DISSENTING OPINION

 

No. 04-07-00465-CV 

 

UNIFUND CCR PARTNERS, 

Appellant 

 

v. 

 

Javier VILLA, 

Appellee 

 

From the 111th Judicial District Court, Webb County, Texas 

Trial Court No. 2006CVF001343-D2 

Honorable Raul Vasquez, Judge Presiding 

 

Opinion by: Catherine Stone, Justice 

Dissenting opinion by: Sandee Bryan Marion, Justice 

Dissenting opinion by: Rebecca Simmons, Justice 

Sitting: Alma L. López, Chief Justice 

 Catherine Stone, Justice 

 Karen Angelini, Justice 

 Sandee Bryan Marion, Justice 

 Phylis J. Speedlin, Justice 

 Rebecca Simmons, Justice 

 Steven C. Hilbig, Justice 

 

Delivered and Filed: September 17, 2008 

 

 I agree with Justice Marion that this case does not meet the standards for en banc 

consideration and that the trial court abused its discretion in ordering Unifund to pay an 

$18,635.00 sanction to Villa. I write separately to address other problems in the majority 

opinion. 
04-07-00465-CV 

When considering a motion for sanctions under Chapter 10, “[a] trial court should 

not stray from the list of sanctions set forth in the statute.” Sterling v. Alexander, 99 

S.W.3d 793, 798 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2003, pet. denied). Chapter 10 lists 

four sanctions that a trial court is authorized to impose. First, section 10.002(c) 

authorizes a trial court, when “no due diligence is shown,” to award to a party “all costs 

for inconvenience, harassment, and out-of-pocket expenses incurred or caused by the 

subject litigation.” TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 10.002(c) (Vernon 2002) 

(emphasis added). Second, section 10.004(c) authorizes a trial court to impose as 

sanctions: 

(1) a directive to the violator to perform, or refrain from performing, an 

act; 

 

(2) an order to pay a penalty into court; and 

 

(3) an order to pay to the other party the amount of the reasonable 

expenses incurred by the other party because of the filing of the 

pleading or motion, including reasonable attorney’s fees. 

 

TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 10.004(c) (Vernon 2002) (emphasis added). 

 In this case, the trial court based its order that Unifund pay Villa $18,685.00 

solely on section 10.002(c) of the Civil Practice and Remedies Code: “Unifund CCR 

Partners shall pay to Javier Villa the sum of Eighteen Thousand Six Hundred Eighty Five 

($18,685.00) Dollars, which shall encompass Villa’s costs for inconvenience and 

harassment caused by the subject litigation, according to TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. 

CODE § 10.002(c).” (emphasis added) I agree with Justice Marion that the trial court 

abused its discretion in making this award because, in the absence of any evidence of 

more than negligible inconvenience or harassment, the trial court had no discretion to 

award $18,685.00. 

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04-07-00465-CV 

Tacitly recognizing this lack of evidence, the majority attempts to justify the 

$18,635.00 award to Villa on “evidence” that Unifund has significant assets, buys bad 

debt and tries to collect it, and is a frequent litigant. In other words, that Unifund needs 

to be deterred. In so doing, the majority misconstrues both relevant Texas Supreme 

Court authority and section 10.004(b). 

In Low v. Henry, 221 S.W.3d 609 (Tex. 2007), the Texas Supreme Court 

considered the effect of section 10.004(b) on a sanction award. Importantly, Low

involved a penalty that the sanctioned party was ordered to pay to the court, not “costs” 

for “inconvenience and harassment” paid to the other party. Id. at 619-20; TEX. CIV.

PRAC. & REM. CODE § 10.004(c)(2). The Low court recognized that section 10.004(b) 

imposes a limitation on the sanction authorized by section 10.004(c)(2) – a penalty 

payable to the court – that otherwise is not limited, at least within the statute itself. Low, 

221 S.W.3d at 620. Quoting section 10.004(b), the Low court stated that “[t]he only 

restriction on the amount of the penalty is that the ‘sanction must be limited to what is 

sufficient to deter repetition of the conduct or comparable conduct by others similarly 

situated.’” Id., quoting TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 10.004(b) (emphasis added); see 

also Herring v. Welborn, 27 S.W.3d 132, 143 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2000, pet. 

denied) (noting that section 10.004(b) “explain[s] [a] limitation[] on sanctions that are 

available to the trial court [under Chapter 10]”). Significantly, there is no support in Low

for an award of “costs” to a party based on deterrence. 

Under the majority’s opinion, it was within the trial court’s discretion to order 

Unifund to pay $18,685.00 to Villa because there is some evidence that $18,685.00 is the 

amount necessary to deter Unifund’s conduct. The trial court’s order, however, 

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04-07-00465-CV 

specifically stated that the monetary award to Villa was based on Villa’s “costs for 

inconvenience and harassment.” Evidence of Unifund’s bad behavior and purported need 

for deterrence cannot supply the missing evidence of inconvenience and harassment. 

Thus, the majority errs in two related respects. First, the majority disregards that 

the trial court based its order solely on section 10.002(c) to compensate Villa for “costs of 

inconvenience and harassment,” and tries to justify the award on irrelevant “deterrence” 

evidence.1 Second, the majority mistakenly treats the section 10.004(b) limitation on 

damages as if it were a grant of authority to award deterrence damages to a party in 

addition to the specific sanctions referenced in sections 10.002(c) and 10.004(c). Such a 

monetary sanction to deter bad conduct is equivalent to a penalty sanction. Nothing in 

sections 10.002(c) or 10.004 permits a court to order a payment of a penalty to an 

individual; if a penalty is imposed, it must be paid into the court. See Sterling, 99 S.W.3d 

at 799-800 (nothing in Chapter 10 authorizes a trial court to order that a penalty be paid 

into the registry of the court to be distributed “for the use and benefit of an individual”). 

Because the majority fails to limit its review to the sanctions actually awarded by 

the trial court, and because the majority misconstrues section 10.004(b) as a grant of 

authority when it is actually a limitation, I dissent. 

 

 

Rebecca Simmons, Justice 

 

1

 The majority attaches significance to the trial court’s recitation that, pursuant to section 10.004(a), the 

trial court is imposing sanctions on Unifund for Unifund’s violation of section 10.001(1). Section 

10.004(a) provides authority for a trial court to impose some type of sanction for violations of Chapter 10, 

but it does not provide the basis for the type or amount of any particular sanction imposed; that is found in 

sections 10.002(c) and 10.004(c)(1)-(3). The face of the trial court’s order is clear that the trial court found 

its authority to impose a monetary sanction in section 10.004(a), but that its basis for the amount of the 

award was Villa’s “costs for inconvenience and harassment” under section 10.002(c). 

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