FILED

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

SEPT 29, 2008

THOMAS K. KAHN

CLERK

[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

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No. 08-11089

Non-Argument Calendar

________________________

D. C. Docket No. 03-00220-CR-CLS-JEO

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

Plaintiff-Appellee, 

versus 

SHANNON HIETH RAMEY, 

Defendant-Appellant. 

________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Northern District of Alabama

_________________________

(September 29, 2008)

Before BIRCH, DUBINA and HULL, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

After pleading guilty, Shannon Hieth Ramey appeals his 180-month
Under the Armed Career Criminal Act (“ACCA”), 18 U.S.C. § 924(e), a defendant is

1

subject to a mandatory minimum 15 year sentence. 18 U.S.C. § 924(e). Additionally, a defendant’s

base offense level under the advisory sentencing guidelines is increased. U.S.S.G. § 4B1.4(a)-(b).

2

sentence for possession of ammunition by a convicted felon, in violation of 18

U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1) and 924(e).

I. BACKGROUND

A federal grand jury indicted Ramey on two counts of knowingly possessing

ammunition after having been convicted of a felony, in violation of § 922(g)(1). 

The indictment identified Ramey’s prior felony as an October 6, 1997 Alabama

conviction for first degree theft of property. Ramey pled guilty to one of the two

counts.

According to the presentence investigation report (“PSI”), Ramey had ten

prior convictions, including, inter alia, an Alabama conviction for second degree

burglary and two Alabama convictions for third-degree burglary. The PSI

recommended that Ramey be classified as an armed career criminal due to these

three burglary convictions. Thus, as an armed career criminal, the PSI assigned

Ramey an offense level of 33, pursuant to US.S.G. § 4B1.4(b)(3)(B). After 1

further adjustments were made, the PSI’s total offense level was 30. With a

criminal history category of VI, the PSI calculated an advisory guidelines range of

168 to 210 months’ imprisonment.
Because, under the ACCA, Ramey was subject to a mandatory minimum 15-year sentence, 2

Ramey’s guideline range of 168 to 210 months became 180 to 210 months. See U.S.S.G.

§ 5G1.1(c)(2).

3

Ramey did not dispute the existence of the three Alabama burglary

convictions. Nor did he dispute the factual accuracy of the PSI. Rather, Ramey

objected to his classification as a armed career criminal on Sixth Amendment

grounds because his prior burglary convictions were not charged in his indictment. 

Ramey also argued that his prior Alabama burglary convictions could not be

classified as “violent felonies” under the ACCA without impermissible factfinding

by the sentencing court.

At sentencing, the district court overruled Ramey’s objections, adopted the

PSI’s guidelines calculations and determined that the applicable advisory

guidelines range was 180 to 210 months’ imprisonment. The district court 2

concluded that Ramey’s Alabama burglary convictions qualified as “violent

felonies” for purposes of the ACCA and imposed an 180-month sentence. Ramey

appealed.

II. DISCUSSION

On appeal, Ramey argues that his sentence violates the Sixth Amendment

because his prior burglary convictions were neither charged in his indictment nor
We review de novo a timely raised Sixth Amendment challenge to an enhanced sentence. 3

United States v. Paz, 405 F.3d 946, 948 (11th Cir. 2005).

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admitted in his guilty plea. As Ramey acknowledges, his argument is foreclosed 3

by Almendarez-Torres v. United States, 523 U.S. 224, 226-27, 118 S. Ct. 1219,

1222 (1998). Even after Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 120 S. Ct. 2348

(2000), and its progeny Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. 296, 124 S. Ct. 2531

(2004), and United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 125 S. Ct. 738 (2005), we are

bound by Almendarez-Torres until it is explicitly overruled by the Supreme Court. 

United States v. Dowd, 451 F.3d 1244, 1253 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, 127 S. Ct.

335 (2006); United States v. Greer, 440 F.3d 1267, 1273-74 (11th Cir. 2006).

Additionally, we note that at sentencing the district court did not resolve any

disputed facts related to Ramey’s prior convictions. Ramey did not dispute the

factual accuracy of the portions of the PSI that listed his prior convictions. See

United States v. Shelton, 400 F.3d 1325, 1330 (11th Cir. 2005) (explaining that

there is no statutory Booker error where the defendant’s sentence was enhanced

based on facts in the PSI to which the defendant did not object at sentencing). 

Therefore, the district court did not err by enhancing Ramey’s sentence based on

his prior convictions.

Ramey also contends that his two Alabama third-degree burglary

convictions cannot be classified categorically as “violent felonies” under the
Ramey does not argue that the district court consulted improper sources of evidence in 4

determining that his prior third-degree burglary convictions qualified for purposes of the ACCA and

U.S.S.G. § 4B1.4(b)(3)(B). See Shepard v. United States, 544 U.S. 13, 24-26, 125 S. Ct. 1254,

1262-63 (2005) (limiting the types of evidence a district court can consider to determine whether

a prior conviction qualifies under the ACCA). Ramey does argue, however, that the district court

improperly found facts about his prior convictions, i.e., whether his felonies were violent or were

committed on different occasions. Ramey’s argument that Shepard bars judge-made findings about

the factual nature of the prior convictions already has been rejected by this Court. See Greer, 440

F.3d at 1274-76 (explaining that it is “implicit in the Shepard rule” that district courts may make a

finding as to the nature of the prior conviction).

We “consider[ ] de novo whether a particular conviction is a ‘violent felony’ for purposes 5

of the ACCA.” United States v. Matthews, 466 F.3d 1271, 1273 (11th Cir. 2006), cert. denied, 128

S. Ct. 286 (2007).

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ACCA.4

The ACCA applies to defendants who have three prior convictions for either

violent felonies or serious drug offenses. 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1). One of the crimes

designated a “violent felony” under the ACCA is burglary. Id. § 924(e)(2)(B)(ii). 

To determine whether a conviction is for a “violent felony,” courts use a

“categorical approach,” looking only to the “fact of conviction and the statutory

definition of the prior offense.” Taylor v. United States, 495 U.S. 575, 602, 100 S.

Ct. 2143, 2160 (1990). In Taylor v. United States, the Supreme Court concluded

that “a person has been convicted of burglary for purposes of [an ACCA]

enhancement if he is convicted of any crime, regardless of its exact definition or

label, having the basic elements of unlawful or unprivileged entry into, or

remaining in, a building or structure, with the intent to commit a crime.” Id. at

599; 110 S. Ct. at 2158.5
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The Alabama third-degree burglary statute under which Ramey was

convicted states that “[a] person commits the crime of burglary in the third degree

if he knowingly enters or remains unlawfully in a building with intent to commit a

crime therein.” Ala. Code § 13A-7-7(a). This language is virtually identical to the

Taylor Court’s definition of burglary under the ACCA. Accordingly, we conclude

that Ramey’s Alabama third-degree burglary convictions constitute violent felonies

under the ACCA.

Ramey argues that the Alabama Supreme Court and commentary in the

Alabama Code indicates that Alabama interprets its third-degree burglary statute to

include offenses that are not “crimes of violence” as defined by Alabama law. 

However, as the Supreme Court explained in Taylor, whether the burglary

conviction is a violent felony is a question of federal law and does not “depend on

the definition adopted by the State of conviction.” 495 U.S. at 590, 110 S. Ct. at

2154. Thus, the district court properly classified Ramey’s third-degree burglary

convictions as violent felonies under federal law and applied the ACCA’s

sentencing enhancement to Ramey’s advisory guidelines calculations and sentence.

AFFIRMED.