!.•!••. �so, •.• �e·· Deferid#t.·. acl��ed •• 'fr9o!)Jr·•l{ohopl<a • that •• he···h�d··· 

. b�ell drivi�g the • veijicre• for. approximately 6n.e. a11d• a.hM((I•·•Y�}· years• apd. th.at .••• 

...... . : :::.· ·:·. :::.·:: .:.:.:·: _ . 

. . .. . ··········· ,., ,.,.,. . .. . . •' :"::·:· :::::::::::: :: :.:: .. : : . 

he •• received.it.frJrn••liis .• Jam�¢�··fpencl, .•• Riclta:rd ijinds,••• in •• excharige. for .• a. 

..• 

truck.7

·······The•••Oeferidant's···responses···and···behavior app�ared···unusual,···as•• he· 

•·•·reieatedly•.stuttefed···�cl . • ;W()tjld··not•·tnak�···eye···COIJtact •. with •• Trooper •• konop�a.·'.• 

during.·their •• colltersation .•..•. troopef ••konopk�·•requestecl·•.conse�t••to•.•search:.the•.• ·•••; 

. . 

··················.T�opor. Konop�··�.tified. iliat.ill.�•were···ppmxJmatajy •. five•jS) •• to .. �n··(tO).aJi· .: 

· · · · fre�heners • · • tJpI"ead • •: out• •between: .: the.•. front .. oL. the •· veh1ple ·:.and••• the : • rear•.• passenger • • • 

compa.rtrnen t. • • ea�ed • cm· Trooper. l(()fl()plcEl'S. training at1d. expedence, he. opjned·. that air ••• 

. [!i�i-!!i�1!rr�r:•ti?[[:t:�1t·:rtn:;:n[ .•.•... 
the traffic sto� and tlle Def e11clarit dinied ¢6Ils�nt.< • · . ·.... • . • • .•.••• •. • .•••. · · · · .: • • .. • • ·•• \ f • 

. · · .. · : .:: :· ::·: .. : : . ·:-:· :: ::::: :::·:·::: : : ::: ·:·::: -·::.·::: . :.:. :::-:::. T· . ·<:::-:: :· \ . ::::: : ::::::::::· :: 

After speaking \\Tith tile l)c:feridariV . Tr:obper Konopka spoke 

. ·· ··· .. · ·· 

. ·:":":' :· :·:: :::··::·::::::: .:: .. ::::·::::·.:::: ::: : :::·.::·: ·:::::·:::.·::: :: : ····:.:: : .. : .. : : : .. ·. :· : .. :: : .. : ::: :·:··· . 

cocaibe.

9 • •• 

(C ••• Ex .•• 3; · C····Ex ..• 4;•• C .••. • fuX.•. 5;••t·•• E�••• 6; •• c ..• Ex .••• 7;. C•.••ix�• .• 8; •• C •.•• E�.•• 9) •. 

vehicle • for • cc,ntraoa11(i •• based.• bn. the . tOt�ity. Of t11e • cirC\llllStances SUO'O\ln<iiijg 

. separately. with tlte. ·passenger. while. he. 

was. 

still jn .t)le .vehicle •.• Mr .• Jack�On. tO!d • 

Trooper Konopka. that thriY were travelin.g to charlqtte frQin �e\V york,

8 �ut did • 

•. �ot. knO"' Jnat·•state··ct�1on�:�as·•1oca.ted .• ••: 1'hell,. Jrrooper. Kor1opka.inqJired .if. 

there.Was.any.marijum1aiJ•tlle.vehicle .•••• At.tllis.tilne,.Mr .• dackson.denie�it,•but. 

then. produced. a clear.plastic. container _fro�. nis. ri�t· pa!ftS. pe>cket. containin�· a • 

·Srnall••afuounf •. of •. susiected.'I11arijuana .•••••• At••tt11s••tuTlJt •. Trooper •• Konopia···to•ok . 

. 

possessio� of the·��Juana •• and•requestea:�at.the.passepger.exit.the.ve�icle .••••.•. 

...... · ············aa�ed. oh his• tr;Jirlg•;� bJ�erience,:�s·;b11. �s·h1s• ob•s•ervtttio�s • . 

· ·ana•· the •.•• circuin�tarices•·••·•surrounding•.••tJ�••••VehicJb•:•••stbp,•·!·•Trsoper···l,otlo�a··· 

•coriducted •• 

a search ·of llle· vellicle .• •As. aife�illt. of ·t�is. �e�ch;··Trooper•Konop�,·. 

located •• a •• black. pIJstic •• gr()cery-style •• bag .�ext •• to. •the. spare • tire.In .• tlle···ttunk,of._•. 

•the• vehfcle.·•Upon! •• openlng.the •• bag 

••• Trooper.Konopka·· located 

•• a •• c1ear •• air-dg�t ••••.• 

Vacuurn-p�cl<ed:.plastic. bag·· cOntaining.•a .&ellow.ip. cplQr •• cylindrical 

.packag�· .wi!fi 

.. . .. . . . . 

. . •' . 

··{Jons�quentlr., .the •. qefendant •• ajid •• Mt.·••Jaeksoh •• we�r.e.5pl�cecl ••info·. ctu�tod�·. and' • • 

. ,· 

.•••• 

·•. 

·•••Trooper 

•• 

Konopka 

•• 

testlfied 

•• tbat.Ncw 

•• 

Yotk•l•••a•known•••OUt¢e •• 

eiw·for 

•• 

nareot�,, 

rtl�aning. that narcotics· are frequently. transported out o{New. York to Clther United St�te t 

festina,h:

8

;uspected ••. cocain� •• field·tested .• 

positive. ·for . ic�nr .•••••• Thereafter, 

• the •• ite�'.s., 

. ••was• submitted 1:o the. Bethlehem• Regional Pennsylvania !3tat(Police• Lab for e.nalysi$, (¢ ..•... 

. :��� ir�rit!b��(�0E�'. f i1f,c .• 6(C •• E!x .• 1;. c .. EJC.•8). T�eifetn.tested positivefof 49$.8�-. 

....... ............ 

. . . . . the.• wtrd •• :,,Javi" ••• ill.• blab1c • ·�afkbr ••• 011• .•• It .•.•• • Trooper • ·I<�nppka •. peeled •.• �ack· •• 9)e �

parikaging •• aA�· ·observecl···a• .• wliite •• pO\Vclery •• sijbstaxice •. t11at·.•h�···su�pected • to •• be .. 
. .......... 

. . . 

• ... . . > > ••····••·•••••••·· > ·•••···•· • 

. Viewing. • all • the •. evidence ••• artd •• all•. reas�naple •. ·. i�ferences 

therefrom.in.the.light mosf.favorable •• to.the.Co.rnrn�>ntve�th,.•it.is.clear•that•the. 

evidence was sufficient to e�able {f111cter oL fact to cortclude that alL�e 

elements · of .tlle •. offe11�es . \Vere. established 

• �eyond. a. re,.sonable ; doubt. •••• Indeed, 1 

at the. conclusion.of the.bencJ·trial, .thi�· c�Jrt.•had. no· doubt.that• the.1Jefe11clant. • 

constrttctively.pQssesJed.the 

.• Jentanyl, • and •• that.he·posse.ssed.It.with.the .• intent. 

. . . . 

. . 

Ei. 10). 

... . .. . 

: · ·:: ·.· . : 

to deliver it. 

. . : ..... :: . : : . . : . : . . : . ::: . <: : : . : : : : .: . : : .. : : : . . . . : : . . ::: : ; : ; : : : : 

Challenging •the Weight .of .the·. Evicie11ce • •• · • •. • • • • . · 

•••.••·····The 

•• Defendant·hl�o·alleges.that.�he·v��dict.was •. against•thb·w�ight. 

er the .evidence, •••• as ••• the •• qommonwealth ••• did··· not • • pr�ove····thEtt··· the • • Defendant i 

. constructively···possessed···the·••reritanyl··· that•••was •• locate�··in·· the··· trunk··· of • the·�· . 

••• vehicle .••••• T�is 

•• Court.notes •• that •. a[.II1otiQn •• for •. a.ne�•ir11,1••on.,grounds·· tha.t •• the····· 

• •. • .vercli¢t. ls• contrarj>" •to• the. weight• of the. e�<ierice .dbncedJ,s. tliat. there. is. sufficient ... · 

evidence to sustain the• verdict, but contendsJMt •it !$,�st the\YetgHlot�e 

evidence. Comniririwealth v. Widmer, 560 Pa. 308, 319, 744 A.2d 745, 751 

. 

.··· .. :·· -: ·:::· :· ·:··:·· ·:· ·:·· :::: :· :· . 

. : .: : -: : : : ::.:. ,. : : .: : :··· :·· :· :: : :: : :· -: -. :�·,: 

(2Qoon .••• CgIIIIrlOn�ea1th . • v .•• ••eeu1lett1···· 827 .•• A.2d •. 469, 

•• • 1�1···· (Pa ••••.• super'. .••• 200�)··· 

. Furthermore, •. a.challeJge· .• that•�e.verdict.is.agai11�t••th�·Weigbt.of .. the···eviden9ei 

.••••.•• requires.this.• Co11;t.to 

.soncl\lde .. in. it�••aiscretiori.th�t· 

"th�··verdict·iS 

•• so. 

contrapt·· · 

.·•to •• the•. eviclence··�s.'. to•• �riQCk •• 011e

1

J··�erise • of •Jtistice.'

1• ••• ��ns1 • 83�··· A.2d •. �t· 2$8 .• ••••• 

::·::: .. ::·:·::::·:. :·· :.:<<:;::-:.;::,:·::-·::.:::·>::·.;/::::: :: ::>.::::::.::·:·-:::::>:::::·::<:·;:):::::.:::·::· :<: \ :(::::::·:·::::::::: ·:) ::::.:::::::::_::: ::·:::: :::::::::::;:: ::: 

• Indeed, . for• a new: trial• to lie on• a challenge. that the verdict is• against the weight, 

: : : ·. ·: ·· .. -: ·: .... ·:·.::: ·: :: :::::::·: ::: :::. : : .:::::: .·. : · : .:. _ 

.. ." :' :::·:,.:: ::· ·:'·:'.: : : ::. ::::::: ·.: : .: .: 

.. :.::::: :::.::::::· ·:: 

of.the.evidence,.t1ie•e\ficlen¢�•rnμst•be•s.d•teri11olls;•Y�gt1e.anci•uncerta1nthat•the 

hlo irott�JfJfutt=t���ffh��:iwitta�m�lt1N�i; ph�·· Oh, 
9· 

:-I:::_.;:::.::::\/) J: . :::·:.: ::: :>::: :'.: :((::\_/;!)>! <:)-:\<:i)(:(!ll·::::ti'::?T >:::::.) .. \:: :;::_::<:(/:.:\:: ::::'.::::: 

. • . Initially wi riote •• t.hflt ElI1 investigative Aetert.tion •• subj�ct$ •• a person�

..... :.:.:: : : . : : :: 

........ ,. .. . ,., . 

827 A.2d $.(477; �rt.i,e J.V., 762 A.2ct 3765 . 3'79-3�0JPa.. Super. 

. . : : ··· .. :· : . ;· ... : .:. ··:: ::; · ···::. :: . : . :: :· : :·::: : -:: ::. ::. : : . :·::· ::: I::· .::;:: : .. 

. ••. Finally, the peferidartt co�te?Ids i11hif Post;$eriteilceM<>ti(>fi that 

this· Court···�fred···ill····den�ng•.the···Defend�t·s ·0Il1tlibu.s ... 1Pretrial···Motion .• 

�an11ot agree. Wit11 •.the.• betendarit's. El$��rtion .•.•. • • • • • • •: . ... 

. : . :; :;;· .:: .:'. ·:::::::":>:::.·::·::· .::·:··· :::: :: ; :::.::.:: .. : . :;_::: : :: :;;::: :::::. ::>!:.: :: .::i:: .. : : :;::: : : .::. :; :: : ; ::: : ::·-:::::<:. : : : :::. : :I· :I: ·:. · 

• to a stop • ancl. a. pe�iod • of aetention�. llut. it do.es. 11ot iriy<>lye. coerchre. con4itioris .• 

: . ... : .. :::. : ... : .:: ':":.:::: <:<: ::<>:: :::·:::··::.::·.:::. ::: : ::.::·.::::>>: .. :·_::::::-:··>:·::::>>:::·>: .. :::: ::: .. :::.::.::::::::::::·:>:.:-::·:: : · :: ::::.:::·:::.:::>:: ::::::· ::::::::<::-::: 

• investiga #ng c,ff.iqer mu st betv�. a. tc:�$e>�a.t)1� • belie{ �at. tlie: pers pn • c1�t�t1ect. has·.·•. . .. . . . . .. .. . . . .. .. .. . . .. . ":···: : .. : .. :·: : :·:··:·::·: .. :· :·:·: :·::·:· :·:·:::...,i.::::·· · ·.· :·� .:·. 

: . . ·.· :: ::: : .· .. :: .. .: ..... :· . :·.:· :;· :·· ·:·:· :: ::::. :.: .: :::.::::. :.... : :·::·: .· . : : . ·.: .:· .... :·· .:·:· . . 

. conc1uctect • that· the• Oer�nda11t •wa� • ��••1ndhtic1ua1· •W;bo • · c:dμstructively • Possessed 

:· : .. :.:: ·:::: ··:: .. : :··<· ;:.;:: : ·::: : ': :· .. : ·.:::_.:::·::: :::·. ::.::::::: :::::::::::"::"-::::::::-:::: : :·:::- . :-:::::· ::::-:::: . . :. :.,::· : :·::::: .:.::. : ::.:::::. :·: 

1llUSt .•. lU°t.icu}ate· •. specifi¢ •• Obs�.rvatiQ�S .• \Vhi�.h

1

···i#···�O!}jUnption···witlt•·1reasone.1J.te ..• 

.. . . . 

.. .. . . 

. . . 

: .:: : ': :: ··:: ::-::.:: ::::. : . 

:\·\ ::· . .. . : -: 

. 

. : : :· ": .:: 

. 

::: ::: . :: .. :: : : : . ;: .: : ; . : .::: .. ·:::: . . ..:: .: ·:: -i.: : : .: .. : : : · : :: ::: ::: . : < .::::: .:· .. . -: : 

verdict shotks the c¢rtscience of the .coiirt.li Cornrnon\ll/ealth v. Shaffe,r, 722 

·:· :�.(: ..'.". ::.·::_:;:·.::,:::: : ;<: .:: ::: .. :: :::::.:::::.:: . : :·:;::>: ·:::;;-:.::T.:::.:?:::::·::::::-::r:·T:.·: .: :;'. : .;>:'.·::.:.:::: :::;::·�: :;; . :: ::::·::: : 

A�2d··l�s,•2oq.(Pa .• Supet;• l:998l,··see•also.�Olllfll91\"'ept�•�..• §tjlliv¥1••8�Q·A,�d·�·. 

'795, 806 (Pa. Super. 2p03). . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . • • . . . . . . < 

i: :::·:··:: . : : : ::.:. .::··::::·:: 

··. ·. . .: :.: :·: :: :: : :· . :.:: .:. : . ··<: :::·:··:: :: .. : : .::::: ::··:::::< 

. FrQrn the . evidence recou11ted a.hove, it i� rea.sort�blf to 

: : :-::: .::: :::·:;.;::: :/::::· >::·.::-:::::::"::::.:·):: :<: > ::.:;:<:;:.·:::::::::::::-;::·:::::>::::::;::::>:>·>:)_·::: '}:.: ;:;: . . : .. ::>:: ::.<:::::: ::::·:::: .\::.:<·:::: .:::< 

••477•(P.a•super 

... �0.0(,Fl••1'o.iests.blish•grour1qs.•f<>r.re��o11a.b�e•susp�cio11,.the.po1i�?•.•• • 

. ..: :· ... :::· ·: ·:: . :: :·:: ;; ::: ·I::::.:::::::···:::'.::::<:·:::::::; ·::-:·-::·:: ::;-::.·::::::::::;:::::::.::: ::·::: . ::;; :·:·::. ::: : ·:::::.: . 

. • thefe�tcu1yl,. arid.that �e pos$e�•sed· i.t�th tl)e• 111tenttQ•d,eliver .• lt. ••Accdr.<iirigly1 

... . . .. .. .. .. . . .. . . . . . . . . � . .. . . 

··:. ···.·.: :::: : : : : : ::··.·:·: ·::.::·:::: ::·::::::.: : :·. : . .: .. '.:.: .. :.·:: .: ·: : ·:.·::: : · :::: : . 

•·. the.I)eie11dantrs• c*anenge •tO•the.wei�t pf 'th!. 

tW�de�ce�l!lUSt. fail. 

.. :::::::;·: .:::::: )'::: : : ::::.::::: < : : :;:: ;: ::;:): .: : :: ·: 

. ........... : .. : :· . ::. :::: . : : . ::: : . 

........ .. . . . . . .. .. . 

..... .. . . . 

c. Motion to $t1ppress •·•• .. •·· 

... . . . . . . . , . , , ,. . . . . . .. . . . 

inferenc¢s · derive�• frotn •• those .o§s�i-Jatip11s,· �e.d • th�tri ·r�a�oiiagly •to •• conclud¢, •• in··••• . 

· .light •• of.U1eff·;�Xp�ri¢n,�e; •. thaf•¢ri!l1111al•·acti�tY •• VlaS···af'op�··ancl••th�t··th�··person'., •• 

. : ;"· : ; ·:·:: ·:::::: . : : :'..:'. .. '.: .. :: :.::·::·::::·::: : :···:: :::· ::·· :::::: ·:· :·.:::::: .:::.::. ::.: . . ·::::.::.::::·.·.·, :·::·:··:.::·::.::.: .:.'.:: .::.:: .·.:· ··. : ... ·::· .:: . ... : : ... : 

· ·jtistify•••·•thel···.·reisb.'ai#f .•.• lonl•l••1iberty •..• in1posed.•1••1,y:1.:•a.n�•li#v�sti�ative•·•••sto�,··••W-�•••·• 

··:· ·:· . ;··.·:· : : .. ::· : :·:::: :: .:··:: ·::.::: :: ::.· ::::.::·::::.::: ·::· :·· ·:·:; :;: .;·:: .::::.::·.:::·.::.:::::: .. :.::'.:: :.:.:::.::.::::: :.::: .. :· :: ::: : :::·: : .. :.::: .:.:::: .. :·:: : ::·.: . 

. .• b�eh. involved. hi critni.n� �ctivitY······Carryn9tlW.�alt9··\< $e�nett,. s21• .• A,2d 46Q, • •••• 

. . , ······ . . . . . . .. . .. .. . .. . . . . . 

was •. involved·in··that •• activity�:··· ··C.g111rnon�e@Itll.v 

..• �ilsor1�·•440···Pa.• .• sup�r ..•• 269�··· 

..••.• 921···A.24·.··2rg•••.(2007)t• .• •appea1•·.g,a11ted,···54a .•• i�.• •1�09,••••673···A·2c1···8t>4••·(199�),•.•·· ·· 

: . . : ; .: : . : : '. : : : : : . : : : : : <:::: : : .: : : : . : ; : ; : . : ; : . : ; ; : : : . : : : : . . . . : : : . : :: :':::. : . : : : : : ; : : : : . : : : :: : ::: : : . : : . : ; :: : . ::: : : : . : : : . : : .: . : : : : . : : : : . : : : :: . : . : : . : : : : ; : : ; : ; : ; �;::: : : : : : : : : : : : : . : : : : .: : . : : : .. : : 

• ··••qoifiiile>�wea1t11•"··· !c��t#fln,

•·.f 64• •A.2�. 595, • 998 •• (P�·••·�uper .• •2oop) •.•.•• Iri • orc1e.t .tc···· • 
. ;:·;·\ ·::I·.::<:- . . : /-::::):. : :::::··:('.::: : .:.T'. >I:;;)::::.:::-::_[: i::i.iii:i): ·::· ·: \:. ·::'. -: ·< 

•• J\dditfonally, •• genercilly, •• for••an• arrest. lto.'be••1awr�1, .• it rnust.occμr 

.. . . : . :· :· .: .... ::.:::. :··.: .... : .. ·:. ·: .: ... : : . . '. .. : .·: .:.·:: : ···;·.:·. ·:.:: ·:.·: . . ·.:· ..... : .:·:·.·:· : : : : :::::.: : ... : .:· · ·:···. : . :::· ::.::: .. :. 

a� .12s2t •. m§lfflr1()���···¥t f3aijijj, .••• S4()····#a .•..• 4?3,···· 6�8···· A.2ci··· .752···· (J99S) • 

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

ha.s. been •• or•is.befug. co11111Utted .••.. lu.triois.v; •• Cfate,s,. 4�2· U-$··· 213, • 103••.s.Qt.··�3[17· ·•·· • 

. :.:' ': .: .. : :.: . ... : . : . .. : : : :<:-:: .. : :- :: .' : :: .'. ::::::: ... .'". :::: :: :>::- : .: .. :···:: :-:::· : ::: .: :::":::· : ·. :::· : :::: :: . : . : :·: -. ·:: .. :::· ·::· -:: : .: : : . .: .. ::: .. : 

support •• a.war.raritle$s···arr�st••1s· .• §as�d·•on• .• Ein • . evJb.1e.tj,o:n •• of•the •• t()fality .• 6f•t1Jc 

. . . ... : : . : .:· ..... : · ····::.: . : : ::::: :::::: .:: . :: .. :: : ::· ·::·:·::·::":": : . ... : : . :. . . . : : :.:::: : . : · ·:::: .... : .. ·:· : .. :.: : . 

speCmca111 

.•• �ttdet.••the•••tot4

iw••of .the····circfmst�ces.!•t�st,

••••probable•••c,use• -t� · 

preseilt. where • th� · facts • Efiid. • • bh-cumsta11ces • withirt • th¢ •• ofii:�er'$ • k:howled,ge. iarc .: ': 

. . . . : ::.· .: .... :.: . . :: . ::·' ·:. :·· :·::: .:::. :::: ...... ::::·.·:.·. ;·:·::· ·:;:·· ·::. ··::·:··: : .. : .. ::.: : : ··;··:: ·: .. ::· : ... : . . :: . · :··:··:::··:::·::·:·::: . : 

.sufficierit.to•\Vclrtanf·�· persc>n.of Ieaso11ttble 

.• Cautior1.in.th�··��lief·that.llrt.offe�¢ .•.• 

. .: ::::·::.::::. ···: :::· ·: :::: : ::: ·:· :::··::· .::.·.:: .i.!.": ... ·::.::.. :: .. : :: "". : · ··:. ': . :.: : · .. :: . . ::: .'.".". :: '":':> 

• under • the •. Fourth • ;\1r1endntent •• to.• tli¢ •. l.Jriited •• St��es · •. C911stitutior1 • when . it .i�

:: . -. .· ::.-:: . . : .. : :-:· ::.:: :-:·-·:· . ·.:::. : :·:·:·.:: : .:.·: . : ·.::: ·:: ::::: ·::.: >" :: .. : ·:::· '""·: -: -: : :· . . :::: . : . ::.: ... 

pUtSUallt. to a. wfu.railf; •.•• Iiojrevet, • a. 'Wal'rantlbss al'[e$t. i� • constitutionally Valid.: .: 

:·:: ;: :· ::: . : ·:·· ::: ::::.:.:::·:· ::: : : · . 

. . . . . . : :. :;· . . ·::· . : · ::····:··::·.·::: : ·::·: . 

· •••·• ···•••· .. ···•••· 10•····· 

. :·· ·:· :·:: :::.: ::::.::: :"".·::>:: .:. :->:· .: :::: ·::· ·::: : . :.:. : .: .::.:::::: ::··.::>::<:: ·:: :>::: :- ::::: :.::":: . · ::: : :" : : : · : ::::.: ... : .::::::": 

. . . .... 

(n th;eJnstfJJlt case,jhe tes�nionygres.en�ec\at the 1>retriaJ.hearirtg. 

established • tha.t.011!(:)ct<>ber4, •• 20l7,··�t·c1pproxim,t�1y·4:4Q.}:) .• �•.,•'l'ro0per.Bria11••••• 

·Koriopka•.ofthc: .. Petμt�ylv.��·�tate'.Poli¢�.•Fbg�l�vill�·B'1·l'�c�s····wa�···l'�trollirig.in•••••• · 

·the •. �ea•of.lnlerstate • 7�··We'.st •• in.J\llpttto\Vrt,·· bpl'ef··��tt

1CPn••ToVJlls1tip,···�high . •·• 

Coun.�·Pennsy1vaniai····Troop:er. Kbno1ka• was.patrol}m�·in!·�·trtarked. vehicle·��· 

::.: .' ·:: .: :::· :· >·: :... . .. :·::. :·· _::'-::··:· ···: .. :::··:·::·:: :::·::·:::· :::· .. :.·:: ::.::::.::>.:·:··:: .:::·:.::·.:::::-- .:": . .: ... : :· :·. ::·:: .: . . 

(1983)•.• .•see'w�o.¢0Itirtl()rt\lleallli.v .•• Oibsori,[•sao·P�.··1�p,,.63.8 • .A.2d·.•2oa,

•.20.6• 

.•.. · ••. •• ..•• .•• ••• . .•• .•••• • •• . • • • ··••· •.•••.••. ••••••·• ••• ·•••••••••••••. • . . • .• • • .••• ••••• ••• .••.. •••• .• • . .•. •.•..• t. • •.. .•. . .• .• .• .••.. .• . . 

(1994);• Call'lIIlQtl�eaJth.:v.••·.oenrli$, ·417 •• P�.·· $Upet .••. 42�;···429-430,. 

: . : :: .:.:: . : . ·:":: :·<<: :: :::: :: :::· :· 

..... ··; :····· :·· : ::·::::·::.:.::: .. ·: . . : .. : 

. ................... 

1014)]016(1992)) 

.. .. : . . ·:· -: ::. ": :: ::::: : ::_: .:: : .::; . : ·:. :: : ::· ::: : : :.· .::·. :;:: ::: :: .: .: ::: ::: : :: : -::· :::::· : : :: :· :·· ::. :· : :::; ::: .:.::. : : ::: .:: :: .. .;:; : ·:::: ·:::::. : . : ·<::: 

•. circuntstaiices Qbse?'Vijd. l>y. the offic�r ,Wll¢11 .1111;ld11g. the tlprest ClEtrk, .13 5. A.2{l • 

.. . . . . . . . A law enfOl"(:e111¢11t ofiic�'s ElCttial sμbjectiye motiv3tio� iq e�ecuting a ktoP,. eve1.,1: if •. 

. · •. pretextUal; • • i� • neverthele$f3 jt-releva,n:t if • sufficiet1t •. antecedent Justification•. is · 0 bjectively,;;. • 

pre�ent, Wftr���·.,v.�,'['.Jn1tijfYStJjmr,·. 1H3 s.ct; t76? (l996}. 

• •... · · 1 • ····· . . . . . ... . . • 

: :'.: ·) :::. ;;::::.:::-:::: ::.::.:.:::::.:: :< :;;:·;:· :;::: .. ··:::::.::::: -: . 

· burden . 1 B;erinett, 827 A.2da.t 478 .. 

. .. .. . . .. . . . ::·:::·· :. :.· . . . . . . . . : · .. :"::.:··. : :. :.·:· .: ·:· : : .: . :· : . 

• supporteti •• by •. },rob9.ble •. ca�sb.•·• ••• Q2rn�o�9!egllh. ·v····s§lt;t1$#, •. •4s4·· •Pa 

..•• 21.l, • 398 

... : . : : . : : : : : : . : : . ::: : . : : .. : . : .. : : .. : : : : . : : . :: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " "...... . . . . . . . . . . . ' : . � : : : : : :� :':': ".... . . . . . . ".. . . . . . . . 

• ···A.2d •.• l0t9··· (�979)'.···· T11e•.deterrnutaμ0Il •• ot••w�etll�r···P.t-e>�Jble•·•ca.use···eldsts••to 
::. ::·: . ': . . : .::> :>-:)·: .. ;::::· ·:: ;: .:::·:·::::: > .:: .: :··:·::·-: T. : . . T : :>:-: 

• Trooper • l{ortopi(a . opserved. ' silv�r • C�evr()let Cruze • traveli�g •... 

: >:.:·:::: ::·::::::: ::-::::::--:::·::.::::::::::: .. : :::.:::::::::: .::::::::::< ::::.:: : _.·; : ::· ··::.:: .· : > .::·:; :::::·::: .. :: ;::::: : .:· . :::·.::· : :::·::.::::: 

•Troopef •• Kol'lo�ka···reqUe$tecl .•.• that···tlie•·.driver •• and•·•the···pa.$sertg�r······ 

:·. ·:· -; ::. :·: .. ·::.: :· ::·: ..' ·:· :·. ·::::: .. ·: .. :.:: .. ·:: ·::>: : ·:: ::<-::.:::::.. :·::-:·:·.::.;. .: :;:. : :.: : .· .: .: .: :. : . . : :. ·.:::: .. :· : : :::: : . ·.:: 

t11e •. center•1ane•ar•tr.a.�e1••a.t•�·venr·s1ow.r*te•of spebA;.t11ereby.i111��ding.the.�<>-w• .: 

; :. -: : ::.:: >·: .\ :: .. :·::.:;: .;(::!: . : . :::: :::::;;;::·;::.::::·::·:::::· -:<::.:: : ;::::: .. : :'.:: ·:::: .·· :::.::: :: : :::: : :: 

During thi$ Jnterv�l

1 

• the vehicles. sp�rici • • incre��ed • substantfall)'. 

.. ·; .... ': . ··::: .: : :.::·:::.::::::.:: ::::: ::::·::: : :: ·. :::::::.::::::::::::· ::::·::'.::·::-::::::· ::: : .:::::: :::::: : ::: .: .. ;· : : ·:::· : : : : .;:::: ;::-::": 

Trooper Konopka.clqdl(edthe.Vehiole•it#aveling a(68.llip�·irl a.posted ss• mph. 

:: : :. :· .: ::·:: :. ;:: :·:. :: : .;: : :: . ·::. ::· .: ': :-:. ::::: .::::: .;:.::-::.:·:.:::· ::: . . . 

There wete• two (2l <>CCttp8.11ts in the $\lbject te11icle. Trooper •KoriopJ(fl. 

. 

.. : : : : : . : .::.·:: :: : ·:.:: ::::: ::: : : ::·:······:: .. >:·:;-:: ::::::· ":... .. ·:-::: :-:::: : .:.::. ::.::. ::: .: ::: : :- .: : : 

zone .. •·Th,erefore, •• Tr9oper .: l{onopkti •• ir1iti�t�d··a·tratpc •• stop •• on •• l·78 •. We�tpoun.d .• 

:.·. : : :::: -::·.:: ::<.:::.:.:::: : ::::.::.:::":::· :>:>:::::.::::: . ·:· .. : . . · .. ::::.:::.·::::::.:.:::::::":: : : ·:· :::::::":.::. ·:.::.:·.:::::::;::: :-:: : :"::.: _:: :-: :·... :·>::·:: ::: 

speak. with.·l1ilri .• trpbri. cotriplyihg,. the••t>efenda?it. �ppe�i;�<i 

.• tc, •• pe.nervqtts .•••••• ae•• 

: ·:· . ·:. ::: ·::·.::·: ·: : : :: :::: :: .. :·.:"-:::_:· . :.:· ;;:::: .:: .::: : .:::::·.::-:: ::. : :::::: . . ·::. : ::::::: : .:::. : ·: .: ;:: . : : :::: :: . ::: .::: : ·:·:·: 

PeI1nsylvania,•• and •whb. wcrs not• 1:)resent.it1 •the•vebide •. e.t.tb.e· •time. of the••stop•. 

. . . .. .. .. .. . .. . . . .. . . .. ·{· . . . . . . .. . . .. .. . . . . 

. . :····::::····"' :-:-· ::. -: .:.:: :.:::···· ·:.:·· :>: ·:··::: . : ::: : : :::.::.::::.:·· ·:.::::-::·:::::: .: ::· : ': .:> : · :· -::::: .: ::: :·:: ": : 

. approached. the. passenger. side. of the vehicl� • anct lqirnediately. detectbd. a stro�g :. . 

:.·. : .::· .. :.:'.:·: . . .:" .... :<:: ·: :: .·:.::.:::: .:: ... ·>··· ·::·::::::: ::··:·:::":: ;: '":::::::· .::::· :::::·:::::--:::::·: : ::: : .. : : : : :;::: : .:. ·::· <·:.:: .. : 

. Konopka. also • () b�brved. in. th�. \f ellicle • an • iPhorie tl�Jt was • be111g use4 ·. #s. ·�. !o�s 

. :. ·:: .:::· :: "": :::· :: ·:'. :·.::.::.:: ... ::: ::·: -::: .: ·::: .. : .:::: .. ·:·::··. " :::. :: .: .:: . . ::· :: : :. :.:: .. :::::: <":.:.: . . 

. sn1ell of raVl niaxijllflll� eJllana.ti#grroill the vehic,l� .• 111 addition, there VJel"e 

• •numerous• .•• black ••• tree-s�aped •. air •• fres�eners •• throi;ghout .• tbe • v<;hicle• .•••.. TroQper· .. 

:· .... ::::.:-.::::::"::::":::: ·:::::::: . : :,::-.:: :::: :: :.: .. :. ::·::: .. ::.:::::·::;:.'.;::::: .. : ·::: : _;: .: ·:::::>::::·.::::::::::::::::<:::::::::::: : .:::.::::::::::·::·::>:·:::::.:::::::"-:::.:· :··. :. :.: . 

•told•· 'l'r<>op¢r.Konopka·· tli�t•. he •• \V�s··tr�veliJ1g• .• tp··t-4�l�ci:•froU1 • NeW • Yot:kJ··jbtit 

. ,. ,., . : :: . : . :: :··. ;". : . ... :.:. ::·.:::- :.: . . : ·::.-: : ·:: : : :>:::: .: · . -:: : :: .. :::: : · :::· :_";: : ::· . : .. :· . . :.::: : , .. :.: . : 

·that• this. inf orm�tion • contradictetf the. destination on• the. iPhone •OPS .•• • Also{fu,e. · •. 

: .:::· .. .: . ... ::::· :::_::: .::<·:: ::-: :::·�::·::.:::;:: : : ::::::·;;.:::::::::::\·::::::::::::::- : .::.:::::::::::::: .. : <<· : :::::::::: ::: ::::-::t::T/1"::: ::: 

• This· request was .• ct>ttiplied. \Vith,.and. ce>hsequell#Y• tlie• clriverWas •• kle#tified. Sf;, 

. : . . .:: :: :: .::: . : : ::::: :::>·::: > ··:·: : : ::·:· -:: ·::::.: ··:::: ::: :· ; :::.::··:: : :·::::::· ·::::.::.:·.:; . .:: . :;;;:.:;;·.; 

. provide • him •.• w.ith •. the. appropriate •.• clocttrnehts, .•. inC.htdin.g •• their .• idbntificatiofr .•• 

.... . .... :·:·: :: :: .:: : .·:: ·:: . : . . ::· :: .:: ·:: . .. 

. . .. :: :· :: :: : : :. ... .. : . ·:· ·: .::·· ::: 

. of traffic. Trooper Kb11opka then. pr()ceecl�d to fo�ov( tlle subJ�ct\l�hi<:I�. 

. : ··.: ·::·:·· : :.:. :<: ·:: :::: :::::_:::: :: ::::·.: ::: ::::::::::· ::··:::· ::··::< .:: :: : . .. : . .. :·.::::: : .. : : ::.:: :·::::: :.· :·.:::·::·:··:·:: : ··:: ::: :: :::.:.: : : ::: . : 

was unable. t6 • prt>tiae . #Y • �peciflc details.•••• Iriter�sting, • Trooper. Konopka• noted�

:: . ::: .. :· ::: I: : ·::.·:: :::,:.:: .. :;: :;.;;:.;:<::<:::.::.:::·:: : : :.::·.:::::;::::: .::::;:::::::::.:: : ::::;::.::::::::<::::.·.: 

t)efendaht. · [)Wayne · La.tty•• of.• Br6ok1yri, : N'ew .• Ybrk. • • • • rrie ! ·. • fr<>nf • • paf>een.ger • wa.s. 

: :·'.:: . 

· 

.. : . :::.:;: ·:· .:\·:::: : · ::·::: .. ::.::::::·.:::·:: :::·.:::: :::·.::::. ::::·::::::::::::: :·::::::::·:::::::·. :::::::::::::·:::. : : ··:::.::;::::.::::::::::. : ::_:::· . . : ::··.,: 

identified •.• as • • P�fehdfll'l.t's •. friend, Fa.biat1 ••• Jackso�, • •• of Hqu.stori' .•• Texas. 

: -":::· :::.:::.:: :: :: ::: :-:::. ::.::: : : :::<·T-::"IT> :;: (: ::::.:::::::· ::·:::::::.:!::!:: ::::: :: > ;:.:::: '.:: : : : :.·: : :: .. ::: .::·.:: : : \) :>:::: . : :·:;::: : : . ::::·::·: ::: 

D.efendan.t a.dvised•.frooper•I{qnopkathkt he• had\,een •• drivirig. t.he .. vehicle.J9r •• : 

. : . ; .· · ::·· ::::::> :>::-:::::>. :.· :: :::·:::: ;: :\"'". : · ., ··.::; : : ::> .:.::: ... ::::-:: : ·:.·:: : : (::::··::·:::·:: ::.:·::.:::::::: .:--:::::: :::::-: :·: ... : 

. addition, • the �ehid� • \va.s •• tegistered • to .• a.. third pa.rtr. who •• I"C$ided • ltl Alleritowtt .••• 

: ...... :. : . :: ::: : :.: . ::::>·:: :: ::.::. ::·::·::::·:: ::::.:·.:: ..... :· ·:::· :::·.::-:: ::·::: : ·::: .::.: .. :::·· · :: :. ·:: :.:::. : ·: .:: ·:' . : :":. : : . . .... 

. . TroopefKon.opk:a requested that the Defendant e�it ltis vehicle so that he coμlcl . 

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :�: .\' 
. : .. .: ·:· : : :: ::· :: ::: : . : .:.·: .: :·:· : .: .. _ .. ··::. : : :·.:: :· :· .: :··· -: : · .. : -: .::.::· :::·: ·:::: :::::.:. 

After ·•·•speaki11g ·•··Vlith ••• ithe • •• I)e�e�dallt,1 .•• 'trooper ••••K9rtopk#i·· •si,o�e .• 

;· :::: :: .: ·: .. 

:::::·.· .. :::. :::···::: '\ :. ::::: . . 

:-: .. 

: 

.. . :): ;: :::::.::: ::::;;· ::·:··. : ::- : .:::-::::;; : · :::-:: .. ;:· : . . : . .. : ;::·· : ·::: 

.. ( 

behavior. appeared unusual,. i$• he rep�atedly. stutteted .and wo.uld. hot rria,ke. eye 

: . : . '. ·.: .;:· ;; ;; ·: :: ::·-:::·::.::::·:: :< :··::··I ..: ;: :·:::··::.:::·::.::.·:::: :.-:::::.:: ·:·: :::::· ::: ::.: : ::: ·:>:· . :: :::·. : :::- · ::--· ···.: .... 

cir�umstances. surrounding.the. traffic. �hop. 8llti. the ·l)efe11cia11t,ti�nie.d.colise�t .•. 

: ::. .. . .. : ·::·: : :: ·: ,: .. :: ;:; : ·.:::·:::· : : .::::::· : : : :··:::::;_ .. : . :;: ·::: : :: . .. ::·:··::·· : :.::: :::· . :. :: .· <"" .:::::. : :::. : : : . 

reqUested.· CQilSertt to SC�C}l··the •vel1i�l� based .Otl� the .••• totality ,of the . 

. . ·: .: .. :. : : : . . . : :·: .. · ·: ·: :··· 

Jamaica.rt Jrienci;. Richarff Hi11es. :in ex¢hartgc{for a )ruck; The Defendant!s . 

.. . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . 

TJ'OQp�r kottQpka. t:ha.t th�Y wi� tr�v�l,_s to <=l'lariotte fro111 Nei.v york, but did, 

not kriow.wha.t.a.tate •• ¢llarfotte.'Wa.$.loca.tecis··•Th�n.:rrooper••Koriopka•ih.qμired. if; 

there was• any·lllarijuanr1.iI1.tlle•vehlcle .•••• At.this •. 

tiipe,· 

.• iMr • Ja.ckson.pfoduce(l,_a.:·• 

. clear· plEtstic. coritai11er .fr<>rn ·.his. ftgijt. pants .pocl<et..9ontaiqμ1g .a. s111a11 • ainourtt •. of:•• ... 

• • • sfispededi •. inarijuani .•• • .At . 

·t�is •• ti01e, · •• Trooper. Konopka. 

i 

took • possession •• of• thf 

. : . . :: .. : ..... :.·:: :·:.:·::: ·::<::· :: ::::·::::::.::··::·::::-·.:: ::··:::. :-:::: .. : . 

sso gtanis bf �usp¢cteci docairte. •· doriseqμently/ the, petendKo.t and Mr .. 

·Jackson.Jere 

.• placed.�to·custody.and.transported.to.the·Fogelsville.Bax.racks • pf• . 

.. . . : .: .::: :::: :: ::·-:::.: ·::·.-::::.:: .:: : :: :·: . 

the Pe11μ�ylvania St�te)olice. • · . 

• veh1bl¢ .•••••.. As.•�·· result •.. C>f .this.· sefltch, •• Ttoqpet .• K()n�p�Et···located • �··blaqlc • pla.sf.ic·••• ••• • . grocery-style:bagbe(nind.tll�·SI)are.tire.111.theitrullk:.6(.tl1e,vehicle'.···tJp¢n.bpeni�g········· ·• 

.•.the•• bag, •• Trooper····Koitqpija··· located··· a. •• clear .•• Jr-tigpt •• ·�la�tic • • bag • cqntai!lln�· · a • 

••••Yenow •• iii. color. cyMndric:J•Packige •• Wi�·the •word. Cir avi" • in. •bt�ck.Jnatker·. 011 

• it. • • 

•Trooper 

•• Konopka 

.•• Pee1ed•·.back •• tlte·· packagillg·· ·and•.observed•·.a• .• white•·.poV1dery••• 

. • substElilce .. that..lle. suspected.to •. be •. coCairie .• There. appeated.to.be •• appro"\inate1y1 

. 

:: ·:.::· ;::.:. ::·:·::::::; ::::.:;::.: . :::: :: ::::: ::.::::·::::: . : . ::::::·;::: . :(::::.::: : ::: .. ·:::.{ ;;;:.;:::::;:::::::·::: :: : : . . _;":::':: ::: ·: ·::::.· ·:::::: 

·.··contact with 'I'roopet Ko11opka durinij their)Conve.ts�tion( 1'toopefK9nopka 

: . ··:· ·::::·:::": · .. .: ·.:.:: . · :.:: .: : : :·:·: :;: · :· .: · :· : ::: . ::··.:. :.·:::: -: : .·:. : :. .: ::·. : ·:. :·: :· :::: . 

· . .. separatelr \Vitll• the. pa�senget while.he.fas·:�til1lir1�1e.veh1cle .•• Mr .•• Jacl(so�•·to!d· 

. : . . . : .. ::: -: .::. . :· .: : : -: :::: .: .;: ::·· :::··::· ·: :· :::: : :: . : : :::· .::::. ·:::. ::;::::·: ;::;· : : < ;: ;:;: : : :::-: ·:: :· : ::: .:::;· .:::::: ;:: ;: :::: 

• mariJ-uaria . · an.cl . teqμested •• that • the • passe11g�r: exit. tfie. • x�llicle. •••Based : on · his, 

:.:::::-:·:. :; : .::.: : ::· ::·: :: : . : : :::·:::::·::: ·::·:.:: ::: : ·:<::::: ::: :: : :::::: ::::..::·::.·:'.::: : :.·::::: :: ·':: ::::::::::;::.:;:;:: .. :::: .. :.:::·:::·· 

trairimg •. ahcf •• ex:perie11ce, •• �s •• wen•. ls.· hi� •• �bserv�tio.n$ • • 1t11d ••.the cfr¢umstances: . 

.. : :;.::: : /\. ::'.::'.:.:::: ):.:-::::- ::: :::: ._;::::;:;:;:::./::t<: ::::: .: : ·:::::.:;::::.�.::::: .. ::-.::::::: :: . 

• · · ..•. surro1.1n<lirig •••the yehicle ••st.of>,••• Trooper•• I{oridpka .• cortci�#te4 •.a. .. • search ••of•• �e. • • • 
investigative. 

detendon.0£.the •. Def et1dant 

.•.• 

Becaμse �e·. 1-)efendallt's • stop.and · 

detention �ere made.\'7ith l"eciSe>rtal>le suspiciofra#d pro1',b1e cause thati· · . 

crime. was.being .coffixnitted,. this. Court. foun�. that. f he. stop· and. •4etention • were 

••1a�ul. ••.• 

Trooper.Konopka.po�ted.to.specific.and •• ar9c\llaQle•facts.that.provided: 

•.. 

····ajustinaplb.basis[fdr•a•lega.l•stbp,.detet?.tion.�ct sups¢que#f·litrest of :the·················· 

Defendar1t. I11deed •. tlli� • pdurt conolμcled. that• ��secf o� the 1:otfllit;y of the

1• 

• • •. . • •. • 

drc\lmstruices.:• the. \Vatrantless. Jrest. of. t�e· [)efe�darit. aJd .the •• seatc�· of the . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . J .. . . 

vehicle 

were.justifie4• aJld based.on probable .• caμse 

.•••• C9nseque11tly,. the. s�arcfr . • •.. 

. ·ofthe.Pefendant;a•vehiJ1e·.\V�S·proper.a.nd.legal.·· Accordirigly�··the•pliysica1········· 

·.evidence.waslavdullYobtairied.a11d.clidI1otheed •• to:pe.suI?pressed 

.••••..• • • 

In•ught·ot.the.foregoing,.the.Defendant's.Poot .• 

Sentence Moclons.