IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI

NO. 2008-IA-01811-SCT

BRENDA BLOODGOOD

v.

NIKESHA LEATHERWOOD, APRIL GARCIA,

INDIVIDUALLY AND AS PARENT AND NEXT

FRIEND OF MONIQUE GARCIA, VINCENT

BUCK AND AZYIA BUCK, MINORS; KENNETH

ANDERSON; AND AMERICAN FAMILY

INSURANCE

DATE OF JUDGMENT: 10/16/2008

TRIAL JUDGE: HON. CHARLES R. BRETT

COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: LEE COUNTY

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: M. REED MARTZ

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE: BO ROLAND

NATURE OF THE CASE: CIVIL - OTHER 

DISPOSITION: REVERSED AND REMANDED - 01/21/2010 

MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:

MANDATE ISSUED:

BEFORE CARLSON, P.J., DICKINSON AND PIERCE, JJ.

DICKINSON, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:

¶1. Service via certified mail upon an out-of-state defendant was returned as

“unclaimed/refused.” Because the defendant was not properly served, we reverse and

remand the case for further proceedings.

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

¶2. On July 23, 2002, a motor vehicle collision occurred near Belden, Mississippi,

between vehicles driven by Nikesha Leatherwood and Brenda Bloodgood, a Tennessee

resident. Leatherwood and her passengers (“Leatherwood”) originally filed suit against
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Bloodgood on March 25, 2003, in the Lee County Circuit Court. The suit was dismissed

without prejudice on February 15, 2005, for failure to serve Bloodgood with process. The

instant suit was filed in the Lee County Court on June 17, 2005. 

¶3. Leatherwood obtained a 120-day extension of time for service on October 11, 2005,

and she made numerous unsuccessful attempts to serve Bloodgood personally. Leatherwood

eventually attempted to serve Bloodgood via certified mail per Mississippi Rule of Civil

Procedure 4(c)(5). The U.S. Postal Service attempted to deliver the summons and complaint

on December 22, 2005; December 28, 2005; and January 6, 2006. The mailing was

eventually returned to sender marked “Unclaimed/Refused.” This is a new, singular

designation used by the Postal Service rather than the prior practice of returning a letter as

either “unclaimed” or “refused.”

¶4. On July 14, 2006, Bloodgood, via special appearance, filed her answer and raised the

issue of improper service with a request that the action against her be dismissed. Bloodgood

alleges the statute of limitations for bringing the action expired on August 19, 2006. On

October 6, 2006, Bloodgood filed a revised motion to dismiss, asking that the action against

her be dismissed with prejudice since the statute of limitations had expired. Bloodgood

claims that she never refused the certified mailing. There is no dispute that service was

attempted at the correct residential address. 

¶5. On October 16, 2008, the trial judge issued an order finding that Bloodgood was

effectively served as of January 1, 2006. The order stated that “[t]he Court is unwilling to

penalize the Plaintiffs because of the methods of operation of the United States Postal
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Service, specifically that the Postal Service did not state whether the envelope was either

refused or unclaimed.” From that order, this appeal is taken. 

ISSUES RAISED

¶6. The ultimate issue in this appeal is whether the trial judge properly denied

Bloodgood’s motion to dismiss for insufficiency of process. Bloodgood raises the following

issues:

I. Whether Mississippi’s Non-Resident Motorist Statute, Miss. Code Ann.

§ 13-3-63, was the exclusive method by which Leatherwood should

have effected service on Bloodgood.

II. Whether the certified mailing by Leatherwood, returned as “unclaimed/

refused,” was insufficient to comply with the requirements of

Mississippi Rule of Civil Procedure 4(c)(5).

III. If service is found to be improper, whether this action should be

dismissed. 

STANDARD OF REVIEW

¶7. This Court reviews de novo a trial court’s grant or denial of a motion to dismiss.

Fletcher v. Limeco Corp., 996 So. 2d 773, 776 (Miss. 2008) (citing Vicksburg Partners,

L.P. v. Stephens, 911 So. 2d 507, 513 (Miss. 2005)).

ANALYSIS

I. Whether Mississippi Code Section 13-3-63 provides the exclusive

method by which Bloodgood should have been served.

¶8. Bloodgood first argues that service upon her should have been accomplished through

Mississippi’s nonresident motorist statute, Mississippi Code Section 13-3-63, rather than

Mississippi Rule of Civil Procedure 4(c)(5). Section 13-3-63 provides, in pertinent part:
4

The acceptance by a nonresident of the rights and privileges conferred by the

provisions of this section, as evidenced by his operating, either in person or by

agent or employee, a motor vehicle upon any public street, road or highway of

this state, or elsewhere in this state, or the operation by a nonresident of a

motor vehicle on any public street, road or highway of this state, or elsewhere

in this state, other than under this section, shall be deemed equivalent to an

appointment by such nonresident of the Secretary of State of the State of

Mississippi to be his true and lawful attorney, upon whom may be served all

lawful processes or summonses in any action or proceeding against him,

growing out of any accident or collision in which said nonresident may be

involved while operating a motor vehicle on such street, road or highway, or

elsewhere in this state, and said acceptance or operation shall be a signification

of his agreement that any such process or summons against him which is so

served shall be of the same legal force and validity as if served on him

personally.

Miss. Code Ann. § 13-3-63 (Rev. 2002) (emphasis added).

¶9. Although Bloodgood cites numerous cases in which this Court has endorsed Section

13-3-63 as an appropriate method by which nonresidents may be served, none of them

supports her contention that it is the exclusive method, and one even contradicts this point.

See Trailer Exp., Inc. v. Gammill, 403 So. 2d 1292, 1293 (Miss. 1981) (“It is our opinion

that appellee had her choice as to the manner of serving appellant.”) The plain language of

the statute says that service “may” be served pursuant to its provisions. Additionally, the

Mississippi long-arm statute, Section 13-3-57, provides:

Any nonresident person . . . who shall commit a tort in whole or in part in this

state against a resident or nonresident of this state . . . shall thereby be

subjected to the jurisdiction of the courts of this state. Service of summons and

process upon the defendant shall be had or made as is provided by the

Mississippi Rules of Civil Procedure.

Miss. Code Ann. § 13-3-57 (Rev. 2002). Mississippi Rule of Civil Procedure 4(c)(5)

provides: “In addition to service by any other method provided by this rule, a summons may
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be served on a person outside this state by sending a copy of the summons and of the

complaint to the person to be served by certified mail.” Miss. R. Civ. P. 4(c)(5).

¶10. Section 13-3-63 merely provides an alternative method to serve a particular class of

out-of-state defendants. Furthermore, even if the statute provided an exclusive method of

service, it would conflict with Rule 4. This Court is vested with the inherent power to

promulgate procedural rules. Newall v. State, 308 So. 2d 71, 76 (Miss. 1975). Accordingly,

this issue is without merit. 

II. Whether Bloodgood was properly served pursuant to Rule 4(c)(5).

¶11. Bloodgood argues that she was never properly served with process as required by

Mississippi Rule of Civil Procedure 4(c)(5). The rule provides:

(5) Service by Certified Mail on Person Outside State. In addition to service

by any other method provided by this rule, a summons may be served on a

person outside this state by sending a copy of the summons and of the

complaint to the person to be served by certified mail, return receipt requested.

Where the defendant is a natural person, the envelope containing the summons

and complaint shall be marked “restricted delivery.” Service by this method

shall be deemed complete as of the date of delivery as evidenced by the return

receipt or by the returned envelope marked “Refused.”

Miss. R. Civ. P. 4(c)(5) (emphasis added). 

¶12. Bloodgood contends that the service of process on her was deficient because (1) the

envelope was not marked as restricted delivery, and (2) the mailing was returned to sender

with the new postal designation of “unclaimed/refused” rather than as either “unclaimed” or

“refused.”
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A. “Restricted Delivery”

¶13. Bloodgood first argues that Leatherwood did not comply with the rule because the

envelope was not marked “restricted delivery.” A “mark” is defined as a “symbol,

impression, or feature on something, usu[ally] to identify it or distinguish it from something

else.” Black’s Law Dictionary 808-09 (8th ed. 2005). In the instant case, the envelope had

an attached return receipt containing the words “4. Restricted Delivery? (Extra Fee)” with

a checked box beside it. The attached receipt plainly marked the mailing for restricted

delivery as contemplated by Rule 4, and this issue is without merit.

B. “Unclaimed/Refused”

¶14. Bloodgood next argues that service was not proper under Rule 4(c)(5) because the

mailing was returned with the new postal designation “unclaimed/refused.” This designation

is problematic because it combines the previously distinct designations of “unclaimed” and

“refused,” which have different meaning and effect under our rules. See Jones v. Flowers,

547 U.S. 220, 229-35, 126 S. Ct. 1708, 1716-719, 164 L. Ed. 2d 415 (2006); see Young v.

Huron Smith Oil Co., Inc., 564 So. 2d 36, 37 (Miss. 1990). 

¶15. A return envelope marked “refused,” as required by Rule 4(c)(5), denotes that the

Postal Service actually attempted delivery on the defendant, who refused to accept it. A

returned envelope marked “unclaimed” simply means that the Postal Service was

unsuccessful in delivering the mailing to the defendant, whether because delivery was

attempted at the wrong address, the defendant simply was not home at the time the Postal

Service attempted delivery, or some other reason.
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¶16. Leatherwood argues that, because the return envelope literally had the word “refused”

on it, it should be treated as being in compliance with the rule. In other words, she insists

that we should treat “unclaimed/refused” as the equivalent of “refused.” This argument fails.

As stated above, “unclaimed” and “refused” have two entirely different meanings, and we

have no way to know which applied in this case. When drafting our rules, this Court

included the requirement that, for service to be effective, an undelivered mailing must

actually have been refused by the defendant, as evidenced by the returned envelope marked

“refused.” A returned envelope marked “unclaimed” is insufficient to satisfy service

requirements under Rule 4(c)(5). Additionally, the United States Supreme Court has held

that a certified mailing returned as “unclaimed” is insufficient to satisfy constitutional due

process requirements for service of process. See Jones v. Flowers, 547 U.S. 220, 126 S. Ct.

1708, 164 L. Ed. 2d 415 (2006) (holding that, after a mailed notice was returned unclaimed,

a state was required by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to take

additional reasonable steps to notify the owner before the sale could proceed).

¶17. The designation of “unclaimed/refused” renders impossible a determination whether

the mailing was refused or unclaimed. Therefore, the service of process upon Bloodgood

failed to comply with Rule 4(c)(5) and consequently, the trial court erred by finding that

Bloodgood was properly served.

III. Whether this Action Should be Dismissed.

¶18. Bloodgood next argues that, since service was not effectuated within 120 days of

filing the complaint, it should be dismissed. Bloodgood argues that, because the statute of
The full text of Rule 4(h) is as follows: 1

Summons: Time Limit for Service. If a service of the summons and complaint is not

made upon a defendant within 120 days after the filing of the complaint and the party

on whose behalf such service was required cannot show good cause why such service

was not made within that period, the action shall be dismissed as to that defendant

without prejudice upon the court's own initiative with notice to such party or upon

motion.

 Miss. R. Civ. P. 4(h).

8

limitations expired August 19, 2006, the dismissal should be with prejudice. This Court finds

that dismissal is not warranted at this juncture in the proceedings. 

¶19. Mississippi Rule of Civil Procedure 4(h) provides that if service of the summons and

complaint is not made upon a defendant within 120 days after the filing of complaint, the

action shall be dismissed unless the plaintiff can show good cause. The filing of a complaint 1

tolls the applicable statute of limitations for 120 days, but if the plaintiff fails to serve process

on the defendant within that 120-day period, and in the absence of an extension of time for

service of process, the statute of limitations begins to run again automatically. Holmes v.

Coast Transit Auth., 815 So. 2d 1183, 1185 (Miss. 2002). A plaintiff who does not serve

the defendant within the 120-day deadline must either refile the complaint before the statute

of limitations expires or show good cause for failing to serve the defendant within the 120-

day period; otherwise, dismissal is proper. Id. “The rule therefore provides that the plaintiff

will have an opportunity to show good cause after the 120 days period has elapsed.” Webster

v. Webster, 834 So. 2d 26, 29 (Miss. 2002). The plaintiff has the burden of establishing good

cause. Holmes, 815 So. 2d at 1185.

¶20. Regarding what constitutes “good cause,” this Court has remarked that:
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[G]ood cause is likely (but not always) to be found when the plaintiff's failure

to complete service in timely fashion is a result of the conduct of a third

person, typically the process server, the defendant has evaded service of the

process or engaged in misleading conduct, the plaintiff has acted diligently in

trying to effect service or there are understandable mitigating circumstances,

or the plaintiff is proceeding pro se or in forma pauperis.

Id. at 1186 (quoting 4B Charles Alan Wright & Arthur R. Miller, Federal Practice &

Procedure § 1137, at 342 (3d ed. 2000)).

¶21. While the trial court erred by finding that Bloodgood was served properly,

Leatherwood should now be afforded the opportunity to apply for additional time to serve

process and to demonstrate whether the circumstances in this case constitute good cause for

failing to serve the defendant.

¶22. This matter is remanded to the trial court for a determination as to whether

Leatherwood can show good cause for her failure to serve Bloodgood properly. If the trial

court determines that good cause existed for failure to serve Bloodgood within the 120-day

period, Leatherwood should be granted an extension for service of process, during which she

may properly effectuate service and proceed with the action.

CONCLUSION

¶23. Service of process is not effected properly under Rule 4(c)(5) when the mailing is

returned as “unclaimed/refused.” Accordingly, the trial judge erred by finding that

Bloodgood was served properly in this case. The judgment of the trial court is reversed, and

this matter remanded to the trial court to determine whether the circumstances in this case

constitute good cause for Leatherwood’s failure to properly serve Bloodgood within the time

period prescribed by Mississippi Rule of Civil Procedure 4(h).
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¶24. REVERSED AND REMANDED.

CARLSON, P.J., RANDOLPH, LAMAR, CHANDLER AND PIERCE, JJ.,

CONCUR. GRAVES, P.J., DISSENTS WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION

JOINED BY WALLER, C.J., AND KITCHENS, J.

GRAVES, PRESIDING JUSTICE, DISSENTING:

¶25. I disagree with the majority’s finding that service of process on Bloodgood failed to

comply with Rule 4(c)(5), and therefore I dissent. I would find that service of process was

sufficient under Rule 4(c)(5) for the following reasons: the certified mailing containing the

summons and complaint was returned to the sender with the marking “Unclaimed Refused”

(a marking including the word “Refused”); it is undisputed that the address at which the U.S.

Postal Service attempted to deliver the mailing was the correct address; the Postal Service

documented that it had attempted to deliver the mailing at that address on three separate

occasions; the Postal Service documented that it had provided notice of each of those

attempted deliveries to the addressee; and lastly, Bloodgood evidently was made aware of

the summons and complaint, because she filed an answer. These facts, in aggregate,

adequately support the trial judge’s finding that Bloodgood was effectually served.

¶26. The marking of “Unclaimed Refused” is ambiguous, but it is just as reasonable, if not

more so, for a sender of mail to conclude that such a marking indicates that the mailing was

refused as it is for a sender to conclude that the mailing was simply unclaimed. The Postal

Service defines “Refused” as “[a]ddressee refused to accept mail or pay postage charges on

it.” United States Postal Service, Domestic Mail Manual (DMM), § 507, Exh. 1.4.1,

http://pe.usps.com/text/dmm300/507.htm#wp1112866 (last accessed Jan. 8, 2010). The

Postal Service defines “Unclaimed” as “[a]ddressee abandoned or failed to call for mail.”
 While use of the majority’s definitions of “Refused” and “Unclaimed” would not affect my 2

conclusions, it should be noted that the majority includes no citation for its definitions. 

Furthermore, the two cases the majority cites as support for the assertion that “‘unclaimed’

and ‘refused’ . . . have different meaning and effect under our rules” do not necessarily support that

statement. The two cases – Jones v. Flowers, 547 U.S. 220, 126 S. Ct. 1708, 164 L. Ed. 2d 415

(2006), and Young v. Huron Smith Oil Co., 564 So. 2d 36 (Miss. 1990) – neither mention the term

“Refused” nor contrast the term “Refused” with the term “Unclaimed.”

In addition, Jones v. Flowers did not unequivocally state, as the majority suggests, that a

certified mailing returned as “unclaimed” is insufficient service of process to satisfy constitutional

due process requirements. Rather, as the majority more or less notes in its explanatory parenthetical

to the Jones case, Jones held that “when mailed notice of a tax sale is returned unclaimed, the State

must take additional reasonable steps to attempt to provide notice to the property owner before

selling his property, if it is practicable to do so.” Jones, 547 U.S. at 225. In other words, the Jones

court was ruling on the sufficiency of process in one specific situation, and it also noted that

additional process was due only if practicable. 

11

Id. See also Jones v. Flowers, 547 U.S. 220, 245, 126 S. Ct. 1708, 1725, 164 L. Ed. 2d 415

(2006) (“‘Unclaimed’ . . . may indicate that an intended recipient has simply failed or refused

to claim mail.”). Based on those definitions, which are readily available to the public, it is

just as rational, if not more so, to conclude that a mailing marked “Unclaimed Refused” was

refused rather than simply unclaimed. 

2

¶27. In addition, regardless of what a sender thinks the “Unclaimed Refused” marking

indicates in terms of what actually happened when the Postal Service attempted delivery, the

sender reasonably could conclude, as it did in the instant case, that the “Unclaimed Refused”

marking fulfills Rule 4(c)(5)’s requirement that the returned mailing be marked “Refused.”

¶28. I agree with the majority that a mailing marked “Unclaimed” (and not “Unclaimed

Refused”) cannot be said to satisfy the requirement of Rule 4(c)(5) that a returned mailing

be marked “Refused;” however, until the Postal Service clarifies the meaning of “Unclaimed

Refused” or Rule 4(c)(5) is amended to clarify that such a marking is insufficient under the

Rule, the “Unclaimed Refused” marking must be analyzed as the new, distinct term that it
 The fact that Leatherwood made numerous unsuccessful attempts to serve Bloodgood 3

personally is further evidence that Bloodgood was attempting to avoid acceptance of the summons

and complaint. 

12

is. Whether it fulfills the requirement of Rule 4(c)(5) can be determined only through

consideration of the circumstances in each specific case. 

¶29. In the instant case, the “Unclaimed Refused” marking, in conjunction with the other

relevant facts, supports a finding that Bloodgood was effectually served. As noted above,

it is undisputed that the address at which the Postal Service attempted to deliver the mailing

was the correct address; the Postal Service documented that it had attempted to deliver the

mailing at that address on three separate occasions; the Postal Service documented that it had

provided notice of each of those attempted deliveries to the addressee; and Bloodgood

evidently was made aware of the summons and complaint, because she filed an answer.

From these facts, despite Bloodgood’s claims to the contrary, it is most logical to conclude

that Bloodgood either outright refused the mailing or effectively refused it by failing to

retrieve it from the post office after receiving notices that the post office was holding it for

her. Therefore, I would find that service of process was sufficient under Rule 4(c)(5). 3

¶30. Accordingly, I must dissent and would affirm the trial court’s order finding that

service upon Bloodgood was complete and effective on or about January 1, 2006.

WALLER, C.J., AND KITCHENS, J., JOIN THIS OPINION.