**Case T-334/07**

**Denka International BV**

**v**

**Commission of the European Communities**

(Plant-protection products – Active substance dichlorvos – Non-inclusion in Annex I to Directive 91/414/EEC – Evaluation procedure – Opinion of an EFSA Scientific Panel – Plea of illegality – Article 20 of Regulation (EC) No 1490/2002 – Submission of new studies and data during the evaluation procedure – Article 8 of Regulation (EC) No 451/2000 – Article 28(1) of Regulation (EC) No 178/2002 – Legitimate expectations – Proportionality – Equal treatment – Principle of sound administration – Rights of the defence – Principle of subsidiarity – Article 95(3) EC and Articles 4(1) and 5(1) of Directive 91/414)

Summary of the Judgment

1.      *Acts of the institutions – Temporal application – Procedural rules – Rules amending the evaluation procedure of active substances
in plant-protection products – Immediate application to ongoing evaluation procedures*

*(Commission Regulations Nos 451/2000, Art. 8, and 1490/2002)*

2.      *Community law – Principles – Protection of legitimate expectations – Limits*

3.      *Agriculture – Approximation of laws – Placing of plant-protection products on the market – Directive 91/414*

*(Commission Regulation No 451/2000, Art. 8(7); Council Directive 91/414, Art. 8(2))*

4.      *Agriculture – Approximation of laws – Placing of plant-protection products on the market –Directive 91/414*

*(European Parliament and Council Regulation No 178/2002, Art. 28(1); Commission Regulation No 451/2000, Art. 8(7); Council
Directive 91/414)*

5.      *Agriculture – Approximation of laws – Placing of plant-protection products on the market –Directive 91/414*

*(Council Directive 91/414, Art. 5(1))*

6.      *Community law – Principles – Rights of the defence – Scope*

*(Commission Regulation No 451/2000, Arts 8(2) and 5; Council Directive 91/414)*

7.      *Community law – Principles – Protection of legitimate expectations – Conditions*

*(Commission Regulation No 451/2000, Art. 8)*

8.      *Agriculture – Approximation of laws – Placing of plant-protection products on the market –Directive 91/414*

*(Council Directive 91/414, Art. 5(1))*

1.      Unlike substantive rules of Community law, which must be interpreted as not applying, in principle, to situations existing
before their entry into force, procedural rules are of immediate application. The provisions of Regulation No 1490/2002 laying
down further detailed rules for the implementation of the third stage of the programme of work referred to in Article 8(2)
of Directive 91/414 and amending Regulation No 451/2000, which provide for the European Food Safety Authority’s involvement
in the evaluation procedure for active substances, constitute procedural rules which are of immediate application.

Consequently, the immediate application of the new provisions of Article 8 of Regulation No 451/2000 laying down the detailed
rules for the implementation of the second and third stages of the work programme referred to in Article 8(2) of Directive
91/414 to ongoing evaluation procedures for active substances cannot be illegal. Furthermore, in the light of the immediate
application of procedural rules, there is no requirement for any specific statement of reasons on that point in Regulation
No 1490/2002.

(see paras 45-47)

2.      The scope of the principle of the protection of legitimate expectations cannot be extended to the point of generally preventing
new rules from applying to the future effects of situations which arose under the earlier rules.

(see para. 48)

3.      Even if the time-limit of one year laid down by Article 8(7) of Regulation No 451/2000 laying down the detailed rules for
the implementation of the second and third stages of the work programme referred to in Article 8(2) of Directive 91/414, for
the evaluation by the European Food Safety Authority of the draft assessment report of the rapporteur Member State and for
the delivery of an opinion on whether the active substance can be expected to meet the safety requirements of Directive 91/414
concerning the placing of plant protection products on the market were mandatory, failure to comply with that time-limit could
affect the legality of a decision not to include an active substance in Annex I to Directive 91/414 only if it were established
that the content of that decision could have differed if that irregularity had not occurred.

(see paras 55-56)

4.      In evaluation procedures for dossiers notified by producers who wish to secure the inclusion of an active substance in Annex
I to Directive 91/414 concerning the placing of plant protection products on the market, as provided for in Article 8 of Regulation
No 451/2000 laying down the detailed rules for the implementation of the second and third stages of the work programme referred
to in Article 8(2) of Directive 91/414, the opinion of the Scientific Panel on Plant health, Plant protection products and
their Residues (‘the PPR Panel’) is binding on the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) as regards the issues on which it
has been consulted, but that is subject always to the general assessment of the risk posed by the active substance at issue.

The wording of Article 28(1) of Regulation No 178/2002 laying down the general principles and requirements of food law, establishing
the European Food Safety Authority and laying down procedures in matters of food safety implies that the EFSA must, if it
decides to request a scientific opinion from such a panel, comply with that opinion. That interpretation is borne out by the
rules which the EFSA has established for itself: if the PPR Panel is consulted, it is laid down that the report of the meetings
of national experts must take account of its opinion. An exception to that rule is conceivable only where the EFSA has available
to it scientific information justifying the setting aside of that opinion.

Nevertheless, the opinion of the PPR Panel, which may be consulted on certain specific difficulties in the dossiers to be
evaluated, cannot be confused with the opinion of the EFSA, drawn up pursuant to Article 8(7) of Regulation No 451/2000, on
whether the active substance can be expected to meet the safety requirements of Directive 91/414. The PPR Panel carries out
a risk assessment of a theoretical nature, whereas it is the task of the EFSA, when it carries out the same assessment, to
take into account the practical contingencies connected with the management of those risks. The PPR Panel may not therefore
under any circumstances assume the role assigned to the EFSA in the preparation of the opinion referred to in Article 8(7).

(see paras 68-70, 75)

5.      The criteria set out in Article 5(1) of Directive 91/414 concerning the placing of plant protection products on the market
for a substance to be capable of being included in Annex I are framed in broad terms and based on an analysis of the risk
of harmful effects on human or animal health or on groundwater or any unacceptable influence on the environment. Furthermore,
that provision must be interpreted in conjunction with the precautionary principle. In accordance with that principle, where
there is scientific uncertainty as to the existence or extent of risks to human health, the Community institutions may take
protective measures without having to wait until the reality and seriousness of those risks become fully apparent. Moreover,
in a situation in which the precautionary principle is applied, which by definition coincides with a situation in which there
is scientific uncertainty, a risk assessment cannot be required to provide the Community institutions with conclusive scientific
evidence of the reality of the risk and the seriousness of the potential adverse effects were that risk to become a reality.

(see paras 115-116)

6.      Respect for the rights of the defence is, in all proceedings initiated against a person which are liable to culminate in a
measure adversely affecting that person, a fundamental principle of Community law which must be guaranteed even in the absence
of any rules governing the proceedings in question. That principle requires that the addressees of decisions which significantly
affect their interests be placed in a position in which they may effectively make known their views. A decision not to include
an active substance in Annex I to Directive 91/414 concerning the placing of plant protection products on the market adversely
affects the person making the request for inclusion of that substance since it refuses to grant that request.

However, the legislative provisions applicable to the evaluation procedure of a substance the inclusion of which in Annex
I has been requested, do not impose any requirement that a notifier be given the opportunity to submit studies during that
procedure. Article 8(2) and (5) of Regulation No 451/2000 laying down the detailed rules for the implementation of the second
and third stages of the work programme referred to in Article 8(2) of Directive 91/414 provides that new studies are not,
in principle, to be accepted, once the rapporteur Member State and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) respectively
have commenced the evaluation of the active substance. Even though, under those provisions the rapporteur Member State, if
necessary with the agreement of the EFSA, where the draft assessment report has already been sent to the latter, may request
the notifier to submit within specified periods further data considered by that Member State or the EFSA necessary to clarify
the dossier, those provisions do not provide for such an exception in respect of the submission of new studies. A fortiori,
there is no possibility of providing further data or studies after the EFSA has finalised its report.

(see paras 127-130)

7.      The right to rely on the principle of the protection of legitimate expectations extends to any individual who is in a situation
in which it is clear that the Community authorities have, by giving him precise assurances, led him to entertain legitimate
expectations. Regardless of the form in which it is communicated, precise, unconditional and consistent information which
comes from an authorised and reliable source constitutes such assurance. However, a person may not plead infringement of the
principle unless he has been given precise assurances by the authorities. Furthermore, only assurances which comply with the
applicable rules may give rise to such legitimate expectations.

In that regard, as part of the procedure for evaluating an active substance for the purposes of its inclusion in Annex I to
Directive 91/414 concerning the placing of plant protection products on the market, which is provided for in Article 8 of
Regulation No 451/2000 laying down the detailed rules for the implementation of the second and third stages of the work programme
referred to in Article 8(2) of Directive 91/414, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) is to evaluate the harmful effects
of the substance concerned and deliver a scientific opinion on that point to the Commission. A meeting between the notifier
or notifiers of the active substance in question and the EFSA generally takes place before the peer review commences. In the
light of the role thus conferred on the EFSA in that procedure, it must be held that both precise assurances made by the Commission
and those made by EFSA in the course of that procedure are capable of giving rise to a legitimate expectation on the part
of the notifier.

(see paras 132, 148-149)

8.      Article 5(1)(b) of Directive 91/414 concerning the placing of plant protection products on the market, interpreted in combination
with the precautionary principle, that, in the domain of human health, the existence of solid evidence which, while not resolving
scientific uncertainty, may reasonably raise doubts as to the safety of a substance, justifies, in principle, the refusal
to include that substance in Annex I to that directive.

The reference in Article 5(1) of Directive 91/414 to current scientific and technical knowledge cannot support the inference
that undertakings which have notified an active substance and which are faced with the likelihood of a decision not to include
that substance in Annex I should have the possibility of submitting new data for as long as doubts persist regarding the safety
of that active substance. Such an interpretation would run counter to the objective of a high level of protection of the environment
and of human and animal health which underlies Article 5(1), in that it would be tantamount to granting to the notifier –
on whom the burden of proof lies as regards the safety of the active substance and who has a better knowledge of that substance
– a right of veto over a decision not to include the substance in Annex I. Such an interpretation of that provision is particularly
inconceivable having regard to the fact that it is possible to (re)notify the active substance on the basis of Article 6(2)
of Directive 91/414, with a view to its inclusion in Annex I to that directive.

(see paras 180-182)

JUDGMENT OF THE COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE (Second Chamber)

19 November 2009 (*)

(Plant-protection products – Active substance dichlorvos – Non-inclusion in Annex I to Directive 91/414/EEC – Evaluation procedure – Opinion of an EFSA Scientific Panel – Plea of illegality – Article 20 of Regulation (EC) No 1490/2002 – Submission of new studies and data during the evaluation procedure – Article 8 of Regulation (EC) No 451/2000 – Article 28(1) of Regulation (EC) No 178/2002 – Legitimate expectations – Proportionality – Equal treatment – Principle of sound administration – Rights of the defence – Principle of subsidiarity – Article 95(3) EC and Articles 4(1) and 5(1) of Directive 91/414)

In Case T‐334/07,

**Denka International BV,** established in Barneveld (Netherlands), represented by C. Mereu and K. Van Maldegem, lawyers,

applicant,

v

**Commission of the European Communities,** represented by B. Doherty and L. Parpala, acting as Agents,

defendant,

APPLICATION for annulment of Commission Decision 2007/387/EC of 6 June 2007 concerning the non-inclusion of dichlorvos in
Annex I to Council Directive 91/414/EEC and the withdrawal of authorisations for plant protection products containing that
substance (OJ 2007 L 145, p. 16),

THE COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES (Second Chamber),

composed of I. Pelikánová, President, K. Jürimäe (Rapporteur) and S. Soldevila Fragoso, Judges,

Registrar: C. Kantza, Administrator,

having regard to the written procedure and further to the hearing on 3 March 2009,

gives the following

**Judgment**

**Legal context**

*Directive 91/414/EEC*

1        Council Directive 91/414/EEC of 15 July 1991 concerning the placing of plant protection products on the market (OJ 1991 L 230,
p. 1) lays down the Community rules applicable to the granting of authorisation to place plant protection products on the
market and to the withdrawal of such authorisation.

2        Article 4(1) of Directive 91/414 provides that ‘Member States shall ensure that a plant protection product is not authorised
unless ... its active substances are listed in Annex I ...’.

3        The conditions for the inclusion of active substances in Annex I are specified in Article 5 of Directive 91/414:

‘1. In the light of current scientific and technical knowledge, an active substance shall be included in Annex I for an initial
period not exceeding 10 years, if it may be expected that plant protection products containing the active substance will fulfil
the following conditions:

(a)      their residues, consequent on application consistent with good plant protection practice, do not have any harmful effects
on human or animal health or on groundwater or any unacceptable influence on the environment, and the said residues, in so
far as they are of toxicological or environmental significance, can be measured by methods in general use;

(b)      their use, consequent on application consistent with good plant protection practice, does not have any harmful effects on
human or animal health or any unacceptable influence on the environment as provided for in Article 4(1)(b)(iv) and (v).

...’

4        Article 6(1) of Directive 91/414 provides:

‘Inclusion of an active substance in Annex I shall be decided in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 19.

The following shall also be decided in accordance with that procedure:

–        any conditions for inclusion,

...’

5        Active substances which are not listed in Annex I to Directive 91/414 may, in certain circumstances, benefit from transitional
arrangements permitting derogation. Under Article 8(2) of Directive 91/414 a Member State could, during a period of 12 years
following the notification of Directive 91/414, authorise the placing on its domestic market of plant protection products
containing active substances not listed in Annex I that were already on the market two years after the date of notification
of Directive 91/414, namely 25 July 1993. The Commission of the European Communities was to commence a programme of work for
the gradual examination of those active substances. Subsequently, it could be decided whether or not the substance would be
included in Annex I to the directive. The Member States were to ensure that the relevant authorisations would be granted,
withdrawn or varied, as appropriate.

6        That 12-year period was extended by Article 1 of Commission Regulation (EC) No 1335/2005 of 12 August 2005 amending Regulation
(EC) No 2076/2002 and Decisions 2002/928/EC, 2004/129/EC, 2004/140/EC, 2004/247/EC and 2005/303/EC as regards the time period
referred to in Article 8(2) of Directive 91/414 and the continued use of certain substances not included in its Annex I (OJ
2005 L 211, p. 6) until 30 September 2007 for the active substances which are assessed in the framework of the second stage
under Commission Regulation (EC) No 451/2000 of 28 February 2000 laying down the detailed rules for the implementation of
the second and third stages of the work programme referred to in Article 8(2) of Directive 91/414 (OJ 2000 L 55, p. 25).

*Regulation No 451/2000*

7        Regulation No 451/2000, as amended by Commission Regulation (EC) No 1490/2002 of 14 August 2002 laying down further detailed
rules for the implementation of the third stage of the programme of work referred to in Article 8(2) of Directive 91/414 and
amending Regulation No 451/2000 (OJ 2002 L 224, p. 23), organises the procedure for evaluation of various substances with
a view to their possible inclusion in Annex I to Directive 91/414. Dichlorvos is one of those substances.

8        The procedure introduced by Regulation No 451/2000 begins with a notification of interest, provided for under Article 4(1)
of the regulation, which, as regards dichlorvos, was to be sent by 31 August 2000, at the latest, to the rapporteur Member
State (‘the RMS’) designated in Annex I to the regulation, namely the Italian Republic, by any producer who wished to secure
its inclusion in Annex I to Directive 91/414.

9        Pursuant to Article 6(1) of Regulation No 451/2000, each notifier has the task of sending to the RMS a summary dossier and
a complete dossier, as defined in Article 6(2) and (3) of the regulation.

10      The time-limit for the submission of those dossiers and of relevant information which could contribute to the evaluation of
the active substances was set at 30 April 2002, by virtue of Article 5(4)(c) and (d) of Regulation No 451/2000, in conjunction
with Article 2 of Commission Regulation (EC) No 703/2001 of 6 April 2001 laying down the active substances of plant protection
products to be assessed in the second stage of the work programme referred to in Article 8(2) of Directive 91/414 and revising
the list of Member States designated as rapporteurs for those substances (OJ 2001 L 98, p. 6).

11      As set out in Article 7(1) of Regulation No 451/2000, the RMS is required to report to the Commission on the completeness
of the dossiers, at the latest six months after the receipt of all dossiers for an active substance. In the case of active
substances for which a dossier is considered to be complete, the RMS then evaluates the dossier.

12      The evaluation proper of the active substances is governed by Article 8 of Regulation No 451/2000, as amended by Article 20
of Regulation No 1490/2002.

13      Article 8(1) of Regulation No 451/2000 provides:

‘The [RMS] shall evaluate and report only on those active substances for which at least one dossier has been determined to
be complete ... It shall send a draft report of its assessment of the dossier to the European Food Safety Authority ... as quickly
as possible, and at the latest 12 months after the dossier was determined to be complete...

At the same time, the [RMS] shall make a recommendation to the Commission either:

–        to include the active substance in Annex I to ... Directive [91/414], stating the conditions for inclusion,

–        not to include the active substance in Annex I to ... Directive [91/414], stating the reasons for the non-inclusion.

...’

14      At that stage of the evaluation, Article 8(2) of Regulation No 451/2000, as amended, provides that ‘submission of new studies
shall not [as a rule] be accepted’, but that ‘[the RMS] may request the notifiers to submit further data which are necessary
to clarify the dossier’ and that it ‘shall set a time-limit within which [that] information should be provided’.

15      Under the first subparagraph of Article 8(5) of Regulation No 451/2000, as amended, ‘the [European Food Safety Authority]
shall circulate the rapporteur’s draft assessment report to the Member States and may organise a consultation of experts including
[the RMS]’. At that stage of the procedure, the second subparagraph of Article 8(5) of Regulation No 451/2000, as amended,
provides:

‘Without prejudice to Article 7 of Directive [91/414], submission of new studies shall not be accepted. The [RMS], with the
agreement of the [European Food Safety Authority], may request the notifiers to submit within specified periods further data
considered by the [RMS] or the [European Food Safety Authority] necessary to clarify the dossier.’

16      Article 8(7) of Regulation No 451/2000 provides:

‘The [European Food Safety Authority] shall evaluate the rapporteur’s draft assessment report and deliver its opinion on whether
the active substance can be expected to meet the safety requirements of ... Directive [91/414] to the Commission at the latest
one year after receipt of the [RMS’s] draft assessment report. Where appropriate, the [European Food Safety Authority] shall
give its opinion on the available options claimed to meet the safety requirements ...’

17      Article 8(8) of Regulation No 451/2000 provides:

‘At the latest six months after receipt of the [European Food Safety Authority] opinion referred to in paragraph 7, the Commission
shall submit the draft review report... [I]t shall submit to the Committee:

(a)      a draft directive to include the active substance in Annex I to ... Directive [91/414], setting out where appropriate the conditions,
including the time-limit, for such inclusion, or

(b)      a draft decision addressed to the Member States to withdraw the authorisations of plant-protection products containing the
active substance, pursuant to the fourth subparagraph of Article 8(2) of ... Directive [91/414], whereby that active substance
is not included in Annex I to ... Directive [91/414], mentioning the reasons for the non-inclusion.

...’

*Regulation (EC) No 178/2002*

18      Article 28(1) of Regulation (EC) No 178/2002 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 28 January 2002 laying down
the general principles and requirements of food law, establishing the European Food Safety Authority and laying down procedures
in matters of food safety (OJ 2002 L 31, p. 1) provides:

‘The Scientific Committee and permanent Scientific Panels shall be responsible for providing the scientific opinions of the
[European Food Safety Authority], each within their own spheres of competence, and shall have the possibility, where necessary,
of organising public hearings.’

**Background to the dispute**

19      The applicant, Denka International BV, is a company which markets dichlorvos and plant protection products based on dichlorvos.

20      Dichlorvos is an active substance used as an organophosphate insecticide in greenhouses and post-harvest applications in stores.

21      On 20 April 2000, the applicant notified the Commission of its wish to obtain the inclusion of dichlorvos in Annex I to Directive
91/414.

22      On 17 April 2002, the applicant submitted its dossier to the RMS. After requesting some clarifications concerning the dossier,
the RMS decided, on 17 October 2002, that the dossier was complete and proceeded with the evaluation, pursuant to Article 8
of Regulation No 451/2000.

23      On 20 October 2003, the RMS submitted its draft assessment report (‘the DAR’) to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA).
The DAR recommended the non-inclusion of dichlorvos in Annex I to Directive 91/414 on the ground, primarily, that much essential
information was missing.

24      On 21 June 2004, the DAR was communicated by the EFSA to the Member States and the applicant. Following that communication,
the applicant submitted, on 16 August 2004, an expert report on chronic toxicity and its comments on the DAR. The communication
of the DAR marked the beginning of the procedure known as ‘peer review’, as envisaged by Article 8(5) of Regulation No 451/2000.

25      In this context, an evaluation meeting was held, on 9 February 2005, bringing together the Member States’ representatives,
the EFSA and the applicant.

26      In May 2005, the RMS published an addendum to the DAR taking into account, as had been decided at the meeting of 9 February
2005, the expert report on chronic toxicity and the comments from the Member States and the applicant. In that addendum, the
RMS indicated that, despite the data submitted by the applicant, questions remained concerning, in particular, the long-term
toxicity and mutagenicity of dichlorvos. In that addendum, the RMS maintained its recommendation that dichlorvos should not
be included in Annex I to Directive 91/414.

27      From 27 June until 1 July 2005, a meeting of the EFSA Pesticides Peer review Co-Ordination (‘the EPCO’) was held, during which
the toxicity of dichlorvos was discussed. At that meeting, the EPCO was not able to reach a definitive finding, in particular
concerning the mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of dichlorvos. Consequently, it was decided to forward two questions to one
of the EFSA’s scientific panels, the Scientific Panel on Plant health, Plant protection products and their Residues (‘the
PPR Panel’). Thus, the EPCO asked the PPR Panel, on the one hand, if it was possible to identify a mechanism by which dichlorvos
causes tumours and to set a threshold for the exposures needed before they appear and, on the other hand, whether the tumours
observed in rats and mice were relevant to the evaluation of the effect of dichlorvos on human health.

28      On 1 April 2006, the PPR Panel adopted an opinion which was discussed on 5 April 2006 at the final evaluation meeting for
dichlorvos between the Member States’ representatives and the EFSA.

29      On 12 May 2006, the EFSA finalised its report entitled ‘Conclusion regarding the peer review of the pesticide risk assessment
of the active substance dichlorvos’ (‘the EFSA report’) and then sent it to the Commission, pursuant to Article 8(7) of Regulation
No 451/2000.

30      On 22 June 2006, the applicant submitted its comments on the EFSA report.

31      The EFSA report and the PPR Panel’s opinion were examined by the Member States and the Commission within the Standing Committee
on the Food Chain and Animal Health. A first meeting of that committee took place on 14 July 2006. At a second meeting, on
28 and 29 September 2006, the Commission drew up its review report for dichlorvos, in which it proposed not to include that
substance in Annex I to the Directive.

32      On 6 June 2007, the Commission adopted Decision 2007/387/EC concerning the non-inclusion of dichlorvos in Annex I to Directive
91/414 and the withdrawal of authorisations for plant protection products containing that substance (OJ 2007 L 145, p. 16,
‘the contested decision’).

33      Article 1 of the contested decision provides that dichlorvos is not to be included in Annex I to Directive 91/414. Therefore,
Article 2 requires the withdrawal of the authorisations granted for plant protection products containing dichlorvos by 6 December
2007 and that authorisations for such products are neither granted nor renewed from 7 June 2007. Under Article 4, the contested
decision is addressed to the Member States.

34      The reasons for the non-inclusion of dichlorvos in Annex I to Directive 91/414 are stated in recital 5 of the contested decision:

‘During the evaluation of this active substance, a number of concerns were identified. In particular, based on the available
toxicological data and taking into account the uncertainties of the genotoxic and carcinogenic properties of the substance
[and] also considering the overall poor quality of the dossier, it has not been demonstrated that the estimated operator,
worker and bystander exposure, is acceptable.’

**Procedure and forms of order sought**

35      By application lodged at the Registry of the Court of First Instance on 31 August 2007, the applicant brought the present
action.

36      The applicant claims that the Court should:

–        declare the action admissible and well founded;

–        annul the contested decision;

–        order the Commission to pay the costs as well as compensatory and moratory interests of 8%.

37      The Commission contends that the Court should:

–        dismiss the action;

–        order the applicant to pay the costs.

**Law**

38      In support of its action, the applicant raises one plea of illegality and nine pleas for annulment. The plea of illegality
is based on the illegality of Article 20 of Regulation No 1490/2002. The pleas allege, first, infringement of Article 8(7)
of Regulation No 451/2000, infringement of Article 28(1) of Regulation No 178/2002 and infringement of Article 8 of Regulation
No 451/2000; second, that the contested decision lacks objective scientific justification; third, infringement of Article 5
of Directive 91/414; fourth, infringement of the principle of proportionality, of the right to a fair hearing and of the rights
of the defence; fifth, infringement of the principle of the protection of legitimate expectations; sixth, infringement of
the principle of sound administration and of the duty of excellence and independence of scientific opinions; seventh, infringement
of the ‘principle of non-discrimination’; eighth, infringement of Article 95 EC, of Article 4(1) and of Article 5(1) of Directive
91/414 and, ninth, infringement of the principle of subsidiarity and of Article 5 EC.

*The plea of illegality relating to Article 20 of Regulation No 1490/2002*

Arguments of the parties

39      The applicant pleads the illegality of Article 20 of Regulation No 1490/2002, which it claims substantially prejudiced its
rights and legitimate expectations by providing for the EFSA’s involvement in the evaluation procedure for active substances
referred to in the second stage of the work programme, such as dichlorvos, which constitutes an additional obligatory step
in the evaluation procedure for active substances, whereas, under the previous legislation, that step was optional. Article 20
of Regulation No 1490/2002 should be declared illegal and inapplicable to the applicant as that provision was applied retroactively
to the ongoing dichlorvos review procedure.

40      The applicant submits that the Community law principle of non-retroactivity requires that the law applicable to the dichlorvos
evaluation procedure under Directive 91/414 is the law in force at the time the review started. This principle requires that
this law cannot be fundamentally altered thereafter. The retroactive application of legal acts can only be accepted exceptionally,
if properly reasoned and if the legitimate expectations of economic operators are not frustrated.

41      The applicant submits that neither Directive 91/414, Regulation No 451/2000 nor Article 20 of Regulation No 1490/2002 provide
an explanation as to why the EFSA should retroactively intervene in ongoing assessments. Moreover, the applicant’s legitimate
expectations were frustrated as it could not envisage the intervention of a separate body, such as the EFSA, in the evaluation
procedure, nor the late peer review of its DAR.

42      The Commission maintains that the plea of illegality raised by the applicant should be rejected as unfounded.

Findings of the Court

43      The provisions of Article 8 of Regulation No 451/2000 were amended by Article 20 of Regulation No 1490/2002. Prior to the
entry into force of Regulation No 1490/2002, active substances were evaluated by the RMS and the Commission, which, under
the second subparagraph of Article 8(3) of Regulation No 451/2000 ‘[could] organise a consultation of experts from one or
several Member States’, whereas Regulation No 1490/2002 granted the EFSA a role in the evaluation of active substances. Therefore,
under Article 8(1) of Regulation No 451/2000, as amended, the RMS is to send to the EFSA the DAR for active substances in
respect of which a dossier is regarded as complete, and the EFSA, under Article 8(7) of that regulation, is to evaluate that
report and deliver its opinion on whether the active substance can be expected to meet the safety requirements of Directive
91/414 to the Commission.

44      Moreover, as regards, in the first place, the head of claim relating to the retroactive application of Article 20 of Regulation
No 1490/2002, it must be stated that Regulation No 1490/2002 does not provide for any retroactive application of its provisions,
in particular of Article 20. Article 21 of Regulation No 1490/2002 provides that the regulation entered into force on the
seventh day following its publication in the Official Journal, that is to say on 28 August 2002, and its provisions were directly
applicable as from that date.

45      In that regard, it must be borne in mind that, unlike substantive rules of Community law, which must be interpreted as not
applying, in principle, to situations existing before their entry into force, procedural rules are of immediate application
(see Joined Cases T‐27/03, T‐46/03, T‐58/03, T‐79/03, T‐80/03, T‐97/03 and T‐98/03 *SP and Others* v *Commission* [2007] ECR II-4331, paragraph 116 and the case-law cited).

46      The provisions of Regulation No 1490/2002 which provide for the EFSA’s involvement in the evaluation procedure for active
substances constitute procedural rules which, in accordance with the case-law cited in paragraph 45 above, are of immediate
application.

47      Consequently, the applicant cannot claim that the immediate application of the new provisions of Article 8 of Regulation No 451/2000
to ongoing evaluation procedures for active substances was illegal. Furthermore, in the light of the immediate application
of procedural rules, there was no requirement for any specific statement of reasons on that point in Regulation No 1490/2002.

48      As regards, in the second place, the head of claim alleging infringement of the principle of the protection of legitimate
expectations, it is apparent from settled case-law that the scope of that principle cannot be extended to the point of generally
preventing new rules from applying to the future effects of situations which arose under the earlier rules (Case 203/86 *Spain* v *Council* [1988] ECR 4563, paragraph 19; Case C-60/98 *Butterfly Music* [1999] ECR I-3939, paragraph 25; and Case C‐162/00 *Pokrzeptowicz-Meyer* [2002] ECR I-1049, paragraph 55).

49      Moreover, first, in practice, Regulation No 1490/2002 did not insert an additional step into the evaluation procedure for
active substances. As was pointed out in paragraph 43 above, the second subparagraph of Article 8(3) of Regulation No 451/2000
provided, prior to its amendment by Regulation No 1490/2002, that the Commission ‘[could] organise a consultation of experts
from one or several Member States’. Consequently, on that basis, at the time when it notified its dossier to the RMS the applicant
could expect a peer review to be carried out.

50      Secondly, as Regulation No 178/2002 was published on 1 February 2002, the applicant could expect, in particular on the basis
of recitals 34 and 36 in the preamble to that regulation and of Article 22 thereof, that the EFSA would be asked to issue
a scientific opinion in the evaluation procedure of active substances contained in plant-protection products. The applicant
could not therefore have had the legitimate expectation that the EFSA would not take part in the evaluation.

51      The plea of illegality must therefore be rejected.

*The first plea, alleging infringement of Article 8(7) of Regulation No 451/2000, Article 28(1) of Regulation No 178/2002 and
Article 8 of Regulation No 451/2000*

The first part of the first plea

–       Arguments of the parties

52      In the first part of the first plea, the applicant submits that, pursuant to Article 8(7) of Regulation No 451/2000, the EFSA
should have sent its report to the Commission in October 2004. However, it did this only in May 2006. Therefore, according
to the applicant, the EFSA carried out its evaluation during a period in which it was not legally entitled to do so and for
which it had not been granted special authority by the Commission or another Community institution. The EFSA therefore exceeded
its powers.

53      As the EFSA report was, in accordance with Article 8(8) of Regulation No 451/2000, the basis of the contested decision, the
procedural irregularity affecting the report justifies the annulment of the contested decision. If the EFSA had respected
the time-limit laid down by Article 8(7) of Regulation No 451/2000, the contested decision would have been different because
the Commission would have had to re-refer the DAR to the EFSA or another independent scientific body for peer review at a
later date. The RMS would therefore have been able to indicate any concerns it had to the applicant which would have had more
time to assess the DAR and produce additional studies or evidence-based data.

54      The Commission disputes the applicant’s arguments and submits that the first part of this plea should be rejected.

–       Findings of the Court

55      Under Article 8(7) of Regulation No 451/2000, the EFSA must evaluate the DAR and deliver its opinion on whether the active
substance can be expected to meet the safety requirements of Directive 91/414 to the Commission at the latest one year after
receipt of the DAR. In the present case, the EFSA did not comply with that time-limit. Although the EFSA received the DAR
on 20 October 2003, it delivered its opinion to the Commission only on 12 May 2006.

56      However, even if the time-limit in Article 8(7) of Regulation No 451/2000 were mandatory, failure to comply with that time-limit
could affect the legality of the contested decision only if it were established that the content of the contested decision
could have differed if that irregularity had not occurred (see, to that effect, Case 150/84 *Bernardi* v *Parliament* [1986] ECR 1375, paragraph 28, and Case T-279/02 *Degussa* v *Commission* [2006] ECR II-897, paragraph 416).

57      The applicant claims that that is the case in so far as, if the EFSA had respected the time-limit laid down by Article 8(7)
of Regulation No 451/2000, the Commission would have had to re-refer the DAR to the EFSA or another independent scientific
body for another peer review. The RMS would therefore have been able to indicate any concerns it had to the applicant which
would have had more time to assess the DAR and produce additional studies or evidence-based data.

58      It must be noted, however, that the DAR, the addendum to it and the EFSA report showed that the dossier, as notified by the
applicant, did not contain all the particulars necessary to permit a satisfactory evaluation of the harmful effects of dichlorvos.
If, on 12 May 2006, after exchanges of views and information which had taken place within the EFSA over many months, that
body ultimately did not reach the conclusion that dichlorvos was harmless, it could not, a fortiori, in the light of the inadequate
nature of the dossier notified, have reached a different conclusion if it had adopted its report within one year after receipt
of the DAR. On the contrary, it would have been impossible for the RMS to submit an addendum to the DAR, as it did in May
2005.

59      Moreover, contrary to what the applicant maintains as regards the possibility of the Commission’s re-referring the DAR to
the EFSA or another independent scientific body for another peer review, Regulation No 451/2000 does not provide for such
a possibility. First, it is apparent from Article 8(1) of that regulation that the Commission has no power to submit a DAR.
That falls solely to the Member State which must send the DAR to the EFSA at the latest 12 months after the dossier has been
considered to be complete. Secondly, under Article 8(4) of Regulation No 451/2000, the resubmission of an amended report is
possible only in exceptional cases where that document clearly does not fulfil the requirements concerning the format recommended
by the Commission. In those circumstances, the Commission is to agree with the EFSA and the RMS on a period for resubmission
of an amended report, which must not, under Article 4 of Regulation No 451/2000 exceed four months. Clearly, therefore, the
applicant is incorrect in arguing that, if the EFSA report had been adopted within the time-limit, the Commission would have
had to re-refer the DAR to the EFSA or another independent scientific body, as a result of which it would in particular have
had more time to produce additional studies.

60      The first part of the first plea must therefore be rejected as unfounded.

The second part of the first plea

–       Arguments of the parties

61      In the second part of the first plea, the applicant observes that, in accordance with Article 28(1) of Regulation No 178/2002,
the EPCO, during its review of dichlorvos under Directive 91/414, submitted questions concerning the carcinogenicity and genotoxicity
of dichlorvos to the PPR Panel. According to the applicant, pursuant to Article 28(1) of Regulation No 178/2002, the PPR Panel’s
opinion represents the scientific opinion of the EFSA as a whole. That opinion ought therefore to have been taken into account,
without modification, in the EFSA report. As that report contradicts the PPR Panel’s opinion, Article 28(1) of Regulation
No 178/2002 was infringed. Moreover, as the EFSA report constitutes the scientific basis of the contested decision, that decision
lacks any scientific and procedural basis and should therefore be annulled.

62      The Commission disputes the applicant’s arguments and maintains that this part of the plea should be rejected.

–       Findings of the Court

63      In essence, the applicant’s contentions give rise to two questions. The first relates to the legal status of the PPR Panel’s
opinion. More specifically, it must be established whether that opinion is binding on the EFSA. The second question, which
only arises if the answer to the first question is in the affirmative, concerns the alleged contradiction between the PPR
Panel’s opinion and the EFSA report. Those two questions must be examined in turn.

64      First, as regards the legal status of the PPR Panel’s opinion, it is necessary, first of all, to clarify the role assigned
to the PPR Panel in evaluation procedures for dossiers notified by producers who wish to secure the inclusion of an active
substance in Annex I to Directive 91/414, as provided for in Article 8 of Regulation No 451/2000.

65      In that regard, it is important to note that the PPR Panel is not explicitly mentioned in that article. Thus, under Article 8(1)
of Regulation No 451/2000, the RMS is to draw up a DAR which it sends to the EFSA. Under Article 8(5) of that regulation,
the EFSA is to circulate the DAR to the Member States and may organise a consultation of experts. Lastly, under Article 8(7)
of that regulation, the EFSA is to evaluate the DAR and deliver its opinion on whether the active substance can be expected
to meet the safety requirements of Directive 91/414 to the Commission.

66      Nevertheless, it is under Article 8(5) of Regulation No 451/2000 that a role may be allotted to the PPR Panel. Under that
article, the EFSA is required to organise a peer review, that is to say by the Member States and, if necessary, by national
experts, in order to evaluate the DAR. The EFSA has elaborated specific procedures with the aim of rationalising that examination.
Those procedures are described in the document entitled ‘Procedure of the peer review of active substances used in plant protection
products evaluated in the second stage of the review programme’. In that document, the EFSA sets out four types of procedure
from which it may choose, depending on the difficulties presented by the dossier. Those procedures are managed, within the
EFSA, by a unit for the coordination of the peer review of pesticides, also known as PRAPeR (EFSA’s Pesticide Risk Assessment
Peer Review), a unit which took on the functions previously assumed by EPCO. It is in the context of the procedure specifically
drawn up by the EFSA to evaluate active substances whose harmlessness is problematic – which is one of the four types of procedure
mentioned above – that the EFSA has provided for a role for the PPR Panel, which was created pursuant to Article 28(4) of
Regulation No 178/2002. In respect of those substances, the EFSA provided for the convening of meetings of national experts
and the possibility of consulting the PPR Panel on problematic issues.

67      Secondly, it must be established whether the PPR Panel’s opinion is binding on the EFSA in respect of the drawing up of its
report. The applicant maintains that that is the case and refers to Article 28(1) of Regulation No 178/2002.

68      Under that article, ‘[t]he ... permanent Scientific Panels shall be responsible for providing the scientific opinions of the
[EFSA], each within their own spheres of competence’. It is important to note that, as the applicant submits, the wording
of that article implies that the EFSA must, if it decides to request a scientific opinion from such a panel, comply with that
opinion. That interpretation is borne out by the rules which the EFSA has established for itself: if the PPR Panel is consulted,
it is laid down that the report of the meetings of national experts mentioned in paragraph 66 above must take account of its
opinion. An exception to that rule is conceivable only where the EFSA has available to it scientific information justifying
the setting aside of that opinion.

69      Nevertheless, it must be stated that, contrary to what the applicant submits, in the evaluation procedure for dossiers notified
by producers wishing to have an active substance included in Annex I to Directive 91/414, the opinion of the PPR Panel cannot
be confused with the opinion of the EFSA, drawn up pursuant to Article 8(7) of Regulation No 451/2000, on whether the active
substance can be expected to meet the safety requirements of Directive 91/414. It has already been pointed out that, in the
course of the above procedure, the PPR Panel may be consulted by PRAPeR on certain specific difficulties in the dossiers the
evaluation of which the latter coordinates. However, the PPR Panel may not under any circumstances assume the role assigned
to the EFSA in the preparation of the opinion referred to in Article 8(7) of Regulation No 451/2000.

70      It follows from the above that, in the procedure provided for in Article 8 of Regulation No 451/2000, the opinion of the PPR
Panel is binding on the EFSA as regards the issues on which it has been consulted, but that is subject always to the general
assessment of the risk posed by the active substance at issue.

71      Secondly, it must be established whether the PPR Panel’s opinion was distorted or contradicted in the EFSA report. In that
regard, it should be borne in mind that the PPR Panel’s scientific opinion was provided at the request of the EPCO. The PPR
Panel was asked two questions. First, it was asked whether it could identify the mechanisms by which dichlorvos causes tumours
and, in the affirmative, whether it could ascertain if a threshold for exposure could be set. Secondly, it was asked whether
the tumours observed in animals could be relevant to the evaluation of the effect of dichlorvos on human health.

72      As regards the first question, the PPR Panel drew a distinction, in its answer, between genotoxicity and carcinogenicity.
As regards the possible mechanisms by which dichlorvos might be genotoxic, the PPR Panel’s opinion concluded, first, that
dichlorvos was an *in vitro* mutagen and, secondly, that there was some limited evidence that dichlorvos is a site-of-contact *in vivo* mutagen but that the mechanism of that effect is unclear. As regards the carcinogenicity of dichlorvos, the PPR Panel stated
that the only carcinogenic effect found was that of forestomach tumours in mice. According to the PPR Panel, such tumours
appear to be a consequence of high sustained local concentrations of dichlorvos (caused by the gavage of the animals). In
that regard, the PPR Panel stated that it was possible, but far from certain, that those tumours were caused by a modification
of the DNA in cells at the site of contact, which implied, in principle, that tumours could be produced at other sites. However,
according to the PPR Panel, the doses necessary to produce the tumours were so high that the appearance of such tumours at
other sites was unlikely. That therefore means that, according to the PPR Panel, there is a threshold for the carcinogenic
response.

73      As regards the second question, the PPR Panel concluded that, as there is no equivalent to the forestomach of mice in humans,
there was considerable scientific uncertainty as to the mode of action and relevance for humans of the forestomach tumours
induced by dichlorvos in the mouse. The PPR Panel reiterated that, whilst it was not possible to exclude DNA interaction as
a critical step in the production of those tumours, their appearance appeared to be a consequence of high and sustained local
concentrations of dichlorvos. According to the PPR Panel, the evidence available appeared to suggest that those tumours would
not occur at the levels of exposure that would be encountered in the proposed use of the active substance, in so far as severe
systemic toxicity would occur before the tumours developed.

74      The EFSA report contains a faithful summary of those answers. At the end of that summary, the EFSA concedes that, in accordance
with the PPR Panel’s opinion, a threshold value, below which the use of the active substance dichlorvos is safe, may theoretically
be set. However, according to the EFSA report, since the dossier contains no robust long-term study on carcinogenicity, it
is not possible either to fix the ‘no observed adverse effect level’ (NOAEL) or to have a full picture of the toxicological
properties of the active substance. Consequently, the EFSA report states that such a threshold value cannot be established
in the present case.

75      In the light of the above, it must be held that the EFSA report neither distorts nor fails to comply with the PPR Panel’s
opinion. In that regard, it is important to point out that the fact that, in its report, the EFSA found that the assessment
of the risks dichlorvos poses to human health was inconclusive, owing to the uncertainties connected with the genotoxic and
carcinogenic properties of that substance, whereas the PPR Panel stated that the evidence available appeared to suggest that
the risk of genotoxicity and carcinogenicity was minimal, is directly connected with the Court’s finding in paragraph 69 above
that the PPR Panel may be consulted by PRAPeR on certain specific difficulties in the dossiers to be evaluated, but may not
under any circumstances assume the role assigned to the EFSA in the preparation of the opinion referred to in Article 8(7)
of Regulation No 451/2000. The PPR Panel carries out a risk assessment of a theoretical nature, whereas it is the task of
the EFSA, when it carries out the same assessment, to take into account the practical contingencies connected with the management
of those risks. In the present case, although the PPR Panel was of the opinion that, in theory, the risks of genotoxicity
and carcinogenicity were minimal, the EFSA report stated that the risk assessment was inconclusive because of the gaps in
the data submitted by the applicant, which made it impossible to set a threshold value.

76      Consequently, the second part of the first plea must be rejected as unfounded.

The third part of the first plea

–       Arguments of the parties

77      In the third part of the first plea, the applicant submits that, according to case-law, the Commission is obliged to submit
to the Member States any information that is relevant to its decision on inclusion or non-inclusion of an active substance,
before the vote in the Standing Committee on the Food Chain and Animal Health. Failure to do so constitutes an infringement
of the procedural requirements of Article 8 of Regulation No 451/2000.

78      The applicant observes in this respect that it is apparent from recital 6 of the contested decision that the Commission carefully
examined all of the applicant’s comments. Among those are its comments on the EFSA report, dated 22 June 2006. As these comments
were not sent to the Member States, the Commission infringed its obligations under Article 8 of Regulation No 451/2000, which
justifies the annulment of the contested decision.

79      The applicant submits, moreover, in the reply, that although those comments were in fact sent to the Member States on 11 September
2006, as the Commission claims, the Commission proposed the non-inclusion of dichlorvos for the first time at the meeting
of the Standing Committee on the Food Chain and Animal Health on 14 July 2006. The Member States’ representatives would therefore
not have had access to those documents when they first examined the Commission’s proposal. Moreover, they would only have
had access to them 17 days before the meeting of the Standing Committee on the Food Chain and Animal Health of 28 September
2006, during which the contested decision was adopted.

80      The Commission disputes the applicant’s arguments and maintains that this part of the plea should be rejected.

–       Findings of the Court

81      The court notes, first of all, that, under Article 8(8) of Regulation No 451/2000, at the latest six months after receipt
of the EFSA report, the Commission must submit the draft review report and a draft directive to include the active substance
in Annex I or a draft decision addressed to the Member States to withdraw the authorisations of plant-protection products
containing the active substance in question and, consequently, not to include that substance in Annex I of Directive 91/414.

82      In the present case, it must be pointed out that, irrespective of whether the Commission is obliged to communicate the applicant’s
comments on the EFSA report, it is apparent from the material in the dossier that the applicant’s comments dated 22 June 2006
were sent to the Member States on 11 September 2006 for the purposes of the meeting of the Standing Committee on the Food
Chain and Animal Health on 28 and 29 September 2006. Even if, as the applicant states, an initial meeting of that committee
took place on 14 July 2006, a meeting at the end of which no decision relating to the inclusion of dichlorvos in Annex I to
Directive 91/414 was taken, the vote relating to the non-inclusion of dichlorvos in Annex I to Directive 91/414 took place,
within that committee, only at the meeting of 28 and 29 September 2006. It is therefore clear that the applicant’s comments
were communicated to the Member States in sufficient time for them to be able to take them into account during their vote.

83      Consequently, the third part of the first plea must be rejected as unfounded.

*The second plea, alleging that the contested decision lacks scientific justification*

Arguments of the parties

84      The applicant submits, first, that the Commission did not have available sufficient scientific indications to conclude, on
an objective basis, that it was necessary to ban dichlorvos.

85      Therefore, the applicant submits that the contested decision is based on the key scientific finding that the genotoxicity
and carcinogenicity of dichlorvos cannot be excluded. That finding is contradicted by the PPR Panel’s opinion that dichlorvos
does not pose a carcinogenic or genotoxic risk. Thus, the statement in the opinion that, ‘[a]fter considering all of the available
data, the PPR Panel concluded that with the exception of tumours of the forestomach in mice, there was no convincing evidence
for a compound related increase in tumour incidence’ contradicts the findings set out in the EFSA report and the contested
decision.

86      The applicant maintains that the PPR Panel’s opinion should legally be understood as that of the EFSA as a whole.

87      Moreover, the Commission, like the EFSA, could only choose between following the PPR Panel’s opinion or departing from it,
subject, in the latter case, to referring to a new opinion of the PPR Panel or a scientific body of the same stature or level.
In that respect, the EFSA report is particularly questionable, as it was finalised only five days after the release of the
PPR Panel’s opinion which, itself, required a year of methodical evaluation. Moreover, the Commission did not base itself
on the clear scientific findings concerning the non-genotoxicity and non-carcinogenicity of dichlorvos, as set out in the
PPR Panel’s opinion, and there was no valid contrary scientific research. Finally, the PPR Panel’s opinion is not mentioned
in the contested decision and the Commission does not provide any justification for disregarding it in that decision.

88      Secondly, the applicant submits that even if the EFSA report is considered to be a valid basis for the contested decision,
this report is itself flawed because it was not drafted by the EFSA in its capacity as an independent body providing scientific
advice, but as a coordinator of expert meetings. This is apparent from recital 4 to the contested decision and the EFSA report
itself.

89      Thirdly, the applicant submits that the effects of dichlorvos on the general population and the environment are irrelevant
in view of the proposed use of dichlorvos, namely indoors on flower bulbs. It is clear from both a logical and a scientific
point of view that there is no risk to the general population or the environment if dichlorvos is used only indoors on flower
bulbs. Consequently, there is no scientific justification for the restriction in the contested decision based on hypothetical
concerns.

90      Fourthly, concerning the Commission’s claim that it was impossible to complete the risk assessment because of gaps in the
dossier, the applicant submits, in the reply, that the RMS itself declared that the dossier was complete. Such a declaration
necessarily implies that the RMS considered that the dossier included all of the data required pursuant to Directive 91/414
to carry out the evaluation of the active substance. The fact that the competent authorities judged the dossier complete and
proceeded with the evaluation of the dossier gave rise to a legitimate expectation on the part of the applicant that all of
the data required had been provided.

91      The Commission disputes the applicant’s arguments and maintains that this plea should be rejected.

Findings of the Court

92      It should be noted that, as is clear from recitals 5, 6 and 9 in the preamble thereto, Directive 91/414 aims to remove barriers
to intra-Community trade in plant protection products, while maintaining a high level of protection of the environment and
of human and animal health (Case C-138/05 *Stichting Zuid-Hollandse Milieufederatie* [2006] ECR I-8339, paragraph 43, and Case T-75/06 *Bayer CropScience and Others* v *Commission* [2008] ECR II-0000, paragraph 81).

93      In that context, if the Commission is to be able to pursue effectively the objective assigned to it, account being taken of
the complex technical assessments which it must undertake, it must be recognised as enjoying a broad discretion (Case C‐326/05 P
*Industrias Químicas del Vallés* v *Commission* [2007] ECR I‐6557 (‘*IQV*’), paragraph 75, and *Bayer CropScience and Others* v *Commission*, paragraph 92 above, paragraph 82).

94      However, the exercise of that discretion is not excluded from judicial review. In that regard, according to settled case-law,
in the course of such a review the Community judicature must verify whether the relevant procedural rules have been complied
with, whether the facts admitted by the Commission have been accurately stated and whether there has been a manifest error
of assessment or a misuse of powers (Case 98/78 *Racke* [1979] ECR 69, paragraph 5; Case C‐16/90 *Nölle* [1991] ECR I‐5163, paragraph 12; and *Bayer CropScience and Others* v *Commission*, paragraph 92 above, paragraph 83).

95      It must also be borne in mind that – as is clear from Article 6(2)(b) of Regulation No 451/2000 – it is the notifier who has
to demonstrate that, on the basis of the information submitted for one or more preparations for a limited range of representative
uses, the requirements of Directive 91/414 in relation to the criteria referred to in Article 5 are met. The burden of proof
as regards the safety of the active substance thus lies with the notifier (see, by analogy, *Bayer CropScience and Others* v *Commission*, paragraph 92 above, paragraph 85).

96      The question whether, as the applicant claims, the scientific findings set out in the contested decision lack an objective
and valid scientific basis must be examined in the light of the foregoing considerations.

97      In the first place, as regards the applicant’s argument that the contested decision is based on the key scientific finding
that the genotoxicity and carcinogenicity of dichlorvos cannot be excluded, a finding which is contradicted by the PPR Panel’s
opinion, it must be pointed out, first, that it is apparent from recital 5 of the contested decision that, although the fundamental
concern relates to the uncertainties of the genotoxic and carcinogenic properties of dichlorvos, reference is also made to
the overall poor quality of the dossier as an obstacle to demonstrating that the estimated operator, worker and bystander
exposure, was acceptable.

98      Although the Commission gives no further particulars in the contested decision as regards the gaps in the dossier, the EFSA
report, which it is not disputed constitutes the scientific basis for the contested decision, provides such particulars. Consequently,
the EFSA report mentions the following problems in addition to the uncertainties related to the genotoxic and carcinogenic
properties of dichlorvos:

–        no definitive reference value has been confirmed;

–        as definitive reference values were not agreed on, the risk assessment to operators, workers and bystanders is inconclusive;

–        it is not possible to define a technical specification for dichlorvos;

–        no analytical methods for ascertaining the residues of dichlorvos in soil, water, air, blood and animal tissues are available.

99      Consequently, the applicant wrongly overlooks the problems identified in the contested decision, other than the uncertainties
of the genotoxic and carcinogenic properties of dichlorvos.

100    Secondly, it must be stated that, contrary to what the applicant claims, the contested decision does not contradict the PPR
Panel’s opinion. As has already been explained in paragraphs 71 to 75 above, the EFSA report, which constitutes the scientific
basis for the contested decision, faithfully reports the terms in which that opinion is couched. Although the EFSA report
states that the assessment of the risks is inconclusive, whereas the PPR Panel suggests that the risk of genotoxicity and
carcinogenicity is minimal, the EFSA explains in that report, as was pointed out in paragraph 74 above, the reason why risks
which may appear to be acceptable in theory are not acceptable in the present case. Furthermore, as was shown in paragraph 98
above, the EFSA report refers to problems other than the uncertainties of the genotoxic and carcinogenic properties of dichlorvos,
in relation to which the PPR Panel had not been consulted.

101    In the light of the foregoing, it is necessary to reject the applicant’s argument that the contested decision is based on
the key scientific finding ‐ allegedly contradicted by the PPR Panel’s opinion ‐ that the genotoxicity and carcinogenicity
of dichlorvos cannot be excluded.

102    In the second place, as regards the argument that the EFSA report was not drafted by the EFSA in its capacity as an independent
body, but as a coordinator of expert meetings, it must be pointed out that that assertion shows that the applicant is unaware
of the evaluation procedure for dossiers notified by producers who wish to secure the inclusion of an active substance in
Annex I to Directive 91/414, as provided for in Article 8 of Regulation No 451/2000.

103    As has already been pointed out in paragraph 65 above, under Article 8(1) of Regulation No 451/2000, the RMS is to draw up
a DAR which it sends to the EFSA. Under Article 8(5) of that regulation, the EFSA is to circulate the DAR to the Member States
and may organise a consultation of experts. Lastly, under Article 8(7) of that regulation, the EFSA is to evaluate the DAR
and deliver its opinion on whether the active substance can be expected to meet the safety requirements of Directive 91/414
to the Commission.

104    That evaluation procedure must be interpreted in the light of the preamble to Regulation No 1490/2002, in so far as that regulation
amended Article 8 of Regulation No 451/2000. It is apparent, in particular, from recital 12 in the preamble to Regulation
No 1490/2002 that DARs are ‘reviewed by the EFSA before they are submitted to the Standing Committee on the Food Chain and
Animal Health’. Under Article 8(5) of Regulation No 451/2000, this takes the form of a peer review. It is on the basis of
that peer review that the EFSA circulates the DAR and its own report to the Commission pursuant to Article 8(7) of Regulation
No 451/2000.

105    Consequently, the Commission is right to state, in recital 4 of the contested decision, that the DAR was ‘peer reviewed’ by
the Member States and the EFSA and presented to the Commission in the format of the EFSA report. Therefore, that report cannot
be regarded as flawed inasmuch as it was allegedly not drafted by the EFSA in its capacity as an independent body.

106    In the third place, as regards the applicant’s argument that the effects of dichlorvos on the general population and the environment
are irrelevant in so far as dichlorvos is intended for use only indoors on flower bulbs, it must be pointed out that, even
if there were no risk to the general population or the environment, the applicant would be required to prove, in accordance
with Article 6(2)(b) of Regulation No 451/2000, that the risk for operators who handle the active substance meets the requirements
of Directive 91/414 and in particular the criteria referred to in Article 5 of that directive. It has already been stated
in paragraphs 97 to 99 above that the gaps in the dossier did not make a conclusive risk assessment possible.

107    In the fourth place, the applicant’s argument that, as the RMS had declared that the dossier was complete, the Commission
could no longer complain that it had omitted information, is inadmissible under Article 48(2) of the Rules of Procedure of
the Court of First Instance, in so far as it was raised for the first time in the reply.

108    In any event, that argument is unfounded. In that regard it must be pointed out that, under Article 6(1) of Regulation No 451/2000,
the notifiers must ‘submit to the designated authority of the [RMS] for any given active substance the complete dossier referred
to in paragraph 3’. Under Article 6(3) of Regulation No 451/2000, the complete dossier is to contain ‘physically the individual
test and study reports’.

109    However, the fact that a dossier has been declared to be complete by the RMS for the purposes of Article 6(1) of Regulation
No 451/2000 does not necessarily guarantee that it contains all the information to enable the RMS, the EFSA and the Commission
to adopt a position on the harmful effects, within the meaning of Article 5(1) of Directive 91/414, of the active substance
concerned. It must be pointed out in that regard that a dossier which contains the studies and reports provided for in Article 6(3)
of Regulation No 451/2000 will be regarded as complete by the RMS but that does not constitute a decision on the quality of
the dossier and does not preclude the possibility of a request for further data to enable the RMS and/or the EFSA to carry
out their scientific evaluation of the active substance.

110    It is apparent from all of the foregoing that the second plea must be rejected.

*The third plea, alleging infringement of Article 5 of Directive 91/414*

Arguments of the parties

111    The applicant submits that, according to the case-law, danger must be distinguished from risk. According to the applicant,
the evaluation criteria set out in Article 5 of Directive 91/414 are based on risk assessment. The contested decision infringes
that article in that it is not based on a risk assessment but only on the inherent hazard properties of dichlorvos.

112    Thus, according to the applicant, the Commission refers, in recital 5 of the contested decision, to uncertainties related
to the genotoxic and carcinogenic properties of that substance to justify its non-inclusion in Annex I to Directive 91/414.
The genotoxicity and carcinogenicity of dichlorvos relate to its inherent hazard properties. A finding of genotoxicity and
carcinogenicity does not in itself justify a conclusion that dichlorvos poses an unacceptable risk to the environment and
human health. In that respect, the contested decision merely states that the available data are not sufficient, without coming
to a clear conclusion as to whether or not they demonstrate an unacceptable risk to human health and the environment.

113    The Commission disputes the applicant’s arguments and maintains that this plea should be rejected.

Findings of the Court

114    It is apparent from the ninth recital in the preamble to Directive 91/414 that the provisions governing the authorisation
of plant protection products must ensure a high standard of protection, which, in particular, must prevent the authorisation
of plant protection products whose risks to health, groundwater and the environment have not been the subject of appropriate
research.

115    In that context, it must be pointed out that the criteria set out in Article 5(1) of Directive 91/414 for a substance to be
capable of being included in Annex I are framed in broad terms and based on an analysis of the risk of harmful effects on
human or animal health or on groundwater or any unacceptable influence on the environment (*Bayer CropScience and Others* v *Commission*, paragraph 92 above, paragraph 184).

116    Furthermore, that provision must be interpreted in conjunction with the precautionary principle. In accordance with that principle,
where there is scientific uncertainty as to the existence or extent of risks to human health, the Community institutions may
take protective measures without having to wait until the reality and seriousness of those risks become fully apparent (Case
C-180/96 *United Kingdom* v *Commission* [1998] ECR I-2265, paragraph 99, and Case T-13/99 *Pfizer Animal Health* v *Council* [2002] ECR II-3305, paragraph 139). Moreover, in a situation in which the precautionary principle is applied, which by definition
coincides with a situation in which there is scientific uncertainty, a risk assessment cannot be required to provide the Community
institutions with conclusive scientific evidence of the reality of the risk and the seriousness of the potential adverse effects
were that risk to become a reality (*Pfizer Animal Health* v *Council*, paragraph 142).

117    In view of the foregoing and of the case-law cited in paragraphs 92 to 95 above, the Court notes that it is apparent from
recital 5 of the contested decision that that decision is based not only on the available toxicological data and on the uncertainties
of the genotoxic and carcinogenic properties of dichlorvos, but also, more generally, on the overall poor quality of the dossier.
In that regard, it has already been stated, in paragraph 98 above, that there were gaps in the dossier submitted by the applicant
and thus no reliable conclusion could be drawn as regards the genotoxic and carcinogenic properties of dichlorvos and, more
generally, as regards the safety of dichlorvos. Accordingly, the EFSA report states that certain uncertainties can be dispelled
only if the missing data and studies are provided.

118    It must therefore be held, in view of the precautionary principle, that the Commission, in the light of the available toxicological
data, the uncertainties of the genotoxic and carcinogenic properties of dichlorvos and the gaps in the dossier which make
it impossible to carry out a conclusive risk assessment, did not make a manifest error of assessment in adopting the contested
decision or infringe Article 5 of Directive 91/414.

119    The third plea must therefore be rejected as unfounded.

*The fourth plea, alleging infringement of the rights of the defence, the right to a fair hearing and the principle of proportionality*

The first part of the fourth plea

–       Arguments of the parties

120    The applicant submits that the Commission infringed its rights of defence and its right to a fair hearing by failing (i) to
give it sufficient opportunity and time to make comments and to submit studies addressing the objections raised during the
evaluation of dichlorvos concerning the absence of long-term studies allowing genotoxic and carcinogenic risk to be excluded,
and (ii) in its obligation to examine carefully the applicant’s comments.

121    First, concerning the failure to give the applicant sufficient opportunity and time to make comments and to submit studies,
the applicant takes the view that it is necessary to assess whether the lack of long-term studies was raised by the Commission
or the EFSA early enough in the evaluation procedure and whether it had sufficient time to submit the missing data.

122    As regards the time at which the lack of long-term studies was raised by the Commission and the EFSA, the applicant submits
as follows: (i) neither the RMS nor the PPR Panel raised the issue of long-term studies as a critical part of the scientific
evaluation; (ii) this issue became a formal data requirement, on the EFSA’s part, only at a very late stage in the procedure
when the EFSA had completed its report; (iii) the applicant could not have anticipated this requirement as the PPR Panel regarded
it as unnecessary. In the reply, the applicant submits (iv) that the Commission’s claim that it did not have to inform the
applicant of the gaps in the dossier and give it time to remedy them because a notifier can always re-apply must be considered
a disproportionate and inappropriate answer to an unforeseeable data gap which arises during the review process.

123    Concerning the issue of the time available to prepare the long-term studies, the applicant submits that the Commission did
not give it the opportunity and time to address that issue as it took the view that the deadlines to do so had lapsed. The
Commission should have extended or suspended its own administrative deadlines to give the applicant a fair chance to defend
its position. This is particularly so in the light of the fact that the applicant had received specific assurances, at the
EPCO meeting of 27 June to 1 July 2005 and from the PPR Panel, that no long-term studies were needed. The applicant’s situation
is therefore comparable to that of the applicant in the case which gave rise to the judgment in *IQV*, paragraph 93 above. Moreover, the Commission’s negligence in respect of the applicant’s right to a fair hearing is accentuated
by the fact that the applicant did its utmost throughout the evaluation to fulfil any requests from the competent authorities.
Finally, as the competent authorities did not respect the legislative deadlines, they cannot legitimately seek to enforce
to the letter the deadlines which apply to the applicant.

124    Secondly, concerning the failure to examine carefully the applicant’s comments, the applicant observes that, in recital 6
of the contested decision, the Commission states that all of the comments which it submitted were carefully examined. However,
this is not the case.

125    Thus, the applicant submits that the Commission made a manifest error of assessment by not allowing it to submit new long-term
studies, after having rejected its arguments and the PPR Panel’s opinion that those studies were unnecessary.

126    The Commission disputes the applicant’s arguments and maintains that this part of the plea should be rejected.

–       Findings of the Court

127    It should be borne in mind that, according to settled case-law, respect for the rights of the defence is, in all proceedings
initiated against a person which are liable to culminate in a measure adversely affecting that person, a fundamental principle
of Community law which must be guaranteed even in the absence of any rules governing the proceedings in question. That principle
requires that the addressees of decisions which significantly affect their interests be placed in a position in which they
may effectively make known their views (see, to that effect, Case C-28/05 *Dokter and Others* [2006] ECR I-5431, paragraph 74, and *Bayer CropScience and Others* v *Commission*, paragraph 92 above, paragraph 130).

128    In the present case, the first point to note is that the contested decision adversely affects the applicant since it refuses
to grant its request to have dichlorvos included in Annex I to Directive 91/414.

129    Next, in the first place, as regards the applicant’s argument that its rights of defence were infringed in so far as it was
not granted either sufficient opportunity or time to submit studies addressing the objections concerning the absence of long-term
studies raised in the EFSA report, it must be pointed out, first, that the applicable legislative provisions do not impose
any requirement that a notifier be given the opportunity to submit studies during the evaluation procedure.

130    Thus, Article 8(2) and (5) of Regulation No 451/2000 provides that ‘new studies’ are not, in principle, to be accepted, once
the RMS and EFSA respectively have commenced the evaluation of the active substance. Even though, under those provisions,
the RMS, if necessary with the agreement of the EFSA, where the DAR has already been sent to the latter, may request the notifier
to submit within specified periods further data considered by the RMS or the EFSA necessary to clarify the dossier, those
provisions do not provide for such an exception in respect of the submission of new studies. A fortiori, there is no possibility
of providing further data or studies after the EFSA has finalised its report.

131    Secondly, contrary to what the applicant claims, the Commission is not required to extend or suspend the legislative deadlines
to give the applicant a fair chance to defend its position. According to the applicant, that obligation stems, on the one
hand, from the specific assurances that no long-term studies were needed which were received at the EPCO meeting of 27 June
to 1 July 2005 and from the PPR Panel and, on the other hand, from the judgment in *IQV*, paragraph 93 above.

132    However, irrespective of whether the applicant actually received specific assurances that no long-term studies were needed,
such assurances could not have founded a legitimate expectation on the applicant’s part, since Article 8(5) of Regulation
No 451/2000 provides expressly that new studies are not, in principle, to be accepted once the EFSA has commenced its evaluation
of the active substance. The case-law is clear that only assurances which comply with the applicable rules may give rise to
legitimate expectations (Case T-347/03 *Branco* v *Commission*[2005] ECR II-2555, paragraph 102, and Case T-282/02 *Cementbouw Handel & Industrie* v *Commission* [2006] ECR II-319, paragraph 77).

133    Moreover, the judgment in *IQV*, paragraph 93 above, is of no assistance in the present case. It is apparent from that judgment that a deferral of the deadline
for the evaluation of an active substance must be granted if it is not impossible to derogate from the procedural time-limits
laid down in the rules in question, and if the parties who notified the active substance were in a situation of force majeure
which prevented them from complying with the procedural time-limits, a situation which might obtain if the impossibility of
complying with those time-limits was attributable, at least in part, to contradictory behaviour on the part of the competent
authorities (*IQV*, paragraph 93 above, paragraphs 84 to 88, and *Bayer CropScience and Others* v *Commission*, paragraph 92 above, paragraph 89). In the present case, the fact remains that the applicant has not adduced any evidence
to show that it was in a situation of force majeure which prevented it from complying with those time-limits and it is not
necessary to examine whether it would have been possible to derogate from the procedural time-limits laid down in the rules
in question. On the contrary, as has already been stated in paragraph 58 above, the DAR, which was communicated to the applicant
in June 2004, already showed that the dossier, as notified by the applicant, did not contain all the particulars necessary
to permit the EFSA to carry out a satisfactory evaluation of the harmful effects of dichlorvos. In particular, point 4.6 of
the DAR states that the submission of a study relating to the long-term toxicity of dichlorvos is required.

134    In the second place, as regards the alleged infringement of the obligation to give the applicant sufficient opportunity and
time to make comments and of the obligation to examine carefully the comments made, it should be pointed out that it is apparent
from recital 6 of the contested decision that the applicant was invited to make such comments on the EFSA report, an invitation
to which it responded with the submission of its comments on 22 June 2006. That recital confirms that the applicant’s comments
‘have been carefully examined’, but that ‘the ... concerns remained unsolved’. It follows that not only was the applicant invited
to make comments but that they were also carefully examined.

135    Accordingly, it must be held that the applicant’s right to a fair hearing during the procedure preceding the adoption of the
contested decision was respected. The first part of the fourth plea must therefore be rejected as unfounded.

The second part of the fourth plea

–       Arguments of the parties

136    The applicant submits that by summarily rejecting the PPR Panel’s opinion and the applicant’s comments of 22 June 2006, without
considering other ways of resolving the conflict of opinions between experts, for example by seeking another opinion or giving
the applicant more time to collect the necessary information, the Commission infringed the principle of proportionality.

137    The Commission disputes the applicant’s arguments and maintains that this part of the plea should be rejected.

–       Findings of the Court

138    According to settled case-law, the principle of proportionality, which is one of the general principles of Community law,
requires that measures adopted by Community institutions should not exceed the limits of what is appropriate and necessary
in order to attain the legitimate objectives pursued by the legislation in question, and where there is a choice between several
appropriate measures, recourse must be had to the least onerous, and the disadvantages caused must not be disproportionate
to the aims pursued (Case 137/85 *Maizena and Others* [1987] ECR 4587, paragraph 15; *Pfizer Animal Health* v *Council*, paragraph 116 above, paragraph 411; and *Bayer CropScience and Others* v *Commission*, paragraph 92 above, paragraph 223).

139    None the less, in agricultural matters, judicial review of compliance with the principle of proportionality is special in
so far as the Court of Justice and the Court of First Instance recognise that the Community legislature has a discretionary
power which corresponds to the political responsibilities given to it by Articles 34 EC to 37 EC (Case C-157/96 *National Farmers’ Union and Others* [1998] ECR I-2211, paragraph 61). Consequently, the legality of such a measure can be affected only if the measure is manifestly
inappropriate in terms of the objective which the competent institution is seeking to pursue (Case C-189/01 *Jippes and Others* [2001] ECR I-5689, paragraph 82; *Pfizer Animal Health*v *Council*, paragraph 116 above, paragraph 412; and Case T-70/99 *Alpharma* v *Council* [2002] ECR II-3495, paragraphs 177 to 180).

140    The applicant claims, in essence, that the Commission should not have rejected the PPR Panel’s opinion and the applicant’s
comments of 22 June 2006, without considering other ways of resolving the conflict of opinions between experts, for example
by seeking another opinion or giving the applicant more time to collect the necessary information.

141    In that regard, it must be stated that the argument that the Commission could have sought another opinion or extended the
legislative deadlines has no basis in the applicable legal framework. At the time the Commission intervenes in the evaluation
of an active substance, the EFSA has already, pursuant to Article 8(7) of Regulation No 451/2000, given an opinion on whether
that substance can be expected to meet the safety requirements of Directive 91/414. At that stage of the procedure, neither
Directive 91/414 nor Regulation No 451/2000 provides for the possibility of seeking another opinion. Furthermore, it was established,
in paragraphs 129 to 133 above, that it is not possible to extend the legislative deadlines save in a case of force majeure
and that the applicant has not adduced any evidence to show that it was in a situation of force majeure.

142    Accordingly, it must be held that the applicant has not established that the Commission had a choice between several appropriate
measures, which required it to have recourse to the least onerous measure in accordance with the principle of proportionality.

143    In any event, it must be pointed out that the assertion that the Commission summarily rejected the PPR Panel’s opinion and
the applicant’s comments is factually incorrect. It was established, in paragraphs 74 and 134 above respectively, that the
wording of the PPR Panel’s opinion was faithfully reproduced in the EFSA report and that the applicant’s comments on that
report were carefully examined. Consequently, the applicant’s contention must be held to be unfounded.

144    The second part of the fourth plea cannot therefore be upheld and thus that plea must be rejected as unfounded.

*The fifth plea, alleging infringement of the principle of the protection of legitimate expectations*

Arguments of the parties

145    The applicant claims that the principle of the protection of legitimate expectations was infringed on two occasions. First,
it received assurances that the new data which it submitted, in the context of the review of dichlorvos, would be studied
and peer reviewed. Those assurances were from two bodies acting on behalf of or under the Commission’s authority, the RMS
and the EFSA. By failing to peer review the data submitted by the applicant, the Commission frustrated its legitimate expectations.

146    Secondly, the applicant submits that it was led to believe that there was no need to produce a long-term carcinogenicity study
because the time-limits applicable to the review process did not permit this, and that the issue had been referred to the
PPR Panel for a final conclusion. The fact that the PPR Panel issued an opinion which assuaged any concerns concerning carcinogenicity
and genotoxicity reinforced the applicant’s legitimate expectations that the EFSA would produce a report consistent with that
opinion.

147    The Commission disputes the applicant’s arguments and maintains that this plea should be rejected.

Findings of the Court

148    According to settled case-law, the right to rely on the principle of the protection of legitimate expectations extends to
any individual who is in a situation in which it is clear that the Community authorities have, by giving him precise assurances,
led him to entertain legitimate expectations (Joined Cases C-37/02 and C-38/02 *Di Lenardo and Dilexport* [2004] ECR I-6911, paragraph 70, and Case T‐203/96 *Embassy Limousines & Services* v *Parliament* [1998] ECR II‐4239, paragraph 74; see also, to that effect, *Bayer CropScience and Others* v *Commission*, paragraph 92 above, paragraph 153). Regardless of the form in which it is communicated, precise, unconditional and consistent
information which comes from an authorised and reliable source constitutes such assurance (see, to that effect, Case C‐82/98
P *Kögler* v *Court of Justice* [2000] ECR I-3855, paragraph 33). However, a person may not plead infringement of the principle unless he has been given
precise assurances by the authorities (judgment of 24 November 2005 in Case C-506/03 *Germany*v *Commission*, not published in the ECR, paragraph 58, and Joined Cases C-182/03 and C‐217/03 *Belgium and Forum 187* v *Commission* [2006] ECR I‐5479, paragraph 147).

149    In that regard, first, as part of the procedure for evaluating an active substance for the purposes of its inclusion in Annex
I to Directive 91/414, which is provided for in Article 8 of Regulation No 451/2000, the EFSA is to evaluate the harmful effects
of the substance concerned and deliver a scientific opinion on that point to the Commission. That scientific opinion is drawn
up on the basis of the DAR, as evaluated during a peer review by the Member States and, if necessary, by national experts.
A meeting between the notifier or notifiers of the active substance in question and the EFSA generally takes place before
the peer review commences. It is then for the Commission, and if appropriate the Council, to adopt a definitive decision on
the active substance concerned. In the light of the role thus conferred on the EFSA in the procedure for evaluating an active
substance, it must be held that, contrary to what the Commission claims, both precise assurances made by the Commission and
those made by EFSA in the course of the procedure for evaluating an active substance are capable of giving rise to a legitimate
expectation on the part of the notifier.

150    Secondly, as regards the assurances allegedly received by the applicant that the new data which it submitted, in the course
of the review of dichlorvos, would be studied and peer reviewed, it should be noted that the applicant does not specify which
data was submitted but not evaluated. Under the first paragraph of Article 21 of the Statute of the Court of Justice, which
applies to the procedure before the Court of First Instance pursuant to the first paragraph of Article 53 of that Statute,
and under Article 44(1)(c) of the Rules of Procedure of the Court of First Instance, the application is required to contain,
inter alia, a summary of the pleas in law on which it is based. It must accordingly specify the nature of the grounds on which
the action is based and, in consequence, a mere abstract statement of the grounds does not satisfy the requirements of the
Statute of the Court of Justice or the Rules of Procedure of the Court of First Instance (*Bayer CropScience and Others* v *Commission*, paragraph 92 above, paragraph 120). Therefore, in view of the fact that the applicant’s claim regarding the data allegedly
submitted but not evaluated is not sufficiently specific, that head of claim must be rejected as inadmissible.

151    Thirdly, as regards the argument that the applicant was led to believe that there was no need to produce a long-term carcinogenicity
study in respect of dichlorvos because (i) the time-limits applicable to the review process did not permit this, (ii) the
issue had been referred to the PPR Panel for a final conclusion and (iii) the PPR Panel had issued an opinion which assuaged
any concerns concerning the carcinogenicity and genotoxicity of dichlorvos, the fact remains that the applicant does not claim
to have received precise assurances that there was no need to produce such a study. It merely claims that it deduced from
certain facts that it did not have to submit a long-term study. It follows that, in the absence of precise assurances given
by the EFSA or the Commission in that regard, it cannot be claimed that there has been infringement of the principle of the
protection of legitimate expectations.

152    In the light of the foregoing, the fifth plea must be rejected.

*The sixth plea, alleging infringement of the principle of sound administration and of the duty of excellence and independence
of scientific opinions*

Arguments of the parties

153    The applicant submits that the Commission infringed the principle of sound administration, as laid down by Article 211 EC,
in not basing the contested decision, first, on independent scientific advice, secondly, on conclusive evidence, thirdly,
on a timely scientific review, and fourthly, on a diligent and careful evaluation of all the data, and in not warning the
applicant that the quality of its dossier was inadequate.

154    First, according to the applicant, the EFSA report and the contested decision do not meet the requirement of independence.
In fact, as is apparent from that report, which mentions that ‘it was agreed at the meeting with Member States’ representatives
in April 2006 that the risk assessment is still inconclusive’, and from recital 4 of the contested decision, when the EFSA
adopted its report it made its own expert opinion on the carcinogenicity and genotoxicity of dichlorvos subject to assessment
and discussion by the Member States’ representatives on 5 April 2006. It is the involvement of the Member States’ representatives
in the adoption of the EFSA’s scientific opinion, as required by Article 8(7) of Regulation No 451/000, which undermines the
independence of that opinion.

155    Secondly, the applicant observes that the national experts merely stated that the data on carcinogenicity and genotoxicity
were inconclusive, that a new long-term study was not appropriate at that stage and that it was for the PPR Panel to reach
a final conclusion on this point. According to the applicant, the experts in fact took the view that a new long-term study
was inappropriate in the light of the expiry of the overall administrative time-limits. However, it is apparent from the judgment
in *IQV*, paragraph 93 above, that the need to respect strict time-limits cannot prevail over the requirement to conduct a comprehensive
and state-of-the-art risk assessment. Moreover, if the data were inconclusive and only the PPR Panel was able to reach a conclusion
on this point, it is unclear why the experts did not follow the PPR Panel’s opinion. Accordingly, by disregarding the PPR
Panel’s opinion, the Commission made a manifest error of assessment and infringed its obligation of sound administration.

156    Thirdly, according to the applicant, the Commission failed in the present case to respect the time-limits laid down by Directive
91/414 and its Annexes for the evaluation of plant protection products, as the EFSA submitted its report to the Commission
after the time-limit laid down in Regulation No 451/2000.

157    Fourthly, the applicant submits that the Commission also infringed its obligation of sound administration, and its obligation
to examine each case diligently and impartially, by not submitting to the Member States and the EFSA the comments lodged by
the applicant on 22 June 2006, although according to case-law it was obliged to submit studies or data relevant to the evaluation
of dichlorvos to the same review as all of the studies relied on during the assessment process.

158    Fifthly, the applicant submits, in the reply, that if the Commission considered that the dossier was of such poor quality
that it was impossible to undertake a risk assessment, it was obliged, pursuant to the principle of sound administration,
to warn it of that in the period between the submission of its dossier, in April 2002, and the publication of the contested
decision in June 2007.

159    The Commission disputes the applicant’s arguments and maintains that this plea should be rejected.

Findings of the Court

160    First, as regards the applicant’s head of claim alleging that the contested decision is not based on independent scientific
advice, it must be pointed out that the line of argument which the applicant develops in this plea is identical to that developed
in the second plea. That line of argument has been held to be unfounded. This head of claim must therefore be rejected.

161    Secondly, as regards the applicant’s head of claim alleging that the contested decision is not based on conclusive evidence,
it must be pointed out that the applicant claims, in essence, that the application of strict time-limits cannot prevail over
the requirement to conduct a comprehensive and state-of-the-art risk assessment and that the Commission made a manifest error
of assessment by disregarding the PPR Panel’s opinion. It should be noted that, in essence, that line of argument is identical
to that developed in the first part of the fourth plea and the second part of the first plea respectively. That line of argument
has been held to be unfounded. This head of claim must therefore be rejected.

162    Thirdly, as regards the applicant’s head of claim alleging that the contested decision is not based on a timely scientific
review, it must be noted that that line of argument is identical to that developed in the first part of the first plea. That
line of argument has been held to be unfounded. This head of claim must therefore be rejected.

163    Fourthly, as regards the applicant’s head of claim alleging that the contested decision is not based on a diligent and careful
evaluation of all the data, it must be pointed out that the applicant bases its head of claim on the fact that the Commission
did not communicate to the Member States and the EFSA the comments it had submitted on 22 June 2006. That line of argument
is identical, in essence, to that developed in the third part of the first plea. That line of argument has been held to be
unfounded. This head of claim must therefore also be rejected.

164    Fifthly, as regards the applicant’s head of claim alleging that the Commission was obliged, pursuant to the principle of sound
administration, to warn it of the poor quality of its dossier in the period between the submission thereof, in April 2002,
and the date of publication of the contested decision, it has already been pointed out, in paragraph 58 above, that the DAR,
the addendum to it and the EFSA report, which were sent to the applicant in the period 2004 to 2006, showed that the dossier,
as notified by the applicant, did not contain all the particulars necessary to permit the EFSA to carry out a satisfactory
evaluation of the harmful effects of dichlorvos. Furthermore, it is apparent from the material in the dossier that the applicant
was informed of gaps in its dossier in 2003, even before the DAR had been finalised. Consequently, the applicant cannot claim
that it was not warned about the poor quality of its dossier.

165    In the light of the foregoing, the sixth plea must be rejected as unfounded.

*The seventh plea, alleging infringement of the principle of equal treatment*

Arguments of the parties

166    The applicant submits that active substances, which are subject to risk assessment in the context of the transitional work
programme carried out by the Commission under Article 8(2) of Directive 91/414, are in an identical situation. It observes
that several substances like maneb, mancozeb and oxamyl have been included in Annex I to Directive 91/414 although they showed
risks of toxicity on the basis of the data provided, on the condition however that the substances in question were subject
to further tests in accordance with Article 6(1) of Directive 91/414.

167    Therefore, the contested decision infringes the ‘principle of non-discrimination’, as there is no reason which objectively
justifies the distinction made, for the purposes of the application of Article 6(1) of Directive 91/414, between oxamyl, mancozeb
and maneb, on the one hand, and dichlorvos, on the other.

168    The Commission disputes the applicant’s arguments and maintains that this plea should be rejected.

Findings of the Court

169    The principle of equal treatment requires that comparable situations must not be treated differently and that different situations
must not be treated in the same way, unless such treatment is objectively justified (Case T-38/02 *Groupe Danone* v *Commission* [2005] ECR II‐4407, paragraph 453, and *Bayer CropScience and Others* v *Commission*, paragraph 92 above, paragraph 236).

170    In the present case, the applicant considers dichlorvos to be comparable to the active substances covered by Commission Directive
2005/72/EC of 21 October 2005 amending Directive 91/414 to include chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, mancozeb, maneb, and
metiram as active substances (OJ 2005 L 279, p. 63), Commission Directive 2006/16/EC of 7 February 2006 amending Directive
91/414 to include oxamyl as active substance (OJ 2006 L 36, p. 37) and Commission Directive 2007/25/EC of 23 April 2007 amending
Directive 91/414 to include dimethoate, dimethomorph, glufosinate, metribuzin, phosmet and propamocarb as active substances
(OJ 2007 L 106, p. 34). In those directives, the Commission agreed to include the active substances in question in Annex I
to Directive 91/414 subject to further studies being carried out.

171    The Court points out that it is apparent from recital 5 in the preamble to Directive 2005/72, recital 4 in the preamble to
Directive 2006/16 and recital 4 in the preamble to Directive 2007/25 that the Commission found that it had appeared from the
various examinations made, that plant protection products containing the active substances covered by those directives could
be expected to satisfy, in general, the requirements laid down in Article 5(1)(a) and (b) of Directive 91/414. It therefore
included those active substances in Annex I to that directive, on the condition, however, that further testing would be carried
out for confirmation of the risk assessment on certain points.

172    By contrast, with regard to dichlorvos, the Commission did not find that the plant protection products containing that active
substance satisfied the requirements laid down in Article 5(1)(a) and (b) of Directive 91/414. On the contrary, it stated,
in recital 6 of the contested decision, that ‘assessments made on the basis of the information submitted and evaluated during
the EFSA expert meetings [had] not demonstrated that it may be expected that, under the proposed conditions of use, plant
protection products containing dichlorvos satisfy in general the requirements laid down in Article 5(1)(a) and (b) of Directive
91/414’.

173    Since the evaluation of dichlorvos, on the one hand, and the active substances covered by Directives 2005/72, 2006/16 and
2007/25, on the other hand, culminated in different outcomes, the Commission could treat dichlorvos differently and could
therefore decide, without infringing the principle of equal treatment, not to include that active substance in Annex I to
Directive 91/414.

174    Accordingly, the seventh plea must be rejected as unfounded.

*The eighth plea, alleging infringement of Article 95 EC, of Article 4(1) and of Article 5(1) of Directive 91/414*

Arguments of the parties

175    The applicant submits that the Commission did not adopt the contested decision in the light of the scientific and technical
knowledge available as at 6 June 2007, the date of adoption of that decision. It therefore infringed Article 95 EC and Articles
4(1) and 5(1) of Directive 91/414.

176    In that respect, the applicant states that Article 95(3) EC provides that, when adopting measures to protect public heath
and the environment, the Community institutions are required to take into account all available scientific evidence. Moreover,
Article 5 of Directive 91/414 does not give the Commission the discretion to derogate from the obligation to adopt relevant
decisions in the light of current scientific and technical knowledge. That point of view is supported by the case-law of the
Court of Justice and the Court of First Instance. Finally, Article 4 of Directive 91/414 contains a reference to the need
for Member States to adopt relevant decisions concerning active substances in the light of scientific and technical knowledge.

177    The applicant observes, first, that the Commission did not review all of the data available to it. The applicant submitted
several studies to the Commission, in August 2005, in which it evaluated (i) operator exposure levels of dichlorvos, (ii) the
risk to bystanders, (iii) the physical and chemical properties of dichlorvos and (iv) the analytical method in water. Moreover,
in March 2006 it also submitted the requested study concerning the analytical method in air. Those studies were never assessed,
despite an explicit assurance that they would be. The applicant observes, secondly, that the Commission did not allow it to
submit more conclusive data as it took the view that the time-limit to do so had lapsed.

178    The Commission disputes the applicant’s arguments and maintains that this plea should be rejected.

Findings of the Court

–       The head of claim alleging infringement of Article 5(1) of Directive 91/414

179    Article 5(1)(b) of Directive 91/414 provides that, for a substance to be included in Annex I to that directive, it must be
expected, in the light of current scientific and technical knowledge, that the use of plant protection products containing
the active substance in question, consequent on application consistent with good plant protection practice, does not have
any harmful effects on human or animal health and that it does not have any unacceptable influence on the environment as provided
for in Article 4(1)(b)(iv) and (v) of that directive.

180    It follows from that provision, interpreted in combination with the precautionary principle, that, in the domain of human
health, the existence of solid evidence which, while not resolving scientific uncertainty, may reasonably raise doubts as
to the safety of a substance, justifies, in principle, the refusal to include that substance in Annex I to Directive 91/414.
The precautionary principle is designed to prevent potential risks (Case T-229/04 *Sweden* v *Commission* [2007] ECR II‐2437, paragraph 161).

181    It is important, however, to note that the reference in Article 5(1) of Directive 91/414 to ‘current scientific and technical
knowledge’ cannot support the inference that undertakings which have notified an active substance and which are faced with
the likelihood of a decision not to include that substance in Annex I to Directive 91/414 should have the possibility of submitting
new data for as long as doubts persist regarding the safety of that active substance. Such an interpretation would run counter
to the objective of a high level of protection of the environment and of human and animal health which underlies Article 5(1)
of Directive 91/414, in that it would be tantamount to granting to the notifier – on whom the burden of proof lies as regards
the safety of the active substance and who has a better knowledge of that substance – a right of veto over a decision not
to include the substance in Annex I to Directive 91/414 (*Bayer CropScience and Others* v *Commission*, paragraph 92 above, paragraph 93).

182    Moreover, such an interpretation of that provision is particularly inconceivable having regard to the fact that, as stated
in recital 10 of the contested decision, it is possible to (re)notify the active substance on the basis of Article 6(2) of
Directive 91/414, with a view to its inclusion in Annex I to that directive (see, to that effect, *Bayer CropScience and Others* v *Commission*, paragraph 92 above, paragraph 94).

183    Furthermore, as has already been stated in paragraph 130 above, there are specific legislative provisions regarding the periods
which notifiers must comply with in submitting studies and data under the general procedure for the evaluation of active substances
in Directive 91/414, in particular in Article 8(5) of Regulation No 451/2000. Since the applicant does not claim to have submitted
the further data requested by the EFSA, in agreement with the RMS, at the evaluation meeting of 9 February 2005, it must be
held that the studies which were not taken into account by the Commission were not submitted in accordance with that article.

184    Although, as the applicant points out, Article 8(5) of Regulation No 451/2000 does not give the Commission the authority to
derogate from the obligation to adopt decisions under Directive 91/414 in the light of current scientific and technical knowledge,
that provision must be interpreted in accordance with the spirit and the purpose of Article 5 of Directive 91/414, for which
it sets out practical detailed rules of application.

185    It has already been pointed out, in paragraph 133 above, that a deferral of the deadline for the evaluation of an active substance
– and, as the case may be, for the submission of new data – must be granted only if, first, it is not impossible to derogate
from the procedural time-limits laid down in the rules in question, and, secondly, if the parties who notified the active
substance were in a situation of force majeure which prevented them from complying with the procedural time-limits. Besides
the situation, referred to in paragraph 133 above, in which the impossibility of complying with those time-limits is attributable
to contradictory behaviour on the part of the competent authorities, such a situation is conceivable where current scientific
and technical knowledge has changed, unforeseeably, since the dossier was notified to the RMS.

186    In the present case, the fact remains that the applicant has not adduced any evidence to show that it was in a situation of
force majeure which prevented it from complying with the time-limits. In particular, it has not been shown that there has
been any new development in the scientific and technical knowledge relating to dichlorvos, since the dossier was notified
to the RMS, of such a kind as to call in question the reliability of the information contained in that dossier.

187    Accordingly, the head of claim alleging infringement of Article 5(1) of Directive 91/414 must be rejected.

–       The head of claim alleging infringement of Article 95(3) EC

188    Article 95(3) EC provides that, in its proposals to the Council for measures for the approximation of the provisions laid
down by law, regulation or administrative action in Member States which have as their object the establishment and functioning
of the internal market and which concern health, safety, environmental protection and consumer protection, the Commission
is to take as a base a high level of protection, taking account in particular of any new development based on scientific facts.
Article 152(1) EC states that a high level of human health protection is to be ensured in the definition and implementation
of all Community policies and activities.

189    Furthermore, it should be noted that the applicant maintains, in its written pleadings, that Article 5 of Directive 91/414
substantiates and reflects those provisions of the EC Treaty. Clearly, therefore, the line of argument which the applicant
develops as regards Article 95(3) EC is indissociable from that developed in support of Article 5 of Directive 91/414. That
line of argument has been held to be unfounded. The head of claim alleging infringement of Article 95(3) EC must therefore
also be rejected without there being any need to rule on the question whether Article 95(3) EC is applicable, which is disputed
by the Commission.

–       The head of claim alleging infringement of Article 4(1) of Directive 91/414

190    Article 4(1) of Directive 91/414 provides that Member States are to ensure that a plant protection product is not authorised
unless it has been established, in the light of current scientific and technical knowledge, that it is harmless. In so far
as that article, which relates to the granting by the Member States of authorisations of plant protection products (‘APPPs’),
is drafted in terms which are, in essence, similar to those of Article 5(1) of Directive 91/414, those articles must be interpreted
in the same way.

191    Therefore, irrespective of the fact that that article is addressed to the Member States and not to the Commission, it must
be held that, as with the head of claim alleging infringement of Article 95(3) EC, the line of argument relating to the infringement
of Article 4(1) of Directive 91/414 is indissociable from that relating to Article 5(1) of that directive. That line of argument
has been held to be unfounded. The head of claim alleging infringement of Article 4(1) of Directive 91/414 must therefore
be rejected.

192    It follows from the foregoing that the applicant’s argument alleging that the Commission is under an obligation to take account
of ‘current scientific and technical knowledge’ cannot be upheld. The eighth plea must therefore be rejected in its entirety
as unfounded.

*The ninth plea, alleging infringement of the principle of subsidiarity and of Article 5 EC*

Arguments of the parties

193    The applicant submits that if the Commission decides to ban an active substance without examining whether that decision could
be better taken at the Member State level, it infringes the principle of subsidiarity on which, on its own admission, Directive
91/414 is based.

194    In fact, according to the applicant, the Commission’s practice is to examine whether an active substance can be included in
Annex I to Directive 91/414, subject to the condition that additional or confirmatory data is submitted to the Member State’s
authorities when holders of APPPs attempt to justify keeping their APPPs. This practice in effect gives the Member State from
which an APPP is requested the task of carrying out the ultimate scientific evaluation of the active substance contained in
a plant protection product. Member States therefore decide whether the data submitted at national level are sufficient to
allay any concerns. This is a logical aspect of the system given that evaluation of an active substance based on objective
risk assessment criteria cannot, for example, take into full consideration the variations in the geographical and agricultural
conditions specific to each Member State.

195    Although the Commission was legally obliged to consider the extent to which it was better placed than the Member States to
deal with the issues of concern which, according to the contested decision, continued to exist, it failed to reflect in this
manner.

196    The Commission disputes the applicant’s arguments and maintains that this plea should be rejected.

Findings of the Court

197    The Court observes that the principle of subsidiarity is set out in the second paragraph of Article 5 EC, which states that,
in areas which do not fall within its exclusive competence, the Community is to take action only if and in so far as the objectives
of the proposed action cannot be sufficiently achieved by the Member States and can therefore, by reason of the scale or effects
of the proposed action, be better achieved at Community level.

198    Furthermore, the Court notes that the contested decision was adopted in accordance with the procedures set out in Directive
91/414 and in Regulation No 451/2000 laying down the detailed rules for the implementation of the second and third stages
of the work programme referred to in Article 8(2) of that directive. However, the applicant does not claim that that directive
and that regulation are unlawful in the light of the principle of subsidiarity.

199    In that regard, it should be noted that Directive 91/414 divides the responsibilities between the Community and the Member
States on the basis of the objectives of the proposed action. Thus, under Articles 3 and 4 of Directive 91/414, the authorisation
of plant protection products is the responsibility of the Member States. However, under Article 4(1) of that directive Member
States may not, as a rule, authorise a plant protection product unless its active substances are listed in Annex I. Furthermore,
it is apparent from Article 8(8) of Regulation No 451/2000 that only the Commission or, as the case may be, only the Council
has the competence to decide whether an active substance covered by the second stage of the work programme should be included
in Annex I to Directive 91/414. That provision does not in any event permit Member States to take a final decision on whether
the active substance in question complies with the conditions of Article 5(1) of Directive 91/414.

200    Since the legal framework governing the adoption of the contested decision did not provide, in that regard, for intervention
on the part of the Member States, it cannot be complained that the Commission infringed the principle of subsidiarity.

201    Consequently, the ninth plea must be rejected as ineffective.

202    It follows from all of the foregoing that the action must be rejected in its entirety.

**Costs**

203    Under Article 87(2) of the Rules of Procedure, the unsuccessful party is to be ordered to pay the costs if they have been
applied for in the successful party’s pleadings. Since the applicant has been unsuccessful and the Commission has applied
for costs, the applicant must be ordered to bear its own costs and to pay those of the Commission.

On those grounds,

THE COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE (Second Chamber)

hereby:

1.      **Dismisses the action;**

2.      **Orders Denka International BV to bear its own costs and to pay those of the Commission of the European Communities.**

| Pelikánová | Jürimäe | Soldevila Fragoso |
| ---------- | ------- | ----------------- |

Delivered in open court in Luxembourg on 19 November 2009.

[Signatures]

Table of contents

Legal context

Directive 91/414/EEC

Regulation No 451/2000

Regulation (EC) No 178/2002

Background to the dispute

Procedure and forms of order sought

Law

The plea of illegality relating to Article 20 of Regulation No 1490/2002

Arguments of the parties

Findings of the Court

The first plea, alleging infringement of Article 8(7) of Regulation No 451/2000, Article 28(1) of Regulation No 178/2002 and
Article 8 of Regulation No 451/2000

The first part of the first plea

– Arguments of the parties

– Findings of the Court

The second part of the first plea

– Arguments of the parties

– Findings of the Court

The third part of the first plea

– Arguments of the parties

– Findings of the Court

The second plea, alleging that the contested decision lacks scientific justification

Arguments of the parties

Findings of the Court

The third plea, alleging infringement of Article 5 of Directive 91/414

Arguments of the parties

Findings of the Court

The fourth plea, alleging infringement of the rights of the defence, the right to a fair hearing and the principle of proportionality

The first part of the fourth plea

– Arguments of the parties

– Findings of the Court

The second part of the fourth plea

– Arguments of the parties

– Findings of the Court

The fifth plea, alleging infringement of the principle of the protection of legitimate expectations

Arguments of the parties

Findings of the Court

The sixth plea, alleging infringement of the principle of sound administration and of the duty of excellence and independence
of scientific opinions

Arguments of the parties

Findings of the Court

The seventh plea, alleging infringement of the principle of equal treatment

Arguments of the parties

Findings of the Court

The eighth plea, alleging infringement of Article 95 EC, of Article 4(1) and of Article 5(1) of Directive 91/414

Arguments of the parties

Findings of the Court

– The head of claim alleging infringement of Article 5(1) of Directive 91/414

– The head of claim alleging infringement of Article 95(3) EC

– The head of claim alleging infringement of Article 4(1) of Directive 91/414

The ninth plea, alleging infringement of the principle of subsidiarity and of Article 5 EC

Arguments of the parties

Findings of the Court

Costs

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- Language of the case: English.