Filed 8/12/16 P. v. Leavy CA5

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication 

or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

THE PEOPLE,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

MARQUISE D. LEAVY,

Defendant and Appellant.

F069687

(Fresno Super. Ct. No. F12904662)

OPINION

APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Fresno County. Arlan L. 

Harrell, Judge.

Allen G. Weinberg, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and 

Appellant.

Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant Attorney 

General, Michael P. Farrell, Assistant Attorney General, Stephen G. Herndon and Max 

Feinstat, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.

-ooOooINTRODUCTION

Appellant/defendant Marquise D. Leavy (defendant), a member of the Hoover 

Crips gang, used a shotgun to commit a drive-by shooting at two brothers, Maurice and 
2.

Marquise Graves, who were affiliated with the rival Northside gang. Maurice Graves 

was killed and Marquise was wounded.

After a jury trial, defendant was convicted of count I, first degree murder of 

Maurice Graves (Pen. Code, §187, subd. (a))1 with two special circumstances: the 

murder was committed by intentionally discharging a firearm from a motor vehicle 

(§ 190.2, subd. (a)(21)); and the murder was intentional, defendant was an active 

participant in a criminal street gang, and it was committed to further the activities of a 

criminal street gang (§ 190.2, subd. (a)(22)). Defendant was also convicted of count II, 

attempted premeditated murder of Marquise Graves (§ 187, subd. (a)), § 664, subd. (a)), 

with firearm enhancements found true for both counts (§ 12022.53, subd. (d)).2

Defendant was 16 years old when he committed the murder. As we will discuss 

below, the United States Supreme Court has held that the Eighth Amendment to the 

federal Constitution prohibits a mandatory life without parole (LWOP) sentence for a 

juvenile offender who commits homicide; the sentencing court must have individualized 

discretion to impose a less severe sentence; and in exercising that discretion, the court 

must take into account specific youth-related mitigating factors. (Miller v. Alabama

(2012) 567 U.S. __ [132 S.Ct. 2455, 2460, 2468–2469] (Miller).)

At the sentencing hearing in this case, the court made lengthy findings pursuant to 

Miller and declined to sentence defendant to an LWOP term. Instead, the court sentenced 

him to 25 years to life for count I, first degree murder; a consecutive term of 25 years to 

 

1 All further statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise indicated.

2 The information also alleged gang enhancements for both counts (§ 186.22, 

subd. (b)(1)). However, the court dismissed the gang allegations after the jury was 

discharged, when it realized the jury failed to make any findings on those allegations 

because the verdict forms were never sent to the jury room.
3.

life for the firearm enhancement; life with the possibility of parole for count II, attempted 

murder; plus 25 years to life for the second firearm enhancement.3

In his opening appellate brief, defendant argued his sentence was the functional 

equivalent of an LWOP term, and violated the Eighth Amendment and Miller.

While this case was pending on appeal, the California Supreme Court addressed 

and rejected the identical arguments in People v. Franklin (2016) 63 Cal.4th 261

(Franklin). Thereafter, we asked the parties for further briefing. Defendant 

acknowledged the holding in Franklin, argued that it was wrongly decided, and requested 

remand of his case for further sentencing proceedings.

While defendant’s constitutional challenges to his sentence have been rejected in 

Franklin, we order a limited remand of the matter for additional proceedings out of an 

abundance of caution – not to modify his sentence, but to preserve the record in 

anticipation of defendant’s eventual section 3051 parole hearing in the 25th year of his 

incarceration. We also direct the abstract of judgment be corrected as explained below.

FACTS

Marquise “Sleepy” Graves (Marquise) and his brother Maurice “Juice” Graves 

(Maurice)4 were members of the Pleasant gang, which was affiliated with the Northside 

gang. Marquise, who survived the shooting and testified at defendant’s trial, knew their 

gang was having issues with the Hoover gang.

Marquise testified that he and his brother did not know defendant and/or 

defendant’s 12-year-old brother, Lorenzo Leavy (Lorenzo). They had never confronted 

 

3

In contrast to the court’s oral pronouncement of judgment, the abstract of 

judgment and minute order erroneously state that defendant’s aggregate term was life 

with parole plus 50 years to life. We order the trial court to correct the abstract of 

judgment on remand.

4 Since several parties have the same last name, we will refer to certain people by 

their first names for ease of reference; no disrespect is intended.
4.

or pulled a gun on either of them. Marquise further testified they never had any type of 

confrontation with someone from the Hoover gang.

Defendant and his brother, Lorenzo, were part of the Hoover Crips gang. Lorenzo 

testified they had problems with rival gang members who lived in their apartment 

complex.

The murder

Around 11:45 p.m. on June 24, 2012, Marquise and Maurice were walking home 

on West Robinson Avenue near Atlas Way in Fresno. Marquise testified that he and his 

brother were not carrying weapons that night.

Mauquise testified that a car pulled up and stopped on the street in front of them. 

At trial, Marquise testified he did not recognize the car and could not clearly see the 

number of occupants. Shortly after the murder, however, Marquise told the police that he 

saw three African-Americans in the car: a woman was driving, and two men were with 

her.

Marquise testified that someone in the car yelled “North,” representing Northside. 

Marquise believed the person in the car was trying to lure them closer by making them 

think the occupants were friendly. Marquise later decided that the person who shouted 

“North” was not from the Northside gang, and it was “just a front.”

Marquise testified that he and his brother stopped walking. Within a few seconds, 

a shot was fired at them from the car’s backseat, behind the driver’s seat. The bullet 

fragments grazed Marquise’s chest, and both brothers tried to run away. Marquise 

testified he heard a second shot and Maurice fell down. Marquise turned back and tried 

to help his brother.

Michelle Martinelli lived in the neighborhood and was standing outside her 

apartment. She saw a light colored car, possibly white or silver, slowly drive down the 

street and then stop. A few moments later, she heard a gunshot and saw a flash of light 
5.

from the car. She ran inside her residence. About five seconds later, she heard a second 

gunshot. The vehicle sped away and she called 911.

The fatal wound

The police responded to the scene and found Maurice lying face down on the 

ground, bleeding from a shotgun wound. Marquise was holding Maurice’s body, and he 

was very emotional.

Marquise suffered a nonfatal chest wound from a shotgun slug that grazed his 

body.

Emergency personnel transported Maurice to the hospital, where he died from 

wounds inflicted by a single shotgun slug, which entered the left side of his spine. The 

slug went through Maurice’s spinal cord and ribs, damaged the right lung, and lodged in 

his right chest.

An expended shotgun shell casing was found at the murder scene.

There was an imprint found on the back of Maurice’s right elbow, which was 

consistent with being made by a shotgun wad, the packaging material for a slug inside a 

shotgun shell. The wadding did not penetrate Maurice’s body, which indicated that the 

weapon would have been as close as 12 to 15 feet from him when it was fired.

The investigation

On June 25, 2012, the day after the murder, the police obtained a videotape from a 

security camera at an apartment complex near the crime scene. Officer Chris Serrano 

testified the videotape showed a vehicle at the intersection of Atlas and West Robinson at 

11:47 p.m. The car made a slight turn and stopped, and the vehicle’s lights were still on. 

A flash was visible from the car’s interior, followed by a second flash from the interior, 

consistent with a shotgun being discharged. The car made a U-turn and left the scene.

Also on June 25, 2012, Officer Serrano learned of a “Crime Stoppers” tip 

regarding the murder. He conducted a records search and found a report of a stolen 

vehicle, which was relevant to the tip.
6.

Based on that information, Officer Serrano contacted Latasha “Chloe” Fradue

(Fradue). She had filed a report at 12:51 p.m. on June 25, 2012, that her rented silver 

Ford sedan had been stolen. Serrano issued an “all points bulletin” for the vehicle, 

indicating it was associated with defendant and the murder of Maurice.

At approximately 6:30 p.m., Officer Tim Sullivan saw the car parked in front of a 

house on South Weldon. Defendant was sitting in the driver’s seat, and three other 

people were in the car. Defendant was taken into custody without incident for possession 

of a reported stolen car. Defendant’s brother, Lorenzo, was not in the car.

Officer Serrano testified the other three occupants of the car were questioned 

about the murder and released. The car was searched, but the officers did not find any 

firearms, ammunition, gunshot residue, or forensic evidence connected to the murder.

Defendant’s postarrest interview

Officer Serrano met defendant at the police department and conducted a recorded 

interview with him around midnight on June 26, 2012. Defendant was 16 years old (born 

1995). Serrano advised defendant of the Miranda5 warnings, and defendant agreed to 

answer questions.

Officer Serrano asked defendant about the car. Defendant said he borrowed the 

car from Chloe Fradue without her permission.

Officer Serrano asked defendant if he had been in that car on the night of June 24, 

2012. He also asked defendant about the shooting on West Robinson. Defendant said he 

was not there at that time. He didn’t take Fradue’s car until around 11:00 a.m. on June 

25, 2012, and his brother, Lorenzo, was with him.

On further questioning, defendant changed his story and said he was a passenger 

in the front seat of Fradue’s car, and he was at the intersection of West Robinson and 

Atlas. He would not reveal the driver’s name.

 

5 Miranda v. Arizona (1966) 384 U.S. 436 (Miranda).
7.

Officer Serrano asked defendant if he had seen Maurice and Marquise Graves. 

Defendant again changed his story and said he was the driver and no one else was with 

him. Defendant said he saw the two men walking on the street. Defendant said he 

recognized the men, but he did not know their names. A few weeks earlier, two AfricanAmerican males in a car had confronted defendant’s brother in the same area. The men 

said they were in the Northside gang, and they thought Lorenzo was in the rival Hoover 

gang. One of the men, who had braids, pulled a gun and chased Lorenzo out of the area.

Defendant said when he saw the two men on the street that night, he thought they 

were the same Northside men who had confronted Lorenzo because they also had braids. 

Defendant said a shotgun was in the car trunk. Fradue had bought it about a week earlier. 

Defendant reached through the backseat cushions into the trunk, and pulled the shotgun 

into the car’s passenger compartment. Defendant decided he was going to scare the two 

men with the shotgun.

Defendant said he drove up to the two men and spoke to them through the front 

passenger window. He asked if they had pulled a gun on his brother. The men asked 

defendant for his brother’s name. Defendant replied his brother’s name was Lorenzo. 

The men said yes. Defendant said the men argued with him.

Defendant became mad and raised the shotgun, but he put the safety on. He 

pointed the shotgun out of the front passenger window, pulled the trigger, and it made a 

“click” sound. The two men started to run away. Defendant said one man (later 

identified as Marquise) stopped and looked back at the car. This man told the second 

man (later identified as Maurice) to stop running because the gun was malfunctioning.

Defendant said he continued to pull the trigger to make the clicking sound because 

the safety was on, but the shotgun discharged. The gun recoiled and hit defendant in the 

forehead. Officer Serrano testified that he noticed a fresh abrasion on defendant’s 

forehead, consistent with such a motion.
8.

Defendant said he was dazed from the gun hitting him in the forehead. His finger 

continued to depress the trigger, and the gun went off by itself and discharged a second 

shot. Defendant said one man immediately fell to the ground.

Officer Serrano testified that defendant said he pulled the trigger three times and 

heard the “click” sound. Defendant claimed that he never turned off the safety, but the 

admitted the gun discharged twice.

Defendant said he drove away and returned to Fradue’s house. He left the car 

there, and then walked home and took a shower. He later returned to Fradue’s house and 

told her what happened. Fradue said she was going to return the rental car. She never 

said she was going to report it stolen. Defendant said he gave the shotgun to someone 

who knew Fradue and/or her father, and the weapon was now “somewhere far out there 

like the country.”

Officer Serrano asked defendant to describe the shotgun. Defendant said Fradue 

bought it, and it was a “rusty old gun.” The barrel was chopped off, it had a pistol grip, 

and it was about two feet long. Serrano asked defendant if either of the two victims had a 

weapon, and defendant said no. Serrano asked if he spoke to one particular man. 

Defendant said he primarily talked to the man who survived, later identified as Marquise.

At the conclusion of the interview, Officer Serrano asked defendant if he wanted 

to write a letter to the victim’s family about what happened. Defendant agreed, and said 

he never meant to shoot him.

The cell phone photographs of a shotgun

The shotgun used to shoot the victims was never found.

The police examined Fradue’s cell phone and found five photographs of a 

shotgun, with date-stamps of June 20, 2012. A firearms expert examined the photographs 

and testified that weapon was consistent with a Remington 870 Wingmaster 12-gauge 

pump-action shotgun, with “after-market conversions.” It had been altered to remove the 

back end of the stock; it had a pistol grip and a “side saddle” attached to the side of the 
9.

weapon which contained live ammunition. The gun had to be “racked” or pumped to 

chamber a live round. Once the round was fired, the shotgun could not be fired again 

simply by pulling the trigger. The shotgun had to be racked again to chamber the next 

live round, and then it could be fired.

The expert testified the expended shell found at the murder scene appeared to be a 

12-gauge shell, consistent with being ejected when a shotgun was racked. The weapon in 

the cell phone photographs was capable of firing 12-gauge shotgun shells, which could 

have contained either a slug or pellets.

Defendant’s statements about the shotgun

Officer Serrano conducted another interview with defendant and showed him the 

cell phone photographs of the shotgun. Defendant had never seen the pictures, but he 

said the shotgun in the photographs was the firearm he used that night.

Lorenzo Leavy’s pretrial statement

On June 29, 2012, Officer Serrano interviewed Lorenzo, defendant’s brother. 

Lorenzo was 12 years old at the time, and he was not aware the interview was being 

recorded. Serrano advised Lorenzo of the Miranda warnings, and Lorenzo agreed to

answer questions.

Officer Serrano told Lorenzo that they had already talked to his brother 

(defendant), who said that something happened to Lorenzo a few weeks earlier. Lorenzo 

said a car drove up to him, someone pulled a gun, and he ran away.

As for the shooting, Lorenzo said he wasn’t there when it happened, but defendant 

told him about it. Defendant and Lorenzo spent the night of the shooting at Fradue’s 

house. The next morning, defendant and Lorenzo left in Fradue’s car. During the drive, 

defendant told Lorenzo that he was with Fradue the previous night. Defendant said 

Fradue was driving and he was in the backseat.6 Defendant said they saw two Northside 

 

6 Marquise told the police that a female was driving and there were two men in the 

car. At trial, Marquise testified that he thought the gunshot was fired from the backseat.
10.

guys, and Fradue told him to get the gun. Defendant said the shotgun belonged to 

Fradue. Defendant told Lorenzo that the two guys were “banging out North,” and 

defendant argued with them. Defendant told Lorenzo that he decided to shoot them, he 

tried to fire, but the shotgun was on safety. Defendant said he fired twice and shot 

someone. Lorenzo knew that someone had been killed.

Lorenzo’s trial testimony

Lorenzo was 14 years old when he testified at defendant’s trial. Lorenzo testified 

about an incident that occurred several months before the murder, when he was walking 

home from school with two girls. Someone tapped him on the shoulder. Lorenzo turned 

around and saw two men with a gun, and two more men standing behind them. Lorenzo 

immediately ran away. A car was not involved in this incident.

Lorenzo testified that about three or four months later, he was walking down the 

street when a car pulled in front of him. Two men with braids jumped out. They had a 

gun and told Lorenzo not to run. Lorenzo ran away into an apartment complex.

Lorenzo admitted that he and his brother were part of the Hoover Crips gang, and 

they had been having problems with rival gang members who lived in their apartment 

complex. Lorenzo testified he was with defendant when they had another encounter with 

rival gang members at a convenience store.

Lorenzo testified he and defendant stayed at Fradue’s house on June 24, 2012, and 

they borrowed Fradue’s car the next morning. Lorenzo denied that he told the police that 

defendant said he shot someone the previous night. When Lorenzo learned his interview 

had been recorded, he claimed the police told him what to say. He also claimed the 

recording was a “made-up video” that had been altered to make it sound like he said 

certain things.

Expert testimony

Officer Ron Flowers testified as the prosecution’s gang expert. In his opinion, 

defendant was a member of the 107 Hoover Crips, based on defendant’s tattoos, prior 
11.

arrests, and association with other Hoover gang members. The 107 Hoover Crips was a 

“stand-alone” gang.

Officer Flowers believed Maurice and Marquise Graves were affiliated with the 

Pleasant gang, which was part of the Northside gang. Flowers testified that the Pleasant 

and Northside gangs were having problems with the Hoover gang at the time of the 

murder.

SENTENCING PROCEEDINGS

As explained above, defendant was 16 years old when he committed the crimes in 

this case. He was tried as an adult and convicted of first degree murder with two special 

circumstances. We now turn to the applicable legal principles relevant to defendant’s 

sentence, and the trial court’s findings in this case.

Roper, Graham, Miller and Caballero

There are a series of cases which limit the sentence which may be imposed on a 

juvenile offender. The death penalty may not be imposed on juvenile offenders. (Roper 

v. Simmons (2005) 543 U.S. 551, 578 (Roper).) A juvenile who commits a nonhomicide 

offense may not be sentence to LWOP. (Graham v. Florida (2010) 560 U.S. 48, 74 

(Graham).)

In Miller, the United States Supreme Court held that a juvenile who commits a 

homicide offense may not be automatically sentenced to an LWOP term. (Miller, supra, 

132 S.Ct. at p. 2460.) Miller held that the sentencing authority must have individualized 

discretion to impose a less severe sentence and, in exercising that discretion, must take 

into account the following youth-related mitigating factors. (Id. at pp. 2468–2469.)

“Mandatory life without parole for a juvenile precludes consideration of his 

chronological age and its hallmark features – among them, immaturity, 

impetuosity, and failure to appreciate risks and consequences. It prevents 

taking into account the family and home environment that surrounds him –

and from which he cannot usually extricate himself – no matter how brutal 

or dysfunctional. It neglects the circumstances of the homicide offense, 

including the extent of his participation in the conduct and the way familial 
12.

and peer pressures may have affected him. Indeed, it ignores that he might 

have been charged and convicted of a lesser offense if not for [the] 

incompetencies associated with youth – for example, his inability to deal 

with police officers or prosecutors (including on a plea agreement) or his 

incapacity to assist his own attorneys. [Citations.] And finally, this 

mandatory punishment disregards the possibility of rehabilitation even 

when the circumstances most suggest it.” (Miller, supra, 132 S.Ct. at 

p. 2468, italics added.)

Shortly after the decision in Miller, the California Supreme Court held in People v. 

Caballero (2012) 55 Cal.4th 262, 265, 268 (Caballero) that a juvenile defendant’s 

sentence of 110 years to life for three counts of attempted murder was the “functional 

equivalent” of an LWOP term, and violated Graham’s prohibition against LWOP 

sentences for juvenile offenders convicted of nonhomicide offenses.

Just before defendant was sentenced in this case, the California Supreme Court 

held in People v.Gutierrez (2014) 58 Cal.4th 1354 (Gutierrez), that a sentencing court has 

discretion to sentence a juvenile convicted of first degree murder with special 

circumstances to LWOP or 25 years to life, with no presumption in favor of life without 

parole. Gutierrez held that Miller requires the court, “in exercising its sentencing 

discretion, to consider the ‘distinctive attributes of youth’ and how those attributes 

‘diminish the penological justifications for imposing the harshest sentences on juvenile 

offenders’ before imposing life without parole on a juvenile offender. [Citation.]” 

(Gutierrez, supra, 58 Cal.4th at p. 1361.)

Gutierrez further held that in considering whether to impose an LWOP term, a 

sentencing court must consider the five factors enumerated in Miller (as italicized above): 

(1) the inherent impact of the juvenile’s age on his culpability; (2) the juvenile’s home 

and family environment; (3) the circumstances of the homicide offense; (4) the juvenile’s 

ability to deal with law enforcement officers and prosecutors as well as effectively assist 

in his own defense; and (5) the possibility of rehabilitation. (Gutierrez, supra, 58 Cal.4th 

at pp. 1389–1390.)
13.

Section 3051

Caballero urged the Legislature “to enact legislation establishing a parole 

eligibility mechanism that provides a defendant serving a de facto life sentence without 

possibility of parole for nonhomicide crimes that he or she committed as a juvenile with 

the opportunity to obtain release on a showing of rehabilitation and maturity.” 

(Cabellero, supra, 55 Cal.4th at p. 269, fn. 5.)

In response to Miller, Graham, and Caballero, the California Legislature passed 

Senate Bill No. 260, which became effective January 1, 2014, and enacted sections 3051, 

3046, subdivision (c) and 4801, subdivision (c). The express purpose of the legislation 

was to provide a parole eligibility mechanism in accordance with the decisions in these 

cases. (Franklin, supra, 63 Cal.4th at p. 277; Stats. 2013, ch. 312, § 1; see Historical and 

Statutory Notes, 51B pt. 2, West’s Ann. Pen. Code (2015 supp.) foll. § 3041, pp. 78–79.

“At the heart of Senate Bill No. 260 was the addition of section 3051, which 

requires the Board [of Parole Hearings] to conduct a ‘youth offender parole hearing’

during the 15th, 20th, or 25th year of a juvenile offender’s incarceration. (§ 3051, 

subd. (b).) The date of the hearing depends on the offender’s ‘ “controlling offense,” ’ 

which is defined as ‘the offense or enhancement for which any sentencing court imposed 

the longest term of imprisonment.’ (Id., subd. (a)(2)(B).) A juvenile offender whose 

controlling offense carries a term of 25 years to life or greater is ‘eligible for release on 

parole by the board during his or her 25th year of incarceration at a youth offender parole 

hearing, unless previously released or entitled to an earlier parole consideration hearing 

pursuant to other statutory provisions.’ (Id., subd. (b)(3).) The statute excludes several 

categories of juvenile offenders from eligibility for a youth offender parole hearing:

those who are sentenced under the ‘Three Strikes’ law (§§ 667, subds. (b)–(i), 1170.12) 

or Jessica’s Law (§ 667.61), those who are sentenced to life without parole, and those 

who commit another crime ‘subsequent to attaining 23 years of age ... for which malice 

aforethought is a necessary element of the crime or for which the individual is sentenced 
14.

to life in prison.’ (§ 3051, subd. (h); see Stats. 2015, ch. 471, § 1 [changing the age after 

which malice aforethought crimes are disqualifying from 18 to 23].)” (Franklin, supra, 

63 Cal.4th at pp. 277–278.)

“Section 3051 thus reflects the Legislature’s judgment that 25 years is the 

maximum amount of time that a juvenile offender may serve before becoming eligible for 

parole. Apart from the categories of offenders expressly excluded by the statute, section 

3051 provides all juvenile offenders with a parole hearing during or before their 25th year 

of incarceration. The statute establishes what is, in the Legislature’s view, the 

appropriate time to determine whether a juvenile offender has ‘rehabilitated and gained 

maturity’ (Stats. 2013, ch. 312, § 1) so that he or she may have ‘a meaningful opportunity 

to obtain release’ (§ 3051, subd. (e)).” (Franklin, supra, 63 Cal.4th at p. 278.)

Defendant’s sentencing statement

On April 16, 2014, after defendant was convicted, defense counsel filed a 

sentencing statement and acknowledged that defendant faced an LWOP term for his 

conviction of first degree murder with special circumstances. Counsel argued a 

mandatory LWOP term for a juvenile offender violated the Eighth Amendment, multiple 

life terms would be the functional equivalent of an LWOP term, and consideration of the 

Miller factors weighed in favor of a prison term which allowed for the possibility of 

parole within defendant’s lifetime.

In support of his motion, counsel attached defendant’s educational and 

disciplinary records and argued:

“[Defendant’s] lack of maturity, even for his age, is evidence from his poor 

attendance and frequent disturbances in class. This undeveloped sense of 

responsibility is exhibited by reckless and impulse behavior. [Defendant] 

has been disciplined for taking and hiding the teacher’s radio, refusing to 

turn the volume down while using the computer, making disruptive 

comments, and for fighting with others. His discipline records reflect his 

reckless and often impulsive behavior.
15.

“Additionally, [defendant] suffered from the environment in which 

he grew up and was unable to change his environment or his circumstances. 

[Defendant’s] parents passed away when he was a child. His parents did 

not provide for any support for him or his siblings in their absence and in 

turn [defendant] grew up without any parental guidance. His sister, 8 years 

his senior, took care of him as best she could, but even she was involved in 

the gang lifestyle. [Defendant] did have a great aunt that was noted in his 

school records from time to time, but due to her age and her blindness she 

was unable to care for him. As a result, most of his time was spent living 

on the streets of Fresno.

“[Defendant] has displayed the ability to improve and excel during 

his middle school and high school career. [Defendant] went from failing all 

classes in his seventh grade spring semester to maintaining A’s and B’s 

during his ninth grade summer semester. His student transcript reflects his 

poor performance in academics, but also reflects his ability to change and to 

succeed. Although, he was enrolled in special education courses, at the age 

of fifteen his reading comprehension was that of a 7th or 8th grader. It 

appears that [defendant] could perform well in the structured environment 

of a classroom. His teachers noted his ability to follow along in class, his 

ability to work well with others, to follow directions, and to participate. 

They also noted his need for confidence, practice of the subject matter, and 

that often he was so embarrassed by his mistakes that he would give up.”

Defense counsel concluded that defendant’s appreciation of the gravity of his 

actions was “hindered by his lack of maturity, impulsivity and underdeveloped sense of 

responsibility. [Defendant] grew up without his parents in a neighborhood fraught with 

gang activity and his own sister who cared for him was involved in the gang lifestyle. 

[Defendant] had no other relatives that could care for him and was therefore restricted to 

the circumstances he found himself in. His good grades and positive comments from his 

educators demonstrate his ability to change and to excel in a structured environment.”

Probation report

Defendant told the probation officer that his mother was in prison for six to seven 

years because she “ ‘cut a police [officer].’ ” Defendant lived with various family and 

friends until his mother’s release. When his mother died, defendant lived with his 20-
16.

year-old sister for a while. At the time of the offenses, defendant said he lived with 

family friends and “ ‘it was just crazy.’ ”

The probation report summarized the police reports about the murder, and stated 

that Fradue reported the rental car was stolen to conceal that it was used in the murder.

The sentencing hearing

On June 2, 2014, the court conducted the sentencing hearing and stated it was 

inclined not to impose an LWOP term. Defense counsel repeated the arguments raised in 

the sentencing statement and did not move to introduce additional evidence about 

defendant.

Defense counsel argued even if the court imposed multiple terms of 25 years to 

life, it would still constitute a de facto life sentence that was unconstitutional under Miller

and Graham. Counsel asked the court to impose concurrent instead of consecutive 

sentences.

The court asked defense counsel about the potential applicability of section 3051 

to defendant’s sentence. Counsel replied that section 3051 reflected the current state of 

the law and provided for defendant to appear before a parole board in 25 years, but 

argued that the constitutionality of the statute had not been resolved.

The court stated it had reviewed Miller, Gutierrez, and Caballero, and considered 

defendant’s sentencing statement. The court declined to sentence defendant to LWOP for 

first degree murder with special circumstances.

“[W]eighing the five factors set forth in Gutierrez and Miller, the Court 

believes that the exercise of its discretion when considering life without the 

possibility of parole for a first degree murder conviction of a juvenile, 16 or 

17 years old, and particularly in this case, that the factors weigh heavily in 

favor of imposing the term of 25 years to life ....”

The court sentenced defendant to 25 years to life for count I, first degree murder; a 

consecutive term of 25 years to life for the firearm enhancement; life with the possibility 

of parole for count II, attempted premeditated murder; plus 25 years to life for the second 
17.

firearm enhancement, for an aggregate sentence of three consecutive terms of 25 years to 

life plus life with the possibility of parole. The court declined defendant’s request to 

impose concurrent terms because there were two separate shots fired at two separate 

victims.

The court’s sentencing findings

After the court imposed the sentence, it made extensive findings under Miller and 

Gutierrez, and explained why it declined to impose an LWOP term, and instead 

sentenced defendant to multiple terms of 25 years to life.

First, the court noted defendant was 16 years at the time of the offenses. It 

reviewed his academic record, which was attached to defendant’s sentencing statement, 

and said that defendant’s disciplinary record at school demonstrated “an immaturity and a 

failure to appreciate consequences.”

Second, the court considered defendant’s family home environment. Defendant 

told the probation officer that his mother was in prison for assaulting an officer, and his 

upbringing was crazy. The sentencing statement mentioned that defendant lost his 

mother and father when he was young, but it was “never made clear in anything that the 

Court read or the evidence at trial approximately when that took place. But it is clear the 

defendant did grow up for a large portion of his life without the benefit of a sustainable 

family structure,” and “that he was taken from home to home, from family member to 

family member during the time of his upbringing.”

Third, the court looked at the circumstances of the homicide. While defendant 

was “clearly” the shooter, the court believed that Fradue “had a great deal of influence on 

what happened in this case” because defendant used her car and gun, and defendant and 

his brother were with Fradue before and after the shooting. The court believed that, 

based on the trial evidence, Fradue “was probably at the scene of the shooting and may 

have been the driver of the vehicle while defendant was in the passenger seat,” and the 

court believed “there was an exertion of pressure” on defendant to carry out the offense. 
18.

The court believed defendant used controlled substances, but dismissed defendant’s 

statement to the probation officer, that he consumed 1.5 pints of Hennessy and four 

Ecstasy pills on the day of the crime, and used cocaine and heroin on a daily basis. The 

court found it difficult to believe that defendant was able to finance the use of such a 

large amount of substances.

Fourth, the court considered “evidence of incompetencies” and his inability to deal 

with officers or assist counsel. The court said that defendant’s recorded interview 

showed his immaturity and lack of sophistication dealing with law enforcement and 

serious issues. There was no information about any inability to assist counsel.

Finally, the court looked at the possibility of rehabilitation, and noted defendant 

did not have any criminal history.

The court concluded:

“[C]onsideration of these five factors under Miller and Gutierrez point to a 

diminished and illogical justification for imposing the harshest sentence 

that a Court could impose on a juvenile offender, and in this instance, that 

would be life without the possibility of parole.... [A]fter the Court has 

considered all of those factors and for the very specific reasons stated, the 

Court selected in the exercise of its discretion ... the 25-years-to-life 

sentence rather than life without the possibility of parole.”

APPELLATE CONTENTIONS

In his opening brief on appeal, defendant argued his sentence must be reversed 

because he was 16 years old at the time of the offenses, and the sentence of 75 years to 

life (plus life for attempted murder) was the functional equivalent of an LWOP term. 

Defendant argued such a term for a juvenile offender violated the Eighth Amendment and 

was unconstitutional pursuant to Miller, because it did not provide for a meaningful 

opportunity for parole.

Defendant argued the court failed to adequately consider or discuss the “Miller

factors” when it sentenced him, such as the “hallmark features of youth,” his background 
19.

and upbringing, mental and emotional development, and possibility of rehabilitation.7 

Defendant further argued the court never considered the possibility of imposing a 

sentence less than 50 years to life for count I.

Defendant acknowledged that section 3051 had been enacted to provide youthful 

offenders with parole hearings after serving 25 years. Defendant asserted the procedures 

established by section 3051 did not “cure” the alleged constitutional errors in his 

sentence. “A sentence which puts off such considerations and transfers them to the 

possibility of a parole board 25 years into the future is completely at odds” with the 

Eighth Amendment.

Defendant argued the matter must be remanded for the court to consider the Miller

factors and impose a sentence of less than 50 years to life for count I to conform to the 

Eighth Amendment. Defendant acknowledged that several cases addressing these issues 

were pending before the California Supreme Court.

FRANKLIN

While this case was pending on appeal, the California Supreme Court decided 

People v. Franklin, supra, 63 Cal.4th 261, which has addressed and rejected the same 

issues raised in this appeal.

In Franklin, the defendant was convicted of first degree murder; he was 16 years 

old when he committed the offense. His sentencing hearing occurred before Miller and 

Caballero were decided, and the court was obligated by statute to impose two 

consecutive terms of 25 years to life. On appeal, the defendant challenged the 

constitutionality of his aggregate term of 50 years to life. (Franklin, supra, 63 Cal.4th at 

p. 268.)

 

7 The record completely undermines this assertion, given the court’s extensive 

analysis of defendant’s specific circumstances under the Miller factors.
20.

Franklin explained that since Miller and Graham were decided, “courts 

throughout the country have examined whether the high court’s restrictions on LWOP 

sentences apply to lengthy sentences with a release date near or beyond a juvenile’s life 

expectancy.” (Franklin, supra, 63 Cal.4th at p. 275.) Franklin noted that Caballero

reached the conclusion that a juvenile defendant’s sentence of 110 years to life “was the 

‘functional equivalent’ of life without parole and thus violated Graham’s prohibition 

against LWOP sentences for juvenile offenders convicted of nonhomicide crimes. 

[Citations.] But we did not further elaborate what it means for a sentence to be the 

‘functional equivalent’ of LWOP, and we left open how our holding should be applied in 

the case of a juvenile homicide offender. [Citation.]” (Franklin, supra, at pp. 275–276.)

“We now hold that just as Graham applies to sentences that are the 

‘functional equivalent of a life without parole sentence’ [citation], so too 

does Miller apply to such functionally equivalent sentences. As we noted 

in Caballero, Miller ‘extended Graham’s reasoning’ to homicide offenses, 

observing that ‘ “none of what [Graham ] said about children – about their 

distinctive (and transitory) mental traits and environmental vulnerabilities –

is crime-specific.” ’ [Citation.] Because sentences that are the functional 

equivalent of LWOP implicate Graham’s reasoning [citation], and because 

‘ “Graham’s reasoning implicates any life-without-parole sentence imposed 

on a juvenile” ’ whether for a homicide or nonhomicide offense [citation], a 

sentence that is the functional equivalent of LWOP under Caballero is 

subject to the strictures of Miller just as it is subject to the rule of Graham.

In short, a juvenile may not be sentenced to the functional equivalent of 

LWOP for a homicide offense without the protections outlined in Miller.” 

(Id. at p. 276, italics added.)

Franklin further held that the enactment of section 3051 entitled a juvenile

defendant to a parole hearing in his 25th year in prison, and thus rendered moot “any 

infirmity in [his] sentence under Miller.” (Franklin, supra, 63 Cal.4th at p. 276.)

“[S]ection 3051 has superseded [the defendant’s] sentence so that 

notwithstanding his original term of 50 years to life, he is eligible for a 

‘youth offender parole hearing’ during the 25th year of his sentence. 

Crucially, the Legislature’s recent enactment also requires the Board not 

just to consider but to ‘give great weight to the diminished culpability of 
21.

juveniles as compared to adults, the hallmark features of youth, and any 

subsequent growth and increased maturity of the prisoner in accordance 

with relevant case law.’ (§ 4801, subd. (c).) For those juvenile offenders 

eligible for youth offender parole hearings, the provisions of Senate Bill 

No. 260 are designed to ensure they will have a meaningful opportunity for 

release no more than 25 years into their incarceration.” (Id. at p. 277.)

Franklin held that section 3051 did not “envision that the original sentences of 

eligible youth offenders would be vacated and that new sentences would be imposed to 

reflect parole eligibility during the 15th, 20th, or 25th year of incarceration.” (Franklin, 

supra, 63 Cal.4th at p. 278.)

“The continued operation of the original sentence is evident from the fact 

that an inmate remains bound by that sentence, with no eligibility for a 

youth offender parole hearing, if ‘subsequent to attaining 23 years of age’ 

the inmate ‘commits an additional crime for which malice aforethought is a 

necessary element ... or for which the individual is sentenced to life in 

prison.’ (§ 3051, subd. (h); Stats. 2015, ch. 471.) But section 3051 has 

changed the manner in which the juvenile offender’s original sentence

operates by capping the number of years that he or she may be imprisoned 

before becoming eligible for release on parole. The Legislature has 

effected this change by operation of law, with no additional resentencing 

procedure required. [Citation.]” (Id. at pp. 278–279.)

Franklin thus concluded that defendant’s constitutional challenge to his sentence 

was moot. (Franklin, supra, 63 Cal.4th at p. 280.)

“In sum, the combined operation of section 3051, section 3046, 

subdivision (c), and section 4801 means that [the defendant] is now serving 

a life sentence that includes a meaningful opportunity for release during his 

25th year of incarceration. Such a sentence is neither LWOP nor its 

functional equivalent. Because [the defendant] is not serving an LWOP 

sentence or its functional equivalent, no Miller claim arises here. The 

Legislature’s enactment of Senate Bill No. 260 has rendered moot [the 

defendant’s] challenge to his original sentence under Miller.” (Id. at 

pp. 279–280.)

8

 

8 Franklin is consistent with Montgomery v. Louisiana (2016) 577 U.S. __ [136 

S.Ct. 718, 736], which held: “A State may remedy a Miller violation by permitting 

juvenile homicide offenders to be considered for parole, rather than by resentencing 

them. [Citation.] Allowing those offenders to be considered for parole ensures that 
22.

Remand for further sentencing hearing

While Franklin affirmed defendant’s sentence in light of section 3051, it held the 

matter had to be remanded for further proceedings since his sentencing hearing was held 

before Miller and Caballero were decided. Franklin explained it was not clear whether 

defendant had “sufficient opportunity to put on the record the kinds of information that 

sections 3051 and 4801 deem relevant at a youth offender parole hearing.” (Franklin, 

supra, 63 Cal.4th at p. 284.)

“Senate Bill No. 260 directs the administrative entity that will determine if and 

when [a juvenile defendant] is released to ‘give great weight’ (§ 4801, subd. (c)) to the 

salient characteristics of youth outlined in Miller, Graham, and Caballero.” (Franklin, 

supra, 63 Cal.4th at p. 282.) “The Legislature has declared that ‘[t]he youth offender 

parole hearing to consider release shall provide for a meaningful opportunity to obtain 

release’ (§ 3051, subd. (e)) and that in order to provide such a meaningful opportunity, 

the Board ‘shall give great weight to the diminished culpability of juveniles as compared 

to adults, the hallmark features of youth, and any subsequent growth and increased 

maturity’ (§ 4801, subd. (c)). These statutory provisions echo language in constitutional 

decisions of the high court and this court. [Citations.] The core recognition underlying 

this body of case law is that children are, as a class, ‘constitutionally different from 

adults’ due to ‘distinctive attributes of youth’ that ‘diminish the penological justifications 

for imposing the harshest sentences on juvenile offenders.’ [Citation.] Among these 

‘hallmark features’ of youth are ‘immaturity, impetuosity, and failure to appreciate risks 

and consequences,’ as well as the capacity for growth and change. [Citation.] It is 

because of these ‘marked and well understood’ differences between children and adults 

[citation] that the law categorically prohibits the imposition of certain penalties, including 

 

juveniles whose crimes reflected only transient immaturity – and who have since matured

– will not be forced to serve a disproportionate sentence in violation of the Eighth 

Amendment.”
23.

mandatory LWOP, on juvenile offenders. [Citation.]” (Franklin, supra, 63 Cal.4th at 

p. 283.)

“In directing the Board to ‘give great weight to the diminished 

culpability of juveniles as compared to adults, the hallmark features of 

youth, and any subsequent growth and increased maturity of the prisoner’

(§ 4801, subd. (c)), the statutes also contemplate that information regarding 

the juvenile offender’s characteristics and circumstances at the time of the 

offense will be available at a youth offender parole hearing to facilitate the 

Board’s consideration. For example, section 3051, subdivision (f)(2) 

provides that ‘[f]amily members, friends, school personnel, faith leaders, 

and representatives from community-based organizations with knowledge 

about the individual before the crime ... may submit statements for review 

by the board.’ Assembling such statements ‘about the individual before the 

crime’ is typically a task more easily done at or near the time of the 

juvenile’s offense rather than decades later when memories have faded, 

records may have been lost or destroyed, or family or community members 

may have relocated or passed away. [Citation.] In addition, section 3051, 

subdivision (f)(1) provides that any ‘psychological evaluations and risk 

assessment instruments’ used by the Board in assessing growth and 

maturity ‘shall take into consideration ... any subsequent growth and 

increased maturity of the individual.’ Consideration of ‘subsequent growth 

and increased maturity’ implies the availability of information about the 

offender when he was a juvenile. [Citation.]” (Id. at pp. 283–284, italics 

added.)

Franklin ordered a limited remand “[i]n light of the changed legal landscape” after 

the decisions in Miller and Caballero “so that the trial court may determine whether [the 

defendant] was afforded sufficient opportunity to make such a record at sentencing. This 

remand is necessarily limited; as section 3051 contemplates, [defendant’s] two 

consecutive 25-years-to-life sentences remain valid, even though the statute has made 

him eligible for parole during his 25th year of incarceration.” (Franklin, supra, 63 

Cal.4th at p. 269, italics added.)

Franklin explained that if the trial court determined that defendant did not have 

sufficient opportunity, “then the court may receive submissions and, if appropriate, 

testimony pursuant to procedures set forth in section 1204 and rule 4.437 of the 
24.

California Rules of Court, and subject to the rules of evidence. [The defendant] may 

place on the record any documents, evaluations, or testimony (subject to crossexamination) that may be relevant at his eventual youth offender parole hearing, and the 

prosecution likewise may put on the record any evidence that demonstrates the juvenile 

offender’s culpability or cognitive maturity, or otherwise bears on the influence of youthrelated factors. The goal of any such proceeding is to provide an opportunity for the 

parties to make an accurate record of the juvenile offender’s characteristics and 

circumstances at the time of the offense so that the Board, years later, may properly 

discharge its obligation to ‘give great weight to’ youth-related factors (§ 4801, subd. (c)) 

in determining whether the offender is ‘fit to rejoin society’ despite having committed a 

serious crime ‘while he was a child in the eyes of the law’ [citation].” (Franklin, supra, 

63 Cal.4th at pp. 284, italics added.)

DISCUSSION

In light of Franklin, this court asked the parties for briefing on the impact of the 

decision on the issues raised in this appeal. Defendant submitted a letter brief and argued 

that Franklin was wrongly decided, his sentence still violated Miller and the Eighth 

Amendment, and maintained his right to the benefit of any subsequent decisions which 

were contrary to Franklin.

We decline defendant’s request to find Franklin was wrongly decided. We agree 

with and, indeed, are required to follow the holding in Franklin. (Auto Equity Sales, Inc. 

v. Superior Court (1962) 57 Cal.2d 450, 455.) Defendant’s sentence of 75 years to life, 

plus life with parole, does not violate the Eighth Amendment given section 3051’s 

provision for a parole hearing in his 25th year of incarceration. (Franklin, supra, 63 

Cal.4th at pp. 278–279.) We note defendant has preserved any issues that might arise 

should Franklin be reversed or overruled.

Also in his post-Franklin letter brief, defendant asserts the sentencing court in this 

case “gave little more than lip service to the now settled notion” that a court “may not 
25.

sentence a youthful offender to a term of imprisonment which does not provide for a 

meaningful opportunity for parole without consideration of the ‘Miller factors.’ ” 

Defendant raised a similar issue in his pre-Franklin opening brief, when he argued the 

court failed to adequately consider or discuss the Miller factors when it sentenced him, 

such as the “hallmark features of youth,” his background and upbringing, mental and 

emotional development, and possibility of rehabilitation.

These assertions are baseless and completely refuted by the record. As set forth 

above, the sentencing court gave much more than “lip service” to its constitutional duty 

in this case. It made lengthy findings as to each of the five Miller factors, and discussed 

defendant’s difficult family life, substance abuse, and immaturity. The court explained 

the reasons why it declined to impose an LWOP term, it was well aware of section 

3051’s application to defendant’s case, and sentenced defendant to multiple terms of 25 

years to life.

Which leads us to defendant’s alternate argument, that he should receive the same 

limited remand provided in Franklin to give him a sufficient opportunity “to make a 

record of information relevant to his eventual youth offender parole hearing, and to 

receive submissions and, if appropriate, testimony” pursuant to procedures set forth in the 

California Rules of Court and subject to the rules of evidence.

The People assert a remand is not necessary in this case. The People correctly 

note that such a remand was necessary in Franklin because that defendant was sentenced 

before Miller and Caballero were decided. In contrast, the relevant cases discussed 

above had been decided when defendant was convicted in this case. Indeed, defense 

counsel relied on Miller and Gutierrez when he filed his sentencing statement and argued 

that defendant should not be sentenced to an LWOP term based on the Miller factors.

We find the sentencing court properly exercised its discretion in this case. The 

court reviewed Miller, Gutierrez, and Caballero, defendant’s sentencing statement, and 

the provisions of section 3051. It made extensive findings based on the five factors set 
26.

forth in Miller and Gutierrez, and explained why it was going to exercise its discretion to 

impose consecutive terms of 25 years to life instead of an LWOP term. As in Franklin, 

the court did not abuse its discretion, defendant need not be resentenced, and his 

aggregate term is constitutional.

Out of an abundance of caution, however, we remand the matter to the sentencing 

court for the limited purpose of determining whether defendant “was afforded sufficient 

opportunity to make a record of information relevant to his eventual youth offender 

parole hearing.” (Franklin, supra, 63 Cal.4th at p. 284.) While defense counsel was 

obviously aware of the relevant authorities, his sentencing statement addressed the 

court’s exercise of discretion to impose the sentence in the first instance, and may not 

have considered additional factors that might be relevant to defendant’s eventual parole 

hearing, as discussed in Franklin. Defense counsel was a vigorous advocate for 

defendant, and the documents submitted with his sentencing statement may have been the 

only available evidence relevant to the Miller factors.

Nevertheless, given the holding in Franklin, and the factors which the Board must 

consider at the parole hearing that will be held many years hence in the 25th year of his 

incarceration, we will order a limited remand for both parties “to make an accurate 

record of the juvenile offender’s characteristics and circumstances at the time of the 

offense so that the Board, years later, may properly discharge its obligation to ‘give great 

weight to’ youth-related factors (§ 4801, subd. (c)) in determining whether the offender is 

‘fit to rejoin society’ despite having committed a serious crime ....” (Franklin, supra, 63 

Cal.4th at p. 284.)

DISPOSITION

The matter is remanded for the limited purpose of affording both parties the 

opportunity to make an accurate record of defendant’s characteristics and circumstances 

at the time of the offense, as set forth in Franklin.
27.

On remand, the court shall correct the abstract of judgment as stated in the 

reporter’s transcript of the sentencing hearing, that defendant was sentenced to 25 years 

to life for count I; a consecutive term of 25 years to life for the section 12022.53 firearm 

enhancement; life with the possibility of parole for count II, plus 25 years to life for the 

second section 12022.53 enhancement, for an aggregate term of 75 years to life plus life 

with parole. The trial court shall forward to all appropriate parties a certified copy of an 

amended abstract of judgment.

In all other respects, the judgment is affirmed.

_____________________

 POOCHIGIAN, J.

WE CONCUR:

_______________________

LEVY, Acting P.J.

_______________________

PEÑA, J.