## UNITED STATES ARMY COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS

Before
COOK, CAMPANELLA, and HAIGHT Appellate Military Judges

UNITED STATES, Appellee

v. Sergeant First Class ANTHONY M. STANCZYK

United States Army, Appellant

ARMY 201 10438

Headquar ters, United States Army M aneuver Support Center of Excellence

,

Charles D. Hayes , Military J udge Colonel James R. Agar

, Staff Judge Advocate

For Appellant: Frank J. Spinner , Esquire ( argu ed) ; Captain James P. Curtin, JA; Frank J. Spinner (on brief); Captain Robert N. Michaels, JA; Fr ank J. Spinner

, Esquire (on reply brief)

.

For Appellee: Captain Timothy C. Erickson, JA (argued); Colonel John P. Carrell,
JA; L ieutenant Colonel James L. Varley , JA ; Major Elisabeth A. Claus, JA; Captain T. Campbell W arner, JA (on brief).

10 January 20 14

------------------------ ----- ------- MEMORANDUM OPINION

----------------- ------------- ------

This opinion is issued as an unpublished opinion and, as such, does not serve as precedent.

Senior Judge COOK :

A military judge sitting as a general court

- martial convicted appellant,

contrary to his pleas, of one specification of violating a lawful general regulation, one specification of rape, one specification of forcible sodomy , and two specifications of assault consummated by battery 1 in violation of Articles 92

, 120

, 125

, and 128 , Uniform Code of Military Justice, 10 U.S.C. § § 89 0, 920, 925 and 928

1 Appellant was initially charged with a specification of aggravated assault by means or force likely to cause death or grievous bodily harm. The military judge found appellant not guilty of aggravated assault, but guilty of the lesser included offense

of a n assault consummated by battery.STANCZYK

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2

(200 6 & S upp. III 2010 ) [hereinafter UCMJ ]. 2 The convening authority approved the adjudged sent ence of a bad

- conduct disch arge, confinement for thirty

- six months

, and reduction to the grade of E

- 1. The convening auth ority deferred automatic

forfeitures and reduction in rank for a period of six months and awarded appellant

161 days of confinement credit.

The case is now before this court for review under Article 66, UCMJ. Appellant raises three assignments of error to this court. One assignment of error

warrants discussion but no relief. 3

BACKGROUND

On the evening of 13 Dec ember 2010, appellant’s wife , CS, called the Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri, police and reported that appellant had just committed various acts of physical and sexual abuse against her at their on

- post home. When law enforcement arrived, a ppellant was taken into custody and subsequentl y interviewed by CID agents

. CS was transported to a hospital for a sexual assault

examination. The examination revealed bruises and contusions on CS’s face and

arms, swelling and redness of her vagina consistent with forceful penetration

, and

redness in the area of her anus potentia lly caused by force

.

A fter charges were preferred against him based upon the above events, appellant’s mother contacted appellant’s former wife, AP, i n the hopes of securing her coopera tion in his defense by establishing that appellant was a gentle individual

and had not been an abusive husband

. AP , however, not only declined to assist

2 The military judge acquitted appellant of two additional specifications of violations of Article 120, UCMJ

.

3 Appellant’s matters submitted pursuant to Rule for Court

- Ma rtial [hereinafter R.C.M.] 1105 included various a llegations of legal error, to include dilatory post

trial processing, a speedy trial violation, and the erroneous admission of AP ’s testimony und er Military Rules of Evidence 403 and 413.

The SJA should have recognized these as allegations of legal error and responded to them. See R.C.M. 1106(d)(4). However, pursuant to United States v.

Hill , 27 M.J. 293, 297 (C.M.A. 1988), we are “free to affirm when a defense allegation of legal error would not forseeably have led to a favorable recommendation by the [SJA] or to corrective action by the [CA ].” T he issues raised in the clemency matters were thoroughly reviewed by this court, and we find

them to be without merit. As such, based on the record before us, we find the legal errors raised by appellant would not have resulted in a favorable recommendation by the SJA or any corrective action by the CA.STANCZYK

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appellant, but contacted CS and told her that appellant had been emotionally

, physically and sexually abusive toward her during their marriage

.

Although they had only met one time prior, AP and CS began speaking with

each other regularly. They were soon confiding in each other about sexual abuse they had suffered at the hands of appellant. CS subsequently shared this information with the government. It was determined that the first wife’s accounts of abuse could potentially be used against ap pellant at his trial for offenses against his second wife

. The government notified the defense it intended to call AP as a witness to testify about appellant’s previous sexual and physical abuse committed during their marriage.

In response , defense counsel fil ed a motion in limine to preclude AP from testifying , arguing that her allegations were not reliable and were the result of “improper inf

luence and collusion” with CS. The defense further alleged that when AP initially spoke with CID

, sh e did not mention any sexual abuse by appellant, and it was only three weeks later

— follo wing three additional lengthy phone

conversations with CS

— that she made claims of sexual abuse.

The government responded by asserting that AP’s allegations of sexual abuse were admissible pursuant to Military Rule of Evidence [hereinafter Mil. R. Evid.] 413, and that her more general claims of physical and emotional abuse were admissible under Mil. R. Evid. 404(b) , claiming they were probative as to appellant’ s (1) intent to harm CS; (2) lack of mistake of fact that CS consented; and (3) motive to subdue CS. Pursuant to a d iscussion with counsel during a R .C.M. 802 conference, the military judge determined that “we [will] not have two separate instances of witnesses testifying. Rather, the witnesses [will] testify as it relate[s]

to the [Mil. R. Evid.] 404(b) and the 413 [motions], but before closing to deliberate, I will make clear what my findings are related to the testimony that I will consider

and not consider.” 4

At trial, CS testified consistently with her initial allegations concerning the

even ts of 13 December 2010. Specifically, she alleged what began as a consensual

encounter in their home turned into a violent assault after she no longer wanted to engage in sexual activity, and that appellant pushed her, pinned her down, raped and sexually assaulted her, choked her, struck her, and forcibly sodomized her.

4 In his brief and during oral argument, appellate defense counsel argued that it was “strange” and possibly erro r for the military judge to allow AP’s testimony concerning appellant’s abuse during the government’s case

- in

- chief and then

postpone his ruling until after the close of evidence. We do not sh are these concerns as appellant elected to be tried by judge al one
, and trial defense counsel state d on

the record she understood the military judge ’s intentions and did not object.STANCZYK

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4

Additionally, CS testified that she had no relationship with AP until early January 2011, when AP called her following AP’s discussion with appellant’s

mother. CS explained that they beg an calling each other and that she and AP talked about how they were “ the re to support each other. ” CS testified that at some point

she informed “the prosecutors” about AP

.

The government subsequently called AP. She testified that she met appellant

twenty

- five year s ear lier when they were teenagers. T hey had three children together and were married from 1996 to 2008. She furth er testified that throughout

their relationship, appellant was physi cally and emotionally abusive. S he explained

that befor e their marriage, appellant was verbally abusive, calling her a “slut” and

“bitch

, ” and accusing her of cheating on him. She also claimed appellant physically

abused her before their marriage by “grabbing her arm” and slapping her. AP

testified the physi cal abuse continued during their marriage, as appellant threw her into a table, punched her, and pulled her hair. She claimed the abuse fluctuated, including a period of two “good years ” when there were “no episodes at all.” AP

testified , however, that s he an d appellant eventually moved to Germany in 2004, where the physical and emotional abuse resumed.

After covering the physical and emotional abuse AP had endured throughout her marriage

, trial counsel asked her to “generally describe over the course of time

th e kinds of sexual abuse, if any . . . . ” AP began with a description of appellant’ s sexual appetite, claiming he wanted sex every day, and this made her “feel like [she was] being forced to have sex.”

A fter some additional testimony about appellant’s repeated accusations of infidelity, AP testified about a particular incident. Specifically, she described an

incident that occurred in 2005 while she, appellant , and their children were st ationed in Germany

. She provided a detailed account, explaining that after returning home from a night of drinking alcohol and playing cards at a neighbor’s home, she and appellant began havi ng consensual sex when he suddenly began “singing ‘who’s your baby’s daddy’” and t hen p roceeded to choke, squeeze, and hit her while she tried to escape. She explained that appellant eventually dragged her into the bathroom by her hair, where he pressed her face against a mirror and penetrated her vagina with his penis while standing b ehind her.

Trial counsel then asked if there were other incident s of sexual abuse, and AP testified that appellant would regularly come home on his lunch hour and pull her hair and force her to give him oral sex. AP also testified that on one occasion wh ile appellant was massaging her in be d while she was nude, he suddenly attempted to insert his penis into her anus without any warning. She explained that she and appellant had p reviously discussed anal sex, and she had expressed to him that she

had no desire to have anal sex. AP gave a detailed description of the entire episode, explaining that she physic ally resisted and struggled, but appellant was able toSTANCZYK

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slightly penetrate her anus before they were finally interrup ted by a knock on the

bedroom door.

Trial counsel then asked AP to describe how appellant had choked her during

t heir relationship. AP said that appellant choked her “sporadically” during their marriage, and it was “more likely to begin” during sex. Nex t, trial counsel asked “[w]hen [appellant] would get very angry did he ever do other things destructive or

violent behavior not necessarily to you? ” AP replied that appellant had broken furniture before, and would “scream and yell, [and] stomp around.”

A P briefly testified about appellant’s mother’s efforts to get her to assist with his case shortly after CS’s allegations , and explained that she instead began to speak with CS, at which point she told CS that appella nt had sexually assaulted her. AP

also stated that she and CS had never discussed how they “would or should answer questions” about abuse committed by appellant.

Furthermore, AP testified that appellant , while he was deployed to Iraq in March 2006, admitted to raping her . Moreover, this testi mony was corroborated by

the government’s a dmission into evidence of printe d excerpts of an online

conversation of “instant messages” between AP and appellant that AP had saved on her computer

. AP was permitted to read from the exhibit, including a line written by appellant that said

, “ then I raped you .”

During cross

- examination , defense counsel confronted AP with divorce paperwork that ended her marriage to appellant. Specifically

, defen se counsel highlighted t hat AP checked a block indicating domesti c violence had “not occurred” during their marriage and signed the paperwork under penalty of perjury. AP conceded that she “perjured herself” when she completed that paperwork.

Defense counsel concluded the cross

- examination of AP by challenging the

aut henticity of the printed instant messages of her conversations with appellant

while he wa s deployed to Iraq in 2006, suggesting she could have altered or fabricated portions of the exchanges. AP explained that she had been required to copy and paste some portions into a different format in order to print them. Finally,

defense counsel asked a few additional questions about AP’s interactions with CS, attempting to elicit testimony that AP did not initially tell CID she was sexually assaulted by appellant d uring their marriage and only provided this information after talking “extensively” with CS.

In addition to the testimony of AP and CS, the government also admitted CS’s 911 call from the nigh t of the assault, various photographs portraying her injuries and physical condition in the days following the incident, and testimony of a nurse practitioner who had examined CS shortly after the incident.STANCZYK

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Appellant took the stand in his defense and testified that on the night in question, he and CS engag ed in consensual “rough” sex that was “routine” for their relationship. He gave a detailed account of the encounter, testifying that at various points, CS hit her h ead on the headboard of the bed and that he squeezed her arms and grabbed her throat in an effort to assist her in reaching an “extreme” orgasm

— all of which was consensual. Appellant elaborated that he and CS were in multiple sexual positions and he was pinning and holding various parts of her body during the

event. He testified that he was un able to sexually climax, that after he stopped, CS

got up

, and that from that poin t forward his memory got “foggy ” for an unspecified period of time.

Appell ant asserted he next recalled o bserving CS in the bathroom, that he

followed her in , and they began arguing about whether she had been faithful during his deployment. He testified that CS began screaming, flailing, and shoving him, and that he grabbed her arm to restrain her. He then claimed “that’s where it gets a little confusing again” and tha t he had a hard time recalling details, but that he “bopped her on the head” to get her attention. Next, he said that CS began yelling and banging on all the walls and that all he could do was “look[] at her in a confused state wondering what was going on

. ”

Appellant went on to explain that although the night was “blurry” he recalled goi ng downstairs at some point, subsequently returning to the bedroom

, and gathering up the couple’s sex toys and taking photographs of them while CS called 911. Appellant c laimed he was “just keeping [the photographs] for [his] own

reference.”

Consiste nt with his guidance before trial, the military judge deferred his ruling on the admissibility of e vidence of prior abuse purportedly com mitted by appellant against AP. At the close of the defense’s case, he provided his findings on the record, which were also captured in more detail in a written ruling. In his conclusions of law pertaining to AP’s allegations of prior sexual abuse by appellant, the military judge ruled tha t this evidence was admissible under Mil. R. Evid. 413

because it met the thr eshold requirements of the rule and also withstood the Mil. R. Evid. 403 balancing test specifically adopted for evaluating admissibility of prior sexual assaults. The military j udge articulated all the factors enunciated by the Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces (CAAF) in United States v. Berry , 61 M.J. 91 (C.A.A.F. 2005), and concluded that they all weighed in favor of admissibility

.

With regard to the ph ysical and emotional abuse of AP the government sought to admit pursuant to Mil. R. Evid. 404(b), the military judge concluded that it was admissible because AP’s testimony tended to prove this abuse occurred, and the prior abuse was relevant to “make some fact of consequence more or less probable.” Specifically, the military judge reasoned that it showed : (1) “the intent of the accused to have sex [sic] intercourse and sodomy with [CS] by force without her

consent” ; (2) “the absence of consent or mistake”; (3) “that any inju ries sustained bySTANCZYK

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7

[CS] did not result from consensual rough sex; ” and (4) “ the evidence illuminates the nature of [appellant’s] marital relationship with [CS]. ” Finally, the military judge briefly concluded that the probative value of this evidence was no t substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice.

LAW AND DISCUSSION

We review a military judge’s decision to admit or exclude evidence for an

abuse of discretion. United States v. Barnett , 63 M.J . 388, 394 (C.A.A.F. 2006);

United States v. Whigam , 72 M.J. 653, 658 (Army Ct. Crim. App. 2013). “The abuse of discretion standard is a strict one, calling for more than a mere difference of opinion. The challenged action must be arbitrary, fanciful, clearly unreasonable, or clearly erroneous.” Un ited States v. Solomon , 72 M.J. 176, 179 (C.A.A.F. 2013) (citing United States v. White , 69 M

. J

. 236, 239 (C.A.A.F. 2010).

a. Testimony Admitted Pursuant to Military Rule of Evidence 413

Military Rule of Evidence 413 provides that “[i]n a court

- martial i n which the accused is charged with an offense of sexual assault, evidence of the accused’s commission of one or more offenses of sexual assault is admissible and may be considered for its bearing on any matter to which it is relevant.” The rule is an

exc eption to the general restriction against the admission of character evidence

— and particularly through prior specific instances of conduct

— to prove the accused has a propensity to commit the charged offense(s). United States v. Wright , 53 M.J. 476

, 480 ( C.A.A.F. 2000) 5 ; See generally Mil. R. Evid. 404(a) (general limitation on

character evidence for the purpose of proving action in conformity therewith ); Mil. R. Evid. 404(b) (prohibiting evidence of prior acts of uncharged misconduct to prove conformity therewith)

. “I nherent in M.R.E. 413 is a general presumption in favor of

admission.” Berry , 61 M.J. at 95

.

However, despite the rule’s liberal standard of admissibility, the evidence still must satisfy minimal burdens of proo f and relevance. Initially, the government must demonstrate that “(1) the accused [is] charged with an offense of sexual assault; (2) the proffered evidence must be evidence of the accused’s commission of another offense of sexual assault; and (3) the evidence must be relevant under [Mil. R. Evid] 401 and [Mil. R. Evid.] 402. ” Solomon , 72 M.J. at 179 (citing Berry , 61 M.J. at 95). Additionally, w ith respect to the second prong, the allegations of prior sexual misconduct must be supported by “a preponderance o f the evidence .” Id; Whigham

, 72 M.J. at 658.

5 See Wright , 53 M.J. at 480

- 81, for the legislative policy behind Mil. R. Evid. 413

.STANCZYK

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If these threshold requirements are satisfied, the military judge is “constitutionally required” to conduct a balancing test pursuant to Mil. R. Evid. 403 to determine if the probative value of the prior uncharged sexual misconduct is

“ substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the members, or by c onsiderations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence.” Mil. R. Evid. 403. Solomon , 72 M.J.

179

- 80. In the context of Mil. R. Evid. 413, the CAAF has adopted and applied a

non

- exhaustive list of factors (i.e., the Wright factors) that the military judge should consider in applying balancing test:

(1) strength of proof (i.e., conviction v. gossip);

(2) probative weight of the evidence;

(3) potential for less prejudicial evidence;

(4) distraction to the factfinder;

(5) time needed for proof of the prior conduct;

(6) temporal proximity ;

(7) frequency of the acts;

(8) presence or lack of intervening circumstances;

and

(9) the relationship between the parties.

Id. at 181. (citing Wright , 53 M.J. at 48 2). See Solomon , 72 M.J. at 180 (citation omitted) (“the Rule 403 balancing test should be applied in light of the strong legislative judgment that evidence of prior sexual offenses should ordinarily be admissible”)

.

Further, it is critical that the military judge not only makes, but also thoroughly explains

, his findings of fact and conclusions of law in reaching his decision on the admissibility of evidence under Mil. R. Evid. 413. “When a military judge articulates his properly conducted [Mil. R. Evid.] 403 balancing test on the record, the decision will not be overturned absent a clear abuse of discretion.”

Solomon , 72 Id

. (emphasis added).

We find the military judge properly admitted the testimony of AP concerning the prior sexual abuse committed by appellant during their relationship. Here, the military judge issued a written ruling applying the correct legal standard and addressing all of the pertinent Wright factors. Therefore, his findings andSTANCZYK

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concl usions are afforded the strong deference enunciated by our superior court in

Solomon

. Id

.

Threshold Test

First, a ppellant was charged with various offenses of sexual assault, 6
triggering the potential applicability of Mil. R. Evid. 413. See Mil. R. Ev id. 413(d)(1) . Second , AP offered extensive ev idence of appellant’s prior acts of sexual abuse through her detailed testimony concerning specific incidents in which

a ppellant sexually assaulted her and through her descriptions of patterns of sexual abuse throughout their relationship. See Mil. R. Evid. 413(d)(1). Additionally, her testimony that appellant subsequently acknowledged raping her, along with the instant message conversat ions capturing this exchang e, are further evidence in support of her allegations. Although the defense raised a number of matters undermining AP’s credibility, this impeachment did not completely discredit her testimony. Th us we have no doubt that a fact finder could have conclude d

— by a preponderance of the evidence

— that appellant committed the prior acts of sexual assault alleged by AP.

Finally, the third prong of the threshold test was satisfied because appellant’s prior sexua l abuse against AP clearly made the existence of the f acts alleged by CS (i.e., that she was raped and forcibly sodomized by appellant in their bedroom) more probable than they would have been without the evidence provided by AP. Appellant’s sexual abuse of AP , his first wife, and the circumstances surroundi ng her allegations

, were similar to the offenses appellant was accused of committing against CS, his second wife, and therefore had a tendency to make it more probable

tha t he sexually assaulted CS on 13 December 2010. See Berry

, 61 M.J. at 95 (evidence t hat as teenager defendant molested a young boy had “some tendency to make it more probable” that he committed the charged “nonconsensual act against a

vulnerable person)

.

M.R.E. 403 Balancing Test for M.R.E. 413 Evidence

Having de termined that the evid ence met the threshold requirements above,

we now det ermine if its probative value was substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice by reviewing whether the military judge properly addressed and applied the factors first enunciated by the CAA F in Wright

. Id. Here, the military judge articulate d all of the enumerated factors and concluded that each one weighed

6 Military Rule of Evidence 413(d) defines “sexual assault” much more broadly than the enumerated offense of “aggravated sexual assault” prov ided in Article 120(c),

UCMJ. The definition includes all of the misconduct in the Article s 120 and 125, UCMJ, offenses for which appellant was tried

.STANCZYK

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in favor of admissibility

— essentially eliminatin g the need for any balancing. T he evidence of prior sexual assaults against AP was therefore admissible. Overall, we

s hare his conclusion that these factors weigh heavily in favor of admissibility, and find that he did not abuse his discretion in admitting the evidence.

The strength of the pro of of the prior sexual abuse was quite st rong. AP provided detailed accounts of multiple instances of sexual abuse she suffered at t he hands of appellant, which were corroborated by appellant’s acknowledgement of an incident which the accused himself described as “rape.” 7 The evidence offered by AP

was highly probative, because as previously discussed, h er accounts of sexual abuse

bore striking similarities to the charged sexual assault offenses described by CS. We also find no other means by which the less prejudicial evidence could have been

a dmitted. AP’s testimony demonstrated that she was the only possible witness to any of the alleged abuse, and the internet conversation was the only evidence of what AP took as appellant’s confession. With respect to the p ossible distraction to

the fact f inder and the time necessary to establish the prior sexual assault, these factors also weigh in favor of admissibility. AP’s testimony amounted to less than two hours in a trial that lasted for three days. Moreover, because the evidence was

limited to a single witness, it was a minimal distraction at worst

— particularly at a

bench trial.

Additionally, the military judge specifically addressed the remaining factors and articulated grounds for why each supported admissibility of t he evidence. W e conclude that he did not abuse his discretion in admitting AP’s testimony concerning prior sexual abuse by appellant.

b. Testimony of Prior Physical and Emotional Abuse Admitted Pursuant to Military Rule of Evidence 404(b)

Military Rule of Evidence 404(b) establi shes that with respect to non

- sexual offenses, “[e]vidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the character of a person in order to show action in conformity therewith. However, the rule goes on to provide that prior acts of an accused may be “admissible for other

purposes , such as proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident . . . .” Mil. R. Evid. 404( b). This rule embodies the traditional limitations on the admissibility of character evidence

— through prior acts or otherwise

— to prove that a defendant possessed a propensity to

7 Appellant’s counsel argues that appellant’s statement of, “and then I raped you” must be taken in context of the entire conversation via instant messaging. We agree. At worst for appellant, his statement was an explicit admission or confession. At

best , it was an acknowledgement that at least one of the parties involved in that prior incident viewed it as a rape.STANCZYK

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commit th e bad act for which he is now charged

. Instead, it allows this evid ence to
be considered for non

- character purposes, and only if the government can demonstrate its admissibility pursuant to United States v. Reynolds and its progeny. 29 M.J. 105 (C.M.A. 1989).

In Reynolds the Court of Military Appeals adopted the followi ng test for determining whether prior uncharged misconduct of an accused is admissible under Mil. R. Evid. 404(b):

(1) Whether the evidence reasonably supports a finding by the court members that appellant committed the prior crimes, wrongs, or acts;

(2) Whether the evidence makes a fact of consequence more or less probable; and

(3) Whether the probative value of the evidence is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice

under Mil. R. Evid. 403.

United States v. Morrison , 52 M.J. 117, 121

- 22 (C.A.A.F. 1999) (citing Reynolds , 29 M.J. at 109). The CAAF explained that “[p]roof of the first prong is satisfied if the conduct is proven by a preponderance of the evidence. ” Id. at 122. In analyzing the second prong, the “fact(s) of consequence” that are made more or less probable must

be one or more of the non

- propensity bases provided for in Mil. R. Evid. 404(b). Id

. The third prong involves a conventional balancing test pursuant to Mil. R. Evid. 403.

Id. at 123. “The evidence at issue must fulfill all three prongs to be admissible.”

Barnett , 63 M.J. at 394.

Although Mil. R . Evid. 404(b) and Mil. R. Evid. 413 are related and may be invoked by the prosecution to admit the same or similar uncharged acts of an accused, there are inherent and critical differences between the rules

. Each rule

must be independently analyzed and applied by the military judge.

We f ind the military judge abused his discretion when he admitted the testimony of AP concerning the re maining prior acts of non

- sexual domestic

violence and abuse. T he military judge did little more than cite the proper legal authority before his conclusory finding that:

[T] he alleged physical and emotiona l abuse during the course of [] SFC St anczyk [’ s] and [AP’s] marriage are relevant and admissible during the government’s case

under M RE 401, 402, 403, and 404(b). T he court

concludes there is sufficient evidence for a reasonable

court member to believe the accused in fact committed theSTANCZYK

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12 alleged physical and emotional abuse during the course of his marriage to AP. This evidence is relevant to show the intent of the accused to have sex [sic] intercourse and sodomy with [CS] by force and without her consent, the absence of mistake, and that any injuries su stained by CS did not result from consensual or rough sex.

He also concluded that this evidence “further illuminates the nature of SFC Stanczyk’s marital sexual relationship with [CS].”

At the outset, we n ote that the military judge did not articulate w hat “phy sical

and emotional abuse” he was considering and admitting. This largely fore closes our ability to apply the first Reynolds factor, which examines “whether the evidence reasonably supports a finding by the court members that appellant committed t he prior crimes, wrongs, or acts.” 8

In addition, w ithout any analysis from the military judge, we are a t a loss as to how AP’s allegations of domestic abuse make any of the Mil. R. Evid. 404(b)

non

- propensity bases cited by the military judge (i.e., intent, lack of consent, absence of lack of mistake as to consent, and source of injuries suffered by CS)

more or l ess probable, even assuming any of them were germane to either the government’s theory or the appellant’s defense. Rather, his unsup ported conclusions with respect to the second prong of the Reynolds test suggest that the prior non

sexual abuse against AP was admitted for precisely the reasons that Mil. R. Evid. 404(a) and (b) prohibit

— the use of prior specific uncharged bad acts of a n accused to prove his propensity to commit those acts, and that he therefore acted in conformity with that character during the events of the charged misconduct.

O ur superior court has “consistently stated that evidence of uncharged [non

- sexual] bad acts may not be introduced to show that an accused has a propensity to commit crimes of the type charged. ” Morrison , 52 M.J. at 121. The military judge’s

conclusion s bring to mind the CAAF’s strong disapproval of “broad talismanic

incantations of words s uch as intent, plan, or modus operandi, to secure the

admission of oth er crimes or acts by an accused . . . . ” United States v. Yammine

, 69

8 We recognize appellant was also charged with some non

- sexual offenses of violence against CS stemming from the events of 13 December 2010. However, the military judge’s conclusions regarding the admission of evidence of prior non

- sexual domestic abuse against AP was clearly made with respect to proving the sexual

assault offenses agains t CS. Thus, we decline to decide under what circumstance s

— if any

— prior uncharged non

- sexual domestic abu se against a former spouse can be admitted to establish a 404(b) non

- propensity basis to prove appellant committed similar abuse against his current spouse.STANCZYK

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M.J. 70, 77 (C.A.A.F. 2010) (citing United States v. Ferguson 28 M.J. 104, 109 (C.M.A. 1989) )

. Here, his admission of AP’s allegations of prior uncharged non

- sexual abuse pursuant to Mil. R. Evid. 404(b) was an abuse of discretion.

c. Prejudice

Having determined that the military judge abused his discretion in admitting portions of AP’s testimo ny pursuant to Mi l. R. Evid. 404(b), we must test for prejudice under Article 59(a), UCMJ. Specifically, under these circumstances, we are required to “ determine whether this error resulted in material prejudice to [a]ppellant’s substantial rights.” Barn ett , 63 M.J. at 397. “ We evaluate prejudice from an erroneous evidentiary ruling by weighing (1) the strength of the

Government’ s case, (2) the strength of the defense case, (3) the materiality of the evidence in question, and (4) the quality of the evide nce in question.” United States

v. Kerr , 51 M.J. 401, 405 (C.A.A.F. 1999).

Here, the government’s cas e was strong. First and foremost, the government had the testimony of the victim, CS

, who gave a clear, credible and detailed account

o f the events of 13 December 2010 . Additionally, this evidence was s upported by the recording of the 911 call that CS made in the immediate aftermath of the incident, in which she provided details about the abuse that transpired that even ing. Moreover, photographs and t estimony by an expert medical witness demonstrated various injuries CS suffere d that were consistent with her testimony. Further, the portions of AP’s testimony that were admissible pursuant to Mil. R. Evid. 413

— establishing appellant’s propensity to comm it s exual assault

— amounted to compelling evidence that he was guilty of the offenses alleged by CS.

In contrast, the defen se case was not strong. A ppellant’s testimony about the night of the incident was bizarre and incredible. Most notably, appellan t’s thorough

recollection of minute details concerning consensual rough sex with CS was contrasted sharply with his “blurry” memory concerning other points throughout the night

. On cross

- examination, the government highlighted inconsistencies between

appe llant’s testimony on direct examination and prior statements he made to law

enforcement. See United States v. Pleasant , 71 M.J. 709, 712 (Army Ct. Crim. App. 2012) (“When an accused testifies on his own behalf, he does so at his own peril, risking that he might fill in gaps or provide affirmative evidence contributing to or resulting in his conviction.” ).

With respect to the “materiality” and “quality” of the erroneously admitted evidence, we find it was of “ marginal importance ” and likely had little if any effect

o n the military judge’s findings

. Barnett , 63 M.J. at 397. For these reasons, we hold the erroneous admission of portions of AP’s testimony concerning non

- sexual

domestic abuse was harmless error.STANCZYK

— ARMY 20110438

14 CONCLUSION

On consideration of the entire record and submissions of the parties, we hold the findings of guilty and the sentence as approved by the convening authority are correct in law and fact. Accordingly, the findings of guilty and the sentence are

AFFIRMED

.

Judge CAMPANELLA and Judge HAIG HT concur.

FOR THE COURT:

MALCOLM H. SQUIRES JR.

Clerk of Court MALCOLM H. SQUIRES, JR. FOR THE COURT: