DA 07-0537

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA

2008 MT 341

STATE OF MONTANA,

 Plaintiff and Appellee,

 v.

MARK D. SLADE,

 Defendant and Appellant.

APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Twelfth Judicial District,

In and For the County of Hill, Cause No. DC 2007-026

Honorable David Rice, Presiding Judge

COUNSEL OF RECORD:

For Appellant:

Jeremy S. Yellin, Attorney at Law, Havre, Montana

For Appellee:

Hon. Mike McGrath, Montana Attorney General, John Paulson, Assistant

Attorney General, Helena, Montana

Cyndee L. Peterson, Hill County Attorney, Gina Bishop, Deputy County

Attorney, Havre, Montana

Submitted on Briefs: September 17, 2008

 Decided: October 9, 2008

Filed:

__________________________________________

Clerk

October 9 2008
2

Justice Patricia O. Cotter delivered the Opinion of the Court.

¶1 Mark D. Slade (Slade) appeals his conviction for driving under the influence

(DUI), first offense, in the Twelfth Judicial District, Hill County. We affirm.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

¶2 In the afternoon of November 3, 2006, Slade drove his car into a utility pole on the 

Old Post Road near Havre, Montana. When officers responded to the scene of the 

accident, they found Slade. One of the officers noticed that his speech was slurred and 

his eyes were bloodshot. A second officer, Trooper Jeffrey Martin (Trooper Martin), 

conducted an investigation of the crash. While he was investigating the scene, Trooper

Martin noticed the smell of alcohol on Slade’s breath and in his pickup truck. Trooper

Martin also observed that Slade exhibited slurred speech, bloodshot eyes and unsteady 

walking patterns. Trooper Martin asked Slade to sit in his patrol car while he obtained 

identifying information from him. While in the car, Trooper Martin asked Slade to 

perform a horizontal gaze nystagmus test. The results of the test indicated to Trooper 

Martin possible alcohol impairment. Trooper Martin then informed Slade that he would 

be taken to the Hill County Detention Center for further processing.

¶3 When Slade refused to voluntarily accompany Trooper Martin, Trooper Martin 

placed him under arrest and took him to the Hill County Detention Center. Once there, 

Trooper Martin attempted to administer further field sobriety tests, read Slade the implied 

consent form, and have him submit to a breath alcohol test. Slade partially complied, but 

refused to take the breath test.
3

¶4 Slade was initially charged with DUI and careless driving in Hill County Justice 

Court and requested a jury trial. He was convicted on February 27, 2007. He then 

appealed to the District Court, seeking a new trial. A jury trial was scheduled for July 23, 

2007. On April 26, 2007, Slade filed a motion to suppress all the evidence obtained 

during the course of his arrest. Slade offered two separate grounds for suppression. First, 

he argued that the officers exceeded the scope of the investigatory stop while questioning 

him in the patrol car. Second, he argued that evidence of his refusal to take a breath test 

should be suppressed because he was not given a Miranda warning prior to the request.

¶5 The District Court denied the motion to suppress on both grounds, and Slade’s 

trial went forward. Prior to trial, the State filed proposed jury instructions. One of these 

proposed instructions was modeled on § 61-8-404(2), MCA, and instructed the jury that 

when a person who is under arrest for DUI refuses to submit to a test which detects the 

presence of alcohol, proof of that refusal is admissible evidence and gives rise to a 

rebuttable inference that the person was under the influence while driving. Slade also 

submitted proposed jury instructions. One of them was modeled on §§ 61-8-401 and 

-407, MCA, and pertained to various inferences which could be drawn based on the 

results of a breath test. Slade’s second proposed jury instruction was derived from 

§ 61-8-407, MCA, and pertained to the definition of alcohol concentration. The third 

instruction was taken from § 61-8-461(1), MCA, and pertained to the definition of 

alcoholic beverage.

¶6 At trial, Trooper Martin testified concerning his arrest and processing of Slade. 

Trooper Martin testified that he read Slade the standard implied consent form, but did not 
4

give him a Miranda warning prior to asking him to take a breath test. Slade’s counsel 

also attempted to query Trooper Martin on issues related to the machine used to 

administer a breath test, and the presumptions which arise as to whether a person is 

intoxicated based on the results of those tests. The State objected to the testimony on the 

grounds of relevance, noting that Slade did not take a breath test. The District Court 

sustained the State’s objection, but allowed Slade to make a complete record of his 

objection after the close of evidence. In explaining the basis for his objection, Slade’s 

counsel explained that in eliciting testimony on these issues he was simply trying to 

counteract the rebuttable inference of intoxication which arose from Slade’s refusal to 

take a breath test. Slade’s counsel argued that information about what would have 

happened if Slade had taken the test, and the potential inferences from the results of those 

tests, were backdrop for his argument that there was an unconstitutional shifting of the 

burden of proof against his client. 

¶7 After Slade’s attorney made his record, the District Court reiterated the grounds 

for its decision to sustain the State’s objection to testimony on these topics. The District 

Court stated that because Slade did not take a breath test, and there were no results of a 

breath test to present to the jury, the introduction of the results of hypothetical breath tests 

would simply confuse the jury. 

¶8 During the settling of jury instructions, Slade’s counsel objected to the use of the 

jury instruction which instructed the jury on the rebuttable presumption of intoxication 

which arose from Slade’s refusal to take a breath test. The District Court overruled the 

objection holding that the instruction was patterned on § 61-8-404(2), MCA, and allowed
5

the instruction to be given to the jury as Instruction No. 8. The District Court also 

rejected the three jury instructions offered by Slade which pertained to the results of 

breath tests and the definitions of blood alcohol concentration and alcoholic beverages. 

The District Court did so on the grounds that there was no evidence of an actual breath 

test or test results, and that the introduction of numbers related to such tests would both 

be confusing to the jury and irrelevant.

¶9 During the State’s closing arguments, the prosecution made reference to the 

rebuttable presumption of intoxication which arose due to Slade’s failure to submit to a 

breath test. Slade’s counsel objected that the prosecution was improperly shifting the 

burden of proof against the defendant. The District Court overruled the objection. 

Additionally, the prosecution made the following comments to the jury:

The only evidence, what you heard today, what you saw on the video, what 

you saw on the pictures, that’s all the evidence that is before you. There 

hasn’t been anything else to say otherwise. It comes down to basically the 

standard that the State has to prove this case beyond a reasonable doubt. Is 

there any reasonable doubt, do you have any reason to doubt what has been 

presented to you today? All the evidence that you had supports the charge 

of driving under the influence of alcohol there hasn’t been anything 

presented otherwise.

¶10 Slade’s counsel objected that this comment improperly shifted the burden of proof

to Slade. The District Court overruled the objection. Slade was subsequently convicted 

by the jury of DUI and careless driving

¶11 Slade now timely appeals his DUI conviction. We restate the issues presented by 

Slade as follows:
6

¶12 Issue One: Did the District Court abuse its discretion and unconstitutionally shift 

the burden of proof to Slade when it allowed the jury to be given Instruction No. 8?

¶13 Issue Two: Did the District Court abuse its discretion in limiting Slade’s 

examination of Trooper Martin?

¶14 Issue Three: Did the prosecution’s comments during closing arguments violate 

Slade’s right to a fair trial by undermining the presumption of innocence and shifting the 

burden of proof to him?

¶15 Issue Four: Did the District Court err when it denied Slade’s motion to suppress 

evidence of his refusal to take a breath test?

STANDARD OF REVIEW

¶16 “ ‘We review jury instructions to determine whether the instructions as a whole 

fully and fairly instruct the jury on the applicable law. A district court has broad 

discretion in formulating jury instructions, and our standard of review is whether the 

court abused that discretion.’ ” State v. English, 2006 MT 177, ¶ 39, 333 Mont. 23, ¶ 39, 

140 P.3d 454, ¶ 39 (quoting State v. Pittman, 2005 MT 70, ¶ 30, 326 Mont. 324, ¶ 30, 

109 P.3d 237, ¶ 30). Moreover, “[j]ury instructions that impermissibly shift the burden 

of proof to the defendant may constitute a violation of due process.” State v. Anderson, 

2008 MT 116, ¶ 17, 342 Mont. 485, ¶ 17, 182 P.3d 80, ¶ 17 (citing State v. McCaslin, 

2004 MT 212, ¶ 24, 322 Mont. 350, ¶ 24, 96 P.3d 722, ¶ 24). 

¶17 A district court has broad discretion to determine the relevance and admissibility 

of evidence, and we will not overturn a district court’s evidentiary rulings “absent a 

showing of abuse of discretion.” State v. Matz, 2006 MT 348, ¶ 34, 335 Mont. 201, ¶ 34, 
7

150 P.3d 367, ¶ 34. A district court abuses its discretion if it acts arbitrarily without the 

employment of conscientious judgment, or exceeds the bounds of reason resulting in 

substantial injustice. Matz, ¶ 34.

¶18 “If a prosecutor’s improper comments prejudice a defendant’s right to a fair trial, 

then the proper remedy is reversal.” State v. Sanchez, 2008 MT 27, ¶ 51, 341 Mont. 240, 

¶ 51, 177 P.3d 444, ¶ 51 (citing State v. Stringer, 271 Mont. 367, 381, 897 P.2d 1063, 

1072 (1995)). To determine if comments by a prosecutor require reversal we employ a 

two-step analysis, first examining whether the prosecutor’s comments were improper, 

and then determining whether the comments prejudiced the defendant’s right to a fair and 

impartial trial. Sanchez, ¶ 51 (citing State v. Gladue, 1999 MT 1, ¶ 12, 293 Mont. 1, 

¶ 12, 972 P.2d 827, ¶ 12). 

¶19 This Court reviews a denial of a motion to suppress to determine whether the 

findings of fact in support of a district court’s decision are clearly erroneous, and whether 

its conclusions of law are correct. State v. Wing, 2008 MT 218, ¶ 25, 344 Mont. 243, 

¶ 25, 188 P.3d 999, ¶ 25.

DISCUSSION

¶20 Issue One: Did the District Court abuse its discretion and unconstitutionally shift

the burden of proof to Slade when it allowed the jury to be given Instruction 

No. 8?

¶21 Instruction No. 8 stated the following:

You are instructed that if a person under arrest for the offense of 

Operating a Motor Vehicle While Under the Influence of Alcohol and/or 

Drugs refuses to submit to a test which detects the presence of alcohol, 

drugs or a combination of alcohol and drugs, proof of that refusal is 
8

admissible in a trial of that offense. The jury may infer from the refusal 

that the person was under the influence. That inference is rebuttable.

¶22 The statutory basis for this jury instruction is § 61-8-404(2), MCA. On appeal, 

Slade argues that this instruction impermissibly shifted the burden of proof to him,

relieved the State of its burden to prove his guilt, and required him to present a defense in 

order to rebut this presumption. He argues that this jury instruction was unconstitutional 

and that no corrective instruction was offered which would have mitigated this burden 

shifting against him.

¶23 While this case was pending on appeal, this Court decided Anderson. In 

Anderson, we affirmed our prior decisions in State v. Michaud, 2008 MT 88, 342 Mont. 

244, 180 P.3d 636, and City of Great Falls v. Morris, 2006 MT 93, 332 Mont. 85, 134 

P.3d 692, and held that the rebuttable presumption in § 61-8-404(2), MCA, does not 

unconstitutionally shift the burden of proof against a defendant and affirmed the 

constitutionality of jury instructions which are patterned on this statute. Anderson, ¶¶ 24, 

27. While Slade urges us to overrule Morris based upon an analysis under federal law, he 

has not presented any argument demonstrating that Morris was wrongly decided. Indeed, 

Slade has pointed to no caselaw demonstrating that § 61-8-404(2), MCA, 

unconstitutionally shifts the burden of proof to a defendant. Moreover, the District Court 

apprised the jury that evidence of the refusal was a permissive, not conclusive, 

presumption that Slade was intoxicated. Additionally, upon reviewing the jury 

instructions as a whole, it is also evident that the District Court informed the jury that the 
9

State had the burden of proving all the elements of the offense charged against Slade 

beyond a reasonable doubt.

¶24 In light of our recent affirmance of both Michaud and Morris in Anderson, and the 

jury instructions as whole which were given in this case, we hold that the District Court 

did not abuse its discretion in allowing the jury to receive Instruction No. 8.

¶25 Issue Two: Did the District Court abuse its discretion in limiting Slade’s 

examination of Trooper Martin?

¶26 On appeal, Slade argues that the District Court denied him his constitutional rights 

to present his theory of the case and to cross examine witnesses against him, when it 

prevented him from questioning Trooper Martin about the machine used to administer 

breath tests and various results that can occur when a breath test is administered. 

However, as the State correctly notes in its briefs, evidentiary rulings are reviewed for an 

abuse of discretion. As we stated in State v. Wilson, 2007 MT 327, 340 Mont. 191, 172 

P.3d 1264,

The right of a defendant in a criminal trial to confront the witnesses 

against him is contained in the Sixth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution 

and Article II, Section 24 of the Montana Constitution. “The main and 

essential purpose of confrontation is to secure for the opponent the 

opportunity of cross-examination.” Delaware v. Van Arsdall, 475 U.S. 

673, 678, 106 S.Ct. 1431, 1435, 89 L.Ed.2d 674 (1986) (alterations and 

quotations omitted). . . . However, the constitutional guarantee of the 

Confrontation Clause does not mean that a defendant may cross-examine 

witnesses on any subjects in any manner whatsoever, without the 

imposition of limits by the trial judge.

Wilson, ¶ 45 (emphasis in original).
10

¶27 Because Slade has failed to demonstrate that the District Court abused its 

discretion in limiting his examination of Trooper Martin, we affirm its evidentiary rulings 

in this regard.

¶28 Issue Three: Did the prosecution’s comments during closing arguments violate 

Slade’s right to a fair trial by undermining the presumption of innocence and 

shifting the burden of proof to him?

¶29 Slade maintains that the prosecutor made improper comments during closing 

arguments by commenting on the rebuttable presumption which arises under 

§ 61-8-404(2), MCA. Slade maintains that it was improper to comment on this 

presumption because it improperly shifted the burden of proof to him, and suggested to 

the jury that Slade’s guilt could be determined by his failure to present evidence. Slade 

maintains his argument is supported by State v. Newman, 2005 MT 348, 330 Mont. 160, 

127 P.3d 374. We disagree. Because the rebuttable presumption is constitutional and did 

not shift the burden of proof to Slade, it was not improper for the prosecutor to comment 

upon it. In this regard, Newman is distinguishable because in that case the prosecutor 

undermined the defendant’s presumption of innocence by criticizing her failure to present 

evidence which would corroborate her testimony, and also made references to other 

matters not in evidence. Newman, ¶¶ 28-30, 32 (Nelson, J., specially concurring). Here, 

by contrast, the prosecutor did not comment on matters not in evidence, but rather 

commented upon the rebuttable presumption, the constitutionality of which has been 

affirmed in Morris, Michaud, and Anderson. Thus, we conclude the prosecutor’s 

comments did not undermine Slade’s right to a fair trial.
11

¶30 Issue Four: Did the District Court err when it denied Slade’s motion to suppress 

evidence of his refusal to take a breath test?

¶31 Finally, Slade maintains that the District Court erred in failing to suppress 

evidence of his refusal to take a breath test. Slade argues that because he was not given a 

Miranda warning prior to the request to take the breath test, the evidence of his refusal to 

do so must be suppressed. He acknowledges that we addressed this issue in City of 

Missoula v. Forest, 236 Mont. 129, 769 P.2d 699 (1989), but urges us not to follow that 

decision under the authority of S.D. v. Neville, 459 U.S. 553, 103 S. Ct. 916 (1983). 

¶32 In Forest, we held that “[t]he Fifth Amendment affords no protection against the 

prosecutor’s use of fingerprints, measurements, handwriting, voice identification or blood 

tests; all constitute ‘physical or real’ evidence. Schmerber v. California (1966), 384 U.S. 

757, 86 S.Ct. 1826, 16 L.Ed.2d 908. [Thus], appellant’s claim of constitutional 

prohibition against self-incrimination by the admission of his refusal to submit to the 

blood-alcohol test is foreclosed by the Neville decision, which defined the refusal as nontestimonial conduct.” Forest, 236 Mont. at 134, 769 P.2d at 702. While Slade argues 

that we should decline to follow Forest based on the United States Supreme Court’s 

decision in Neville, he provides no reasoning to support this argument. Moreover, it is 

clear that we relied upon Neville in reaching our holding in Forest. Thus, Slade’s 

argument that Neville provides a basis for distinguishing Forest is unavailing. 

CONCLUSION

¶33 The District Court did not abuse its discretion in rejecting Slade’s proposed jury 

instructions and in allowing Instruction No. 8 to be read to the jury, nor did it abuse its 
12

discretion in limiting Slade’s examination of Trooper Martin. Finally, the District Court 

did not err in denying Slade’s motion to suppress. Thus, we affirm Slade’s conviction.

/S/ PATRICIA COTTER

We concur: 

/S/ JIM RICE

/S/ JAMES C. NELSON

/S/ W. WILLIAM LEAPHART

/S/ BRIAN MORRIS