DA 07-0526

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA

2008 MT 337

CLAIRE PESARIK,

 Plaintiff and Appellant,

 v.

GABRIEL R. PERJESSY, D.D.S.,

 Defendant and Appellee.

APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Eleventh Judicial District,

In and For the County of Flathead, Cause No. DV 04-358C

Honorable Stewart E. Stadler, Presiding Judge

COUNSEL OF RECORD:

For Appellant:

Cregg W. Coughlin, Attorney at Law, Clancy, Montana

For Appellee:

Todd A. Hammer and Angela K. Jacobs, Hammer, Hewitt, Jacobs & 

Floch, Kalispell, Montana

Submitted on Briefs: July 16, 2008

 Decided: October 7, 2008

Filed:

__________________________________________

Clerk

Justice Brian Morris delivered the Opinion of the Court.

October 7 2008
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¶1 Claire Pesarik (Pesarik) appeals from an order of the Eleventh Judicial District Court, 

Flathead County, granting the motion to dismiss filed by Gabriel R. Perjessy, DDS, and 

denying Pesarik’s motion for enlargement of time. We affirm.

¶2 Pesarik presents the following issues for review:

¶3 Whether the District Court correctly determined that it lacked authority to grant 

Pesarik’s motion for enlargement of time to serve process upon Perjessy.

¶4 Whether the District Court properly concluded that Pesarik had failed to establish 

excusable neglect to warrant an extension of time to serve process upon Perjessy.

PROCEDURAL AND FACTUAL BACKGROUND

¶5 Pesarik filed a complaint against Perjessy on May 27, 2004, in which she alleged 

medical malpractice arising from several dental procedures. The District Court issued a 

summons the same day. Pesarik did not serve the summons or otherwise prosecute the case. 

 Pesarik’s counsel sent her a letter on March 31, 2006, informing her that he no longer would 

represent her in the matter. The letter advised Pesarik that the summons and complaint must 

be served upon Perjessy within three years of filing pursuant to M. R. Civ. P. 4E. The letter 

urged her to obtain substitute counsel immediately. Pesarik alleges that she never received 

the letter.

¶6 Pesarik instead asserts that her original counsel notified her orally sometime during 

the spring or summer of 2006 that he no longer would represent her. Pesarik further claims 

that she did not know when this change would occur, and, therefore, did not act immediately 

upon the information. Pesarik obtained substitute counsel by October 2006. Pesarik’s new 
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counsel discovered that her original client file did not include the summons issued on May 

27, 2004. Pesarik did not immediately request a second summons from the District Court. 

¶7 Pesarik instead prepared a settlement proposal that she submitted to Perjessy in March 

2007. Perjessy acknowledged receipt of the proposal on March 29, 2007. Pesarik did not 

request a second summons until May 22, 2007. The District Court issued the second 

summons on May 24, 2007. Pesarik attempted personal service upon Perjessy through the 

sheriff’s office that same day, the Thursday before Memorial Day, but Perjessy had left town 

on vacation. Pesarik was not able to serve Perjessy until Wednesday, May 30, 2007. The 

three-year window authorized by Rule 4E for service of the summons and complaint upon 

Perjessy expired on May 27, 2007.

¶8 Perjessy moved to dismiss on the grounds that Pesarik had failed to accomplish 

service upon Perjessy within three years of the date on which she originally had filed the 

complaint. Pesarik moved to enlarge the time for service upon Perjessy pursuant to M. R. 

Civ. P. 6(b). The District Court granted Perjessy’s motion to dismiss and denied Pesarik’s 

motion for enlargement of time. The court first determined that it lacked authority to grant 

Pesarik an enlarged time to serve the summons upon Perjessy. The court next determined 

that even if the Rules of Civil Procedure granted it such authority, Pesarik had failed to prove 

excusable neglect to warrant an enlargement of time. Pesarik appeals.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

¶9 We review de novo a district court’s conclusions of law to determine whether they are 

correct. Tungsten Holdings, Inc. v Kimberlin, 2000 MT 24, ¶ 8, 298 Mont. 176, ¶ 8, 994 
4

P.2d 1114, ¶ 8. We review for an abuse of discretion a district court’s decision to grant or 

deny an enlargement of time pursuant to M. R. Civ. P. 6(b). In re Marriage of Weber, 2004

MT 206, ¶¶ 21, 23, 322 Mont. 324, ¶¶ 21, 23, 95 P.3d 694, ¶¶ 21, 23.

DISCUSSION

¶10 Whether the District Court correctly determined that it lacked authority to grant 

Pesarik’s motion for enlargement of time to serve process upon Perjessy.

¶11 The District Court based its conclusion that it lacked the authority to enlarge the 

three-year time limit set forth in M. R. Civ. P. 4E upon this Court’s interpretation of former 

M. R. Civ. P. 41(e). Rule 41(e) governed the time limit for service of process for actions 

filed before January 1, 2000. 

¶12 The District Court cited Otto v. Montana Dept. of Fish, Wildlife & Parks, 2000 MT 

333, ¶ 20, 303 Mont. 86, ¶ 20, 15 P.3d 402, ¶ 20, in which this Court determined that the 

courts lacked authority to enlarge the time period in which a plaintiff must serve a summons. 

 The court noted that Rule 41(e) provided that “the summons ‘must’ be issued within one 

year of the suit.” (Emphasis added). The Court declined to create an excusable neglect 

exception based upon its conclusion that the plain language of Rule 41(e) rendered the time 

limit mandatory. Otto, ¶ 20; Janow v. Conoco Pipe Line Co., 2000 MT 242, ¶ 15, 301 Mont. 

402, ¶ 15, 10 P.3d 79, ¶ 15.

¶13 The District Court analogized Otto’s interpretation of former Rule 41(e) to its 

interpretation of Rule 4E, the current Rule governing the time limit for service of process. 

Rule 4E provides that “[a] plaintiff shall have 3 years after filing a complaint to have a 
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summons issued and accomplish service.” (Emphasis added). The District Court determined 

that Rule 4E contained language at least as clear and as unambiguous as that of former Rule 

41(e). The court concluded that, as in Otto, Rule 4E’s plain language constituted a mandate 

that did not allow an excusable neglect exception. 

¶14 Pesarik argues that the District Court incorrectly analogized former Rule 41(e) to 

current Rule 4E. Pesarik points to M. R. Civ. P. 6(b). Rule 6(b) provides a district court 

with discretion to enlarge for cause a time limit set forth under the Rules of Civil Procedure. 

 Specifically, the district court may grant an enlargement of time after the expiration of the 

time period “where the failure to act was the result of excusable neglect.” M. R. Civ. P. 

6(b)(2). The rule explicitly prohibits district courts from enlarging the time, however, for 

taking any action under Rules 50(b) and (c)(2), 52(b), 59(b), (d), (e) and (g), and 60(b). M. 

R. Civ. P. 6(b)(2).

¶15 Perjessy argues that the District Court properly analogized Rule 41(e) to Rule 4E in 

light of the rules’ similar construction. Rule 41(e) provides that a plaintiff “must” serve the 

summons and complaint within the specified time period. Rule 4E provides that a plaintiff 

“shall” serve the summons and complaint within the specified time period. Perjessy asserts 

that the reasoning of Otto dictates that Rule 4E’s time limit also must be mandatory and not 

subject to enlargement upon a showing of excusable neglect. Perjessy further contends, 

citing Haugen v. Blaine Bank of Montana, 279 Mont. 1, 6, 926 P.2d 1364, 1367 (1996), that 

the District Court’s strict interpretation of Rule 4E’s time limit prevents prejudice to the 
6

defendant and bolsters the Rule’s purpose of promoting “the diligent prosecution of claims 

once suit is filed.” 

¶16 Perjessy fails to reconcile, however, the apparent conflict between the District Court’s 

interpretation of the plain language of Rule 4E and the plain language of Rule 6(b). Rule 

6(b)(2) specifically provides for an enlargement of time for any time-limited action under the 

Rules of Civil Procedure except those explicitly prohibited, including M. R. Civ. P. 50(b) 

and (c)(2), 52(b), 59(b), (d), (e) and (g), and 60(b). Nothing in Rule 6(b)(2) explicitly 

prohibits district courts from enlarging the time for taking any action under Rule 4E. We 

interpret the expression of one thing in a statute to imply the exclusion of another under the 

canon expressio unius est exclusio alterius. E.g. Dukes v. City of Missoula, 2005 MT 196, ¶ 

15, 328 Mont. 155, ¶ 15, 119 P.3d 61, ¶15 (internal citations omitted). 

¶17 Moreover, this Court will harmonize two statutes relating to the same subject in order 

to give effect to both. Yellowstone Federal Credit Union v. Daniels, 2008 MT 111, ¶ 18, 342 

Mont. 451, ¶ 18, 181 P.3d 595, ¶ 18. Rule 4E provides for a limited time action. Rule 

6(b)(2) authorizes an enlargement of time for any rule for excusable neglect except those 

specifically prohibited. The two statutes cannot be in harmony if we interpret Rule 4E’s use 

of “shall” to constitute mandatory language. 

¶18 Federal courts interpreting identical Fed. R. Civ. P. 6(b)(2) have concluded, as we do, 

that the rule authorizes courts to enlarge time for service of process upon a showing of 

excusable neglect. E.g. Dominic v. Hess Oil V.I. Corp., 841 F.2d 513, 517 (3rd Cir. 1988); In 

re Teligent Services, Inc., 324 B.R. 467, 472 (Bkrtcy. S.D.N.Y. 2005). Perjessy argues, 
7

however, that we cannot analogize the federal rules to the Montana Rules of Civil Procedure 

in light of the fact that the federal service of process provision, Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(m), includes 

a “good cause” exception to the time limit for service of process. Rule M. R. Civ. P. 4E 

includes no such exception. The federal rule’s “good cause” exception has no relevance 

here, however, as we have not analyzed a district court’s authority to enlarge the time period 

for service of process based upon a general good cause standard. We instead have analyzed 

the district court’s authority based upon the explicit grant contained in M. R. Civ. P. 6(b) that 

provides for enlargement of time based upon “excusable neglect.”

¶19 Our decisions interpreting Rule 41(e) have limited relevance here as they interpret a 

now abolished rule, and, also, because they fail to construe that rule in the context of Rule 

6(b). See Otto; Janow. Rules 4E and 6(b) only harmonize if we construe Rule 6(b) as 

creating an explicit grant of authority to the district courts to enlarge the time for service of 

process upon a showing of excusable negligence. Yellowstone, ¶ 18. The District Court 

incorrectly determined that it lacked authority to grant a motion for enlargement of time to 

serve process pursuant to M. R. Civ. P. 4E and 6(b). Tungsten Holdings, ¶ 8.

¶20 Whether the District Court properly concluded that Pesarik had failed to establish 

excusable neglect to warrant an extension of time to serve process upon Perjessy.

¶21 Pesarik argues that she sufficiently demonstrated that excusable neglect warranted an 

extension of time to serve process upon Perjessy. Pesarik urges us to determine excusable 

neglect based upon the federal courts’ interpretation of excusable neglect pursuant to Fed. R. 

Civ. P. 6(b)(2). The federal courts equate excusable neglect under Rule 6(b)(2) with a 
8

showing of good cause. E.g. MCI Telecoms. Corp. v. Teleconcepts, Inc., 71 F.3d 1086, 1097 

(3rd Cir. 1995). A body of federal law exists that defines good cause for purposes of 

enlarging time for service of process. See MCI Telecoms. Corp., 71 F.3d at 1097. 

¶22 Perjessy correctly points out, however, that a separate body of law exists in Montana 

that defines excusable neglect differently than the federal courts, and separately from a good 

cause standard. We analyze excusable negligence under a more stringent standard than good 

cause. Matthews v. Don K. Chevrolet, 2005 MT 164, ¶ 11, 327 Mont. 456, ¶ 11, 115 P.3d 

201, ¶ 11. A showing of excusable neglect generally requires justification for error beyond 

mere carelessness or ignorance of the law. Empire Lath & Plaster, Inc. v. American 

Casualty Co., 256 Mont. 413, 417, 847 P.2d 276, 278 (1993). Neglect that is “due to 

forgetfulness and the press of other, more important business is not sufficient to establish 

excusable neglect.” Foster Apiaries, Inc. v. Hubbard Apiaries, Inc., 193 Mont. 156, 161, 

630 P.2d 1213, 1216 (1981). A party’s busy schedule or inattentiveness to the matter does 

not constitute excusable neglect. Matthews v. Don K. Chevrolet, 2005 MT 164, ¶¶ 13-15, 

327 Mont. 456, ¶¶ 13-15, 115 P.3d 201, ¶¶ 13-15. Lack of knowledge of a clear rule of civil 

procedure similarly does not constitute excusable neglect that would justify relief from the 

rule. Sadwosky v. City of Glendive, 259 Mont. 419, 423, 856 P.2d 556, 559 (1993).

¶23 The District Court based its conclusion that Pesarik failed to establish excusable 

neglect on several factors. Pesarik had been aware that her former counsel no longer 

represented her since the spring or summer of 2006, at the latest. Pesarik obtained substitute 

counsel many months before the three-year time period expired. Pesarik’s substitute counsel 
9

chose to prepare a settlement proposal before he asked the District Court to issue a second 

summons to replace the lost original. 

¶24 Pesarik counters that the District Court improperly ignored several facts that 

demonstrated excusable neglect. Pesarik points to her several attempts to serve Perjessy 

during late May 2007. Pesarik also emphasizes Perjessy’s unavailability during that period. 

Pesarik further asserts that late service did not prejudice Perjessy as she missed the deadline 

by a matter of days. Pesarik does not explain, however, why she waited nearly seven months 

after obtaining substitute counsel before attempting service. She does not assert any 

justification that demonstrates that her neglect arose from something beyond mere 

carelessness. Empire Lath & Plaster, 256 Mont. at 417, 847 P.2d at 278. Pesarik does not 

assert that anything more than the press of business or forgetfulness justified the seven 

month delay. Foster Apiaries, 193 Mont. at 161, 630 P.2d at 1216. Pesarik argues on 

appeal, in fact, that her focus on the settlement proposal factored into the delay.

¶25 Pesarik further argues that the District Court’s conclusion that she failed to 

demonstrate excusable neglect amounts to a determination that excusable neglect cannot 

exist where a party could have accomplished timely service. Pesarik contends that this 

interpretation would preclude a showing that excusable neglect warranted an enlargement of 

time to serve process pursuant to M. R. Civ. P. 6(b)(2). On the contrary, the District Court 

determined that Pesarik had failed to show specific factors based upon Montana decisional 

law that would demonstrate the existence of excusable neglect. Foster Apiaries, 193 Mont. 

at 161, 630 P.2d at 1216; Empire Lath & Plaster, 256 Mont. at 417, 847 P.2d at 278; 
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Sadwosky, 259 Mont. at 423, 856 P.2d at 559; Matthews, ¶¶ 13-15. The District Court did 

not abuse its discretion when it denied Pesarik’s motion for enlargement of time. In re 

Weber, ¶ ¶ 21, 23.

¶26 We affirm the District Court’s dismissal of Pesarik’s complaint.

/S/ BRIAN MORRIS

We Concur:

/S/ JOHN WARNER

/S/ PATRICIA COTTER

/S/ W. WILLIAM LEAPHART

Justice Jim Rice, concurring.

¶27 While I agree with the Court’s decision to affirm the District Court, I would do so on 

the basis that M. R. Civ. P. 4E does not allow a District Court the discretion to enlarge the 

time period for service of process, regardless of whether excusable neglect is shown. I

would not reach Issue 2.

¶28 In my view, the District Court properly relied on our previous case law construing 

former M .R. Civ. P. 41(e) in reaching its conclusion. The language of Rule 4E is clear and 

unambiguous, providing that “[a] plaintiff shall have 3 years after filing a complaint to have 

a summons issued and accomplish service.” The language of Rule 41(e) was equally clear, 

stating that all actions “shall be dismissed by the court . . . unless summons issued within one 

year shall have been served and filed with the clerk of the court within three years after the 

commencement of said action.” There is no substantive difference between the time period 
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required for service under Rule 4E and former Rule 41(e), or with the mandatory language 

requiring service of the summons. I therefore believe the District Court was correct to rely 

on our case law which clearly prohibited enlargement of the time period for service of 

process under former Rule 41(e). See Otto, ¶ 20; Janow, ¶ 15; Sinclair v. Big Bud Mfg. Co., 

262 Mont. 363, 367, 865 P.2d 264, 266-67 (1993). Neither rule provided discretion to 

enlarge the three-year time period for purposes of “excusable neglect.”

¶29 The Rules of Civil Procedure are meant to be construed to secure the just, speedy and 

inexpensive determination of every action. Larango v. Lovely, 196 Mont. 43, 47, 637 P.2d 

517, 519 (1981) (citing M. R. Civ. P. 1). Permitting a plaintiff to seek relief from the threeyear time period set forth in Rule 4E for service of process “is prejudicial to the defendant 

and defeats the purpose of the Rule which is to promote the diligent prosecution of claims 

once suit is filed.” Haugen v. Blaine Bank of Mont., 279 Mont. 1, 6, 926 P.2d 1364, 1367 

(1996). 

¶30 The Advisory Commission on Rules could have recommended an exception to the 

time rule, and this Court could have adopted one. Neither did. Instead of honoring that 

process and our case law, the Court reads an excusable neglect exception into Rule 4E by 

linking Rule 4E to Rule 6(b). However, Rule 6(b) existed when this Court interpreted the 

“plain language” of Rule 41(e), likewise not referenced by Rule 6(b), to contain mandatory 

limits on the time for service of process. We adhered to this holding unequivocally, 

repeatedly and expressly declining to create an excusable neglect exception to the time limits 

for service of process under Rule 41(e). Otto, ¶ 20; Janow, ¶ 15. The Court offers no reason 
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why our case law on this identical question should not be honored, nor any reason why the 

process of adopting Rule 4E should not be honored. 

/S/ JIM RICE

Chief Justice Karla M. Gray and Justice James C. Nelson join the concurrence of Justice Jim 

Rice.

/S/ KARLA M. GRAY

/S/ JAMES C. NELSON