**Joined Cases C-101/07 P and C-110/07 P**

**Coop de France bétail et viande, formerly Fédération nationale de la coopération bétail et viande (FNCBV) and Others**

**v**

**Commission of the European Communities**

(Appeals – Competition – Market in beef and veal – Agreement between national federations of farmers and slaughterers with the object of suspending imports of beef and veal
and fixing a minimum purchase price – Fines – Regulation No 17 – Article 15(2) – Taking into account of the turnover of undertakings which are members of the federations)

Summary of the Judgment

1.        *Competition – Administrative procedure – Statement of objections – Necessary content – Observance of the rights of the defence*

*(Council Regulation No 17; Commission Regulation No 99/63, Art. 4)*

2.        *Appeals – Grounds – Inadequate statement of reasons – Reliance by the Court of First Instance on implied reasoning – Lawfulness*

*(Art. 225 EC; Statute of the Court of Justice, Art. 51; Rules of Procedure of the Court of First Instance, Art. 64)*

3.        *Competition – Fines – Amount – Determination – Turnover taken into consideration – Turnover of all the undertakings constituting
an association of undertakings – Lawfulness*

*(Council Regulation No 17, Art. 15(2))*

4.        *Competition – Fines – Decision imposing fines on an association constituted of associations of undertakings and members thereof
– Infringement of the principles of non bis in idem and of proportionality*

*(Council Regulation No 17, Art. 15(2))*

1.        Provided that the Commission indicates expressly in the statement of objections that it will consider whether it is appropriate
to impose fines on the undertakings concerned and that it sets out the principal elements of fact and of law that may give
rise to a fine, such as the gravity and the duration of the alleged infringement and the fact that it has been committed ‘intentionally
or negligently’, it fulfils its obligation to respect the undertakings’ right to be heard. In doing so, it provides them with
the necessary elements to defend themselves not only against a finding of infringement but also against the fact of being
fined.

However, to give indications, at the stage of the statement of objections, as regards the level of the fines envisaged, before
the undertakings have been invited to submit their observations on the allegations against them, would be to anticipate inappropriately
the Commission’s decision.

(see paras 47, 49)

2.        In order properly to discharge the duty of assessing the facts of the dispute, the Court of First Instance must carefully
examine all the documents submitted to it by the parties and take them into account including those which were put on the
file after the oral hearing, in connection with a measure of organisation under Article 64 of its Rules of Procedure.

However, the obligation to state reasons does not require the Court of First Instance to provide an account that follows exhaustively
and point by point all the reasoning articulated by the parties to the case. The reasoning may therefore be implicit on condition
that it enables the persons concerned to know why the measures in question were taken and provides the competent Court with
sufficient material for it to exercise its power of review.

(see paras 74-75)

3.        When the members of an association of undertakings have participated actively in implementing an anti-competitive agreement,
those members’ turnover could be taken into account for the purposes of determining the sanction, even if the association
in question has no power to bind its members. Such taking into account is justified in cases where an infringement on the
part of an association involves its members’ activities and where the anti-competitive practices at issue are engaged in by
the association directly for the benefit of its members and in cooperation with them, the association having no objective
interests independent of those of its members.

Any other interpretation would run counter to the necessity of ensuring the deterrent effect of sanctions imposed in respect
of infringements of the Community competition rules. The Commission’s option of imposing fines of an amount appropriate to
the infringements at issue could otherwise be jeopardised, as associations with a very small turnover but bringing together
a large number of undertakings which could not be formally bound but which together have a substantial turnover could be sanctioned
only by very small fines, even if the infringements for which they were responsible could have a considerable influence on
the markets in question.

(see paras 97-98)

4.        A Commission decision imposing fines on an association constituted of associations of undertakings and members thereof by
reason of the participation and the degree of responsibility of each of them in an infringement, does not infringe the principle
of *non bis in idem*. The fact that the latter associations are members of the former does not mean that they were sanctioned several times for
the same infringement, since although they have separate legal personality with separate budgets and objectives which do not
always coincide, and carry out their activity in defence of their own specific interests, the unity of offenders necessary
for the application of the principle of *non bis in idem* is lacking.

Nor does that decision infringe the principle of proportionality even if the Commission took into account the turnover of
the members of each association for the purpose of determining the 10% limit referred to in Article 15(2) of Regulation No
17. The members, whether direct or indirect, of the associations fined were not thereby fined twice for one and the same infringement
because the taking into account of that turnover does not mean that a fine has been imposed on the members of the association
or even, by itself, that the association has an obligation to recover the amount of the fine from its members.

(see paras 127-130)


JUDGMENT OF THE COURT (Third Chamber)

18 December 2008 ([\*](#Footnote*))

(Appeals – Competition – Market in beef and veal – Agreement between national federations of farmers and slaughterers with the object of suspending imports of beef and veal
and fixing a minimum purchase price – Fines – Regulation No 17 – Article 15(2) – Taking into account of the turnover of undertakings which are members of the federations)

In Joined Cases C‐101/07 P and C‐110/07 P,

APPEALS under Article 56 of the Statute of the Court of Justice, brought on 20 and 19 February 2007 respectively,

**Coop de France bétail et viande,** formerly Fédération nationale de la coopération bétail et viande (FNCBV), established in Paris (France), represented by M.
Ponsard, avocat, with an address for service in Luxembourg (C‐101/07 P),

**Fédération nationale des syndicats d’exploitants agricoles (FNSEA),** established in Paris,

**Fédération nationale bovine (FNB),** established in Paris,

**Fédération nationale des producteurs de lait (FNPL),** established in Paris,

**Jeunes agriculteurs**      **(JA),** established in Paris,

represented by V. Ledoux and B. Neouze, avocats (C-110/07 P),

appellants,

the other parties to the proceedings being:

**Commission of the European Communities,** represented by A. Bouquet and X. Lewis, acting as Agents, with an address for service in Luxembourg,

defendant at first instance,

**French Republic,** represented by G. de Bergues and S. Ramet, acting as Agents,

intervener at first instance,

THE COURT (Third Chamber),

composed of A. Rosas, President of the Chamber, A. Ó Caoimh, J.N. Cunha Rodrigues, J. Klučka and U. Lõhmus (Rapporteur), Judges,

Advocate General: J. Mazák,

Registrar: R. Grass,

having regard to the written procedure,

after hearing the Opinion of the Advocate General at the sitting on 17 April 2008,

having regard to the order of 2 October 2008 reopening the oral procedure,

after hearing the Opinion of the Advocate General at the sitting on 16 October 2008,

gives the following

**Judgment**

1        By their appeals, Coop de France bétail et viande, formerly Fédération nationale de la coopération bétail et viande (‘FNCBV’)
(C‐101/07 P), and Fédération nationale des syndicats d’exploitants agricoles (‘FNSEA’), Fédération nationale bovine (‘FNB’),
Fédération nationale des producteurs de lait (‘FNPL’) and Jeunes agriculteurs (‘JA’) (C‐110/07 P) seek the setting-aside of
the judgment of the Court of First Instance of the European Communities of 13 December 2006 in Joined Cases T-217/03 and T-245/03
*FNCBV and Others* v *Commission* [2006] ECR II‐4987 (‘the judgment under appeal’), by which it, first, reduced the fine imposed on them by the Commission
of the European Communities by Commission Decision 2003/600/EC of 2 April 2003 relating to a proceeding pursuant to Article
81 of the EC Treaty (Case COMP/C.38.279/F3 – French beef) (OJ 2003 L 209, p. 12; ‘the contested decision’), and, second, dismissed
the remainder of the actions for annulment of that decision.

**Legal context**

2        Article 15(2) of Council Regulation No 17 of 6 February 1962: First Regulation implementing Articles [81] and [82] of the
Treaty (OJ, English Special Edition 1959-1962, p. 87) provides:

‘The Commission may by decision impose on undertakings or associations of undertakings fines of from 1 000 to 1 000 000 units
of account, or a sum in excess thereof but not exceeding 10% of the turnover in the preceding business year of each of the
undertakings participating in the infringement where, either intentionally or negligently:

(a)      they infringe Article [81](1) [EC] or Article [82 EC]; or

(b)      they commit a breach of any obligation imposed pursuant to Article 8(1).

In fixing the amount of the fine, regard shall be had both to the gravity and to the duration of the infringement.’

3        Section 5(c) of the Commission notice entitled ‘Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 15(2)
of Regulation No 17 and Article 65(5) of the ECSC Treaty’ (OJ 1998 C 9, p. 3; ‘the Guidelines’) states:

‘In cases involving associations of undertakings, decisions should as far as possible be addressed to and fines imposed on
the individual undertakings belonging to the association. If this is not possible (e.g. where there are several thousands
of affiliated undertakings), and except for cases falling within the ECSC Treaty, an overall fine should be imposed on the
association, calculated according to the principles outlined above but equivalent to the total of individual fines which might
have been imposed on each of the members of the association.’

4        Article 1 of Council Regulation No 26 of 4 April 1962 applying certain rules of competition to production of and trade in
agricultural products (OJ, English Special Edition 1959-1962, p. 129) provides that Articles 81 EC to 86 EC and provisions
made in implementation thereof are, subject to Article 2 of that regulation, to apply to all agreements, decisions and practices
referred to in Articles 81(1) EC and 82 EC which relate to production of or trade in the products listed in Annex I to the
EC Treaty, including, in particular, live animals, meat and edible meat offal.

5        Article 2(1) of that regulation lays down as follows:

‘Article [81](1) [EC] shall not apply to such of the agreements, decisions and practices referred to in the preceding Article
as form an integral part of a national market organisation or are necessary for attainment of the objectives set out in Article
[33 EC]. In particular, it shall not apply to agreements, decisions and practices of farmers, farmers’ associations, or associations
of such associations belonging to a single Member State which concern the production or sale of agricultural products or the
use of joint facilities for the storage, treatment or processing of agricultural products, and under which there is no obligation
to charge identical prices, unless the Commission finds that competition is thereby excluded or that the objectives of Article
[33 EC] are jeopardised.’

**Facts**

6        The facts which gave rise to the proceedings before the Court of First Instance, as set forth in the judgment under appeal,
may, for the purposes of this judgment, be summarised as follows.

7        The appellant in Case C-101/07 P, FNCBV, comprises 300 cooperative groups of producers in the cattle, pig and sheep-farming
sectors and some 30 slaughter and meat-processing groups or undertakings in France.

8        The appellants in Case C-110/07 P, namely FNSEA, FNB, FNPL and JA, are trade unions governed by French law. FNSEA is the main
French farmers’ union. Territorially it consists of local unions grouped together in departmental (*département*) federations or unions of farmers (‘FDSEA’). In addition, FNSEA comprises 33 specialised associations representing the interests
of each type of producer, including FNB and FNPL. JA represents farmers under 35 years of age. To be a member of the local
centre of JA, it is necessary to be a member of a local union belonging to FDSEA.

9        Following the discovery in several Member States, after October 2000, of new cases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy, so-called
‘mad cow disease’, as well as cases of foot-and-mouth disease in flocks of sheep in the United Kingdom, the Community institutions
adopted a whole series of measures to deal with the loss of consumer confidence, which had led to a decrease in meat consumption.

10      Thus, the scope of the intervention mechanisms for withdrawing certain quantities of cattle from the market so as to stabilise
supply in relation to demand was extended and a scheme for the purchase of live animals was set up, together with a purchase
scheme based on a tender procedure for carcasses or half-carcasses (‘special purchase scheme’). In addition, the Commission
authorised several Member States, including the French Republic, to grant aid to the beef sector.

11      In September and October 2001, relations between farmers and slaughterers became particularly tense in France and the above
measures were deemed insufficient by the farmers. Groups of farmers stopped lorries illegally in order to check the origin
of the meat being transported and blockaded abattoirs. These acts sometimes led to the destruction of plant and of meat. In
return for lifting the blockade of abattoirs, the protesting farmers demanded undertakings from the slaughterers, particularly
to suspend imports and to apply a so-called ‘union’ price scale.

12      In October 2001, several meetings took place between the federations representing beef farmers, namely FNSEA, FNB, FNPL and
JA, and those representing the slaughterers, namely the Fédération nationale de l’industrie et des commerces en gros des viandes
(‘FNICGV’) and FNCBV. Following a meeting on 24 October 2001, organised at the request of the French Minister for Agriculture,
an agreement between the federations of stock farmers and slaughterers on the minimum slaughterhouse entry price scale for
culled cows (‘the Agreement of 24 October 2001’) was concluded between those six federations. On 30 October 2001, the Commission
sent the French authorities a letter requesting certain information on that agreement.

13      The Agreement of 24 October 2001 was in two parts. The first was a temporary commitment to suspend imports, which made no
distinction between types of beef. The second consisted of a commitment, the arrangements for which were set out in the agreement,
to apply the slaughterhouse entry price scale to culled cows, that is to say cows which had been used either for reproduction
or milk production. Consequently, it contained a list of prices per kilogram of carcass for certain categories of cows and
the method of calculating the price to be applied to other categories, depending inter alia on the special purchase price
set by the Community authorities. The Agreement of 24 October 2001 was to enter into force on 29 October 2001 and to be applied
until the end of November 2001.

14      On 9 November 2001, the French authorities replied to the Commission’s request for information of 30 October 2001.

15      On 9 November 2001, the Commission wrote to FNSEA, FNB, FNPL and JA and to FNICGV requesting information pursuant to Article
11 of Regulation No 17. As the Commission was not at that time aware that FNCBV had also signed the Agreement of 24 October
2001, it was not sent the request for information. The five federations in question replied to the requests for information
on 15 and 23 November 2001.

16      On 19 November 2001, the president of FNICGV informed the president of FNSEA that he felt obliged to bring forward to that
day the final date of application of the Agreement of 24 October 2001, initially scheduled for 30 November 2001.

17      On 26 November 2001, the Commission sent a letter of formal notice to the six federations which had signed the Agreement of
24 October 2001 stating that the facts which had come to its knowledge indicated that the Community competition rules had
been infringed and requesting the federations to submit their observations and proposals by 30 November 2001 at the latest.
The Commission’s letter stated that ‘[f]ailing satisfactory proposals by that date, [it] envisage[d] initiating a procedure
seeking to establish those infringements and to order that they be discontinued if the Agreement [of 24 October 2001] has
been extended, the possibility also arising of the imposition of fines, if appropriate’. The federations replied that the
agreement would expire on 30 November 2001 and would not be extended.

18      On 17 December 2001, the Commission carried out investigations on the premises of FNSEA and FNB in Paris pursuant to Article
14(3) of Regulation No 17 and on the premises of FNICGV, also in Paris, on the basis of Article 14(2) of that regulation.

19      On 24 June 2002, the Commission adopted a statement of objections addressed to the six federations which were signatories
to the Agreement of 24 October 2001. They submitted their written observations between 23 September and 4 October 2002. The
federations were heard on 31 October 2002. On 10 January 2003, the Commission sent those federations a request for information
under Article 11 of Regulation No 17. In particular, it asked them for the total amount, together with a breakdown according
to origin, of the income of each federation and their accounting balance sheets for 2001 and 2002, and, for the latest tax
year available, the overall turnover and that connected with the production or slaughter of cattle, of their direct and/or
indirect members. The appellant federations replied by letters of 22, 24, 27 and 30 January 2003.

20      On 2 April 2003, the Commission adopted the contested decision which was addressed to the appellant federations and to FNICGV.

21      According to the contested decision, those federations had infringed Article 81(1) EC by concluding the Agreement of 24 October
2001 fixing a minimum purchase price for certain categories of cattle and suspending imports of beef into France, and by concluding,
at the end of November or beginning of December 2001, an oral agreement with the same object (‘the oral agreement’), to be
applicable as from the expiry of the Agreement of 24 October 2001.

22      In recitals 135 to 149 in the preamble to the contested decision, the Commission found that the Agreement of 24 October 2001
and the oral agreement were not necessary for attaining the objectives of the common agricultural policy set out in Article
33 EC and refused, in the present case, the exemption provided for by Regulation No 26 in favour of certain activities connected
with the production of and trade in agricultural products. Furthermore, those agreements were not among the means provided
for by Council Regulation (EC) No 1254/1999 of 17 May 1999 on the common organisation of the market in beef and veal (OJ 1999
L 160, p. 21) or by the measures implementing it. Lastly, the measures taken under those agreements were not proportionate
to the objectives allegedly sought.

23      According to the contested decision, the infringement began on 24 October 2001 and lasted at least until 11 January 2002,
the expiry date of the last local agreement to apply the national agreement of which the Commission was aware.

24      In view of the nature and the geographic extent of the relevant market, the infringement was described as very serious. To
determine the degree of responsibility of each appellant federation, the Commission took into account the ratio between the
amount of the annual membership fees collected by the main farmers’ federation, FNSEA, and that of each of the other federations.
As the infringement was of short duration, the Commission did not increase the basic amount.

25      The Commission then found that there were several aggravating circumstances in relation to the appellant federations:

–        it increased the fines on FNSEA, FNB and JA by 30% because their members had used violence to compel the slaughterers’ federations
to adopt the Agreement of 24 October 2001;

–        it increased the fines of all the appellant federations by 20% by reason of the aggravating circumstance that they continued
the agreement in secret after the letter of formal notice of 26 November 2001; and

–        it took into account the preponderant role allegedly played by FNB in the preparation and implementation of the infringement
by increasing its fine by 30%.

26      In addition, the Commission took various attenuating circumstances into account:

–        in view of the passive or follow-my-leader role played by FNPL, the Commission reduced its fine by 30%; and

–        with regard to FNCBV, the Commission took into account, first, the forceful intervention of the French Minister for Agriculture
in favour of the conclusion of the Agreement of 24 October 2001 (30% reduction) and, second, the illegal blockading of their
members’ establishments by farmers (further 30% reduction).

27      Furthermore, pursuant to Section 5(b) of the Guidelines, the Commission took account of the specific circumstances of the
case in question, particularly the economic context marked by the crisis in the industry, and reduced by 60% the fines resulting
from the application of the abovementioned increases and reductions.

28      The operative part of the contested decision includes, particularly, the following provisions:

‘*Article 1*

[FNSEA], [FNB], [FNPL], [JA], [FNICGV] and [FNCBV] infringed Article 81(1) [EC] by concluding on 24 October 2001 an agreement
which had the object of suspending imports of beef into France and fixing a minimum price for certain categories of cattle,
and by concluding verbally an agreement with a similar object at the end of November and beginning of December 2001.

The infringement began on 24 October 2001 and continued to have effect at least until 11 January 2002.

*Article 2*

The federations named in Article 1 shall immediately bring the infringement to an end, in so far as they have not already
done so, and shall henceforward refrain from any restrictive practice that has the same or an equivalent object or effect.

*Article 3*

The following fines are hereby imposed:

–        FNSEA:          EUR 12 million,

–        FNB:          EUR 1.44 million,

–        JA:            EUR 600 000,

–        FNPL:          EUR 1.44 million,

–        FNICGV:  EUR 720 000,

–        FNCBV: EUR 480 000.’

**The action before the Court of First Instance and the judgment under appeal**

29      By applications lodged at the Registry of the Court of First Instance on 19 and 20 June 2003 respectively, FNCBV, on the one
hand, and FNSEA, FNB, FNPL and JA, on the other, brought actions for the annulment of the contested decision and, in the alternative,
for the cancellation of the fines imposed on them or the reduction of their amounts. The action brought on 7 July 2003 by
FNICGV was dismissed by the Court of First Instance, by order of 9 November 2004, as inadmissible.

30      The French Republic was, by orders of 6 November 2003, granted leave to intervene in each of the two cases in support of the
forms of order sought by the appellant federations. The two cases were joined by order of 3 April 2006.

31      By the judgment under appeal, the Court of First Instance:

–      set the amount of the fine on FNCBV, the applicant in Case T‐217/03, at EUR 360 000;

–      reduced the amounts of the fines imposed on the applicant federations in Case T‐245/03 to EUR 9 000 000 for FNSEA, to EUR
1 080 000 for FNB, to EUR 1 080 000 for FNPL and to EUR 450 000 for JA;

–      dismissed the remainder of the applications;

–      ordered the applicant federations to bear their own costs in the main proceedings and to pay three quarters of those of the
Commission in the main proceedings;

–      ordered the Commission to bear one quarter of its costs in the main proceedings and to pay all the costs in the proceedings
for interim measures; and

–      ordered the French Republic, the intervener, to bear its own costs.

**Procedure before the Court**

32      By decision of 29 January 2008, the Court referred the two cases to the Third Chamber, composed of A. Rosas, President of
the Third Chamber, U. Lõhmus (Rapporteur), J. Klučka, A. Ó Caoimh and P. Lindh, Judges. Since none of the parties requested
an oral hearing, the Court decided to proceed to judgment without one. The Advocate General gave his Opinion at the sitting
on 17 April 2008, following which the oral procedure was closed.

33      Since Judge Lindh was prevented from attending, the Third Chamber, in accordance with Article 61 of the Rules of Procedure,
having heard the Advocate General, ordered the reopening of the oral procedure for the purposes of replacing her, under the
first paragraph of Article 11e of the Rules of Procedure, by the judge following in the order in the list referred to in Article 11c(2)
of those rules, in this case, J.N. Cunha Rodrigues.

34      Following the sitting of 16 October 2008, at which the Advocate General gave his Opinion, the oral procedure was closed.

**Forms of order sought by the parties to the appeals**

35      In Case C‐101/07 P, FNCBV claims that the Court should:

–        set aside the judgment under appeal;

–        annul the contested decision;

–        in the alternative, reduce the amount of the fine, set by the judgment under appeal at EUR 360 000; and

–        in any event, order the Commission to pay all the costs relating to the main proceedings before the Court of First Instance
and the Court of Justice.

36      In Case C‐110/07 P, FNSEA, FNB, FNPL and JA claim that the Court should:

–        set aside the judgment under appeal;

–        annul the contested decision;

–        in the alternative, reduce the amounts of the fines set by the judgment under appeal at EUR 9 000 000 for FNSEA, at EUR 1 080 000
for FNB, at EUR 1 080 000 for FNPL and at EUR 450 000 for JA; and

–      in any event, order the Commission to pay all their costs before the Court of First Instance and the Court of Justice.

37      The French Republic claims that the Court should uphold the two appeals and set aside the judgment under appeal.

38      The Commission contends that both appeals should be dismissed and that the appellant federations should be ordered to pay
the costs.

**The appeals**

39      The parties and the Advocate General having been heard on the point, Cases C‐101/07 P and C‐110/07 P were, on account of the
connection between them, joined by order of the President of the Court of 18 April 2007 for the purposes of the oral and written
procedures and the judgment, in accordance with Article 43 of the Rules of Procedure.

*The grounds of appeal for setting aside the judgment under appeal*

40      In support of its appeal, FNCBV raises five grounds for setting aside the judgment under appeal and annulment of the contested
decision, some of which are in several parts:

–      the first ground of appeal asserts that the Court of First Instance erred in law by failing to find that the Commission had
infringed the rights of the defence in the statement of objections which it adopted (paragraphs 217 to 225 of the judgment
under appeal);

–      the second ground of appeal asserts that the Court of First Instance distorted some of the evidence, namely:

–      the handwritten notes of the FNB director concerning the meeting of 29 November 2001 (paragraphs 169 to 174 of the judgment
under appeal),

–      an interview given on 4 December 2001 by the FNB vice-president to *Vendée agricole* (paragraph 176 of the judgment under appeal),

–      a memo from the Fédération vendéenne des producteurs (Vendée Producers’ Federation) of 5 December 2001 (paragraph 177 of the
judgment under appeal),

–      an information bulletin issued by FNPL of 10 December 2001 (paragraph 179 of the judgment under appeal), and

–      certain passages in the handwritten notes of the FNB director concerning the meeting of 5 December 2001 (paragraph 180 of
the judgment under appeal);

–      the third ground of appeal asserts error of law as regards the assessment of the evidence of FNCBV’s adherence to the oral
agreement because:

–      the Court of First Instance erred in law in the legal characterisation of that federation’s adherence to that agreement, and

–      there is contradiction in the grounds of the judgment under appeal between the finding as to that adherence and the violence
committed against that federation;

–      the fourth ground of appeal asserts, in the alternative, that the Agreement of 24 October 2001 and the oral agreement were
not anti-competitive, the Court of First Instance having erred in law by classifying the Agreement of 24 October 2001 as being
anti-competitive, and by failing to take account of the effects of the extension of that agreement; and

–      the fifth ground of appeal asserts that the Court of First Instance erred in law in the application of Article 15(2) of Regulation
No 17, because of:

–      breach of the duty to state reasons, and

–      contradiction in the grounds.

41      FNCBV raises, in addition, a sixth ground of appeal seeking the setting-aside, in part, of the judgment under appeal and the
reduction of the amount of the fine imposed upon it, alleging error of law by the Court of First Instance in the application
of Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17.

42      In support of their appeal, FNSEA, FNB, FNPL and JA raise the four following grounds of appeal:

–      the first ground of appeal asserts distortion of the evidence in that the Court of First Instance failed to consider two essential
pieces of evidence demonstrating that the Agreement of 24 October 2001 was not extended beyond 30 November 2001 (paragraphs
159 to 190 of the judgment under appeal);

–      the second ground of appeal asserts breach of the rights of the defence in that the Court of First Instance held that the
statement of objections adopted by the Commission was sufficiently clear and precise (paragraphs 217 to 225 of the judgment
under appeal);

–      the third ground of appeal asserts breach of Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 in that the Court of First Instance took into
account the aggregate turnover of the appellant federations’ members in deciding that the fines imposed by the Commission
did not exceed the upper limit fixed in that provision (paragraphs 312 to 334 of the judgment under appeal); and

–      the fourth ground of appeal asserts breach of the rule against aggregation and of the principle of the proportionality of
sanctions in that the Court of First Instance imposed a separate fine on each of the federations taking account of the aggregate
turnover of their common members (paragraphs 340 to 346 of the judgment under appeal).

*FNCBV’s first ground of appeal and the second ground of appeal raised by FNSEA, FNB, FNPL and JA, asserting error of law in
that the Court of First Instance refused to accept that the Commission infringed the rights of the defence in the statement
of objections it adopted*

43      By, respectively, their first and second grounds of appeal, FNCBV, on the one hand, and FNSEA, FNB, FNPL and JA, on the other,
claim that the Commission, in the statement of objections, confined itself to setting out the principal elements of fact and
of law that could give rise to a fine, such as the gravity and duration of the alleged infringement and the fact that it was
committed intentionally or negligently, whereas, contrary to the Court of First Instance’s decision, it should have stated
that any fine would be calculated taking into account the turnover of their members.

44      Those two grounds of appeal cannot be upheld.

45      It is clear from paragraph 219 of the judgment under appeal that the argument that the Commission ought to have mentioned
in the statement of objections that any fine would be calculated taking into account the turnover of the appellant federations’
members has already been advanced before the Court of First Instance and correctly rejected, in paragraph 224 of that judgment,
on the basis of the case-law of the Court of Justice referred to in paragraphs 222 and 223 thereof.

46      Thus, the Court of First Instance held, in paragraph 221 of the judgment under appeal, that it was at the stage of adopting
the contested decision that the Commission took into account the turnover of the appellant federations’ basic members for
the purpose of verifying adherence, as regards the amount of the fine, to the 10% maximum laid down by Article 15(2) of Regulation
No 17.

47      As the Court of First Instance observed, it emerges from the settled case-law of the Court of Justice that, at the stage of
the statement of objections, to give indications as regards the level of the fines envisaged, before the undertakings have
been invited to submit their observations on the allegations against them, would be to anticipate inappropriately the Commission’s
decision (Joined Cases 100/80 to 103/80 *Musique diffusion française and Others* v *Commission* [1983] ECR 1825, paragraph 21).

48      In support of their ground of appeal, FNCBV as well as FNSEA, FNB, FNPL and JA assert, moreover, that the Commission’s duty
to refer in the statement of objections to how any fine will be calculated is even clearer where it departs from its usual
approach in calculating fines, as was accepted by the Court of First Instance in paragraph 237 of the judgment under appeal.
As those federations could not have foreseen such a change in method and therefore had no opportunity to defend themselves
on that point, the Court of First Instance should have recognised the infringement of the rights of the defence committed
by the Commission in the statement of objections it adopted.

49      It is clear, however, from the Court of Justice’s settled case-law, referred to by the Court of First Instance in paragraph
218 of the judgment under appeal, that, provided that the Commission indicates expressly in the statement of objections that
it will consider whether it is appropriate to impose fines on the undertakings concerned and that it sets out the principal
elements of fact and of law that may give rise to a fine, such as the gravity and the duration of the alleged infringement
and the fact that it has been committed ‘intentionally or negligently’, it fulfils its obligation to respect the undertakings’
right to be heard. In doing so, it provides them with the necessary elements to defend themselves not only against a finding
of infringement but also against the fact of being fined (see to that effect, particularly, Joined Cases C‐189/02 P, C‐202/02 P,
C‐205/02 P to C‐208/02 P and C‐213/02 P *Dansk Rørindustri and Others* v *Commission* [2005] ECR I‐5425, paragraph 428).

50      As regards taking into account the appellant federations’ members’ turnover in the calculation of the fines, it is sufficient
to state that such a practice, on the part of the Commission, is not new and has been upheld by the Community Courts (see,
particularly, Case C‐298/98 P *Finnboard* v *Commission* [2000] ECR I‐10157, paragraph 66, and Joined Cases T‐39/92 and T‐40/92 *CB and Europay* v *Commission* [1994] ECR II‐49, paragraph 139). Contrary to the appellant federations’ assertions, there was, therefore, on the part of
the Commission, no change in method requiring a particular statement in that regard in the statement of objections.

51      The Court of First Instance did not therefore err in law when it concluded that the Commission had not infringed FNCBV’s rights
of defence or those of FNSEA, FNB, FNPL or JA by not having indicated, in the statement of objections, that it envisaged taking
into account the turnover of their members for the purposes of ensuring compliance with the upper limit of 10% set in Article
15(2) of Regulation No 17.

52      Consequently, FNCBV’s first ground of appeal and the second ground of appeal raised by FNSEA, FNB, FNPL and JA must be rejected
as unfounded.

*FNCBV’s second ground of appeal, asserting that the Court of First Instance distorted some of the evidence*

53      By its second ground of appeal, FNCBV submits that the Court of First Instance’s findings of fact are vitiated by a material
error since it clearly distorted the meaning, content or scope of the evidence produced before it. It submits that a full
examination of the court file, placed in its context, should have led the Court of First Instance to conclude that FNCBV had
not adhered to the secret oral extension of the Agreement of 24 October 2001 beyond its date of expiry.

54      The documents which were distorted by the Court of First Instance are the following:

–        the handwritten notes of the FNB director concerning the meeting of 29 November 2001 (paragraphs 169 to 174 of the judgment
under appeal);

–        other documents which confirm that the appellant federations made an oral agreement, namely the interview given on 4 December
2001 by the FNB vice-president to *Vendée agricole* and a memo from the Fédération vendéenne des producteurs of 5 December 2001 (paragraphs 176 and 177 of the judgment under
appeal);

–        certain passages in an information bulletin issued by FNPL of 10 December 2001 (paragraph 179 of the judgment under appeal);
and

–        certain passages in the handwritten notes of the FNB director concerning the meeting of 5 December 2001 (paragraph 180 of
the judgment under appeal).

55      For each of those documents, FNCBV complains that the Court of First Instance, in essence, distorted the meaning and, consequently,
incorrectly assessed the effect of the facts of the case.

56      The Commission submits that, by its ground of appeal, FNCBV is seeking to challenge the probative value which the Court of
First Instance attributed to those documents.

57      In its reply, FNCBV disputes having put in issue the Court of First Instance’s findings of fact. It submits, ‘the finding
of the facts is intended to put in issue the facts as such or their assessment whereas distortion is the alteration of the
content of the documentary evidence, failure to take account of its essential aspects or failure to take account of its context’.

58      In that regard, it must be borne in mind that, according to settled case-law, it is clear from Article 225 EC and the first
paragraph of Article 58 of the Statute of the Court of Justice that the Court of First Instance has exclusive jurisdiction,
first, to find the facts, except where the substantive inaccuracy of its findings is apparent from the documents submitted
to it and, second, to assess those facts. When the Court of First Instance has found or assessed the facts, the Court of Justice
has jurisdiction under Article 225 EC to review the legal characterisation of those facts by the Court of First Instance and
the legal conclusions it has drawn from them (see, in particular, Case C‐551/03 P *General Motors* v *Commission* [2006] ECR I‐3173, paragraph 51, and Case C‐266/06 P *Evonik Degussa* v *Commission and Council* [2008] ECR I‐0000, paragraph 72).

59      Thus, the Court of Justice has no jurisdiction to establish the facts or, in principle, to examine the evidence which the
Court of First Instance accepted in support of those facts. Provided that the evidence has been properly obtained and the
general principles of law and the rules of procedure in relation to the burden of proof and the taking of evidence have been
observed, it is for the Court of First Instance alone to assess the value which should be attached to the evidence produced
to it. Save where the clear sense of the evidence has been distorted, that appraisal does not therefore constitute a point
of law which is subject as such to review by the Court of Justice (see, in particular, *General Motors* v *Commission*, paragraph 52, and *Evonik Degussa* v *Commission and Council*, paragraph 73).

60      It is important, also, to point out that an alleged distortion of the facts must be obvious from the documents on the Court’s
file without there being any need to carry out a new assessment of the facts and the evidence (see, in particular, *General Motors* v *Commission*, paragraph 54, and *Evonik Degussa* v *Commission and Council*, paragraph 74).

61      In this case, FNCBV does not allege that the Court of First Instance’s reading of the various documents which it cites is
vitiated by a material error. It complains that the Court of First Instance, in particular, did not take account of the essential
aspects of those documents and did not place them in their context. Under cover of ‘distortion’, FNCBV is really challenging
the assessment made by the Court of First Instance of the documents’ content.

62      Moreover, it is clear from the disputed points in the judgment under appeal that the Court of First Instance did not there
conduct a reading of the content of the documents in question but their interpretation. In paragraphs 169 to 180 of the judgment
under appeal, which FNCBV challenges, the Court of First Instance examines the various documents and evidence, puts them in
their context, interprets them and assesses the probative value of each of them. In paragraph 185 of the judgment under appeal,
it concludes that, having regard to that evidence, the Commission proved sufficiently in law the carrying-out of the application
of the Agreement of 24 October 2001.

63      Since the Court of First Instance alone has jurisdiction to interpret the evidence and assess its probative value, it follows
that this ground of appeal is inadmissible.

*FNCBV’s third ground of appeal, asserting error of law as regards the assessment of the evidence of its adherence to the oral
agreement*

64      By its third ground of appeal, which is divided into two parts, FNCBV submits that the Court of First Instance erred in law,
in paragraph 185 of the judgment under appeal, in finding it proved that FNCBV had adhered to the oral agreement. It submits
that the Court of First Instance could have found against it in respect of its participation in that agreement not on the
basis of a presumption, but by showing its clear adherence to an agreement with the farmers, in a context characterised by
the expression of the unilateral will on the part of the farmers to apply the scale of minimum purchase prices as a trade
union demand.

65      By the first part of this ground of appeal, FNCBV claims that the Court of First Instance misconstrued in law the evidence
relied upon to demonstrate FNCBV’s alleged will to adhere to the Agreement of 24 October 2001, which does not prove its actual
will to continue to apply the scale of minimum purchase prices and the suspension of imports after the expiry of the Agreement
of 24 October 2001. FNCBV refers to:

–        the manuscript notes of the FNB’s director relating to the meeting of 29 November 2001 and that of 5 December 2001 (paragraphs
172 and 180 of the judgment under appeal);

–        the e-mail of 6 December 2001 sent by a representative of the Fédération régionale des syndicats d’exploitants agricoles de
Bretagne (Regional Federation of the Farmers’ Unions of Brittany) to the presidents of the FDSEA of its region (paragraph
178 of the judgment under appeal);

–        FNPL’s information bulletin of 10 December 2001 (paragraph 179 of the judgment under appeal);

–        a memo from the Vendée FDSEA of 18 December 2001 (paragraph 182 of the judgment under appeal); and

–        certain documents relating to local actions (paragraphs 183 and 184 of the judgment under appeal).

66      To the extent that FNCBV seeks to put in issue the assessment of the facts made by the Court of First Instance, disputing,
in essence, that the evidence accepted in paragraphs 169 to 184 of the judgment under appeal is sufficient to demonstrate
its adherence to the continuation of the application of the Agreement of 24 October 2001 beyond the month of November 2001,
the first part of this ground of appeal must be declared to be inadmissible, since it seeks to obtain a re-examination of
the factual assessments for which, as has been pointed out in paragraphs 58 and 59 of the present judgment, the Court of Justice
has no jurisdiction on an appeal.

67      By the second part of its third ground of appeal, FNCBV alleges contradiction in the grounds of the judgment under appeal
in that the Court of First Instance found that it had adhered to the oral agreement and, at the same time, found that the
conduct complained of against it was the result of unilateral pressure from farmers. By the latter finding, the Court of First
Instance, in paragraphs 279 and 289 of the judgment under appeal, accepted that the farmers’ violent actions were unilateral.

68      That second part of FNCBV’s third ground of appeal must also be rejected because it is based on a reading of the judgment
under appeal which does not take account of the context of the findings of fact in question by the Court of First Instance,
namely the taking into account by the Commission of aggravating circumstances for the purposes of increasing the fines imposed
on some of the farmers’ federations such as FNSEA, FNB and JA.

69      The Court of First Instance cannot be accused of having vitiated the judgment under appeal by contradiction in the grounds
in this case, since the aggravating circumstances referred to in paragraphs 279 and 289 of that judgment were taken into account
only after the degree and circumstances of the participation of each federation in question in the oral agreement were established
on the basis of evidence examined by the Court of First Instance in paragraphs 169 to 184 of the judgment under appeal, which
are the subject of the complaints relating to the first part of this ground of appeal which was rejected in paragraph 66 of
the present judgment. In the light of that evidence, the Court of First Instance could, without any contradiction, as the
Advocate General observed in point 92 of his Opinion, have found that there was, here, an agreement, whilst also noting the
carrying-out of certain acts of pressure or coercion by farmers.

70      FNCBV’s third ground of appeal must, therefore, be rejected as being, in part, inadmissible and, in part, unfounded.

*The first ground of appeal raised by FNSEA, FNB, FNPL and JA, asserting distortion of the evidence in that the Court of First
Instance failed to consider two essential pieces of evidence demonstrating that the Agreement of 24 October 2001 was not extended
beyond 30 November 2001, as well as a defective statement of the grounds on that point*

71      By their first ground of appeal, FNSEA, FNB, FNPL and JA claim that the Court of First Instance distorted the evidence which
demonstrated that, where the prices fixed in the scale of minimum purchase prices were reproduced in local agreements after
30 November 2001, it was a consequence not of the voluntary agreement of the federations which were signatories to the Agreement
of 24 October 2001, but of trade union pressure at local level by farmers on slaughterers.

72      Those federations submit that that is the case of a document sent by fax on 11 December 2001 by one of the directors of FNB
to a departmental federation which contained the scale of minimum purchase prices, accompanied by the statement ‘Be careful,
that scale has not been renewed by an agreement’, and of a communiqué of 12 December 2001 from the Fédération régionale des
syndicats d’exploitants agricoles de Bretagne in which it is stated that ‘[t]he Breton FDSEAs, finding the current trend in
the price of adult cattle unacceptable, inform farmers that they have subjected buyers to union pressure in such a way as
to re-establish prices equivalent to November prices’.

73      FNSEA, FNB, FNPL and JA submit that the fact that the two documents mentioned in the preceding paragraph, which those federations
sent to the Court of First Instance after the hearing of 17 May 2006, are not mentioned in the judgment under appeal shows
that they were not taken into account at all. They submit that those two documents show that the producers’ federations considered
that the slaughterers’ federations were not bound by the Agreement of 24 October 2001 and that, consequently, producers could
obtain the prices in the scale of minimum purchase prices adopted by that agreement only thanks to local union pressure. By
failing to examine the two documents in question, the Court of First Instance failed in its duty to state the reasons for
its decision and the judgment under appeal is therefore vitiated by nullity in that respect.

74      It is true that, in order properly to discharge the duty of assessing the facts of the dispute, the Court of First Instance
must carefully examine all the documents submitted to it by the parties and take them into account including those which,
as in this case, were put on the file after the oral hearing, in connection with a measure of organisation under Article 64
of its Rules of Procedure. It is also true that, in the judgment under appeal, the Court of First Instance failed to refer
to the two documents in question, namely the fax of 11 December 2001 and the communiqué of 12 December 2001.

75      However, it is settled case-law that the obligation to state reasons does not require the Court of First Instance to provide
an account that follows exhaustively and point by point all the reasoning articulated by the parties to the case. The reasoning
may therefore be implicit on condition that it enables the persons concerned to know why the measures in question were taken
and provides the competent Court with sufficient material for it to exercise its power of review (see, to that effect, Case
C‐120/99 *Italy* v *Council* [2001] ECR I-7997, paragraph 28, and Joined Cases C‐204/00 P, C‐205/00 P, C‐211/00 P, C‐213/00 P, C‐217/00 P and C‐219/00 P
*Aalborg Portland and Others* v *Commission* [2001] ECR I‐123, paragraph 372).

76      As regards determining whether the Agreement of 24 October 2001 had been orally and secretly renewed beyond 30 November 2001,
the Court of First Instance examined in detail, in paragraphs 164 to 184 of the judgment under appeal, in the light of the
arguments relied upon by the appellant federations, the documents on which the Commission relied for the adoption of the contested
decision, the probative value of which those federations criticised. In particular, the Court of First Instance found that
the tenor of the documents examined in paragraphs 169 to 184 of the judgment under appeal led to the conviction, as the Commission
maintained, that it was decided, at the meetings on 29 November and 5 December 2001, to renew the Agreement of 24 October
2001.

77      Moreover, the Court of First Instance pointed out, in paragraphs 186 and 187 of the judgment under appeal, that the farmers’
federations secretly carried on performing the Agreement of 24 October 2001 whilst adopting a communication strategy intended
publicly to affirm that the agreement had not been renewed and to seek the application of the scale of prices in the guise
of a trade union demand.

78      In those circumstances, the first ground of appeal raised by FNSEA, FNB, FNPL and JA must be rejected as unfounded.

*FNCBV’s fourth ground of appeal, asserting that the Agreement of 24 October 2001 and the oral agreement were not anti-competitive*

79      By its fourth ground of appeal, raised in the alternative, FNCBV claims that the Court of First Instance should have held
that the Agreement of 24 October 2001 was not anti-competitive because of the economic context in which it arose and that
the Court of First Instance should have undertaken an analysis of any effects of the extension of that agreement.

80      FNCBV submits that, in order to determine whether the Agreement of 24 October 2001 was anti-competitive, the Court of First
Instance should have taken the economic context into account. The case was very particular in the sense that the sector in
question had found itself in a completely exceptional situation which had led the Community authorities to put into place
a system of intervention to buy carcasses of meat and enable farmers to subsist.

81      FNCBV submits that the Court of First Instance erred in law in finding that the Commission was not obliged to prove the extension
of the Agreement of 24 October 2001 from the examination of its effects on prices made during the period in question. In that
regard, FNCBV asks the Court to hold that that extension had no effect because of the lack of compliance with the scale of
minimum purchase prices by the various abattoirs in the regions. To that end, FNCBV produces tables which include the prices
paid by abattoirs in the various regions of France and which are supposed to demonstrate that the prices actually realised
differed from one region to another and that most of them were, after the termination of the Agreement of 24 October 2001,
lower than the prices set by that scale.

82      This ground of appeal cannot succeed because it is based on an erroneous reading of paragraphs 81 to 93 of the judgment under
appeal.

83      First, in paragraph 82 of the judgment under appeal, the Court of First Instance held that the purpose of the commitment to
suspend imports under the Agreement of 24 October 2001 was to seal off the French internal market and thus to restrict competition
in the single market. The Court of First Instance found, in paragraphs 84 and 85 of the judgment under appeal, that the federations
which concluded that agreement agreed on a scale of minimum purchase prices with which they undertook to comply, by limiting
the margin for commercial negotiation between farmers and slaughterers and by distorting the setting of prices in the markets
in question.

84      Next, the Court of First Instance examined, in paragraphs 86 to 92 of the judgment under appeal, the context in which the
Agreement of 24 October 2001 had been concluded. In that regard, the Court of First Instance took account both of the specific
nature of the agricultural markets in question, to which, with certain exceptions, the Community competition rules apply,
and of the legal and factual circumstances of the implementation of that agreement in a situation of crisis in the beef industry.

85      Thus, the Court of First Instance pointed out that the prices fixed for a substantial number of cows were significantly higher
than the intervention prices set by the Commission. The Court of First Instance also found that Commission Regulation (EC)
No 2790/1999 of 22 December 1999 on the application of Article 81(3) of the Treaty to categories of vertical agreements and
concerted practices (OJ 1999 L 336, p. 21), which is relied upon by the appellant federations, did not apply in this case
because the production of the members of farmers’ federations greatly exceeded the ceiling of 30% of the relevant market above
which that regulation does not permit the benefit of the exemption by category established in favour of vertical agreements.

86      It is clear from that examination of the judgment under appeal that, contrary to FNCBV’s allegations, the Court of First Instance
took the economic context of the Agreement of 24 October 2001 into consideration in order to determine whether it was anti-competitive.

87      Furthermore, it is well-established case-law that, for the purposes of applying Article 81(1) EC, there is no need to take
account of the actual effects of an agreement once it appears that its object is to restrict, prevent or distort competition
(see, to that effect, Joined Cases 56/64 and 58/64 *Consten and Grundig* v *Commission* [1966] ECR 299, 342, and Joined Cases C-238/99 P, C‐244/99 P, C-245/99 P, C‐247/99 P, C‐250/99 P to C-252/99 P and C‐254/99 P
*Limburgse Vinyl Maatschappij and Others* v *Commission* [2002] ECR I-8375, paragraph 491).

88      In this case, since the Court of First Instance concluded that it was established that the object of the Agreement of 24 October
2001 was anti-competitive, it correctly ruled, in paragraph 93 of the judgment under appeal, that the Commission was not bound
to research the actual effects on competition of the measures adopted by that agreement. Since the extension of the Agreement
of 24 October 2001 beyond 30 November 2001 was also established on the basis of documentary evidence, the Court of First Instance
made no error of law in finding that it was not necessary to demonstrate that extension also from an examination of its effects
on prices paid during the period in question.

89      Accordingly, FNCBV’s fourth ground of appeal must be rejected as unfounded.

*The third ground of appeal raised by FNSEA, FNB, FNPL and JA and FNCBV’s fifth ground of appeal, asserting error of law by
the Court of First Instance in the application of Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17*

90      By their third ground of appeal, FNSEA, FNB, FNPL and JA, supported by the French Republic, claim that the Court of First
Instance erred in law when it held that the upper limit on fines fixed in Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 could be calculated
taking into account the turnover of their members and not that of each federation. The appellant federations submit that it
is a radical change compared with the specific, objective and justified requirement, imposed by the case-law, namely the taking
into account of the turnover of the members of an association of undertakings in the calculation of that limit is subject
to the condition that such association may, under its internal rules, commit its members. In the alternative, the French Republic
adds that, since the appellant federations have no power to commit their members, the Court of First Instance should not have
accepted the taking into account of their members’ turnover in calculating the limit on the fine fixed in that provision without
examining whether the Agreement of 24 October 2001 had actually had an effect on the market in beef and veal.

91      By the first part of its fifth ground of appeal, FNCBV claims that such a departure from the case-law, unaccompanied by an
adequate statement of reasons, is contrary to the principle of legal certainty since the undertakings concerned could not
distinguish the circumstances in which the ceiling of 10% fixed in Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 would be determined by
reference to the turnover of an association of undertakings from those in which it would be determined vis-à-vis the total
turnover of the members of that association.

92      It must be noted that the third ground of appeal raised by FNSEA, FNB, FNPL and JA and the first part of FNCBV’s fifth ground
of appeal are based on a false premiss, which was correctly rejected by the Court of First Instance in paragraphs 316 to 319
of the judgment under appeal.

93      It is true, as the Court of First Instance pointed out in paragraph 317 of the judgment under appeal, that the upper limit
of 10% fixed in Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 may, according to settled case-law, be calculated taking into account the
turnover of all the undertakings which are members of an association of undertakings, at least if that association has power
to bind its members. However, in the same way as the Court of First Instance noted in the following paragraph of the judgment
under appeal, that case-law does not rule out the possibility that, in certain cases, the turnover of the members of an association
could also be taken into account even if the association does not possess formal power to bind its members.

94      FNSEA, FNB, FNPL and JA argue however that, in the more recent case-law, namely *Finnboard* v *Commission*, paragraph 66, the Court of Justice clearly ruled out the taking into account of the turnover of the members of an association
of undertakings if the association does not have the power to bind its members.

95      That reading of the judgment under appeal cannot be accepted.

96      As the Advocate General observed in point 53 of his Opinion, it is clear from the context of paragraph 66 of the judgment
in *Finnboard* v *Commission* that the undertakings which were members of the association on which the Commission had imposed a fine had not been implicated
in the commission of the infringement. It was in those circumstances that the Court held, as regards the imposition of a fine
on an association of undertakings, whose own turnover often does not reflect its size or power on the market, that the Commission
may take into account the turnover of the undertakings which are members of that association in order to determine a sanction
which is deterrent but, for that to be the case, it is necessary that the association has, by virtue of its internal rules,
power to bind its members.

97      Consequently, as pointed out by the Commission, the Court of First Instance was entitled to find that, when, as in this case,
the members of an association of undertakings have participated actively in implementing an anti-competitive agreement, those
members’ turnover could be taken into account for the purposes of determining the sanction, even if the association in question,
in contrast to the situation referred to in paragraph 66 of the judgment in *Finnboard* v *Commission*, has no power to bind its members. The Court of First Instance was therefore correct in deciding, in paragraph 319 of the
judgment under appeal, that such taking into account is justified in ‘cases where an infringement on the part of an association
involves its members’ activities and where the anti-competitive practices at issue are engaged in by the association directly
for the benefit of its members and in cooperation with them, the association having no objective interests independent of
those of its members’.

98      Furthermore, any other interpretation would run counter to the necessity of ensuring the deterrent effect of sanctions imposed
in respect of infringements of the Community competition rules. As the Court of First Instance correctly pointed out, in paragraph
318 of the judgment under appeal, the Commission’s option of imposing fines of an amount appropriate to the infringements
at issue could otherwise be jeopardised, as associations with a very small turnover but bringing together a large number of
undertakings which could not be formally bound but which together have a substantial turnover could be sanctioned only by
very small fines, even if the infringements for which they were responsible could have a considerable influence on the markets
in question.

99      Contrary to FNCBV’s submission, it is clear from paragraphs 318 to 325 of the judgment under appeal that the Court of First
Instance’s reasoning on that point was sufficient in law.

100    The appellant federations argue also that, in paragraphs 320 to 323 of the judgment under appeal, for the purposes of refraining,
in this case, from applying the settled case-law relating to the circumstances in which the upper limit of 10% of turnover
fixed in Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 must be calculated by reference to the turnover of all the undertakings which are
members of an association, the Court of First Instance extracted four criteria from the facts of this case, which it described
as ‘specific circumstances’. They are cases where the primary task of the association of undertakings in question is to defend
and represent the interests of its members, where the anti-competitive agreement in question relates to the activity of the
members of that association and not to that of the association itself, where that agreement was concluded for the benefit
of the members of that association and they cooperated in the anti-competitive practice in question.

101    FNSEA, FNB, FNPL and JA submit, first, that three of those criteria are naturally present in the case of an association of
undertakings. Second, the local agreements and the actions of certain groups of farmers, referred to in paragraph 323 of the
judgment under appeal, do not prove the cooperation of all the active members of those federations on the market for beef
and veal, but demonstrate only the cooperation of some of them. Thus, the conclusion which the Court of First Instance reached
is not justified by an objective link between those federations and all their members nor is it based on the indirect participation
of those members in the anti-competitive practice in question in the present proceedings.

102    Those arguments are based on an erroneous reading of the judgment under appeal and cannot succeed.

103    In paragraph 319 of the judgment under appeal, the Court of First Instance identified new specific circumstances, applicable
to cases of infringements committed by associations of undertakings, to be added to those already recognised by the case-law.
By contrast, in paragraphs 320 to 323 of the judgment under appeal, the Court of First Instance considered whether, in this
case, the circumstances of the appellant federations were specific, in order to decide whether the upper limit of 10% fixed
in Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 had to be determined by reference to the turnover of their members rather than by reference
to that of those federations.

104    It must be pointed out, first, that FNSEA, FNB, FNPL and JA do not challenge the Court of First Instance’s findings of fact
in their regard in paragraphs 320 to 322 of the judgment under appeal and, second, that, as is pointed out in paragraph 59
of the present judgment, the appraisal of the facts and the assessment of the evidence do not, save where the facts and evidence
are distorted, constitute a point of law which is subject, as such, to review by the Court of Justice on appeal (see Case
C-104/00 P *DKV* v *OHIM* [2002] ECR I-7561, paragraph 22, and Case
C-125/06 P *Commission* v *Infront WM* [2008] ECR I‐0000, paragraph 57). Distortion of the facts is not relied upon before the Court of Justice in this case.

105    FNCBV submits that two of the four required cumulative elements as determined by the Court of First Instance are not satisfied
in its case. It claims, first, that the signature of the Agreement of 24 October 2001 was of no interest to its members since
it included the stipulation as to recommended minimum purchase prices for cattle. That agreement was therefore contrary to
their interest. In addition, its signature did not enable the abattoirs to be freed from blockade, since blockades continued
as the Commission’s file shows. That the signature of the Agreement of 24 October 2001 was not in the interests of FNCBV’s
members is also confirmed by the very low number of local agreements relied upon by the Commission.

106    Secondly, the independence of FNCBV’s interests as against those of its members is made manifest not only by the fact that
it does not have the power to bind them, but also by the limited number of local agreements subsequent to the Agreement of
24 October 2001.

107    That argument cannot be accepted.

108    Since the assessment of the facts is within the exclusive jurisdiction of the Court of First Instance, it is not for the Court
of Justice to review whether the Court of First Instance correctly concluded, in paragraph 322 of the judgment under appeal,
that the Agreement of 24 October 2001 had been concluded directly for the benefit of FNCBV’s basic members and, in paragraph
323, that that agreement had been put into effect by the conclusion of local agreements between departmental federations and
local farm unions, on the one hand, and the slaughterers, on the other.

109    FNCBV submits also that neither the Commission nor the Court of First Instance showed that it was impossible to make the member
undertakings of the appellant federations addressees of the Commission’s decisions, so that the fines should be imposed individually
on those members. FNCBV submits that it is clear from Section 5(c) of the Guidelines that it is only when it is impossible
to impose individual fines on the members of an association of undertakings that the Commission may impose a fine on the association
itself, equivalent to the total fines which it would have imposed on its members. Since neither the Commission nor the Court
of First Instance sought to justify the use of the aggregate turnover of the appellant federations’ members in the calculation
of the amount of the fines inflicted on the federations, the judgment under appeal is vitiated by illegality and should be
set aside.

110    That allegation relating to breach of Section 5(c) of the Guidelines was raised by FNCBV for the first time on appeal. It
constitutes therefore, under Article 42(2) of the Rules of Procedure, which, under Article 118 of those rules, applies to
appeals, a new plea in law, which is inadmissible since it is not based on matters of law or of fact which came to light during
the procedure.

111    It follows that the third ground of appeal raised by FNSEA, FNB, FNPL and JA and the first part of FNCBV’s fifth ground of
appeal must be rejected as being, in part, inadmissible and, in part, unfounded.

112    By the second part of its fifth ground of appeal, FNCBV claims that the grounds relied upon in paragraph 320 et seq. of the
judgment under appeal contradict those developed in paragraph 341 et seq., relating to the application of the rule against
aggregation of sanctions.

113    In paragraph 341 of the judgment under appeal, the Court of First Instance emphasised the signature of, participation in,
responsibility for, individual role in, and even the implementation of the Agreement of 24 October 2001 by the appellant federations
to justify the fact that the sanction was imposed on them and not on their members. By contrast, in paragraph 320 et seq.,
emphasis was laid on the fact that that agreement did not concern the appellant federations’ activities, that the measures
adopted did not affect them, that the agreement was concluded directly for the benefit of those federations’ members and finally
that the agreement was put into effect by those federations’ members.

114    Thus, the Court of First Instance developed two contradictory lines of reasoning seeking, in the first case, to maintain that
the appellant federations played a direct and active role in the conclusion and implementation of the Agreement of 24 October
2001 and, in the second case, to declare that those federations were but the transparent vehicle for the actions of their
members.

115    In addition, by accepting, in paragraph 341 of the judgment under appeal, the personal participation of the appellant federations
in the infringements punished by the contested decision, the Court of First Instance implicitly recognised that the taking
into account of the members’ turnover to calculate the upper limit of 10% of turnover under Article 15(2) of Regulation No
17 was not justified in this case.

116    The French Republic submits that the Court of First Instance’s statement, in paragraph 343 of the judgment under appeal, that
the contested decision imposed no sanction on the basic members of the appellant federations appears to contradict the justification,
given in paragraph 319, for taking into account the turnover of those members in the calculation of that 10% limit by the
fact that the Agreement of 24 October 2001 was concluded directly for those members’ benefit and in cooperation with them.

117    Those alleged contradictions in the grounds are based on an erroneous reading of the judgment under appeal. For that reason,
the second part of FNCBV’s fifth ground of appeal cannot be upheld.

118    In order to determine whether the 10% limit fixed in Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 had to be calculated by reference to
the turnover of all the members of the appellant federations, the Court of First Instance reviewed, in paragraphs 320 to 323
of the judgment under appeal, whether the specific circumstances identified in paragraph 319 affected those federations, namely
whether the infringement committed by them involved their members’ activities and whether the anti-competitive practices at
issue had been engaged in by those federations directly for the benefit of their members and in cooperation with them. In
carrying out that exercise, the Court of First Instance found it necessary to rely on the task of those federations, to determine
the activities covered by the Agreement of 24 October 2001 and the beneficiaries of that agreement and to examine the detailed
arrangements for its implementation.

119    On the other hand, in paragraphs 341 to 345 of the judgment under appeal, the Court of First Instance rejected the plea in
law relating to the Commission’s breach of the principle of non-aggregation of sanctions. In that regard, first, the Court
of First Instance established that the sanction imposed on each appellant federation had been pronounced because of its own
participation in and responsibility for the infringement, all the appellant federations having participated albeit with different
intensities and degrees of involvement. Secondly, the Court of First Instance found that the contested decision had not sanctioned
several times the same entities or the same persons for the same acts, because it did not impose sanctions on the basic members,
whether direct or indirect, of those federations.

120    The Court of First Instance did not therefore vitiate its judgment with contradiction in the grounds, when, on the basis of
its reasoning, it concluded, in paragraph 324 of the judgment under appeal, that, for the purposes of calculating the 10%
limit under Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17, it was justified in taking into account the turnover of the basic members of
the appellant federations and, in paragraph 344, finding that the infringers were not identical, since the contested decision
did not sanction several times the same entities or the same persons for the same acts.

121    It follows that the second part of FNCBV’s fifth ground of appeal must be rejected as unfounded.

122    Accordingly, the third ground of appeal raised by FNSEA, FNB, FNPL and JA and FNCBV’s fifth ground of appeal must be rejected
in their entirety.

*The fourth ground of appeal raised by FNSEA, FNB, FNPL and JA, asserting breach of the rule against aggregation and of the
principle of proportionality of sanctions in that the Court of First Instance imposed a separate fine on each of those federations
taking account of the aggregate turnover of their common members*

123    By their fourth ground of appeal, FNSEA, FNB, FNPL and JA submit that the Court of First Instance could not, without infringing
the principles of non-aggregation and proportionality of sanctions and without contradicting itself, impose separate fines
on FNSEA and each of its three sub-federations, where members which are active on the market for beef and veal are common
to them. The Court of First Instance should have held that none of the four federations had interests independent of their
common members and those of the three other federations and should not have upheld the Commission’s method of calculating
the fines on each of the federations, which was based on the aggregate turnover of those members.

124    Those federations claim that the Court of First Instance, in order to justify the aggregation of the sanctions, took into
consideration each of the four appellant federations in the general context, that is to say as separate legal persons with
their own budgets and interests individual to them. On the other hand, in order to justify not exceeding the upper limit,
it took into consideration each of those federations in the particular context of the conclusion of the Agreement of 24 October
2001, that is to say as federations which had acted in the same single interest, namely that of their common members active
on the market for beef and veal. The four appellant federations submit that a single federation, be it FNSEA or be it FNB,
each bringing together the entirety of its common members, could be subjected to a common sanction taking into account the
financial capacity of those members, and that the sanction imposed on the other three federations should take into account
only the amount of their own income.

125    The French Republic submits that, since the basic members of the four appellant federations may be common to several of them,
the Court of First Instance overestimated the economic power of those federations. Therefore, taking into account the turnover
of the members of each of the four appellant federations in the calculation of the upper limit of the fines imposed on them
leads inevitably to the imposition on them of a disproportionate fine.

126    Those arguments, which were already advanced at first instance by the same appellant federations, were rejected by the Court
of First Instance in paragraphs 340 to 346 of the judgment under appeal.

127    The Court of First Instance noted, first, the case-law whereby the application of the principle of *non bis in idem* is subject to the threefold condition of identity of the facts, unity of offender and unity of the legal interest protected,
a principle which prohibits the sanctioning of the same person more than once for a single unlawful course of conduct designed
to protect the same legal asset and held that, in this case, the Commission had fined the appellant federations by reason
of the participation and the degree of responsibility of each of them in the infringement.

128    The Court of First Instance decided, next, that the fact that FNB, FNPL and JA are members of FNSEA does not mean that those
federations were sanctioned several times for the same infringement, since those federations have separate legal personality
with separate budgets and objectives which do not always coincide, and carry out their respective union activity in defence
of their own specific interests.

129    Finally, on the basis of its case-law that taking into account the turnover of the members of an association of undertakings
in determining the 10% limit does not mean that a fine has been imposed on them or even that the association in question has
an obligation to recover the amount of the fine from its members (see *CB and Europay* v *Commission*, paragraph 139), the Court of First Instance concluded, in paragraph 343 of the judgment under appeal, that, since the individual
farmers who were indirect members of the appellant federations were not penalised in the contested decision, the fact that
the basic members of FNB, FNPL and JA were also members of FNSEA did not prevent the Commission from penalising each of those
federations individually.

130    Therefore, the Court of First Instance could conclude, correctly, in paragraph 344 of the judgment under appeal, that the
principle *non bis in idem* was not infringed, since the infringers were not identical, nor was the principle of proportionality, since the appellant
federations’ members, whether direct or indirect, were not fined twice for one and the same infringement.

131    It follows that the fourth ground of appeal raised by FNSEA, FNB, FNPL and JA must be rejected as unfounded.

*FNCBV’s sixth ground of appeal, seeking the reduction of the amount of the fine imposed upon it*

132    By its sixth ground of appeal, FNCBV complains that the Court of First Instance infringed Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17
by setting its fine at EUR 360 000, because that sum corresponds to nearly 20% of its turnover, that is to say the amount
of its income, whereas that provision fixes the maximum fine which may be imposed at 10% of the turnover of the infringing
undertakings.

133    However, since this ground of appeal is based on the premiss that the Commission was not entitled, in order to determine whether
the amount of the fine imposed exceeded the upper limit of 10% of turnover fixed in Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17, to
take into account the turnover of the appellant federations’ members, it must be rejected, since that premiss is, for the
reasons stated in paragraphs 92 to 111 of the present judgment, false.

134    Since the appellant federations have failed on all their grounds of appeal, the appeals must be dismissed in their entirety.

**Costs**

135    Under the first paragraph of Article 122 of the Rules of Procedure, where the appeal is unfounded, the Court of Justice is
to make a decision on the costs. Under Article 69(2) of those rules, which, pursuant to Article 118 thereof, applies to the
procedure on appeal, the unsuccessful party is to be ordered to pay the costs if they have been applied for in the successful
party’s pleadings.

136    As the Commission has requested that the appellant federations be ordered to pay the costs and as they have been unsuccessful,
they must be ordered to pay the costs.

137    The French Republic must bear its own costs.

On those grounds, the Court (Third Chamber) hereby:

1.      **Dismisses the appeals;**

2.      **Orders Coop de France bétail et viande, formerly Fédération nationale de la coopération bétail et viande (FNCBV), Fédération
nationale des syndicats d’exploitants agricoles (FNSEA), Fédération nationale bovine (FNB), Fédération nationale des producteurs
de lait (FNPL) and Jeunes agriculteurs (JA) to pay the costs;**

3.      **Orders the French Republic to bear its own costs.**

[Signatures]

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[\*](#Footref*) Language of the case: French.