1 

 STATE OF VERMONT 

 ENVIRONMENTAL COURT 

} 

In re: Anne C. Rose Revocable Trust Building Permit } Docket No. 290-12-07 Vtec 

(Appeal of Blood, et al.) } 

} 

Decision and Order on Cross-Motions for Summary Judgment

The following group of twenty-four individuals: Stuart Blood, Lilian Shen, Michael 

S. Zens, Christina M. Robinson, Sally Duston Whitlock, Dean Whitlock, Ben Bradley, 

Nicolette Corrao, Barbara J. DeFelice, Christopher G. Levey, Ehrhard Frost, Brenda 

Courtemanche, Robert J. Pulaski, Cyrus Severance, Linda Matteson, James W. Masland, 

Mary Daly, Frank J. Barrett, Jr., Roberta Traub, Carol Penland, Bob Milanese, Fran Peront, 

Richard Hodge, and Adair Mulligan (Appellant Group), appealed from a December 1, 2007 

decision of the Zoning Board of Adjustment (ZBA) of the Town of Thetford which upheld 

the Zoning Administrator’s issuance of a zoning permit1 to Appellee-Applicant the Anne C. 

Rose Revocable Trust. As ruled by this Court in its July 24, 2008 decision relating to party 

status, Appellant Group has party status under 24 V.S.A. § 4465(b)(4). 

Appellant Group is represented by Paul S. Gillies, Esq. and Charles L. Merriman, 

Esq.; Appellee-Applicant is represented by C. Daniel Hershenson, Esq.; Interested Parties 

Jake Guest and Elizabeth Guest have entered their appearance and represent themselves; 

the Town of Thetford has also entered its appearance on its own behalf and is participating 

in this appeal through Michael J. Brown, the Chair of the Selectboard. 

 

1 Although the parties refer to it as a “building” permit, both the application form and the 

Zoning Ordinance refer to it as a “zoning” permit; this decision also will use the term 

“zoning” permit. 

 
2 

After resolving motions to dismiss in a decision issued on July 24, 2008, the Court 

allowed parties to submit additional issues by summary judgment. Appellee-Applicant 

and Appellant Group have moved for summary judgment on both questions in Appellant 

Group’s Statement of Questions: (1) “[w]hether the [zoning] permit is inconsistent with 

condition 14(k) of the conditional use [approval] issued February 28, 2006, with respect to 

the distance between the septic system and the Connecticut River;” and (2) “[w]hether the 

[zoning] permit is inconsistent with conditions [14](i) and (j) of the conditional use 

[approval] relating to the design of water supply systems and septic systems to minimize 

or prevent the infiltration of flood waters into the water system[,] septic systems and 

discharges into flood waters.” The following facts are undisputed unless otherwise noted; 

portions of this section are repeated from the Court’s July 24, 2008 decision to the extent 

necessary. 

Appellee-Applicant applied to construct a single-family residence on a 10.1-acre 

parcel of land on Ely Road adjacent to the Connecticut River, in the Rural Residential 

zoning district and in a Flood Hazard Area overlay district. The application was referred to 

the ZBA for conditional use approval. The ZBA held hearings on September 13, 2005, 

October 11, 2005, and December 13, 2005, and issued its conditional use approval decision 

on February 28, 2006. As discussed in this Court’s July 24, 2008 decision, the ZBA’s 

conditional use approval decision became final without appeal. Appellant Group has now 

submitted the audio recording of the December 13, 2005 hearing (Appellant’s Exhibit 16-A), 

in connection with its argument regarding Condition 14(k) of the ZBA decision. 

To understand the context of Condition 14(k), it is important to understand the 

sequence of events at the December 13, 2005 hearing. The ZBA first took evidence on the 

proposed septic system; however, that testimony focused on responding to concerns about 

the potential for contamination of the river by the proposed septic system in the event of 

flooding conditions. The project engineer presented evidence that the potential inundation 
3 

of the leach field would not cause contamination, in that contaminants would remain 

within the flooded soil of the leach field and not be flushed into the river. This concern led 

to discussion of whether the septic tank should be located above grade, and, if so, whether 

it should be required to be water-tight. The location of the septic system within the 

property was not then specifically discussed. 

Following discussion of the septic system, in response to the ZBA’s concerns about 

the potential for additional development on the property in the future, AppelleeApplicant’s then-attorney Darrell Hotchkiss proposed limiting all construction to a twoacre building envelope, to be located in the northwest corner of the property, farthest from 

the river. Appellee-Applicant proposed that the remaining eight acres of the property 

would be subject to deeded covenants prohibiting further subdivision and development. 

In connection with this proposal, Attorney Hotchkiss submitted a sketch to the ZBA, drawn 

on a 1985 survey of the property, illustrating the location and approximate size of the 

proposed building envelope, together with a memorandum regarding “Protective 

Covenants Against Future Development.” This sketch and memorandum have been 

provided to the Court in connection with the pending motions as Attachment C to the 

Blacklow affidavit submitted by Appellee-Applicant as its Exhibit 2; the sketch is also 

attached to the August 2008 Hotchkiss affidavit. (Appellee-Applicant’s Exhibit 4) 

 The ZBA briefly discussed the proposed development’s compatibility with the Town 

Plan. Then, in response to Attorney Hotchkiss’ inquiry as to whether the ZBA needed any 

more information, and his request to close the hearing if no more information was required, 

the ZBA closed the evidentiary portion of the hearing. 

The ZBA then discussed whether to vote immediately or to continue to deliberate on 

the conditional use approval at a later date. Attorney Hotchkiss encouraged the ZBA to 

vote that same evening. It was only in this context, after the closure of the evidence, that 

the only reference to a distance of seven hundred feet (from the river) was made, by 
4 

Attorney Hotchkiss. He said: 

I guess the only thing I would offer, is to just ask you to see 

whether or not this is a reasonable proposal for a reasonable 

use of a ten-point-one-acre parcel, with the development of a 

single-family residence, above the floodplain, probably — and 

I can only say probably — seven hundred feet back from the 

river, and with limitations with what’s been offered in the 

[deeded covenants] memorandum, which again is only because 

this is the extent to which the Roses wish to develop this 

property . . . . 

Attorney Hotchkiss’ affidavit reflects that, when referring to a distance as being “probably” 

seven hundred feet back from the river, he indicated the northerly boundary of the 

property, which measures about nine hundred feet in depth from the road to the river. 

 Following this comment, no further mention was made by anyone at the meeting 

regarding a distance to the river. The ZBA decided to vote on the application that evening 

rather than postponing the vote to a later date. The ZBA approved the application in a 

motion that had as its “only condition” that “the Applicant works out with the 

Conservation Commission, in terms of how that particular covenant is placed in the deed 

and to whose benefit it runs,” referring to the covenants protecting from development the 

remaining eight acres of the property, beyond the two-acre building envelope. 

 The ZBA issued its written notice of decision on February 28, 2006. The notice of 

decision recites the documents submitted to the ZBA in connection with the application, 

including “sets of plat plans prepared by Thomas C. Otterman,” without reference to their 

dates, as well as the Hotchkiss memorandum, and a “set of site plans and site section . . . 

prepared by Jonathan Rose.” In connection with the present motions, to explain the 

sequence of discussion of the septic system’s location, the parties have also provided a 

“Plot Plan and Wastewater Disposal System Design” prepared for Appellee-Applicant by 

Common Sense Septic Design. The document’s date of September 13, 2005 suggests that it 
5 

was a proposal presented at the first day of hearing; it shows a wastewater disposal system 

much closer to the river than the location within the two-acre building envelope shown on 

the 2007 Otterman plan and approved in the unappealed ANR Permit. 

 Paragraph 14 of the conditional use approval decision sets out thirteen conditions, 

labeled (a) through (m). Condition 14(k) states: “[t]he septic system shall be located as 

shown on the plat plan at least 700’ from the Connecticut River, shall be located to avoid 

impairment to them or contamination from them during flooding. Additional protection 

for sealing the top of the tank where the openings are located shall be applied.” 

Condition 14(i) states: “[a]ll new and replacement water supply systems shall be 

designed so as to minimize or prevent the infiltration of flood waters into the system.” 

Condition 14(j) states: “[a]ll new and replacement septic systems shall be designed to 

minimize or prevent infiltration of flood waters into the systems and discharges from the 

systems into flood waters.” 

On March 17, 2006, Attorney Hotchkiss sent a letter to the Zoning Administrator 

requesting “correction/clarification” of portions of the written conditional use approval 

decision, including specifically the reference to the location of the septic system “at least 

700’ from the Connecticut River” in Condition 14(k). However, in the end the February 

2006 ZBA decision was neither corrected not appealed, and became final without the 

requested changes. 

 After receiving the February 2006 ZBA decision, the project engineer prepared a site 

plan for the project, showing the two-acre building envelope in the northwestern portion of 

the parcel, and depicting the septic system in the most northwesterly corner of that 

envelope, between the road and the proposed location of the house and garage. This plan 

is labeled as a “topographical survey” and will be referred to as “the 2007 Otterman Plan.” 

The engineer’s affidavit reflects that he prepared the topographical survey, which is 
6 

internally dated July 26,2 2007, and shows the building envelope and site plan information, 

from the sketch that was submitted by Attorney Hotchkiss, which was approved by the 

ZBA at the December 13, 2005 hearing and was referred to in the ZBA’s February 2006 

conditional use approval decision. Appellant’s Exhibit 5-A; Appellee’s Exhibit 2, 

Attachment D. 

 The 2007 Otterman Plan demonstrates that the proposed septic system is placed as 

far from the river as is possible on the property. By scale from that copy of the plan, the 

distance between the septic system and the river is approximately 900 feet when measured 

parallel to the northerly boundary of Applicant’s property, but is only approximately 560 

feet measured at the closest point, perpendicular to the river. No point on Applicant’s 

property is more than seven hundred feet from the river if measured perpendicularly to the 

river at its closest point. 

 In August of 2007, Applicant received its Wastewater System and Potable Water 

Supply Permit for the project from the Agency of Natural Resources, which required the 

project to be completed as described on the Otterman site plan and topographic survey, 

both dated 7/26/07, and on a 2003 sheet of construction standards and details. 

In September of 2007, Applicant received a zoning permit to construct the proposed 

residence and associated structures. The Zoning Administrator’s approval of the permit 

states: “[a]pplication per decision (2-28-06) of permit application #3406; must comply with 

requirements of said decision and location shown on Otterman 7-26-07 topographic 

survey.” The Zoning Administrator’s affidavit of August 11, 2008 reflects that he 

interpreted the conditional use approval decision as requiring the septic system to be 

 

2 The preparation date of this document is 25 July 2007, but it was stamped as received by 

the ANR’s Wastewater Management Division on July 26, 2007, and everyone referring to 

the document appears to have used the July 26 date to refer to it. 
7 

located seven hundred feet from the river “when measured along the northern boundary” 

of the property, making the location shown on the 2007 Otterman Plan consistent with 

Condition 14(k) of the conditional use approval decision. 

Appellants appealed the zoning permit to the ZBA; and appealed the ZBA’s decision 

to this Court in the present appeal. 

Question 2 of the Statement of Questions

Question 2 asks only “[w]hether the [zoning] permit is inconsistent with conditions 

(i) and (j) of the conditional use [approval] relating to the design of water supply systems 

and septic systems to minimize or prevent the infiltration of flood waters into the water 

system septic systems and discharges into the flood waters.” Appellant Group suggests in 

its argument, however, that the design of the septic system was not sufficiently reviewed to 

determine whether it meets the requirements of Conditions 14(i) and (j). 

Issues as to whether the design of the septic system will function so as to meet the 

requirements of the conditional use approval is not before the Court within Question 2 of 

the Statement of Questions; no enforcement case has been brought under 24 V.S.A. §§ 4451 

and 4452 or under 24 V.S.A. § 4470(b). As both the conditional use approval decision and 

the state ANR Permit became final without appeal, any issue of whether those approvals 

comply with state standards or Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) 

requirements, or whether the system as designed meets the ordinance requirements for 

conditional use approval, cannot be raised in the present appeal. Rather, Question 2 only 

raises the issue of whether the zoning permit that is the subject of this appeal is consistent 

with the requirements imposed by the conditional use approval decision. 

The zoning permit that is the subject of the present appeal, by its very terms, is 

consistent with the requirements of Conditions 14(i) and 14(j) of the conditional use 

approval decision, as it specifically refers to the ZBA’s February 28, 2006 decision and states 
8 

that the project “must comply with requirements of said decision and location shown on 

Otterman 7/26/07 topographic survey.” 

The language of the zoning permit does not impose any additional requirements 

that might conflict with Conditions 14(i) and (j), nor is it in any way impossible to comply 

both with the zoning permit and with Conditions 14(i) and (j). Since the requirements of 

both documents are identical as to Conditions 14(i) and (j), summary judgment as to 

Question 2 must be granted in favor of Appellee-Applicant. 

Question 1

 Because the conditional use approval decision became final without appeal, all that 

is before this Court in Question 1 of this appeal is the interpretation of the alleged internal 

inconsistencies in Condition 14(k). 

 As it does in construing zoning ordinances, the Court relies upon the normal rules of 

statutory construction when construing permit conditions. ANR v. Weston, 2003 VT 58, ¶ 

16, 175 Vt. 573 (mem.). The primary concern is to implement the intent of the drafters. In 

re Williston Inn Group, 2008 VT 47, ¶ 14 (mem.). The court must give “effect to the whole 

and every part” of the permit, In re Stowe Club Highlands, 164 Vt. 272, 279–80 (1995), to 

“avoid rendering one part mere surplusage,” In re Appeal of Jenness and Berrie, 2008 VT 

117, ¶ 24, and so that the construction does not produce an absurd result. Wesco, Inc. v. 

Sorrell, 2004 VT 102, ¶14, 177 Vt. 287. Zoning permits, like zoning regulations, must be 

construed by resolving any ambiguity in favor of the landowner. Weston, 175 Vt. at 577; 

see also Appeal of Weeks, 167 Vt. 551, 555–56 (1998). 

 To determine whether the zoning permit is consistent with Condition 14(k) of the 

conditional use approval decision, the Court must first resolve whether the requirement in 

Condition 14(k) that the septic system be located “as shown on the plat plan” is a reference 

to the same location as that shown on the 2007 Otterman Plan, despite the fact that the 2007 
9 

Otterman Plan was prepared more than a year after the December 13, 2005 hearing and the 

February 2006 conditional use approval decision. 

 The undisputed facts and affidavits establish that the July 26, 2007 Otterman 

topographical survey and site plan was prepared by the engineer from, and shows the 

same building envelope as, the sketched site plan presented and voted on at the December 

13, 2005 ZBA hearing and referred to in the ZBA’s unappealed February 2006 conditional 

use approval decision. 

 The remaining issue is whether the phrase “at least 700 ́ from the Connecticut River” 

in any way modifies or alters the requirement that “[t]he septic system shall be located as 

shown on the plat plan.” Several circumstances suggest that the reference to seven 

hundred feet was not intended by the drafters of the ZBA decision to additionally limit 

construction of the septic system to a location at least seven hundred feet from the river, 

measured perpendicularly. First and most importantly, no location on the property would 

meet that additional requirement. The intent of the drafters of the conditional use approval 

decision cannot have been to create the absurd result of precluding the landowner’s use of 

the very location on the 2007 Otterman Plan that the ZBA itself had approved at the 

hearing and had required in the earlier clause of Condition 14(k). 

In addition, a seven-hundred-foot perpendicular distance is not required by any 

provision of the zoning ordinance3

 or by any State law or regulation; in fact, the septic 

system location approved by the unappealed ANR permit would violate such a distance. 

The fact that such distance is not mandated by any law or regulation suggests that the 

drafters did not intend to impose the phrase “at least 700 feet from the Connecticut River” 

as an additional condition, but rather to ensure that the septic system would be placed 

 

3 The fact that setbacks are ordinarily measured along a line perpendicular to the relevant 

boundary does not define a measurement method for the septic system location. 
10 

within the agreed building envelope pointed out by Attorney Hotchkiss at the December 

2005 ZBA hearing (as distinct from the location originally proposed in September 2005 for 

the septic system). 

 Further, the audio recording of the December 13, 2005 ZBA hearing indicates that 

the sole reference to a seven-hundred-foot distance from the river was made, not by a 

technical witness, but by Attorney Hotchkiss, after the evidentiary portion of the hearing 

had closed, and in the context of an argument in favor of concluding the voting that 

evening. Late in the hearing, after the ZBA had stated that it did not require any additional 

information, it turned to the decision of whether to vote immediately or to continue 

deliberations at a later date. Attorney Hotchkiss referred to “development of a single 

family residence above the floodplain, probably — and I can only say probably — seven 

hundred feet back from the River,” without any mention of the septic system. He referred 

to his sketch, indicating the distance to the proposed building envelope along the northerly 

boundary of the parcel. 

 In context, the focus of his argument was his view of the evident reasonableness of 

the proposed development, to encourage the ZBA to vote that evening rather than to delay 

its decision. He did not propose the ‘probable’ seven-hundred-foot distance as an 

additional limitation on development, nor did he link the distance in any way to the 

location of the septic system or the house. Even if he had done so, an oral representation at 

a hearing is not binding on an applicant unless it is translated into an unambiguous 

condition of a written ZBA decision. See, e.g., In re Kostenblatt, 161 Vt. 292, 298–99 (1994). 

In the present case the reference to the seven-hundred-foot distance in the ZBA’s written 

conditional use approval decision is unquestionably ambiguous, for the reasons discussed 

above. 

 Because the distance 700-foot reference in Condition 14(k) is ambiguous, and 

conflicts with the specific locational requirement of the unambiguous referenced plan, it 
11 

does not constitute a separate enforceable condition of the conditional use approval. Such 

conditions must be specific and “must be expressed with sufficient clarity to give notice of 

the limitations on the use of the land.” In re Farrell & Desautels, Inc., 135 Vt. 614, 617 

(1978); see Clayton v. Clayton Investments, Inc., 2007 VT 38A, ¶ 13 (mem.) (quoting In re 

Farrell). The requirement for the septic system to be located as shown on specific plans is 

expressed with the requisite clarity, and is reinforced by the fact that the later unappealed

ANR Permit for the septic system approved the identical location as shown on the identical 

plans. This is not a case in which a distance limitation or measurement method is found in 

the relevant zoning ordinance, or is found in an applicant’s application materials. Even if 

the seven-hundred-foot reference did not conflict with the specific location on the plans, 

neither the zoning ordinance nor the application assists in determining how that reference 

was intended to be measured. The seven-hundred-foot reference by itself does not provide 

“sufficient clarity to give notice of the limitations on the use of the land,” and therefore 

cannot be enforced as a permit condition. See In re Farrell, 135 Vt. at 617. 

 In context, the requirement of the ZBA decision that the septic system be installed in 

the “location shown on the plat plan“ is the enforceable condition of the conditional use 

approval. By contrast, the reference to “at least 700 feet from” the river is a subordinate 

clause simply assisting the reader in further defining or locating the building envelope, as 

indicated along the northerly boundary of the property by Appellee-Applicant’s attorney 

during the hearing. While it would have been helpful if the ZBA conditional use approval 

decision had been corrected or appealed to eliminate the apparent conflict, a close reading 

of the condition, in the context of the December 13, 2005 hearing, resolves the apparent 

conflict in favor of the landowner at the location shown on the plat plan, that is, the 

location shown on the 2007 Otterman Plan. The zoning permit, requiring compliance with 

“location shown on Otterman 7-26-07 topographic survey,” is therefore consistent with 

Condition 14(k) of the conditional use approval decision. 
12 

 

Accordingly, based on the foregoing, it is hereby ORDERED and ADJUDGED that 

Appellee-Applicant’s Motion for Summary Judgment on Questions 1 and 2 of the 

Statement of Questions is GRANTED, and Appellant Group’s Motion is DENIED, 

concluding this appeal. 

 

Done at Berlin, Vermont, this 30th day of September, 2008. 

_________________________________________________ 

Merideth Wright 

Environmental Judge