Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 49A02-1708-CR-1779 | April 26, 2018 Page 1 of 22

Robb, Judge.

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT

Ruth Johnson

Deborah Markisohn

Rory Gallagher

Marion County Public Defender

Indianapolis, Indiana 

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE

Curtis T. Hill, Jr. 

Attorney General of Indiana

Caryn N. Szyper

Deputy Attorney General 

Indianapolis, Indiana 

I N T H E

COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

Scott Randall,

Appellant-Defendant,

v.

State of Indiana,

Appellee-Plaintiff.

April 26, 2018

Court of Appeals Case No.

49A02-1708-CR-1779

Appeal from the Marion Superior 

Court

The Honorable Clark Rogers, 

Judge 

Trial Court Cause No. 

49G25-1607-F6-29473
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Case Summary and Issues

[1] Scott Randall brings this interlocutory appeal from the trial court’s denial of his 

motion to suppress evidence resulting from a police officer’s observations while 

conducting a welfare check. The trial court concluded the welfare check was 

supported by the community caretaking function. Randall now appeals 

presenting three issues which we restate as: (1) whether the trial court 

erroneously applied the community caretaking function; (2) whether Randall’s 

seizure was reasonable under the Fourth Amendment to the United States 

Constitution and Article 1, Section 11, of the Indiana Constitution; and (3) 

whether Randall’s statements were made in violation of Miranda. Concluding 

the trial court erroneously applied the community caretaking function but that 

Randall’s seizure was reasonable under both the Fourth Amendment and 

Article 1, Section 11 pursuant to the emergency aid doctrine, and that Randall’s 

statements were not made in violation of Miranda, we affirm. 

Facts and Procedural History1

[2] Around 9:00 p.m. on July 29, 2016, Deputy Ashley Rose, a special deputy of 

the Marion County Sheriff’s Office performing off-duty security work for St. 

Vincent’s Hospital, was patrolling the same-day surgery parking lot when he 

 

1 We heard oral argument at DePauw University in Greencastle, Indiana, on April 9, 2018. We thank the 

faculty—especially Professor Bruce Stinebrickner—staff, and students of DePauw University for their 

generous hospitality and commend counsel for their skilled and informative oral advocacy. 
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observed a man sitting in the driver’s seat of a black Ford Focus with the 

driver’s door open and ignition off. The man, later identified as Randall, 

“appeared to be leaning forward over the steering wheel” or “slumped over.” 

Transcript, Volume 1 at 10-11. 

[3] Deputy Rose decided to conduct a “welfare check”2 and proceeded to pull 

behind Randall’s car while activating his “overhead takedown lights.”3 Id. at 

10. As soon as Deputy Rose put his car in park, “Randall abruptly exited his 

vehicle and started walking toward my vehicle at a fast pace.” Id. at 10. 

Deputy Rose ordered Randall back to his car and Randall obliged, returning to 

the driver’s seat of his car. Deputy Rose then approached Randall’s car and 

began speaking with him while the driver’s door was still open. During this 

time, Deputy Rose observed that Randall was speaking quickly, “sweating very 

intensely,” and that he began “reaching around the car very nervously.” Id. at 

12. Deputy Rose also observed a “folded square of aluminum foil” on the 

dashboard of the car, which he believed to be consistent with narcotic use. Id. 

[4] Suspecting drugs were in the car, Deputy Rose attempted to “find out what else 

would be in the vehicle that would be paraphernalia or narcotics related.” Id. at 

14. Specifically, Deputy Rose told Randall that he “had experience and I asked 

him what else in the vehicle he would not want a canine officer to find.” Id. at 

 

2 Deputy Rose later testified “[w]e’ve had people die in that lot . . . .” Id. at 17. 

3

“Overhead take down lights” are white lights for “scene lighting[,]” not flashing red-and-blue lights. Id. at 

18. 
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17. Randall admitted that he had a marijuana pipe, and Deputy Rose then 

instructed him to exit his vehicle. After Randall refused and began raising his 

voice, another officer who had arrived on scene activated his taser and pointed 

it at Randall while Deputy Rose placed Randall’s left wrist in a wrist lock.

[Randall] began crying immediately and stated it’s in the door, 

it’s in the door. And so I had to, you know, ask him what are 

you talking about. And he said that there was meth in the door. 

And I looked to the left and clearly in plain view in the door in 

the pocket I could see a clear plastic baggie which had a white 

powdery substance in it. 

Id. at 14-15. Randall was detained, placed in handcuffs, and seated nearby 

while a search of the vehicle revealed methamphetamine and two marijuana 

pipes. Because Deputy Rose had no further questions to ask Randall once he 

was in custody, he “did not feel Miranda was required” and therefore, Randall 

“was not read Miranda that night.” Id. at 16.

[5] Randall was subsequently charged with possession of methamphetamine, a 

Level 6 felony, and two counts of possession of paraphernalia, both Class C 

misdemeanors. Randall moved to suppress the evidence against him and the 

trial court denied his motion after a hearing, concluding: 

In this case, Officer Rose approached the Defendant for the 

purpose of a welfare check, under his community caretaking 

function, which allows for a seizure of the Defendant as long as it 

reasonably takes to assess his wellbeing (as well as to provide aid 

if necessary). Based on Officer Rose's testimony, he did not have 

his concern for the Defendant's wellbeing alleviated by the

Defendant exiting his vehicle, ordering the Defendant to return 
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to his vehicle for officer safety and then approaching - arguably a 

seizure. Additionally, there are no facts alleged to suggest that

Officer Rose had any reasonable suspicion of a crime - he stated 

that he saw a man slumped over his steering wheel and excitedly 

exit his vehicle. Even if Officer Rose might have had a slight

suspicion that the Defendant had taken an illegal substance to 

cause his incapacitated state, the objective reasoning of checking 

on someone who clearly looks distressed, as well as the fact that

someone in an incapacitated state in a hospital parking lot could 

have easily been caused by numerous other reasons, more than 

outweighs such suspicion. More importantly, public need and

interest (i.e., we want Officer Rose to check on the wellbeing of 

someone slumped over a steering wheel, and we do not want him 

to prejudge the situation because he sees the person simply exit

his vehicle - assuming a person is fine seconds after being 

incapacitated and not possibly still suffering from the effects of 

whatever caused the incapacity could be tragic) significantly 

outweigh the minimal intrusion upon the privacy of the 

Defendant in this case (i.e., having to return to his vehicle and 

briefly talk with Officer Rose about his wellbeing). 

After reviewing the totality of the circumstances, balancing the 

interests, and determining reasonableness, the Court finds that 

Officer Rose acted reasonably and was justified in ordering the 

Defendant to return to his vehicle and approaching the vehicle to 

talk with the Defendant.

Appellant’s Appendix Volume II at 52. 

[6] Randall filed a petition to certify the trial court’s order for interlocutory appeal 

and for a stay of the proceedings, which the trial court granted on July 11, 2017. 

This court accepted jurisdiction on September 18, 2017. 
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Discussion and Decision 

I. Standard of Review 

[7] We review a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress in a manner similar to

other sufficiency matters. Taylor v. State, 69 N.E.3d 502, 505 (Ind. Ct. App. 

2017). 

The record must disclose substantial evidence of probative value 

supporting the trial court’s decision. We do not reweigh the 

evidence. We consider conflicting evidence most favorable to the 

trial court’s ruling, but unlike other sufficiency matters, we must 

also consider undisputed evidence favorable to the defendant. 

Id. (internal citations omitted). Where, as here, an appellant’s challenge to such 

a ruling is premised on a claimed constitutional violation, we review the issue 

de novo because it raises clear questions of law. Guilmette v. State, 14 N.E.3d 

38, 40-41 (Ind. 2014). We may affirm the trial court’s ruling if it is sustainable 

on any legal basis in the record, even though it was not the reason that the trial 

court enunciated. Scott v. State, 883 N.E.2d 147, 152 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008). 

II. Seizure

[8] The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution states that: 

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, 

papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, 

shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon 

probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and 

particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons 

or things to be seized.
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U.S. Const. amend IV. 

[9] “Accordingly, a warrantless search or seizure is per se unreasonable, and the 

State bears the burden to show that one of the well-delineated exceptions to the 

warrant requirement applies.” M.O. v. State, 63 N.E.3d 329, 331 (Ind. 2016)

(quotations omitted). “[A] person is ‘seized’ . . . when, by means of physical 

force or a show of authority, his freedom of movement is restrained.” U.S. v. 

Mendenhall, 446 U.S. 544, 553 (1980). On appeal, the State concedes that 

Deputy Rose ordering Randall to return to his vehicle constituted a seizure. 

Brief of Appellee at 10. The trial court found the seizure reasonable pursuant to 

the community caretaking function and Randall now argues its application was 

erroneous. Although we agree that the community caretaking function was 

inapplicable on the facts presented, we nevertheless find Randall’s seizure 

permissible under the emergency aid doctrine.

A. Community Caretaking Function

[10] Put simply, the community caretaking function is:

a catchall term for the wide range of responsibilities that police 

officers must discharge aside from their criminal enforcement 

activities. Indeed, besides enforcing criminal laws, police aid 

those in distress, combat actual hazards, prevent potential 

hazards . . . and provide an infinite variety of services to preserve 

and protect community safety. 

Wilford v. State, 50 N.E.3d 371, 375 (Ind. 2016) (citations and quotations 

omitted). 
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[11] In its Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Order, the trial court relied 

primarily on our decision in McNeal v. State, 62 N.E.3d 1275 (Ind. Ct. App. 

2016), vacated in relevant part by McNeal v. State, 76 N.E.3d 136 (Ind. 2017). 

There, a panel of this court adopted a three-prong analysis “for evaluating 

claims of police community caretaking functions as set out by the Wisconsin 

Supreme Court in State v. Kramer, 315 Wis.3d 414, 759 N.W.2d 598, 605 

(2009).” McNeal, 62 N.E.3d at 1281. The trial court applied the Kramer threeprong analysis before concluding Deputy Rose’s actions were justified by the 

community caretaking function. Just a few weeks after the trial court’s order, 

however, our supreme court issued its opinion in McNeal v. State, which 

expressly vacated the Kramer analysis:

[McNeal] asks this Court to vacate a portion of the Court of 

Appeals’ opinion discussing the community caretaking exception 

to the Fourth Amendment's warrant requirement.

McNeal's request is well-taken. We now grant transfer, vacating 

the Court of Appeals’ discussion of the community caretaking 

function . . . . 

76 N.E.3d at 137.

[12] Because our supreme court expressly vacated the Kramer analysis, Randall

alleges the trial court’s legal basis for denying his motion to suppress “cannot be 

upheld.” Brief of Appellant at 13. We agree, and to the extent the trial court 

applied the community caretaking function, such application was erroneous. 
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[13] Our supreme court has only applied the community caretaking function as an 

exception to the warrant requirement in the limited context of inventory 

searches, and even then “only when the State meets a strict two-prong standard 

for proving the warrantless impoundment was reasonable.” M.O., 63 N.E.3d at

332 n.2 (quotation omitted). However, as noted above, we may affirm the trial 

court’s ruling if it is sustainable on any legal basis in the record, even though it 

was not the reason that the trial court enunciated. Scott, 883 N.E.2d at 152. 

B.Emergency Aid Doctrine 

1. Fourth Amendment

[14] Although the trial court erroneously applied the community caretaking

function, its reasoning tracked another exception to the warrant requirement

with a basis in the record—the emergency aid doctrine. The emergency aid 

doctrine is premised on the theory that police should be able to act without 

obtaining a warrant when they reasonably believe a person needs immediate aid 

or attention. Mincey v. Arizona, 437 U.S. 385, 392 (1978). “The need to protect 

or preserve life or avoid serious injury is justification for what would be 

otherwise illegal absent an exigency or emergency.” Id. (quotation omitted).

Under the emergency aid doctrine, an officer may act without a warrant where 

the officer had “an objectively reasonable basis for believing that medical 

assistance was needed, or persons were in danger.” Michigan v. Fisher, 558 U.S. 

45, 49 (2009) (quotations omitted). 
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[15] Our supreme court recently explored the emergency aid doctrine through two 

cases decided the same day: M.O. v. State, and Cruz-Salazar v. State, 63 N.E.3d 

1055 (Ind. 2016). First, in M.O., the clerk of a gas station reported that a 

woman was “stuck underneath her vehicle in the parking lot.” 63 N.E.3d at 

330. By the time an officer arrived on scene, dispatch had advised the officer 

that the woman was leaving the gas station and the officer observed her vehicle 

leaving the parking lot. “[F]earing for her well-being[,]” the officer initiated a 

traffic stop and approached her vehicle “where he observed no signs of physical 

injury.” Id. at 330-31. The officer then engaged the defendant in conversation 

and she explained why she had been stuck underneath her vehicle, but during 

this conversation the officer observed signs of impairment and smelled the odor 

of alcohol coming from the vehicle. The defendant was arrested, charged with 

operating a vehicle while intoxicated, and later moved to suppress the evidence 

claiming the traffic stop was invalid under both the Fourth Amendment to the 

United States Constitution and Article 1, Section 11 of the Indiana 

Constitution. 

[16] On transfer,4 our supreme court turned to two cases that seemingly delineate the 

boundaries of Indiana’s recognized emergency aid doctrine: Bruce v. State, 268 

Ind. 180, 216, 375 N.E.2d 1042, 1062 (1978) (holding search of vehicle 

revealing a shotgun used in murder prosecution was permissible where officer 

 

4 The trial court denied the defendant’s motion to suppress and the Court of Appeals reversed. M.O. v. State, 

54 N.E.3d 428, 439 (Ind. Ct. App. 2016).
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was responding to a report of an accident with injury) and Trotter v. State, 933 

N.E.2d 572, 577 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010) (holding search was impermissible where 

there was no evidence that the defendant was in need of emergency assistance 

where police responded to gunshots on private property and were told a man 

had gone inside to use the bathroom and the police entered the barn to find the 

man). Applying the reasoning of the two cases to the facts before it, the M.O.

Court explained:

Officer Arnold responded to a report that a woman was trapped 

under her car, which undoubtedly could give rise to a reasonable 

concern that emergency medical assistance was needed, 

prompting further investigation, as in both Bruce and Trotter. 

However, the actual facts he subsequently confronted did not 

objectively support that concern: Officer Arnold learned that 

M.O. had freed herself prior to his arrival at the gas station, M.O. 

operated her vehicle normally, and Officer Arnold witnessed no 

traffic infractions or criminal conduct. This is distinctly different 

from Bruce, where the responding officer came upon facts 

consistent with a continuing emergency, and thus the officer had 

“no reasonable alternative” but to conduct a warrantless search 

of the vehicle. Bruce, 268 Ind. at 216-17, 375 N.E.2d at 1062. 

Rather, as in Trotter, while the evidence Officer Arnold observed 

firsthand, when combined with the report, may have “indicat[ed] 

a possible unsafe situation, such evidence does not establish an 

exigency sufficient to justify [the] warrantless intrusion” of 

stopping M.O.’s car. Trotter, 933 N.E.2d at 580.

We do not believe Officer Arnold’s assertion that he feared for 

M.O.’s medical state was merely a pretext to conduct an 

investigatory stop, but his subjective intent is not decisive: “[T]he 

test is objective, and the government must establish that the 

circumstances as they appear[ed] at the moment of [the stop] 

would lead a reasonable, experienced law enforcement officer to 
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believe that someone inside the [vehicle] required immediate 

assistance.” Trotter, 933 N.E.2d at 579. And in a close case on 

these unique facts, we err, if at all, on protecting the privacy 

rights of Hoosiers against intrusion by the State. Accordingly, 

we find that the State has failed to carry its burden of showing 

that an exception to the warrant requirement of the Fourth 

Amendment justified the stop.

Id. at 333-34. 

[17] In Cruz-Salazar v. State, an officer responded to a report of a suspicious vehicle 

which had been parked in front of a residence for thirty minutes while still 

running. 63 N.E.3d at 1055. The officer found the vehicle as described and 

shined his spot light on the vehicle to find the defendant “sleeping or passed 

out.” Id. After the defendant failed to respond to knocks on the window, the 

officer opened the vehicle’s door and awoke the defendant by “shaking him a 

little.” Id. at 1056. The officer then immediately observed behavior consistent 

with intoxication and arrested the defendant for public intoxication. A 

subsequent search incident to arrest revealed cocaine on his person. The trial 

court denied the defendant’s motion to suppress and he was convicted 

following a bench trial. On transfer, our supreme court cited its discussion of 

the emergency aid exception in M.O., and proceeded directly to its application:

Police received a report of a stationary vehicle that had been 

running for 30 minutes, in the early hours of a cold December 

morning. This alone is sufficiently unusual to merit further 

investigation, as it could be an indicator of distress. Police 

arrived on scene to find the situation as reported, and indeed 

worse: Cruz–Salazar was at the wheel of the vehicle, and was not 

responsive when Officer Ayler both shined his flashlight through 
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the windows or when he tapped on the window. At this point, 

the officer had an objectively reasonable basis to open the door 

and check on Cruz–Salazar’s well-being. Accordingly, we find 

the warrantless entry into Cruz-Salazar’s vehicle permissible 

under the Fourth Amendment to the Federal Constitution and 

Article 1, Section 11 of the Indiana Constitution.

Id. at 1056-57 (citation omitted). 

[18] Returning to the facts presented here, while patrolling a hospital parking lot 

where he testified that people have died, Deputy Rose observed a man 

appearing to be “slumped over” the steering wheel of his car with his driver’s 

door open. Tr., Vol. 1 at 11. We believe these observations “could give rise to 

a reasonable concern that emergency medical assistance was needed, prompting 

further investigation . . . .” M.O., 63 N.E.3d at 333. Therefore, we conclude 

that Deputy Rose had an objectively reasonable basis to believe that Randall 

required medical assistance when he initially observed his vehicle. 

[19] As Deputy Rose activated his overhead white lights and pulled behind Randall

to conduct a welfare check, Randall “abruptly exited his vehicle and started 

walking toward [Deputy Rose’s] vehicle at a fast pace.” Tr., Vol. 1 at 10. 

Deputy Rose then ordered Randall to return to his vehicle and he obliged, but 

Randall argues that at this point in the encounter, although the facts may have 

initially supported application of the emergency aid exception, “any such 

concern dissipated once [he] promptly became alert and got out of his car 

without incident.” Br. of Appellant at 16. In so arguing, Randall relies on the 

facts of M.O., where, as discussed above, our supreme court concluded the facts 
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did not support an exigency sufficient to justify the warrantless intrusion of 

stopping M.O.’s car. M.O., 63 N.E.3d at 333. Concluding the facts that

Deputy Rose confronted objectively supported his concern and constituted an 

exigency sufficient to justify Randall’s brief seizure, we find Cruz-Salazar

controlling and M.O. distinguishable. 

[20] We disagree that Randall’s behavior immediately dispelled Deputy Rose’s 

concern. The trial court found that “[b]ased on Officer Rose’s testimony, he 

did not have his concern for [Randall’s] wellbeing alleviated by [Randall]

exiting his vehicle . . . .” Appellant’s App., Vol. II at 52. On appeal, Randall 

alleges that the trial court’s finding is unsupported by the record because “there 

is no testimony that Deputy Rose remained concerned for Randall’s well-being 

after Randall became alert and approached [Deputy Rose’s vehicle].” Br. of 

Appellant at 19. Instead, Randall points to Deputy Rose’s testimony that he 

“ordered him back to his vehicle . . . for concerns of officer safety,” tr., vol. 1 at 

10, and the facts that Deputy Rose never asked about Randall’s well-being or 

inquired as to whether he required medical attention as evidencing that 

Randall’s detention was unrelated to any ongoing emergency. 

[21] Having concluded there was an objectively reasonable basis to believe Randall 

initially required medical assistance, we also conclude that his subsequent 

behavior—quickly becoming alert, exiting his vehicle, and approaching Deputy 

Rose’s vehicle at a fast pace—objectively supported that concern, even if that 

same behavior dispelled any suspicion that Randall was dead or unconscious. 
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See Fisher, 558 U.S. at 49 (noting that “Officers do not need ironclad proof of a 

likely serious, life-threatening injury to invoke the emergency aid exception.”). 

[22] Moreover, we do not view Deputy Rose ordering Randall to return to his 

vehicle for “concerns of officer safety,” tr., vol. 1 at 10, as necessarily negating

his concern for Randell’s well-being. Concerns of officer safety and the 

emergency aid exception are not mutually exclusive. See Jones v. State, 54 

N.E.3d 1033, 1039 (Ind. Ct. App. 2016) (holding a protective sweep under 

emergency aid exception was permissible where it was conducted before the 

underlying concern of the emergency aid exception was dissipated). And, 

unlike the traffic stop in M.O., conducted after the vehicle safely left the gas 

station and after the officer observed M.O. safely operating her vehicle, the facts 

that Deputy Rose confronted were uncertain and rapidly evolving: Randall was 

suddenly alert and approaching Deputy Rose’s vehicle at a “fast pace” just 

moments after appearing “slumped over” his steering wheel. Tr., Vol. 1 at 10. 

Therefore, mindful of our deference to the trial court’s determination of facts, 

we cannot say that Deputy Rose’s concern for Randall’s safety dissipated 

immediately after Randall exited his vehicle. Because Deputy Rose possessed 

an objectively reasonable concern for Randall’s safety, we conclude Randall’s 

brief seizure was permissible under the emergency aid exception. 

2. Article 1, Section 11

[23] Randall also argues that his seizure was unreasonable under Article 1, Section 

11 of the Indiana Constitution. 
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[24] Although Article 1, Section 11 shares the same language as the Fourth 

Amendment, we nevertheless interpret and apply the provision independently. 

State v. Bulington, 802 N.E.2d 435, 438 (Ind. 2004). Notably, instead of 

“focusing on the defendant’s reasonable expectation of privacy, we focus on the 

actions of the police officer, and employ a totality-of-the-circumstances test to 

evaluate the reasonableness of the officer’s actions.” Duran v. State, 930 N.E.2d 

10, 17 (Ind. 2010) (internal quotations omitted). We give Article 1, Section 11 

“a liberal construction in favor of protecting individuals from unreasonable 

intrusions on privacy.” Rush v. State, 881 N.E.2d 46, 52 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008). 

Further, it is the State’s burden to prove its intrusion was reasonable under the 

circumstances. Bulington, 802 N.E.2d at 438. To determine reasonableness, we 

consider: “1) the degree of concern, suspicion, or knowledge that a violation 

has occurred, 2) the degree of intrusion the method of the search or seizure 

imposes on the citizen’s ordinary activities, and 3) the extent of law 

enforcement needs.” Litchfield v. State, 824 N.E.2d 356, 361 (Ind. 2005).

[25] Beginning with the first factor, Randall argues that suspicion a violation 

occurred was “nonexistent.” Br. of Appellant at 22. While true, the State 

raises an interesting issue in that the Litchfield opinion was written in the 

criminal context and notes that our supreme court has never specifically 

addressed how to apply the first Litchfield factor outside a criminal investigation. 

Br. of Appellee at 20. Indeed, although our supreme court mentioned the 

Litchfield factors in M.O., the court never expressly addressed them but rather

simply explained that, “Given that our extensive Fourth Amendment analysis . 
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. . also discusses these factors, we see no need to repeat that discussion here,” 

before concluding that the traffic stop was also impermissible under the Indiana 

Constitution. M.O., 63 N.E. at 334. As discussed in more detail above, 

however, the Court addressed the officer’s concern for M.O.’s safety in the 

context of the Fourth Amendment and explained that while the concern was 

reasonable when responding to a report of a woman stuck under her car—the 

“actual facts” he confronted “did not objectively support that concern.” Id. 

Conversely, in Cruz-Salazar, the supreme court found that opening the door of a 

vehicle was reasonable where it had been running for thirty minutes and its 

occupant was unresponsive to police attempts to awake him. 63 N.E.3d at 

1056-57. 

[26] The combination of the two cases suggests that the “the degree of concern, 

suspicion, or knowledge that a violation has occurred,” Litchfield, 824 N.E.2d at

361, can be read in the context of the emergency aid exception as “the degree of 

concern that emergency medical assistance was needed,” M.O., 63 N.E.3d at 

333. As noted above, Deputy Rose’s initial degree of concern was high—he 

encountered a man slumped over a steering wheel with his door open in a 

hospital parking lot where people had previously died. Tr., Vol. 1 at 11. 

Although that concern may have lowered when Randall exited his vehicle, his 

objectively reasonable concern remained. 

[27] The second factor is “the degree of intrusion the method of the search or seizure 

imposes on the citizen’s ordinary activities.” Litchfield, 824 N.E.2d at 361. 

Deputy Rose ordered Randall to return to his vehicle before approaching the 
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driver’s side and speaking with him through his driver’s door. Although the 

State admits that Randall was seized for the purposes of the Fourth 

Amendment, the degree of intrusion was low because Deputy Rose simply 

directed Randall to return to his own vehicle—the place where he had been just 

moments before. Compare State v. Cunningham, 26 N.E.3d 21, 26 (Ind. 2015) 

(noting that ordering an occupant to remain in the car is a “lesser” intrusion)

with Trotter, 933 N.E.2d at 582 (noting the degree of officer’s intrusion was 

“immense” where officers entered a structure attached to private residence). 

[28] Finally, despite the extent of law enforcement needs being relatively low, we 

conclude that the balancing of a high concern and minimal intrusion weighs in 

favor of Randall’s brief seizure. Accordingly, we conclude the seizure was 

permissible under Article 1, Section 11 of the Indiana Constitution. 

III. Miranda 

[29] Next, Randall argues his incriminating statements were made in violation of 

Miranda and that the evidence resulting therefrom was fruit of the poisonous 

tree. The State responds that Randall was not in custody for the purposes of 

Miranda. We agree with the State and conclude that Randall’s seizure was no 

more custodial than a routine traffic stop. 

[30] Here, after observing Randall’s various behaviors and a small piece of folded 

aluminum foil that Deputy Rose believed to be consistent with narcotic use, 

Deputy Rose told Randall that he “had experience” and asked him “what else 

[was] in the vehicle he would not want a canine officer to find.” Tr., Vol. 1 at 
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17. In response, Randall confessed to having a marijuana pipe and Deputy 

Rose ordered Randall out of his vehicle in order to conduct a search. When 

Randall failed to comply, Deputy Rose placed him in a wrist lock and another 

officer aimed a taser at him. Deputy Rose then testified:

[Randall] began crying immediately and stated it’s in the door, 

it’s in the door. And so I had to, you know, ask him what are 

you talking about. And he said that there was meth in the door. 

And I looked to the left and clearly in plain view in the door in 

the pocket I could see a clear plastic baggie which had a white 

powdery substance in it. 

Tr., Vol. 1 at 14-15.

[31] “[T]he prosecution may not use statements, whether exculpatory or 

inculpatory, stemming from custodial interrogation of the defendant unless it 

demonstrates the use of procedural safeguards effective to secure the privilege 

against self-incrimination.” Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 444 (1966). 

Prior to any custodial interrogation, “the person must be warned that he has a 

right to remain silent, that any statement he does make may be used as evidence 

against him, and that he has a right to the presence of an attorney, either 

retained or appointed.” Id. Statements elicited in violation of Miranda 

generally are inadmissible in a criminal trial. Loving v. State, 647 N.E.2d 1123, 

1125 (Ind. 1995). The triggering requirement for a Miranda warning is 

“custodial interrogation.” State v. Brown, 70 N.E.3d 331, 335 (Ind. 2017). 

[32] “‘Interrogation’ for the purposes of Miranda constitutes questions, words, or 

actions that the officer knows or should know are reasonably likely to elicit an 
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incriminating response.” Id. Undoubtedly, Deputy Rose knew his question, 

asking Randall “what else [was] in the vehicle he would not want a canine 

officer to find,” was likely to elicit an incriminating response. Tr., Vol. 1 at 17. 

Therefore, this issue turns on whether Randall was in custody at the time of 

Deputy Rose’s questioning. 

[33] Randall argues that he was in custody for the purposes of Miranda because “no 

reasonable person in his shoes would have felt free to terminate the questioning 

and leave the parking lot.” Br. of Appellant at 28. Although that indeed may 

be true, Randall’s argument confuses a seizure under the Fourth Amendment

with custody under the Fifth Amendment. Our supreme court recently 

explained this issue in Brown:

to the extent that Brown is arguing that a seizure under the 

Fourth Amendment is akin to custody under the Fifth 

Amendment, the U.S. Supreme Court has made clear that this is 

not the case. The test of whether a defendant is in custody is not 

whether a defendant feels free to go, but rather whether there was a 

formal arrest or restraint on freedom of movement of the degree associated 

with a formal arrest. Further, the United States Supreme Court has 

repeatedly held that a person temporarily detained in an ordinary 

traffic stop is not in custody for the purposes of Miranda. In 

Berkemer [v. McCarty, 468 U.S. 420 (1984)], the U.S. Supreme 

Court made clear that a traffic stop “significantly curtails the 

‘freedom of action’ of the driver” and that “[c]ertainly few 

motorists would feel free to disobey a direction to pull over or 

leave the scene of a traffic stop without being told they might do 

so.” Berkemer, 468 U.S. at 436-37. Thus, it concluded that a 

traffic stop is a “seizure” within the meaning of the Fourth 

Amendment. Nevertheless, the Court declined to find that this 

seizure was custody for Miranda purposes. Id. at 437. Our 
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Court has similarly held that a suspect who was stopped and 

“seized” for purposes of the Fourth Amendment is not ordinarily 

in custody. Meredith v. State, 906 N.E.2d 867, 873-74 (Ind. 2009).

70 N.E.3d at 335-36 (emphasis added) (some citations and quotations omitted). 

[34] Although Randall’s seizure was initiated by the emergency aid exception, it 

quickly evolved into a criminal investigation. See Cruz-Salazar, 63 N.E.3d at 

1056 (emergency aid exception evolving into criminal investigation); State v. 

Gray, 997 N.E.2d 1147, 1152 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013) (“Once a justifiable stop is 

made, the scope of the officer’s investigation may be broadened beyond the 

purpose for which the person was stopped only if additional particularized and 

objective suspicions come to light.”), trans. denied. Thus, for purposes of 

Miranda, we find no meaningful distinction between this encounter and a traffic 

stop—or a Terry stop, for that matter. In Berkemer, the United States Supreme 

Court noted two reasons why those two types of encounters do not trigger 

Miranda. First, it emphasized the temporary and brief nature of the stop: 

“questioning incident to an ordinary traffic stop is quite different from 

stationhouse interrogation, which frequently is prolonged, and in which the 

detainee often is aware that questioning will continue until he provides his 

interrogators the answers they seek.” Berkemer at 438. Second, it noted the 

public nature of the stop: “[t]he atmosphere surrounding an ordinary traffic stop 

is substantially less ‘police dominated’ than that surrounding the kinds of 

interrogation at issue in Miranda . . . .” Id. at 438-39. 
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[35] Both reasons apply to the facts presented here. The record reveals that Deputy 

Rose only asked one question before Randall admitted to the possession of 

paraphernalia and the seizure occurred in a public hospital parking lot. See 

Brown, 70 N.E.3d at 336-37 (concluding an Arby’s parking lot was “at least as 

public as a routine traffic stop”). Although Randall argues Deputy Rose 

engaged in subterfuge by mentioning a police canine, we conclude his seizure 

was no more custodial than a routine traffic stop. 

Conclusion

[36] Despite the trial court erroneously applying the community caretaking function, 

its ruling was sustainable on the emergency aid exception. We therefore 

conclude that Randall’s seizure was reasonable and his statements were not 

made in violation of Miranda. Accordingly, we affirm the trial court’s denial of 

Randall’s motion to suppress.

[37] Affirmed. 

Crone, J., and Altice, J., concur.