**Case C-227/07**

**Commission of the European Communities**

**v**

**Republic of Poland**

(Failure of a Member State to fulfil obligations – Electronic communications – Networks and services – Directive 2002/19/EC (Access Directive) – Article 4(1) and the first subparagraph of Article 5(1) – Incorrect transposition)

Summary of the Judgment

1.        *Approximation of laws – Electronic communications networks and services – Access to, and interconnection of, electronic communications
networks and associated facilities – Directive 2002/19 – Obligation on operators to negotiate interconnection with each other*

*(European Parliament and Council Directive 2002/19, Arts 4(1), 8(2), and 12(1)(b))*

2.        *Approximation of laws – Electronic communications networks and services – Access to, and interconnection of, electronic communications
networks and associated facilities – Directive 2002/19 – Power of the national regulatory authority to encourage and where
appropriate ensure adequate access and interconnection*

*(European Parliament and Council Directive 2002/19, Art. 5(1), first subpara.)*

1.        By imposing on operators of public communications networks a general obligation to negotiate agreements for access to the
telecommunications network, a Member State does not correctly transpose Article 4(1) of Directive 2002/19 on access to, and
interconnection of, electronic communications networks and associated facilities, which concerns the obligation to negotiate
interconnection with each other, and on that basis fails to fulfil its obligations under that directive.

The second sentence of Article 4(1) of that directive allows operators to offer access and interconnection to other undertakings
on terms and conditions consistent with obligations imposed by the national regulatory authority. Those obligations include
the obligations which that authority may impose under Article 8(2) of that directive on an operator designated as having significant
market power on a specific market following a market analysis. In that regard, it is apparent from reading together Articles
8 and 12(1)(b) of that directive that an obligation to negotiate an agreement with undertakings in good faith may be imposed
by national regulatory authorities on operators with significant market power, following an analysis of that market. However,
the national law is not based on two sets of rules depending on the market power of the undertakings; rather, it leads to
equal treatment of all operators, without allowing the national regulatory authority to take account of the specific context
before intervening or in the course of its examination of the request by the undertaking seeking access to a telecommunications
network. The consequence of the obligation provided for under national law to negotiate access agreements in good faith is
to impose such an obligation without prior evaluation of the degree of effective competition on the market concerned. The
national law also does not allow the obligation to be withdrawn or amended where competition in the market intensifies.

Moreover, according to recital 19 of that directive, whilst increasing competition, intervention by national regulatory authorities
must balance the rights of an infrastructure owner to exploit its infrastructure for its own benefit and the rights of other
service providers to access facilities that are essential for the provision of competing services.

Furthermore, under Article 12(2) of Directive 2002/19, intervention by national regulatory authorities is circumscribed by
the need take account of the factors set out in that provision, including the need to safeguard competition in the long term
and to assess the proportionality of obligations which that authority intends to impose as regards access to specific network
elements and their use in relation to the objectives set out in Article 8 of Directive 2002/21 on a common regulatory framework
for electronic communications networks and services. By not providing for intervention by the national regulatory authority
prior to imposition of an obligation to negotiate access agreements, the national law does not allow for any assessment of
the circumstances in accordance with the factors set out in Article 12(2).

(see paras 37-44, 49, operative part 1)

2.        The first subparagraph of Article 5(1) of Directive 2002/19 on access to, and interconnection of, electronic communications
networks and associated facilities, which concerns the power of the national regulatory authority to encourage and where appropriate
ensure, in accordance with the directive’s provisions, adequate access and interconnection, and interoperability of services,
is limited to providing for a general power for the national regulatory authorities for the purpose of achieving the objectives
of Article 8 of Directive 2002/21 on a common regulatory framework for electronic communications networks and services.

(see para. 65)

JUDGMENT OF THE COURT (Second Chamber)

13 November 2008 (*)

(Failure of a Member State to fulfil obligations – Electronic communications – Networks and services – Directive 2002/19/EC (Access Directive) – Article 4(1) and the first subparagraph of Article 5(1) – Incorrect transposition)

In Case C‐227/07,

ACTION under Article 226 EC for failure to fulfil obligations, brought on 8 May 2007,

**Commission of the European Communities,** represented by M. Shotter and K. Mojzesowicz, acting as Agents, with an address for service in Luxembourg,

applicant,

v

**Republic of Poland,** represented initially by E. Ośniecka-Tamecka and T. Nowakowski, and subsequently by M. Dowgielewicz, acting as Agents,

defendant,

THE COURT (Second Chamber),

composed of C.W.A. Timmermans, President of Chamber, K. Schiemann, P. Kūris (Rapporteur), L. Bay Larsen and C. Toader, Judges,

Advocate General: D. Ruiz-Jarabo Colomer,

Registrar: R. Grass,

having regard to the written procedure,

after hearing the Opinion of the Advocate General at the sitting on 10 June 2008,

gives the following

**Judgment**

1        By its application, the Commission of the European Communities requests that the Court declare that the Republic of Poland,
by failing to transpose correctly into national law Directive 2002/19/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of
7 March 2002 on access to, and interconnection of, electronic communications networks and associated facilities (‘the Access
Directive’), and, in particular, Article 4(1) thereof relating to an obligation to negotiate interconnection with each other,
and the first subparagraph of Article 5(1) thereof relating to the power of the national regulatory authority to encourage
and where appropriate ensure, in accordance with the directive’s provisions, adequate access and interconnection, and interoperability
of services, the Republic of Poland has failed to fulfil its obligations under that directive.

**Legal context**

*Community law*

2        Recital 6 in the preamble to that directive states:

‘In markets where there continue to be large differences in negotiating power between undertakings, and where some undertakings
rely on infrastructure provided by others for delivery of their services, it is appropriate to establish a framework to ensure
that the market functions effectively. National regulatory authorities should have the power to secure, where commercial negotiation
fails, adequate access and interconnection and interoperability of services in the interest of end-users. In particular, they
may ensure end-to-end connectivity by imposing proportionate obligations on undertakings that control access to end-users.
Control of means of access may entail ownership or control of the physical link to the end‐user (either fixed or mobile),
and/or the ability to change or withdraw the national number or numbers needed to access an end-user’s network termination
point. This would be the case for example if network operators were to restrict unreasonably end-user choice for access to
Internet portals and services.’

3        Recital 14 states:

‘Directive 97/33/EC laid down a range of obligations to be imposed on undertakings with significant market power, namely transparency,
non‐discrimination, accounting separation, access, and price control including cost orientation. This range of possible obligations
should be maintained but, in addition, they should be established as a set of maximum obligations that can be applied to undertakings,
in order to avoid over-regulation. Exceptionally, in order to comply with international commitments or Community law, it may
be appropriate to impose obligations for access or interconnection on all market players, as is currently the case for conditional
access systems for digital television services.’

4        According to recital 19 of the directive:

‘Mandating access to network infrastructure can be justified as a means of increasing competition, but national regulatory
authorities need to balance the rights of an infrastructure owner to exploit its infrastructure for its own benefit, and the
rights of other service providers to access facilities that are essential for the provision of competing services. Where obligations
are imposed on operators that require them to meet reasonable requests for access to and use of networks elements and associated
facilities, such requests should only be refused on the basis of objective criteria such as technical feasibility or the need
to maintain network integrity. Where access is refused, the aggrieved party may submit the case to the dispute resolutions
procedure referred to in Articles 20 and 21 of Directive 2002/21/EC [of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 March
2002 on a common regulatory framework for electronic communications networks and services (Framework Directive) (OJ 2002 L
108, p. 33; “the Framework Directive”)]. An operator with mandated access obligations cannot be required to provide types
of access which are not within its powers to provide. The imposition by national regulatory authorities of mandated access
that increases competition in the short-term should not reduce incentives for competitors to invest in alternative facilities
that will secure more competition in the long-term. The Commission has published a Notice on the application of the competition
rules to access agreements in the telecommunications sector (OJ 1998 C 265, p. 2) which addresses these issues. National regulatory
authorities may impose technical and operational conditions on the provider and/or beneficiaries of mandated access in accordance
with Community law. In particular the imposition of technical standards should comply with Directive 98/34/EC of the European
Parliament and of the Council of 22 June 1998 laying down a procedure for the provision of information in the field of technical
standards and regulations and of rules of Information Society services (OJ 1998 L 204, p. 37), as amended by European Parliament
and Council Directive 98/48/EC (OJ 1998 L 217, p. 18).’

5        Article 2 of the directive contains the following definitions:

‘...

(a)      “access” means the making available of facilities and/or services, to another undertaking, under defined conditions, on either
an exclusive or non‐exclusive basis, for the purpose of providing electronic communications services. It covers inter alia:
access to network elements and associated facilities, which may involve the connection of equipment, by fixed or non‐fixed
means (in particular this includes access to the local loop and to facilities and services necessary to provide services over
the local loop), access to physical infrastructure including buildings, ducts and masts; access to relevant software systems
including operational support systems, access to number translation or systems offering equivalent functionality, access to
fixed and mobile networks, in particular for roaming, access to conditional access systems for digital television services;
access to virtual network services;

(b)      “interconnection” means the physical and logical linking of public communications networks used by the same or a different
undertaking in order to allow the users of one undertaking to communicate with users of the same or another undertaking, or
to access services provided by another undertaking. Services may be provided by the parties involved or other parties who
have access to the network. Interconnection is a specific type of access implemented between public network operators;

...’

6        Article 4(1) of the Access Directive provides as follows:

‘Operators of public communications networks shall have a right and, when requested by other undertakings so authorised, an
obligation to negotiate interconnection with each other for the purpose of providing publicly available electronic communications
services, in order to ensure provision and interoperability of services throughout the Community. Operators shall offer access
and interconnection to other undertakings on terms and conditions consistent with obligations imposed by the national regulatory
authority pursuant to Articles 5, 6, 7 and 8.’

7        Article 5 of that directive, which sets out the powers and responsibilities of the national regulatory authorities with regard
to access and interconnection, provides:

‘1. National regulatory authorities shall, acting in pursuit of the objectives set out in Article 8 of [the Framework Directive],
encourage and where appropriate ensure, in accordance with the provisions of this Directive, adequate access and interconnection,
and interoperability of services, exercising their responsibility in a way that promotes efficiency, sustainable competition,
and gives the maximum benefit to end-users.

In particular, without prejudice to measures that may be taken regarding undertakings with significant market power in accordance
with Article 8, national regulatory authorities shall be able to impose:

(a)      to the extent that is necessary to ensure end-to-end connectivity, obligations on undertakings that control access to end-users,
including in justified cases the obligation to interconnect their networks where this is not already the case;

(b)      to the extent that is necessary to ensure accessibility for end-users to digital radio and television broadcasting services
specified by the Member State, obligations on operators to provide access to the other facilities referred to in Annex I,
Part II on fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory terms.

2.      When imposing obligations on an operator to provide access in accordance with Article 12, national regulatory authorities
may lay down technical or operational conditions to be met by the provider and/or beneficiaries of such access, in accordance
with Community law, where necessary to ensure normal operation of the network. Conditions that refer to implementation of
specific technical standards or specifications shall respect Article 17 of [the Framework Directive].

3.      Obligations and conditions imposed in accordance with paragraphs 1 and 2 shall be objective, transparent, proportionate and
non-discriminatory, and shall be implemented in accordance with the procedures referred to in Articles 6 and 7 of [the Framework
Directive].

4.      With regard to access and interconnection, Member States shall ensure that the national regulatory authority is empowered
to intervene at its own initiative where justified or, in the absence of agreement between undertakings, at the request of
either of the parties involved, in order to secure the policy objectives of Article 8 of the [Framework] Directive 2002/21/EC,
in accordance with the provisions of this Directive and the procedures referred to in Articles 6 and 7, 20 and 21 of the [Framework]
Directive.’

8        Articles 6 and 7 of the Access Directive, which fall under Chapter III, entitled ‘Obligations on operators and market review
procedures’, concern, first, conditional access systems to digital television and radio services broadcast to viewers and
listeners, and, secondly, the required review of former obligations for access and interconnection.

9        Article 8(2) and (3) of the Access Directive state:

‘2.      Where an operator is designated as having significant market power on a specific market as a result of a market analysis carried
out in accordance with Article 16 of the [Framework] Directive, national regulatory authorities shall impose the obligations
set out in Articles 9 to 13 of this Directive as appropriate.

3.      Without prejudice to:

–        the provisions of Articles 5(1), 5(2) and 6,

–        the provisions of Articles 12 and 13 of the [Framework] Directive, Condition 7 in Part B of the Annex to Directive 2002/20/EC
[of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 March 2002 on the authorisation of electronic communications networks
and services (Authorisation Directive) [OJ 2002 L 108, p. 21] as applied by virtue of Article 6(1) of [the latter] Directive,
Articles 27, 28 and 30 of Directive 2002/22/EC [of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 March 2002 on universal
service and users’ rights relating to electronic communications networks and services (Universal Service Directive) [(OJ 2002
L 108, p. 51; “the Universal Service Directive”)] and the relevant provisions of Directive 97/66/EC of the European Parliament
and of the Council of 15 December 1997 concerning the processing of personal data and the protection of privacy in the telecommunications
sector [(OJ 1998 L 24, p. 1)] containing obligations on undertakings other than those designated as having significant market
power, or

–        the need to comply with international commitments,

national regulatory authorities shall not impose the obligations set out in Articles 9 to 13 on operators that have not been
designated in accordance with paragraph 2.

...’

10      Article 12 of the Access Directive, headed ‘Obligations of access to, and use of, specific network facilities’, provides:

‘1.      A national regulatory authority may, in accordance with the provisions of Article 8, impose obligations on operators to meet
reasonable requests for access to, and use of, specific network elements and associated facilities, inter alia in situations
where the national regulatory authority considers that denial of access or unreasonable terms and conditions having a similar
effect would hinder the emergence of a sustainable competitive market at the retail level, or would not be in the end-user’s
interest.

Operators may be required inter alia:

...

(b)      to negotiate in good faith with undertakings requesting access;

...

2.      When national regulatory authorities are considering whether to impose the obligations referred in paragraph 1, and in particular
when assessing whether such obligations would be proportionate to the objectives set out in Article 8 of the Framework Directive,
they shall take account in particular of the following factors:

(a)      the technical and economic viability of using or installing competing facilities, in the light of the rate of market development,
taking into account the nature and type of interconnection and access involved;

(b)      the feasibility of providing the access proposed, in relation to the capacity available;

(c)      the initial investment by the facility owner, bearing in mind the risks involved in making the investment;

(d)      the need to safeguard competition in the long-term;

(e)      where appropriate, any relevant intellectual property rights;

(f)      the provision of pan-European services.’

11      Article 8 of the Framework Directive sets out the policy objectives and regulatory principles which the national regulatory
authorities must ensure are observed.

*National law*

12      Article 1 of the Polish Law on telecommunications (Prawo Telekomunikacyjne), of 16 July 2004 (Dz. U. 2004, No 171, position
1800; ‘the Law on telecommunications’) sets out the rules applicable to the supply of telecommunications services, the provision
of telecommunications networks or associated facilities (‘the telecommunications activities’).

13      Paragraph 2 thereof provides that:

‘The aim of this Law is to create conditions:

(1)      for fair and effective competition in telecommunications services;

(2)      for the development and use of modern telecommunications infrastructures;

(3)      to ensure that the use of numbering, radio frequencies and orbital resources is properly managed;

(4)      to ensure that users derive maximum benefit in terms of choice, price and quality of telecommunications services;

(5)      to ensure technological neutrality.

...’

14      Article 26 of the Law on telecommunications states as follows:

‘1.      If another telecommunications undertaking or body referred to in Article 4(1), (2), (4), (5), (7) and (8), so requests, the
operator of a public telecommunications network shall conduct negotiations on the conclusion of an access agreement with a
view to providing publicly-available telecommunications services and to ensuring their interoperability.

2.      Telecommunications undertaking, when negotiating the clauses of access agreements, shall take account of the obligations imposed
on them.

3.      Information obtained in the course of the negotiations may be used only in accordance with its intended purpose and is subject
to the confidentiality obligation, unless otherwise provided.

4.      Unless otherwise provided, the provisions of this chapter in relation to telecommunications undertakings shall apply to the
entities referred to in Article 4(1), (2), (4), (5), (7) and (8) respectively.

5.      Where an operator of a Member State applying for access to a telecommunications network does not perform any telecommunications
activities in the territory of Poland, it shall not be required to make an entry in the register referred to in Article 10.’

15      Under Article 27 of the Law on telecommunications:

‘1.      The President of the [(Urząd Komunikacji Elektronicznej (‘UKE’) (Office of Electronic Comunications)] may, of his own motion
or upon written request by each party to negotiations for the conclusion of an access agreement, by order, lay down a time-limit
for closing negotiations, which must not exceed 90 days from the day of submission of the request for the conclusion of an
access agreement.

2.      If the negotiations do not commence, if access is refused by the operator required to grant such access, or if the agreement
is not concluded within the time‐limit referred to in paragraph 1, any party may request the president of UKE to adopt a decision
regarding the points in dispute or to define the terms of cooperation.

3.      The request referred to in paragraph 2 shall include the draft access agreement and set out the respective positions of the
parties to the extent specified by the Law and refer to those clauses in the agreement on which the parties were unable to
agree.

4.      At the request of the President of UKE, the parties shall submit to him, within 14 days, their respective positions on the
points of dispute and the documents necessary to examine the request.’

16      Article 28 of the Law is worded as follows:

‘1.      The President of UKE shall make his decision on the grant of access within 90 days of the date of the submission of the request
referred to in Article 27(2), taking account of the following criteria:

(1)      the interest of users of telecommunications networks;

(2)      the obligations imposed on telecommunications undertakings;

(3)      the promotion of modern telecommunications services;

(4)      the nature of existing points at issue and the practical possibility, having regard to the technical and economic aspects
of access, of implementing the solutions proposed by telecommunications undertakings which were party to the negotiations
or possible alternative solutions;

(5)      ensuring:

(a)      the integrity of the network and interoperability of services,

(b)      non-discriminatory terms of access,

(c)      the development of a competitive market for telecommunications services;

(6)      the market power of telecommunications undertakings whose networks are interconnected;

(7)      the public interest, including protection of the environment;

(8)      the continuity of universal services.

2.      The President of UKE shall make the decision on grant of access to the entities referred to in Article 4(1), (2), (4), (5),
(7) and (8) within 60 days of the date of the submission of the request referred to in Article 27(2), taking account of the
criteria referred to in paragraph 1 of this article, points (1) to (4), (5)(a) and (c) and (6) to (8), of the needs of national
defence, State security and public order and safety, as well as the specific nature of the tasks performed by those entities.

3.      The decision on grant of access for the purposes of network interconnection may include the [mandatory and variable] provisions
[according to the type of interconnected networks].

4.      The decision on granting access shall replace that part of the access agreement covered by the decision.

5.      If the interested parties conclude an access agreement, the provisions of the decision on access which are covered by that
agreement shall expire by operation of law.

6.      The decision on access may be modified by the President of UKE at the request of any party concerned or ex officio, where
this is justified by the need to protect the interests of end-users, to ensure effective competition or interoperability of
services.

7.      In the event of financial claims for non-performance or inadequate performance of obligations which result from the decision
on access, judicial proceedings shall be commenced.

8.      The President of UKE shall issue a decision on access which includes all the provisions necessary to ensure access if one
of the parties is a telecommunications undertaking on which an obligation has been imposed, particularly under Article 45.’

17      According to Article 29 of the Law:

‘The President of UKE may, ex officio, modify the content of an access agreement or require the parties to modify it where
this is justified by the need to protect the interests of end-users and to ensure effective competition or interoperability
of services.’

18      Article 30 of the Law on telecommunications provides that ‘Articles 26 to 28 ... shall apply *mutatis mutandis* to the modification of access agreements’.

19      Under Article 45:

‘The President of UKE may, taking account of the appropriateness of a given obligation to the problem identified, the principle
of proportionality and the objectives referred to in Article 1(2), and having regard to Article 1(3), adopt a decision which
imposes on a telecommunications undertaking which controls access to end-users regulatory obligations necessary to ensure
that the end-users of that telecommunications undertaking can communicate with the users of another telecommunications undertaking,
including the obligation of network interconnection.’

20      Article 136 of the Law provides:

‘1.      The President of UKE may, by means of a decision, impose an obligation on telecommunications undertakings to grant access
to the following associated facilities:

(1)      software interfaces,

(2)      electronic programme guides.

2.      The provisions on consultation and consolidation proceedings shall apply to a decision referred to in paragraph 1.

3.      The President of UKE shall issue a decision referred to in paragraph 1, based on the principles of equality and non-discrimination.’

**The pre-litigation procedure**

21      By letter of formal notice sent on 21 March 2005, the Commission informed the Republic of Poland of its concerns regarding
the transposition into national law of Article 4(1) and the first subparagraph of Article 5(1) of the Access Directive. That
Member State replied to it by letter of 20 May 2005.

22      On 4 July 2006, the Commission issued a reasoned opinion requesting that Member State to take the measures necessary to comply
with the opinion within two months of its receipt. The Polish authorities replied to that opinion on 4 September 2006. As
it was not satisfied with that reply, the Commission decided to institute these proceedings.

**The action**

*The first complaint, alleging non-conformity of Article 26 of the Law on telecommunications with Article 4(1) of the Access
Directive*

Arguments of the parties

23      In its first plea, the Commission contends that the obligation to negotiate interconnection laid down in Article 4(1) of the
Access Directive applies to all operators of public telecommunications networks and concerns the interconnection of networks.
The latter is a particular type of access which is implemented between the various operators of public networks and does not
involve any other form of access. The national regulatory authority only intervenes in exceptional circumstances.

24      In the Commission’s view, it follows from recitals 6 and 14 and Articles 8(3), 5(1) and 12 of the Access Directive that, first
of all, an evaluation must be carried out to determine whether the market concerned is subject to *ex ante* regulation and to assess the level of competition on that market. Secondly, the national regulatory authorities are required
to take account of a range of factors and to examine the impact of the access obligation on long-term competition in that
market. Thirdly, under Article 5(1) of the Access Directive, national regulatory authorities must be expressly empowered to
impose an obligation to negotiate access to telecommunications networks on all operators, including those without significant
market power. Fourthly, one of the basic tenets of the Community legal framework for electronic communications is the principle
that intervention by national regulatory authorities is limited to those cases where free market mechanisms are not functioning
or are not leading to satisfactory results.

25      According to the Commission, however, Article 26(1) of the Law on telecommunications has the effect of imposing a general
obligation to negotiate in good faith agreements on access to telecommunications networks.

26      In the Commission’s view, the significance of such an obligation being imposed by statute is not only that the regulatory
authority is not required to ascertain whether the imposition of that obligation encourages access to telecommunications networks,
but also that it entails no weighing-up of the interests of the operator of the network concerned and of the undertakings
seeking access to that network and no assessment of the effect of imposing that obligation in a particular market. The authority
is also not required to indicate whether the conditions laid down in Article 5(1) of the Access Directive have been satisfied.

27      Furthermore, the Commission maintains that the Republic of Poland’s position is based on two false premises. The first is
that the Access Directive provides that the regulatory authority may require any operator of a telecommunications network
to negotiate access to that network, without taking account of the actual situation. The second is that the fact of holding
negotiations is not very onerous for operators of telecommunications networks, since it has no effect on their investment
decisions and thus on the conditions of competition.

28      Finally, the Commission submits, first, that the approach under the Polish Law on telecommunications does not enable the principle
of legal certainty to be implemented more effectively than the approach under the Access Directive, and, furthermore, that
the latter directive does not provide for a right to require negotiations to be opened, but merely for the national regulatory
authority to be empowered to impose, following a market analysis, an obligation to negotiate on operators of telecommunications
networks with significant market power or, in certain cases, on any operator.

29      The Republic of Poland contests the merits of this first complaint. It submits that interpreting the Access Directive on the
basis of its purpose and function leads to the conclusion that, by laying down an obligation to enter into negotiations not
only for the purposes of interconnection of telecommunications networks, but also for the purpose of access to those networks,
the provisions of Article 26 of the Law on telecommunications are not contrary to Article 4(1) of that directive.

30      In that regard, that Member State maintains, first of all, that requiring an operator of a telecommunications network to enter
into negotiations with an undertaking which seeks access to that network constitutes a form of encouraging access to telecommunications
networks, since maximum utilisation of existing infrastructures by all interested parties can thereby be achieved.

31      The Member State further maintains that the approach by which national bodies are given powers to require such an operator
to enter into negotiations at the request of an undertaking wishing to access the network in question and its own approach
of guaranteeing to such an undertaking the right to require that negotiations will be entered into lead to similar results
for that operator.

32      Secondly, the Republic of Poland takes the view that its approach is the best way of implementing the principle of legal certainty,
since operators are able to ascertain precisely the extent of their obligations under the Law on telecommunications.

33      The Member State also submits that it can be inferred from recital six and from the first subparagraph of Article 5(1) of
the Access Directive that any undertaking has the *de facto* right to request the operator of a public telecommunications network to hold negotiations on access to that network and that,
if it fails to do so, the undertaking can apply to the regulatory authority. As a result, the decision of the regulatory authority
by which the operator concerned is required to enter into negotiations may be regarded as declaratory in nature since it confirms
the existence of an obligation on the operator to that effect, and thus the undertaking’s corresponding right to require access.
Therefore, this right and the symmetrical obligation on operators to which it gives rise are fully justified by the purpose
of the directive.

34      Finally, according to the Member State, during the three years in which the Law on telecommunications has been in force, there
have been no undesirable effects either on operators or on the development of competition as a result of it.

Findings of the Court

35      It should be noted at the outset that the Republic of Poland accepts that Article 26(1) of the Law on telecommunications is
a general statutory provision requiring any operator of a public telecommunications network to negotiate in good faith the
conclusion of an agreement on access to that network at the request of any undertaking wishing to obtain such access, since
such negotiations relate not only to agreements on interconnection but also to agreements governing access to the network.

36      It must be borne in mind that the obligation on all operators of public telecommunications networks to negotiate when requested
by other undertakings so authorised, as is apparent from Article 4(1) of the Access directive, concerns interconnection which,
in accordance with the definition provided in Article 2(b) of that directive, ‘is a specific type of access implemented between
public network operators’. Contrary to Article 26 of the Law on telecommunications, this obligation therefore does not concern
other forms of access to networks, such as those defined in Article 2(a) of the directive and those provided for in the Law
on telecommunications.

37      It must also be pointed out that the second sentence of Article 4(1) of the Access Directive allows operators to offer access
and interconnection to other undertakings on terms and conditions consistent with obligations imposed by the national regulatory
authority. Those obligations include the obligations which that authority may impose under Article 8(2) of the Access Directive
on an operator designated as having significant market power on a specific market following a market analysis.

38      In that regard, it is apparent from reading together Articles 8 and 12(1)(b) of the Access Directive that an obligation to
negotiate an agreement with undertakings in good faith may be imposed by national regulatory authorities on operators with
significant market power, following an analysis of that market.

39      As the Advocate General has pointed out in point 62 of his Opinion, Article 26 of the Law on telecommunications is not based
on two sets of rules depending on the market power of the undertakings; rather, it leads to equal treatment of all operators,
without allowing the national regulatory authority to take account of the specific context before intervening or in the course
of its examination of the request by the undertaking seeking access to a telecommunications network.

40      The consequence of the obligation provided in the Law on telecommunications to negotiate access agreements in good faith is
to impose such an obligation without prior evaluation of the degree of effective competition on the market concerned. The
Law also does not allow the obligation to be withdrawn or amended where competition in the market intensifies.

41      Moreover, according to recital 19 of the Access Directive, whilst increasing competition, intervention by national regulatory
authorities must balance the rights of an infrastructure owner to exploit its infrastructure for its own benefit and the rights
of other service providers to access facilities that are essential for the provision of competing services.

42      Furthermore, under Article 12(2) of the Access Directive, intervention by national regulatory authorities is circumscribed
by the need take account of the factors set out in that provision, including the need to safeguard competition in the long‐term
and to assess the proportionality of obligations which that authority intends to impose as regards access to specific network
elements and their use in relation to the objectives set out in Article 8 of the Framework Directive.

43      By not providing for intervention by the national regulatory authority prior to imposition of an obligation to negotiate access
agreements, the Law on telecommunications does not allow for any assessment of the circumstances in accordance with the factors
set out in Article 12(2).

44      It follows that, by imposing on operators of public communications networks a general obligation to negotiate agreements for
access to the telecommunications network, the Republic of Poland has not correctly transposed Article 4(1) of the Access Directive.

45      This finding is not undermined by the Member State’s argument to the effect that a more dynamic and purposive approach to
interpreting the directive would enable a more rapid development of technologies to take place.

46      Indeed, the national regulatory authority should intervene only to ensure efficient functioning of the market. To that end,
the first subparagraph of Article 5(1) of the Access Directive provides that the authority is under a duty to promote efficiency
and sustainable competition and to give the maximum benefit to end-users.

47      As regard the Member State’s argument that the Law on telecommunications strengthens observance of the principle of legal
certainty, it suffices to state that this principle does not permit any derogation from the rules laid down by the Access
Directive.

48      It follows from the foregoing that the first complaint is well founded.

49      Accordingly, it must be held that by not transposing Article 4(1) of the Access Directive correctly, the Republic of Poland
has failed to fulfil its obligations under that directive.

*The second complaint, based on non-conformity of the Law on telecommunications with the first subparagraph of Article 5(1)
of the Access Directive*

Arguments of the parties

50      By its second complaint, the Commission submits that Articles 26 to 30 of the Law on telecommunications do not ensure correct
transposition of first subparagraph of Article 5(1) of the Access Directive. It is apparent from those Articles 26 to 30 and
from Articles 45 and 136 of the Law that all operators of public communications networks are required to negotiate access
to those networks and that the president of the national regulatory authority may decide on the time-limit for closure of
this type of negotiations and that, if the parties fail to reach an agreement, the president may, at the request of one of
the parties, adopt a decision granting access which will replace the access agreement on the points to which the decision
relates and may thus impose obligations on undertakings irrespective of their position in the market.

51      In this regard, the Commission maintains, first of all, that Article 5(1) of the Access Directive cannot be implemented by
a general statutory provision, since it requires national regulatory authorities to be empowered to act only in certain cases.
This power is limited by the reference to the objectives set out in Article 8 of the Framework Directive and by the requirements
imposed under Article 5(3) of the Access Directive. Article 5(1) is not a mere programmatic provision, but a provision indicating
the decisions which the national regulatory authorities must be empowered to take. It is an exception to the general principle
enshrined in Article 8 of the Access Directive, which must be interpreted restrictively.

52      Secondly, it submits that Article 5(4) of the Access Directive does not by itself permit regulatory obligations to be imposed
on all undertakings, but only on those with significant market power, or, irrespective of their market power, in the circumstances
mentioned in Article 8(3) of the directive. The obligations referred to in Articles 9 to 13 of the directive cannot be imposed
on the basis of the procedure described in Article 5(4).

53      Thirdly, the Commission asserts that Article 5(1) of the Access Directive does not make the national regulatory authority’s
power dependent on the existence of any dispute between undertakings.

54      The Republic of Poland challenges that complaint. It submits, first, that the two rules deriving from the first subparagraph
of Article 5(1) of the Access Directive, under which the national regulatory authority is required to encourage, and where
appropriate, ensure network access, interconnection and interoperability of services, are very general in nature and constitute
programmatic norms. Such rules are binding on the Member States only as to the objective to be attained, the achievement of
which they are required to ensure in the framework of their policy on access to telecommunications networks.

55      This interpretation is confirmed by the general scheme of the Access Directive, since Article 5 is inserted in Chapter II
thereof, under the heading ‘General Provisions’.

56      The defendant Member State also argues that the objectives set out in Article 8 of the Framework Directive are defined generally
such that the fact of referring to them leaves the national regulatory authorities a wide discretion. In addition, even if
the objectives of the authorities’ activities were precisely defined, this would not ensure that the undertakings operating
in the market could foresee the obligations to which they would be subject. The principle of legal certainty, however, requires
rules of law to be clear and precise.

57      The general regulatory powers are also not limited by the criteria set out in Article 5(3) of the Access directive, which
concern the obligations and requirements imposed under Article 5(1) and (2) thereof.

58      The Member State concludes that transposition of the said Article 5 cannot be effected verbatim, by providing for a general
power for national regulatory authorities to encourage and ensure access to telecommunications networks.

59      The Republic of Poland submits, secondly, that this complaint relates only to the non-conformity of Polish law with the first
subparagraph of Article 5(1) of the Access Directive and not with the second subparagraph.

60      It further asserts that the Commission does not take account of the fact that the first subparagraph of Article 5(1) contains
two legal rules. The first of those rules, establishing a general obligation to encourage access, interconnection and interoperability
of services in each case, irrespective of the circumstances, which is why the national regulatory authority must act on an
on-going basis, is implemented by Chapter 2 of the Law on telecommunications. The second relates to the obligation to ensure
network access, which is laid down in Articles 28 and 29 of the Law.

Findings of the Court

61      By its second complaint, the Commission requests that the Court declare that the first subparagraph of Article 5(1) of the
Access Directive, requiring national regulatory authorities to be given the power to intervene specifically in order to ensure
compliance with the objectives of Article 8 of the Framework Directive, has not been correctly transposed by the Law on telecommunications.

62      It must be pointed out, first, that the regulatory tasks of the national regulatory authority are set out in Articles 8 to
13 of the Framework Directive. Article 8(1) thereof provides that Member States are to ensure that, in carrying out those
tasks, the national regulatory authorities take all reasonable measures which are aimed at achieving the objectives set out
in paragraphs 2 to 4 of that article.

63      Furthermore, the Court has interpreted Article 8 as placing on the Member States the obligation to ensure that the national
regulatory authorities take all reasonable measures aimed at promoting competition in the provision of electronic communications
services, ensuring that there is no distortion or restriction of competition in the electronic communications sector and removing
remaining obstacles to the provision of those services at European level (Case C‐380/05 *Centro Europa 7* [2008] ECR I-0000, paragraph 81).

64      Secondly, the first subparagraph of Article 5(1) of the Access Directive refers to the powers and responsibilities of the
national regulatory authorities in respect of access and interconnection. It provides that, acting in pursuit of the objectives
set out in Article 8 of the Framework Directive, those authorities are to encourage and where appropriate ensure adequate
access and interconnection, and interoperability of services, while promoting efficiency, sustainable competition, and giving
the maximum benefit to end-users.

65      It follows that the first subparagraph of Article 5(1) of the Access Directive is limited to providing for a general power
for the national regulatory authorities for the purpose of achieving the objectives of Article 8 of the Framework Directive
in the specific context of access and interconnection.

66      Thirdly, as the Advocate General has observed in point 83 of his Opinion, Articles 26 to 30 of the Polish Law on telecommunications
afford the national regulatory authority wide powers of intervention.

67      Fourthly, it is to be remembered that, according to settled case-law, in proceedings for failure to fulfil obligations it
is incumbent upon the Commission to prove the alleged failure. It is the Commission’s responsibility to place before the Court
the information needed to enable the Court to establish that the obligation has not been fulfilled, (Case C-387/06 *Commission* v *Finland* [2008] ECR I-0000, paragraph 25 and the case-law cited).

68      It must be held that by doing no more than submitting that the first subparagraph of Article 5(1) of the Access Directive
cannot be implemented by a general statutory provision, but only by wording which sets out decisions which the national regulatory
authority is empowered to take, without showing that the relevant provisions of the Law on telecommunications do not achieve
the objectives of the Framework Directive, the Commission has not sufficiently established that those provisions do not ensure
the correct transposition of the first subparagraph of Article 5(1) of the Access Directive.

69      It follows that the second complaint must be rejected.

**Costs**

70      Under Article 69(2) of the Rules of Procedure, the unsuccessful party is to be ordered to pay the costs if they have been
applied for in the successful party’s pleadings. Under the first subparagraph of Article 69(3) of those rules, the Court may
nevertheless order that the costs be shared or that the parties bear their own costs where each party succeeds on some and
fails on other heads, or where the circumstances are exceptional. Since the Commission and the Republic of Poland have each
been partially unsuccessful in their pleadings, they should bear their own costs.

On those grounds, the Court (Second Chamber) hereby:

1.      **Declares that, by failing to transpose correctly Article 4(1) of Directive 2002/19/EC of the European Parliament and of the
Council of 7 March 2002 on access to, and interconnection of, electronic communications networks and associated facilities
(Access Directive), the Republic of Poland has failed to fulfil its obligations under that Directive;**

2.      **Dismisses the action as to the remainder;**

3.      **Orders the Commission of the European Communities and the Republic of Poland to bear their own costs.**

[Signatures]

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- Language of the case: Polish.