IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA

2022-NCCOA-405

No. COA21-556

Filed 21 June 2022

Guilford County, No. 18 E 834

IN THE MATTER OF THE ESTATE OF:

BOBBY RONALD GERRINGER, Deceased.

Appeal by Petitioner from order entered 21 April 2021 by Judge Lora C. 

Cubbage in Guilford County Superior Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 23 March 

2022.

Narron Wenzel, P.A., by Benton Sawrey and M. Kemp Mosley, for PetitionerAppellant.

Casey Gerringer, pro se Respondent-Appellee. 

COLLINS, Judge.

¶ 1 Petitioner appeals the superior court’s order awarding her an elective share of 

her late husband’s estate. We vacate the superior court’s order and remand to the

superior court with instructions to remand to the clerk of court for further 

proceedings.

I. Background

¶ 2 Bobby Ronald Gerringer (“Decedent”) died testate in December 2017. Patricia 

Gerringer (“Petitioner”) had been Decedent’s wife for approximately forty-five years 
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at the time he died. Casey Lynn Gerringer (“Respondent”) is Decedent’s son. 

Decedent’s last will and testament was submitted to the Guilford County Clerk of 

Court in February 2018 and accepted for probate in common form. Decedent’s will

named Respondent executor of the estate and devised the entirety of his estate to 

Respondent. 

¶ 3 On 20 February 2018, Petitioner filed a Petition for Elective Share by

Surviving Spouse (“Petition”), seeking an elective share of 50% of Decedent’s net

estate, pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 30-3.1. 

¶ 4 A preliminary hearing on the Petition was held before the Guilford County 

Assistant Clerk of Court (“Clerk”) on 6 August 2018. A central issue at the hearing 

was what portion of three joint bank accounts held by Decedent and Respondent as 

joint tenants with right of survivorship should be included in the value of Decedent’s 

net estate. The Clerk ordered Respondent to prepare a statement of Decedent’s 

assets, pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 30-3.4(e2), and set a future hearing date at 

which Respondent could offer evidence of his contribution to the joint accounts. The 

Clerk also ordered a partial distribution of Decedent’s estate in an amount of 

$158,617.47 be paid to Petitioner, without prejudice to either party.

¶ 5 Respondent submitted a statement of Decedent’s assets on 5 September 2018, 

which showed total assets of $670,625.35. In addition to real property, personal 

property, and life insurance benefits, the statement listed two accounts held by 
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Decedent alone, naming Respondent the sole beneficiary, and three joint accounts 

held by Decedent and Respondent as joint tenants with rights of survivorship in the 

amounts of $386,630.39; $12,650.53; and $143,659.91, for a total of $542,940.83. 

¶ 6 A hearing was held before the Clerk on 24 September 2018 to determine what 

percentage of the value of the joint accounts should be included in the value of 

Decedent’s net estate. Respondent testified about his contributions to the three joint 

accounts as follows: Respondent deposited money into the joint accounts “a couple of 

different times.” He deposited an unspecified amount in the year 2000 and again in 

2010 or 2011, but did not have bank records confirming those deposits. He deposited 

$22,000 on 8 August 2014 and withdrew $35,000 that same day. Three days before 

Decedent died, Respondent transferred $250,000 from one of the joint accounts to 

another of the joint accounts. At the hearing, Respondent also informed the Clerk 

that Decedent’s stepson, Anthony Gerringer, had filed a claim for $109,200 for

personal services to the Decedent and Decedent’s estate and that Respondent had 

denied the claim. 

¶ 7 The Clerk entered her Order Awarding Elective Share (“Clerk’s Order”) on 

7 November 2018, awarding Petitioner an elective share of fifty percent of the 

Decedent’s net estate. The Clerk’s Order found and concluded, in part:

8. Pursuant to the calculation of values listed on the

Statement of Total Assets filed in this matter,the Total

Assets of this Estate are $670,625.35.
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9. Total Net Assets of the Estate are defined by North 

Carolina statute as the total assets reduced by claims 

and by year’s allowances to persons other than the 

surviving spouse. One claim has been filed in this matter

on October 4, 2018, by Anthony C. Gerringer, in the 

amount of $109,200.00. On September 6, 2018, the

Executor filed a letter with the Clerk of Superior Court

denying the claim made by Anthony C. Gerringer. No 

year’s allowances to persons other than the surviving

spouse have been allotted. Therefore, the Total Net

Assets of this Estate are $670,625.35.

10. Pursuant to N.C. [Gen. Stat.] § 30-3.1, the applicable 

share of Total Net Assets to which the surviving spouse is

entitled is 1⁄2 of Total Net Assets, a value of $335,312.68.

11. Pursuant to N.C. [Gen. Stat.] § 30-3.2, Property

Passing to Surviving Spouse equals zero.

12. The amount of the elective share Petitioner is 

entitled to is determined by the following calculation:

[$335,312.68 – 0 = $335,312.68.]

13. Parties agree that [Petitioner] has already received 

a partial distribution of her elective share in the amount

of $158,617.47 from the Executor. The balance of the 

elective share then remaining due is $176,695.20.

($335,312.68 – $158,617.47 = $176,695.20).

¶ 8 The Clerk thus ordered Respondent to deliver a check to Petitioner in the 

amount of $176,695.20.

¶ 9 Respondent, through counsel, appealed the Clerk’s Order on 21 November 

2018. Respondent’s sole alleged error was that the Clerk “ordered that the elective 

share would be one-half (1/2) of the gross assets without taking into consideration in 

(sic) an outstanding claim in excess of $100,000.00. Thus, [the Clerk’s] Order 
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Awarding Elective Share entered on November 7, 2018 is not based upon the net 

estate.” Between the time that Respondent filed his appeal and the time the appeal

came on for hearing before the superior court, Respondent’s attorney withdrew. The 

attorney filed a claim against the estate for attorney’s fees for $9,541. 

¶ 10 Respondent’s appeal was heard by the superior court on 23 March 2021.

Respondent, appearing pro se, argued that the Clerk’s Order had failed to consider

outstanding claims against the estate, including the Decedent’s stepson’s $109,200

claim and Respondent’s counsel’s claim for $9,541. The superior court sua sponte

raised the issue of whether the Clerk had used the correct value of the joint accounts 

when calculating Decedent’s net estate. 

¶ 11 The superior court entered its Order Awarding Elective Share (“Superior 

Court’s Order”) on 21 April 2021 finding, in part:

13. That after the review this Court determined that []

while the Assistant Clerk of Court found that pursuant 

to [N.C. Gen. Stat.] § 30-3.2(3f), fifty percent (50%) of the 

funds held in the joint accounts with the right of 

survivorship, listed on the statement of total assets filed 

September 6, 2018, were to be included in the sum of values

used to calculate total assets, that the Assistant Clerk of 

Court erroneously used the total amount of funds in the 

aforementioned accounts as part of her calculation of the 

Total Assets of the Estate that were to be used in 

calculating the elective share due to the Petitioner [].

14. That this Court agrees [N.C. Gen. Stat. §] 30-3.2(3f)

allows only one half of the total funds in the joint accounts

with the right of survivorship to be used in the calculation 
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of Total Assets of the deceased when it comes to

determining the amount of Petitioner’s elective share.

15. That this Court recalculated only the Joint Accounts

with Right of Survivorship using one half of the total

amount in each account and finds the following:

. . . .

16. That when the recalculation is completed, the total of 

the Total Assets to be used in the calculation to determine

the amount due Petitioner under the Elective Share

statute is: $399,154.98.

. . . .

19. That this Court finds that attorney fees due out of the

Estate are due to Attorney Tom Maddox in the amount of

$9,541.00.

20. That this Court finds that claims due to be paid from

the Estate are $11,989.30.

21. That this Court finds that Total Assets of the Estate of

Bobby Ronald Gerringer are $399,154.98 – $21,530.30 =

$377,624.68.

22. That this Court finds the Total Assets of the Estate of 

Bobby Ronald Gerringer is $377,624.68 for the purpose of

calculating the Elective Share that is due to Petitioner [].

23. That this Court finds the Elective Share statute

provides that Petitioner [] is entitled to one half of the 

Total Assets of the Estate of Bobby Ronald Gerringer which 

equates to: $377,624.68 [divided by] 2 = $188,812.34.

24. That this Court finds that the final amount remaining 

due to Petitioner [] from the Estate of Bobby Ronald

Gerringer is: $188,812.34 – $158,617.47 = $30,194.87.

¶ 12 The superior court ordered Respondent to deliver a cashier’s check to 
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Petitioner “in the amount of $30,194.87 made payable to [Petitioner], representing 

the payment to her of the balance of the Claim for Elective Share owed to her.”

Petitioner timely appealed the Superior Court’s Order. 

II. Discussion

A. Standard of Review

¶ 13 The clerk of court has “jurisdiction of the administration, settlement, and 

distribution of estates of decedents including, but not limited to, estate proceedings

as provided in [N.C. Gen. Stat. §] 28A-2-4.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 28A-2-1 (2021). Section 

28A-2-4(a) provides that the clerk has “original jurisdiction of estate proceedings.”

Id. § 28A-2-4(a) (2021). “Estate proceedings” are “matter[s] initiated by petition 

related to the administration, distribution, or settlement of an estate, other than a 

special proceeding.” Id. § 28A-1-1(1b). In estate proceedings, the clerk shall 

“determine all issues of fact and law . . . [and] enter an order or judgment, as 

appropriate, containing findings of fact and conclusions of law supporting the order 

or judgment.” Id. § 1-301.3(b).

¶ 14 “On appeal to the superior court of an order of the clerk in matters of probate, 

the [superior] court . . . sits as an appellate court.” In re Estate of Pate, 119 N.C. App. 

400, 402, 459 S.E.2d 1, 2 (1995) (citation omitted). The superior court’s standard of 

review is as follows:

Upon appeal, the judge of the superior court shall review 
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the order or judgment of the clerk for the purpose of 

determining only the following:

(1) Whether the findings of fact are supported by the 

evidence.

(2) Whether the conclusions of law are supported by 

the findings of facts.

(3) Whether the order or judgment is consistent with 

the conclusions of law and applicable law.

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1-301.3(d) (2021).

¶ 15 The appellant must make specific exceptions to any finding or conclusion in 

the clerk’s order with which he disagrees. In re Swinson’s Estate, 62 N.C. App. 412, 

415, 303 S.E.2d 361, 363 (1983). “[T]he [superior court] may review any of the clerk’s 

findings of fact when the finding is properly challenged by specific exception and may 

thereupon either affirm, modify or reverse the challenged findings.” Id. at 416, 303 

S.E.2d at 363 (quoting In re Taylor, 293 N.C. 511, 519, 238 S.E.2d 774, 778 (1977)). 

Unchallenged findings of fact “are presumed to be supported by competent evidence 

and are binding on appeal.” In re Estate of Harper, 269 N.C. App. 213, 215, 837 S.E.2d 

602, 604 (2020) (citation omitted). 

¶ 16 “The standard of review in [the Court of Appeals] is the same as in the superior 

court.” Pate, 119 N.C. App. at 403, 459 S.E.2d at 2-3. Errors of law by the superior 

court, including whether the superior court has applied the correct standard of 

review, are reviewed de novo. In re Estate of Johnson, 264 N.C. App. 27, 32, 824 
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S.E.2d 857, 861 (2019).

B. Superior Court’s Review of Clerk’s Order

¶ 17 The dispositive issue on appeal is whether the superior court erred in its review 

of the Clerk’s Order.

¶ 18 N.C. Gen. Stat. § 30-3.1(a), which governs the elective share of a surviving 

spouse, provides as follows: 

The surviving spouse of a decedent who dies domiciled in 

this State has a right to claim an ‘elective share’, which 

means an amount equal to (i) the applicable share of the 

Total Net Assets. . . less (ii) the value of Net Property 

Passing to Surviving Spouse1 . . . .

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 30-3.1 (2021). The “applicable share” of the Total Net Assets for a 

surviving spouse who had been married to the decedent for 15 years or more is 50%. 

Id. § 30-3.1(a)(4). “Total Net Assets” are “[t]he total assets reduced by year’s 

allowances to persons other than the surviving spouse and claims.” Id. § 30-3.2(4). 

“Total assets” are defined by N.C. Gen. Stat. § 30-3.2 and include property held jointly 

with right of survivorship. Id. § 30-3.2(3f)(c).

¶ 19 At the time that the Clerk heard the matter in September 2018 and entered 

the Clerk’s Order in November 2018, N.C. Gen. Stat. § 30-3.2(3f)(c)(2) provided that 

 

1 Net Property Passing to Surviving Spouse is “[t]he Property Passing to Surviving 

Spouse reduced by (i) death taxes attributable to property passing to surviving spouse, and 

(ii) claims payable out of, charged against or otherwise properly allocated to Property Passing 

to Surviving Spouse.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 30-3.2(2c) (2021).
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property held by the decedent and one or more other 

persons other than the surviving spouse as joint tenants 

with right of survivorship is included [in the calculation of

“total assets”] to the following extent:

I. All property attributable to the decedent’s

contribution.

II. The decedent’s pro rata share of property

not attributable to the decedent’s

contribution, except to the extent of property

attributable to contributions by a surviving

joint tenant.

The decedent is presumed to have contributed the 

jointly owned property unless otherwise proven by 

clear and convincing evidence.

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 30-3.2(3f)(c)(2) (2018).

¶ 20 However, between entry of the Clerk’s Order in November 2018 and the 

superior court hearing Respondent’s appeal in April 2021, the North Carolina 

General Assembly amended N.C. Gen. Stat. § 30-3.2(3f)(c). This amendment became 

effective on 30 June 2020 and “applies to estate proceedings to determine the elective 

share which are not final on [30 June 2020] because the proceeding is subject to 

further judicial review.” S.L. 2020-60, § 1. The amended version of N.C. Gen. Stat. 

§ 30-3.2(3f)(c)(2) reads as follows:

2

 

2 The amended N.C. Gen. Stat. § 30-3.2(3f)(c)(2) deleted the marked-through text and 

added the bolded text, as illustrated below:
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Property held by the decedent and one or more other 

persons as joint tenants with right of survivorship is 

included [in the calculation of “total assets”] to the extent 

of the decedent’s pro rata share of property attributable to 

the decedent’s contribution.

The decedent and all other joint tenants are presumed to 

have contributed in‐kind in accordance with their 

respective shares for the jointly owned property unless 

otherwise proven by clear and convincing evidence.

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 30-3.2(3f)(c) (2021).

¶ 21 Essentially, where property was held by the decedent and one other person as 

joint tenants with right of survivorship, the amendment (1) changed the maximum 

percentage of the joint property attributable to the decedent from 100% to 50%, 

(2) changed the percentage the decedent is presumed to have contributed to the joint 

property from 100% to 50%, and (3) changed the burden of proof to rebut this 

presumption from the surviving joint tenant to the spouse seeking an elective share. 

 

Property held by the decedent and one or more other persons 

other than the surviving spouse as joint tenants with right of 

survivorship is included [in the calculation of “total assets”] to 

the following extent: 

I. All property attributable to the decedent’s contribution. 

II. The extent of the decedent’s pro rata share of 

property not attributable to the decedent’s 

contribution, except to the extent of property 

attributable to contributions by a surviving joint tenant.

The decedent is and all other joint tenants are presumed to 

have contributed in‐kind in accordance with their 

respective shares for the jointly owned property unless 

contribution by another is otherwise proven by clear and 

convincing evidence.
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¶ 22 In this case, Petitioner is seeking an elective share of Decedent’s estate. The

estate proceeding to determine Petitioner’s elective share was not final on 30 June 

2020 because the Clerk’s Order was, and still is, subject to further judicial review. 

Accordingly, while the former statute applied to the proceeding before the Clerk, the 

amended statute applied to the proceeding on appeal in the superior court. 

Consequently, the findings of fact and conclusions of law in the Clerk’s Order were 

based on a statute that was no longer “good law” when the superior court reviewed 

it. As a result, the superior court could not review the Clerk’s order under the 

applicable standard of review and should have remanded the matter to the Clerk with 

instructions to apply the amended statute.3 See, e.g., Johnson, 264 N.C. App. at 34, 

824 S.E.2d at 862 (“When the order or judgment appealed from was entered under a 

misapprehension of the applicable law, the judgment, including the findings of fact 

and conclusions of law on which the judgment was based, will be vacated and the case 

remanded for further proceedings.”) (citation omitted). In light of our holding, we do 

not reach Petitioner’s remaining arguments. 

III. Conclusion

¶ 23 We vacate the Superior Court’s Order and remand the case to the superior 

 

3 It is not clear from the record or transcript that the superior court was aware that 

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 30-3.2 had changed between the date the matter was heard by the Clerk 

and the date the matter was heard in the superior court on appeal.
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court with instructions to remand to the clerk of court for further proceedings. The 

clerk of court may, in its discretion, receive more evidence.

VACATED AND REMANDED.

Judges ZACHARY and WOOD concur.