FILED

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

SEPTEMBER 15, 2008

THOMAS K. KAHN

CLERK

 [PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________

No. 08-10511

________________________

D. C. Docket No. 05-00194-CV-BAE-GRS

ROY WILLARD BLANKENSHIP,

Petitioner-Appellant,

versus

HILTON HALL, Warden, Georgia

Diagnostic and Classification Center,

Respondent-Appellee.

________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Southern District of Georgia

_________________________

(September 15, 2008)

Before BLACK, HULL and WILSON, Circuit Judges.

BLACK, Circuit Judge:
2

Thirty years ago, Sarah Mims Bowen was found dead in her apartment. She

had been raped and brutalized. Today, Roy Willard Blankenship, having been

tried, convicted, and thrice sentenced to die for the killing, seeks from this Court a

writ of habeas corpus. Arguing his counsel at his third and final sentencing trial

was ineffective, he believes he is entitled to relief. We hold that he is not.

I.

A. 1978: The Crime

At around 4:15 p.m. on March 2, 1978, officers from the Savannah Police

Department responded to a call at 404 West 44th Street. They were directed to the

second-floor apartment of Sarah Mims Bowen. Several members of Bowen’s

family already had arrived, having been contacted by her downstairs neighbor.

Inside the apartment, police found a blood-stained paper towel in the living room. 

In the bedroom, the body of 78-year-old Bowen lay dead and naked on her bed. 

She had bruises on her arms and hands, and her face was beaten and bloodied. A

plastic bottle of hand lotion had been forced into her vagina.

There were footprints found on the porch outside Bowen’s apartment. 

Police found similar prints inside the apartment. Outside the house, they traced

the prints from the bannister supporting the porch southwest along the ground
3

towards the street, in the general direction of the apartment of Roy Willard

Blankenship.

Dr. Rodrick Guerry performed an autopsy. He determined Bowen had been

severely beaten, suffering repeated blows to her face. Bowen had preexisting

chronic pericarditis and arterioscleorosis, and the autopsist attributed Bowen’s

death to heart failure precipitated by a severe assault. The autopsy also revealed

she had been vaginally raped. Semen was found in her vagina, which tests

demonstrated came from a blood type-O individual. Both Blankenship and Bowen

were type-O. In addition, Dr. Guerry stated the inside of Bowen’s mouth and

throat were red and bloodied, injuries consistent with oral rape. However, tests

did not reveal the presence of semen. Scrapings beneath the nails on Bowen’s

right hand also tested positive for type-O. Based on the condition of the body, the

coroner concluded Bowen had been raped while alive, was beaten, and suffered

heart failure as a result. 

A fingerprint lifted from glass broken in from the balcony and found inside

the apartment matched Blankenship. On March 11, an arrest warrant for

Blankenship was prepared, as well as search warrants for his apartment. Inside the

apartment, police found shoes belonging to Blankenship whose tracks matched

those found in and around Bowen’s apartment. 
4

Police arrested Blankenship and he waived his right to remain silent.

Blankenship spoke with police and described his presence in Bowen’s apartment

in the early morning of March 2, 1978. His oral statement was transcribed, and he

signed the transcription. In it, he confessed to the following:

I went up on the iron rail on the side of the porch and climbed over

the banister. I stood up there for a few minutes thinking, what the

hell, I really didn’t know what to think. I had to be drunk. Stoned. 

And I kicked the window in and I waited. When I kicked the window

in to see if anybody heard it, I could’ve got shot or something. I

guess I should have. It would have been better. I went in through the

window, I think. I scraped my arm on the window. I don’t think it

cut it. I went into the next room, I saw no one. Just the bedroom. I

looked around there and the door was opened into the next room. I

went up to the door and started to go through when I saw a mirror

straight ahead in the next room where the lady was. I seen her

reflection through the mirror sitting in a chair so I stood beside the

door for awhile watching her pray or something. Moaning. I don’t

know. Then I grabbed her. I think her mouth so she did not scream.

[sic] I covered her mouth and her nose and then she slid down in the

chair. She fell on the floor and I fell on top of her. After I fell over

on top of her I didn’t have to hold her mouth or anything. She was

not screaming or kicking or anything. So this blood was coming out

of her head, I think, on the right side. I think. I pushed this little

stool back and I picked her up and I carried her and laid her on the

bed. All right. I put her on the bed. She had some pajamas on, I

think. I took them off. It’s crazy. When I put her on the bed and

took her clothes off, I was drunk, I guess. I said I may as well go

ahead and get some pleasure. That’s when I had the relationship with

her. As far as I know, I thought I was in the right hole. After that I

got up and was afraid that I might have hurt her. I thought I’d better

get out of there. I left as soon as I did that shit. I left. I went the

same way I came. I was wearing the same shoes that the police

confiscated from my house today. I watched her about 10 minutes. 
 Blankenship did not simply give a narrative account of the evening. His statement was 1

a mixture of his narrative and responses to questions and comments from the interrogating

officers. Only his statements were recorded, typed and signed as a confession.

5

After I grabbed her she fell to the floor and I put her on the bed. 

Right after that I shot off or got my pleasure or whatever you want to

call it. I put back on my clothes and left. It probably was not long. I

was in the house maybe 45 minutes or an hour all together. I don’t

know why I did it. I was drunk. I know I had to be drunk. That time

in the morning I had to be just coming back from the Orential [sic]

Lounge. I came by myself. I had been at the bar with Joe and Alex. 

They left the bar about 1:30 or 2:00. I know I stayed until closing,

3:00. I walked from the bar to the house. The Orential [sic] Lounge

on Abercorn Street. I shoot pool all the time. It takes me about five

to seven minutes to get to my house walking. I never did make it

home. I stopped at her house and went upstairs before I went home. I

know the witnesses in the bar — waitresses, sorry. I know the

waitresses in the bar. I don’t dance. I just shoot pool and get high

and get drunk. I was drinking that night. I was drinking burbon and

coke. I don’t remember anything about the plastic bottle.1

Based on the confession and physical evidence, Blankenship was charged with

burglary, rape, and felony murder.

B. 1980: The First Trial and Sentencing

On March 22, 1978, Bart Shea was appointed as Blankenship’s counsel. 

Shea passed away, however, and so his partner, John Hendrix, was appointed to

represent Blankenship on July 17, 1978. Hendrix and his co-counsel, Penny

Haas, would represent Blankenship through all three of his sentencing trials and

direct appeals.
6

Hendrix was an experienced attorney. He had been admitted to the bar in

1958 and had clerked on the federal court in Atlanta before moving to Savannah to

practice law. When he was appointed counsel in Blankenship’s case, he

previously had represented defendants in six to eight death penalty cases. Haas

was a recent law school graduate, having earned her degree in 1978. She was

working as an associate in Hendrix’s office when she was appointed to the case. 

Hendrix filed several motions as Blankenship’s attorney, including a request

that an expert be appointed to examine the defendant’s mental condition, a request

that a pathologist be appointed to assist the defense, and a petition to have an

investigator to assist in the defense. The court ordered two investigators be

appointed, William Friday and Richard Moesch, to assist Hendrix and Haas. 

Trial commenced on April 21, 1980. The state of Georgia put forth as

evidence of Blankenship’s guilt the shoes whose prints were found in and around

Bowen’s apartment, the fingerprint found on the glass inside the apartment, the

blood and semen samples taken from Bowen’s corpse, and Blankenship’s signed

confession.

Defense strategy focused around demonstrating the investigation into

Bowen’s death was incomplete. Hendrix elicited testimony from the state of

Georgia’s witnesses that a hair segment belonging (at least according to the state’s
7

expert) to an African-American individual was found in the combings of Bowen’s

pubic hairs. Bowen and Blankenship were both white. In addition, a state’s

expert found evidence of a B-antigen in some of the fingernail scrapings taken

from Bowen’s left hand, even though both Blankenship and Bowen were blood

type-O. (The expert, however, could not repeat the results and so could not

conclusively say there was type-B blood underneath Bowen’s fingernails.)

Hendrix used the scientific evidence to suggest someone else was present in the

apartment that evening and was responsible for Bowen’s rape and death. 

Blankenship testified in his own defense. During the time of his arrest, he

worked at the Guerry Lumber Company. He said he was an alcoholic and also

took Qualudes, a tranquilizer. Blankenship knew Bowen; in fact, he had been

inside her apartment prior to the night of her death, performing odd jobs such as

replacing blown light bulbs. He would frequently talk with her on weekends when

he would pass by her apartment and she was sitting on her porch.

Discussing the events of March 1 and 2, Blankenship noted he began

drinking soon after he returned home from work. After some time, he went to the

Oriental Bar. From 7:30 that evening until the bar closed at 3:00 a.m.,

Blankenship continued to shoot pool, drink, and ingest Qualudes. After the bar

closed, Blankenship headed home alone.
8

Instead of returning home, however, Blankenship scaled the balcony of

Bowen’s apartment. Once on the balcony, he knocked on Bowen’s door. There

was no answer. He kicked in a window and crawled into the apartment. As he

made his way through the apartment, Blankenship saw Bowen in a mirror sitting

in her chair. Bowen was speaking to someone near the area of her kitchen.

Blankenship said he reached out to grab Bowen and she jumped, tripped over a

foot stool, and fell to the floor. 

Bowen was now bleeding from her head and was unconscious. Blankenship

picked her up and moved her into the bedroom. Once he placed her on the bed, he

pulled her pajama bottoms partially off her body. He did not remove her pajama

top, which Blankenship said already was unbuttoned. He tried to have sex with

her, but could not achieve an erection. At this time, Bowen appeared to be

regaining consciousness, so Blankenship left the apartment the same way he

entered.

Hendrix asked Blankenship whether the pictures of the crime scene matched

his recollection of how he left it. He insisted they did not; he testified that, when

he left her, her pajamas where still partially on, whereas in the photos she was

completely naked. The plastic bottle was also not there when he said he left. In
9

addition, he said her face was not in the same condition it was when he left it, and

that she had not been beaten up.

Blankenship also testified as to his confession. He had been drinking before

being arrested by the police in his apartment. He said he did speak with the police,

and he did sign the statement. He said, however, that he had pointed out several

errors in the typed statement to the interrogating officers, who told him to go

ahead and sign it despite the errors. The errors he pointed out—including, for

example, that instead of “slid[ing] down in the chair” she actually jumped up from

the chair—essentially coincided with the story he had told the jury. In general, his

testimony was that the story he told the detectives was the same as what he told

the jury, and the typed confession was riddled with errors. He denied having

intercourse with Bowen or ever hitting her. 

The jury found Blankenship guilty of burglary, rape and felony murder. The

sentencing phase at the first trial was brief, and consisted of one witness, Victoria

Ray, who knew Bowen. The jury recommended the penalty of death after finding

the aggravating circumstance that the offense of murder was outrageously or

wantonly vile, horrible, or inhuman, in that it involved torture, depravity of mind,

or an aggravated battery to the victim, or engaged in the commission of burglary.

The judge sentenced Blankenship to death.
10

On appeal, the Supreme Court of Georgia reversed the burglary conviction

because the burglary charge was a lesser included offense of the felony murder

charge. Blankenship v. State, 247 Ga. 590, 591, 277 S.E.2d 505, 507-08 (Ga.

1981) (Blankenship I). In addition, the court reversed the sentence of death,

finding the statements of one juror, who was excused due to conscientious

opposition to the death penalty, were ambiguous. The dismissal of the juror was

found to be a violation of Witherspoon v. Illinois, 391 U.S. 510, 88 S. Ct. 1770

(1968), and the case was remanded for resentencing. Blankenship I, 247 Ga. at

594, 277 S.E.2d at 509.

C. 1982: The Second Sentencing

The second sentencing trial took place in 1982. Prosecutors offered into

evidence photographs of the crime scene and the autopsy photographs. The

photos graphically depicted the apartment, including the blood on the floor and

table where Bowen had been sitting. The photos also showed Bowen’s nude body

lying on the bed with the plastic bottle inserted into her vagina. Blankenship’s

confession also was introduced. The autopsist was again called, and he testified

Bowen had been severely beaten and her vaginal and mouth areas were red and

raw. He again testified the beating and trauma caused her heart failure. 
11

Several times Hendrix’s questions were curtailed by state objections and

judicial admonishments not to raise issues of guilt during the sentencing phase. 

Hendrix questioned the officer who first arrived at Bowen’s apartment on the day

of the murder. When the questions turned to the fingerprint lifted from the broken

glass and the footprints found in and around the apartment, the state objected and

the judge intervened:

Mr. Kirkland [state attorney]: Your Honor, I would like to object to

this line of questioning, — 

The Court: I’ve been trying to figure out what he was trying to show

with all that.

Mr. Kirkland: — I’m trying to limit this hearing — I will continue to

limit this hearing to the sentencing phase of the trial — 

The Court: That’s all I’m concerned with. That’s all this jury is

concerned with. The man has already been convicted of murder and

rape. Now, let’s don’t retry that case again.

Mr. Hendrix: Your Honor please, the defense does not care to retry

the case insofar as guilt or innocence is concerned. But this jury is

entitled to all of the evidence to select from it any matters that they

may find to be of — 

The Court: I’ll disagree with you. Now, we are not going into the

question of guilt or innocence of this defendant to the crime with

which he has already been convicted.

Mr. Hendrix: We understand that, Your Honor.

The Court: Well, let’s confine our testimony to that.
12

Mr. Hendrix: At the same time, Your Honor, we have to present any

matter that can be of mitigation.

. . . 

Mr. Hendrix: Your Honor please, as I understand the word

mitigation, any matter that this jury wishes to use as a mitigating fact. 

Not to lift the burden of guilt from him — 

The Court: I’ve already expressed myself on that subject. I don’t see

any mitigating circumstances in what you are trying to do. I’ll be

perfectly frank with you.

. . . 

Mr. Hendrix: Judge Harrison, I fully understand your reasoning in

wanting to shorten this case. I have to present everything I can in

mitigation for this boy’s life.

(Sentencing Tr. 405-08, Sept. 20, 1982.) The state’s objection was sustained.

Several more times Hendrix’s attempts to probe questions of guilt and

innocence were short-circuited. He questioned one of the investigating officers

regarding who removed evidence from the body and moved the body, in order to

lay a foundation to discuss the fingernail scrapings and pubic hair combings.

The Court: [W]hat are you trying to prove?

Mr. Hendrix: I am trying to prove, sir, that there is physical evidence

which shows that —

Mr. Kirkland: Your Honor, I’m going to object to the statement that

counsel is about to make. I think it’s intended to prejudice the jury.
13

The Court: Is he trying to show that somebody else did it, I’m not

going to listen to it.

. . . 

Mr. Hendrix: Your Honor please, for the record, the defense

strenuously objects to being denied the opportunity to go into any

matter — 

The Court: To show that somebody else might have done it?

Mr. Hendrix: No, sir, to show that there could have been someone

else there who could have been a party to it.

The Court: Well, why would that exonerate him?

Mr. Hendrix: If Your Honor please, it could mitigate in the minds of

the jury the totality of the involvement of the defendant.

(Id. at 426-27.) Six times Hendrix attempted to question witnesses or introduce

evidence relevant to whether someone else was responsible for the crime, but the

court continually blocked his efforts.

In addition to attempting to elicit evidence relating to Blankenship’s

responsibility for the crime and the possible role of others, Blankenship’s relatives

testified in his defense. Nellie Fleming, his mother, said Blankenship was an

“excellent teenager” and she “couldn’t ask for a better child.” She said he cared

for his disabled grandparents for a year while they were sick. She said he never

got into trouble and was churchgoing. Roy’s sister, Pearl Marie Blankenship, also
 Blankenship did go into more detail about his drinking. He said a supervisor at the 2

lumber yard where he worked advised him his drinking was excessive and that his friends would

get him in trouble.

14

testified. She said she was very close with her brother, and that he was a very

good brother to her growing up. She also said Blankenship was not the sort of

person to get in trouble. 

Blankenship again testified in his own defense. His testimony about the

events of the evening before Bowen’s murder—including his consumption of

alcohol and drugs—mirrored his testimony in the previous trial, at least up until 2

the point where he approached Bowen’s apartment. Unlike in the first trial, he

said he did have a purpose for breaking into the apartment: he intended to steal

her car and turn it over to some acquaintances for profit. Once he entered her

apartment, he said he heard a conversation taking place. The voices grew louder,

so Blankenship hid behind a dresser. After a few moments, he heard silence and

crept out from beside the dresser. He saw Bowen lying unconscious on the floor. 

She was bleeding from her head, so he picked her up and put her on her bed. 

Other than the head wound, Blankenship said there were no other injuries.

Blankenship said he used paper towels from a nearby dresser to stop the

bleeding, but while he was applying them to Bowen’s head, she regained

consciousness, began struggling, and started screaming for help. He informed her
15

he intended to help her, but she continued struggling. He became scared, and

while he thought about calling the police, he realized he would have to explain his

presence in the room. He left immediately. 

Acknowledging his testimony was inconsistent with his statement to the

police, Blankenship denied beating Bowen or having sex with her. He said he

gave the police his statements because he was trying to protect a third party,

although he refused to identify the person. He said he entered the apartment alone,

but that someone else spoke with Bowen while he was there. 

On cross-examination, the state of Georgia pressed Blankenship on the

confession he gave the police and his statements in the prior trial. As to some

statements in the confession, he admitted to making them but said they were not

accurate. As to others, he denied making them. Others he could not recall. 

The jury fixed Blankenship’s punishment as death. They found the murder

was committed during the commission of another capital felony (rape), and that

the murder was wantonly vile, horrible, and inhuman, in that it involved torture or

depravity of mind. 

The Supreme Court of Georgia once again reversed the death sentence. 

Blankenship v. State, 251 Ga. 621, 308 S.E.2d 369 (Ga. 1983) (Blankenship II). 

The Court held that when the sentencing phase of a death penalty case is retried by
16

a jury other than the jury which determined guilt, evidence cannot be excluded

simply because is speaks to the guilt or innocence of the crime, since the parties

may offer any evidence relating to the circumstances of the crime. Id. at 624, 308

S.E.2d 371. The judge overseeing the resentencing had excluded just such

evidence. Blankenship’s death sentence was vacated and the case remanded for

another sentencing proceeding.

D. 1986: The Third Sentencing

And so Blankenship, Hendrix, Haas and the state of Georgia once again

found themselves in trial proceedings in Chatham County Superior Court to argue

before a new jury whether or not Blankenship should receive the death penalty for

Bowen’s death. The third and final sentencing trial took place in June 1986.

The prosecution’s evidence was similar to the previous two trials: they

introduced the photographs of the crime scene, testimony regarding the shoe prints

in the room and on the balcony, testimony regarding the glass found in the

apartment and the signs of a struggle, the autopsist’s—Dr. Guerry’s—testimony

regarding Bowen having been severely beaten and raped, Blankenship’s original

confession to the police, and the blood scrapings and seminal fluid that were typeO.
17

 Hendrix’s opening statement laid out the defense strategy: he expected to

introduce evidence (including Blankenship’s own testimony) showing that

someone other than Blankenship was involved in the crime. He said the scientific

evidence would show the existence of hair and blood found on Bowen’s corpse

that did not belong to Blankenship. The defense also planned to show the police

department’s investigation was inadequate, in that a similar rape and murder had

occurred near Bowen’s apartment in the two weeks prior to Bowen’s death with a

different culprit. In addition, the defense planned to present evidence suggesting

the injuries suffered by Bowen were not as severe as the state suggested. 

To these ends, Hendrix questioned prosecution witnesses on the physical

evidence and the rape and murder. He asked Detective William McGuire, one of

the investigating officers, if he had ever investigated whether the culprit in the

rape and murder of Valerie Armstrong, which took place two weeks before

Bowen’s death, was responsible for Bowen’s murder. Pointing out that Dr. Guerry

noted the similarities between the crimes when he conducted the autopsy,

Detective McGuire conceded he did not investigate the connection further. 

Hendrix also cross-examined Dr. Guerry. He elicited testimony that Bowen

did not suffer internal injuries. He also questioned Dr. Guerry on the Valerie

Armstrong case, and the Doctor admitted there were similarities between the
18

cases—both victims had been raped and murdered. The state’s redirect, however,

revealed differences between the crimes: Armstrong was a six-year-old black

child, whereas Bowen was a 78-year-old white woman. In addition, Armstrong

had been stabbed, whereas Bowen had died of heart failure brought on by severe

trauma. 

The forensic serologist, Linda Tillman, also testified. She conceded that the

type-O seminal fluid found in Bowen could have come from a non-type-O, nonsecreting individual; since Bowen was a type-O secretor, her secretions could have

infected the sample. In addition, she testified that Gary Nelson, the man

responsible for the Armstrong murder, was a type-O secretor, like Blankenship

and Bowen. Her findings would have been as consistent with Nelson being the

culprit as Blankenship. Tillman also said she found evidence of a B-antigen in

one set of fingernail scrapings, but there was not sufficient material to repeat the

results and say with any confidence there was type-B blood. She also said the

evidence would be consistent with the culprit being a type-B non-secretor. 

The defense also questioned Roger Parien, the director of the Savannah

branch of the state crime lab who performed analysis on the hair samples. He

confirmed one hair segment taken from Bowen’s pubic combings appeared to

come from an African-American. He also said he was never asked to compare the
19

hair with any of the hairs from the Nelson case (Nelson was an AfricanAmerican). On cross-examination, Parien admitted to the state prosecutor the hair

segment could have come from anywhere. 

Hendrix called Dr. Joseph Burton, chief medical examiner for Dekalb and

Cobb Counties, as an expert witness. He reviewed the reports from the state crime

lab and Dr. Guerry’s autopsy report. Like Tillman, he said that the seminal fluid

extracted from Bowen’s vagina could hypothetically come from a person who was

a non-secretor, since Bowen herself was a type-O secretor and could account for

the result of the test. He also said that the existence of B-antigen material beneath

the fingernails, if it did exist, would not be consistent with their Bowen’s or

Blankenship’s blood type. 

Burton also provided extensive testimony regarding Bowen’s bruises and

scratches. Specifically, Burton said some of the bruising on her arm and elbow

could have a number of explanations that were not violent in nature. Although

Burton said some of the facial wounds could result from a beating, there was no

evidence below the neck of a beating. Burton also testified as to the effect of

heavy alcohol and drug use on a person’s ability to perform sexually. He could

not say whether a person could have an erection under such circumstances,

although it was hypothetically possible they could not. On cross-examination,
20

Burton explained the wounds on the arms and legs could have come from a

struggle. 

Blankenship again testified in his own defense. Haas examined him, and he

provided some information on his family background. He explained his family

had a significant problem with “nerves,” and that his biological father, along with

his aunt and uncle, were killed in a motel room by a carbon monoxide leak when

he was eight years old. After his death, his mother went into a nerve coma and he

stayed with his grandparents. His mother recovered, and he returned to her care;

she had married an alcoholic with whom she “had a lot of trouble.” He would

“com[e] home and see[] the house torn up” and his mother and stepfather fighting. 

Blankenship then described his time in the armed forces. He was in the

service for less than two years. After being AWOL for visiting his sick

grandfather, he was dropped in rank and the service ultimately agreed to discharge

him. He soon moved to Savannah and began work at the lumber company. 

Blankenship recounted his drinking and drug habits, and then discussed the

events of the evening and early morning of Bowen’s death. His testimony was

similar to that in his 1982 resentencing trial. He recounted that he entered her

apartment to steal her car and heard her speaking to someone. Although he heard

the voice, he did not see who the person was. There was a commotion, and he
21

found her lying on the floor, bleeding. He picked her up and placed her on the

bed. He also said his statement to the police was what they wanted to know and

what they asked him to say; he said he was drunk during the police’s questioning

and simply wanted to be left alone. 

Haas also asked Blankenship whether his statement in the first trial, that he

attempted to rape Bowen but was unable to do so, was true. He first responded

that if he did attempt to rape her he was not able to do it, but then said he did not

think he attempted to rape Bowen. Haas asked why he testified as he did in his

first trial and he responded “[m]aybe for protection,” but refused to elaborate. 

On cross-examination, the state asked Blankenship specific details about his

signed confession. Blankenship was also asked questions about the alleged third

person present in the apartment. When asked about his contradicting testimony in

the first trial, Blankenship said he had lied for a reason, but he refused to tell the

reason in court. He said he had made a vow to God and he could not say because

it involved someone else. 

During closing argument, Hendrix asked the jury to spare Blankenship’s life

due to residual doubt over his guilt:

I would like to take a moment and review with you items that the

defense thinks you can consider that create doubt, that create

sufficient doubt to determine in favor of life imprisonment as opposed
22

to killing Roy Blankenship. As opposed to taking his life. There’s

doubt.

(Sentencing Trans. 498, June 1986.) After recounting reasons for doubt, including

the blood and hair evidence, and criticizing the lack of a thorough investigation

into Bowen’s murder, Hendrix did reference Blankenship’s upbringing:

Roy Blankenship is different in one regard. He is the product of

mountains. Mountain people are different. He was born up in one of

those valleys up in West Virginia. Now, I don’t know exactly where

it is but I will tell you how far back up in there it is. When I get

letters from his mother and from his sister the post office still uses a

hand stampled [sic] canceled stamp. They don’t have a fancy

machine up there yet. So I know that he’s different because I was

born up in one of those valleys up in the mountains up in North

Georgia and I know just how far back up in there folks live. He came

down here to work. And he got himself a job. It was the only job he

had. Apparantly [sic] he worked pretty hard. He says so.

(Id. at 502-03.) After again emphasizing the existence of doubt and faulting the

police for their investigation, the defense finished its summatiom, stating “If you

impose the life sentence then you create the possibility of this matter being further

investigated.” (Id. at 503.)

The jury recommended the death sentence be imposed, finding the offense

was horrible and inhumane in that it involved aggravated battery and depravity of

mind. This time, the Supreme Court of Georgia affirmed Blankenship’s sentence

on appeal. Blankenship v. State, 258 Ga. 43, 365 S.E.2d 265 (Ga. 1988)
23

(Blankenship III). A petition for certiorari was denied by the Supreme Court, and

Blankenship’s direct appeals came to an end.

E. 1990: The State Habeas Petition & Evidentiary Hearing

Blankenship next began pursuing his state habeas relief. His state petition

raised a litany of issues, among them the assertion that his trial counsel were

ineffective. A hearing was held in February 1990 where Haas and Hendrix

testified as to their representation of Blankenship.

1. Haas’ testimony.

Haas testified first. Blankenship’s state habeas counsel began his

questioning by asking Haas why she and Hendrix made several motions during the

1986 resentencing. In response to a question regarding their motion for an

investigator, Haas responded:

[T]he third trial was more geared toward the idea of there possibly

having been someone else there the night that this happened and the

fact of this unexplained Negroid hair and the unexplained B antigen

blood that was found and that sort of thing, so we were looking for an

investigator to help us especially in that line.

(State Habeas Trans. 23, Feb. 28, 1990.) Counsel also asked Haas why they

requested a psychiatrist at the third trial, and Haas responded that the motion had

been denied. In addition, Haas explained that a motion for a forensic serologist

and lab technician was filed during the third sentencing trial because they hoped to
24

discuss the existence of the B-antigen on Bowen’s body and the suggestion that

another person was present. Counsel next asked Haas if she recalled speaking

with Blankenship’s sisters or mother. Haas said Hendrix was the person who

communicated with the family, and her own contact had been only intermittent. 

On cross-examination, Haas explained in greater detail her duties during the

first trial. Her role in the 1980 trial, as a recent law school graduate, was minor. 

She in large part took notes during the trial and prepared the appeal. But she

became more experienced as time wore on. By the 1986 trial, she was a more

seasoned attorney (having been practicing for six years) and took a more active

role: although the main function was to prepare an appeal, by then she had been

examining witnesses in court. In fact, she had examined Blankenship himself

when he testified at the 1986 resentencing. She also handled the drafting of most

pretrial motions. 

The state’s counsel questioned Haas about the psychiatric examination

performed on Blankenship prior to the first trial. Two examinations were

performed—one by the state, and one by an expert, Dr. Wolfe, selected by the

defense. Haas said the state examination was normal, and Dr. Wolfe’s

examination did not “give us anything that we felt could help us and so we sort of
25

let that die on the vine.” (Id. at 51.) As for examinations after the first trial, Haas

and Hendrix asked for funds, but were denied. 

Haas also discussed conversations she had with Blankenship prior to the

first trial. She said he gave them the names of certain family members, who

provided information on Blankenship’s background:

I really don’t recall the specifics of it now, like just that he came from

sort of a hard background, and we hoped to be able to use some of

that. And certainly his mother we hoped to use as someone who

could give us some insight into him, and to what had happened here,

and to what kind of a person he was.

(Id. at 52.) When asked whether she recalled if Blankenship’s mother testified at

the second sentencing trial, she responded that she remembered the mother at one

of the trials, but at the third one she did not come. “As I recall, Mr. Blankenship

didn’t want us to contact her, I think.” (Id. at 54.) Later, state’s counsel returned

to the question about Blankenship’s background:

Q. Did you ever discuss Petitioner’s background with him?

A. With him, and again, Mr. Hendrix had discussed it with his

family.

Q. Did he ever tell you about any psychological disorders that some

of the family members may have had?

A. I don’t recall it.

. . . 
26

Q. And again, Dr. Wolfe gave you no information from his

psychological examination that you thought would be helpful?

A. That’s correct.

(Id. at 72-73.)

State counsel asked Haas if any additional investigation took place prior to

the third sentencing trial, and Haas responded:

A. Again, we were centering in — especially in the third trial, we

were centering in on that hair and the blood type, so that would have

been the nature of whatever other investigation we did. We were

severely limited because we weren’t able to get the funds for any

other assistance, but that was where we were headed.

Q. So would it be a fair statement to say that your strategy at this

third sentencing trial was to show that someone else was present and

committed the murders and plant some sort of reasonable doubt to

avoid a death sentence?

A. Yes. That there was someone else there, yes.

(Id. at 54-55.) This was reiterated when counsel asked if the strategy changed

between the first, second and third trials:

Q. [D]id you alter your strategy at the second sentencing trial based

upon the outcome of the first sentencing trial or was your strategy

essentially the same?

A. . . . [I]n the second trial, as I say, our main strategy had been to try

to really hone in on this information and really get the information

tied down about this blood and this hair and so forth, and we weren’t

able to do that, and of course, that made it very difficult to try the case

and it was reversed.
27

Q. And what about the third trial?

A. We were trying to come at it from the same direction again.

(Id. at 58-59.) Haas also mentioned that Blankenship relied on them to guide the

proper strategy. Finally, counsel for Georgia asked Haas about the allegation in

Blankenship’s state habeas petition that she and Hendrix were ineffective for

presenting no witnesses at sentencing other than those going to guilt and

innocence:

Q. Again, what was the theory at the third sentencing trial?

A. I think at that point we were, as I said before, really honing in on

the blood and the hair in that part of the case. Again, I believe there

was some family members that couldn’t make it. . . . Our theory

mainly had to do with those hairs and that blood type and that part of

it. That’s really where we were coming from.

(Id. at 67.) The point was reiterated on redirect by Blankenship’s habeas counsel:

Q. Is it fair to say that throughout the course of these proceedings the

theory of defense focused on this Negroid hair to some extent?

A. The hair, the blood sample and the fact that there was a possibility

that there might have been someone else there that night, yes.

Q. So the hair would have been a crucial piece of evidence?

A. Correct.

Q. And the small amount of blood sample which indicated B antigen

would have been crucial?
28

A. Correct.

Q. And the possibility that a third person may in fact have been

present would have been crucial?

A. Yes.

(Id. at 74.)

2. Hendrix’s testimony.

Next Hendrix testified. Blankenship’s habeas counsel asked if he had used

Dr. Wolfe in the third sentencing trial. Hendrix replied they did not use Dr.

Wolfe, because the judge denied their motion.

Hendrix also testified as to the theory of defense at the trials:

Q. Would it . . . be fair to say that one of the themes of the defense at

trial and actually at the various trials focused on the presence of [the

hair evidence]?

A. Yes, indeed.

Q. Would it be fair to say that this hair would be a crucial piece of

evidence?

A. Not as much as Roy’s testimony.

Q. But it was the subject at least of one of the theories of defense; is

that fair?

A. Yes.

(Id. at 92.) Later, the questioning returned to this subject:
29

Q. Now, is it fair to say that your defense theory, or a large part of

your defense theory throughout these trials was the involvement of

another unidentified person in this particular event?

A. Yes, sir.

(Id. at 153.) Hendrix further explained that the hair segment and the B-antigen

were vital to defense strategy.

Hendrix was asked whether he spoke with Blankenship’s mother and sisters

prior to the third sentencing trial. He did not speak with the mother, and recalled

speaking with his sisters “[u]p to a point.” (Id. at 108.) He said Blankenship’s

sister Pearl’s inquiries involved when her brother was set for trial and whether

Hendrix thought he would prevail. Later, Hendrix mentioned Blankenship’s

resistance to involving his family: “[W]hat you have to understand is that most all

of these people [other people in Blankenship’s background] Roy did not want

involved in his case just as he directed us to not communicate with his family. He

wanted to protect his family from his case.” (Id. at 117.) He further elaborated

about the introduction of mitigating evidence:

Q. In terms of potential mitigating evidence, did you have

discussions with Mr. Blankenship about what mitigating evidence

was?

A. Yes.

Q. And did you ever discuss his background with him?
30

A. I think so. I think that you could say that we knew a great deal

about Roy and his childhood in West Virginia, both through him and

from talking with members of his family, and then from just reading

their letters.

. . . 

Q. Do you recall Mr. Blankenship ever telling you that he did not

want to involve his family?

A. Oh, absolutely. Absolutely.

Q. At what point in your representation did this occur?

A. Well, I think it happened in more than one fashion and on more

than one occasion. I think that the words “involve my family”

probably came about at about the second trial and then at a later point,

he admonished me not to write or correspond with or talk on the

telephone with his family. I think he wanted them protected.

(Id. at 135-37.) Hendrix was also asked about Blankenship’s state habeas petition

complaining they only used witnesses addressing guilt and innocence during the

sentencing phase:

Q. Did you have any [information] from Petitioner regarding his

background that you thought would have been beneficial to present in

his behalf?

A. No, I’m not aware of any specific information that he had given us

concerning his background that we felt mandatory to introduce.

Q. What about that that you did have about Mr. Blankenship, would

you characterize it as lukewarm, or having potential for more harm

than good ultimately, or could you characterize it at all?
31

A. Well, I felt certain today that my feeling was, we won’t be helped

by any of this. And there again, that’s a decision you have to make at

that time and at that place.

(Id. at 143-44.) At no time did Hendrix elaborate on the extent of his knowledge

of Blankenship’s background and upbringing.

3. The affidavits.

Blankenship’s state habeas counsel obtained affidavits from Blankenship’s

sisters, Debbie Blankenship and Pearl Dalton, his mother, Nellie Fleming, and a

clinical psychologist, Harry Krop. Hendrix and Haas were not aware of the

affidavits when they testified, nor were they cross-examined on their contents. In

fact, the affidavits were not even filed in the state habeas proceedings until May

1990, two months after the hearing in which Hendrix and Haas testified. These

affidavits provided specific details on Blankenship’s background. They describe

his difficult upbringing, alcohol abuse, and family history of mental illness. His

family’s affidavits describe a disturbing childhood, where he was subjected to a

series of alcoholic, abusive and sadistic father figures (including his biological

father, who died in a motel of carbon monoxide poisoning), and an unstable

mother. He was also once raped by a neighbor when he was a child. The details

included incidents where his mother was abused and severely beaten by jealous
32

husbands, who also abused (psychologically and physically) and threaten to kill

the children. 

The affidavits also describe how Blankenship was a sickly child and was

repeatedly hospitalized for fevers and other illnesses. When he grew up and

joined the service, his family said he would experience blackouts and tell them he

thought people were after him. They worried about his mental health. Krop’s

affidavit attributed Blankenship’s drug and alcohol abuse to his traumatic

upbringing. Speaking specifically about the night in question, Krop said

Blankenship’s thought processes would have been highly disordered due to his

alcohol and drug intake and, as a result, his capacity to form intent was

diminished. Krop’s evaluation revealed that Blankenship was not sociopathic and

has good insight into his behavior. According to Dr. Krop, the lack of sociopathy

and Blankenship’s near normal intelligence makes the chance of rehabilitation

more likely. Overall, Krop found no specific signs of neuropsychological disease. 

Both Pearl and Debbie stated in their affidavits that, if Blankenship’s

counsel had asked them about his background they would have told them and

would have been willing to testify regarding the background to a jury. His

mother’s affidavit stated the same. In addition, Nellie said she phoned Hendrix

prior to the 1986 sentencing trial and explained Blankenship’s sisters’ history of
33

schizophrenia and the mental illness of her father’s brother. An affidavit from

Hendrix confirms he knew about the history of mental illness in the family and

informed Dr. Wolfe of the history—including the two sisters’ history of

schizophrenia—in September 1982. 

Amidst this backdrop, the state habeas court rejected Blankenship’s

ineffective assistance claim in a summary fashion. In an order dated March 6,

1991, the state habeas court stated:

Petitioner has also raised ineffective assistance of counsel as a ground

for relief in his petition. He alleges numberous [sic] areas in which

he contends his attorneys were ineffective. Petitioner’s claim is

without merit.

Petitioner was represented by two competent attorneys who hotly and

ably contested the state’s case at every phase of Petitioner’s trials. In

fact, the Petitioner seeks to have two attorneys declared ineffective

notwithstanding the fact that they secured reversals of two prior

sentences of death entered against Petitioner.

The Court finds on review of the record and consideration of the

evidence presented in this Habeas proceeding that Petitioner was

afforded effective assistance of counsel. Petitioner seeks to hold his

attorneys to a standard of perfection which is impossible to attain for

any man or woman. He was entitled to and received effective

assistance of counsel as mandated by the Constitution.

After the Georgia Supreme Court rejected his application for a certificate to

appeal, this avenue of state habeas relief was exhausted.
 The gap between the conclusion of the state habeas proceedings and the commencement 3

of this federal habeas petition is explained by a procedural history not relevant to this appeal. 

Suffice it to say in 1993 Blankenship filed a federal habeas petition. Due to a change in Georgia

case law, the petition was dismissed without prejudice under certain exhaustion rules. His

subsequent Georgia state habeas petition languished in Georgia state courts through 2004, where

he was ultimately unsuccessful. None of those proceedings involved the ineffective assistance

claim, and the state of Georgia does not raise an argument implicating the procedural timeline.

34

F. 2005: The Federal Habeas Petition

In October 2005, Blankenship filed his federal habeas petition, the

resolution of which is the subject of this appeal. Among the claims argued was

3

that Blankenship’s state trial counsel provided constitutionally deficient

performance by failing to investigate and present evidence of Blankenship’s

background at his 1986 resentencing. The district court did not defer to the state

habeas court’s resolution of the claim but still denied the petition, finding this

Circuit’s case law defeated Blankenship’s ineffective assistance claim. The

district court also denied all other grounds for relief. Blankenship appeals only his

ineffective assistance claim; he argues counsel were ineffective for failing to

investigate and introduce evidence of his traumatic childhood during the third

sentencing trial.

II.

“An ineffective assistance of counsel claim is a mixed question of law and

fact that the court reviews de novo.” Williams v. Allen, 458 F.3d 1233, 1238 (11th
35

Cir. 2006). It is the petitioner’s burden to establish his right to habeas relief and

he must prove all facts necessary to show a constitutional violation. Jones v.

Walker, No. 04-13562, slip op. at 34-35 (11th Cir. August 20, 2008) (en banc);

Romine v. Head, 253 F.3d 1349, 1357 (11th Cir. 2001). In other words,

Blankenship has the burden of demonstrating counsel’s performance was

ineffective and must elicit the facts necessary to prove the claim.

A question presented by the circumstances of this appeal is whether the

strictures of the Anti-terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA),

Pub. L. No 104-132, 110 Stat. 1214 (1996), 28 U.S.C. § 2241, et seq. apply to

federal review of the state court’s rejection of the ineffectiveness claim. The

deference afforded to state courts by federal courts sitting in review prohibits the

federal court from granting a petition unless the state court’s adjudication on the

merits of the claim (1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an

unreasonable application of, clearly established federal law, or (2) resulted in a

decision that was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of

the evidence presented in the state court proceeding. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d).

Key to this case is whether the state court “adjudicated on the merits” the

ineffective assistance claim when it summarily rejected Blankenship’s arguments

in its 1991 order. While both parties and the district court seem to think no
 That the state court did not specifically mention Strickland is of no moment. “The state 4

court’s failure to cite the relevant Supreme Court precedents does not mean that AEDPA

deference does not apply.” Parker v. Sec’y for Dep’t of Corr., 331 F.3d 764, 776 (11th Cir.

36

deference is owed to such summary adjudications, our case law is clear: We have

repeatedly held “a state court’s summary rejection of a claim qualifies as an

adjudication on the merits under § 2254(d) so as to warrant deference.” Ferguson

v. Culliver, 527 F.3d 1144, 1146 (11th Cir. 2008); Herring v. Sec’y, Dep’t of

Corr., 397 F.3d 1338, 1347 (11th Cir. 2005); see also Wright v. Moore, 278 F.3d

1245, 1255 (11th Cir. 2002) (“The [AEDPA] language focuses on the result, not

on the reasoning that led to the result, and nothing in that language requires the

state court adjudication that has resulted in a decision to be accompanied by an

opinion that explains the state court’s rationale.”). Therefore, the Georgia state

habeas court’s summary rejection of Blankenship’s claims is entitled to AEDPA

deference.

As to what constitutes clearly established Supreme Court law at the time of

the state habeas decision, the question of AEDPA deference makes little

difference: Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S. Ct. 2052 (1984), was

clearly established by 1991, and it remains the standard for evaluating ineffective

assistance claims. Williams, 458 F.3d at 1238. Therefore, Blankenship must show

the state court’s application of Strickland was unreasonable. This is no easy task. 4
2003). A decision “that does not rest on procedural grounds alone is an adjudication on the

merits, regardless of the form in which it is expressed.” Wright, 278 F.3d at 1244-56. It is clear

from the state court’s resolution of the issue that it recognized Blankenship had raised a

constitutional claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, and rejected the claim on non-procedural

grounds.

37

Blankenship “must do more than satisfy the Strickland standard. He must also

show that in rejecting his ineffective assistance of counsel claim the state court

applied Strickland to the facts of his case in an objectively unreasonable manner.”

Rutherford v. Crosby, 385 F.3d 1300, 1309 (11th Cir. 2004) (emphasis added)

(quotation omitted).

As the second aspect of § 2254(d) makes clear, we also defer to the state

court’s reasonable factual determinations. Summary adjudications, as a rule, do

not have explicit factual findings to which a court can easily defer. Our body of

case law discussing implied findings of fact are instructive as to the appropriate

deference afforded to factual determinations in summary rulings. We have

previously recognized a state court’s “dispositive ruling may contain implicit

findings, which, though unstated, are necessary to that ruling.” Hightower v.

Terry, 459 F.3d 1067, 1072 n.9 (11th Cir. 2006) (post-AEDPA habeas case)

(citing United States v. $242,484.00, 389 F.3d 1149 (11th Cir. 2004) (en banc)). 

State court findings of fact can be inferred from its opinion and the record. 

Freund v. Butterworth, 165 F.3d 839, 859 n.30 (11th Cir. 1999) (citing Cave v.
 We recognize this Circuit’s caution in Cave that, while state court findings of fact can

5

be implied, “they cannot be imagined from thin air.” Cave, 971 F.2d at 1516. We do not

disagree. In this case, however, we can easily discern the evidence available before the district

court on the question whether Blankenship’s counsel were ineffective at the 1986 resentencing. 

Based on this evidence, we can comfortably decide whether the state court’s application of

Strickland was reasonable.

38

Singletary, 971 F.2d 1513, 1516 (11th Cir. 1992)). Moreover, implicit findings of 5

fact are entitled to deference under § 2254(d) to the same extent as explicit

findings of fact. See Mathis v. Zant, 975 F.2d 1493, 1495 (11th Cir. 1992);

Cunningham v. Zant, 928 F.2d 1006, 1011 (11th Cir. 1991). 

Thus, we can “make the common sense judgment that material factual issues

were resolved by the trial court in favor of the judgment when it was reasonable

for that court to have done so in light of the evidence.” Hightower, 459 F.3d at

1072 n.9 (quotations and alterations omitted). In other words, since we apply

AEDPA deference to summary adjudications, we may uphold the state court’s

decision that counsel was not constitutionally deficient if our review of the record

reveals that a reasonable view of the facts before the state court supports such a

conclusion. 

In this case, the district court erroneously afforded no AEDPA deference to

the state court’s adjudication of Blankenship’s ineffective assistance of counsel

claim. With the proper principles of deference in mind, we turn to the merits of

Blankenship’s habeas challenge.
39

III.

A. The Law of Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

As stated above, Strickland is the touchstone for all ineffective assistance of

counsel claims. The Sixth Amendment right to counsel includes the right to

effective assistance of counsel, since the purpose of the right to counsel more

generally is to ensure a fair trial. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 686, 104 S. Ct. at 2063-

64. In order to prevail on an ineffective assistance of counsel claim, a petitioner

must satisfy two prongs: first, the petitioner must show that counsel’s

performance was deficient in that he “made errors so serious that counsel was not

functioning as the ‘counsel’ guaranteed the defendant by the Sixth Amendment.” 

Id. at 687, 104 S. Ct. at 2064. Second, the petitioner must show the deficient

performance prejudiced the defense. Id.

All that a defendant at trial is entitled to is reasonably effective assistance;

therefore, the petitioner must show his counsel’s representation fell below some

objective standard of reasonableness. Id. at 688, 104 S. Ct. at 2064. Stated

generally, the standard is “reasonableness under prevailing professional norms.” 

Chandler v. United States, 218 F.3d 1305, 1313 (11th Cir. 2000) (en banc). The

range of reasonable behavior permitted by this standard is broad. Id. Petitioner

must show the course of action taken by counsel would not have been taken by
40

any competent counsel. Id. at 1315; Alderman v. Terry, 468 F.3d 775, 792 (11th

Cir. 2006).

Thus, “[j]udicial scrutiny of counsel’s performance must be highly

deferential.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689, 104 S. Ct. at 2065; Chandler, 218 F.3d

at 1313. “Courts must indulge the strong presumption that counsel’s performance

was reasonable and that counsel made all significant decisions in the exercise of

reasonable professional judgment.” Chandler, 218 F.3d at 1314 (quotations and

alterations omitted) (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689-90, 104 S. Ct. at 2065-66). 

We are to avoid the “distorting effects of hindsight” and judge the reasonableness

of counsel’s action from the reference point of the time of counsel’s conduct. 

Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689-90, 104 S. Ct. at 2065-66.

Among the duties owed by minimally competent counsel is the duty to make

reasonable investigations or to make a reasonable decision that makes said

investigations unnecessary. Id. at 690-91, 104 S. Ct. at 2066. “[S]trategic choices

made after less than complete investigation are reasonable precisely to the extent

that reasonable professional judgments support the limitations on investigation.”

Id. “[I]n evaluating the reasonableness of the investigation, ‘a court must consider

not only the quantum of evidence already known to counsel, but also whether the

known evidence would lead a reasonable attorney to investigate further.’”
41

Alderman, 468 F.3d at 792 (quoting Wiggins v. Smith, 539 U.S. 510, 527, 123 S.

Ct. 2527, 2538 (2003)). In addition to the duty to reasonably investigate avenues

of defense (or make a reasonable decision to not do so), counsel’s choice of

strategy is subject to review, but “strategic choices made after thorough

investigation of law and facts relevant to plausible options are virtually

unchallengeable . . . .” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690-91, 104 S. Ct. at 2066

(emphasis added).

In order to assess Blankenship’s claim of ineffective assistance, then, we are

faced with two questions. First, was Hendrix and Haas’ investigation of

Blankenship’s background reasonable? Second, was the strategy selected

reasonable? Each question has a factual and legal dimension to it. In the former,

we must determine the actual scope of Hendrix and Haas’ investigation before we

can determine whether the investigation was reasonable. In the latter, we must

determine the strategy actually pursued by counsel at the 1986 resentencing before

we can assess its reasonableness. We will address each question in turn. 

B. Was Counsel’s Investigation Reasonable?

1. What did counsel know?

At the heart of Blankenship’s challenge lies the question of Hendrix and

Haas’ investigation into his background. Blankenship argues the pair failed to
42

investigate his background, and that said investigation—e.g., interviews with

members of the family—would have revealed his troubling background, alcohol

use, and the existence of a family history of schizophrenia. Our task is to

determine what counsel knew and when they knew it.

We reiterate that in habeas proceedings, unlike direct appeals, the petitioner

bears the burden of establishing his right to relief; Blankenship must prove the

facts necessary to demonstrate his counsel’s performance was constitutionally

defective. See Jones v. Walker, No. 04-13562, slip op. at 34-35; Romine, 253 F.3d

at 1357. Because of this burden, when the evidence is unclear or counsel cannot

recall specifics about his actions due to the passage of time and faded memory, we

presume counsel performed reasonably and exercised reasonable professional

judgment. Romine, 253 F.3d at 1357-58; Williams v. Head, 185 F.3d 1223, 1227

(11th Cir. 1999).

In this case, our task is complicated in two ways. First, Blankenship’s state

habeas counsel failed to elicit from either Hendrix or Haas details as to the extent

of their knowledge of Blankenship’s background. Instead, both attorneys made

general statements about their investigation and they were not asked to explain in

detail what parts of Blankenship’s background they had learned about. Although
Indeed, there is at least some vagueness in Fleming’s affidavit as it relates to Hendrix’s 6

account. Her affidavit states she realized the importance of the family history of mental illness

before the 1982 resentencing, but she spoke with Hendrix about the family history of mental

illness prior to the 1986 third sentencing trial. The evidence supplied by Hendrix in his

supplemental affidavit demonstrates he informed Dr. Wolfe of this exact history in September

1982, prior to the second sentencing hearing. This is the type of vagueness which could have

been clarified and explained by Hendrix and Haas had Blankenship’s state habeas counsel

provided the affidavits before the hearing in which counsel testified. Cf. Waters v. Thomas, 46

F.3d 1506, 1513-14 (11th Cir. 1995) (“It is common practice for petitioners attacking their death

sentences to submit affidavits from witnesses who say they could have supplied additional

mitigating circumstance evidence . . . . But the existence of such affidavits, artfully drafted

though they may be, usually proves little of significance.”).

43

both Haas and Hendrix testified in the state habeas proceedings and Blankenship’s

counsel had ample opportunity to question them, the record remains incomplete.

In fact, the key affidavits Blankenship points to in this appeal—his family’s

affidavits and Dr. Krop’s affidavit—were not filed until months after the state

habeas hearing in which Haas and Hendrix testified. Thus, the state of Georgia

was never afforded the opportunity to cross-examine Hendrix and Haas on the

contents of the family’s affidavits, and counsel were never able to explain what

they knew about Blankenship’s personal background. Nor was the state able to

cross-examine the family members themselves on the veracity of their claims.6

Second, Blankenship’s trial counsel testified they had difficulty

remembering aspects of the case. The state habeas hearing in which they testified

took place twelve years after their representation of Blankenship began, and four

years had passed between the 1986 resentencing trial and the hearing. Memories
44

were understandably clouded. For example, Haas testified she could not “recall

the specifics” of what she knew of Blankenship’s background, and she could only

say she knew he had come from a hard background. Blankenship’s failure to exact

detailed testimony from trial counsel and gaps created by faded memory make his

attempts to satisfy his already heavy burden even more difficult.

Although we are without the benefit of clear statements from Blankenship’s

trial counsel, we can discern from the record that they knew generally about the

three key elements of Blankenship’s background discussed in the affidavits of his

family members and in Dr. Krop’s analysis: his alcohol and drug abuse, the family

history of psychological problems, and his difficult childhood.

The record reveals Hendrix and Haas knew Blankenship struggled with

drugs and alcohol; indeed, it was a substantial aspect of their defense throughout

trial. Blankenship himself discussed his use of drugs and alcohol during his

several trials. In his confession to police, he admitted to being drunk the night of

the death. His testimony at his first trial revealed he had been drinking and

ingesting tranquilizers much of the evening and early morning of Bowen’s death. 

In the second trial, he testified that his lumber yard supervisor told him his

drinking was excessive. In the third trial, he again recounted his systemic drinking

and drug use. Moreover, Hendrix sought to elicit from Dr. Burton—both at the
45

first trial and the third trial—testimony about the effects of such alcohol and drug

use on an individual’s ability to commit the acts for which Blankenship was on

trial. Therefore, there can be no doubt Hendrix and Haas knew about

Blankenship’s issues with drugs and alcohol, given the repeated references to it

throughout all of the proceedings.

Equally plain in the record is counsel’s knowledge about the family history

of schizophrenia. Nellie’s affidavit states she discussed the family history of

mental illness with Hendrix. Hendrix’s supplemental affidavit and documentary

evidence provided in the state habeas proceedings confirms he knew about the

history of mental illness. A memorandum demonstrates in 1982 Hendrix informed

Dr. Wolfe, the defendant’s expert who examined Blankenship prior to the first

trial, of the history of family illness—including the ongoing paranoid

schizophrenia of Blankenship’s sisters and the institutionalization of Nellie’s

father’s brother. Blankenship himself told the jury in the 1986 resentencing his

family had a problem with “nerves.” Moreover, Hendrix testified Dr. Wolfe’s

report—which is not in the record—did not give them anything they felt was

helpful, and both Haas and Hendrix testified the court denied them the funds

necessary to have an expert examine Blankenship for the third trial. (Indeed, Dr.

Krop’s affidavit says he found no evidence of neuropsychological disease and that
46

Blankenship lacked sociopathy and had near normal intelligence.) State trial

counsel had ample knowledge of the family’s history of mental illness but did not

have evidence Blankenship himself suffered from mental illness.

The record also demonstrates Blankenship’s trial counsel knew he came

from a difficult background. At the state habeas hearing, Haas testified she knew

Blankenship came from a hard background, and Hendrix stated he knew a “great

deal about [Blankenship] and his childhood in West Virginia, both through him

and from talking with members of his family, and then from just reading their

letters.” Blankenship’s mother and one sister testified at his second sentencing in

1982, although other than expressing positive opinions about Blankenship they

did not discuss his background. Blankenship himself did discuss some of his

familial background in his testimony in the 1986 sentencing. He said his

biological father and his aunt and uncle died of carbon monoxide poisoning in a

motel. He also said after the death, his mother was incapacitated with “nerves”

and he briefly lived with his grandparents. Blankenship also told the jury that

when he returned to live with his mother, she married an alcoholic with whom she

consistently fought. Blankenship also provided details about his brief stint in the

armed forces.
47

Thus, it is clear state trial counsel did know about Blankenship’s alcohol

abuse, the history of mental illness, and the existence of a difficult background. 

What the family’s affidavits provide are details of these areas of Blankenship’s

life. There is no doubt these details are horrifying and disturbing, describing a

severely fractured home life with incidents of physical abuse, psychological abuse,

and rape. But they are details of a hard background about which Haas and

Hendrix testified they were aware. Haas said she knew Blankenship had a “hard

background” and Hendrix said he knew a “great deal” about Blankenship’s

background, but no one ever asked either counsel the extent of their knowledge

about the background. We are left to speculate as to the exact scope of their

knowledge about the details of Blankenship’s upbringing.

It is true the family’s affidavits state that if Hendrix or Haas had asked about

Blankenship’s background, they would have been willing to recount the detailed

history of abuse and neglect. However, this is not particularly helpful in

determining the extent of trial counsel’s actual knowledge of his background or

the full nature of their investigation. If believed, the affidavit testimony of

Blankenship’s mother and sisters would only tell us that the family members

themselves never discussed Blankenship’s background with Hendrix or Haas.
48

In his testimony, Hendrix stated his knowledge of Blankenship’s

background came from the family and from Blankenship himself. Indeed, the

petitioner is often in the best position to inform his counsel of salient facts

relevant to his defense, such as his background. Newland v. Hall, 527 F.3d 1162,

1202 (11th Cir. 2008). Blankenship was fully capable of appraising Hendrix and

Haas of his background and we do not know what, if anything, Blankenship

himself did or did not tell counsel. Blankenship’s voice is noticeably absent from

the state habeas record, and at no time has he provided testimony or an affidavit

suggesting he did not tell his counsel about his personal background.

In order to show his trial counsel unreasonably failed to investigate his

background, Blankenship would have to show that they did not in fact know about

the facts he claims they failed to discover. In this case, the evidence simply does

not exist to show Hendrix and Haas did not know about the details of

Blankenship’s background. The evidence demonstrates they knew about his

alcohol difficulties, his family history of mental illness, and his hard background. 

We cannot simply assume Blankenship failed to inform them of the details. In

light of what the record does (and does not) contain, a reasonable view of the

record could find trial counsel were fully aware of petitioner’s life history. 
49

2. Was the investigation reasonable?

In light of the above holding, we cannot say the investigation was

unreasonable because we cannot say they did not know about the details of

Blankenship’s life history. Even if the record demonstrated Hendrix and Haas did

not know about Blankenship’s background, however, another fact could make

their failure to investigate reasonable: Blankenship himself instructed them not to

contact his family. The record certainly does demonstrate Hendrix and Haas

spoke to Blankenship’s family—Hendrix would speak with the family to update

them on the trial, and Nellie’s affidavit says she spoke with Hendrix. Hendrix,

however, testified Blankenship asked them not to involve his family. In fact,

Hendrix said “at about the second trial and then at a later point, he admonished me

not to write or correspond with or talk on the telephone with his family. I think he

wanted them protected.” Hendrix also said Blankenship “directed” them not to

speak with family members.

“We have . . . emphasized the importance of a mentally competent client’s

instructions in our analysis of defense counsel’s investigative performance under

the Sixth Amendment.” Newland, 527 F.3d at 1202. Significant deference is

owed to failures to investigate made under a client’s specific instructions not to

involve his family. Id. at 1203. Assuming Hendrix did not know the details of his
Blankenship argues the failure to investigate would be similar to that found to be 7

deficient in Rompilla v. Beard, 545 U.S. 374, 125 S. Ct. 2456 (2003). In Rompilla, the attorneys

for the petitioner found their client to be unhelpful and uninterested in providing them with

mitigation evidence. Id. at 381, 125 S. Ct. at 2462. Counsel also interviewed several family

members in a detailed manner, and they told petitioner’s attorney they did not know him well and

could not provide much insight into his background. Id. at 381-82, 125 S. Ct. at 2463. Finally,

counsel marshaled the opinions of three mental health experts who did not reveal anything useful

about petitioner’s background. Id. Since the Supreme Court found counsel’s performance

deficient in Rompilla, Blankenship reasons Hendrix and Haas’ performance should similarly be

found deficient, since their efforts did not rise to the level of the counsel in Rompilla.

But this argument is easily dismissed because the Court in Rompilla did not pass

judgment on whether counsel’s interviews with family, the petitioner himself, and mental health

experts were sufficient. Rather, Rompilla found counsel constitutionally deficient because they

failed to examine the record in petitioner’s prior felony cases, which would have revealed life

history mitigation evidence. Id. at 383, 125 S. Ct. at 2463. Their obligation to review the prior

felony case stemmed from their knowledge the prosecutor would use petitioner’s history of

felony convictions and violence to seek the death penalty. Id. Because the file would be used to

establish aggravating circumstances, counsel had a duty to investigate it. Thus, Rompilla stands

for the proposition that a reasonably competent counsel will investigate a prior felony conviction

it knows the prosecution will rely upon in seeking the death penalty. This holding has no bearing

on this case, since Blankenship cannot point to any evidence the prosecution relied on in

prosecuting Blankenship that his counsel ignored but would have led to the discovery of the

details of his life history.

50

client’s background, Blankenship’s admonishment to him not to contact his family

cannot be ignored. We cannot say it would be unreasonable for Hendrix not to

discuss Blankenship’s background with his sisters and mother if Blankenship

indeed instructed him not to contact them out of a sense of protection.

7

Putting aside Blankenship’s instruction to his counsel, however, we hold

Blankenship failed to satisfy his burden of proving his state trial counsel did not

uncover the evidence of his background. As such, state counsel’s investigation of

his life history was neither unreasonable nor inadequate.
51

C. Was Counsel’s Choice of Strategy Reasonable?

The federal district court found Hendrix and Haas opted for a “mixed”

strategy at the 1986 resentencing, presenting both residual doubt evidence and

mitigation evidence. At trial, however, counsel elicited only a few statements

from Blankenship about his background and only briefly mentioned his

upbringing in closing argument. Since they decided to pursue life history

mitigation as part of their trial strategy, Blankenship argues they were ineffective

for presenting life history mitigation evidence in such a cursory manner. We

disagree.

1. What strategy did counsel select?

The district court’s and Blankenship’s belief that trial counsel sought a

“mixed” defense of residual doubt and mitigation is belied by ample record

evidence. On several occasions, Hendrix and Haas were asked about their strategy

at the 1986 resentencing. Haas explained that “especially in the third trial, we

were centering in on that hair and blood type . . . .” When asked whether it was

fair to describe the strategy at the third sentencing trial as demonstrating someone

else was present at the scene, she responded affirmatively. She again confirmed

that by the third resentencing trial, their “theory mainly had to do with those hairs
52

and that blood type and that part of it. That’s really where we were coming from.”

She also said the hair and blood type were crucial pieces of evidence.

Hendrix’s testimony dovetails with Haas’ account. He was asked twice if

his strategy at trial was focused on the hair and blood evidence and demonstrating

the existence of a third person; he responded both times affirmatively. His

testimony was that the evidence suggesting another person was present was vital

to their strategy. These statements make plain counsel’s strategy: the physical

evidence, including hair and possible blood evidence not belonging to

Blankenship, could suggest someone else was present at Bowen’s death.

Hendrix had won reversal on the 1982 resentencing based on his inability to

pursue the strategy that counsel in 1986 ultimately employed. Hendrix doggedly

pursued a residual doubt strategy during the 1982 resentencing, only to be

thwarted at every turn. The trial court repeatedly blocked his attempts to pursue

lines of questioning and introduce witnesses and evidence which would raise

questions as to the involvement of another individual in the crime. For example,

Hendrix’s questioning of one of the officers at the scene of Bowen’s death was

prematurely halted by the prosecutor and the trial court judge because he was

seeking information regarding the presence of Blankenship’s fingerprint found on

broken glass in the apartment. As Hendrix then saw it, attacking the police
53

investigation and suggesting another person was involved “could mitigate in the

minds of the jury the totality of the involvement of the defendant.”

As Hendrix himself told the court in the 1982 hearing, he “ha[d] to present

everything [he could] in mitigation for [Blankenship]’s life.” Having had his

attempts to raise questions of guilt during the hearing undercut, state trial counsel

prevailed on appeal on this very point, securing a reversal based on the inability to

discuss Blankenship’s guilt during the sentencing phase. In the 1986 sentencing

trial, counsel was free to pursue the strategy they thought best appropriate. They

did so.

At no point did either attorney testify they intentionally sought out

mitigation evidence based on Blankenship’s life history. There is no evidence in

the record that Blankenship’s counsel anticipated presenting to the 1986

resentencing jury a strategy of mitigation based on compelling life history

testimony. In fact, Hendrix testified Blankenship’s background was not helpful to

them. Specifically, he said he “was not aware of any specific information that

[Blankenship] had given us concerning his background that we felt mandatory to

introduce.” Again he said: “I feel certain today that my feeling was, we won’t be

helped by any of this. And there again, that’s a decision you have to make at that
 To reiterate: we do not know what is meant by “this” and “background” because

8

Hendrix was never asked to explain the extent of his knowledge.

 In his reply brief, Blankenship argues his trial counsel’s conduct is similar to conduct 9

the Supreme Court found to be constitutionally deficient in Wiggins v. Smith, 539 U.S. 510, 123

S. Ct. 2527 (2003). We think Wiggins is distinguishable. In Wiggins, counsel sought a

bifurcated sentencing proceeding to allow them to first present evidence of residual doubt and

then, if necessary, present mitigation. Id. at 515, 123 S. Ct. at 2532. This was denied, and

counsel presented a residual doubt case. Counsel mentioned Wiggins’ hard life in the opening

statement, but did not present any evidence of his life history. Id. In his state post-conviction

proceedings, counsel presented evidence of a life history of childhood abuse and neglect,

including severe sexual and physical abuse, his trial counsel, a public defender, failed to uncover. 

Id. at 516-17, 123 S. Ct. at 2532-33. He argued counsel’s failure to uncover this evidence in his

sentencing proceedings amounted to constitutionally deficient performance.

In agreeing counsel was ineffective, the Supreme Court first noted counsel failed to

54

time and at that place.” State trial counsel’s testimony at the hearing makes clear 8

only one strategy was pursued at the 1986 resentencing: residual doubt.

Blankenship’s brief discussion of his background in the 1986 resentencing

and Hendrix’s minor reference to his home town during closing arguments are not

sufficient to suggest counsel were pursuing a “mixed” strategy and purposely

introduced life history evidence to persuade the jury to spare Blankenship’s life

out of mercy. This was not a situation where counsel sought a particular strategy

and only introduced cursory evidence in support. Counsel’s opening and closing

statements, in addition to the bulk of the evidence introduced in the 1986

resentencing and the testimony of Hendrix and Haas, make clear they pursued only

a residual doubt strategy. It would be unreasonable to describe the strategy as

“mixed.”9
compile a social history report, even though it was standard practice in Maryland at the time and

one for which the public defender’s office provided funds. Id. at 523-24, 123 S. Ct. at 2536-37. 

Second, the Court said petitioner’s Department of Social Service records—which were in the

possession of counsel—indicated he had been shuttled from foster home to foster home, had a

mother who was an alcoholic, and was on one occasion left home with his siblings without food. 

Id. at 525, 123 S. Ct. at 2537. In fact, Wiggins himself had described his childhood as

“disgusting.” Id. at 523, 123 S. Ct. at 2536. A reasonably competent attorney would have

further investigated these hints at a troubling history. Id. Third, counsel’s decision to pursue

residual doubt over mitigation was not the result of reasonable judgment because counsel—up to

the day of sentencing—sought leave to bifurcate the proceedings to first introduce residual doubt

and then introduce mitigating evidence. Counsel intended to present mitigating evidence if the

bifurcation motion was successful, which suggested the failure to investigate was not the result of

a reasoned, strategic choice. Finally, counsel put forth a “halfhearted” mitigation case at the

sentencing trial. Id.

Blankenship’s situation is factually distinguishable. We have found Blankenship failed to

show Hendrix and Haas were not aware of his background. Unlike counsel in Wiggins,

Blankenship’s counsel did not fail to investigate in light of records or social history reports

suggesting a troubling history. Moreover, unlike Wiggins, they did not pursue a mixed strategy at

the 1986 resentencing hearing, and therefore did not engage in a “halfhearted” mitigation case. 

In addition, absent from Wiggins is any suggestion the petitioner instructed counsel not to

investigate his background. In this case, Blankenship “admonished” his counsel not to involve

his family in his case, so any failure on their part not to investigate is reasonable in light of

Blankenship’s own actions.

55

2. Was the strategy reasonable?

Because we are not dealing with an instance where counsel sought to

present a “mixed” strategy at trial, we are left with a situation where we presume

counsel was informed of Blankenship’s background but opted to pursue a residual

doubt strategy in lieu of discussion of petitioner’s life history. This strategy was

eminently reasonable. “Creating lingering or residual doubt over a defendant’s

guilt is not only a reasonable strategy, but is perhaps the most effective strategy to

employ at sentencing.” Parker, 331 F.3d at 787-88.
We are struck by the similarities between this case and Stewart v. Dugger, 877 F.2d 10

851 (11th Cir. 1989). In that case, the defendant was invited into the home of an elderly, slight

woman. Once inside, he attacked the woman and brutally raped her. He then killed her by

strangling her with the cord extending from an iron. Id. at 853. In his habeas appeal, the

defendant argued his counsel was ineffective for focusing on residual doubt to the exclusion of

other possible mitigating evidence. Id. at 856. “Trial counsel made a strategic decision that in

light of the atrocious nature of the offense, [the defendant]’s only chance of avoiding the death

penalty was if some seed of doubt, even if insufficient to constitute reasonable doubt, could be

placed in the minds of the jury. . . . Trial counsel cannot be faulted for attempting to make the

best of a bad situation.” Id. Blankenship’s counsel found themselves in a similar situation: they

were faced with the heinous facts of a brutal death, and opted to seek a life sentence by planting a

seed of doubt with the jury. This was reasonable.

56

In this case, counsel was faced with a brutal rape and murder of an elderly

woman. In light of the gruesome facts, including the foreign object left in the

victim’s body, reasonably competent counsel could have decided the best chance

for sparing Blankenship’s life was to convince the jury some residual doubt

existed. Counsel could have concluded the inclusion of extensive mitigating

evidence addressing Blankenship’s life history might cloud the jury from focusing

on the question of residual doubt, or would simply have been unpersuasive in light

of the gruesome nature of the crime. 

10

Moreover, Hendrix and Haas’ strategy was far from baseless. There was

evidence to suggest the presence of a third person at Bowen’s death. The

B-antigen sample, although inconclusive as to whether type-B blood actually

existed, arguably suggested the presence of someone other than Blankenship, who

was type-O. Similarly suggesting residual doubt was the hair segment found in
57

Bowen’s pubic combings, which did not appear to belong to either her or

Blankenship. Finally, counsel presented evidence that another man was

responsible for a murder-rape which took place two weeks prior to Bowen’s death

and within a few miles of her apartment. Counsel made a reasonable strategic

choice to pursue a lingering doubt strategy, and we do not second-guess that

decision. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690-91, 104 S. Ct. at 2066.

Indeed, Hendrix and Haas had good reason to believe a residual doubt

strategy was the best option: since the 1986 trial was a resentencing trial, they

were facing a jury who had not passed judgment on Blankenship’s guilt. When

counsel has an opportunity to convince a new jury to spare a defendant’s life, the

selection of residual doubt as a trial strategy is particularly sensible. In contrast to

asking a jury who just convicted a defendant to spare his life due to residual doubt,

a new jury might be more willing to entertain arguments on guilt and innocence. 

Blankenship’s counsel fervently argued for the opportunity to introduce residual

doubt evidence during appeal from the second sentencing, and they followed

through by pursuing the strategy at the final resentencing trial. There was nothing

unreasonable about counsel’s actions.
58

IV.

Blankenship has failed to overcome the “strong presumption” that his

counsel’s performance at the 1986 resentencing was reasonable. See Conklin v.

Schofield, 366 F.3d 1191, 1204 (11th Cir. 2004). For the reasons stated above, a

reasonable view of the record demonstrates Blankenship has not proved counsel

was unaware of his life history and did not make a reasonable, strategic choice to

pursue residual doubt. Therefore, the state court did not unreasonably apply

Strickland in finding Blankenship’s counsel were not ineffective at the final

resentencing trial. The district court’s denial of his habeas petition is

AFFIRMED.