[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________

No. 20-11540

Non-Argument Calendar

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D.C. Docket No. 2:18-cv-01459-SGC

VINCE WILLIS, 

 Plaintiff-Appellant,

versus

KOCH AGRONOMIC SERVICES, LLC, 

 Defendant-Appellee.

________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Northern District of Alabama

________________________

(February 11, 2021)

Before NEWSOM, BRANCH, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM: 

Vince Willis appeals the magistrate judge’s grant of summary judgment in 

favor of his former employer, Koch Agronomic Services, LLC (“Koch”) on his

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claim of racial discrimination, in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 

1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a), and 42 U.S.C. § 1981.

1

 He argues that the 

magistrate judge erred in granting summary judgment to Koch for several reasons. 

First, he argues that the magistrate judge overgeneralized Koch’s articulated 

reasons for its termination of Willis and ignored that Willis had rebutted each 

reason Koch proffered to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission 

(“EEOC”) and during the district court proceedings. Second, he alleges that there 

were inconsistencies between the proffered reasons Koch raised in its response to 

the EEOC and in the district court proceedings from which a jury could reasonably 

infer pretext. Third, he argues that the magistrate judge erred in determining that 

Jeff Ogle, another Koch employee, was not a proper comparator. And finally, he 

asserts that a jury could reasonably infer pretext based on racial comments made 

by Brett Coughlin, Willis’s supervisor, and Coughlin’s pattern of terminating black 

managers.2 Because we conclude there was no reversible error, we affirm. 

1 The parties consented to the magistrate judge presiding over and entering final 

judgment in the case pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 636(c).

2 Willis also contends that the magistrate judge erred by failing to address whether Willis 

established a prima facie case of discrimination, but the magistrate judge assumed that Willis 

could establish a prima facie case for purposes of its ruling. Therefore, Willis suffered no 

prejudice, and we do not address this issue further. 

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I. Background

In September 2013, Willis, a black male, began working as a plant manager

for Agrium, a fertilizer plant in Sylacauga, Alabama. In July 2014, Koch bought 

the Sylacauga plant, and Willis continued in his role as plant manager. Willis was 

Koch’s only black plant manager. The plant manager position was the highestranking position at the plant. As the plant manager, Willis was: (1) the talent 

leader, responsible for coaching his team and helping the team achieve a vision; 

(2) an operational excellence leader, responsible for environmental health and 

safety practices, including transitioning those practices to Koch’s “way of doing 

business”; and (3) a business excellence leader, responsible for establishing a fiveyear plan for operations, safety, sales, quality, and finances. Willis had five 

employees that reported directly to him and numerous indirect reports. 

Koch terminated Willis’s employment in July 2017, and thereafter, Willis 

filed a complaint with the EEOC asserting that he was unlawfully terminated based 

on his race. In response to the EEOC complaint, Koch filed a position statement 

explaining that its decision to fire Willis “was based entirely on his failure to fulfill 

his leadership responsibility in his role as Plant Manager” and that “[r]ace was not 

a factor in the decision.” Koch explained that, while Willis was successful initially 

in the plant manager position, over time his leadership declined. Koch provided 

various examples of Willis’s lack of leadership. For instance, Koch alleged that 

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Willis failed to provide sufficient guidance to maintenance manager Deva 

Ratnabalasuriar, which Koch believed ultimately led to Ratnabalasuriar’s 

resignation and was “a big blow to the plant leadership.” Further, when given 

feedback by human resources on how he could improve his leadership, Willis 

routinely would become defensive and would not acknowledge that he could have 

done things differently. Additionally, Willis failed in his role of ensuring 

compliance, as testing conducted by the Alabama Department of Environmental 

Management (“ADEM”) revealed multiple operations problems with equipment 

and control devices. As a result of ADEM’s inspection, an investigation was 

conducted, and while many individuals contributed to the problem, the Koch 

investigators recommended that Willis be removed from his role as plant manager 

due to a lack of leadership. The EEOC found no cause.

Willis subsequently filed the underlying complaint in the district court, 

alleging that he was terminated because of his race, in violation of Title VII and 

§ 1981. Willis asserted that he was told he was fired because “he complained too 

much and he played the victim role,” but neither were the true reason for his 

termination and that he was in fact terminated because of his race. Willis alleged 

that he was replaced by Jeff Byrd, a white male. He also noted that the 

investigation report was far more critical of his white co-worker Jeff Ogle, who 

was the Senior Operations Quality Manager, but Ogle was not fired. Accordingly, 

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Willis asserted that he had demonstrated that Koch’s articulated reasons for his 

termination were false and pretext for racial discrimination. 

Discovery revealed that, following Koch’s acquisition of the Sylacauga 

plant, Willis reported to Operational Leader Brett Coughlin, a white male, who was 

responsible for transitioning the Sylacauga plant to a Koch facility. Coughlin, in 

turn, reported to Koch’s vice president of operations Shawn Kimberly, a white 

male. From July 2014 through March 2016, Coughlin worked on-site at the 

Sylacauga plant alongside Willis to help with the transition. In March 2016, 

Coughlin moved to Wichita, Kansas, where Koch was headquartered, and Willis 

assumed complete leadership responsibility for the Sylacauga plant. 

According to Willis, from the very beginning, Coughlin was “very critical 

and very restrictive of [Willis’s] decision rights,” and did not allow Willis to do his 

job properly “as far as taking ownership from the inception.” For instance, Willis 

stated that Coughlin criticized Willis’s inability to remember every employee’s 

name, and told Willis that Willis “didn’t seem connected to the facility” because he 

did not know about an air conditioner that was being installed. Willis maintained 

that Coughlin was very controlling, and he scrutinized, marked up, and often 

returned or rejected documents that Willis drafted. Willis acknowledged that Koch 

employed a different business philosophy based on market-based management that 

was completely new to Willis at the time Koch acquired the Sylacauga plant, and, 

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as a result, Willis needed help learning the new processes and protocols. Willis 

disagreed with Coughlin and the Koch team in Wichita about installing a 

computer-based maintenance system called MAXIMO, and he acknowledged that 

he called the implementation of the system “a shit sandwich.” Willis stated that he 

had heard Coughlin use that phrase, so Willis felt that he could use it too. 

On one occasion, Willis and maintenance manager Ratnabalasuriar drafted a 

preventive and predictive maintenance plan, which Coughlin interpreted as a 

request to hire twelve more employees. According to Willis, hiring new 

employees was simply one piece of the proposal that Willis and Ratnabalasuriar 

understood needed to be discussed with the group. But Coughlin declined the 

plan; Willis and Ratnabalasuriar were not given an opportunity for discussion, and 

Coughlin sent another member of Koch corporate to the plant who told Willis and 

Ratnabalasuriar that they did not “know how to speak Koch language” and did not 

“know how to communicate.” 

In November 2016, Willis received a meets-expectations performance 

review based on his performance over the preceding year. The evaluation 

indicated that Willis met the company’s standards for culture, talent, and servant 

leadership, and he was building a foundation for success. The evaluation also 

indicated that Willis’s 2016 plant turnaround “was a good example of a step 

change toward what good looks like,” but Willis indicated that Coughlin was not 

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supportive when the plan was first presented and that leading up to the turnaround,

Coughlin, Kimberly, and other members of management repeatedly accused Willis 

and Ratnabalasuriar of a “lack of preparedness” and criticized them. 

Willis stated that, sometime in 2017, he asked Coughlin for more help and 

resources at the plant. In response, Coughlin sent personnel from Wichita and

other locations, including Buddy Lewis, Clint Buss, and Cody Sprague. Willis 

stated that Lewis “had a very negative perception from the site personnel” and that 

Willis received numerous complaints from his staff that Lewis was “overtly 

negative,” “not . . . supportive,” and “not there to help but actually bring shame 

upon the plant.” Similarly, Willis stated that Sprague was “extremely negative and 

not supportive” and expressed negative comments about Willis’s leadership. Clint 

Buss was sent to audit and help with the plant’s safety processes, but Willis 

believed Buss was really “a spy” for Coughlin meant to report back all “the things 

[Willis] wasn’t doing.” Willis averred that Buss’s weekly feedback on the plant 

was mostly negative. Willis explained that, on one occasion, Buss violated a 

cardinal safety rule, by reaching his hand into a piece of equipment that was not 

locked and tagged out. Willis stated that Buss admitted doing this and it should 

have been a terminable offense, but nothing happened to Buss because he was “a 

white male and one of [Coughlin’s] buddies.” However, Willis acknowledged that 

another white employee at the plant was in fact fired for a similar safety violation. 

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Willis averred that all of the individuals sent to the plant under the guise of 

helping harassed Willis by “being negative of [his] managerial performance,” and 

that at least one unnamed individual told Willis he was “a victim” and “a whiner” 

and stated Coughlin should fire him. On one occasion, Willis confronted Lewis 

about his negative attitude and feedback and Lewis “attributed a lot of it to 

[Coughlin]” and told Willis “that’s the message that’s being sent back by 

[Coughlin].” As a result of these negative interactions with the additional 

personnel sent to the plant, Willis eventually complained to Coughlin that “[he] 

didn’t want any more of those people coming into [his] plant anymore because 

they weren’t coming to help.”3

 

The ADEM inspection in 2017 revealed that there was a potential issue with 

a scrubber at the plant.4

 According to Willis, Ogle had been at the Sylacauga plant 

for over 30 years, he maintained control of the scrubbers and the control system, 

and Willis was not given any decision rights over these systems, even though he 

had asked Coughlin for such rights. Willis said Coughlin left scrubbers and 

control system “with [Ogle] because [Ogle] said that was his baby,” and Coughlin 

3 Willis explained in his deposition that he believed the individuals “were sent at 

[Coughlin’s] behest to try to get some kind of evidence or some kind of—to show how bad I 

was . . . to try to prove some narrative which wasn’t true.” 

4 A scrubber is an environmental pollution control device used to control particulate 

matter coming out of the smokestack. The distributive control system (“DCS”) is used to control 

the equipment, and it records data from the scrubbers. 

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“always sided with [Ogle].” Prior to the ADEM testing in 2017, Willis had 

directed the plant employees that if they had any environmental, health, or safety

issues or concerns with the scrubbers or other equipment, not to hesitate to shut 

down the equipment immediately. The ADEM 2017 inspection revealed that the 

data recorded by the system regarding the scrubbers was not accurate, and Karyn 

Hetherington, the plant’s environmental, health and safety representative, was 

concerned that there was “possible foul play” by Ogle. Hetherington told Willis 

that Ogle “was not forthcoming with information and he controls the DCS, [and] 

that she didn’t trust [Ogle].” ADEM issued a warning letter to the plant after the 

2017 inspection. 

As a result of the ADEM testing results and warning letter, Koch conducted 

an extensive internal investigation. Willis told the investigator that Ogle was not 

forthcoming with data and indicated that Ogle should report to Willis instead of 

Coughlin because Ogle’s work influenced “[Willis’s] plant and its design and 

processes.” Willis also told the investigator that he believed that Coughlin was 

“aligned with . . . Ogle,” was not supportive of Willis, and allowed Ogle to get 

away with anything, even though Ogle did not possess an engineering degree like 

Willis. When Willis protested something Ogle said or did, he was “called . . . a 

victim and a whiner,” and Coughlin questioned all of Willis’s decisions. Willis 

considered Ogle to be very negative, and Willis thought that Ogle worked to undo 

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Willis’s positive influence. Willis noted that the investigator had questioned his 

leadership because he did not have preventive maintenance teams or projects in 

place, and Willis rebutted that he did have those things in place until “a lot of that 

got wiped out due to MAXIMO.” He also told the investigator that he and 

Ratnabalasuriar had prepared a preventive maintenance plan, but they needed more 

resources to implement it, and it had been declined by corporate several times. 

Willis described his own influence on the plant as positive, noting that he 

pushed for change, his staff liked him, and he rarely received negative feedback 

from the staff. Willis acknowledged, however, that, on more than one occasion, 

Coughlin and the human resources manager told him that the plant’s “negative 

perception” of Koch corporate was “because of [Willis].” Willis testified that he 

believed Coughlin treated him differently because “he had a preconceived bias” 

based on Willis being the only black person in a leadership position. Willis stated 

that some of the other staff in the plant recognized that Coughlin was harder on 

Willis than other people and commented on it to Willis. Then, after Willis was 

terminated, at least two members of his staff contacted him stating that they did not 

agree with his termination and thought that race could have been a factor. 

Additionally, when Ratnabalasuriar resigned, he told Willis that he thought the 

company, and Coughlin in particular, was racist. Specifically, Ratnabalasuriar said 

he noticed that Koch was not diverse after attending a seminar in Wichita, and 

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Ratnabalasuriar believed that he and Willis were disrespected when they proposed 

the preventive maintenance plan simply because they were minorities. 

Approximately six months before Willis was fired, he complained to human 

resources about issues he had with Coughlin as they related to Ogle, and human 

resources called a meeting with all three of them and led a discussion about how 

they could better work together. Willis explained in his deposition that he never 

brought race up with human resources because he was “nervous about being 

labeled” and “didn’t want it to affect [his] employment.” Willis could not recall 

whether it was prior to or after this meeting, but at some point he told Coughlin 

that he was not happy, did not feel supported, did not feel that Coughlin wanted 

him to succeed, was not sure if he wanted to continue to be at the plant, and wanted 

to know if there were other options. Coughlin responded that he would look into 

severance options. Willis responded that he would stay if Coughlin committed to 

supporting him, and Coughlin indicated he would try to do better. 

In July 2017, while attending a leadership conference in Wichita, Coughlin

and the human resources manager called Willis into a meeting. Coughlin told 

Willis that things had not been going well the last few months and Koch was 

terminating Willis. Other than stating that things had not been going well and 

making an unspecified comment on Willis’s “victim mentality,” Coughlin did not 

elaborate as to why Willis was being terminated. Willis asserted that he was 

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offered a $20,000 severance package if he left that day or a $35,000 package if he 

agreed to stay on for an additional three months, train someone to take over his job, 

and to state that he chose to resign. According to Willis, when he expressed that 

he was not prepared to make that decision and wanted to speak with his attorney, 

Coughlin said the $35,000 was off the table because Willis was being difficult, 

Willis was then terminated, and he was escorted from the building by security. 

Willis reiterated that he believed he was terminated because of his race and 

because Coughlin had “preconceived biases” against him. In support of his 

contention, Willis noted that he never received a negative performance review, 

never needed performance coaching, was selected for the leadership cohort, helped 

reduce plant costs, and helped develop maintenance processes that the plant still 

used. Willis confirmed that he never saw the investigation report that followed 

ADEM’s inspection until Koch responded to his EEOC charge. 

When asked whether there were any other ways that Willis believed 

Coughlin discriminated against him, Willis stated that Coughlin had made some 

comments that bothered him. In particular, Coughlin made “vague racial 

references about Obama a lot, how Obama was racist, the most racist president 

ever.”5

 And, as the 2016 election approached, Coughlin also stated “I guess 

5 Coughlin did not recall making any such statements. 

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because we had to vote for a black guy, I guess we have got to vote for a woman 

now.” Additionally, sometime in 2015 or 2016, Coughlin made some unspecified 

“negative remarks about Trayvon Martin.”6

 And one time after a leadership class 

regarding preconceived beliefs, Coughlin approached Willis and made a reference 

to being “in a box” with Willis,7 which Willis interpreted to mean that Coughlin

had preconceived feelings towards him, but Coughlin did not explain what he 

meant, or what those alleged feelings or beliefs were or why he had them, and race 

was not mentioned. 

Coughlin testified that he started working for Koch as an area leader in 

2007. In that role, he terminated several employees, all of whom were white. 

Coughlin became an operations leader when Koch bought the Sylacauga plant, and 

Willis and Ogle reported directly to him. Willis was Koch’s only black plant 

manager. Coughlin explained that he initially hired Charlie Sanders, a black male, 

as the environmental, health, and safety manager to support the Sylacauga plant 

and another plant in St. Louis, but he fired Sanders “[d]ue to some substantial 

leadership gaps” based on Sanders’s failure to report a rape allegation in the plant. 

Hetherington, a white female, replaced Sanders. Bobbie Jones, a black male shift 

6 Willis stated he could not remember any specific details about what Coughlin said 

regarding Trayvon Martin, but Willis remembered Coughlin’s statements upset him. 

7 Willis explained that “being in a box” was a phrase used in the seminar and it meant 

that “you have some preconceived notions or feelings towards someone.” 

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leader at the St. Louis plant, who reported to St. Louis plant manager Kevin 

Lamble, was also fired for lack of leadership and not completing his job. Lamble 

consulted with Coughlin about the decision to terminate Jones, but Lamble was the 

ultimate decisionmaker as to whether to fire Jones. Coughlin terminated Steve 

Crader, a white plant manager at another facility, for lack of leadership. Coughlin 

also terminated Everett Borg, a white environmental manager, after less than one 

week of employment because he made racially insensitive comments. 

Coughlin confirmed that he believed Willis had a “victim mentality” 

because he did not take ownership of things that were his responsibility if the 

feedback was negative. Coughlin recalled that Willis expressed frustration with 

Coughlin’s style of leadership, and Willis wanted Ogle to report to him, but 

Coughlin said no. Coughlin did not elaborate as to why he declined this request. 

Coughlin believed Willis lacked the leadership skills and expectations that Koch 

requires of its employees, including using the company’s market-based 

management philosophy. Coughlin made the decision to terminate Willis, but he 

discussed the decision with Kimberly and Heather Doss, the human resources 

leader. 

Coughlin acknowledged that he gave Willis a meets-expectations 

performance review in 2015, noting that Willis did “a great job of connecting with 

people at all levels of [the] organization”; had improved safety performance and 

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culture of the facility although the “numbers [were] not the best yet”; and had

transformed the facility from operators not caring about contractor work being 

performed in their areas to operators being “engaged in all work taking place in 

their areas and stopping work if there [were] any safety concerns.” Willis again 

received a positive performance review in 2016 of meets expectations, and he was 

never placed on any type of performance improvement plan, though such plans 

were not always used. However, over time, based on Coughlin’s own observations 

and feedback from other Koch personnel who visited the plant, Coughlin became 

concerned about environmental, health, and safety compliance at the plant and 

Willis’s failure to take ownership of health and safety issues. After the scrubber 

incident, Coughlin started considering terminating Willis. Coughlin acknowledged 

that Ratnabalasuriar’s resignation was referenced as an example of Willis’s 

leadership issues in the company’s response to the EEOC charge, and it was a 

concern for Coughlin, but Ratnabalasuriar’s resignation was “not the key reason” 

he decided to terminate Willis.8

 To Coughlin’s knowledge, Willis is the first 

8 Coughlin stated that he did not help draft the EEOC response, and he could not recall 

whether he reviewed it prior to it being sent to the EEOC. As noted previously, in response to 

Willis’s EEOC complaint, Koch asserted that it terminated Willis for a lack of leadership, and it

provided at least four specific examples of Willis’s poor leadership. These examples included: 

(1) Koch’s belief that Willis’s failure to provide proper guidance to Ratnabalasuriar led to 

Ratnabalasuriar’s resignation; (2) a shift supervisor asked Willis how to complete the Koch 

process for employee discipline, and Willis “just passed the question to Doss,” and then Willis 

became defensive when Doss provided feedback to Willis on how he could have handled the 

situation differently; (3) the failed ADEM inspection and the subsequent investigation; and 

(4) Willis’s continuous blaming of the corporate headquarters for all the plant’s problems. 

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person to complain that he was treated differently by Coughlin or the company 

based on race. 

Coughlin reviewed the internal investigative report following the scrubber 

incident. The findings in the report indicated that Ogle was not forthcoming 

during the investigation and gave inconsistent or misleading accounts, and his 

approach and style was not consistent with Koch’s principles and was having “a 

detrimental effect” on the plant culture. Further, the report indicated that it 

appeared that Willis had some knowledge of the needed repairs prior to the agency 

testing and should have taken a more proactive role leading up to the scheduled 

testing. While Willis had “demonstrated some leadership” following the scrubber 

incident and the ADEM testing, the investigators concluded that he did not 

“possess the skill and leadership to improve multiple aspects of operation and 

compliance at the Sylacauga site.” The investigative team recommended that 

Willis be removed from his current role, and that Ogle be removed from the 

Sylacauga plant and/or terminated from Koch altogether. Coughlin did not agree 

with the report’s conclusions or recommendations regarding Ogle, and he 

witnessed Ogle improve after some coaching. 

Doss, the human resources leader, stated that after conducting an exit 

interview with Ratnabalasuriar, she did not believe Willis provided enough 

guidance for Ratnabalasuriar and that Willis “should have provided more 

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ownership and leadership.” When she tried to give feedback to Willis, he was 

“defensive” and not “very receptive of it.” Doss shared this information with 

Coughlin. Prior to Willis’s termination, Doss had discussions with him concerning 

his failure to take “ownership of things.” Doss reviewed the factors Coughlin 

considered to terminate Willis and determined that nothing was related to 

discrimination.9

 Doss was present when Coughlin fired Willis, and “the reasons 

around [the] termination . . . was [Willis’s] lack of leadership.” Doss confirmed 

that Coughlin was the ultimate decisionmaker in Willis’s termination, but other 

leaders were in “alignment” with the decision. 

Kimberly provided similar testimony concerning Willis’s lack of leadership 

and blaming others instead of taking responsibility for things at the plant. He 

confirmed that prior to terminating Willis, he and Coughlin discussed moving 

Willis to a maintenance role, but there was no open position. Kimberly agreed 

with Coughlin’s decision to terminate Willis. 

Buss and Lewis, who had been sent to evaluate the plant after Willis asked 

for help, both provided sworn declarations in which they detailed their respective 

observations of Willis’s lack of leadership. They conveyed these concerns to 

Coughlin. Additionally, several other employees also provided declarations 

9 Doss did not detail what factors Coughlin considered. 

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indicating that they told Coughlin that they were concerned that Willis was not 

engaged in training or actively resisted training from Koch headquarters. 

Following discovery, Koch moved for summary judgment. The magistrate 

judge granted the motion finding that, even assuming Willis could establish a 

prima facie case because he was replaced by a white person, he failed to show that 

Koch’s proffered reason for terminating him based on his poor leadership was a 

pretext for racial discrimination. Willis contended that Koch’s proffered reason 

was pretextual based on (1) differences in treatment between him and Ogle; 

(2) positive employment evaluations; (3) inconsistencies concerning the reasons 

for Willis’s termination; and (4) Coughlin’s statements regarding President Obama 

when coupled with his pattern of terminating black employees. The magistrate 

judge found that Willis’s proffered reasons did not establish pretext because 

(1) Ogle was not a suitable comparator; (2) the positive performance evaluations 

predated Coughlin’s termination decision; (3) there was no inconsistency between 

the rationale Koch articulated to the EEOC and the reasons proffered in the court 

proceeding; and (4) as for other black employees who were terminated, the 

circumstances surrounding Willis’s termination and Sanders’s termination were 

entirely different and Coughlin did not make the decision to terminate Jones. 

Furthermore, Coughlin’s termination of white employees for lack of leadership 

undermined Willis’s contention that Coughlin had a pattern of making racially 

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discriminatory termination decisions. And finally, Coughlin’s stray comments 

concerning President Obama were not connected to Willis’s termination and 

insufficient to demonstrate pretext. This appeal followed. 

II. Standard of Review

We review the grant of summary judgment de novo, viewing the record and 

drawing all reasonable inferences in favor of the nonmoving party. Boyle v. City of 

Pell City, 866 F.3d 1280, 1288 (11th Cir. 2017). Summary judgment is 

appropriate if “the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material 

fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 

56(a). “Once the movant submits a properly supported motion for summary 

judgment, the burden shifts to the nonmoving party to show that specific facts exist 

that raise a genuine issue for trial. If the nonmoving party presents evidence that is 

merely colorable or not significantly probative, summary judgment is appropriate.” 

Boyle, 866 F.3d at 1288 (quotations and internal citations omitted).

III. Discussion

Under Title VII, it is unlawful for an employer to “discriminate against any 

individual with respect to his compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of 

employment, because of [his] race.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a)(1). Both Title VII 

and § 1981 “have the same requirements of proof and use the same analytical 

framework.” Standard v. A.B.E.L. Servs., Inc., 161 F.3d 1318, 1330 (11th Cir. 

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1998). To survive summary judgment, a plaintiff asserting a claim of intentional 

discrimination “must present sufficient facts to permit a jury to rule in [his] favor.”

Lewis v. City of Union City, 918 F.3d 1213, 1220 (11th Cir. 2019) (en banc). “A 

plaintiff may prove a claim of intentional discrimination through direct evidence, 

circumstantial evidence, or through statistical proof.” Rioux v. City of Atlanta, 520 

F.3d 1269, 1274 (11th Cir. 2008). Where, as here, the plaintiff relies on 

circumstantial evidence, the burden-shifting framework set out in McDonnell 

Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792 (1973) applies. 

Under this framework, the plaintiff must first establish a prima facie case of 

discrimination by showing that he: (1) “belongs to a protected class,” (2) “was 

subjected to an adverse employment action,” (3) “was qualified to perform the job

in question,” and (4) was treated less favorably by his employer than other 

“similarly situated” employees outside the protected class. Lewis, 918 F.3d at 

1220–21.

If a plaintiff successfully establishes a prima facie case, the burden shifts to 

the employer to articulate a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for its action. Id.

at 1221. A legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason may be a subjective one, so long 

as the employer “articulates a clear and reasonably specific factual basis upon 

which it based its subjective opinion.” Chapman v. AI Transp., 229 F.3d 1012, 

1034 (11th Cir. 2000) (en banc). 

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If the employer meets that burden, “the plaintiff must then demonstrate that 

the defendant’s proffered reason was merely a pretext for unlawful discrimination, 

an obligation that ‘merges with the [plaintiff’s] ultimate burden of persuading the 

[factfinder] that [he] has been the victim of intentional discrimination.’” Lewis, 

918 F.3d at 1221 (first and second alterations in original) (quoting Tex. Dep’t of 

Cmty. Affs. v. Burdine, 450 U.S. 248, 256 (1981)). “Provided that the proffered 

reason is one that might motivate a reasonable employer, an employee must meet 

that reason head on and rebut it, and the employee cannot succeed by simply 

quarreling with the wisdom of that reason.” Chapman, 229 F.3d at 1030. 

To show pretext, an employee must demonstrate “such weaknesses, 

implausibilities, incoherencies, or contradictions in the employer’s proffered 

legitimate reasons for its action that a reasonable factfinder could find them 

unworthy of credence.” Gogel v. Kia Motors Mfg. of Ga., Inc., 967 F.3d 1121, 

1136 (11th Cir. 2020) (en banc) (quoting Jackson v. Ala. State Tenure Comm’n, 

405 F.3d 1276, 1289 (11th Cir. 2005)). “[A] reason is not pretext for 

discrimination unless it is shown both that the reason was false, and that 

discrimination was the real reason.” Springer v. Convergys Customer Mgmt. Grp. 

Inc., 509 F.3d 1344, 1349 (11th Cir. 2007) (quotation omitted). 

Willis argues that the magistrate judge overgeneralized Koch’s articulated 

reasons for its termination of Willis and ignored that Willis rebutted each and 

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every reason proffered by Koch to the EEOC and during the district court 

proceedings. And relatedly, Willis maintains that there are inconsistencies 

between the proffered reasons Koch raised in its response to the EEOC and those it 

raised in the district court proceedings from which a jury could reasonably infer 

pretext. However, the record confirms that Koch has consistently asserted both 

before the EEOC and in the district court proceedings that Willis was terminated 

due to leadership issues. While Koch may have provided specific examples of 

those leadership issues in its response to the EEOC and in deposition testimony 

below, contrary to Willis’s contention, each of those examples was not a separate 

stated reason for Willis’s termination.10 Rather, all of the examples provided fell 

under the umbrella of leadership issues. Indeed, such factual examples were 

necessary given that Willis’s lack of leadership is a subjective opinion and 

therefore Koch had to “articulate[] a clear and reasonably specific factual basis 

upon which it based its subjective opinion.” Chapman, 229 F.3d at 1034. Thus, 

the record confirms that the magistrate judge did not overgeneralize Koch’s stated 

reason for Willis’s termination when it determined that Koch terminated Willis for 

10 Willis argues that the magistrate judge failed to address his argument that Koch’s 

statement that Willis had a “victim mentality” was “overly vague” and a pretext for racial 

discrimination. However, Willis’s alleged “victim mentality” was not the articulated reason for 

his termination. Rather, it was part of a litany of supporting facts that Koch proffered in support 

of its articulated reason for terminating Willis—poor leadership. Thus, because Willis’s alleged 

victim mentality was not the articulated reason for his termination, the magistrate judge did not 

err in not addressing Willis’s contention that his alleged “victim mentality” was an overly vague 

reason that could not support his termination. 

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poor leadership. Furthermore, there are no inconsistencies between Koch’s 

proffered reasons before the EEOC and the district court proceedings from which a 

jury could infer pretext. 

Willis failed to introduce any evidence that Koch’s proffered reason was 

false and that the real reason for his termination was racial discrimination. 

Springer, 509 F.3d at 1349. Indeed, Willis himself acknowledged that there were 

numerous issues at the plant and that he had been reprimanded for leadership 

issues and accused of not being prepared in the past. Although he quarrels with the 

lack of leadership allegations noting that he had received positive performance 

reviews, was liked by his staff, and was a good employee, his argument

misapprehends the focus of the inquiry. As our precedent makes clear, 

[t]he inquiry into pretext centers on the employer’s beliefs, not the 

employee’s beliefs and, to be blunt about it, not on reality as it exists 

outside of the decision maker’s head. . . . The question is whether 

[the] employers were dissatisfied with [the employee] for these or 

other non-discriminatory reasons, even if mistakenly or unfairly so, or 

instead merely used those [reasons] as cover for discriminating 

against [the employee]. . . .

In analyzing issues like this one, “we must be careful not to allow 

Title VII plaintiffs simply to litigate whether they are, in fact, good 

employees.”

Alvarez v. Royal Atl. Dev., Inc., 610 F.3d 1253, 1266 (11th Cir. 2010) (internal 

citations omitted) (quoting Rojas v. Florida, 285 F.3d 1339, 1342 (11th Cir. 

2002)); Damon v. Fleming Supermarkets of Fla., Inc., 196 F.3d 1354, 1363 n.3 

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(11th Cir. 1999) (“An employer ‘may fire an employee for a good reason, a bad 

reason, a reason based on erroneous facts, or for no reason at all, as long as its 

action is not for a discriminatory reason.’” (emphasis omitted) (quoting Jones v. 

Bessemer Carraway Med. Ctr., 151 F.3d 1321, 1324 n.16 (11th Cir. 1998)); see 

also Elrod v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 939 F.2d 1466, 1470 (11th Cir. 1991)

(“Federal courts do not sit as a super-personnel department that reexamines an 

entity’s business decisions. No matter . . . how mistaken the firm’s managers, [we] 

do[] not interfere. Rather, our inquiry is limited to whether the employer gave an 

honest explanation of its behavior.” (quotation omitted)). 

To the extent Willis argues that a jury could infer pretext based on the 

difference in treatment between Willis and Ogle, given the significant differences 

in their leadership responsibilities, any difference in their respective treatment is 

not probative of pretext.

11 Willis was the plant manager, had direct reports that he 

11 Willis’s primary argument is that the magistrate judge erred in determining that the 

Lewis factors, which are used to determine whether two individuals are similarly situated in all 

material respects for purposes of being a valid comparator, were not met. We held in Lewis that 

the “comparator analysis must be conducted at the prima facie stage of the McDonnell Douglas 

framework—and not relegated to the pretext phase.” 918 F.3d at 1224. In the post-Lewis case at 

hand, the magistrate judge assumed that Willis could establish a prima facie case which means 

the court assumed that he presented a valid comparator, as it is undisputed that the comparator 

analysis occurs at the prima facie stage. See id. Yet, as part of the pretext inquiry, the 

magistrate judge cited to Lewis and conducted a comparator analysis—the same analysis that we 

held should be conducted at the prima facie stage not the pretext stage. To the extent the 

magistrate judge relegated the comparator analysis in the first instance to the pretext stage, this 

was error. Id. Nevertheless, we also noted in Lewis that “[e]vidence necessary and proper to 

support a plaintiff’s prima facie case may of course be used, later as it were, to demonstrate that 

the defendant’s explanation for its conduct was pretextual.” Id. at 1223 n.9. Thus, our analysis 

in this case presumes that Willis established a valid comparator for purposes of the prima facie 

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supervised, and was responsible for the entire plant. Ogle, on the other hand, had 

no direct reports, very different responsibilities, and was not the leader of the plant. 

Thus, Willis and Ogle had critically different leadership responsibilities, such that 

any variance in treatment between Ogle and Willis is not probative of whether 

Koch’s stated reason for terminating Willis due to a lack of leadership as plant 

manager was pretext for racial discrimination. See Lewis, 918 F.3d at 1224.

Finally, we conclude that Willis’s argument that a jury could reasonably 

infer pretext based on Coughlin’s comments regarding President Obama and his 

pattern of terminating black managers is without merit. Coughlin’s stray, isolated 

remarks concerning President Obama and the 2016 election were not related to 

Willis’s termination and occurred well before his 2017 termination. And there is 

no demonstrated pattern of Coughlin terminating black managers. The evidence 

established that Coughlin terminated Sanders, a black manager, due to a lack of 

leadership after he failed to report a rape allegation in the plant. There was no

other evidence presented that Coughlin made a termination decision about any 

other black manager.12 Further, the evidence also established that Coughlin also 

terminated white managers for similar leadership concerns. Thus, Willis’s 

stage and addresses the differential treatment between Ogle and Willis only in the context of 

whether that differential treatment could otherwise reasonably support an inference of 

discrimination for purposes of establishing pretext. 

12 While the evidence established that Bobbie Jones, a black shift manager, was 

terminated, Lamble was the decisionmaker, not Coughlin.

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contention that Coughlin had a pattern of terminating black managers is not 

supported by the record. And without any other evidence of pretext, Coughlin’s 

isolated comments, which Willis contends reflect a racist attitude, are insufficient 

to establish pretext. See Rojas v. Florida, 285 F.3d 1339, 1342–43 (11th Cir. 

2002) (holding that a comment made by employer to another employee (not the 

plaintiff) that the employee did not deserve her job because she was a woman was 

an isolated comment, unrelated to the decision to terminate the plaintiff, and was 

therefore insufficient, alone, to establish pretext); Jones, 151 F.3d at 1322–23 & 

n.10 (concluding that racial statements allegedly made by employee’s supervisor 

were insufficient circumstantial evidence of discrimination because they were not 

associated with events leading to the employee’s discharge and were not made by 

the final decisionmaker). 

In conclusion, Koch asserted that it terminated Willis’s employment due to 

leadership issues and articulated specific factual instances that supported Koch’s 

concerns. While Willis has questioned the wisdom or correctness of Koch’s 

termination decision, he did not present sufficient evidence to raise a jury issue as 

to whether Koch’s legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason is pretextual. See Rioux, 

520 F.3d at 1278 (“It is the plaintiff’s burden not merely to raise a suspicion 

regarding an improper motive, but rather to demonstrate there is a genuine issue of 

material fact that the employer’s proffered reason for [its action] was pretextual.”). 

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Accordingly, summary judgment in favor of Koch on Willis’s racial discrimination 

claim was appropriate, and we affirm.

AFFIRMED.

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