United States Department of Labor 

Employees’ Compensation Appeals Board 

__________________________________________ 

S.A., Appellant 

and 

DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, BUREAU OF 

PRISONS, Terminal Island, CA, Employer 

__________________________________________ 

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Docket No. 14-611 

Issued: October 15, 2014 

Appearances: Case Submitted on the Record

Appellant, pro se 

Office of Solicitor, for the Director 

DECISION AND ORDER 

Before: 

COLLEEN DUFFY KIKO, Judge 

PATRICIA HOWARD FITZGERALD, Judge 

MICHAEL E. GROOM, Alternate Judge 

JURISDICTION 

On January 24, 2014 appellant filed a timely appeal from a January 7, 2014 merit 

decision of the Office of Workers’ Compensation Programs (OWCP). Pursuant to the Federal 

Employees’ Compensation Act1

 (FECA) and 20 C.F.R. §§ 501.2(c) and 501.3, the Board has 

jurisdiction over the merits of this case. 

ISSUE 

The issue is whether appellant filed a timely claim for compensation under 5 U.S.C. 

§ 8122(a). 

FACTUAL HISTORY 

This case was previously before the Board. By decision dated October 15, 2012, the 

Board found that appellant’s August 23, 2000 letter constituted a timely request for 

 1

 5 U.S.C. § 8101 et seq.
2

reconsideration of a July 3, 2000 OWCP decision. The case was remanded for further review of 

the merits.2 The Board’s October 15, 2012 decision is incorporated herein by reference. 

The record reflects that on June 9, 1997 appellant, then a 48-year-old former federal 

correctional officer, filed a traumatic injury claim for an emotional condition as a result of a 

hostage incident at work on February 18, 1978.3

 He stated that he stopped work and returned to 

duty on February 22, 1978. In an attached statement, appellant alleged that the hostage situation 

resulted in post-traumatic stress and he was never psychologically examined or found fit to 

return to duty. He was given three days off before returning to work. Appellant stated that he 

was never asked to complete any forms, safety reports, or workers’ compensation forms or 

medical forms pertaining to the incident. He stated that he was traumatized and incapable 

emotionally of remembering to complete claim forms. Appellant explained that, after the 

hostage incident, he continued to work at the same facility for five more years. After he resigned 

from federal service, he worked for a private security company until terminated for posttraumatic stress disorder. Appellant stated that he had no similar condition due to the hostage 

trauma except for his combat experience in the military.4

The employing establishment’s portion of appellant’s claim form was completed by 

Sandra Sullivan, a safety manager. Ms. Sullivan listed the date of injury as “February 8, 1978,” 

noting appellant stopped work on February 9 and returned to work on February 12, 1978. She 

also listed that appellant had received medical care on “February 8, 1978.” In a September 10, 

1997 memorandum, Ms. Sullivan noted that she had received appellant’s claim, plus supporting 

documentation such as medical reports and those by the employing establishment pertaining to 

the February 18, 1978 incident. Because of the time factor, she did not know how to approach 

the matter as appellant’s supervisors were not available to complete the form. Ms. Sullivan 

contacted OWCP and was told to complete and sign the supervisory side of the CA-1 form.5 

Appellant submitted documents pertaining to claims with the Department of Veterans 

Affairs, an application for disability retirement with the Social Security Administration and 

medical records from the Veterans’ Health Administration. 

 2

 Docket No. 12-1019 (issued October 15, 2012). 

3

 The record reveals that on June 9, 1997 appellant also filed an occupational disease claim alleging that he 

sustained mental trauma, diagnosed phobia, and post-traumatic stress as a result of a prison riot and from his service 

in Vietnam. He first became aware of his alleged conditions on February 21, 1978, and that it was related to his 

employment on October 18, 1994. Since appellant alleged that his emotional condition resulted from a single, 

February 18, 1978 employment incident and not over a period longer than a single workday or shift, it was properly 

adjudicated as a claim for traumatic injury. See 20 C.F.R. § 10.5(q) & (ee). 

4

 The record reflects that appellant entered duty with the Bureau of Prisons on November 15, 1974. Prior to his 

employment, he served in the military and saw duty in Vietnam. Appellant filed claims with the Veterans 

Administration for post-traumatic stress and exposure to Agent Orange which appear to have been denied. 

5

 The record reflects that Ms. Sullivan was a correctional officer and coworker of appellant as of 

February 18, 1978. She completed a statement pertaining to her inspection of cell block D following the hostage 

incident. 
3

The record contains numerous memoranda completed by personnel of the employing 

establishment contemporaneous to the hostage situation. At approximately 8:00 p.m. on 

Saturday, February 18, 1978 several inmates took hold of appellant and another correctional 

officer in the D cellblock. The officers were bound and gagged. The warden and other 

supervisory personnel were soon notified of the situation and off-duty personnel were contacted 

and placed on standby. Negotiations between the prison staff and inmates commenced 

approximately 9:00 p.m. and various demands were made. At 2:12 a.m., on the morning of 

February 19, 1978 appellant and his fellow officer were released. Appellant was subsequently 

interviewed in the captain’s office. 

On February 21, 1978 appellant submitted a statement to E.E. Bradford, the chief 

correctional supervisor. He outlined how he was taken hostage in the cell block by two inmates 

at 8:00 p.m. with a homemade knife. Appellant was tied up, arms behind his back and his legs, 

with a ball of cloth put into his mouth. He was taken to a supply closet. During the period 

appellant was tied up, an inmate touched a homemade knife to his neck on several occasions in 

an assaultive manner. At about 8:40 p.m. his fellow officer was restrained by other inmates. At 

9:00 p.m. appellant was untied and then taken to the first tier and told to sit in a chair and his 

mouthpiece was removed. The inmates negotiated for the next several hours and, by 12:25 a.m., 

sought to achieve amnesty from the prison administration. Appellant and his fellow officer tried 

to convince the inmates to give up before the situation became worse. He noted that several 

inmates stated that they wanted to cut off his ears or legs and throw them outside. By 2:00 a.m., 

the inmates knew they were not leaving the prison as demanded. Appellant and his fellow 

officer were released: “I departed at 2:10 a.m. and waited for Mr. Murrell around the door of 

Dorm #10. Mr. Murrell was released and was walking with inmate Kott, D Block resident. 

From there we met Captain Bradford and Associate Warden Johnson. Kott was returned to the 

cell house.”6

 

By letter dated June 30, 1997, appellant was requested to provide further information 

regarding his claim, including an explanation as to why he waited so many years to file the 

claim. 

On June 30, 1997 OWCP also requested that the employing establishment provide further 

information regarding the date appellant stopped work at the employing establishment, and 

copies of any records pertaining to the February 18, 1978 incident, including medical records. 

Personnel records were received which reflect that appellant continued to work at the 

employing establishment. On January 22, 1980 the warden congratulated appellant on five years 

of service as of November 1979. On January 20, 1981 appellant was promoted to senior officer 

specialist by the acting warden. In August 1981, the Federal Bureau of Investigation approached 

the warden about preparing a hostage survival training program for correctional officers, 

requesting the assistance of appellant and his fellow officer. The warden noted that both men 

agreed to assist in the training program, which was videotaped on August 24, 1981 at the UCLA 

hospital. Both men were subsequently commended by the FBI for their “articulate and 

professional appearance” in the program. On April 14, 1982 appellant requested a new 

 6

 By memorandum dated June 8, 1978, appellant was commended by the warden for the professional manner in 

which he behaved during the hostage crisis. 
4

assignment to the morning watch shift as he was attending junior college summer session and 

sought to complete his major. Later that month, he requested additional leave in order to visit 

relatives in Hawaii. On October 13, 1981 appellant made a claim for benefits to the VA, noting 

that an additional request for a shift change at work was denied as the facility was undermanned. 

He stated that he was trying to develop and upgrade his education, which was difficult due to the 

manpower needs of his employer. On December 19, 1983 appellant submitted a letter of 

resignation to the employing establishment, effective January 4, 1984. He stated that his 

resignation was in order to complete his education and other business interests. On or about 

December 30, 1983 appellant sustained a contusion to his left knee. He filed a claim which was 

accepted by OWCP.7

Appellant responded to OWCP’s request for further information on July 18, 1997. He 

co-signed a statement prepared by his brother. Appellant stated that he almost lost his life after 

fighting with the inmates with knives and was emotionally incapable after the hostage incident of 

completing any claim forms. He characterized the trauma as long-term and numbing, alleging 

harassment by both inmates and staff after his return to duty. Appellant stated that his supervisor 

had the responsibility for timely completing all necessary forms, which he failed to do. He spoke 

with a physician identified as Dr. Johnson, after the hostage incident, who only asked if he was 

okay. Appellant stated that the physician did not conduct an examination but told him to take 

several days off. He noted that he filed a workers’ compensation claim for a leg injury on 

December 30, 1983, which was denied. Appellant stated that he resigned from the employing 

establishment in 1983 due to stress, following which he began to receive medical attention for 

nervousness and depression at the VA due to trauma in Vietnam; but not treated for the hostage 

trauma, for which the VA would not take responsibility. He obtained employment in the private 

sector in a security position but had recently been terminated for symptoms of post-traumatic 

stress disorder. Appellant stated that it took 19 years for him to crack up. 

In a decision dated August 4, 1997, OWCP denied appellant’s emotional condition claim. 

It determined that the June 9, 1997 claim was untimely filed and that he did not meet any 

requirements for waiver of the time limitation. 

Appellant requested a hearing before an OWCP hearing representative which was held on 

August 2, 1998. At the hearing, he stated that he had worked with Ms. Sullivan at Terminal 

Island and she subsequently assisted him with his compensation claim “only by submitting the 

information to the Department of Labor.” 

By decision dated December 22, 1998, the hearing representative found that appellant’s 

claim for compensation was not timely filed and affirmed the August 4, 1997 decision. 

Following the August 2, 1998 hearing, he inquired with the employing establishment as to 

Ms. Sullivan’s notation on the claim form that appellant received medical care on 

February 8, 1978. The hearing representative was informed that the employing establishment 

had no medical records for claimant and was subsequently advised by OPM that appellant did 

not have an archived medical folder. He found that appellant’s claim was traumatic in origin and 

he did not timely file a claim for compensation within three years of the alleged traumatic 

 7

 In a May 10, 1984 decision, OWCP noted it had accepted the claim but denied continuation of pay from 

December 31 to January 5, 1984 as his claim for compensation was not filed within 30 days of injury. 
5

incident of February 18, 1978. None of the memoranda surrounding the incident at work 

mentioned any injury sustained by appellant on or after February 18, 1978 and there were no 

medical records of the employer pertaining to any treatment within 30 days of the incident. 

Further, there was no evidence that his immediate supervisor had actual knowledge of an injury 

within 30 days. As to appellant’s contention that he was mentally incompetent from the date of 

injury to file a claim, the hearing representative found that the medical evidence of record did not 

support his contention. He noted that appellant continued to work at the employing 

establishment for five years before he resigned to pursue his education and other business 

opportunities. The record did not support that appellant was incapable of filling out a claim form 

to satisfy the time limitation requirement within three years after February 18, 1978. 

Appellant subsequently submitted additional requests for reconsideration. In decisions 

dated April 22, 1999 and July 3, 2000, OWCP denied modification of the August 4, 1997 

decision. 

In a letter dated August 15, 2000, appellant informed OWCP that he waived his right to 

the 90-day review in order to submit new evidence for review within the one-year time limitation 

according to 20 C.F.R. § 10.607(a). He submitted an August 10, 2000 report by Dr. Thomas 

Grieder, a psychiatrist with the Department of Veterans Affairs. By letter dated August 27, 

2002, appellant submitted additional reports from the Veterans Administration concerning his 

treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder and other mental conditions. 

The record was dormant until August 12, 2011 when appellant submitted a request for 

reconsideration and various medical reports. By decision dated November 18, 2011, OWCP 

denied his request for reconsideration finding that it was not timely filed and failed to present 

clear evidence of error. Appellant filed an appeal before the Board which, as noted, remanded 

the case for a review of the merits of the claim. 

Following the Board’s October 15, 2012 decision, OWCP issued a February 14, 2013 

decision. It found that the evidence failed to establish that appellant’s June 9, 1997 traumatic 

injury claim was timely filed or that he met any of the requirements for waiver of the three-year 

time limitation. By decision dated January 7, 2014, OWCP reissued the February 14, 2013 

decision as it was returned as undeliverable. 

LEGAL PRECEDENT 

Section 8122(a) of FECA provides that in cases of injury on or after September 7, 1974 a 

claimant has three years to file a claim for compensation.8

 Compensation for disability or death, 

including medical care in disability cases, may not be allowed if a claim is not filed within that 

time unless: 

(1) The immediate superior had actual knowledge of the injury or death within 30 

days. The knowledge must be such as to put the immediate supervisor reasonably 

on notice of an on-the-job injury or death; or 

 8

 5 U.S.C. § 8122(a). 
6

(2) Written notice of injury or death as specified in section 8119 was given 

within 30 days.9

Section 8119 of FECA provides that a notice of injury or death shall be given within 30 

days after the injury or death; be given to the immediate superior of the employee by personal 

delivery or by depositing it in the mail properly stamped and addressed; be in writing; state the 

name and address of the employee; state the year, month, day and hour when and the particular 

locality where the injury or death occurred; state the cause and nature of the injury, or in the case 

of death, the employment factors believed to be the cause; and be signed by and contain the 

address of the individual giving the notice.10 Actual knowledge and written notice of injury 

under section 8119 serve to satisfy the statutory period for filing an original claim for 

compensation. For actual knowledge of a supervisor to be regarded as timely filed, an employee 

must show not only that the immediate supervisor knew that he or she was injured, but also knew 

or reasonably should have known that it was an on-the-job injury.11

When a traumatic injury definite in time, place, and circumstances is involved, the time 

for giving notice of injury and filing for compensation begins to run at the time of the incident, 

even though the employee may not have been aware of the seriousness or ultimate consequences 

of his injury.12 The Board has held that the applicable statute of limitations commences to run 

although the employee does not know the precise nature of the impairment.13

ANALYSIS 

The Board finds that appellant did not meet his burden of proof to establish that his claim 

of traumatic injury on February 18, 1978 was timely filed. 

The record establishes that appellant, then a correctional officer, was taken hostage while 

at work on February 18, 1978 with a fellow officer. They were released in the early morning of 

February 19, 1978. Some 19 years later, on June 9, 1997, appellant filed a traumatic injury claim 

alleging that on February 18, 1978 he sustained mental trauma with post-traumatic stress as a 

result of the hostage incident at work. Section 8122(a) provides that an original claim for 

compensation for disability must be filed within three years after the injury or death. 

Appellant’s alleged injury involved a traumatic incident of which he was immediately 

aware, even though all the sequelae of the injury may not have been known to him until later. As 

noted in Paul S. Devlin,

14 the time for giving notice of injury and for filing a claim of 

compensation began to run at the time of the traumatic incident, despite the claim that the 

 9 Id. 

10 Id. at § 8119; Larry E. Young, 52 ECAB 264 (2001). 

11 Laura L. Harrison, 52 ECAB 515 (2001). 

12 Emma L. Brooks, 37 ECAB 407 (1986). 

13 Delmont L. Thompson, 51 ECAB 155 (1999). 

14 39 ECAB 715 (1988) 
7

employee was not aware of the seriousness or the ultimate consequences of the injury, or that the 

nature of the injury was not diagnosed until sometime later. The Board finds that appellant’s 

claim for a traumatic injury on February 18, 1978 was not filed within the requisite three-year 

time limitation period. Therefore, his claim is barred by the applicable time limitation provisions 

of FECA. 

Appellant’s claim would still be regarded as timely under section 8122(a)(1) if his 

immediate superior had actual knowledge of the injury within 30 days or under section 

8122(a)(2) if written notice of injury was given within 30 days. The Board finds that the 

evidence of record does not support that appellant’s immediate supervisor had actual knowledge 

of the injury within 30 days. 

Before OWCP and on appeal, appellant contends that the memoranda written by various 

officials at the prison addressing the February 18, 1978 hostage incident manifest actual 

knowledge by his immediate supervisor of injury within 30 days. The Board has carefully 

reviewed the memoranda completed within 30 days of the hostage episode, including that of 

appellant, and note that they provide chronological descriptions of the incident. While they 

reflect that his supervisors were well aware of the February 18, 1978 incident, they do not 

establish that appellant’s supervisors had actual knowledge of any employment-related injury 

claimed by appellant resulting from this incident within 30 days. 

Ms. Sullivan, who submitted the June 9, 1997 traumatic injury claim form on the advice 

of OWCP, noted that appellant’s immediate supervisors were unavailable to complete the form 

as 19 years had passed. The evidence contemporaneous to the hostage incident in 1978 reflects 

that Ms. Sullivan was appellant’s coworker, also serving as a correctional officer at Terminal 

Island. The memoranda completed by the various prison officials involved in the hostage 

incident do not reflect that appellant claimed an injury, either upon his release on February 19, 

1978 or within 30 days of the incident. The evidence of record does not establish that appellant 

informed any immediate supervisor of an injury sustained in the hostage situation. Appellant 

provided a February 21, 1978 hostage report to Mr. Bradford, the chief correctional supervisor, 

as to what happened during the evening of February 18, 1978 and early morning of the 

February 19, 1978. He noted that following his release, he met with Mr. Bradford and the 

associate warden. Appellant’s statement did not allege or specify any injury, physical or 

emotional, related to the incident. Moreover, he did not provide written notice of injury within 

30 days. As Mr. Bradford, appellant’s immediate supervisor, did not have actual knowledge of 

an injury within 30 days, the three-year time limitation provision can be excused only if 

appellant was mentally incompetent or there were exceptional circumstances which prevented 

him from filing a claim. 

In 1997 when appellant filed his claim, he contended that following the February 18, 

1978 hostage incident he was traumatized and emotionally incapable of completing the necessary 

traumatic forms or paperwork. The Board finds, however, that the evidence contemporaneous to 

the hostage incident and thereafter does not support that appellant was mentally incompetent 

from filing a timely claim within three years. 

The evidence reflects that appellant last worked for the employing establishment on 

January 4, 1984, when his resignation became effective. Prior to that time, he continued work at 
8

the employing establishment. Appellant provided inconsistent statements regarding the 

immediate aftermath of the hostage situation. He stated in 1997 with the submission of his claim 

form that he was emotionally incapacitated but was never examined after the incident; but also 

stated that a physician identified as a Dr. Johnson had asked if he was okay. The Board notes 

that there is no medical evidence of record from the employer pertaining to any treatment of 

appellant following the February 18, 1978 incident or of any treatment report by a Dr. Johnson. 

The record reflects that Ms. Sullivan listed on the claim form in 1997 that appellant received 

medical care on “February 8, 1978.” The Board notes that the February 8, 1978 date as listed by 

Ms. Sullivan was prior to the hostage incident claimed in this case. As discussed, Ms. Sullivan 

was not appellant’s immediate supervisor or had knowledge of the circumstances surrounding 

the hostage incident. Moreover, the hearing representative made further inquiry on this aspect of 

the claim in 1998 by contact with the employing establishment and OPM. He was informed that 

the employing establishment had no medical records for appellant nor did the OPM have any 

medical folder. There is no medical evidence that appellant obtained treatment at the employing 

establishment following the hostage incident or was ever found disabled for work. 

The record contemporaneous to appellant’s continued employment with the Bureau of 

Prisons does not reflect an individual incapacitated by emotional stress. No claim was filed by 

appellant within three years of the hostage incident. He continued to work in his career as a 

correctional officer, receiving a promotion in January 1981 to the position of senior officer 

specialist. In August 1981, appellant was approached by the FBI to participate in a hostage 

survival training program for correctional officers. He and his fellow officer agreed to assist in 

the training program, which was videotaped on August 24, 1981 at the UCLA hospital. Both 

men were commended by the FBI for their articulate and professional appearance in the 

program. On October 13, 1981 appellant made a claim for benefits to the VA, noting that his 

additional request for a shift change was denied as the facility was undermanned. He stated that 

he was trying to develop and upgrade his education, which was difficult due to the manpower 

needs of his employer. On April 14, 1982 appellant requested a new assignment to the morning 

watch shift as he was attending junior college summer session and sought to complete his major. 

Later that month, he requested leave in order to visit relatives in Hawaii. On December 19, 1983 

appellant submitted a letter of resignation to the employing establishment, effective 

January 4, 1984. He stated that his resignation was in order to complete his education and other 

business interests. On December 30, 1983 appellant sustained a contusion to his left knee. He 

completed a claim form related to this injury, which was accepted by OWCP. Based on this 

evidence, the Board finds that appellant has failed to meet his burden of proof to establish that he 

was mentally incompetent to file a timely claim related to the February 18, 1978 hostage incident 

at work. 

Further, appellant has not established any tolling of the time limitation provision of the 

statute due to exceptional circumstances. The Board has held that unawareness of possible 

entitlement, lack of access to information and ignorance of the law or one’s rights and 

obligations under the law do no constitute exceptional circumstances that would excuse a failure 

to timely file a claim.15 Based on the evidence of record, the Board finds that appellant failed to 

file a timely claim for compensation. His immediate supervisor, Mr. Bradford, did not have 

 15 See C.W., Docket No. 14-925 (issued July 18, 2014); Roger W. Robinson, 54 ECAB 846 (2002). 
9

actual or imputed knowledge of the claimed injury within 30 days of the February 18, 1978 

incident, nor has appellant established that he was mentally incompetent or that exceptional 

circumstances tolled the three-year statute of limitations. 

CONCLUSION 

The Board finds that appellant’s 1997 claim for an emotional condition was not timely 

filed within three years of the February 18, 1978 hostage incident at work. 

ORDER 

IT IS HEREBY ORDERED THAT the January 7, 2014 decision of the Office of 

Workers’ Compensation Programs is affirmed. 

Issued: October 15, 2014 

Washington, DC 

 

 Colleen Duffy Kiko, Judge 

 Employees’ Compensation Appeals Board 

 

 Patricia Howard Fitzgerald, Judge 

 Employees’ Compensation Appeals Board 

 

 Michael E. Groom, Alternate Judge 

 Employees’ Compensation Appeals Board