In The

Court of Appeals

Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana

______________________________

No. 06-10-00162-CR

______________________________

VAUGHN RAY BELL, Appellant

V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

 

On Appeal from the 336th Judicial District Court

Fannin County, Texas

Trial Court No. CR-09-23218

 

Before Morriss, C.J., Carter and Moseley, JJ.

Opinion by Chief Justice Morriss

Dissenting Opinion by Justice Carter
2

O P I N I O N

In light of the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals recent opinion in Snowden v. State, No. 

PD-1524-10, 2011 Tex. Crim. App. LEXIS 1321 (Tex. Crim. App. Sept. 28, 2011) (designated for 

publication), we have withdrawn our previous opinion in this case issued September 14, 2011, and 

substitute this opinion. See TEX. R. APP. P. 19.1.

At some point during Vaughn Ray Bell‘s Fannin County jury trial for possessing the drug 

Ecstasy1—and without the record reflecting any action or threat by Bell that warranted such 

action—some form of physical restraint was placed on his person for the remainder of his trial.2

On appeal, Bell asserts that the evidence is insufficient to link him to the contraband and 

that the trial court reversibly erred in shackling Bell during trial. We conclude (1) sufficient 

evidence links Bell to the Ecstasy and (2) shackling Bell during trial, without individualized 

evidence of danger from Bell, was error, but (3) the shackling error was harmless.

(1) Sufficient Evidence Links Bell to the Ecstasy

Bell argues the evidence is legally insufficient to link him to the contraband. The State 

responds that the evidence is sufficient to tend to connect Bell to the contraband.

 

1

Specifically, Bell was charged with possessing one gram or more, but less than four grams, of a controlled substance 

in penalty group 2, to-wit: Ecstasy. The controlled substance known as Ecstasy is 3-4 

methylenedioxymethamphetamine. The State provided notice of intent to enhance Bell‘s punishment, alleging two 

prior felony convictions. See TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN. § 481.116 (West 2010); TEX. PENAL CODE ANN.

§ 12.41(a)(3) (West 2011).

2The jury found Bell guilty, found both enhancements to be true, and assessed punishment at twenty years‘

imprisonment. The trial court sentenced Bell accordingly.
3

In evaluating legal sufficiency, we review all the evidence in the light most favorable to the 

trial court‘s judgment to determine whether any rational jury could have found the essential 

elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Brooks v. State, 323 S.W.3d 893, 912 (Tex. 

Crim. App. 2010) (citing Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979)); Hartsfield v. State, 305 

S.W.3d 859, 863 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2010, pet. ref‘d). Our rigorous legal sufficiency review 

focuses on the quality of the evidence presented. Brooks, 323 S.W.3d at 917 (Cochran, J., 

concurring). We examine legal sufficiency under the direction of the Brooks opinion, while 

giving deference to the responsibility of the jury ―to fairly resolve conflicts in testimony, to weigh 

the evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts.‖ Hooper v. 

State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 13 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (citing Jackson, 443 U.S. at 318–19); Clayton v. 

State, 235 S.W.3d 772, 778 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).

At trial, the State was required to prove that Bell exercised control, custody, management, 

or care over the Ecstasy and that he knew the matter possessed was contraband. See Evans v. 

State, 202 S.W.3d 158, 161 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006); see also TEX. PENAL CODE ANN.

§ 1.07(a)(39) (West 2011). Mere presence at the location where drugs are found is insufficient, 

by itself, to establish actual care, custody, or control of those drugs. Evans, 202 S.W.3d at 162. 

Presence or proximity to drugs, however, when combined with other direct or circumstantial 

evidence, may be sufficient to establish control, management, custody, or care if the proof 

amounts to more than a strong suspicion or probability. Id. ―The  ̳affirmative links rule‘ is 
4

designed to protect the innocent bystander from conviction based solely upon his fortuitous 

proximity to someone else‘s drugs.‖ Poindexter v. State, 153 S.W.3d 402, 406 (Tex. Crim. App. 

2005).

When the accused is not in exclusive possession of the place where the substance is 

found, it cannot be concluded that the accused had knowledge of and control over 

the contraband unless there are additional independent facts and circumstances 

which affirmatively link the accused to the contraband.

Deshong v. State, 625 S.W.2d 327, 329 (Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 1981).

One or more of the factors from the following nonexclusive list have been used to establish 

a person‘s possession of contraband:

(1) the contraband was in plain view or recovered from an enclosed place; (2) the 

accused was the owner of the premises or the place where the contraband was 

found; (3) the accused was found with a large amount of cash; (4) the contraband 

was conveniently accessible to the accused; (5) the contraband was found in close 

proximity to the accused; (6) a strong residual odor of the contraband was present; 

(7) the accused possessed other contraband when arrested; (8) paraphernalia to use 

the contraband was in view, or found on the accused; (9) the physical condition of 

the accused indicated recent consumption of the contraband in question; 

(10) conduct by the accused indicated a consciousness of guilt; (11) the accused 

attempted to flee; (12) the accused made furtive gestures; (13) the accused had a 

special connection to the contraband; (14) the occupants of the premises gave 

conflicting statements about relevant matters; (15) the accused made incriminating 

statements connecting himself or herself to the contraband; (16) the quantity of the 

contraband; and (17) the accused was observed in a suspicious area under 

suspicious circumstances.

Muckleroy v. State, 206 S.W.3d 746, 748 n.4 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2006, pet. ref‘d); see Evans, 

202 S.W.3d at 162 n.12. The number of links present is not as important as the degree to which 
5

they tend to link the defendant to the controlled substance. Taylor v. State, 106 S.W.3d 827, 831 

(Tex. App.—Dallas 2003, no pet.).

While on patrol, Kevin Sanmann, a trooper with the Texas Department of Public Safety, 

noticed the vehicle driving immediately behind him lacked a front license plate and conducted a 

traffic stop. After initiating contact with the driver, Sanmann detected a moderate odor of 

marihuana in the vehicle. The driver of the vehicle informed Sanmann that he did not have a 

driver‘s license. After questioning the driver outside the vehicle, Sanmann approached Bell, who 

was still sitting in the passenger seat. Sanmann observed marihuana residue ―on both sides of 

[Bell‘s] legs and a little bit right in the center, between his legs.‖ Sanmann then requested Bell to 

step out of the vehicle and conducted a warrant check using Bell‘s name and date of birth. The 

warrant check discovered the existence of a warrant for Bell‘s arrest. Sanmann conducted a 

search of the vehicle and discovered marihuana residue on the passenger seat and passenger 

floorboard, as well as a pill bottle located between the console and the passenger seat. The pill 

bottles contained pills with a stamp resembling a fish. Sanmann testified pills containing stamps 

that resemble ―objects or images‖ are ―usually Ecstasy.‖ Neither Bell nor the driver ―accept[ed] 

responsibility‖ for the pill bottle. Due to the position of the pill bottle, Sanmann arrested Bell. 

In addition to Bell‘s presence at the scene, there are multiple factors linking Bell to the 

Esctasy. Bell was closer to the contraband and the contraband was more accessible to Bell. The 

pill bottle was ―shoved down‖ between the console and the passenger seat. The pill bottle was in 
6

plain view. Sanmann testified that the top quarter of the pill bottle was exposed and that it could 

be seen outside the vehicle. Bell possessed other contraband, marihuana, in the same vicinity as 

the Esctasy. Besides the small amount of marihuana residue observed on the passenger seat,

3

Sanmann testified ―[j]ust very little‖ residue was on Bell‘s clothes. Sanmann testified he did not 

discover any marihuana residue on the driver‘s side of the vehicle. The jury could have 

reasonably concluded Bell made furtive gestures. While questioning the driver, Sanmann 

observed Bell, who was a passenger in the vehicle, ―inside the car, moving around.‖ Although the 

record does not conclusively establish these gestures were furtive, a rational juror could have 

concluded they were.4 Bell owned or had a greater right of possession of the vehicle where the 

contraband was located. Sanmann testified that the car belonged to Bell‘s wife, Tanya.

5

 

Viewing these factors in the light most favorable to the verdict and since it was within the 

purview of the jury to weigh credibility and conflicts in the evidence, we conclude that a rational 

juror could find the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. The evidence 

 

3We note the record contains a dismissal which states that the quantity was not a useable quantity. At oral argument, 

Bell argued we should not consider the presence of marihuana because it was not a useable quantity. We disagree; 

the presence of contraband is an affirmative link even if not a useable quantity.

4On cross-examination, Sanmann testified that he had asked Bell to look for the proof of insurance and conceded that 

Bell could have been following his instructions and that the movements did not factor into his ―decisionmaking of 

whether or not [Bell] possessed something.‖ On direct examination, Sanmann testified, based on his experience as a 

police officer, when ―someone‘s moving around a lot in the vehicle,‖ that ―they‘re hiding stuff.‖ 

5On cross-examination, Sanmann testified that, on one occasion, Bell said ―wife‖ and on another, Bell said 

―girlfriend.‖ The record at guilt/innocence does not clearly establish the specific relationship of the parties. 

Regardless of whether Tanya was Bell‘s wife or girlfriend, the jury could reasonably deduce that Bell had a greater 

right of possession of the vehicle than the driver. We note that, during the punishment phase, Tanya testified she had 

been married to Bell for four years. 
7

supporting Bell‘s conviction was sufficient to show Bell had control, management, custody, or 

care over the Esctasy.

(2) Shackling Bell During Trial, Without Individualized Evidence of Danger from Bell, Was 

Error

Bell also argues that his rights to due process and presumption of innocence were violated 

by his being restrained during trial. Bell asserts that the trial court has a routine practice of 

shackling all criminal defendants who are in custody.

After the trial on the merits began, but before the conclusion of the guilt/innocence phase, 

the trial court ordered Bell shackled. The trial court‘s statements on the record strongly suggest 

its routine practice is to restrain all criminal defendants who have not been released on bond. The 

trial court stated, ―Everybody who is in custody has the same necessity of restraint.‖

6

 With 

 

6During the guilt/innocence phase of trial, the following exchange occurred outside the presence of the jury:

[Defense Counsel]: . . . . I understand that we took a break because my client didn‘t have 

any leg irons on him and, currently, for the record, he has a chain that is linked between his two 

ankles, if I‘ve described that correctly. We would object to that being used as a device in front of 

the jury. I think he has the right to a presumption of innocence and this chain, even though we will 

do the best to keep the jury from seeing it, if they do see it, that‘s going to destroy this presumption 

of innocence and deny him his right to a fair trial.

We already have a sheriff‘s deputy standing within arm‘s reach of him, which should be 

sufficient amount of security. We have a bailiff that‘s been present. I believe we have two bailiffs 

now and -- in addition to -- two or three highway patrolmen right outside. I don‘t think the chain is 

necessary. I think it‘s going to deprive him of a fair trial and his rights under the United States and 

Texas Constitution. So, we‘re going to object to that.

THE COURT: Any response from the State?

[The State]: Yes, Your Honor. I would just ask the Court to have the bailiff provide a 

report as -- sitting in the various seats of the jurors‘ seats -- as to whether he can see the defendant‘s 

seat as the -- as he‘s currently configured and if he can see that the defendant is chained, making an 

obvious attempt to see that.
8

admirable candor,7the State conceded at oral argument that the trial court routinely restrains all 

criminal defendants who have not been released on bond.8

In its brief, the State concedes the trial court erred ―by requiring Appellant to be shackled 

without finding a particularized reason for shackling that was specific to Appellant.‖ There is a 

good reason for this concession—the law is well established that routine shackling of criminal 

 

THE BAILIFF: No, ma‘am, you can‘t. You can see the pants leg and the pants leg 

covers the cuffs up, so you cannot see the chains.

[Defense Counsel]: But that presupposes he‘s not allowed to move and, if he moves any, 

they‘re going to hear a chain rattle and they‘re going to look over here and go, who‘s rattling a chain, 

who‘s chained up, and it can only be my client that‘s chained up. I‘ve been getting up, walking 

around; the bailiff has; everybody‘s been getting up except Ray. They hear that chain going, 

they‘re going to think he must have been doing something that got him chained up. There‘s really 

no need to have him chained up, Judge.

I don‘t think any of his offenses are escapes or failure to appears. I‘m not swearing to that, 

but, as I remember off of his criminal history, he doesn‘t have anything like that, Judge. I don‘t 

think there‘s any evidence of any intent to flee.

THE COURT: [Defense Counsel], your objection is noted. It will otherwise be 

overruled. The bailiff‘s obligation is to the jury, not to an inmate. There is a person here to handle 

that. Everybody who is in custody has the same necessity of restraint. The difficulty is, the 

sheriff‘s office has one discreet and, therefore, we only have the one that‘s been available. We 

have allowed for y‘all to position briefcases, and somebody went down and got an extra one so you 

have two. The State also has one under there. So, it‘s the Court‘s opinion that there is no impact 

on the presumption, and the defendant will just be mindful about movement of his legs, and we will 

be sure to give breaks for everybody to use the restroom and he can move his legs at that time.

(Emphasis added.) 

7We appreciate the State‘s professionalism and integrity in making this concession and commend the State for 

clarifying the record in this regard.

8The State represented to this Court that a more discreet restraint is normally used than the restraint in this case. 

However, as this Court stated in Austin v. State, No. 06-07-00161-CR, 2008 Tex. App. LEXIS 8630 (Tex. 

App.––Texarkana Nov. 18, 2008, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication), whether a restraint such as a ―leg 

brace‖ was visible is not the correct question. While a restraint which is not visible may result in less harm, a trial 

court errs if it restrains a criminal defendant without specific reasons for the restraints in the record.
9

defendants is prohibited. ―The law has long forbidden routine use of visible shackles during the

guilt phase.‖ Deck v. Missouri, 544 U.S. 622, 626 (2005).

Almost ninety years ago, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals stated:

[I]f the record discloses no good reason for having the prisoner manacled during the 

trial the same will be cause for reversal; on the other hand, if, in the sound 

discretion of the court, it appears necessary to retain his shackles to prevent the 

escape or self-destruction of the prisoner, or to prevent him from injuring 

bystanders or officers of the court, or if necessary to maintain a quiet and peaceable 

trial, the court may try the prisoner without having the shackles removed; his action 

being subject to the closest scrutiny and review by the appellate court.

. . . .

We desire to make it perfectly plain that we regard a trial with the prisoner 

in irons as obnoxious to the spirit of our laws and all ideas of justice, and it is only 

when the record brings the case clearly within one of the rare exceptions that we 

would consent for a conviction to stand. Before a judge should permit a case to 

proceed under such circumstances, he should be very sure of his ground.

Gray v. State, 268 S.W. 941, 949–50 (Tex. Crim. 1924) (op. on reh‘g). This general rule has been 

reaffirmed repeatedly.

The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article I, Section 19 of 

the Texas Constitution guarantee criminal defendants the right to a fair trial. U.S. CONST. amend. 

XIV; TEX. CONST. art. I, § 19; Wynn v. State, 219 S.W.3d 54, 59 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 

2006, no pet.). The use of restraints, such as shackles, cannot be justified based on a general 

appeal to the need for courtroom security or simple reference to the severity of the charged offense. 

Long v. State, 823 S.W.2d 259, 283 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991). The appearance of a defendant in 
10

shackles before a jury during the guilt/innocence portion of trial, as well as the punishment phase,9

can violate the defendant‘s Fifth and Fourteenth Amendment rights to due process. Deck, 544 

U.S. at 629–34 (2005). ―Visible shackling undermines the presumption of innocence and the 

related fairness of the factfinding process.‖ Id. at 630. In addition to undermining the 

presumption of innocence, visible 10 shackling ―can interfere with the accused‘s  ̳ability to 

communicate‘ with his lawyer,‖ ability to ―participate in his own defense[,]‖ and ― ̳affront[s]‘ the 

 ̳dignity and decorum of judicial proceedings that the judge is seeking to uphold.‘‖ Id. at 630–31. 

For these reasons, shackling is called for only in rare circumstances, and the record must detail the 

grounds for such action. Cooks v. State, 844 S.W.2d 697, 722 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992); Gray, 268 

S.W. at 950.

Before restraining a defendant at trial, a trial court must set forth with specificity the 

reasons supporting its decision to restrain the defendant. Cooks, 844 S.W.2d 722; Long, 823 

S.W.2d at 282 (―the record must clearly and affirmatively reflect the trial judge‘s reasons 

 

9

In Deck, the United States Supreme Court announced that a trial court errs in shackling a defendant during the 

punishment phase of a trial when there is no evidence that the defendant was violent, likely to flee, or had otherwise 

disrupted the trial. Deck, 544 U.S. at 630–31. 

10Deck concerned restraints that were only visible. See id. at 628. The law, though, is well-established that any form 

of restraints requires the record to reflect reasons specific to the criminal defendant. See Austin, 2008 Tex. App. 

LEXIS 8630. This case presents an additional issue not discussed by the United States Supreme Court in Deck. The 

record contains some evidence the restraints may have been audible. In this case, Bell‘s trial counsel stated the chains 

would be audible. The trial court did not take exception to this statement and instructed the defendant to be ―mindful 

about movement of his legs . . . .‖ On appeal, Bell directs our attention to numerous references to the record where 

the jury entered and exited the courtroom. Bell argues he was required to rise for the jury, which resulted in the 

―rattling of the chains.‖ The record does not reflect the defendant rose and does not reflect the chains rattled, but the 

record also does not reflect that the defendant did not rise and does not reflect that the chains did not rattle. In 

Wiseman v. State, the First District Court of Appeals considered, among other factors, the defense counsel‘s statement 

on the record that the chains were audible. Wiseman v. State, 223 S.W.3d 45 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, 

no pet.).
11

therefor‖); Marquez v. State, 725 S.W.2d 217, 227 (Tex. Crim. App. 1987). Only in rare 

circumstances is shackling called for, and in such event, the record must detail the grounds for 

such action. Long, 823 S.W.2d at 282; Jacobs v. State, 787 S.W.2d 397, 407 (Tex. Crim. App. 

1990); Marquez, 725 S.W.2d at 227. Even if a trial court does not err in ordering shackles, all 

efforts must be made to ensure the jury does not view the defendant in shackles. Long, 823 

S.W.2d at 282; Ziolkowski v. State, 223 S.W.3d 640, 643 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2007, pet. ref‘d).

On appeal, the role of an appellate court is to determine whether the trial court erred in 

ordering the restraints. Long, 823 S.W.2d at 282. Even in the face of error, reversal may not be 

called for if such was harmless. Cooks, 844 S.W.2d at 723; Long, 823 S.W.2d at 283. In this 

case, the record fails to reveal any reasons, other than a general concern for courtroom safety and 

general concern that a criminal defendant might flee, to justify the use of restraints. The trial 

court did not base its decision on any evidence that Bell had previously committed violent acts, 

that Bell was likely to flee, or that Bell had otherwise disrupted the trial.11

 

11The State directs our attention to its notice of intent to introduce evidence of extraneous offenses and bad acts. We 

note that, at punishment, the State introduced evidence of Bell‘s extensive criminal history. Although the vast 

majority of the offenses were for possession of controlled substances, the State did introduce evidence of 

misdemeanor convictions for evading arrest, resisting arrest, and terroristic threat. At the time Bell was ordered 

restrained, the record did not contain evidence of these prior offenses, and the trial court did not reference these prior 

offenses when deciding to restrain Bell.
12

Certainly courtrooms are places where violence can occur.12 Our role is not to second 

guess the trial court‘s discretion in controlling the courtroom and ensuring the safety of the 

litigants, participants, and witnesses in attendance. If a criminal defendant has acted in a manner 

providing justification for restraints, it is well within the trial court‘s sound discretion to order such 

defendant restrained during trial. A trial court, though, abuses its discretion when the court 

restrains a criminal defendant without reasons, on the record, specific to that defendant. Because 

the record in this case fails to contain any justification for the shackling beyond a general concern 

for courtroom safety, the shackling of Bell was error.

(3) The Shackling Error Was Harmless

Bell argues, citing Deck, 544 U.S. at 629–34, that the State has the burden to establish 

beyond a reasonable doubt that the error was harmless. Because there is no evidence the error did 

not result in harm, Bell argues the error was reversible. In Deck, the United States Supreme Court 

concluded that the lack of evidence showing no harm mandated a reversal. Id. at 634. As noted 

above, Deck concerned visible restraints. The United States Supreme Court did not address 

whether the same standards for harmless error would apply if the restraints are not perceived by the 

jury. We conclude Deck is distinguishable from this case due to the fact that there is no evidence, 

in this case, that the restraints were perceived by the jury. To the extent the tests may differ, we 

 

12On July 1, 1992, a gunman opened fire in the courtroom of the Fort Worth Court of Appeals killing two attorneys and 

wounding at least two others, including a former law clerk to this Court. See Davis v. State, 890 S.W.2d 489, 491 n.1 

(Tex. App.––Eastland 1994, no pet.).
13

will evaluate the effect of the error in this case under the Chapman test,13 as codified by Rule 

44.2(a) of the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure as interpreted by Texas caselaw.

In our original opinion in this case, we used the factors announced in Harris v. State, 790 

S.W.2d 568 (Tex. Crim. App. 1989). In Harris, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals provided 

the following guidance:

[T]he court should examine the source of the error, the nature of the error, whether 

or to what extent it was emphasized by the State, and its probable collateral 

implications. Further, the court should consider how much weight a juror would 

probably place upon the error. In addition, the Court must also determine whether 

declaring the error harmless would encourage the State to repeat it with impunity. 

Id. at 587–88.

In Motilla v. State, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals clarified that overwhelming 

evidence of guilt, while not determinative, is a factor that can also be considered. 78 S.W.3d 352, 

356–57 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002) (explaining discussion in Harris concerning weight a juror would 

probably place on the error factor). In Mason v. State, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals held 

the factors announced in Harris are not applicable to Rule 44.2(b) of the Texas Rules of Appellate 

Procedure harmless error analysis of nonconstitutional errors. 322 S.W.3d 251, 258 n.10 (Tex. 

Crim. App. 2010) (noting ―that the Harris factors might still be applicable in Rule 44.2(a) 

analyses‖).

 

13―The Chapman test is codified in Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 44.2(a), which provides that constitutional error 

requires reversal of the judgment  ̳unless the court determines beyond a reasonable doubt that the error did not 

contribute to the conviction or punishment.‘‖ Clay v. State, 240 S.W.3d 895, 904 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (quoting 

TEX. R. APP. P. 44.2(a)).
14

Since our original opinion was released, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has 

announced the elimination of two of the Harris factors: the source of the error and whether 

declaring the error harmless would encourage repetition of the error with impunity. Snowden, 

2011 Tex. Crim. App. LEXIS 1321. The court reasoned that the above two factors were punitive 

and that Harris erred in including ―within its ambit any concern for the integrity of future trials.‖ 

Id. at *17. The court emphasized the inquiry ―should adhere strictly to the question of whether 

the error committed in a particular case contributed to the verdict obtained in that case.‖ Id. The 

Texas Court of Criminal Appeals, though, did confirm that the remaining Harris factors—the 

nature of the error, whether the error was emphasized by the State, the probable implications of the 

error, and the weight the jury would likely have assigned to it in the course of its 

deliberations—continue to be valid considerations. Id. at *18. The court, though, noted these 

factors ―are not exclusive considerations in any particular case‖ and our inquiry should be 

―whether, or to what extent, the error may have contributed to the conviction.‖ Id.

The first remaining factor is the nature of the error. The error in this case violates well 

established constitutional rights. Conducting a trial where the defendant is in shackles, without a 

particularized showing of the need for the shackles in that defendant‘s case, is ―obnoxious to the 

spirit of our laws and all ideas of justice.‖ Ziolkowski, 223 S.W.3d at 643 (quoting Gray, 268 

S.W. at 950). We continue to believe that the violation of a well established constitutional right 

adversely affects the integrity of the process leading to a conviction. In the pre-Snowden analysis, 
15

this factor would strongly favor a finding of reversible error. Given the Snowden rationale, 

however, our harm analysis should assess just the effect of the error on this particular verdict or 

result. Although obnoxious to the spirit of our laws, the nature of this error did not contribute to 

the judgment in this case. This factor weighs neither for nor against a finding of harm.

The second factor is the extent the error was emphasized by the State. We have not been 

directed to anywhere in the record that the State emphasized the error in any manner. Bell argues 

the State moved one of the briefcases shielding the shackles from the jury‘s view when it used it as 

a demonstrative aid. The record does reflect that the State used a briefcase as a demonstrative aid, 

but the record does not reflect that this briefcase was one of the briefcases blocking the shackles 

from the jury‘s view.14 We have not been directed to anywhere in the record the State made a 

reference to or otherwise drew attention to the defendant‘s restraints. Our own review of the 

record has not revealed any such reference. Clearly, the State did not emphasize the error or seek 

in any way to benefit from the error. This factor weighs strongly in favor of a finding that the 

error is not harmful.

The third factor is the weight a juror would probably place on the error, assuming he or she

was aware of the error. In this connection, we should also consider whether the evidence was 

overwhelming as well as the character of the error and how it might be considered in connection 

 

14The State represented at oral argument that the briefcase used as a demonstrative aid was not the same briefcase used 

to block the shackles from the jury‘s view. This representation, though, is not part of the record. Regardless, as 

noted above, the record does not demonstrate the briefcase used as a demonstrative aid was one of the briefcases 

shielding the shackles from the jury‘s view.
16

with other evidence in the case. Motilla, 78 S.W.3d at 359. Although the evidence of guilt was 

sufficient, the evidence linking Bell to the contraband was not overwhelming. The record, 

though, is silent on whether the jury perceived the shackles. In fact, the record does contain 

indications that steps were taken to keep the jury from perceiving the shackles. We conclude that 

this factor does not weigh for a finding of harm.

The fourth factor is the error‘s probable collateral consequences. This factor requires us 

to ―contemplate such things as the disparaging of a sole defense,‖ as well as ―a probable affect on 

the harshness of the punishment.‖ Higginbotham v. State, 807 S.W.2d 732, 737 (Tex. Crim. App. 

1991). As noted above, the affirmative links, although sufficient, were not overwhelming. 

Bell‘s main defense was that the contraband did not belong to him. It should be contemplated that 

the restraints, if perceived by the jury, could have alleviated some lingering doubts the jury had 

concerning whether Bell possessed the contraband. While Bell had an extensive criminal history, 

here he received the maximum sentence available. Again, though, because the record is silent on 

whether the jury perceived the shackles, and steps were taken to avoid the jury perceiving them, 

we do not weigh this factor for a finding of harm.

After careful consideration of the above factors, we conclude the error in this case did not 

result in harm to this defendant in this case. The lack of emphasis placed on the error by the State 

weighs strongly against a finding of harm, and the remaining factors do not suggest a finding of 

harm. The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has instructed that our inquiry must be focused on 
17

whether the error may have contributed to this defendant‘s conviction. We conclude, beyond a 

reasonable doubt, that the error by the trial court did not contribute to the judgment in this case.

For the reasons stated, we affirm.

Josh R. Morriss, III

Chief Justice

DISSENTING OPINION

What is the appellate court‘s duty when it is clear that a trial court deliberately and 

repeatedly violates well-known and established constitutional rights of those accused of a crime? 

We must eradicate the practice. The majority opinion fails to do this and has now reversed its 

course based on a recent Texas Court of Criminal Appeals opinion, Snowden v. State.

15

 I believe 

this Court‘s original opinion is sound. The stated reason for this switch is that Snowden no longer 

allows an appellate court to consider, on the issue of harmfulness of error, whether the failure to 

 

15 Snowden v. State, No. PD-1524-10, 2011 Tex. Crim. App. LEXIS 1321 (Tex. Crim. App. Sept. 28, 2011) 

(designated for publication). 
18

reverse for an admitted constitutional error would encourage ―the State‖ to repeat that error with 

impunity. 

I do not think Snowden applies in this case. In Snowden, the error was committed by the 

State‘s attorney, whereas here the action found to be a constitutional error (placing a chain 

connecting two iron ankle rings on the ankles of the defendant during jury trial) was the action of 

the trial court. In Snowden, the error was the improper argument of the State‘s counsel which 

infringed on the defendant‘s right to remain silent—an action taken by one of the advocates in the 

proceeding; the trial court merely ruled. The acts which constituted the error in this case were 

solely and completely caused by the trial judge without involvement by the State‘s counsel. The 

State never requested that the defendant be shackled during the trial, and the record reveals that the 

chain was placed on the defendant as a practice of this particular court for those who are in jail 

awaiting trial, but apparently not for those able to afford bail (―everybody who is in custody has the 

same necessity of restraint‖). Apparently, shackling is required for all in custody with no 

judgment or discretion being exercised on an individual basis. It is the duty of the trial court to 

attempt to avoid error; only the appellate courts may determine, after a review of the entire case, if 

an error is of such a nature as to require another trial. In oral argument, State‘s counsel conceded 

there was no basis for shackling the defendant and agreed that constitutional error occurred. 

Generally, the trial court commits error by ruling on issues brought before it by one of the 

parties. It is a far different situation when the action which is a constitutional error is caused by 
19

the judge. If counsel seeks to continually violate well-established constitutional provisions, the 

trial judge is in a position to prevent or control it. Who prevents the judge from continually 

violating established constitutional rights? A basic premise of our system of justice is that the 

accused should be presumed innocent until proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. It is the 

function of the trial judge to institute procedures that will assure this—instead, here, the judge, 

without any cause, ordered that a chain be placed on the defendant‘s ankles during the jury trial. 

The record indicates this is a repeated practice in this trial court, but we are now holding that since 

we cannot know for sure if the jury saw the chain or heard it rattle, the trial court‘s deliberate 

violation of such a well-known constitutional right does not constitute reversible error.16

Additionally, it is important that our courts operate with dignity. The use of such devices 

undermines the dignity of judicial proceedings. Deck v. Missouri, 544 U.S. 622, 631 (2005). 

Even if we now believe that consideration of the prevention of continual violation of constitutional 

rights is irrelevant as to the propriety of the outcome, it is highly relevant to the ―the integrity of the 

process leading to the conviction.‖ 

As one who spent twenty-one years on the trial bench and has devoted most of his life 

attempting to provide fair operation of one small part of our system of law, it is deeply offensive to 

observe the sanctioning of this practice. In essence, this case says—Judge, you may continually 

violate the most basic constitutional rights of our citizens with impunity, the very Constitution you 

 

16Defense counsel objected that any movement by Bell would cause the jury to hear a chain rattle. The court 

admonished Bell to be ―mindful about movement of his legs . . . .‖ 
20

took an oath to protect and defend, and your case will be affirmed unless the defendant is clever 

enough to produce evidence, contrary to his best interest at trial, that the jury saw or heard the 

chains. Even if the jury saw or heard the chains and it is not reflected in the record, you are safe 

with the appellate courts, regardless of the harm your continual unconstitutional practice does to 

the perception of fairness and the integrity of the process in our courts. 

Due to their very nature, constitutional errors require more scrutiny. When constitutional 

errors occur, our inquiry should be focused on the integrity of the process. In other words, did the 

defendant receive a fair trial. The restraints in this case were described as a chain connecting two 

iron ankle rings; our Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has found ―a trial with a prisoner in irons 

[is] obnoxious to the spirit of our laws and all ideas of justice.‖ Gray v. State, 268 S.W. 941, 

949–50 (Tex. Crim. 1924) (op. on reh‘g). No trial can be considered a fair trial where a 

defendant, who has not been shown to be a threat, is literally tried in chains that may have been 

seen or heard by the jury; an error depriving a defendant of a fair trial cannot be considered 

harmless. The error here was of constitutional magnitude; it was knowingly committed and is an 

ongoing practice in this trial court; there is no basis to reasonably conclude that beyond a 

reasonable doubt, the error did not contribute to the defendant‘s conviction or punishment. TEX.

R. APP. P. 44.2. It should be remanded for another trial. 
21

I respectfully, but vigorously, dissent. 

Jack Carter

Justice

Date Submitted: November 2, 2011

Date Decided: November 3, 2011

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