UNPUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

No. 17-7537

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff - Appellee,

v.

BRUCE KEIBER, a/k/a Bruce Harper, a/k/a Red,

Defendant - Appellant.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, at 

Newport News. Mark S. Davis, Chief District Judge. (4:13-cr-00005-MSD-TEM-1; 4:15-

cv-00010-MSD)

Submitted: December 30, 2019 Decided: January 13, 2020

Before Duane BENTON, Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth 

Circuit, sitting by designation, Kent A. JORDAN, Circuit Judge of the United States Court 

of Appeals for the Third Circuit, sitting by designation, and Ronald Lee GILMAN, Senior 

Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, sitting by 

designation.1

Dismissed by unpublished per curiam opinion.

 1 As all members of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit are 

recused in this case, a panel of judges from outside the Circuit was appointed for this appeal 

pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 291, 294 (2018).
2

Bruce Keiber, Appellant Pro Se. 

Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.
3

PER CURIAM:

Bruce Keiber pled guilty, pursuant to a plea agreement, to possession of a firearm 

by a convicted felon, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1) (2018), and the district court

sentenced him to 84 months’ imprisonment. Keiber did not file a direct appeal, but 

challenged his conviction and sentence through a 28 U.S.C. § 2255 (2018) motion. He 

now seeks to appeal the district court’s orders denying relief on his motion.

I.

Keiber may not appeal from the denial of his § 2255 motion unless a circuit justice 

or judge issues a certificate of appealability. 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(1)(B) (2018). A 

certificate of appealability will not issue absent “a substantial showing of the denial of a 

constitutional right.” 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2) (2018). When the district court denies relief 

on the merits, a prisoner satisfies this standard by demonstrating that reasonable jurists 

would find that the district court’s assessment of the constitutional claims is debatable or 

wrong. Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000); see also Miller-El v. Cockrell, 537 

U.S. 322, 336-38 (2003). When the district court denies relief on procedural grounds, the 

prisoner must demonstrate both that the dispositive procedural ruling is debatable and that 

the motion states a debatable claim of the denial of a constitutional right. Slack, 529 U.S. 

at 484-85.

Although the Government has not sought to enforce the valid appellate waiver in 

Keiber’s plea agreement, United States v. Jones, 667 F.3d 477, 486 (4th Cir. 2012),

Keiber’s challenges to the denial of his ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claims fall outside 

the scope of the waiver in any event, United States v. Attar, 38 F.3d 727, 732-33 (4th Cir. 
4

1994).

2

 To succeed on an ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim, the movant must show 

that counsel’s performance was constitutionally deficient and that the deficient 

performance was prejudicial. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687-88, 691-92

(1984). To satisfy the performance prong of Strickland, the movant must demonstrate that 

trial counsel’s representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness under 

“prevailing professional norms,” and he must overcome the presumption that “the 

challenged action might be considered sound trial strategy.” Id. at 688-89 (internal 

quotation marks omitted). To satisfy the prejudice prong of Strickland, the movant must 

demonstrate “that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional 

errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.” Id. at 694.

II.

Keiber first contends that counsel rendered ineffective assistance by failing to 

investigate and pursue an actual-innocence defense. He emphasizes that his wife testified

during a related state-court proceeding that the firearm forming the basis of his conviction 

belonged to her and that she had the only key to the lock box in which the firearm was 

discovered. We conclude that jurists of reason would not find debatable the district court’s 

dismissal of this claim. Even if Keiber’s wife confessed during the state-court proceeding 

that the firearm belonged to her, Keiber admitted at the time of his arrest that the firearm 

 2 Keiber has forfeited appellate review of the remaining claims in his § 2255 motion. 

See 4th Cir. R. 34(b); Jackson v. Lightsey, 775 F.3d 170, 177 (4th Cir. 2014) (“The informal 

brief is an important document; under Fourth Circuit rules, our review is limited to issues 

preserved in that brief.”).
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belonged to him and, when questioned by the officers, his wife denied any knowledge of 

the firearm. Given these conflicting statements, it was reasonable for counsel to advise 

Keiber to plead guilty and not pursue an actual-innocence defense. 

III.

Keiber next argues that the district court misconstrued his claim that counsel 

rendered ineffective assistance by failing to challenge the enhanced base offense level 

under U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 2K2.1(a)(2) (2012). We agree, but conclude 

that Keiber has not demonstrated that jurists of reason would find debatable the district 

court’s denial of relief.

In the presentence report, the probation officer recommended an enhanced base 

offense level under § 2K2.1(a)(2) because Keiber committed the § 922(g)(1) offense after 

sustaining convictions for a controlled-substance offense and a crime of violence. The 

probation officer clarified at the sentencing hearing that the enhancement was due to 

Keiber’s prior convictions for which he was sentenced in August 1999 and March 1994. 

In August 1999, Keiber was sentenced in Maryland state court for resisting arrest, having 

a handgun on his person, and possessing marijuana, and, in March 1994, he was sentenced 

in Virginia state court for possession with intent to distribute cocaine.

In his § 2255 motion, Keiber averred that his prior Maryland convictions for 

resisting arrest and possession of marijuana could not both be used to enhance his base 

offense level because they were not assigned separate criminal history points. The district 

court, however, interpreted Keiber’s motion as arguing that the enhanced base offense level 

was improper because the three convictions for which he was sentenced in August 1999 
6

should not have been assigned separate criminal history points. The court rejected that 

argument because those three convictions were not, in fact, counted separately. 

Although the court misconstrued Keiber’s argument, it correctly determined that the 

factual basis for his claim is inaccurate. Keiber rightly asserts that “only those felony 

convictions that are counted separately” for the purpose of assigning criminal history points 

may be used to enhance a defendant’s sentence under § 2K2.1(a)(2) and that his Maryland 

convictions for resisting arrest and possession of marijuana were not counted separately. 

USSG § 2K2.1 cmt. n.10. But the § 2K2.1(a)(2) enhancement was also based on Keiber’s 

prior Virginia conviction for possession with intent to distribute cocaine, which was 

assigned separate criminal history points. Thus, we conclude that counsel did not render 

ineffective assistance by failing to object to the enhanced base offense level on the ground 

identified by Keiber.

IV.

Keiber’s final argument is that counsel rendered ineffective assistance by failing to 

note an appeal after being instructed to do so. The district court rejected this claim after 

an evidentiary hearing. “Factual findings adduced from the evidence presented at a § 2255 

hearing are reviewed for clear error.” United States v. Basham, 789 F.3d 358, 368 (4th Cir. 

2015). “A finding is clearly erroneous when although there is evidence to support it, the 

reviewing court on the entire evidence is left with the definite and firm conviction that a 

mistake has been committed.” United States v. Ragin, 820 F.3d 609, 617 (4th Cir. 2016) 

(internal quotation marks omitted). “When reviewing factual findings for clear error, we 

particularly defer to a district court’s credibility determinations, for it is the role of the 
7

district court to observe witnesses and weigh their credibility.” United States v. Palmer, 

820 F.3d 640, 653 (4th Cir. 2016) (alteration and internal quotation marks omitted).

The district court heard testimony from Keiber, counsel, and an investigator with 

the Federal Public Defender’s Office. Based on that testimony, the court found it possible 

that Keiber told counsel he wanted to appeal immediately after the sentencing hearing and 

that counsel visited Keiber in jail after the hearing to follow up on that request. But the 

court also found it possible that counsel visited Keiber because of the difficult sentencing 

hearing, which the court remembered well. In any event, the court observed that both 

counsel and the investigator testified that Keiber expressly stated at the jail meeting that he 

did not wish to appeal. The court therefore concluded that Keiber had not established by a 

preponderance of the evidence that he unequivocally instructed counsel to note an appeal. 

Keiber mainly challenges the court’s factual findings regarding whether he asked 

counsel to appeal after the sentencing hearing. The court, however, concluded that this 

fact was irrelevant because Keiber expressly stated that he did not want to appeal during 

the subsequent meeting at the jail. Because we must defer to the court’s finding that 

counsel and the investigator were more credible than Keiber, we conclude that jurists of 

reason would not find debatable the court’s rejection of Keiber’s final claim.

V.

We deny Keiber’s motion for appointment of counsel, deny a certificate of 

appealability, and dismiss the appeal. We dispense with oral argument because the facts 
8

and legal contentions are adequately presented in the materials before this court and 

argument would not aid the decisional process.

DISMISSED