NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION

File Name: 08a0588n.06

Filed: October 1, 2008

No. 07-2296

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

VIRGA CARTER,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

CITY OF WYOMING and JESSE LOPEZ,

Defendants-Appellants.

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ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED

STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE

WESTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN

Before: MARTIN, ROGERS, and SUTTON, Circuit Judges.

SUTTON, Circuit Judge. The City of Wyoming and Officer Jesse Lopez appeal the district

court’s denial of their motion for summary judgment on (1) Virga Carter’s § 1983 claim against

Officer Lopez and (2) Carter’s state-law claims against the City of Wyoming and Officer Lopez.

Officer Lopez seeks qualified immunity from the § 1983 claim, and the City and Officer Lopez seek

governmental immunity from the state-law claims. We affirm.

I.

On the afternoon of November 4, 2004, Carter went to Sergio Jewelry Store to pick up her

grandson’s diamond earrings. Upon learning that a diamond was missing from one of the earrings,

Carter began to argue with the owner about who was responsible for the missing diamond. The

argument became heated, and someone eventually called the police.
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Officer Lopez was the second police officer to arrive at the jewelry store. As he entered the

store, he saw Carter “screaming at the store owner,” asked her “at least twice to calm down [and]

step outside” and told her if she did not calm down he would arrest her for disorderly conduct. JA

127–28. Carter concedes that she “might have . . . gotten loud” but denies that he asked her to step

outside. JA 76. At some point, Carter approached Officer Lopez and asked him what nationality

he was. While she says she was concerned that he “wouldn’t be able to speak English,” JA 74, he

says her statement was more pointed: “[A]re you Mexican[?] I’m not going anywhere [with] you.”

JA 128. Officer Lopez then told Carter he was arresting her, led her out to the parking lot,

handcuffed her and drove her to the jail.

Carter filed a complaint that included (1) a § 1983 claim alleging excessive force by Officer

Lopez, (2) a § 1983 claim against the City alleging “failure to adequately discipline, train, screen,

supervise, transfer, counsel or otherwise direct or control police officers,” JA 36, (3) a state-law

claim against Officer Lopez and the City for gross negligence and (4) a state-law claim against

Officer Lopez and the City for assault and battery. Officer Lopez and the City filed a motion for

summary judgment, asserting qualified immunity from the § 1983 claims and seeking governmental

immunity from the state-law claims.

The district court dismissed Carter’s § 1983 claim against the City but denied the motion for

summary judgment as to the § 1983 claim against Officer Lopez and the state-law claims against the

City and Officer Lopez.
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II.

To overcome the defense of qualified immunity, a plaintiff asserting a constitutional tort

claim against a police officer must show that (1) “the officer’s conduct violated a constitutional

right” and (2) “the right was clearly established” at the time of the officer’s actions. Saucier v. Katz,

533 U.S. 194, 201 (2001). An officer’s use of force violates the Fourth Amendment “if it is

excessive under objective standards of reasonableness.” Id. at 202. In the context of an arrest, we

consider three factors in assessing the reasonableness of the officer’s actions: “[1] the severity of

the crime at issue, [2] whether the suspect poses an immediate threat to the safety of the officers or

others, and [3] whether he is actively resisting arrest or attempting to evade arrest by flight.”

Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 396 (1989). At the summary-judgment stage, we review the facts

“in the light most favorable to” the non-moving party, which “usually means adopting . . . the

plaintiff’s version of the facts.” Scott v. Harris, __ U.S. __, 127 S. Ct. 1769, 1774–75 (2007)

(internal quotation marks omitted). 

Much of Officer Lopez’s argument on appeal takes aim at the district court’s reading of the

appropriate factual inferences in this case. Yet we have no authority to review such arguments at

this stage in the case. See Johnson v. Jones, 515 U.S. 304, 307 (1995). As we have said before, our

jurisdiction to hear interlocutory appeals from an order denying qualified immunity to a government

official “does not extend to appeals that merely quibble with the district court’s reading of the factual

record.” Leary v. Livingston Country, 528 F.3d 438, 441 (6th Cir. 2008) (internal quotation marks
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omitted). Our interlocutory jurisdiction, in other words, extends only to legal arguments—that, for

example, plaintiffs’ fact-supported allegations, as construed in her favor, do notstate a constitutional

claim or that they do not state a clearly established constitutional claim. 

In addition to challenging the district court’s assessment of the proper factual inferences that

can be drawn from the record, Officer Lopez invokes what appears to be a slight modification of the

Johnson rule. Relying on the Supreme Court’s recent decision in Scott, he argues that a videotape

of the incident and an MRI “blatantly contradict” Carter’s factual allegations. One premise of this

argument appears to be correct. Appellate judges are free to trust their eyes when a videotape

unequivocally shows what happened during an encounter with the police and unequivocally

contradicts the claimant’s version of events. As Scott explains: “When opposing parties tell two

different stories, one of which is blatantly contradicted bythe record,so that no reasonable jury could

believe it, a court should not adopt that version of the facts for purposes of ruling on a motion for

summary judgment.” Scott, 127 S. Ct. at 1776. While Scott did not discuss Johnson, it held that a

videotape “quite clearly contradict[ed]” the plaintiff’s story about whether excessive force was used

during a police chase, then proceeded to grant qualified immunity to the officer defendant in the

course of resolving the interlocutory appeal before it. Id. at1775.

Since Scott, we have agreed with the Third Circuit “that Scott represents ‘the outer limit of

the principle of Johnson v. Jones[:] where the trial court’s determination that a fact is subject to

reasonable dispute is blatantly and demonstrably false, a court of appeals may say so, even on
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interlocutory review.’” Wysong v. City of Heath, 260 F. App’x 848, 853 (6th Cir. 2008) (quoting

Blaylock v. City of Philadelphia, 504 F.3d 405, 414 (3d Cir. 2007)). As we concluded in Wysong,

the Third Circuit’s approach represents a “principled way to read Johnson and Scott together and to

correct the rare ‘blatan[t] and demonstrabl[e]’ error without allowing Scott to swallow Johnson.”

Id.

The problem for Officer Lopez is that his record-supported evidence, including the videotape,

does not “blatantly contradict” Carter’s description of what happened inside the store. And it does

not even purport to cover, much less contradict, the excessive-force allegations regarding activities

outside of the store. Once it is established that this evidence does not “blatantly contradict” Carter’s

version of the facts, that leaves Officer Lopez only with quibbles over the district court’s reading

of the summary-judgment record, which we do not have authority to second guess. 

For similar reasons, we reject Officer Lopez’s related argument that “MRI evidence presented

by [Officer Lopez] blatantly contradict[s] Carter’s claim that she sustained a ‘retorn rotator cuff and

two discs in her neck.’” Br. at 21. As best we can tell, it is not even clear that the MRI evidence is

materially inconsistent with the doctor’s report provided by Carter. Nowhere in the report does it

indicate that “Carter’s medical and physical problems were long standing and predate the incident,”

as Officer Lopez asserts. Br. at 21. But more importantly, Officer Lopez misreads Scott. That

decision does not stand for the proposition that a court should grant summary judgment if the

moving party merely presents conflicting evidence. On the contrary, the existence of a material
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factual dispute makes denial of summary judgment a court’s only appropriate response. Scottstands

only for the narrow proposition that summary judgment is appropriate when one party’s story “is

blatantly contradicted by the record, so that no reasonable jury could believe it.” 127 S. Ct. at 1776

(emphasis added). Officer Lopez at most presented evidence that cast doubt on Carter’s version of

the facts. That is hardly enough for us to conclude that “no reasonable jury” could find that Carter

was injured, and it does not overcome Johnson’s prohibition on appellate second guessing of the

appropriate inferences to draw from the record.

III.

The City and Officer Lopez make two arguments in support of their motion for summary

judgment on Carter’s state-law claims: (1) that there is no evidence of an “objective injury,” Br. at

25, and (2) that the district court erred in rejecting their assertion of governmental immunity as an

issue “adverted to in a perfunctory manner, unaccompanied by some effort at developed

argumentation,” JA 245. But the “objective injury” argument is no more convincing in the state-law

context than it was in the § 1983 context: It simply represents a disagreement with the district

court’s reading of the summary-judgment record, a contention over which we do not have

jurisdiction at this stage. And even if they were right that the district court erred in rejecting their

claim as having been “adverted to in a perfunctorymanner,” which does notseem to be the case, they

still have failed to show that they are entitled to governmental immunity on the state-law claims.

The same material-fact disputes that doom Officer Lopez’s qualified-immunity claim doom their
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governmental-immunity claims—at least in the context of summary judgment. To the extent that

the City could argue that a different standard governs its governmental-immunity claims, it has not

done so on appeal. Instead, the City has simply sought relief on precisely the same grounds as

Officer Lopez—which, as we have shown, are unavailing.

IV.

The City of Wyoming separately argues that it is entitled to summary judgment on Carter’s

§ 1983 claim against the City. But the district court granted the City’s motion for summary

judgment on this claim. Because the City cannot appeal a victory, there is nothing more to say.

V.

For these reasons, we affirm.