IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT KNOXVILLE

July 22, 2008 Session

FRANCES RODRIGUEZ v. CHARLES G. PRICE

Direct Appeal from the Chancery Court for Blount County

No. 2006-130 Telford E. Forgety, Jr., Chancellor

No. E2007-02178-COA-R3-CV - FILED OCTOBER 6, 2008

This is an appeal from a Final Judgment issued by the Chancellor in respect to a Petition for

Registration and Modification of Foreign Decree in the Chancery Court of Blount County,

Tennessee. The Trial Court ordered the registration of the foreign Judgment, but denied the request

for modification. On appeal, we affirm.

Tenn. R. App. P.3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court Affirmed.

HERSCHEL PICKENS FRANKS,P.J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in whichD.MICHAEL SWINEY,

J., and SHARON G. LEE, J., joined.

W. Andrew Fox, Knoxville, Tennessee, for appellant.

Craig L. Garrett, Maryville, Tennessee, for appellee.

OPINION

Background

Appellant Frances Rodriguez and appellee Charles G. Price were divorced on May

26, 1998. The Final Judgment of Dissolution of Marriage was entered by the Family Division of the

Circuit Court of the Eighteenth Judicial District for Brevard County, Florida. In this action,

appellant petitioned the Chancery Court to register the Florida court’s Final Judgment and modify

the child support order on the grounds that there was a significant variance pursuant to the Uniform

Family Support Act, Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-5-2001 et seq. Appellant alleged that although the

original jurisdiction in Florida was appropriate at the time of the divorce, neither the child, Aaron
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T. Price, nor the parties to the divorce presently live in Florida. Appellant and Aaron reside in South

Carolina and Price resides in Blount County, Tennessee. 

Appellee filed an Answer and Counter-Petition, and conceded the Judgment of

Divorce could be made a judgment of the Tennessee court pursuant to Tennessee law, but denied the

Trial Court could modify the prior order of support because Aaron Price was not his biological child

and he owed no legal duty of support for Aaron Price. He further averred that any obligation for

support of Aaron was contractual in nature as set forth in the Marital Settlement Agreement, and

stated that he had agreed to provide limited support in a set amount for Aaron Price, appellant’s

natural child, in exchange for appellant’s waiver of any rights she might have to his military

retirement benefits. Appellee averred that he had faithfully provided $400.00 a month for Aaron

Price as set forth in the Marital Settlement Agreement, and the Final Judgment of Dissolution of

Marriage both stated that Aaron was not the biological child of Price. 

The Trial

The matter came on for trial August 7, 2007, and the Trial Court, after hearing

argument from counsel and the testimony of the parties, ordered the Florida Judgment to be

registered but denied appellant’s Petition to modify the child support for Aaron. 

The Court made the following findings of fact and conclusions of law at the

conclusion of the hearing:

1. There is no question that Aaron Price is not the biological child of Mr. Price.

2. The child support agreement contained in the agreement between the parties

and in the Final Judgment of Divorce was not child support in the classic

sense because Mr. Price is not the father of Aaron. 

3. The obligation of support for Aaron Mr. Price undertook of $400.00 a month

was by contract and not law. Neither the contract or the Final Judgment

contain any provision that the support obligation was modifiable. The support

obligation was in consideration for Ms. Rodriguez’s agreement not to make

any claim against Mr. Price’s military retirement benefits. 

4. The support obligation which Mr. Price contractually undertook is not

modifiable by the Court. 

The Final Judgment entered reflects the Trial Court’s holdings:

1. Petitioner is hereby allowed to register the foreign Florida decree in the event

the same ever needs to be enforced” and was subject to be registered but was

not subject to be modified as it relates to child support for the minor child,
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Aaron T. Price, and that the same was a non-modifiable contractual

obligation. 

2. Said foreign decree is not subject to modification as it relates to the child

support obligations relative to Aaron T. Price inasmuch it is undisputed that

the Respondent, Charles G. Price, is not the father of Aaron T. Price and the

child support obligation set forth in said decree is a contractual obligation not

subject to modification. 

 

Appellant admitted to appellee that Aaron is not his son. She claims she did not know

the full name of Aaron’s biological father and she had never tried to find him. Appellant testified

that Aaron called appellee “Dad” during the marriage. Between the time of Aaron’s birth, January

5, 1993, and the parties separation, appellant lived with appellee for approximately one to one and

a half years. Appellee served twenty-one years in the Air Force, from 1980 to 2001, and retired as

a master sergeant and currently receives military retirement benefits. Aaron is listed as a dependent

on his military health insurance. 

The Marital Settlement Agreement specifically states that “[b]oth parties intend this

Agreement to reflect a complete and final Agreement between them as to alimony, child custody,

child support, visitation, property and financial rights, in order that such rights and relations might

be finally fixed and determined for all time. The pertinent parts of the Agreement regarding child

custody and support are as follows:

10. SHARED PARENTAL RESPONSIBILITY. The parties shall have shared

parental responsibility for the children. However, Mother shall be the primary

residential parent for AARON PRICE and Father shall be the primary

residential parent for ALEX PRICE. The parties shall retain full parental

responsibility with respect to the children, and shall confer in good faith with

a view towards adopting a harmonious attitude in matters such as medical and

dental care, education, religious training and the other major aspects of the

children’s growth and development. 

Paragraph 11 of the Agreement provides in detail the terms regarding visitation between Rodriguez

and Alex, but does not address specifics regarding visitation between appellee and Aaron.

Paragraphs 12 and 14 provide for child support and the waiver by appellant of any rights to

appellee’s military retirement benefits as follows:

12. CHILD SUPPORT. The Husband shall pay directly to the Wife by allotment

from the Armed Forces, as and for the support of AARON, the amount of

$400.00 per month commencing on the 1 day of the month following entry st

of a final judgment, and continuing on the 1 day of each month thereafter. st

Child support shall continue as to Aaron until he attains the age of 18 years,

marries, dies, enters the armed forces, becomes self-supporting, or is
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otherwise emancipated. . . .

* * * *

14. WAIVER OF HUSBAND’S MILITARY RETIRED PAY. The Wife waives

any right she may have to a portion of the Husband’s military retired pay

should he be entitled to said pay when he leaves the armed forces. In

consideration, should the Husband ever disavow his support for Aaron or fail

to make child support payments, the Wife shall have the right to reopen her

claim for a portion of Husband’s military retired pay.

Paragraph 20 of the Agreement states:

20. TOTAL AGREEMENT. Each of the parties understands that this Agreement

constitutes the entire contract between them, superseding any prior

understanding or Agreement between them. No modification or waiver by

the parties of any of the terms herein shall be valid unless executed in writing

signed by both of them. 

Appellee testified that at the time he signed the agreement he believed that appellant

had a claim to a portion of his military retirement benefits, and he agreed to pay $400.00 a month

for Aaron and in return appellant agreed to waive all claims she had to the retirement benefits.

Appellee said he planned to maintain a relationship with Aaron, but appellant would not allow him

to have any relationship with Aaron after the divorce. Appellee said he had seen Aaron on only one

occasion since the divorce at the wedding of Aaron’s half-brother Alex in 2006, and Aaron has never

visited appellee’s home. He has had no involvement in decisions regarding Aaron’s upbringing or

education. 

The issues on appeal are summarized as follows:

A. Whether the Trial Court erred when it refused to modify the child support

obligation imposed by both the marital settlement agreement and the final

judgment of dissolution of marriage based on a finding that the obligation

was contractual?

B. Whether the Trial Court had jurisdiction to modify the child support

obligation under the uniform interstate family support act, Tenn. Code Ann.

§ 36-5-2001 et seq.?

C. Whether the child support obligation is eligible for modification under the

Tennessee child support guidelines?

A trial court’s findings of fact in a non-jury trial are reviewed de novo upon the
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record, with a presumption of correctness unless the evidence preponderates otherwise. Tenn. R.

App. P. 13 (d); Keyt v. Keyt, 244 S.W.3d 321, 327 (Tenn.2007); Union Carbide Corp. v. Huddleston,

854 S.W.2d 87, 91 (Tenn. 1993). The trial court’s conclusions of law, however, are reviewed under

a purely de novo standard with no presumption of correctness. Taylor v. Fezell, 158 S.W.3d 352, 357

(Tenn. 2005). 

The filing of the appellant’s Petition in the Tennessee Court of Blount County,

Tennessee to register the Florida court’s Final Decree was appropriate and the Trial Court had

subject matter jurisdiction to consider the matter pursuant to the Uniform Interstate Family Support

Act (UIFSA), Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-5-2001 et seq. 

The UIFSA controls the establishment, enforcement, or modification of support

orders across state lines by providing a mechanism by which support orders from other states can

be registered and enforced in Tennessee when the obligor parent lives in Tennessee. Torrico v.

Smithson, No. M2004-01924-COA-R3-JV, 2006 WL 334032 at * 3 (Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 13, 2006).

Under UIFSA, a state that issues a support order has continuing exclusive jurisdiction over that order

and no other state may modify that order as long as the issuing state has continuing exclusive

jurisdiction. Here, the issuing state was Florida, but it lost continuing exclusive jurisdiction, because

neither appellee, appellant, nor the child are residents of that state. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-5-

2205(a)(1). 

Accordingly, the Trial Court had subject matter jurisdiction to modify the support

order issued by Florida when all the elements of Tenn. Code Ann. §36-5-2611(a) are met. See,

LeTellier v. LeTellier, 40 S.W.3d 490, 497 (Tenn. 2001).

The substantive law of Tennessee regarding the obligation of child support and

modification of child support is applicable to this case. See Pickern v. Pickern, No. E2004-02038-

COA-R3-CV, 2005 WL 711964 at * 1 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 29, 2005); State ex rel. Schleigh v.

Schleigh, No. E-2002-1237-COA-R3-CV, 2002 WL 31421665 (Tenn. Ct. App. Oct. 29, 2002). The

Agreement between the parties contains a choice of law clause that provides that “all matters

affecting the interpretation and enforcement of this Agreement shall be construed and interpreted

pursuant to the laws of the state of Florida. Thus, Florida law governs our interpretation of the

Agreement. See Credit General Ins. Co. v. Insurance Service Group, Inc, No. E2007-00033-COAR3-CV, 2007 WL 2198475 at * 2 (Tenn. Ct. App. Jul. 31, 2007) (citing Goodwin Bros. Leasing, Inc.

v. H & B, Inc., 597 S.W.2d 303, 306 (Tenn.1980))(As a rule, Tennessee courts will honor a

contractual choice of law provision). The Trial Court held the child support agreement in the divorce

judgment was pursuant to the Agreement entered into by the parties and was not traditional child

support “within the meaning of the law such as to continue to be modified thereafter.” The Trial

Court also found that as the Agreement contained no provisions for modification of the support

agreement, the set amount of $400.00 a month could not be modified by the Court. Further, the

Court found the support obligation was in consideration for appellant’s agreement not to make any

claim against the appellee’s military retirement benefits, and the Court also rejected appellant’s
Appellee testified on this issue, and appellant did not contest his statement. It is 1

uncontroverted that appellee did not have a relationship with the child after the divorce. 

Where a party makes no legal argument and cites no authority in support of a position, such 2

issue is deemed waived and will not be considered on appeal. Volunteer Concrete Walls, LLC v.

Community Trust & Banking Co., No. E2006-006020COA-R3-CV, 2006 WL 3497894 at *4 (Tenn.

Ct. App. Dec. 4, 2006), see also Tenn. R. App. P. 27(a)(7)(b).

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argument that appellee was required to support the child under a theory of in loco parentis.

Appellant argues that the Agreement established an in loco parentis relationship with

the child. What appellant does not acknowledge is that the appellee never exercised any of the

“rights” the agreement granted him as to the child because appellee would not allow him to have any

relationship with the child after the divorce.1

Appellant relies on the Florida case of Taylor v. Taylor, 279 So. 2d 364, 366 (Fla.

DCA, 1973) to support her contention that Florida common law recognizes the concept that an in

loco parentis relationship can be extended or created by contract. The holding in Taylor that “a

person has no legal duty to provide support for a minor child who is neither his natural nor his

adopted child and for whose care and support he has not contracted” is a well settled rule of Florida

law. See Daniel v. Daniel, 695 So.2d 1253, 1254 (Fla.1997); Albert v. Albert, 415 So.2d 818, 820

(Fla. 2d DCA 1982); Portuondo v. Portuondo, 570 So.2d 1338, 1342 (Fla. 3d DCA 1990); Swain

v. Swain, 567 So.2d 1058 (Fla. 5th DCA 1990); Ferradaz v. Ortiz, 754 So. 2d 867, 869 (Fla. 3d

DCA 2000); Bostwick v. Bostwick, 346 So.2d 150 (Fla. 1st DCA 1977). None of these cases

following the Taylor holding concerned a situation where a non-parent had contractually assumed

the obligation of support of a child and none involved a contract that bestowed the status of in loco

parentis on an individual. All of these cases that found in loco parentis also found that the

relationship terminated at the dissolution of the marriage. 

In relying on Taylor, appellant misconstrues the meaning of the language in Taylor.

Taylor states that a person who stands in loco parentis to a child has a legal duty to care for and

support the child but any legal duty of support based on in loco parentis status, under the facts of

the Taylor case, would have been terminated upon the divorce of the parties. Moreover, Taylor does

not hold that a non-parent who contracts to take on the care and support of a child, as appellee did,

acquires in loco parentis status which then extends the support obligations by operation of law

beyond the support terms of the contract. Appellant cites no case that so holds. Appellant’s brief

argues that both Florida and Tennessee law support her contention that common law holds in loco

parentis can be extended be contract. She does not cite any authority from these states to support this

statement, and we cannot locate any. 

2
 This is not the law in Tennessee. Penland v. Penland, 521 S.W.2d 222 (Tenn. 1975)The 3

provisions of a marital dissolution agreement that go beyond the scope of legal or statutory duty for

support remain contractual even if incorporated into the final judgment. Penland at 224. 

 These are terms various courts have used to describe a person in the appellant’s position 4

as to the child. 

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Appellant relies on Duffy v. Duffy, 438 S.E.2d 445 (N.C. App. 1994). The North

Carolina Court held that based on a North Carolina statute, husband, by signing the Separation

Agreement in which he agreed to pay child support for the child, voluntarily and in writing extended

his status ofin loco parentis post-divorce. Id. at 385. The Duffy Court found that since the Separation

Agreement was incorporated into the judgment of divorce, the Trial Court was not bound by the

amount of support the parties had agreed upon, but was free to modify the amount of child support

in the event of changed circumstances. Id. at 448. The Duffy Court concluded that in the event the 3

needs of the child exceeded the ability of the natural parents to meet those needs, then and only then

would the husband be secondarily responsible for the deficiency. Id. at 449. 

Here, the Chancellor correctly determined that the reasoning of Duffy is inapplicable

to this case as Tennessee does not have a statute that requires a person or entity that stands in loco

parentis to bear secondary or, for that matter, any liability for the support of a child. Moreover, as

appellee pointed out in his argument, the result in Duffy is the exact opposite of what appellant seeks

in this case. In Duffy the case was remanded for a determination of child support to be assessed to

both the natural parents of the child who bore primary responsibility for support. A support

obligation would only be assigned secondarily to Mr. Duffy in the event both natural parents could

not meet the child’s needs. The ultimate question before us is whether the Agreement created an in

loco parentis relationship between Aaron and the appellee, post-divorce. A marital settlement

agreement entered and modified by the Court is subject to interpretation as a matter of law like any

other contract, thus the Court’s review is de novo. Hobus v. Crandall, 972 So.2d 867, 869 (Fla. 2nd

DCA. 2007)(citing Kenyon v. Kenyon, 496 So.2d 839 (Fla. 2d DCA 1986);Ballantyne v. Ballantyne,

666 So.2d 957 (Fla. 1st DCA 1996)). Courts may not interpret a marital settlement agreement to

include terms that were not plainly stated in the agreement. Robinson v. Robinson, 788 So.2d 1092.

1094 (Fla. 4th DCA 2001). 

The Agreement sets forth clearly in the first paragraph that appellee is not the child’s

natural father, nor does it state anything to the effect that although appellee is not the child’s natural

father his intent is to remain in loco parentis or “as a father”, or a “legal father” or a “psychological

father” to the child. Since courts are not to interpret a marital settlement agreement to include 4

terms that were not plainly stated in the agreement, we conclude the Agreement did not create or

extend an in loco parentis relationship. The Agreement does provide that appellee will pay support

in the amount of $400.00 a month, and also states that appellant waives any right she may have to

a portion of Mr. Price’s military retirement benefits. This is tied to appellee’s agreement to pay

$400.00 a month. The Agreement statement that appellant can reopen a claim for a portion of the
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retirement benefits as a consequence of appellee’s disavowal of his support obligation for the child

is significant for two reasons. It demonstrates that the $400.00 a month support obligation was given

in consideration of the waiver of appellant’s rightsto the retirement benefits. More importantly, this

clause demonstrates that the parties agreed that appellee had the right to disclaim the support

obligation and that should he exercise that right, appellant’s remedy would be to bring an action to

recover part of the military retirement benefits. If the Agreement was intended to create or extend

the in loco parentis relationship, this clause would not make sense. If the child support obligation

arose as a matter of law because of the in loco parentis status, appellee would have no right to

disavow the obligation and if he failed to make the payments that he was obliged to make the remedy

would be for appellant to bring him into court in a contempt proceeding. The foregoing indicates

that the child support obligation is purely contractual, another provision of the Agreement

demonstrates the child support obligation is a matter of contract. In sum, under Florida law, child

support obligations arise by statute, by contract or because of an in loco parentis relationship.

Appellant’s position that the Agreement gave appellee in loco parentis status post-divorce causing

a child support obligation to arise as a matter of law, is not consistent with the unambiguous terms

of the Agreement and the actions of the parties. The child support obligation of $400.00 a month

is contractual and not modifiable by the Court under the Tennessee Child Support guidelines. 

Accordingly, we affirm the Judgment of the Trial Court and remand, with the cost

of the appeal assessed to Frances Rodriguez. 

______________________________

HERSCHEL PICKENS FRANKS, P.J.