F I LED

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

February 15, 2007

Elisabeth A. Shumaker

Clerk of Court

PUBLISH

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

TENTH CIRCUIT

BEVERLY MANN, individually,

 Plaintiff-Appellant,

 v. 

BRIAN D. BOATRIGHT,

individually and in his capacity as a

Jefferson County, Colorado First

Judicial District Judge; JAMES D.

ZIMMERMAN, individually and in

his capacity as a Jefferson County,

Colorado First Judicial District

Judge; FREDERIC B. RODGERS, a

Gilpin County, Colorado, County

Judge and (by special designation of

Colorado First Judicial District Chief

Judge R. Brooke Jackson) Jefferson

County, Colorado, Probate Judge, in

his capacity as Jefferson County,

Colorado First Judicial District

Probate Judge; R. BROOKE

JACKSON, in his capacity as Chief

Judge of the First Judicial District,

State of Colorado; JEFFERSON

COUNTY, COLORADO, a municipal

or county corporation; THE FIRST

JUDICIAL DISTRICT, STATE OF

COLORADO; THE STATE OF

COLORADO; MARY MUNGER,

individually and in her capacity as a

City of Lakewood, Colorado Police

Officer; JANET YOUNG,

individually and in her capacity as a

City of Lakewood, Colorado assistant

city attorney; THE CITY OF

No. 05-1559
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LAKEWOOD, Colorado, a municipal

corporation; TINA L. OLSEN, in her

capacity as a Jefferson County,

Colorado, County Judge; THOMAS

E. VANCE, in his capacity as a

Jefferson County, Colorado, County

Judge; WILLIAM KILPATRICK,

individually and in his capacity

as City of Golden, Colorado Police

Chief; MATT JURISCHK,

individually and in his capacity as a

City of Golden, Colorado Police

Officer; THE CITY OF GOLDEN,

Colorado, a municipal corporation;

MARY LOGAN, individually, as

shareholder and as administrator of

Grand Oaks Care Center in

Lakewood, Colorado; STEVE

KUTCHER, individually and as head

nurse of Grand Oaks Care Center in

Lakewood, Colorado; DONALD

LOGAN, individually and as assistant

manager of Grand Oaks Care Center

in Lakewood, Colorado;

GERI-CARE, INC. d/b/a Grand Oaks

Care Center, in Lakewood, Colorado;

DAVID R. GLOSS, individually and

as an agent of Jefferson County,

Colorado, and as an agent of The

State of Colorado; STEPHENIE D.

LORIMER; “THE VISITOR”,

appointed by Judge James D.

Zimmerman, pursuant to Colorado

Revised Statutes 15-14-305, in his or

her capacity as court-appointed

“Visitor”; JOHN S. GLEASON,

individually and in his capacity as

Colorado Supreme Court Attorney

Regulation Counsel; LOUISE

CULBERSON-SMITH, individually
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined *

unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of

(continued...)

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and in her capacity as a Colorado

Supreme Court Assistant

Attorney Regulation Counsel; THE

COLORADO SUPREME COURT

OFFICE OF ATTORNEY

REGULATION COUNSEL; CARLA

MARTIN, individually and in her

former capacity as general manager

of Golden Pond Senior Living, LLC;

GOLDEN POND SENIOR LIVING,

LLC, a Colorado corporation;

HENRY MELTON, in his capacity as

Executive Director of Golden Pond

Senior Living, LLC; ENRICO

GALIMBERTI, individually and in

his capacity as a deputy Jefferson

County Sheriff; DONALD TAIT, in

his capacity as a supervising deputy

Jefferson County Sheriff; TED

MINK, in his capacity as Jefferson

County Sheriff; GAYLE KING;

TROY KING; JOAN SCHEUMANN;

ERIK SCHEUMANN; EILEEN

BIDWELLL. and L. JEFFREY

BIDWELL,

 Defendants-Appellees.

APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLORADO

(D.C. No. 05-cv-2413-REB-MJW)

Submitted on the briefs:*
(...continued) *

 this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is

therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.

Rooker v. Fidelity Trust Co., 263 U.S. 413 (1923); District of Columbia 1

Court of Appeals v. Feldman, 460 U.S. 462 (1983).

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Beverly Mann, pro se.

Elizabeth C. Moran, Alyson Ray Rutberg, Donald E. Lake, III, Pryor Johnson

Carney Karr Nixon, P.C., Greenwood Village, Colorado for Golden Pond Senior

Living, LLC, Henry Melton, and Carla Martin, Defendants-Appellees.

J. Andrew Nathan, Andrew J. Fisher, Nathan, Bremer, Dumm & Myers, P.C.,

Denver, Colorado for William Kilpatrick, Matt Jurischk and The City of Golden,

Defendants-Appellees.

John W. Suthers, Friedrick C. Haines, Office of the Colorado Attorney General,

Denver, Colorado for Brian D. Boatright, James D. Zimmerman, Frederic B.

Rodgers, R. Brooke Jackson, The First Judicial District of the State of Colorado,

The State of Colorado, Tina L. Olsen, Thomas E. Vance, John S. Gleason, Louise

Culberson-Smith, and The Colorado Supreme Court Office of Attorney

Regulation Counsel, Defendants-Appellees.

Before BARRETT, PORFILIO, and BALDOCK, Circuit Judges.

PORFILIO, Circuit Judge.

Plaintiff-Appellant Beverly Mann appeals from the district court’s sua

sponte dismissal of her complaint for lack of jurisdiction under the

Rooker-Feldman doctrine . She also challenges its order denying her request to 1

file the complaint under seal and seeks reconsideration of orders issued by this
To avoid confusion, we refer to Ms. Mann and her father, Joseph Mann, by 2

their first names.

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court while her appeal was pending. Exercising our jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.

§ 1291, we affirm the judgment of the district court. We also decline to vacate

any previous rulings issued by motions panels of this court during the pendency

of this appeal.

I. 

A. The Probate Court Orders

At the heart of this case are two Colorado probate court orders that

determined that Beverly’s elderly father, Joseph Mann, is incapacitated and 2

appointed defendant Gayle King as his guardian and conservator of his estate. 

The unfortunate circumstances surrounding the court’s issuance of these orders

are described in detail in Beverly’s complaint. To summarize, Joseph was

diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease in mid-2004. In October 2004, he left his

hometown of Chicago, where he lived with Beverly, for what was to be a short

trip to visit his granddaughter, King, in Golden, Colorado. While in Colorado,

however, he broke his elbow and had to be hospitalized, at which point his mental

health deteriorated rapidly. On November 4, 2004, after he was released from the

hospital, Joseph executed a health-care power-of-attorney prepared by defendant

attorney Stephenie Lorimer. This document, which is attached to the complaint,

purports to revoke all prior powers-of-attorney, designates King as Joseph’s
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attorney-in-fact, and also states that King is his preferred guardian in the event

that he is deemed incapacitated.

Empowered by this power-of-attorney, King placed Joseph in defendant

Golden Pond Senior Living Center and obtained a temporary restraining order that

prohibited Beverly from contacting him. Beverly, having traveled to Colorado,

tried several times to visit Joseph at Golden Pond and even enlisted the help of

the local police. Each time, however, employees of Golden Pond, on King’s

orders and in compliance with the restraining order, refused to let Beverly see her

father. As a result, Beverly claims that she has not seen or spoken to her father

since November 28, 2004, when she visited him at the Grand Oaks Nursing

Home, where he lived briefly before being moved to Golden Pond. 

On December 4, 2004, King filed a petition under the Colorado probate

code that requested a determination that Joseph was incapacitated and sought

appointment as his guardian. In a separate petition, she sought appointment as the

conservator of Joseph’s estate. With the court’s permission, Beverly intervened

in the action as an interested person and filed objections to the petitions on

multiple grounds. She argued primarily that King had manipulated Joseph into

signing the November 4, 2004, power-of-attorney at a time when he lacked

capacity to make such decisions. She argued that the power-of-attorney was,

therefore, null and void and could not operate to void any prior

powers-of-attorney, including a 1998 power-of-attorney that Joseph had executed,
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designating Beverly as his attorney-in-fact. Defendant state court judge Brian

Boatright held a hearing on the petitions on April 19, 2005. He excused Joseph

from attending the hearing based on a motion filed by Joseph’s court-appointed

attorney, defendant David Gloss. Beverly, however, attended the hearing,

testified, and questioned witnesses. 

On May 9, 2005, and May 11, 2005, Judge Boatright issued orders granting

the petitions for guardianship and conservatorship, respectively. In the

guardianship order, which is attached to the complaint, the court found by clear

and convincing evidence that Joseph was an incapacitated person as a result of

severe memory loss caused by Alzheimer’s disease. With respect to the

appointment of King, the court stated that it “ha[d] considered the wishes of the

respondent [Joseph] concerning the selection of the guardian as filed in the

visitor’s report and reiterated by respondent’s Court appointed attorney.” R. doc.

1, attach. 5 at 1. 

The guardianship order grants King broad control over Beverly’s access to

Joseph. It prohibits Beverly from speaking to Joseph in person or by telephone

without King’s consent and provides that Beverly may send letters and videotapes

to Joseph, subject to pre-screening by King. It also states that any

correspondence that Beverly sends “shall in no manner be disparaging towards the

rest of the family, the Ward’s residence in Colorado or the court proceedings

granting Guardianship and Conservatorship to Mrs. King.” Id., attach. 5 at 2. 
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Although Beverly filed numerous motions in the probate court challenging the

guardianship and conservatorship orders, she did not appeal the orders to the

Colorado Court of Appeals.

B. The District Court Proceedings

On November 29, 2005, Beverly filed a complaint in U.S. District Court on

behalf of herself and Joseph against 37 defendants. Among them is every state

judge who had any involvement in the probate court proceedings; the State of

Colorado and its First Judicial District; Jefferson County and its sheriff’s

department; the City of Lakewood, its City Attorney, and some of its police

officers; the City of Golden and some of its police officers; both of the

assisted-living centers that have housed Joseph; Joseph’s court-appointed attorney

and the statutorily-designated “visitor”; the office of Colorado’s Attorney

Regulation Counsel and some of its employees; King, her family, and her

attorney; and Beverly’s sisters and their husbands. The thrust of the lawsuit is to

enjoin various orders issued by the probate court, most importantly those

appointing King as guardian and conservator. The complaint also seeks “an

emergency writ of habeas corpus or other emergency writ,” R. doc. 1 at 11,

requiring Joseph’s production in court so that he may be told “that he has been

stripped of most of his legal rights and has been made the unlimited legal ward of

King,” id. On December 14, 2005, Beverly filed a motion for a temporary

restraining order also seeking enjoinment of the guardianship and conservatorship
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orders and requesting that Joseph be apprised of his legal rights. The district

court dismissed the complaint on its own motion on December 19, 2005, holding

that the Rooker-Feldman doctrine barred it from reviewing orders issued in the

probate court proceedings. It also held that Rooker-Feldman barred Beverly’s

claims against the individual defendants because their actions were based on the

probate court’s orders. The court concluded that in the absence of subject-matter

jurisdiction, it could not address Beverly’s request for a temporary restraining

order and dismissed the case. 

Paralleling all of this was Beverly’s attempt to have her federal complaint

sealed, or alternatively, the case file withheld from the court’s web-based filing

system. The district court denied her requests, holding that Beverly failed to

demonstrate any basis for sealing documents filed in the case. On appeal,

Beverly argues that the district court erred in applying the Rooker-Feldman

doctrine to her claims and abused its discretion in refusing to seal her complaint.

II.

A. Dismissal of the Complaint

We review the dismissal of a complaint for lack of subject-matter

jurisdiction de novo. Guttman v. Khalsa, 446 F.3d 1027, 1031 (10th Cir. 2006). 

We may affirm the dismissal on “any grounds for which there is a record

sufficient to permit conclusions of law, even grounds not relied upon by the

district court.” Lippoldt v. Cole, 468 F.3d 1204, 1219 (10th Cir. 2006) (quotation
-10-

omitted). Having carefully reviewed the record, we conclude that the district

court lacked jurisdiction over the lion’s share of Beverly’s claims and properly

dismissed them under the Rooker-Feldman doctrine. Beverly’s complaint does

allude to some claims distinct from her challenge to the state court’s guardianship

and conservatorship orders, which would not be barred by Rooker-Feldman. But

as explained below, her attempt to state any such claims failed miserably, and

thus we affirm the dismissal of the balance of her complaint for its utter disregard

of the pleading requirements mandated by Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8.

“The Rooker-Feldman doctrine prevents the lower federal courts from

exercising jurisdiction over cases brought by ‘state-court losers’ challenging

‘state-court judgments rendered before the district court proceedings

commenced.’” Lance v. Dennis, 126 S.Ct. 1198, 1199 (2006) (quoting Exxon

Mobil Corp. v. Saudi Basic Indus. Corp., 544 U.S. 280, 284 (2005)). To Beverly

this means that having lost in probate court, she cannot file a federal complaint

seeking review and reversal of the unfavorable judgment. Even if the probate

court’s decision was wrong, that does not make its judgment void, but merely

leaves it “open to reversal or modification in an appropriate and timely appellate

proceeding.” Exxon-Mobil, 544 U.S. at 284.

The Court clarified in Exxon-Mobil that the Rooker-Feldman doctrine is

confined “to cases brought after the state proceedings have ended.” Guttman,

446 F.3d at 1031 (quotation omitted). Thus, for the doctrine to apply here, the
-11-

state probate proceedings must have ended before Beverly filed her federal

complaint. Beverly argues that the probate proceedings have not ended and will

not end until either her father dies or the guardianship/conservatorship is

terminated. 

Fortunately, the Colorado Supreme Court recently addressed the question of

what constitutes a final judgment of the probate court. Scott v. Scott, 136 P.3d

892, 894 (Colo. 2006). Although the case involved a will probate matter, we see

no reason why the court’s instructions should not apply equally to guardianship

and protective proceedings. In Scott, the court held that the rules for determining

whether a probate court order is final are the same rules that govern other kinds of

civil cases. “[A]n order of the probate court is final if it ends the particular action

in which it is entered and leaves nothing further for the court pronouncing it to do

in order to completely determine the rights of the parties as to that proceeding.” 

Id. at 896. It further explained that the scope of a proceeding in a probate matter

is governed by the petition that initiated it. Id. at 896-97. “Therefore, when the

probate court has fully resolved the claims a proceeding presents, the probate

court has issued a final judgment.” Id. at 896, n.7.

Under Scott, the scope of the probate proceeding at issue in this case was

framed by the guardianship and conservatorship petitions. Therefore, once the

probate court issued orders fully resolving the claims raised by the petitions,

those orders constituted final judgments. See id. On May 9, 2005, and May 11,
Under Colorado Appellate Rule 4(a), a notice of appeal must be filed 3

within 45 days of the date the of the entry of the judgment, decree, or order from

which the party appeals.

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2005, the probate court issued orders granting King’s petitions for guardianship

and conservatorship, respectively. Over Beverly’s objections, the court

determined that Joseph was incapacitated and appointed King as his guardian and

conservator of his estate. The order appointing a conservator did refer to ongoing administrative filings, but nevertheless, the claims raised in King’s

petitions were definitively decided and “there was nothing further for the probate

court to do in order to completely determine the rights of the parties.” Id. at 898. 

Thus, we conclude that the May 9, 2005, and May 11, 2005, probate court orders

constituted final and appealable judgments. Since Beverly did not file a timely

appeal of those judgments, the district court properly considered the probate 3

proceedings final for purposes of Rooker-Feldman.

We must now determine whether Beverly’s federal complaint

impermissibly seeks review and reversal of the probate court judgments. See

Bolden v. City of Topeka, Kansas, 441 F.3d 1129, 1143 (10th Cir. 2006)

(explaining that Rooker-Feldman precludes cases “inviting district court review

and rejection of [state-court] judgments.”). On page 98 of her complaint, Beverly

specifically requests a declaratory judgment nullifying various orders of the

probate court, including the orders appointing King guardian and conservator. 
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She also seeks a declaratory judgment that Joseph was not mentally cognizant

when he signed the November 4, 2004, power-of-attorney designating King as his

attorney-in-fact. Beverly alleges that the governing document should have been

the 1998 power-of-attorney, in which Joseph designated her as his

attorney-in-fact, and the complaint requests a declaratory judgment to that effect. 

In addition, it seeks a “permanent enjoinment of [the probate court’s] orders as

violative of the First and Fourteenth Amendments.” R. doc. 1 at 11. These are

precisely the types of claims encompassed by the Rooker-Feldman doctrine, and

the district court properly dismissed them. See Bolden, 441 F.3d at 1143

(“Appellate review – the type of judicial action barred by Rooker-Feldman –

consists of a review of the proceedings already conducted by the ‘lower’ tribunal

to determine whether it reached its result in accordance with law.”). 

In addition to injunctive relief, Beverly seeks monetary damages against a

variety of government actors and private individuals for the alleged violations of

her constitutional rights occasioned by their complicity with the probate court’s

orders. These claims too are barred by Rooker-Feldman. “[A] district court

[can]not entertain constitutional claims attacking a state-court judgment, even if

the state court [did] not pass[] directly on those claims, when the constitutional

attack [is] ‘inextricably intertwined’ with the state court’s judgment.” 

Exxon-Mobil, 544 U.S. at 286, n.1. (quoting District of Columbia v. Feldman,

460 U.S. 462, 482, n.16 (1983)). Nearly all of Beverly’s claims against the
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individual defendants assert injuries based on the probate court judgments and,

for her to prevail, would require the district court to review and reject those

judgments. As such, her claims are inextricably intertwined with the probate

court judgments and are therefore barred by the Rooker-Feldman doctrine.

We say “nearly” all of her claims are barred because some of the

allegations in the complaint concern events that would seem to raise independent

claims. Scattered throughout the complaint, for example, are vague allegations

that arguably could give rise to state-law claims for defamation and conversion. 

Such claims, if adequately stated, would not be barred by the Rooker-Feldman

doctrine. See Bolden, 441 F.3d at 1143 (explaining that federal court retains

jurisdiction over independent claims, even those that deny legal conclusion

reached by state court). But if Beverly does have claims beyond the doctrine’s

reach, we are at a loss to discern precisely what they are. Nowhere in her

99-page, single-spaced pleading could we find “a short and plain statement of the

claim showing that [she] is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a). This alone

would have been sufficient reason to dismiss the complaint. See United States ex

rel. Garst v. Lockheed-Martin Corp., 328 F.3d 374, 378-79 (7th Cir. 2003)

(affirming dismissal for plaintiff’s failure to conform complaint to pleading rules

and collecting cases). 
See R. doc. 1 at 7. While we generally construe pro se pleadings liberally, 4

see Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 520-21 (1972), the same courtesy need not be

extended to licensed attorneys. Smith v. Plati, 258 F.3d 1167, 1174 (10th Cir.

2001).

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Rule 8 serves the important purpose of requiring plaintiffs to state their

claims intelligibly so as to inform the defendants of the legal claims being

asserted. 

Something labeled a complaint but written more as a press release,

prolix in evidentiary detail, yet without simplicity, conciseness and

clarity as to whom plaintiffs are suing for what wrongs, fails to

perform the essential functions of a complaint. 

McHenry v. Renne, 84 F.3d 1172, 1180 (9th Cir. 1996). In its sheer length,

Beverly has made her complaint unintelligible “by scattering and concealing in a

morass of irrelevancies the few allegations that matter.” Garst, 328 F.3d at 378. 

And prolixity is not even the main problem. Although Beverly is a licensed

attorney in the State of Illinois, she has curiously eschewed the traditional 4

pleading style characterized by a short recitation of the facts followed by claims

for relief. Instead, her first and only “Claim For Relief,” R. doc. 1 at 13, goes on

for 463 paragraphs spanning 83 pages, and yet it neither identifies a concrete

legal theory nor targets a particular defendant. She requests specific relief at the

end of her pleading, but by this point not even the most attentive of readers could

figure out who did what to whom. In short, it hardly matters whether the district

court dismissed Beverly’s complaint because it believed all of her claims were
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barred by Rooker-Feldman or simply because it could not separate the wheat from

the chaff. It was not the district court’s job to stitch together cognizable claims

for relief from the wholly deficient pleading that Beverly filed. As we have

frequently noted, we are loath to reverse a district court for refusing to do the

litigant’s job. See, e.g., Mitchell v. City of Moore, Okla., 218 F.3d 1190, 1199

(10th Cir. 2000) (affirming grant of summary judgment where non-movant

submitted inadequate response); SIL-FLO, Inc. v. SFHC, Inc., 917 F.2d 1507,

1513-14 (10th Cir. 1990) (deferring to district court’s ruling on jury instructions). 

B. Order Denying Motions to Seal Complaint 

Along with her complaint, Beverly filed two motions in the district court

seeking to seal the complaint and other documents filed in the case or to proceed

under a pseudonym. See R. docs. 2,3. As an alternative, she requested that

documents filed in the case not be placed on PACER, the court’s internet filing

website. In support of her motion, Beverly argued that because she has been

denied access to Joseph, she was not able to speak to him prior to filing the

lawsuit. She maintained, however, that he would be “profoundly embarrassed” if

the details related in the complaint were to become publicly available. Id. doc. 3

at 3. And she argued that releasing the complaint to the public would

“constitute[] a profound invasion of her own privacy.” Id. A magistrate judge

denied both motions, holding that Beverly failed to demonstrate any basis for

sealing documents filed in the case. Beverly appealed the decision to the district
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court judge, who upheld it by order dated December 16, 2005, concluding that the

magistrate’s decision was not contrary to law.

Whether judicial records and other case-related information should be

sealed or otherwise withheld from the public is a matter left to the sound

discretion of the district court. Nixon v. Warner Commc’ns, Inc., 435 U.S. 589,

599 (1978). Accordingly, we will not disturb the district court’s decision to keep

the case file public unless we have a “definite and firm conviction that [it] made a

clear error of judgment or exceeded the bounds of permissible choice in the

circumstances.” Moothart v. Bell, 21 F.3d 1499, 1504 (10th Cir. 1994) (quotation

omitted). Beverly fails to convince us under this standard that the district court

abused its discretion in denying the relief requested in her motions. 

Courts have long recognized a common-law right of access to judicial

records. Nixon, 435 U.S. at 597; Lanphere & Urbaniak v. Colorado, 21 F.3d

1508, 1511 (10th Cir. 1994). This right, however, is not absolute. The

“presumption of access . . . can be rebutted if countervailing interests heavily

outweigh the public interests in access.” Rushford v. New Yorker Magazine, Inc.,

846 F.2d 249, 253 (4th Cir. 1988). “The party seeking to overcome the

presumption bears the burden of showing some significant interest that outweighs

the presumption.” Id. We agree with the district court that Beverly failed to

demonstrate a basis for sealing the complaint or other documents in the case. The

complaint contains a detailed history of Beverly’s on-going feud with her family
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and discloses that Joseph has been diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease. We are

not convinced, however, that Beverly’s privacy concern with respect to this

information is sufficiently critical to outweigh the strong presumption in favor of

public access to judicial records. Cf. James v. Jacobson, 6 F.3d 233, 239 (4th

Cir. 1993) (holding that plaintiffs should have been permitted to use pseudonyms

so as to prevent their children from learning the true identity of their biological

father). We also note that much of the information contained in Beverly’s

complaint appears to have been disclosed previously in the public probate court

proceedings, further undermining her privacy concerns. 

C. Motions Panel Rulings

Finally, Beverly asks us to reconsider the following two orders issued by

motions panels of this court during the pendency of her appeal: (1) a February 6,

2006, order holding that she is not legally authorized to act for Joseph and

dismissing him from the appeal; and (2) a March 30, 2006, order imposing

sanctions on Beverly for filing frivolous motions and unnecessarily burdening this

court. 

Motions panel decisions are tentative and subject to reexamination by the

merits panel. Stifel, Nicolaus & Co. v. Woolsey & Co., 81 F.3d 1540, 1544

(10th Cir. 1996). With respect to the first order, Beverly argues that under

Colorado law, she has standing to pursue claims on behalf of her father, and

therefore, the motions panel committed error in dismissing him from the appeal. 
Contrary to Beverly’s argument, her case is not sufficiently analogous to 5

Winkelman v. Parma City School District, No. 04-4159, currently pending in the

Sixth Circuit, to justify her repeated attempts to set aside this court’s February 6,

2006, order. Winkelman involves the narrow question of whether parents may

prosecute claims pro se on behalf of their minor children under the Individuals

with Disabilities Education Act (“IDEA”). The Supreme Court’s grant of a stay

in that case pending disposition of the Winkelmans’s petition for certiorari is of

no relevance here. Joseph is not Beverly’s minor child, she is not his legal

guardian, and she admittedly does not know what his wishes are with respect to

the prosecution of this appeal. Winkelman and other IDEA cases involving pro se

parental representation of minor children are simply inapposite.

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In support, she cites In re Estate of Milstein v. Ayers, 955 P.2d 78, 81 (Colo. Ct.

App. 1998), a case in which the court permitted a son to bring claims on behalf of

his incapacitated mother over the objections of her guardian. In Ayers, the court

held that “[b]ecause a guardianship proceeding involves a potential deprivation of

fundamental rights and liberties, it implicates constitutional issues.” Id. at 81. 

Therefore, it held that the concept of third-party standing applied to guardianship

proceedings. Id. 

We agree with Beverly that under Ayers, she has standing to pursue claims

on behalf of her father involving alleged deprivations of his constitutional rights. 

Neither Ayers nor any other case that she cites, however, sanctions the practice of

asserting such claims pro se. As the motions panel held in its February 6, 2006, 5

order, under this court’s precedent, even if Beverly were Joseph’s legal guardian,

she would not be able to bring suit on his behalf without the assistance of
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counsel. See Meeker v. Kercher, 782 F.2d 153, 154 (10th Cir. 1986) (holding that

father did not have right to represent minor daughters pro se). 

It goes without saying that it is not in the interests of minors or

incompetents that they be represented by non-attorneys. Where they

have claims that require adjudication, they are entitled to trained

legal assistance so their rights may be fully protected.

Cheung v. Youth Orchestra Found. of Buffalo, 906 F.2d 59, 61 (2d Cir. 1990). As

the Cheung court noted, to allow guardians to bring pro se litigation also invites

abuse, as the present case may demonstrate. Although Beverly claims to be a

licensed attorney, she is not licensed in the State of Colorado and she has neither

sought nor been granted permission to practice before this court. Accordingly,

she has no right to prosecute this appeal on Joseph’s behalf, and the motions

panel correctly dismissed him from the appeal. 

In the March 30, 2006, order, the motions panel sanctioned Beverly in the

amount of $500 for filing frivolous motions seeking unwarranted relief. See

10th Cir. R. 46.5(B)(2). Within three months of her appeal being docketed,

Beverly filed between five and seven motions, depending on how you count them,

seeking everything from an emergency writ of mandamus on Joseph’s behalf to an

order requiring the clerk of this court to serve her via email. A motions panel

denied the motions and warned Beverly that repeated violations of 10th Cir.

R. 46.5 would potentially lead to sanctions. On March 7, 2006, after Beverly

twice sought reconsideration of a decided issue, she was ordered to show cause
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why sanctions should not be imposed. The motions panel ordered the sanctions

upon receiving Beverly’s response.

This court has the inherent power to impose sanctions that are necessary to

regulate its docket, promote judicial efficiency, and deter frivolous filings. 

Christensen v. Ward, 916 F.2d 1462, 1469 (10th Cir. 1990). Beverly’s repeated

frivolous motions have caused this court to expend valuable time and resources

that could have been better spent addressing meritorious arguments advanced by

rule-abiding litigants. We therefore uphold the March 30, 2006, order. We

further ORDER that Beverly shall not be permitted to pursue additional appeals in

this court until she provides adequate proof that she has complied with the

sanctions imposed in this case. Christensen v. Ward, 916 F.2d 1485, 1485 (10th

Cir. 1990)

The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED. Beverly’s request to

vacate the orders of February 6, 2006, and March 30, 2006, is DENIED, and all

other pending motions are DENIED as moot.