The Honorable Colleen McMahon of the United States District Court for the Southern 1

District of New York, sitting by designation.

07-3377-cr

United States v. MacMillen

1

2 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

3 FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

4

5 August Term 2007

6

7

8 (Argued: June 19, 2008 Decided: September 23, 2008)

9

10 Docket No. 07-3377-cr

11

12 _____________________________________

13

14 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

15

16 Appellee,

17

18 -v.-

19

20 CHRISTOPHER J. MACMILLEN,

21

22 Defendant-Appellant.

23 _____________________________________

24

25

26 Before: HALL, LIVINGSTON, Circuit Judges, and MCMAHON, District Judge.

1

27

28 Defendant-appellant Christopher J. MacMillen appeals from an August 3, 2007 judgment of

29 the United States District Court for the Western District of New York (Siragusa, J.) sentencing him

30 to 78 months’ imprisonment and a lifetime term of supervised release following his plea of guilty

31 to one count of possessing child pornography in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2252A(1)(a)(5)(B). On

32 appeal, MacMillen challenges the imposition of two special conditions of supervised release: (1) that

33 he not frequent areas where children are likely to congregate; and (2) that the Probation Office be
2

1 permitted to address third-party risks with the defendant’s employers.

2 Affirmed. 

3 ANNE M. BURGER, Federal Public Defender (Jay

4 Ovsiovitch, of counsel), Rochester, NY, for Defendant5 Appellant.

6

7 STEPHEN BACZYNSKI, Assistant United States Attorney

8 (Monica J. Richards, on the brief), for Terrance P. Flynn,

9 United States Attorney for the Western District of New York,

10 Buffalo, NY, for Appellee.

11

12 LIVINGSTON, Circuit Judge:

13 Defendant-appellant Christopher J. MacMillen appeals from a judgment of the United States

14 District Court for the Western District of New York (Siragusa, J.) sentencing him to 78 months’

15 imprisonment and a lifetime term of supervised release following his plea of guilty to one count of

16 possessing child pornography in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2252A(1)(a)(5)(B). Specifically,

17 MacMillen challenges two special conditions of supervised release imposed by the district court: (1)

18 that he not frequent areas where children are likely to congregate; and (2) that the Probation Office

19 be permitted to address third-partyrisks with the defendant’s employers. For the reasons that follow,

20 we affirm the judgment of the district court. 

21

22 BACKGROUND

23 On April 20, 2007, MacMillen pleaded guilty to a one-count information charging him with

24 possession of child pornography. Pursuant to a plea agreement with the government, MacMillen

25 admitted that he had more than 600 images of child pornography on his computer, images he

26 received via Internet transmissions. Some of the pictures, MacMillen admitted, depicted
3

1 prepubescent minors, while others included sadistic or masochistic images or portrayed acts of

2 violence. 

3 The parties agreed that the applicable sentencing range under the United States Sentencing

4 Guidelines was 78 to 97 months’ imprisonment, and that MacMillan could face a lifetime term of

5 supervised release. The Presentence Investigation Report (“PSR”) issued by the United States

6 Probation Office arrived at the same Guidelines calculation and recommended sentencing range. The

7 PSR also recommended numerous special conditions of supervised release. These included that

8 MacMillen provide a DNA sample to be kept in the national DNA registry; that he alert the

9 Probation Office in advance if he were to use computers or similar devices during his release and

10 that he consent to the monitoring of such devices; that he register as a sex offender and enroll in

11 mental health treatment for sex offenders; that he not have unsupervised contact with persons under

12 18 years of age; and that he be “prohibited from being on any school grounds, child care center,

13 playground, park, recreational facility, or any area in which children are likely to congregate,” with

14 any “[e]xceptions . . . to be pre-approved by the U.S. Probation Office.”

15 MacMillen filed a sentencing statement on July 2, 2007, requesting a sentence at the low end

16 of the Guidelines range and a supervised release period of only five years. He objected to the PSR’s

17 proposed condition that he be “prohibited from being on any school grounds, child care center,

18 playground, park, recreational facility, or any area in which children are likely to congregate.”

19 Relying principally on our decision in United States v. Peterson, 248 F.3d 79 (2d Cir. 2001) (per

20 curiam), he complained that the condition, as written, was overbroad because it would prohibit him

21 from being in any park, or even from going to the gym without first obtaining the approval of the
4

1 Probation Office. He also complained that the proposed condition was unconstitutionally vague

2 because the phrase “where children are likely to congregate” failed to provide clear guidance as to

3 where he might go, and because the PSR’s suggested language effectively required Probation’s

4 approval before he could go anywhere. 

5 At a July 31, 2007 sentencing hearing, the district court sentenced MacMillen to 78 months’

6 imprisonment, to be followed by a lifetime term of supervised release. In considering MacMillen’s

7 arguments regarding the conditions of supervision, the court concluded that “a condition which states

8 specifically that a Defendant is restricted from visiting places where children are likely to congregate

9 such as parks, et cetera does, in fact, meet the requirements of the Peterson case.” In “doing its best

10 to complywith the language and requirements of the Peterson case,” the district court imposed, inter

11 alia, the following special condition of supervised release: “[T]he Defendant shall avoid and is

12 prohibited from being on [sic] any areas or locations where children are likely to congregate[,] such

13 as schools, daycare facilities, playgrounds, theme parks, arcades, recreational facilities, and

14 recreation parks, unless prior approval has been obtained from the probation office.” The court

15 emphasized that the list of enumerated places was “suggestive . . . not exclusive.” 

16 In a separate special condition of supervised release, the court “authorize[d] the probation

17 office to address third-party risk issues [with] the Defendant’s employers.” The court thought the

18 reason for this special condition was “obvious,” but nonetheless explained that “[c]learly in this day

19 and age employers may have access to computers and I want to make sure that they understand the

20 potential risks.” This special condition was imposed in addition to the standard condition of

21 supervision (“Standard Condition 13”) specifying that “as directed by the probation officer, the
The special conditions in the court’s written judgment of August 3, 2007 deviated 2

slightly from the court’s oral pronouncement at the sentencing hearing. The written judgment

stated: “The defendant is directed to avoid and prohibited from frequenting any areas where it is

likely that children may congregate, such as any school grounds, child care centers, playgrounds,

theme parks, recreational facilities or parks and arcades unless prior approval has been obtained

from the U.S. Probation Office.” The final written judgment also provided that the Probation

Office be “authorize[d] . . . to address third party risk issues with the defendant’s employers.” We

note that where, as here, there is a variation “between an oral pronouncement of sentence and a

subsequent written judgment, the oral pronouncement controls.” United States v. Rosario, 386

F.3d 166, 168 (2d Cir. 2004).

5

1 defendant shall notify third parties of risks that may be occasioned by the defendant’s criminal record

2 or personal history or characteristics, and shall permit the probation officer to make such

3 notifications and to confirm the defendant’s compliance with such notification requirement[s].” See

4 U.S.S.G. § 5D1.3(c)(13) (recommending this language as a “standard” condition of supervised

5 release).

2

6 MacMillen now appeals from his sentence to the extent that it includes the special conditions

7 of supervised release (1) requiring him to avoid places where children are likely to congregate, and

8 (2) authorizing the Probation Office to discuss third-party risk issues with MacMillen’s employers.

9

10 DISCUSSION

11 A district court retains wide latitude in imposing conditions of supervised release, and we

12 therefore review a decision to impose a condition for abuse of discretion. See United States v. Dupes,

13 513 F.3d 338, 342-43 (2d Cir. 2008). When a challenge to a condition of supervised release presents

14 an issue of law, we review the imposition of that condition de novo, bearing in mind that any error

15 of law necessarily constitutes an abuse of discretion. See United States v. Johnson, 446 F.3d 272, 277
6

1 (2d Cir. 2006).

2

3 I. “Areas or Locations Where Children Are Likely to Congregate”

4 MacMillen first complains that the special condition prohibiting him from frequenting

5 locations where “children are likely to congregate” is both overly broad and unconstitutionally

6 vague. The condition is overbroad, he claims, because it involves a greater deprivation of liberty than

7 is necessary and precludes him from frequenting places where children are not likely to congregate.

8 He claims that the condition is impermissibly vague because it does not provide him with sufficient

9 notice of what is and is not permitted.

10 In Peterson, the sentencing court imposed the following special condition of release upon

11 a defendant who had a prior state incest conviction: “[The] defendant is prohibited from being on

12 any school grounds, child care center, playground, park, recreational facility or any area in which

13 children are likely to congregate.” 248 F.3d at 82. We held that, while a district court would not

14 abuse its discretion in imposing a condition of release that “restricts [a] defendant’s ability to visit

15 places where children are likely to congregate,” the condition as written in that case was “ambiguous

16 and, depending on its meaning, excessively broad.” Id. at 86. This was because it was unclear

17 “whether the clause ‘in which children are likely to congregate’ applie[d] only to ‘any area,’ or to

18 the other places listed.” Id. That is, we found that it was “unclear whether the prohibition applie[d]

19 only to parks and recreational facilities in which children congregate, or whether it would bar the

20 defendant from visiting Yellowstone National Park or joining an adult gym.” Id. While a district

21 court is justified in prohibiting sex offenders from being in areas where children are likely to
7

1 congregate, we concluded, “there would be no justification to forbid the defendant from being at

2 parks and educational or recreational facilities where children do not congregate.” Id. Accordingly,

3 we remanded for clarification of this condition. Id.; accord United States v. Kieffer, 257 F. App’x

4 378 (2d Cir. 2007); United States v. Raftopoulos, 254 F. App’x 829 (2d Cir. 2007). 

5 MacMillen contends that the special condition imposed here is overbroad for the same

6 reasons as the challenged condition in Peterson. We disagree. Notably, the district court did not

7 impose the condition recommended in the PSR, which mirrored the problematic condition at issue

8 in Peterson. Rather, the district court carefully reworked the PSR’s proposed condition so that it

9 applies only to places “where children are likely to congregate.” The list following this operative

10 phrase, which includes schools, playgrounds, and the like, is merely illustrative of the types of places

11 where children are likely to be. Nothing in the court’s enumeration of these types of places indicates

12 that MacMillen is forbidden from entering areas where children are unlikely to be. 

13 Indeed, in Dupes, we rejected a challenge to a special condition of supervised release that

14 used language similar to the one MacMillen challenges here. The district court in that case ordered

15 the defendant “to stay more than one hundred feet from places primarily used by children such as

16 schoolyards, playgrounds and arcades.” 513 F.3d at 342. We found that this condition did not suffer

17 from the same infirmities as the condition in Peterson. Id. at 344 n.3. Accordingly, we conclude that

18 the condition imposed upon MacMillen, which is much closer to the condition at issue in Dupes than

19 to the one at issue in Peterson, is not impermissibly overbroad.

20 MacMillen’s claim that this condition is unconstitutionally vague is likewise without merit.

21 Due process requires that conditions of supervised release be “sufficiently clear to inform [the
8

1 defendant] of what conduct will result in his being returned to prison.” United States v. Simmons,

2 343 F.3d 72, 81 (2d Cir. 2003) (internal quotation marks omitted). A condition of supervised release

3 is unconstitutional if it is so vague that “men of common intelligence must necessarily guess at its

4 meaning and differ as to its application.” Id. But conditions of supervised release “need not be cast

5 in letters six feet high, or . . . describe every possible permutation, or . . . spell out every last,

6 self-evident detail.” United States v. Johnson, 446 F.3d 272, 280 (2d Cir. 2006) (internal quotation

7 marks omitted; alterations in original). They may provide the defendant sufficient notice of what

8 conduct is prohibited “even if they are not precise to the point of pedantry.” Id. (internal quotation

9 marks omitted).

10 The condition challenged here provides MacMillen with adequate notice of what conduct is

11 prohibited—namely, frequenting places where children are likely to congregate. In Peterson, we

12 expressly stated that such conditions are permissible. 248 F.3d at 86. Moreover, in Johnson, we

13 rejected a vagueness challenge to a condition of a supervised release, much like the one at issue here,

14 prohibiting the defendant from being “in any area in which persons under the age of 18 are likely to

15 congregate, such as school grounds, child care centers, or playgrounds.” 446 F.3d at 280-81. Finally,

16 MacMillen’s concern that he inadvertentlymay be in a place where children are likely to congregate

17 is unavailing because conditions of supervised release “are read to exclude inadvertent violations.”

18 Id.

19 Accordingly, we conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion in ordering

20 MacMillen not to frequent locations where children are likely to congregate, and then appending to

21 that formulation a non-exclusive list of exemplars. 
9

1 II. Employer Notification

2 MacMillen also complains that the special condition that authorizes Probation to discuss

3 third-party risks with employers is overbroad because it “assumes that [his] employment will, in

4 some form, be related to his offense of possessing images containing child pornography,” even

5 though not all types of employment require access to or use of computers. He contends also that

6 absent guidelines established by the district court, this condition grants too much discretion to the

7 Probation Office to determine when and whether to require employer notification. 

8 MacMillen did not object to the special employer notification condition in the district court.

9 The government therefore urges us to apply Rule 52(b)’s plain error standard. See Fed. R. Crim. P.

10 52(b); Dupes, 513 F.3d at 343. MacMillen argues that the plain error standard may be relaxed in this

11 case because the employer notification condition was not recommended in the PSR, thus depriving

12 him of sufficient notice to allow him to object. See United States v. Sofsky, 287 F.3d 122, 125 (2d

13 Cir. 2002) (plain error review may be relaxed where defendant challenges imposition of a condition

14 of supervised release that was not recommended in the PSR); accord United States v. Simmons, 343

15 F.3d 72, 80 (2d Cir. 2003). We need not reach the question whether plain error review applies in this

16 case, however, as we are not persuaded that the imposition of the special employer notification

17 condition constituted error, plain or otherwise. 

18 In Peterson, where the defendant was sentenced for bank larceny, the sentencing court

19 imposed Standard Condition 13, as well as a special condition providing as follows: “Due to the

20 defendant’s criminal history and/or offense conduct, a third-party risk notification may be required.

21 If required, the defendant must notify his employer of his conviction and/or criminal history.” 248
MacMillen does not challenge the imposition of Standard Condition 13. 3

10

1 F.3d at 85. We held that insofar as these conditions related to the bank larceny conviction, they

2 constituted an impermissible delegation of judicial authority because the sentencing court “must

3 determine, rather than leaving to the discretion of the probation officer, whether [employer]

4 notification is required.” Id. at 86. We stated that “[i]f the court believes such notification should be

5 mandatory for certain types of employment but not others, the court may specify guidelines to direct

6 the probation officer, but may not simply leave the issues of employer notification to the probation

7 officer’s unfettered discretion.” Id. We therefore remanded for “clarification of the mandatory nature

8 and scope of employer notification of the offense of conviction.” Id.

9 MacMillen relies on this portion of Peterson to challenge the special employer notification

10 condition imposed here. And once again, we find that case to be distinguishable. Unlike in Peterson,

3

11 where the district court provided no guidance to Probation as to what types of employment might

12 require risk notification, the court in this case indicated that “the third party risk issues with the

13 Defendant’s employers” related to MacMillen’s “access to computers” in the workplace. Moreover,

14 MacMillen’s offense of conviction—possessing computerized images of child pornography that had

15 been obtained via the Internet—adequately informs Probation as to what circumstances might

16 present a risk of recidivism, thus warranting employer notification. This is underscored further by

17 a different special condition of supervised release which specifically authorizes Probation to monitor

18 MacMillen’s computer use and conduct unannounced inspections of any computers he may

19 use–including computers he uses at work. The circumstances of this case therefore make it pellucidly

20 clear that employers are to be notified of MacMillen’s conviction when, because of the nature of
11

1 employment, there is a possibility that MacMillen will have access to a computer, and thus be

2 presented with the opportunity to obtain computerized images of child pornography. Probation will

3 not be operating in a vacuum when it considers whether and in what situations an employer should

4 be informed of MacMillen’s child pornography offense. Accordingly, we do not believe that remand

5 pursuant to Peterson is necessary here, as Probation has been given sufficient “guidelines” to direct

6 it in the application of the notification requirement.

7 For the same reasons, we reject MacMillen’s contention that the special employer notification

8 condition in this case was overbroad. Because the district court’s statements at sentencing, as well

9 as the circumstances of the case, inform Probation that the purpose of the employer notification

10 condition is to aid the prevention of improper computer use, we are not persuaded that it can or will

11 be read to apply to all types of employment, including those where MacMillen’s use of a computer

12 is unlikely. See United States v. Nash, 438 F.3d 1302, 1307 (11th Cir. 2006) (rejecting vagueness

13 and overbreadth challenges to Standard Condition 13 where the defendant’s fraud conviction and

14 the circumstances of the case adequately informed Probation “as to which parties ‘may be

15 occasioned’ to be harmed by [the defendant],” and where other portions of the sentence “direct[ed]

16 the probation officer to enforce this condition of [the defendant’s] supervised release with a view

17 toward the prevention of future fraud and the fulfillment of her restitution obligations”).

18

19 CONCLUSION

20 For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court hereby is AFFIRMED.

21