# Patent

## Title
Electronic cash implementing method and equipment using user signature and recording medium recorded thereon a program for the method

## Abstract

A user registers a user public key PKU as a pseudonym at a trustee or issuer and obtains an signature for the pseudonym as a license. The sends the pseudonym, PKU identification information IdU and the amount of withdrawal x to the issuer institution. The issuer increments a balance counter of the pseudonym by x, then generates an issuer signature SKI(PKU, x) with a secret key SKI, and sends the issuer signature as an electronic cash to the user. The user verifies the validity of the issuer signature with a public key SKI, and if valid, increments an electronic cash balance counter Balance by x. At the time of payment, user sends the public key PKU and the license to a shop, and the shop verifies the validity of the license, and if valid, sends a challenge to the user. The user attaches a signature to the challenge with user secret key SKU, then sends it to the shop together with the amount due y, and decrements the electronic cash balance counter by y.

## Background
This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/219,447, filed Dec. 23, 1998 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,539,364.


BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a method and equipment for implementing electronic cash through utilization of an electrical communication system, or a smart card or the like which records information.
Conventional electronic cash techniques or schemes are disclosed, for example, in Japanese Patent Publication 7-052460 entitled “Method and Apparatus for Implementing Electronic Cash,” Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Nos. 4-367070 entitled “Electronic Cash Implementing Method,” 5-20344 entitled “Electronic Cash Implementing Method,” 7-302288 entitled “Electronic Cash System,” 8-87559 entitled “Electronic Cash Implementing Method and Electronic Cash System,” and 9-128465 entitled “Electronic Cash Implementing Method with A Trustee.”
In these electronic cash schemes proposed so far, electronic cash is attached with a signature of an electronic cash issuing institution (hereinafter referred to also as an issuer) for information which specifies the user of the electronic cash and the amount of money issued. The user stores the issued electronic cash in user equipment, and for each purchase, sends the electronic cash to a shop in a required amount. The shop makes a check to see if the electronic cash sent thereto is affixed with a valid signature, and if so, receives the electronic cash. The receiver, that is, the shop returns electronic cash information to the issuer for conversion. The issuer verifies the electronic cash information returned thereto to check for an improper use.
With the conventional electronic cash schemes mentioned above, the issuer manages information for each issuance of electronic cash, and the issued electronic cash returns via the user and the shop to the issuer, which checks the electronic cash for improper use. This method has such disadvantages as listed below.
The user is required to have a storage device for holding electronic cash issued to him.
The receiver, a bank and the electronic cash issuer are each required to have a device and time for verifying electronic cash.
The issuer is required to have a particularly large-capacity storage for storing information corresponding to electronic cash issued.
Since the user specifying information (pseudonym) is determined at the time of issuance of electronic cash, it cannot be changed to a different pseudonym when the user makes a payment by electronic cash.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide an electronic cash implementing method and equipment which dispense with storage devices for the storage of electronic cash by enabling users to make payments with their signatures alone and by making a check in an electronic cash issuing institution for an improper user of electronic cash for each user and, moreover, provide increased security for user privacy by allowing the users to use different pseudonyms for requesting the issuance of electronic cash and for making payments to shops.
The issuer equipment has a balance counter for each user, issues electronic cash in response to a request from user equipment, then increments the balance counter by the amount of electronic cash issued, and upon receiving electronic cash returned thereto, decrements the balance counter by the amount returned.
The user has a balance counter in user equipment, and upon receiving electronic cash issued from the issuer, increments the balance counter by the amount of issue. Upon making a payment by electronic cash, the user decrements the balance counter by the amount paid. The user is allowed to make payments by his signature until the balance counter goes down to zero.
Shop equipment makes a check to see if the user signature is valid, and if so, receives the payment, stores the user signature, and returns it to the issuer equipment for conversion.
With the above scheme according to the present invention, the user equipment is enabled to render payment without the need to have a storage for storing electronic cash. The issuer equipment is capable of managing electronic cash information by the balance counter, and hence does not need to store the information. Moreover, since the user is allowed to selectively use any one of a plurality of user signatures when he makes a payment, his privacy can be protected with much ease.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating the prime system constituents for a first embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram depicting the functional configuration for a user registration process according to the first embodiment;
FIG. 3 is a block diagram depicting the functional configuration for a withdrawal process according to the first embodiment;
FIG. 4 is a block diagram depicting the functional configuration for a payment process according to the first embodiment;
FIG. 5 is a block diagram depicting the functional configuration for a deposit process according to the first embodiment;
FIG. 6 is a block diagram illustrating the prime system constituents for a second embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a block diagram depicting the functional configuration for a user registration process according to the second embodiment;
FIG. 8 is a block diagram depicting part of the functional configuration for a withdrawal process according to the second embodiment;
FIG. 9 is a block diagram depicting the other remaining configuration for the withdrawal process;
FIG. 10 is a block diagram depicting the functional configuration for a payment process according to the second embodiment;
FIG. 11 is a block diagram depicting the functional configuration for a deposit process according to the second embodiment;
FIG. 12 is a block diagram depicting the functional configuration for an electronic cash return process according to the second embodiment;
FIG. 13 s a block diagram illustrating the prime system constituents for a third embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 14 a block diagram depicting the functional configuration for a user registration process according to the third embodiment;
FIG. 15 is a block diagram depicting the functional configuration for a withdrawal process according to the third embodiment;
FIG. 16 is a block diagram depicting the functional configuration for a payment process according to the third embodiment;
FIG. 17 is a block diagram depicting the functional configuration for a deposit process according to the third embodiment;
FIG. 18 is a block diagram depicting the functional configuration for an electronic cash return process according to the third embodiment;
FIG. 19 is a block diagram depicting the functional configuration for a user registration process according to a fourth embodiment;
FIG. 20 is a block diagram depicting the functional configuration for a withdrawal process according to the fourth embodiment;
FIG. 21 is a block diagram depicting the functional configuration for a user registration process according to a fifth embodiment;
FIG. 22 is a block diagram depicting the functional configuration for a withdrawal process according to the fifth embodiment;
FIG. 23 is a block diagram depicting the functional configuration for a user registration process according to a sixth embodiment;
FIG. 24 is a block diagram depicting the functional configuration for a withdrawal process according to the sixth embodiment;
FIG. 25 is a block diagram showing an example of the functional configuration of user equipment in the first embodiment;
FIG. 26 is a block diagram showing an example of the functional configuration of shop equipment in the first embodiment;
FIG. 27 is a block diagram showing an example of the functional configuration of user equipment in the second embodiment;
FIG. 28 is a block diagram showing an example of the functional configuration of issuing institution equipment in the second embodiment;
FIG. 29 is a block diagram showing an example of the functional configuration of issuer equipment in the third embodiment; and
FIG. 30 is a block diagram illustrating a computer configuration for implementing the user equipment or issuing institution equipment by a computer program.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
First Embodiment
FIG. 1 illustrates in block form the basic configuration of the electronic cash system according to a first embodiment of the present invention. Trustee equipment (hereinafter also referred to simply as a trustee) 500, electronic cash issuing equipment (hereinafter also referred to simply as an issuer) 100, user equipment (hereinafter also referred to simply as a user) 300 and shop equipment (hereinafter also referred to simply as a shop) 400 are connected via communication lines, for instance, but they may also be connected via smart cards or the like which are capable of recording information.
In the illustrated electronic cash system, the user 300 registers with the trustee 500 in his real name to use electronic cash, and receives a license, after which he requests the issuer 100 to issue electronic cash and receives it. The user 300 shows the shop 400 the license, and makes a payment by sending an arbitrary amount due and his signature to the shop 400. The shop 400 sends a history of communications with the user 300 to the issuer 100 for conversion. The first embodiment of the invention will be described below in detail.
(1) User Registration Procedure
FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic representation of the functional configuration for user registration procedure. The trustee equipment 500 is provided with a storage device 510, a key generating device 520 and a signature generating device 530. Let it be assumed that the trustee equipment 500 generates a secret key SKR and a public key PKR by the key generating device 520, prestores them in the storage 510, and publishes the public key PKR to the user 300 and the shop 400 in advance.
The user equipment 300 is provided with a storage device 310, a signature verifying device 320 and a key generating device 330. The user equipment 300 generates a secret key SKU and a public key PKU by the key generating device 330, stores them in the storage device 310, and sends the public key PKU and a user real name IdU to the trustee equipment 500.
The trustee equipment 500 stores the public key PKU and the user real name IdU in the storage device 510, generates a trustee signature (hereinafter referred to as a license) SKR(PKU) for the public key PKU by the signature generating device 530 using the secret key SKR, and sends the license to the user equipment 300. The key PKU is used both as a public key and as a user pseudonym in the payment procedure described later on.
The user equipment 300 verifies the validity of the license SKR(PKU) by the signature verifying device 320 using the public key PKR, and if it is found valid, stores it in the storage device 310.
(2) Withdrawal Procedure
A description will be given of the withdrawal procedure between the user 300 and the issuer 100. As depicted in FIG. 3, the issuer equipment 100 is provided with a storage device 110, a signature generating device 130 and a balance updating device 190. The user equipment 300 further comprises an input device 360 and a balance updating device 370. In this instance, the user equipment 300 sends to the issuer equipment 100 a request for withdrawal which is composed of the public key PKU as the user pseudonym and the user identification information IdU as the user real name, both read out of the storage device 310, and his requested amount of issue x which is entered via the input device 360.
Upon receiving the withdrawal request (PKU, IdU, x) from the user 300, the issuer equipment 100 sets an electronic cash balance counter in the storage device 110 in correspondence with the user public key PKU (corresponding to the user real name IdU) and increases its count value EBC (initialized at 0) by the balance updating device 190 by the amount x (EBC←EBC+x). At the same time, the issuer equipment 100 decreases, by the balance updating device 190, the balance ABC of a user's account, provided in the storage device 110 in correspondence with the user real name IdU, by the amount x (ABC←ABC+x). Further, issuer 100 generates generates an issuer signature SKI(PKU, x) by the signature generating device 130 with a secret key SKI for the amount x and the user public key PKU. The signature is sent to the user equipment 300.
The user equipment 300 verifies the validity of the signature SKI(PKU, x) by the signature verifying device 320 using a public key PKI. If the issuer signature is valid, the balance updating device 370 increments an electronic cash balance counter Balance set in the storage device 310 by x (Balance=+x).
A noteworthy feature of the withdrawal procedure in FIG. 3 lies in that the signature SKI(PKU, x) issued from the issuer equipment 100 to the user equipment 300 is not stored in the storage device 310 and hence is not used afterward unlike in the prior art. That is, the issuer signature SKI(PKU, x) is used only to inform the user of the increment of the electronic cash counter by the amount x and the decrement of the user balance counter by the amount x; the user acknowledges it and increments the balance counter Balance of the user equipment 300 by the amount x. This is one of the features of the present invention which are common to the embodiments described later on.
Another feature of the present invention resides in that electronic cash is managed for each user real name IdU (or pseudonym in the embodiments described later on) in the issuing equipment 100, and is merely managed as the electronic cash balance counter EBC. Besides, when the user requests the issuing equipment 100 for an additional issuance of electronic cash as required, the issuer 100 adds the current balance of the user electronic cash balance counter with the amount additionally issued, and subtracts from the user balance counter (account) the amount additionally issued. In the conventional electronic cash systems, however, electronic cash is managed for each piece of electronic cash issued, and a plurality of pieces of electronic cash issued to the same user are managed individually.
(3) Payment Procedure
A description will be given, with reference to FIG. 4, of the procedure for the payment of y yen from the user to the shop by electronic cash. The shop equipment 400 comprises a storage device 410, a signature verifying device 420, a random generating device 440 and a timing device 450. In the storage device 410 there are stored a real name IdS of the shop 400 and a public key PKR of the trustee 500.
Step 1: The user equipment 300 sends the user public key PKU as its pseudonym and the license SKR(PKU) to the shop equipment 400.
Step 2: The shop equipment 400 verifies the validity of the signature contained in the license SKR(PKU) by the signature verifying device 420 with the trustee public key PKR, and sends as a challenge to the user equipment 300 a set of information composed of a random number Rs and time information Ts generated by the random generating device 440 and the timing device 450, respectively, and the shop real name IdS.
Step S3: The user equipment 300 decrements the balance counter Balance in the storage device 310 by y (Balance=x−y), then generates, by the signature generating device 390 using the key SKU, a user signature SKU(y, IdS, Rs, Ts) for the challenge (Rs, Ts, IdS) and the amount due y, and sends the signature and the amount y to the shop equipment 400.
Step 4: The shop equipment 400 verifies the validity of the signature SKU(y, IdS, Rs, Ts) from the user equipment 300 by the signature verifying device 420 using the public key PKU, and stores as history information H in the storage device 410 all pieces of information {PKU, SKR(PKU), Ts, Rs, y, SKU(y, IdS, Rs, Ts)} sent to and received from the user equipment 300.
A notable feature of the payment procedure in FIG. 4 is the absence of electronic cash that is issued from the issuing equipment 100; instead, the set of information composed of the license SKR (PKU), the user public key PKU and the user signature SKU(y, IdS, Rs, Ts) sent from the user 300 to the shop 400 correspond to electronic cash. That is, another feature of the present invention resides in that the electronic cash for payment is handled as guaranteeing the amount to be paid as long as it bears the license SKR(PKU) issued as the trustee signature for the user public key and the user signature; accordingly, the invention does not use the signature of the issuer (a bank, for instance) needed in the past.
(4) Deposit Procedure
A description will be given, with reference to FIG. 5, of the procedure for depositing the electronic cash paid to the shop in the issuing equipment 100. The issuing equipment 100 further comprises a balance updating device 190.
Step 1: The shop 400 sends the history information H={PKU, SKR(PKU), Ts, Rs, y, SKU(y, IdS, Rs, Ts)} and the its real name IdS to the issuer equipment 100.
Step 2: The issuer equipment 100 verifies the validity of the license SKR(PUK) and the user signature SKU(y, IdS, Rs, Ts) contained in the history information H, by the signature verifying device 120 using the trustee public key PKR and the user public key PKU, respectively. When the license and the user signature are both found valid, the issuer equipment 100 uses the balance updating device 190 to increase the balance in the account ABC of the shop 400 in the storage device 100 by y (IdS:ABC←ABC+y) and decrement the balance counter EBC for the user public key SKU by y (PK U:EBC←EBC−y), and stores the history information H in the storage device 110.
(5) Procedure To Cope With Improper Use or Attack
When the count value of the balance counter EBC for PKU becomes minus, the issuer equipment 100 specifies the attacker by retrieving the real name IdS corresponding to the public key PKU stored in the storage device 110.
Second Embodiment
In the first embodiment the issuing institution manages the electronic cash balance counter EBC registered under the user pseudonym as well as the account ABC of the user IdU, and hence it is in a position to learn the balance in the user account ABC and the usage of electronic cash. Additionally, since the issuing institution may also learn the shop where the user of the real name IdS spent electronic cash from the pseudonym PKU contained in the history H returned to the issuing institution from the shop IdS, there is the possibility of user privacy being infringed on. To ensure the protection of user privacy, the second embodiment of the present invention has a system configuration in which the function of managing the account of the user IdU and the function of managing the electronic cash balance counter corresponding to the pseudonym PKU are assigned to different institutions, in this example, a bank and an electronic cash issuing institution.
In FIG. 6 there is depicted the basic configuration of an electronic cash system according to the second embodiment. The issuer equipment 100, a bank equipment 200, the user equipment 300, the shop equipment 400 and the trustee equipment 500 are connected via communication lines, for instance, but they may be connected by smart cards or the like which are capable of recording thereon information.
In this embodiment, the electronic cash issuing institution 100 is provided separately of an institution which manages user accounts, such as the bank 200. As is the case with the first embodiment, the user registers the pseudonym corresponding to his real name with the trustee 500 and receives therefrom the license for the use of electronic cash. Next, in order for the user to have the issuing institution issue electronic cash, the former asks the bank 200 to issue a desired amount of money x, and the bank 200 responds to the request to subtract the amount x from the user account and send an electronic coupon ticket. The procedure for the payment of electronic cash to the shop 400 is the same as in the first embodiment. The shop 400 sends to the bank 200 a communication history in the payment procedure, and the bank 200 deposits into the account of the shop the amount paid thereto. This embodiment will be described below in detail.
(1) User Registration Procedure
FIG. 7 illustrates in block form the user registration procedure. The trustee equipment 500 comprises, as in the first embodiment, a storage device 510, a key generating device 520 and a signature generating device 530, and generates a secret key SKR and a public key PKR by the key generating device 520. The public key PKR is prerevealed to the user equipment 300 and the shop equipment 400.
The user equipment 300 comprises, as in the first embodiment, a storage device 310, a signature verifying device 320 and a key generating device 30. The user equipment 300 generates a secret key SKU and a public key PKU by the key generating device 330 and stores them in the storage device 310 and, at the same time, sends the public key PKU and the user real name IdU as a request for user registration (a request for the issuance of a license) to the trustee equipment 500.
The trustee equipment 500 generates its signature (license) SKR(PKU) for the user public key (pseudonym) PKU by the signature generating device 530 using the key SKR, then stores the license in the storage deice 510 in correspondence with the key PKU and the real name IdU, and sends the license to the user equipment 300.
The user equipment 300 verifies the validity of the license SKR(PKU) by the signature verifying device 320, and stores the license in the storage device 310 when it is found valid.
(2) Withdrawal Procedure (Electronic Cash Issuing Procedure)
Now, a description will be given, with reference to FIGS. 8 and 9, of the procedure which the user 300, the bank 200 and the issuing institution 100 follow to issue electronic cash. The user equipment 300 further comprises an unblinding device 340, a blinding device 350, an input device 360, a random generating device 380 (FIG. 8) and a balance updating device 370 (FIG. 9). The bank equipment 200 has a storage device 210 and a signature generating device 230. In the storage device 210 of the bank equipment 200 there is stored a pregenerated secret key SKBx for electronic cash x, and a public key PKBx for electronic cash x is sent to the user equipment 300 and the issuing equipment 100 in advance. The user equipment 300 blinds or randomizes its public key PKU by the blinding device 35 with a random number R to generate blind information Br(PKU, R), and sends the information Br(PKU, R), the user real name IdU and the amount x to be withdrawn to the bank equipment 200.
The bank equipment 200 subtracts the amount x from the account ABC of the user real name IdU (IdU: ABC←ABC−x), and generates a signature SKBx(Br(PKU, R)) for the blind information Br(PKU, R) by the signature generating device 230 using the secret key SKBx for electronic cash x, and sends the signature SKBx(PKU, R) to the user equipment 300.
The user equipment 300 unblinds or derandomizes the signature SKBx(Br(PKU, R) by the unblinding device 340 with the random number R to obtain SKBx(PKU), then verifies its validity by the signature verifying device 320 with the public key PKBx, and if it is valid, stores SKBx(PKU) as an electronic coupon in the storage device 310.
Next, the user equipment 300 sends the coupon SKBx(PKU), the amount x and the user public key PKU as the pseudonym to the issuer equipment 100 as shown in FIG. 9. The issuer equipment 100 comprises a storage device 110, a key generating device 125, a signature generating device 130, a signature verifying device 135 and a balance updating device 190. A public key PKI and a secret key SKI are pregenerated by the key generating device 125 and are prestored in the storage device 110, and the public key PKI is provided to the user equipment 300 in advance.
Upon receiving the coupon SKBx(PKU), the user public key PKU and the amount withdrawn x from the user equipment 300, the issuer equipment 100 verifies the validity of the coupon SKBx(PKU) by the signature verifying device 135 with the public key PKBx for the amount x. If the coupon SKBx(PKU) is valid, a balance counter EBC set in the storage device 110 in correspondence with the pseudonym PKU is incremented by x by the balance updating device 190 (PKU: EBC←EBC+x). At the same time, an issuer signature SKI(PKU, x) for the amount x and the pseudonym PKU is generated by the signature generating device 130, and is sent to the user equipment 300.
The user equipment 300 verifies the validity of the issuer signature SKI(PKU, x) by the signature verifying device 320 with the public key PKI. If the signature is valid, an electronic cash balance counter balance set in the storage device 310 is incremented by x by the balance updating device 370 (Balance=+x).
(3) Payment Procedure
A description will be given, with reference to FIG. 10, of the procedure for the payment of y yen from the user to the shop by electronic cash. The user equipment 300 further comprises a balance updating device 370, an input device 360 and a signature generating device 390. The shop 400 comprises a storage device 410, a signature verifying device 420, a random generating device 440 and a timing device 450.
Step 1: The user equipment 300 sends the user public key PKU as its pseudonym and the license SKR(PKU) to the shop equipment 400.
Step 2: The shop equipment 400 verifies the validity of the license SKR(PKU) by the signature verifying device 420 with the public key PKR, and sends as a challenge to the user equipment 300 a set of information composed of a shop real name IdS and a random number Rs and time information Ts generated by the random generating device 440 and the timing device 450, respectively.
Step S3: The user equipment 300 decrements the balance counter Balance in the storage device 310 by y (Balance=x−y) by the balance updating device 370, then generates, by the signature generating device 390, a user signature SKU(y, IdS, Rs, Ts) for the challenge (Rs, Ts, IdS) and the amount due y, and sends the signature and the amount due y to the shop equipment 400.
Step 4: The shop equipment 400 verifies the validity of the signature SKU(y, IdS, Rs, Ts) from the user equipment 300 by the signature verifying device 420. If the signature is found valid, then the shop equipment 400 regards the payment as a valid payment by electronic cash, and stores as history information H in the storage device 410 all pieces of information {PKU, SKR(PKU), Ts, Rs, y, SKU(y, IdS, Rs, Ts)} exchanged between the shop equipment 400 and the user equipment 300.
(4) Deposit Procedure
A description will be given, with reference to FIG. 11, of the procedure for the shop equipment 400 to deposit its received electronic cash in the bank equipment 200. The bank equipment 200 further comprises a signature verifying device 220.
Step 1: The shop 400 sends the history information H and the shop real name IdS to the bank equipment 200.
Step 2: The bank equipment 200 verifies the validity of the license SKR(PUK) and the user signature SKU(y, IdS, Rs, Ts) contained in the history information H, by the signature verifying device 220 with the trustee public key PKR and the user public key PKU, respectively. When the license and the user signature are found valid, the bank equipment 200 increases the balance of the account ABC of the shop 400 by y (IdS:ABC←ABC+y), and stores the history information H in the storage device 210.
(5) Return Procedure
Referring next to FIG. 12, the procedure for the return of electronic cash from the bank equipment 200 to the issuer equipment 100 will be described below. The issuer equipment 100 further comprises a balance updating device 190.
Step 1: The bank equipment 200 sends the history information H to the issuer equipment 100.
Step 2: The issuer equipment 100 verifies the validity of the license and the user signature contained in the history information H by the signature verifying device 135 with the public keys PKR and PKU. If the license and the user signature are found valid, the electronic cash balance counter EBC corresponding to the user public key PKU in the storage device 110 is decremented by y (PKU: EBC←EBC−y) by the balance updating device 190, and the history information H is stored in the storage device 110.
(6) Procedure to Cope with Attack
When it is found in the issuer equipment 100 that the count value of the balance counter EBC for PKU is minus, the issuer equipment 100 sends to the trustee equipment 500 the public key PKU stored in the storage device 110. The trustee equipment 500 (FIG. 7) retrieves the user real name IdU corresponding to the public key PKU in the storage device 510 to thereby specify the attacker.
Third Embodiment
The second embodiment described above permits the protection of user privacy, but inevitably involves a complex procedure for the issuance of electronic cash because the pseudonym registration institution and the electronic cash issuing institution are independent of each other. To obviate this defect, this embodiment has a system configuration which protects user privacy and uses the same institution, in this example, the electronic cash issuing institution, for both of the registration of pseudonym and the issuance of electronic cash, thereby permitting simplification of the electronic cash issuing procedure.
FIG. 13 illustrates in block form the basic configuration of an electronic cash system according to the third embodiment.
The issuer equipment 100, the bank equipment 200, the user equipment 300 and the shop equipment 400 are connected, for example, via communication lines, but they may also be connected using smart cards or the like capable of recording thereon information. In this embodiment, no trustee is employed but instead the issuing institution 100 issues electronic cash as well as a license. The user 300 sends to the bank 200 a request for the registration for the use of electronic cash. The bank 200 sends to the issuing institution 100 a request for the registration for the use of electronic cash. The issuing institution 100 encrypts the license for the user 300 to conceal it from the bank 200, and sends the encrypted license to the user 300 via the bank 200. The user 300 sends to the bank 200 a request for the issuance of electronic cash. The bank 200 draws from the account of the user 300 the amount requested to issue, and sends the request for the issuance of electronic cash to the issuing institution 100. The issuing institution 100 encrypts electronic cash in the requested amount to conceal it from the bank 200, and sends the encrypted electronic cash to the user 300 via the bank 200. The procedure for the payment to the shop 400 by electronic cash and the procedure for the shop 400 to deposit the electronic cash paid thereto in the bank 200 are the same as in the second embodiment. The third embodiment will be described below in detail.
(1) User Registration Procedure
FIG. 14 is a diagrammatic showing of the user registration procedure.
The electronic cash issuing equipment 100 comprises a storage device 110, a key generating device 120, a signature generating device 130, a decrypting device 140 and an encrypting device 150. The issuer equipment 100 generates a secret key SKI and a public key PKI by the key generating device 120, and prestores them in the storage device 110, the public key PKI being prerevealed to the user equipment 300 and the shop equipment 400.
The user equipment 300 comprises a storage device 310, a signature generating device 320, a key generating device 330, a decrypting device 340 and an encrypting device 350. The user equipment 300 generates a secret key SKU, a public key PKU and a common K by the key generating device 330, and stores them in the storage device 310. At the same time, the user equipment 300 encrypts the public key PKU and the common key K by the encrypting device 350 with the use of the issuer public key PKI so as to conceal them from the bank 200, and sends the encrypted key PKI(PKU, K) and the user real name IdS, as a request for registration for the use of electronic cash, to the bank equipment 200.
The bank equipment 200 stores the received real name IdU and key PKI(PKU, K) in the storage device 210 in correspondence with each other, and sends the key PKI(PKU, K) intact as a request for registration for the use of electronic cash to the issuer equipment 100.
The issuer equipment 100 decrypts the key PKI(PKU, K) by the decrypting device 140 with the secret key SKI to extract the keys PKU and K, and stores the encrypted key PKI(PKU, K) and the user public key PKU in the storage device 110. Further, the issuer equipment 100 generates its signature (that is, a license) SKI(PKU) for the public key PKU by the signature generating device 130 with the secret key SKI, and encrypts the license by the encrypting device 150 with the common key K from the user 300 to obtain an encrypted license K(SKI(PKU)), which is sent to the bank equipment 200.
The bank equipment 200 sends the encrypted license K(SKI (PKU)) to the user equipment 300. The user equipment 300 decrypts the encrypted license K(SKI(PKU)) by the decrypting device 340 with the common key K to extract the license SKI(PKU), then verifies its validity by the signature verifying device 320 with the public key PKI, and if valid, stores it in the storage device 310.
(2) Withdrawal Procedure (Electronic Cash Issuing Procedure)
A description will be given, with reference to FIG. 15, of the electronic cash issuing procedure which is carried out by the user equipment 300, the bank equipment 200 and the issuer equipment 100.
The user equipment 300 further comprises an input device 360 and a balance updating device 370. The public key PKU, the common key K and the requested amount of issue x, entered via the input device 36, are encrypted by the encrypting device 350 with the issuer public key PKI to obtain PKI(PKU, x, K), which is sent as a request for the issue of electronic cash to the bank equipment 200 together with the user real name IdU and the requested amount x. The bank equipment 200 draws the amount x from the account ABC corresponding to the user real name IdU, and sends PKI(PKU, x, K) and x to the issuer equipment 100.
The issuer equipment 100 further comprises a comparing device 180 and a balance updating device 190. The received information PKI(PKU, x, K) is decrypted by the decrypting device 140 with the secret key SKI to extract PKU, x and K, and the amount x received from the bank equipment 200 and the amount x extracted by the decryption are compared by the comparing device 180 to see if they match. If they match, the electronic cash balance counter EBC (initialized at 0) corresponding to the user public key PKU is incremented by x (EBC←EBX+x) by the balance updating device 190, then an issuer signature SKI(PKU, x) for the amount x and the public key PKU is generated by the signature generating device 130 with the key SKI, and the signature SKI(PKU, X) is encrypted by the encrypting device 150 with the user common key K to obtained an encrypted signature K(SKI(PKU, X)), which is sent to the bank equipment 200.
The bank equipment 200 sends the encrypted signature K(SKU (PKU, x)) to the user equipment 300. The user equipment 300 decrypts the encrypted signature K(SKI(PKU, X)) by the decrypting device 340 with the common key K to extract the issuer signature SKI(PKU, x), then verifies its validity by the signature verifying device 320 with the public key PKI, and if valid, increments the balance counter Balance in the storage device 310 by x.
(3) Payment Procedure (Electronic Cash Issuing Procedure)
A description will be given, with reference to FIG. 16, of the procedure for the payment of y yen from the user 300 to the shop 400 by electronic cash. The shop equipment 400 is common to the second embodiment of FIG. 10 in the provision of a storage device 410, a signature verifying device 420, a random generating device 440 and a ting device 450, but differs in the use of the issuer public key PKI as a public key for license verification.
Step 1: The user equipment 300 sends the user public key (pseudonym) PKU and the license SKI(PKU) to the shop equipment 400.
Step 2: The shop equipment 400 verifies the validity of the license SKI(PKU) by the signature verifying device 420 with the issuer public key PKI, and if valid, sends as a challenge to the user equipment 300 a set of information composed of a shop real name IdS and a random number Rs and time information Ts generated by the random generating device 440 and the timing device 450, respectively.
Step S3: The user equipment 300 enters the amount due y via the input device 360, decrements the balance counter Balance in the storage device 310 by y by the balance updating device 370, then generates, by the signature generating device 390, a user signature SKU(y, IdS, Rs, Ts) for the challenge (Rs, Ts, IdS) and the amount due y, and sends the signature and the amount y to the shop equipment 400.
Step 4: The shop equipment 400 verifies the validity of the signature SKU(y, IdS, Rs, Ts) from the user equipment 300 by the signature verifying device 420. If the signature is found valid, then the shop equipment 400 regards the payment in the amount y as an authorized or valid payment by electronic cash, and stores as history information H in the storage device 410 all pieces of information {PKU, SKI(PKU), Ts, Rs, y, SKU(y, IdS, Rs, Ts)} exchanged between the shop equipment 400 and the user equipment 300.
(4) Deposit Procedure
A description will be given, with reference to FIG. 17, of the procedure for the shop equipment 400 to deposit its received electronic cash in the bank equipment 200. The bank equipment 200 further comprises a signature verifying device 220.
Step 1: The shop 400 sends the history information H and the shop real name IdS to the bank equipment 200.
Step 2: The bank equipment 200 verifies the validity of the license SKI(PUK) and the user signature SKU(y, IdS, Rs, Ts) contained in the history information H, by the signature verifying device 220 using the issuer public key PKI and the user public key PKU, respectively. When the license and the user signature are found valid, the bank equipment 200 increases the balance of the account IdS:ABC of the shop 400 by y (ABC←ABC+y), and stores the history information H in the storage device 210.
(5) Return Procedure
Referring next to FIG. 18, the procedure for the return of electronic cash from the bank equipment 200 to the issuer equipment 100 will be described below. The issuer equipment 100 further comprises a signature verifying device 135 and a balance updating device 190.
Step 1: The bank equipment 200 sends the history information H to the issuer equipment 100.
Step 2: The issuer equipment 100 verifies the validity of the license signature SKI(PKU) and the user signature SKU(y, IdS, Rs, Ts) contained in the history information H by the signature verifying device 135 using the public keys PKI and PKU, respectively. If the both signatures are found valid, the electronic cash balance counter EBC corresponding to the pseudonym PKU in the storage device 110 is decremented by y (PKU: EBC←EBC−y) by the balance updating device 190, and the history information H is stored in the storage device 110.
(6) Procedure to Cope with Attack
When it is found in the issuer equipment 100 that the count value of the balance counter EBC corresponding to the pseudonym PKU is minus, the issuer equipment 100 retrieves PKI(PKU, K) based on the pseudonym PKU stored in the storage device 110, and sends PKI(PKU, K) to the bank equipment 200. The bank equipment 200 retrieves the user real name IdU based on PKI(PKU, K) to thereby specify the attacker.
Fourth Embodiment
The electronic cash system according to this embodiment is identical in configuration with that depicted in FIG. 13. According to the above-described third embodiment intended to ensure the protection of user privacy from the bank 200, in either of the procedures for the registration of the user for use of electronic cash (FIG. 14) and for the issuance of electronic cash (that is, the withdrawal procedure) (FIG. 15), the user's generated common key K and public key PKU are encrypted using the issuer public key PKI and sent to the issuer equipment 100 via the bank equipment 200, and the issuer equipment 100 decrypts the common key K from the encrypted key K, and uses the decrypted common key K to encrypt the signature that is sent to the user equipment 300. This fourth embodiment is common to the third embodiment in that the user sends the common ky after encrypting it with the issuer public key PKI in the user registration procedure, but differs in that the issuer stores its decrypted user common key in the storage device in correspondence with the user so that when the user makes a request for the issuance of electronic cash, it can encrypt its public key PKU and the amount of money x with the common key K instead of using the issuer public key PKI.
(1) Registration Procedure (License Issuing Procedure)
As depicted in FIG. 19, the issuer equipment 100 has a KID adding device in addition to the configuration used in the third embodiment of FIG. 14. As is the case with the third embodiment, the issuer equipment 100 generates the secret key SKI and public key PKI by the key generating device 120, and sends the public key PKI to the user equipment 300 and the shop equipment 400 in advance.
The user equipment 300 also has the same construction as in the third embodiment of FIG. 14. That is, the user equipment 300 generates the secret key SKU, the public key PKU and the common key K by the key generating device 330, then stores them in the storage device 310 and, at the same time, encrypts the public key PKU as the pseudonym to be registered and the common key K by the encrypting device 350 with the issuer public key PKI to obtain PKI(PKU, K). The thus encrypted information PKI(PKU, K) and the user real name IdU are sent as a request for registration for the use of electronic cash to the bank equipment 200. The bank equipment 200 stores the user real name IdU and the encrypted information PKI(PKU, K) in the storage device 210 in correspondence with each other, and sends the information PKI(PKU, K) as a request for registration to the issuer equipment 100.
The issuer equipment 100 decrypts the received information PKI(PKU, K) by the decrypting device 140 with the secret key SKI to extract the pseudonym PKU and the common key K, and generates the issuer signature (license) SKI(PKU) for the pseudonym PKU by the signature generating device 130. The above-described processes by the user equipment 300, the bank equipment 200 and the issuer equipment 100 are the same as in the third embodiment of FIG. 14. Thereafter, in this embodiment the issuer equipment 100 adds the common key K with an identification number ID (hereinafter referred to as key information KID) by the KID adding device 160, then stores PKI(PKU, K), PKU, K and KID in the storage device 110, and encrypts the license SKI(PKU) and the key information KID by the encrypting device 150 with the common key K to obtain an encrypted license K(SKI(PKU), KID), which is sent to the bank equipment 200.
The bank equipment 200 sends the encrypted license K(SKI (PKU), KID) to the user equipment 300. The user equipment 300 decrypts the encrypted license K(SKI(PKU), KID) by the decrypting device 340 with the common key K to extract the license SKI(PKU) and the key information KID, then verifies the validity of the license with the public key PKI, and if valid, stores the license SKI(PKU) and the key information KID in the storage device 310.
(2) Withdrawal Procedure
A description will be given, with reference to FIG. 20, of the withdrawal procedure which is carried out by the user, the bank and the issuing institution.
The user equipment 300 encrypts the user public key PKU and its requested amount of issue x, by the encrypting device 160 with the common key K to obtain an encrypted key K(PKU, x), and sends to the bank equipment 200 a set of information K(PKU, x), IdU, x and KID as the request for the issuance of electronic cash.
The bank equipment 200 draws the amount x from the account ABC corresponding to the user real name IdU, and sends the key K(PKU, x), the amount x and the key information KID to the issuer equipment 100. The issuer equipment 100 further comprises a retrieving device 170. The issuer equipment 100 retrieves the common key K corresponding to the key information KID from the storage device 110 by the retrieving device 170, and decrypts the key K(PKU, x) by the decrypting device 140 with the common key K, thereby extracting the user public key PKU and the amount x. The thus decrypted amount x is compared by the comparing device 180 with the amount x received from the bank equipment 200 to see if a match exists between them. If they match, issuer equipment 100 increments the balance counter EBC corresponding to the key PKU in the storage device 110 by x by the balance updating device 190, then generates an issuer signature SKI(PKU, x) corresponding to the amount x and the key PKU by the signature generating device 130, and encrypts the signature PKI(PKU, x) by the encrypting device 150 with the common key K to obtain an encrypted signature K(SKI, (PKU, x)), which is sent to the bank equipment 200.
The bank equipment 200 sends the encrypted signature K(SKI (PKU, x) to the user equipment 300. The user equipment 300 decrypts the encrypted signature K(PKI(PKU, x)) by the decrypting device 340 with the common key K to extract the original issuer signature SKI(PKU, x), then verifies the validity of the signature by the signature verifying device 320, and if valid, increments the balance counter Balance by x.
The payment procedure, the deposit procedure, the return procedure and the procedure to cope with an attack are the same as those in the third embodiment, and hence they will not be described.
Fifth Embodiment
The basic system configuration of this embodiment is identical with that depicted in FIG. 13.
(1) User Registration Procedure
For the user registration procedure, as shown in FIG. 21, the bank equipment 200 has a key generating device 220 in addition to the device used in the third embodiment (FIG. 14). The bank equipment 200 generates a signature generating key SKB and a signature verifying key PKB by the key generating device 220, then sends the latter PKB to the issuer equipment 100 in advance, and prestores the keys SKB and PKB in the storage device 210. The bank equipment 200 further comprises a signature generating device 230, which generates a bank signature SKB(PKI(PKU, K)) corresponding to PKI(PKU, K), and the bank signature SKB(PKI(PKU, K)) is sent to the issuer equipment 100.
The issuer equipment 100 has a signature verifying device 135, which verifies the validity of the bank signature SKB(PKI(PKU, K)) with the key PKB. If the bank signature is valid, the issuer equipment 100 performs the same processing as in the third embodiment. That is, the issuer equipment 100 generates K(SKI (PKU)), then generates an issuer signature SKI(K(SKI(PKU))) for K(SKI(PKU)), and sends both of them to the bank equipment 200.
The bank equipment 200 further comprises a signature verifying device 240. The issuer public key PKI is made public in advance and is prestored in the storage device 210. The bank equipment 200 verifies the validity of the signature SKI(K(SKI (PKU))) from the issuer equipment 100 with the public key PKI, and if valid, performs the same processing as in the third embodiment.
(2) Withdrawal Procedure
For the withdrawal procedure, as depicted in FIG. 22, the bank equipment 200 has a key generating device 220 in addition to the storage device 210 shown in FIG. 15. The bank equipment 200 generates a signature generating key SKB and a signature verifying key PKB by the key generating device 220, then prestores them in the storage device 210, and at the same time, sends the key PKB to the issuer equipment 100 in advance. The bank equipment 200 further comprises a signature generating device 230, which generates a bank signature SKB(PKI(PKU, K, x)x) corresponding to PKI(PKU, K, x) and x received from the user equipment 300, and the bank signature is sent to the issuer equipment 100.
The issuer equipment 100 verifies the validity of the bank signature SKB(K(PKU, K x)x) by the signature verifying device 135 with the bank public key PKB, and if valid, decrypts it by the decrypting device 140 with the secret key SKI to obtain PKU, K and x as is the case with the third embodiment. The issuer equipment 100 of this embodiment is common to that of the third embodiment in the processes of detecting a match between the decrypted amount x and the received amount x by the comparing device 180 and incrementing the balance counter EBC of the pseudonym PKU in the storage device 110 by x by the balance updating device 190. Thereafter, the issuer equipment 100 generates a signature SKI(PKU, x)) for (PKU, x) by the signature generating device 130 with the key SKI, then encrypts the signature by the encrypting device 150 with the common key K to obtain an encrypted signature K(SKI(PKU, x)), then further signs it by a signing device 155 with the key SKI to obtain an issuer signature SKI(K(SKI(PKU, x))), and sends the encrypted signature K(SKI)PKU, c)) and the issuer signature SKI(K (PKU, x))) to the bank equipment 200.
The bank equipment 200 verifies the validity of the issuer signature SKI(K(SKI(PKU, x))) by the signature verifying device 240 with the issuer public key PKI prestored in the storage device 210. If the signature found valid, then the issuer equipment 100 sends the original signature K(SKI(PKU, x)) to the user equipment 300. This is followed by the same processing as in the third embodiment.
The payment procedure, the deposit procedure, the return procedure and the procedure to cope with an attack are the same as those described previously in respect of FIGS. 16, 17 and 18, respectively.
Sixth Embodiment
This embodiment is identical with the third embodiment of FIG. 13 in the basic configuration of the electronic cash system used.
(1) User Registration Procedure
For the user registration procedure of this embodiment, the bank equipment 200 has a key generating device 220 in addition to the storage device 110 as depicted in FIG. 23. The bank equipment 200 generates a signature generating key SKB and a signature verifying key PKB by the key generating device 220, then sends the key PKB to the issuer equipment 100 in advance, and stores the keys SKB and PKB in the storage device 210. The bank equipment 200 is further provided with a signature generating device 230, which generates a bank signature SKB(PKI(PKU, K)) for PKI(PKU, K)). The bank signature SKB(PKI(PKU, K)) is sent to the issuer equipment 100.
The issuer equipment 100 has a signature verifying device 135, which verifies the validity of the bank signature SKB(PKI(PKU, K)) with the bank public key PKB. If the bank signature is valid, the issuer equipment 100 performs the same processing as in the third embodiment. That is, the issuer equipment 100 generates K(SKI (PKU, KID)), then generates an issuer signature SKI(K(SKI(PKU, KID))) for K(SKI(PKU, KID)), and sends both of them to the bank equipment 200.
The bank equipment 200 further comprises a signature verifying device 240. The issuer public key PKI is made public in advance and is prestored in the storage device 210. The bank equipment 200 verifies the validity of the signature SKI(K(SKI(PKU, KID))) from the issuer equipment 100 with the public key PKI, and if valid, performs the same processing as in the fourth embodiment.
(2) Withdrawal Procedure
For the withdrawal procedure the bank equipment 200 has, as depicted in FIG. 24, a key generating device 220 in addition to the storage device 210 shown in FIG. 20. The bank equipment 200 generates a signature generating key SKB and a signature verifying key PKB by the key generating device 220, then prestores them in the storage device 210, and at the same time, sends the key PKB to the issuer equipment 100 in advance. The bank equipment 200 further comprises a signature generating device 230, which generates a bank signature SKB(K(PKU, x), KID, x) corresponding to K(PKU, x), KID and x received from the user equipment 300, and the bank signature is sent to the issuer equipment 100.
The issuer equipment 100 verifies the validity of the bank signature SKB(K(PKU, x), KID, x) by the signature verifying device 135 with the bank public key PKB, and if valid, retrieves the common key K corresponding to the key information KID from the storage device 110 by the retrieving device 140, and decrypts K(PKU, x) by the decrypting device 140 with the common key K to obtain PKU, and x as is the case with the fourth embodiment. The issuer equipment 100 of this embodiment is common to that of the fourth embodiment in the processes of detecting a match between the decrypted amount x and the received amount x by the comparing device 180 and incrementing the balance counter EBC of the pseudonym PKU in the storage device 110 by x by the balance updating device 190. Thereafter, the issuer equipment 100 generates a signature SKI(PKU, x), then encrypts it by the encrypting device 150 with the common key K to obtain an encrypted signature K(SKI(PKU, x)), then further signs it by a signing device 155 with the key SKI to obtain an issuer signature SKI(K(SKI(PKU, x))), and sends the encrypted signature K(SKI)PKU, x)) and the issuer signature SKI(K(SKI(PKU, x))) to the bank equipment 200.
The bank equipment 200 verifies the validity of the issuer signature SKI(K(SKI(PKU, x))) by the signature verifying device 240 with the issuer public key PKI prestored in the storage device 210. If the signature found valid, then the issuer equipment 100 sends the original signature K(SKI(PKU, x)) to the user equipment 300. This is followed by the same processing as in the FIG. 20 embodiment.
The payment procedure, the deposit procedure, the return procedure and the procedure to cope with an attack are the same as those in the fourth embodiment.
MODIFIED EMBODIMENTS
In the embodiments described above, the user 300 generates a pair of keys (PKU, SKU) and the issuer 100 issues a single license for one key PKU of the user 300. In the case of making a plurality of payments to the same shop by electronic cash, the user uses the same key PKU and the same license SKI(PKU) for each payment. The shop cannot go so far as to associate the key PKU directly with the user real name IdU, but the repeated use of the same key and the same license may reveal, for example, a purchase propensity of the user—this is undesirable from the viewpoint of the protection of user privacy. This problem can be settled by modifying the fourth and sixth embodiments as described below. The following description will be given only of main points of the modifications.
(1) User Registration Procedure
According to this modification, in the user registration procedure shown in FIG. 19 or 23 the user equipment 300 generates, by the key generating device 330, n (where n is an integer equal to or greater than 2) public keys PKU1, PKU2, . . . , PKUn as pseudonyms and n secret keys SKU1, SKU2, . . . , SKUn corresponding thereto, then encrypts the public keys by the encrypting device 350 with the issuer public key PKI to obtain PKI(PKU1, PKU2, . . . , PKUn, K), and sends it to the bank 200 together with the user real name IdU.
The bank equipment 200 stores the received user real name IdU and encrypted information PKI(PKU1, PKU2, . . . , PKUn, K) in the storage device 210 in correspondence with each other, and sends the encrypted information intact (in FIG. 19) to the issuer equipment 100 or together with the bank signature (in FIG. 23).
The issuer equipment 100 obtains (PKU1, PKU2, . . . , PKUn, K) by decryption, then adds the identification number KID by the KID adding device 160 to the key K, and stores the pseudonyms PKU1, PKU2, . . . , PKUn and the encrypted information PKI(PKU1, PKU2, . . . , PKUn, K) in the storage device 110 in correspondence with the identification number KID. Next, the issuer equipment 100 signs each pseudonym PKUi (where i=1, . . . , n) with the issuer secret key SKI to obtain n signatures SK!(PKUi) (where i=1, . . . , n), then encrypts pairs of n signatures and the identification number KID with the common key K to obtain encrypted information K(SKI(PKU1), SKI (PKU2), . . . , SKI(PKUn), KID), and sends it intact (in FIG. 19) to the bank 200 or after signing it with the issuer secret key SKI. The bank 200 sends the received information intact (in FIG. 19) to the user 300 or after verifying the validity of the issuer signature attached to the received information.
The user 300 performs the same processing as in FIG. 19 or 23 to obtain the identification number KID and the n licenses SKI(PKUi) (where i=1, . . . , n) by decryption and stored them in the storage device 310.
(2) withdrawal Procedure (Electronic Cash Issuing Procedure)
In FIG. 20 or 24, the user 300 encrypts an arbitrarily selected one of the n pseudonyms PKUI (where i is an integer in the range of 1 to n), the amount of money x desired to withdraw and the identification number KID with the common key K to obtain encrypted information K(PKUi, KID, x), and sends it to the bank 200 along with the user real name IdU, the amount x and the identification number KID. The bank 200 draws the amount x from the account ABC of the user real name IdU, and sends the encrypted information K(PKUi KID, x), the amount x and the identification number KID intact (in FIG. 20) to the issuer equipment 100 or together with the bank signature generated using the bank secret key SKB (in FIG. 24).
The issuer equipment 100 retrieves the common key K corresponding to the identification number KID from the storage device 110, extracts the key PKUi, the identification number KID and the amount x by decryption with the common key K, and increments the balance counter EBC by x. Further, the issuer equipment 100 attaches its signature to a pair of the key PKUi and the amount x using the issuer secret key SKI to obtain SKI(PKUi, x), then encrypts it with the common key K to obtain K(SKI(PKUi, x)), and sends it intact (in FIG. 20) to the bank 200 or together with the issuer signature generated using the secret key SKI (in FIG. 24).
The bank 200 sends the received information intact (FIG. 20) to the user 300 or after verifying the validity of the issuer signature (FIG. 24).
The user 300 decrypts the encrypted information to obtain the issuer signature SKI(PKUi, x), from which it recognizes that the n licenses can be used, and the user 300 increments the balance counter Balance by x. That is, the user is allowed to use any of the n licenses, but the total amount of money paid should not exceed the balance of the balance counter Balance. By selectively using different licenses for making a plurality of payments to the same shop, it is possible to preclude the possibility of the relationship between a particular license and a particular purchase propensity being revealed to the shop—this provides increased security for user privacy.
FIG. 25 illustrates en masse the devices of the user equipment 300 which performs the procedures of FIGS. 2, 3 and 4 in the first embodiment. The user equipment 300 is further provided with a receiving device 305, a sending device 395 and a control part 315. The user equipment 30 performs transmission and reception between it and the trustee equipment 500 or shop 400 via the sending device 395 and the receiving device 305, and the individual operations of the user equipment 300 are controlled by the control part 315.
In the user registration procedure (FIG. 2), the user equipment 300 sends the user real name IdU and the public key PKU, read out of the storage device 310, to the trustee equipment 500 via the sending device 395. The user equipment 300 receives the license SKR(PKU) from the trustee equipment 500 by the receiving device 305, then verifies its validity by the signature verifying device 320 and, if valid, stores it in the storage device 310. In the withdrawal procedure (FIG. 3), the user equipment 300 sends the public key PKU, the real name IdU and the amount x via the sending device 395 to the issuer equipment 100, and receives the signature SKI(PKU, x) from the issuer equipment 100 by the receiving device 305, then verifies its validity and, if valid, increments the balance counter Balance in the storage device 310 by x by the balance updating device 370. In the payment procedure (FIG. 4), the user equipment 300 sends the public key PKU and the license SKR(PKU) in the storage device 310 to the shop equipment 400 via the sending device 395. Upon receiving the challenge (IdS, Rs, Ts) from the shop equipment 400, the user equipment 300 affixes its signature to the challenge and the amount due y using the secret key SKU to obtain SKU(y, UdS, Rs, Ts), then sends it and the amount due y to the shop equipment 400, and decrements the balance counter EBC in the storage device 310 by y by a balance updating device 370′. Incidentally, the balance updating devices 370 and 370′ may be identical in construction as in each embodiment described above.
FIG. 26 illustrates en masse the devices of the shop equipment 400 which perform the procedures of FIGS. 4 and 5 in the first embodiment. Upon receiving the license SKU(PKU) and the public key PKU from the user equipment 300 by a receiving device 405, the shop equipment 400 verifies the validity of the license by the signature verifying device 420, and if valid, generates the random number Rs and the time Ts by the random generating device 440 and the timing device 450, respectively, and sends them as a challenge via a sending device 495 to the user equipment 300 together with the shop real name IdS. Upon receiving the user signature SKU(y, IdS, Rs, Ts) by the receiving device 405 as a response to the challenge, the shop equipment 400 verifies the validity of the user signature by the verifying device 420 and, if valid, receives the payment of the amount y by electronic cash, thereafter storing in the storage device 410, as the history H, all the pieces of information exchanged between the shop equipment 400 and the user equipment 300. In the deposit procedure (FIG. 5), the shop equipment 400 reads out of the storage device 410 all the records of communication (the history H) with the user equipment 300, and sends them to the issuer equipment 100 via the sending device 495.
FIG. 27 illustrates en masse the devices of the user equipment 300 which performs the procedures of FIGS. 7 to 10 in the second embodiment. The user equipment 300 is further provided with a receiving device 305, a sending device 395 and a control part 315. In the user registration procedure (FIG. 7), the user equipment 300 reads out its public key PKU and real name IdU from the storage device 310, then sends them as a request for registration to the trustee equipment 100 via the sending device 395, and receives the license SKR(PKU) from the trustee equipment 100 by the receiving device 305, and verifies the validity of the license by the signature verifying device 320, and if valid, stores it in the storage device 310. In the withdrawal procedure (FIG. 8), the user equipment 300 sends via the sending device 395 to the bank equipment 200, as a request for issuance of electronic cash, information Br(PKU, R) generated by the blinding device 340 by blinding the public key PKU with the random number R generated by the random generating device 380, the amount of money x desired to withdraw and the user real name IdU. Upon receiving the signed blind information SKBx(Br(PKU, R)) from the bank equipment 200 by the receiving device 305, the user equipment 300 unblinds the received blind information by the unblinding device 340 to obtain information SKBx(PKU) as an electronic coupon, then verifies its validity by the verifying device 320 and, if valid, stores it in the storage device 310. Following this, the user equipment 300 sends the electronic coupon SKBx(PKU) to the issuer equipment 100 together with the amount x and the public key PKU, then receives from the issuer equipment 100 its signature SKI(PKU, x) for PKU and x, then verifies its validity by the verifying device 320, and if valid, increments the balance counter Balance in the storage device 310 by x. In the payment procedure (FIG. 10), the user equipment 300 sends the public key PKU and the license SKR(PKU) to the shop 400, and receives therefrom a challenge (IdS, Rs, Ts). The user equipment 300 attaches its signature to the amount due y and the challenge, then sends the signed information SKU(y, IdS, Rs, Ts) to the shop 400, and decrements the balance counter Balance in the storage device 310 by y.
FIG. 28 illustrates en masse the devices of the issuer equipment 100 of the second embodiment shown in FIGS. 9 and 12 in the second embodiment. The issuer equipment 100 is further provided with a receiving device 105, a sending device 175 and a control part 115. In the withdrawal procedure (FIG. 9), the issuer equipment 100 verifies, by the signature verifying device 135, the validity of the information SKBx(PKU) received as an eletronic coupon from the user equipment 300 along with the public key PKU and the amount x, and if valid, adds the amount x by the balance updating device 190 to the electronic cash balance counter EBC, and attaches its signature to PKU and x by the signature generating device 130 with the secret key SKI, thereafter sending the signed information SKI(PKU, x) as electronic cash to the user equipment 300. In the electronic cash return procedure (FIG. 12), upon receiving the communication history H from the bank equipment 200, the issuer equipment 100 verifies the validity of SKR(PKU) and SKLJ(y, IdS, Rs, Ts) in the history H by the signature verifying device 135 with the issuer public key PKR and the user public key PKU, respectively, and if they are valid, decrements the balance counter EBC corresponding to the user public key PKU by y by the balance updating device 190.
FIG. 29 illustrates en masse the devices of the user equipment 300 of the second embodiment shown in FIGS. 14, 15 and 16. The user equipment 300 is further provided with a receiving device 305, a sending device 375 and a control part 315. In the user registration procedure (FIG. 14), the user 300 encrypts the keys PKU and K by the encrypting device 350 with the key PKI, and sends the encrypted information PKI(PKU, K) to the bank 200 together with the user real name IdU. Upon receiving the encrypted license K(SKI(PKU)) received from the issuer 100 via the bank 200, the user 300 decrypts it by the decrypting device 340 to extract the license SKI(PKU), which is stored in the storage device 310. In the withdrawal procedure (FIG. 15), the user equipment 300 encrypts PKU, x and K by the encrypting device 350 with the public key PKI, and sends the encrypted information PKI(PKU, x, K) to the bank 200 along with the desired amount of withdrawal x. Upon receiving the encrypted signature K(SKI(PKU, x)) from the issuer 100 via the bank 200, the user 300 decrypts it by the decrypting device 340 to obtain the issuer signature SKI(PKU, x), then verifies its validity, and if valid, increments the electronic cash balance counter Balance in the storage device 310 by x. In the payment procedure (FIG. 16), the user 300 sends its public key PKU and the license SKI(PKU) to the shop 400. Upon receiving a challenge (IdS, Rs, Ts) from the shop 400, the user 300 attaches its signature to the challenge and the amount due y by the signature generating device 390, the sends the signed information SKU(y, IdS, Rs, Ts) to the shop 400 together with the amount y, and at the same time decrements the balance counter Balance in the storage device 310 by y by the balance updating device 370.
The user equipment 300, the trustee equipment 500, the bank equipment 200, the issuer equipment 100 and the shop equipment 400 in each embodiment of the present invention described above will hereinafter be referred to as electronic cash implementing equipment. The operating functions of these pieces of electronic cash implementing equipment can each be described as a procedure in the form of a computer program, and hence each equipment can be configured as a computer which executes the program, for example, as depicted in FIG. 30. In FIG. 30 electronic cash implementing equipment 10 is made up of a nonvolatile memory 11 like a hard disk, a RAM 12, a CPU 13, an I/O interface 14, and a bus 15 interconnecting them. In the nonvolatile memory 11 used as a recording medium, there is stored a program which describes, as a procedure, the function of any one of the user equipment 300, the trustee equipment 500, the bank equipment 200, the issuer equipment 100 and the shop equipment 400 in the above-described embodiments. The CPU 13 follows the program in the memory 11 to perform data moving, read/write, operations and so forth using the RAM 12 as a work area. The I/O interface 14 carries out therethrough data transmission and reception between the equipment 10 (for example, the user equipment 300) and another equipment (any one of the trustee equipment 500, the bank equipment 200, the issuer equipment 100 and the shop equipment 400), and/or performs manual input of commands. Alternatively, a program recorded on a broken-lined external recording medium, which is connected to the equipment 10 as required, may be read out and executed to perform the function of a desired electronic cash implementing equipment.
EFFECTS OF THE INVENTION
Conventionally, electronic cash is attached with a signature of an electronic cash issuing institution, and a user stores the issued electronic cash in user equipment and makes a payment with electronic cash by proving to the recipient that the electronic cash is attached with an authorized or valid signature. As regards a check for an improper use of electronic cash, the issuing institution stores therein all pieces of electronic cash it issued and checks each piece of electronic cash returned thereto. This conventional method has such shortcomings as listed below.
The user is required to have a storage device for holding electronic cash issued to him.
The receiver (shop), a bank and the electronic cash issuer are each required to have a device and time for verifying electronic cash.
The issuer is required to have a large-capacity storage for storing information corresponding to electronic cash issued.
Since the user specifying information (pseudonym) is determined at the time of issuance of electronic cash, it cannot be changed to a different pseudonym when the user makes a payment by electronic cash.
With the present invention:
The electronic cash issuing institution: has a balance counter for each user; issues electronic cash in response to a request from the user; increments the balance counter by the amount issued; and upon receiving electronic cash returned thereto, decrements the balance counter by the amount returned.
The user: has a balance counter in user equipment; upon receiving electronic cash issued from the issuing institution, increments the balance counter by the amount issued; and upon making a payment by electronic cash, decrements the balance counter by the amount paid; and pays by a user signature until the count value of the balance counter goes down to zero.
The shop verifies the validity of the user signature; and if it is found valid, then receives the payment, then stores the user signature, and returns the user signature to the issuing institution for conversion.
Hence, the user equipment is enabled to render payment without the need to have a storage for storing electronic cash. The issuing institution is capable of managing electronic cash information by the balance counter, and hence does not need to store the information. Moreover, in the prior art systems the user is not allowed to pay using a license different from that used for withdrawal because information on electronic cash withdrawn is attached with the user pseudonym (that is, to be attached with the signature of the issuing institution). In the present invention, however, since the amount of money payable is determined by the balance counter in the user equipment, the user can pay using a license different from that used for withdrawal. This makes it possible to store several kinds of licenses in the user equipment and selectively use them in accordance with the payment condition (payment under a pseudonym, payment under real name, payment via a network, or the like).
It will be apparent that many modifications and variations may be effected without departing from the scope of the novel concepts of the present invention.

## Claims

1. In an electronic cash system which comprises issuer equipment as an institution for issuing electronic cash, user equipment as a user for receiving said electronic cash issued from said issuer equipment and shop equipment as an institution for receiving payment by said electronic cash, said issuer equipment comprising:
key generating means for generating a secret key SKI and a public key PKI;
storage means for storing said secret key SKI, said public key PKI and a user public key PKU as a user pseudonym;
signature generating means for generating a signature SKI(PKU, x) for said user pseudonym PKU and the amount of withdrawal x with said secret key SKI;
a balance counter set in said storage means in correspondence with said user pseudonym PKU;
signature verifying means for verifying the validity of a user signature and a license contained in history information H received from said shop equipment;
balance updating means for receiving said amount of withdrawal x from said user and said user public key PKU and for incrementing said balance counter of said user pseudonym PKU by said amount of withdrawal x, said balance updating means storing said history information H in said storage means and decrementing said balance counter of said user pseudonym PKU by the amount paid when said user signature and said license are both valid by said signature verifying means;
sending means for sending said signature SKI(PKU, x) from said signature generating means to said user equipment;
receiving means for receiving pieces of information from the other institutions; and
control means for controlling each of said means to execute its process.

2. The issuer equipment of claim 1, wherein said electronic cash system further comprises trustee equipment which has a public key PKR and a secret key SKR corresponding thereto, and issues a trustee signature SKR(PKU) as said license to said user, said issuer equipment further comprising:
means for managing an account of said user and for drawing said amount x from an account corresponding to said public key PKU upon receiving said public key PKU, the user identification information IdU and said amount of withdrawal x as a request for withdrawal from said user; and
wherein said signature verifying means comprises means for verifying the validity of said trustee signature SKR(PKU) as said license with said public key PKR.

3. The issuer equipment of claim 1, wherein said electronic cash system further comprises trustee equipment having a public key PKR and a secret key SKR corresponding thereto, and bank equipment for issuing a bank signature SKBx(PKU) to said user in correspondence to the amount of withdrawal and managing an account of said user, said issuer equipment further comprising:
signature verifying means which, upon receiving, as a request for issuance of electronic cash from said user, a bank signature SKBx(PKU) corresponding to the amount of issue x and said user pseudonym PKU, verifies the validity of said bank signature with a public key PKBx; and
means for incrementing said balance counter by said amount x and for letting said signature generating means generate said signature SKI(PKU, x) when said bank signature is found valid by said signature verifying means.

4. The issuer equipment of claim 1, wherein said electronic cash system further comprises bank equipment for managing an account of said user, and wherein:
said issuer equipment comprises decrypting means for decrypting encrypted information PKI(PKU, K), received as a request for registration from said user via said bank equipment, with said secret key SKI to obtain said user pseudonym PKU and a common key K and for storing them in said storage means;
said signature generating means comprises means for generating, as said license, an issuer signature SKI(PKU) for said user pseudonym at the time of registration;
said issuer equipment comprises encrypting means which, at the time of registration, encrypts said license SKI(PKU) with said common key K to obtain an encrypted license K(SKI(PKU)) and sends it to said user via said bank equipment;
said decrypting means comprises means which, at the time of withdrawal, decrypts encrypted information PKI(PKU, K, x), received as a request for withdrawal by said receiving means from said user equipment via said bank equipment, with said secret key SKI to obtain said public key PKU, said common key K and said amount x;
said issuer equipment comprises comparing means for comparing said decrypted amount x and said received amount x for a match and for incrementing said balance counter by said amount x when they match; and
said encrypting means comprises means for encrypting said signature SKI(PKU, x) with said common key K to obtain encrypted information K(SKI(PKU, x)) and for sending it to said user equipment via said bank equipment.

5. The issuer equipment of claim 1, wherein said electronic cash system further comprises bank equipment for managing an account of said user, and wherein:
said issuer equipment comprises: decrypting means for decrypting encrypted information PKI(PKU, K), received as a request for registration from said user via said bank equipment, with said secret key SKI to obtain said user pseudonym PKU and a common key K and for storing them in said storage means; and key information adding means for adding key identification information KID to said common key K and for storing it in said storage means in correspondence with said common key K;
said signature generating means comprises means for generating, as said license, an issuer signature SKI(PKU) for said user pseudonym at the time of registration;
said issuer equipment comprises: encrypting means which, at the time of registration, encrypts said license SKI(PKU) and said key identification information KID with said common key K to obtain an encrypted license K(SKI(PKU), KID) and sends it to said user equipment via said bank equipment; and retrieving means for retrieving from said storage means said common key K corresponding to said key identification information KID contained in information K(PKU, x), KID, x received as a request for withdrawal by said receiving means from said user equipment via said bank equipment at the time of withdrawal;
said decrypting means comprises means for decrypting said received information K(PKU, x) with said retrieved common key K to obtain said pseudonym PKU and said amount of withdrawal x;
said issuer equipment comprises comparing means for comparing said decrypted amount x and said received amount x for a match and for incrementing said balance counter by said amount x by said balance updating means when they match; and
said encrypting means comprises means for encrypting said signature SKI(PKU, x) with said common key K to obtain encrypted information K(SKI(PKU, x)) and for sending it to said user equipment via said bank equipment.

6. The issuer equipment of claim 5, wherein:
said decrypting means decrypts with n encrypted pseudonyms and an encrypted public key PKI(PKU1, PKU2, . . . , PKUn, K), received as a request for registration from said user equipment via said bank equipment, with said secret key SKI to obtain n pseudonyms PKU1, PKU2, . . . , PKUn and said common key K, and stores them in said storage means, said n being a integer equal to or greater than 2;
said signature generating means comprises means for attaching a signature to said n pseudonyms PKU1, PKU2, . . . , PKUn to obtain n licenses SKI(PKU1), SKI(PKU2), . . . , SKI(PKUn);
said encrypting means generates, at the time of registration, an encrypted license K(SKI(PKU1), SKI(PKU2), . . . , SKI(PKUn), KID) by encrypting said n licenses and said key identification information KID with said common key K, and sends said encrypted license to said user equipment via said bank equipment;
said decrypting means decrypts said received information K(PKUi, x) with said retrieved common key K to obtain said pseudonym PKUi and said amount of withdrawal x, where i is an integer of any one of l through n;
said signature generating means generates a signature SKI(PKUi, x); and
said encrypting means encrypts said signature SKI(PKUi, x) with said common key K to obtain encrypted signature K(SKI(PKUi, x)), and sends it to said user equipment via said bank equipment.

7. A recording medium having recorded thereon a program for an issuer equipment to implement electronic cash in an electronic cash system which comprises issuer equipment as an institution for issuing electronic cash, user equipment as a user for receiving said electronic cash issued from said issuer equipment and shop equipment as an institution for receiving payment by said electronic cash, said program comprising:
an electronic cash issuing procedure including steps of generating an issuer signature SKI(PKU, x) for a requested amount of issue x received from said user equipment and a user public key PKU received as a registered user pseudonym, then sending said issuer signature SKI(PKU, x) as electronic cash to said user equipment, and incrementing, by the amount x of electronic cash issued, a balance counter set in storage means in correspondence with said user pseudonym; and
an electronic cash return procedure including steps of: verifying the validity of a license and a user signature contained in history information received from said shop equipment with an issuer public key PKI and said user public key PKU, respectively, and when they are valid, decrementing electronic cash balance counter corresponding to said user pseudonym by the amount used; and storing said history information in said storage means.

8. The recording medium of claim 7, wherein said electronic cash system further comprises a trustee as an institution for registering therewith a user public key PKU as a user pseudonym and for issuing to said user a license SKR(PKU) generated by attaching an issuer signature to said user pseudonym PKU with a secret key SKR; said issuer equipment manages a user account in correspondence with said user identification information IdU; and said program for the execution by said issuer equipment further comprises a withdrawal step of, upon receiving from said user said user identification information IdU, said amount of issue x and said user pseudonym, withdrawing said amount x from an account corresponding to said user identification information IdU.

9. The recording medium of claim 7, wherein said electronic cash system further comprises a trustee as an institution for registering therewith a user public key PKU as a user pseudonym and for issuing to said user a license SKR(PKU) generated by attaching an issuer signature to said user pseudonym PKU with a secret key SKR, and a bank as an institution having a public key PKBx and a secret key SKBx corresponding to said public key PKBx for issuing a bank signature SKBx(PKU) to said user in correspondence to the amount of withdrawal x and managing user accounts and wherein; and said program for the execution by said issuer equipment further comprises step of: receiving from said user, as a request for issuance of electronic cash, said user pseudonym PKU and said requested amount of issue x and said bank signature SKBx(PKU) made for said user pseudonym PKU by said secret key SKBx as a coupon corresponding to said amount x; and verifying the validity of said coupon SKBx(PKU) with said public key PKBx, and when it is valid, issuing said electronic cash SKI(PKU, x) and incrementing said balance counter by x.

10. The recording medium of claim 7, wherein said electronic cash system further comprises a bank as an institution for managing user accounts; and said program for the execution by said issuer equipment further comprises:
a user registration procedure including steps of: upon receiving, as a request for registration from said user via said bank, encrypted information PKI(PKU, K) generated by encrypting said user pseudonym PKU and a user's generated common key K with said public key PKI, decrypting said encrypted information PKI(PKU, K) with said secret key SKI to extract said pseudonym PKU and said common key K; storing said pseudonym PKU together with said encrypted information PKI(PKU,K) in said storage means; making a signature SKI(PKU) for said user pseudonym PKU using the secret key SKI; encrypting said signature SKI(PKU) for said user pseudonym PKU with said common key K to obtain an encrypted information K(SKI(PKU)); and sending it as encrypted license via said bank to said user; and
wherein said electronic cash issuing procedure further comprises the steps of: upon receiving encrypted information PKI(PKU, K, x) and an amount of issue x as a request for issuance of electronic cash from said user via said bank, decrypting said encrypted information PKI(PKU, K, x) with said secret key SKI to extract said user pseudonym PKU, said common key K and said amount of issue x; comparing said decrypted amount x and said received amount x for a match, and when a match is found, generating said electronic cash SKI(PKU, x) by signing said pseudonym PKU and said amount x with said secret key SKI; encrypting said electronic cash SKI(PKU, x) with said common key K to produce encrypted electronic cash K(SKI(PKU, x)); and sending said encrypted electronic cash K(SKI(PKU, x)) to made user via said bank.

11. The recording medium of claim 7, wherein said electronic cash system further comprises a bank as an institution for managing user accounts; and said program for said issuer equipment further comprises:
a user registration procedure including steps of: upon receiving, as a request for registration from said user via said bank, encrypted information PKI(PKU, K) generated by encrypting said user pseudonym PKU and a user's generated common key K with said public key PKJ, decrypting said encrypted information PKI(PKU, K) with said secret key SKI to extract said pseudonym PKU and said common key K; producing a key identification information KID corresponding to said common key K; storing said common key K and said key identification information KID together with said PKU and PKI(PKU, K) in said storage means in correspondence with each other; making a signature SKI(PU) for said user pseudonym PKU using the secret key SKI; encrypting said signature SKI(PKU) for said user pseudonym PKU and said key identification information KID with said common key K to obtain encrypted information K(SKI(PKU), KID); and sending said K(SKI(PKU), KID) as an encrypted license via said bank to said user; and
wherein said electronic cash issuing procedure further comprises the steps of: upon receiving encrypted information K(PKU, x), said key identification information KID and an amount of issue x as a request for issuance of electronic cash from said user via said bank, retrieving from said storage means said common key K corresponding to said key identification information KID; decrypting said encrypted information K(PKU, x) with said retrieved common key K to extract said pseudonym PKU and said amount of issue x; comparing said decrypted amount x and said received amount x for a match, and when a match is found, generating said electronic cash SKI(PKU, x) by signing said pseudonym PKU and said amount x with said secret key SKI; encrypting said electronic cash SKI(PKU, x) with said common key K to produce encrypted electronic cash K(SKI(PKU, x)); and sending said encrypted electronic cash K(SKI(PKU, x)) to said user via said bank.

12. The recording medium of claim 11, wherein in said registration procedure in said program for the execution by said user issuer equipment, said received pseudonym PKU is composed of n pseudonyms PKU1, PKU2, . . . , PKUn, n being an integer equal to or greater than 2, said step of generating said signature includes step of generating, as n licenses, n signatures SKI(PKU1), SKI(PKU2), . . . , SKI(PKUn) attached to said n pseudonyms, respectively; said step of encrypting said license includes a step of encrypting said n licenses and said key identification information KID with said common key K to obtain encrypted information K(SKI(PKU1), SKI(PKU2), . . . , SKI(PKUn), KID); and sending said encrypted information to said user; and
wherein said electronic cash issuing procedure further comprises the steps of: when said pseudonym PKUi contained in encrypted information K(PKUi, x) received from said user is an arbitrarily selected one of said n pseudonyms PKU1, PKU2, . . . , PKUn, generating SKI(PKUi, x) as said electronic cash by attaching said issuer signature to said selected pseudonym PKUi and said amount of issue x, where i is an integer of any one of l through n; encrypting them with said common key K to obtain encrypted electronic cash K(SKI(PKUi, x)); and sending it to said user.