Opinion filed July 11, 2019

In The

Eleventh Court of Appeals __________

No. 11-17-00179-CR

__________

JAMES ELWOOD KING JR., Appellant

V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

On Appeal from the 220th District Court

Comanche County, Texas

Trial Court Cause No. CR-04105

M E M O R A N D U M O P I N I O N

James Elwood King Jr. was convicted of the offense of assault family 

violence. In one issue on appeal, Appellant challenges the constitutionality of 

certain court costs assessed against him. 

We sustain Appellant’s challenge to the constitutionality of the time payment 

fee authorized by Section 133.103(a), (b), and (d) of the Texas Local Government 

Code. See TEX. LOC. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 133.103(a), (b), (d) (West Supp. 2018). 

We conclude that, with regard to the collection and allocation of funds under these 
2

subsections—which are allocated to general revenue without limitation or 

restriction—the statute is facially unconstitutional because it violates the separationof-powers provision in the Texas Constitution. We overrule Appellant’s other 

challenges in all respects. Therefore, we modify the trial court’s judgment, and as 

modified, we affirm.

The facts of this case are undisputed. Appellant was charged by indictment 

with assault family violence by choking his wife, Alma King. After the jury heard 

the evidence, it found Appellant guilty and found an enhancement allegation to be 

true, which elevated the offense to a second-degree felony. The jury assessed 

Appellant’s punishment at confinement for ten years and a $5,000 fine. The trial 

court sentenced Appellant in accordance with the jury’s verdict and assessed court 

costs of $369.

Subsequently, the Comanche County District Clerk prepared a certified bill of 

costs, which reflected that Appellant owed, among other amounts: $40.00 for a 

“CRIMINAL CLERK[’]S FEE”; $4.00 for a “JUROR REIMBURSEMENT FEE”; 

$2.00 for the “CRIMINAL INDIGENT DEFENSE FUND”; and $25.00 for a “TIME 

PAYMENT FEE/STATE.”

In a single issue on appeal, Appellant contends that the statutes under which 

the costs were imposed are facially unconstitutional because they violate the 

separation-of-powers clause in the Texas Constitution. As such, Appellant 

challenges the constitutionality of: the “CRIMINAL CLERK[’]S FEE,” which was 

authorized by Article 102.005 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure; the 

“JUROR REIBURSEMENT FEE,” which was authorized by Article 102.0045 of 

the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure; 10% of the “CRIMINAL INDIGENT 

DEFENSE FUND” fee, which was authorized by Section 133.107 of the Texas 

Local Government Code; and 90% of the “TIME PAYMENT FEE/STATE,” which 

was authorized by Section 133.103 of the Texas Local Government Code.
3

Even though Appellant did not make these challenges in the trial court, he was 

not required to. The record does not reflect that the challenged court costs were

imposed in open court, nor were they itemized in the judgment. Accordingly,

Appellant may raise his constitutional complaintsfor the first time on appeal because 

he did not have an opportunity to timely raise them in the trial court. See London v. 

State, 490 S.W.3d 503, 507 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016); Ingram v. State, 503 S.W.3d 

745, 748 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2016, pet. ref’d).

Whether a statute is constitutional is a question of law we review de novo. Ex 

parte Lo, 424 S.W.3d 10, 14 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013). When we review issues as to 

the constitutionality of a statute, we “presume that the statute is valid and that the 

legislature was neither unreasonable nor arbitrary in enacting it.” Curry v. State, 186 

S.W.3d 39, 42 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, no pet.); see TEX. GOV’T

CODE ANN. § 311.021 (West 2013); Rodriguez v. State, 93 S.W.3d 60, 69 (Tex. 

Crim. App. 2002). We must uphold the statute if we can apply a reasonable 

construction that will render it constitutional. Ely v. State, 582 S.W.2d 416, 419 

(Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 1979); see Maloney v. State, 294 S.W.3d 613, 626

(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2009, pet. ref’d) (if statute can be interpreted in two 

ways, one of which sustains its validity, we apply interpretation sustaining its 

validity). The party that challenges the statute has the burden to establish 

unconstitutionality. Rodriguez, 93 S.W.3d at 69; Maloney, 294 S.W.3d at 626

“A facial challenge is an attack on a statute itself as opposed to a particular 

application.” City of Los Angeles v. Patel, 135 S.Ct. 2443, 2449 (2015). “[T]o 

prevail on a facial challenge, a party must establish that the statute always operates 

unconstitutionally in all possible circumstances.” State v. Rosseau, 396 S.W.3d 550, 

557 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013). Courts are to “consider the statute only as it is written, 

rather than how it operates in practice.” State ex rel. Lykos v. Fine, 330 S.W.3d 904, 

908 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011); Karenev v. State, 281 S.W.3d 428, 441 (Tex. Crim.
4

App. 2009) (Cochran, J., concurring) (facial attack “can and must be made without 

reference to evidence. . . . Once it does or must refer to specific evidence it has 

passed out of the ‘facial attack’ arena and has become something else.”). 

Appellant’s facial constitutional challenges are grounded in separation-ofpowers concepts. The Texas Constitution contains the separation-of-powers 

provision, which prohibits one branch of government from assuming or delegating 

a power more properly attached to another branch. See TEX. CONST. art. II, § 1; Ex 

parte Lo, 424 S.W.3d at 28. A court’s assessment of court costs in a criminal case 

violates the separation-of-powers clause when a court is delegated the executive 

branch’s power to collect taxes. Salinas v. State, 523 S.W.3d 103, 106–07 (Tex. 

Crim. App. 2017); Peraza v. State, 467 S.W.3d 508, 517 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015).

If, for example, a statute contains a provision by which courts are turned into “tax 

gatherers,” then the effect of the statute is to delegate to courts a power more 

properly attached to the executive branch. Salinas, 523 S.W.3d at 107. 

However, a court’s assessment of costs is a proper judicial function when “the 

statute under which court costs are assessed (or an interconnected statute) provides 

for an allocation of such court costs to be expended for legitimate criminal justice 

purposes.” Id. at 107 (quoting Peraza, 467 S.W.3d at 517). In other words, a 

reviewing court must determine whether the fee is a disguised tax on a criminal 

defendant, which is unconstitutional, or a fee for a legitimate criminal justice 

purpose, which is constitutional. See Casas v. State, 524 S.W.3d 921, 925–27 (Tex. 

App.—Fort Worth 2017, no pet.). “What constitutes a legitimate criminal justice 

purpose is a question to be answered on a statute-by-statute/case-by-case basis.”

Salinas, 523 S.W.3d at 107. “And the answer to that question is determined by what 

the governing statute says about the intended use of the funds, not whether funds are 

actually used for a criminal justice purpose.” Id. 
5

Again, Appellant was assessed a $40 “CRIMINAL CLERK[’]S FEE,” a $4.00

“JUROR REIBURSEMENT FEE,” and a $2.00 “CRIMINAL INDIGENT

DEFENSE FUND” fee, which he contends are unconstitutional because the fees are

not directed by statute to a legitimate criminal purpose; rather, the fees go into a 

general fund without limitation or restriction. We hold that these challenged fees 

are not facially unconstitutional. See Johnson v. State, 573 S.W.3d 328, 336–40

(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2019, pet. filed).

Article 102.005 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure authorized the 

district clerk’s fee. Article 102.005(a) states that “[a] defendant convicted of an 

offense in a county court, a county court at law, or a district court shall pay for the 

services of the clerk of the court a fee of $40.” TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN.

art. 102.005(a) (West 2018). The basis of the fee, according to Article 102.005(c), 

“is for all clerical duties performed by the clerk.” Id. art. 102.005(c). 

Three other Texas Courts of Appeals have recently addressed facial 

constitutional challenges to the district clerk’s fee, and all three upheld the fee as 

constitutional. See Johnson, 573 S.W.3d at 336–37; Moliere v. State, 574 S.W.3d 

21, 31–32 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2018, pet. filed); Thornton v. State, 

No. 05-17-00220-CR, 2018 WL 2773390, at *3 (Tex. App.—Dallas June 11, 2018, 

no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication); Davis v. State, 519 S.W.3d 251, 

257 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2017, pet. ref’d). We agree with those 

holdings, and we conclude that the statute that authorizes the district’s clerk’s fee is 

not facially unconstitutional. Rather, as the court held in Peraza, the district clerk’s 

fee is a recoupment of costs expended in the trial of the case. Peraza, 467 S.W.3d 

at 517. Further, the fee serves a legitimate criminal justice purpose. Thornton, 2018 

WL 2773390, at *3 (fee is “intended to be spent reimbursing the clerk for services 

listed in the statute attendant to a criminal court proceeding” (citing Salinas, 523 

S.W.3d at 109 n.26, 110 n.36)). 
6

The jury service fee is authorized by Article 102.0045 of the Texas Code of 

Criminal Procedure. Article 102.0045(a) provides: “A person convicted of any 

offense, other than an offense relating to a pedestrian or the parking of a motor 

vehicle, shall pay as a court cost, in addition to all other costs, a fee of $4 to be used 

to reimburse counties for the cost of juror services . . . .” CRIM. PROC. art. 

102.0045(a). The statute provides that the fee is to be deposited into the “jury service 

fund”; Section 102.0045(b) provides that the treasurer is to remit the collected fees 

to the comptroller, who then “shall deposit the fees in the jury service 

fund.” Id. art. 102.0045(b). 

If a county files a claim for reimbursement, the State is to reimburse the 

county for the cost of juror services. Under Section 61.0015 of the Government 

Code, the State “shall reimburse a county $34 a day” for the county’s cost of paying 

each person who reports for jury service. GOV’T § 61.0015(a), (b). The comptroller 

shall pay claims for reimbursement “from money collected under Article 102.0045, 

Code of Criminal Procedure, and deposited in the jury service fund.” Id.

§ 61.0015(c). The funds collected under Article 102.0045 and paid 

under Section 61.0015 “reimburse counties for the cost of juror services,” 

which necessarily includes services pertaining to criminal juries. CRIM. PROC. 

art. 102.0045(a); see also Johnson v. State, 562 S.W.3d 168, 179 (Tex. App.—

Houston [14th Dist.] 2018, pet. ref’d) (jury expenses “include those pertaining to 

criminal juries”).

We hold that the jury service fee is not facially unconstitutional. See Johnson, 

573 S.W.3d at 337. This fee is a recoupment of costs expended in the trial of the 

case. See Peraza, 467 S.W.3d at 517; see also Johnson, 573 S.W.3d at 337.

Moreover, the fee is expended for legitimate criminal purposes. See Peraza, 467 

S.W.3d at 519. 
7

Nevertheless, Appellant argues that the jury service fee is unconstitutional 

because 90% of the jury service fee is purportedly deposited in the State general 

revenue fund and 10% could be deposited in a county or city general fund as a service 

fee. In support of this contention, Appellant cites to portions of the Local 

Government Code, a report from the comptroller’s website, and a study from the 

Office of Court Administration. See LOC. GOV’T § 133.058(a) (permitting a 

municipality or county to “retain 10 percent of the money collected from fees as a 

service fee for the collection if the municipality or county remits the remainder of the 

fees to the comptroller within the period prescribed by Section 133.055(a)”); 

Office of Court Administration, Study of the Necessity of Certain Court Costs 

and Fees in Texas (Sept. 1, 2014), at 6–7 in Criminal Court Cost Section 

(Fee No. 13, “Prosecutor’s Fee”), http://www.txcourts.gov/media/495634/SB1908-

Report-FINAL.pdf; Texas Comptroller Manual of Accounts, Revenue Object 3704 –

Court Costs – Jury Reimbursement Fees, (Fiscal 2018), https://fmcpa.cpa.state.tx.us

/fiscalmoa/rev.jsp?id=15185.

However, we may not consider the report from the comptroller’s website or 

the Office of Court Administration’s study in our analysis of the facial

constitutionality of the jury service fee. Salinas expressly held that what constitutes 

a legitimate criminal justice purpose “is determined by what the governing statute 

says about the intended use of the funds, not whether funds are actually used for a 

criminal justice purpose.” Salinas, 523 S.W.3d at 107; see Johnson, 573 S.W.3d at 

338. Here, the governing statute, Article 102.0045(a), expressly provides that the 

fee is “used to reimburse counties for the cost of juror services.” CRIM. PROC.

art. 102.0045(a). 

Appellant has not demonstrated that Article 102.0045 and the $4.00 fee it 

authorizes operates unconstitutionally in every instance. See Johnson, 573 S.W.3d 

at 337. We overrule Appellant’s constitutional challenge to the jury service fee. 
8

Section 133.107 of the Texas Local Government Code authorized the indigent 

defense fee. Section 133.107(a) provides, in relevant part: “A person convicted of 

any offense, other than an offense relating to a pedestrian or the parking of a motor 

vehicle, shall pay as a court cost, in addition to other costs, a fee of $2.” LOC. GOV’T

§ 133.107(a). The fee “is to be used to fund indigent defense representation through 

the fair defense account established under Section 79.031, Government Code.” Id.

After the comptroller receives the indigent defense fee, Section 133.107(b) provides

that the comptroller “credit the remitted fees to the credit of the fair defense 

account.” Id. § 133.107(b). 

“The fair defense account is an account in the general revenue fund that may 

be appropriated only to: (1) the commission for the purpose of implementing 

[Chapter 79]; and (2) the office of capital and forensic writs for the purpose of 

implementing Subchapter B, Chapter 78.” GOV’T § 79.031 (West Supp. 2018). 

 Chapter 79 of the Texas Government Code, entitled “Texas Indigent Defense 

Commission,” governs the commission’s role to “develop policies and standards for 

providing legal representation and other defense services to indigent defendants at 

trial, on appeal, and in postconviction proceedings.” Id. § 79.034(a). The policies 

and standards include, among other things, “standards governing the availability and 

reasonable compensation of providers of indigent defense support services for 

counsel appointed to represent indigent defendants.” Id. § 79.034(a)(9). “Indigent 

defense support services,” as that term is used in Section 79.034(a)(9), means 

“criminal defense services that: (A) are provided by licensed investigators, experts, 

or other similar specialists, including forensic experts and mental health experts; and

(B) are reasonable and necessary for appointed counsel to provide adequate 

representation to indigent defendants.” Id. § 79.001(9). The Fourteenth Court of 

Appeals read Section 79.001(9) “to include ‘indigent defense representation,’ as that 
9

term is used in Local Government Code section 133.107.” Johnson, 573 S.W.3d at 

338. We adopt the same interpretation. 

The foregoing provisions therefore establish that the indigent defense fee is

expended for a legitimate criminal justice purpose: the protection of an indigent 

criminal defendant’s right to counsel. See id. As such, the statute is not facially 

unconstitutional. 

Yet, Appellant argues that the indigent defense fee is unconstitutional because 

10% could be deposited into a county or city’s general fund as a service fee. To 

support his argument, Appellant again cites to portions of the Local Government 

Code, a report from the comptroller’s website, and a study from the Office of Court 

Administration. As discussed above, we do not consider these reports in our analysis 

of the issue presented. See Salinas, 523 S.W.3d at 107; Johnson, 573 S.W.3d at 338. 

Here, the statute expressly states that the money is “to fund indigent defense 

representation” and directs the fees collected to the fair defense account. LOC.

GOV’T § 133.107.

Appellant has not demonstrated that Section 133.107 of the Local 

Government Code and the $2.00 fee it authorizes operate unconstitutionally in every 

instance. Johnson, 573 S.W.3d at 338. We overrule Appellant’s constitutional 

challenge to the indigent defense fee. 

Finally, Appellant argues that 90% of the “TIME PAYMENT FEE/STATE”

is unconstitutional because that portion of the fee is deposited to a general fund 

without limitation or restriction. We agree and sustain Appellant’s challenge to the 

portion of the statute that apportions the fee to a general fund without limitation or 

restriction. See Johnson, 573 S.W.3d at 340.

Section 133.103 of the Texas Local Government Code contains provisions for

the time payment fee. Under Section 133.103(a), a person convicted of a felony or 

misdemeanor shall pay, in addition to all other costs, a fee of $25 if the person pays 
10

“any part of a fine, court costs, or restitution on or after the 31st day after the date 

on which a judgment is entered assessing the fine, court costs, or restitution.” LOC.

GOV’T § 133.103(a). The statute allots the fees collected in three ways. 

Generally, the treasurer is directed to (1) send fifty percent of the fees collected to 

the comptroller, who shall then deposit the fees to the credit of the general revenue 

fund; (2) deposit forty percent of the fees in the general revenue account of the 

county or municipality; and (3) deposit the remaining ten percent of the fees in the 

general fund of the county or municipality “for the purpose of improving the 

efficiency of the administration of justice.” Id. § 133.103(b)–(d).

Appellant does not contest the percentage of the fee that is directed to the 

general fund of the county or municipality “for the purpose of improving the 

efficiency of the administration of justice.” Id. § 133.103(c). Instead, Appellant 

challenges the remaining 90% of collected fees, which is directed to general funds 

by subsections (b) and (d). 

The Fourteenth Court of Appeals recently concluded that Section 133.103(b) 

and (d) were unconstitutional. Johnson, 573 S.W.3d at 340. The Johnson court first

reasoned that the time payment fee was simply a late fee and did not reimburse the 

county or State for expenses incurred in connection with the defendant’s criminal 

trial or criminal resources generally. Id. Then, the court concluded that 

subsections (b) and (d) did not direct the funds to be used for a legitimate criminal 

justice purpose; instead, each time the funds were collected, the funds were sent into 

a general revenue fund without limitation or restriction. Id. As such, the court 

concluded that subsections (b) and (d) were unconstitutional. Id. The court 

analogized the case to Salinas wherein the Court of Criminal Appeals held that 

certain fees were unconstitutional because the collected fees were sent into general 

revenue and were not sufficiently related to the criminal justice system. Id. (citing 

Salinas, 523 S.W.3d at 107–09).
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We agree with the Johnson court and adopt its reasoning herein. Therefore, 

we conclude that Section 133.103(b) and (d) are facially unconstitutional. As in 

Johnson, our holding does not apply to Section 133.103(c), which allocates 10% of 

the fee to the general fund of the county or municipality to be expended for the 

purpose of improving the efficiency of the administration of justice in the county or 

municipality. See Johnson, 573 S.W.3d at 340. 

We sustain in part Appellant’s first issue, to the extent he challenges 

Section 133.103(b) and (d) of the Texas Local Government Code, and modify the 

trial court’s judgment to change the “TIME PAYMENT FEE/STATE” from $25.00 

to $2.50. See id. at 341. 

Accordingly, we modify the trial court’s judgment, and as modified, we 

affirm.

JIM R. WRIGHT

SENIOR CHIEF JUSTICE

 

July 11, 2019

Do not publish. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).

Panel consists of: Bailey, C.J.,

Stretcher, J., and Wright, S.C.J.1

Willson, J., not participating. 

 1

Jim R. Wright, Senior Chief Justice (Retired), Court of Appeals, 11th District of Texas at Eastland, 

sitting by assignment.