FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

CLAYTON R. POORE; DOROTHY ANN 

TESKE; SHARON RIGGS; DENNIS

HAWKE; MERRIE LOU HAWKE; JOHN

ANDERSON; BARBARA ANDERSON;

ROBERT ELLEDGE; MARY ELLEDGE;

ROBERT POSCHWATTA, MARIE

POSCHWATTA; JAMES GUNDIFF; No. 05-36060

MARIE GUNDIFF; JERRY CUSICK; D.C. No.

SELMA CUSICK; HAROLD HUIRAS;  CV-03-00525-HA

LINDA HUIRAS; OWEN ENEVOLDSEN;

and DONNA ENEVOLDSEN, OPINION

Plaintiffs-Appellants,

v.

SIMPSON PAPER COMPANY, a

Washington corporation,

Defendant-Appellee. 

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the District of Oregon

Ancer L. Haggerty, District Judge, Presiding

Argued and Submitted

December 5, 2007—Portland, Oregon

Filed September 22, 2008

Before: Diarmuid F. O’Scannlain, Susan P. Graber, and

Consuelo M. Callahan, Circuit Judges.

Opinion by Judge O’Scannlain;

Dissent by Judge Graber

13325
COUNSEL

Thomas K. Doyle, Bennett, Hartman, Morris & Kaplan, Portland, Oregon, argued the cause for the plaintiffs-appellants

and filed briefs. 

Douglas S. Parker, Preston Gates & Ellis LLP, Anchorage,

Alaska, argued the cause for the defendant-appellee and filed

a brief. 

OPINION

O’SCANNLAIN, Circuit Judge: 

We must decide whether we have subject matter jurisdiction over this dispute about retirement benefits. 

13328 POORE v. SIMPSON PAPER
I

Simpson Paper Company (“Simpson”) owned and operated

the Evergreen Mill in West Linn, Oregon from 1990 until

1996, when it closed for economic reasons. Plaintiffs are former workers in the mill, who retired at ages over 55 but under

65, and their dependent spouses (collectively referred to as

“early retirees” or “retirees”). 

The Association of Western Pulp and Paper Workers (“the

Union”) represented the hourly employees at the mill, including the early retirees, from the 1970s through the time of the

mill’s closure. Three collective bargaining agreements

(“CBAs”) were in force during the time Simpson owned the

mill: 1990-93, 1993-95, and 1995-2001. Simpson and the

Union negotiated a closure agreement in 1996, which terminated the 1995-2001 CBA. 

The first CBA incorporated by reference a benefit booklet,

as follows: “Subject to all the provisions of the Benefit Plan

Booklet the Company will provide for each eligible employee

and each eligible dependent the coverages agreed to in its

labor agreement dated November 27, 1990.” The incorporated

booklet provided that early retirees could continue medical

coverage that existed at the time of retirement and that they

could “change coverage at the annual open enrollment on the

same basis as active employees.” The booklet further provided that such coverage would continue until the retiree

“bec[ame] eligible for Medicare, attain[ed] age 65, or until . . .

death, whichever occurs first.” A similar extension period was

provided for continuation of medical coverage for the retirees’

spouses. During the time that such coverages continued, the

cost was “paid on the same basis as active employees.”

Finally, the benefits booklets specifically reserved to Simpson

the “right to alter, amend, delete, cancel or otherwise change”

the welfare plan benefits “at any time, subject to negotiation

with the Union.” (Emphasis added.) 

POORE v. SIMPSON PAPER 13329
The latter two CBAs likewise incorporated the benefits

booklet. Such contracts stated that, “[u]nless otherwise specified, all participants covered by the health care plans will be

subject to the same level of contributions as active employees

and to the same health care plan provision changes which take

effect from time to time.” Though there were slight changes

to the benefits booklet over the years, the benefits Simpson

provided therein remained substantially the same. 

Simpson’s closure agreement negotiated with the Union

provided that 

[e]mployees who are curtailed as a result of the closure and begin receiving their Simpson pension benefits as of the first of the month immediately

following curtailment, will be eligible for retiree

medical coverage in accordance with the provisions

of the Benefits Plan Booklet. 

Then-active employees received a “Termination Checklist” at

meetings just before the closure. It contained essentially the

same provision just quoted. Neither the closure agreement nor

the information given to employees who remained employed

until closure referenced early retiree or dependent spouse benefits for those who already had retired. 

In 2002, Simpson notified all retirees that it intended to

phase out, and eventually to eliminate, retirement health benefits, and on July 1, 2004, it carried out such intention and

stopped providing retirement health benefits. The present

action followed. 

The early retirees assert that Simpson breached its duties

under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974

(“ERISA”), 29 U.S.C. § 1132, by terminating health benefits

without having obtained the Union’s agreement or having bargained to impasse. They also assert breach of contract claims

under the Labor Management Relations Act (“LMRA”), 29

13330 POORE v. SIMPSON PAPER
U.S.C. § 185(a), arguing Simpson violated its obligations

under the CBAs. The district court granted summary judgment to Simpson, concluding that the early retirees have no

vested right to the benefits they seek. This timely appeal followed. 

II

The parties do not question our jurisdiction; however, we

have an “independent obligation” to ensure that such exists.

Hernandez v. Campbell, 204 F.3d 861, 865 (9th Cir. 2000)

(per curiam). 

A

[1] To establish standing to sue under ERISA, the early

retirees must show that they are plan “participants.” Burrey v.

Pac. Gas & Elec. Co., 159 F.3d 388, 392 (9th Cir. 1998).

ERISA defines a “participant” as “any employee or former

employee of an employer . . . who is or may become eligible

to receive a benefit of any type from an employee benefit plan

. . . .” 29 U.S.C. § 1002(7). The Supreme Court has clarified

that former employees satisfy this definition if they have “ ‘a

reasonable expectation of returning to covered employment’

or . . . ‘a colorable claim’ to vested benefits.” Firestone Tire

& Rubber Co. v. Bruch, 489 U.S. 101, 117 (1989) (emphasis

added) (quoting Kuntz v. Reese, 785 F.2d 1410, 1411 (9th Cir.

1986)). 

[2] However, ERISA does not require that welfare benefits,

including health benefits, actually vest. 29 U.S.C. § 1051(1);

Curtiss-Wright Corp. v. Schoonejongen, 514 U.S. 73, 78

(1995). Rather, whether such benefits are vested is a matter of

private contract. See Inter-Modal Rail Employees Ass’n v.

Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Ry. Co., 520 U.S. 510, 514-15

(1997); Grosz-Salomon v. Paul Revere Life Ins. Co., 237 F.3d

1154, 1160 (9th Cir. 2001) (“Simply put, an employee’s rights

under an ERISA welfare plan do not vest unless and until the

POORE v. SIMPSON PAPER 13331
employer says they do.”). Additionally, because vesting welfare benefits is “an extra-ERISA commitment[, such] must be

stated in clear and express language.” Grosz-Salomon, 237

F.3d at 1160 (citation omitted). 

[3] A “vested right” is commonly defined as a “right that

so completely and definitely belongs to a person that it cannot

be impaired or taken away without the person’s consent.”

Black’s Law Dictionary 1349 (8th ed. 2004).1 Such definition

suggests that unalterability, or at least unalterability in the

absence of consent from the person holding the right, is

required before a right is deemed vested.2 We have applied a

similar interpretation in at least two prior opinions. 

[4] In Bower v. Bunker Hill Co., retirees sued their former

employer alleging that their retirement medical benefits were

improperly terminated. 725 F.2d 1221 (9th Cir. 1984). The

district court granted summary judgment in favor of the

employer, finding that the plaintiffs’ benefits were not vested.

On appeal, we explained that “if the pensioners’ medical

insurance constituted a vested benefit, that benefit could not

be ended without the pensioners’ consent.” Id. at 1223. Similarly, in Grosz-Salomon, we concluded that the employee’s

rights under an insurance policy were not vested because the

employer retained the right to change the policy without the

employee’s consent. 237 F.3d at 1160. 

[5] Several of our sister circuits have also taken this view.

The Third and Seventh Circuits have held that vesting a right

or benefit means to render it “forever unalterable.” Bland v.

1For purposes of pension benefits, which must meet specific minimum

vesting requirements, ERISA equates “vested” with “nonforfeitable.” See

29 U.S.C. § 1053. The statute further defines a “nonforfeitable” right as

a right that is “unconditional, and which is legally enforceable against the

plan.” Id. § 1002(19). 

2Cf. Black’s Law Dictionary 1595 (8th ed. 2004) (defining “vested” in

a property law context as “not contingent; unconditional; [or] absolute”).

13332 POORE v. SIMPSON PAPER
Fiatallis N. Am., Inc., 401 F.3d 779, 784 (7th Cir. 2005); Int’l

Union, United Auto., Aerospace & Agr. Implement Workers

of Am., U.A.W. v. Skinner Engine Co., 188 F.3d 130, 139 (3d

Cir. 1999). Likewise, the Fifth Circuit has explained that “[a]n

employer ‘vests’ a benefit under ERISA when it intends to

confer unalterable and irrevocable benefits on its employees.”

Halliburton Co. Benefits Comm. v. Graves, 463 F.3d 360, 377

(5th Cir. 2006). 

[6] Applying this interpretation of vesting, the district court

was correct in concluding that the early retirees’ health benefits are not vested. The CBA and closure agreement both

incorporate the plan booklet, which expressly reserves to

Simpson “the right to alter, amend, delete, cancel or otherwise

change welfare . . . plan benefits at any time, subject to negotiation with the Union.” Thus, while the plan booklet also provides a specific duration in which the benefits at issue apply,

which can in some circumstances indicate vesting, see Bland,

401 F.3d at 785-86, when read together with the reservationof-rights provision, the plan allows such benefits to be altered,

or even terminated, without the retirees’ consent, which

defeats vesting. Id. at 786; see also Abbruscato v. Empire

Blue Cross & Blue Shield, 274 F.3d 90, 100 (2d Cir. 2001)

(holding where durational language and reservation of rights

is included in same document, the language cannot be construed as vesting benefits for the stated duration). The Seventh

Circuit explained such result as follows: 

[T]he presence of a reservation of rights clause fundamentally alters the interpretation of [durational]

language; both the clause and the [durational] language must be read together, creating a tension that

is best relieved by finding that retirees are entitled to

benefits for [the stated duration], but that this entitlement is subject to change at the employer’s will. 

Bland, 401 F.3d at 786. 

POORE v. SIMPSON PAPER 13333
[7] The early retirees argue that the negotiation qualifier in

Simpson’s reservation of rights demonstrates that the

employer does not have a unilateral right to change their

retirement benefits, and thus the clause does not defeat vesting. Even assuming such interpretation of the qualifying

clause is correct, as to which we express no opinion, it does

not get the early retirees to where they wish to be. Whatever

authority Simpson may have relinquished, on the express

terms of the clause, the retirees do not control their continued

receipt of benefits. A duty to negotiate is not of the same

character as a duty to secure consent. Regardless of what

Simpson is required to do in satisfying its obligation to negotiate, it ultimately retains the exclusive authority to change

retirement health benefits irrespective of the outcome of such

negotiations. 

[8] In addition to the reservation of rights, there are other

provisions in the plan documents showing the malleability of

the retirees’ benefits. The 1995-2001 CBA specifies that “all

participants covered by the health care plans will be subject

to the same level of contributions as active employees and to

the same health care plan provision changes which take effect

from time to time.” Likewise, the 1995 plan booklet, incorporated into the CBA, states that Simpson is only obligated to

pay for retiree health benefits to the same extent that it pays

for active employees’ benefits. These provisions, taken

together with the reservation of rights, establish that the retirees’ rights to benefits are not “unalterable and irrevokable,”

but rather are subject to change by Simpson. Halliburton Co.

Benefits Comm., 463 F.3d at 377. 

Because the early retirees do not have vested rights to the

retirement health benefits they seek, they lack standing under

ERISA, and we must dismiss such claims for lack of subject

matter jurisdiction. See Burrey, 159 F.3d at 392. 

B

[9] The retirees also assert breach of contract claims under

the LMRA. The LMRA confers federal jurisdiction over

13334 POORE v. SIMPSON PAPER
“[s]uits for violation of contracts between an employer and a

labor organization representing employees in an industry

affecting commerce.” 29 U.S.C. § 185(a). As a general rule,

where the contract at issue has expired, the parties are “released . . . from their respective contractual obligations” and

any dispute between them cannot be said to arise under the

contract. Litton Fin. Printing Div. v. NLRB, 501 U.S. 190, 206

(1991). An exception to this general rule exists, however,

where the parties’ dispute concerns a “right that accrued or

vested under the agreement, or where, under normal principles of contract interpretation, the disputed contractual right

survives expiration of the remainder of the agreement.” Id. 

[10] Here, as discussed above, the retirees’ rights to health

benefits under the now expired CBAs were not vested. Thus,

their claim seeking recovery of such benefits does not arise

under contract sufficient to trigger the LMRA’s grant of federal subject matter jurisdiction because their contractual

rights to such benefits “no longer exist[ ].” Office & Prof’l

Employees Ins. Trust Fund, 783 F.2d at 921. See generally

Cement Masons Health & Welfare Trust Fund v. KirkwoodBly, Inc., 520 F. Supp. 942, 943-46 (N.D. Cal. 1981), aff’d,

692 F.2d 641 (9th Cir. 1982) (explaining a court has jurisdiction under the LMRA only “to enforce provisions” of a “legally operative” agreement). 

[11] The dissent seemingly concludes, in part, that because

the early retirees have a vested contractual right requiring

Simpson to negotiate with the Union before changing benefits, their claims alleging that Simpson failed to satisfy this

requirement arise under the parties’ contracts sufficient to

confer federal jurisdiction. Even assuming the dissent were

correct on this point, the retirees here are not simply seeking

procedural relief; they seek the payment of benefits. Thus,

under Office & Prof’l Employees Ins. Trust Fund, we conclude that we lack subject matter jurisdiction over these

claims as well. 783 F.2d at 921. 

POORE v. SIMPSON PAPER 13335
For the foregoing reasons, the appeal is 

DISMISSED.

GRABER, Circuit Judge, dissenting: 

I respectfully dissent. 

A. The majority confuses subject matter jurisdiction with

the merits. 

“Federal courts have an ‘unflagging’ duty to hear cases that

are properly before them.” Cinema Arts, Inc. v. County of

Clark, 722 F.2d 579, 582 (9th Cir. 1983) (quoting Colo. River

Water Conservation Dist. v. United States, 424 U.S. 800, 817

(1976)). The majority shirks this responsibility by closing the

courthouse door to plaintiffs who raise colorable claims under

federal law. See Firestone Tire & Rubber Co. v. Bruch, 489

U.S. 101, 117-18 (1989) (“In order to establish that he or she

may become eligible for benefits [under ERISA], a claimant

must have a colorable claim that (1) he or she will prevail in

a suit for benefits, or that (2) eligibility requirements will be

fulfilled in the future.”). In so doing, the majority ignores fundamental Supreme Court precedent and makes the mistake of

conflating our jurisdictional inquiry with an inquiry into the

merits of Plaintiffs’ claims. 

We recently explored the distinction between a lack of subject matter jurisdiction and a failure to state a federal claim on

the merits, also in the ERISA context. In Cement Masons

Health & Welfare Trust Fund v. Stone, 197 F.3d 1003, 1005

(9th Cir. 1999), the district court had dismissed an ERISA

claim for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. We agreed that

the complaint should have been dismissed, but held that the

decision “should have been made on the merits rather than for

want of subject matter jurisdiction.” Id. We explained: 

13336 POORE v. SIMPSON PAPER
The failure to state a federal claim, either on the

pleadings or the facts, is not the same thing as a failure to establish subject matter jurisdiction. Any nonfrivolous assertion of a federal claim suffices to

establish federal question jurisdiction, even if that

claim is later dismissed on the merits. As the

Supreme Court wrote in Bell v. Hood, 327 U.S. 678,

682, 66 S. Ct. 773, 90 L. Ed. 939 (1946), 

Jurisdiction . . . is not defeated . . . by the

possibility that the averments might fail to

state a cause of action on which petitioners

could actually recover. . . . If the court . . .

exercise[s] its jurisdiction to determine that

the allegations in the complaint do not state

a ground for relief, then dismissal of the

case would be based on the merits, not for

want of jurisdiction. 

See also Wheeldin v. Wheeler, 373 U.S. 647, 649, 83

S. Ct. 1441, 10 L. Ed. 2d 605 (1963) (“We agree . . .

that on the face of the complaint the federal court

had jurisdiction. . . . But on the undisputed facts, . . .

no federal cause of action can be made out.”). 

Id. at 1008 (emphasis added) (ellipses and alteration in original). 

So, here, it may be that Plaintiffs eventually would lose on

the merits. But their federal claims are not frivolous. As I will

explain in the next section, this dispute arises under the relevant collective bargaining agreements and benefit plans,

which explicitly provide that early retirees’ and spouses’

health care benefits are to continue after the agreements’ expiration. That being so, we have federal question jurisdiction,

28 U.S.C. § 1331, over this action, which is brought pursuant

to the Labor Management Relations Act, 29 U.S.C. § 185(a),

and ERISA, id. § 1132(a)(1)(B). 

POORE v. SIMPSON PAPER 13337
B. The collective bargaining agreements and benefit plans

guarantee certain medical benefits after expiration of the

contract. 

Generally, when a collective bargaining agreement

(“CBA”) expires, its terms survive only to define an employer’s obligations under the National Labor Relations Act,

which fall under the exclusive jurisdiction of the National

Labor Relations Board. Office & Prof’l Employees Ins. Trust

Fund v. Laborers Funds Admin. Office of N. Cal., Inc., 783

F.2d 919, 921-22 (9th Cir. 1986). Nevertheless, “the parties

may themselves set out by agreement or by private design, as

set out in plan documents, whether retiree welfare benefits

vest, or whether they may be terminated.” Cinelli v. Sec. Pac.

Corp., 61 F.3d 1437, 1441 (9th Cir. 1995) (internal quotations

marks omitted). 

In other words, the parties may agree that the terms of a

CBA survive expiration of the CBA. As explained by the

Supreme Court, “an expired contract has by its own terms

released all its parties from their respective contractual obligations, except obligations already fixed under the contract but

as yet unsatisfied.” Litton Fin. Printing Div. v. NLRB, 501

U.S. 190, 206 (1991) (emphasis added).

Rights which accrue[ ] or vest[ ] under the agreement will, as a general rule, survive termination of

the agreement. And of course, if a collectivebargaining agreement provides in explicit terms that

certain benefits continue after the agreement’s expiration, disputes as to such continuing benefits may

be found to arise under the agreement . . . . 

Id. at 207 (emphasis added); see also Nolde Bros. v. Local No.

358, Bakery & Confectionery Workers Union, 430 U.S. 243,

249 (1977) (“[T]here is . . . no reason why parties could not

if they so chose agree to the accrual of rights during the term

of an agreement and their realization after the agreement had

13338 POORE v. SIMPSON PAPER
expired. . . . The dispute therefore, although arising after the

expiration of the collective-bargaining contract, clearly arises

under that contract.” (citation, footnote, and internal quotation

marks omitted)). 

Here, Plaintiffs’ claims are contractual. They sued under

the Labor Management Relations Act “for violation of contract[ ],” 29 U.S.C. § 185(a), and under ERISA “to recover

benefits due . . . under the terms of [their] plan,” id.

§ 1132(a)(1)(B). They argue that they have a “right to retiree

health care benefits pursuant to the terms of the collective bargaining agreements under which they retired.” They contend

that the CBAs “only allow[ ] changes to be made subject to

negotiation with the union,” that the term “negotiation” has

the usual labor law meaning of bargaining to impasse, see id.

§ 158(a)(5) & (d), and that the record on summary judgment

demonstrates a genuine issue of material fact as to whether

Defendant bargained in good faith. Defendant counters that

Plaintiffs’ right to benefits did not vest under the CBAs.

Alternatively, Defendant argues that, under the CBAs, “negotiation” over termination of retiree health care benefits does

not require anything more than advance notification, which it

gave. 

The relevant CBAs provide, in substance, that early retirees

will retain company health insurance benefits until age 65.

Similarly, their spouses are to receive coverage until age 65

or until certain other conditions occur. The contracts also

incorporate the terms of benefits booklets. The benefits booklets, in turn, provide that Defendant employer “reserves the

right to alter, amend, delete, cancel or otherwise change” the

welfare plan benefits “at any time, subject to negotiation with

the Union.” (Emphasis added.) The most reasonable reading

of that provision is that the CBAs grant Plaintiffs the continuing benefit of health insurance until age 65, which Defendant

retains the right to end at any time, but not unilaterally.

1

1Although the bargained-for closure agreement does not address the status of early retiree health benefits, it does appear to assume that retiree

POORE v. SIMPSON PAPER 13339
Under Litton and Nolde Brothers, the parties thus contracted

for a benefit to survive termination of the CBAs, and we

therefore have jurisdiction to examine this dispute that arises

under those CBAs. 

On this record, both the interpretation of the “subject to

negotiation” clause and the extent to which that clause, however it is properly interpreted, was followed are disputed

issues of fact. The text of the CBAs requires that Defendant’s

right to terminate benefits is “subject to negotiation with the

Union,” but the CBAs do not explain what the parties

intended the term “subject to negotiation” to require. Parties’

past practices inform the meaning of terms in a CBA. See

Operating Eng’rs Pension Trusts v. B & E Backhoe, Inc., 911

F.2d 1347, 1352 (9th Cir. 1990) (“A collective bargaining

agreement is not governed by the same principles of interpretation applicable to private contracts . . . and cannot be interpreted without considering the scope of other related

collective bargaining agreements as well as the practice,

usage and custom pertaining to all such agreements.” (citation

omitted)). But the district court did not allow the parties to

develop a factual record on what they considered “negotiation” to require, nor did the court examine what actions

occurred in advance of the benefits’ termination that might

have constituted negotiation. 

Because the CBAs granted Plaintiffs the right to continue

receiving health benefits until age 65 subject to Defendant’s

negotiating with the Union, which may or may not have

occurred, summary judgment in favor of Defendant was inappropriate. Genuine issues of material fact remain. 

welfare benefits will continue under the terms of the superseded CBA:

“Employees who are curtailed as a result of the closure . . . will be eligible

for retiree medical coverage in accordance with the provisions of the Benefits Plan Booklet.” (Emphasis added.) 

13340 POORE v. SIMPSON PAPER
In refusing to entertain the present litigation at all, the

majority makes two further errors. First, it adopts an out-ofcontext definition of vesting. Second, it ignores basic principles of contract law. Each error contravenes Supreme Court

precedent. 

The majority holds that “unalterability in the absence of

consent from the person holding the right[ ] is required before

a right is deemed vested” because “[a] ‘vested right’ is commonly defined as a ‘right that so completely and definitely

belongs to a person that it cannot be impaired or taken away

without the person’s consent.’ ” Majority op. at 13332 (quoting Black’s Law Dictionary 1349 (8th ed. 2004)). There is

nothing “common” about the majority’s definition of a vested

right; rather, its definition applies specifically to the vesting

of constitutional rights, not generally to contractual rights.2

See Black’s Law Dictionary 1349 (explaining the quoted definition of “vested right” by citing constitutional law sources).

As to contractual rights, the majority’s imposition of a

requirement of unalterability has no basis in precedent or

common usage.3

As the majority acknowledges, here, “whether such benefits are vested is a matter of private contract.” Majority op. at

13331. In the context of private employment contracts, the

Supreme Court has stated that a right to a benefit is vested

simply if “the employee’s right to the benefit would survive

2The majority also cites to ERISA’s equating of “vested” with “nonforfeitable” as evidence that a right must be unalterable in order to be vested.

Majority op. at 13332 n.1. But “under the ERISA definition, nonforfeitable does not mean that the payments must be absolutely unconditional.”

Modzelewski v. Resolution Trust Corp., 14 F.3d 1374, 1378 (9th Cir.

1994). 

3The unalterability requirement also has no basis in logic. For example,

if a contract guaranteed pension payments of $X in year one, $X + $1,000

in year two, and $X + $2,000 in year three, we would have jurisdiction

over a claim to those benefits, just as we would if the contract gave retirees $X each year. 

POORE v. SIMPSON PAPER 13341
a termination of his employment.” Nachman Corp. v. Pension

Benefit Guar. Corp., 446 U.S. 359, 363-64 (1980); see United

States v. Weiland, 420 F.3d 1062, 1079 n.16 (9th Cir. 2005)

(“[W]e are bound to follow a controlling Supreme Court precedent until it is explicitly overruled by that Court.”). This

principle comports with the common, non-constitutional definition of a “vested” right as “a completed, consummated right

for present or future enjoyment.” Black’s Law Dictionary

1595 (emphasis added); see United States v. Wealth & Tax

Advisory Servs., Inc., 526 F.3d 528, 530 (9th Cir. 2008) (per

curiam) (“Courts often turn to dictionaries to determine the

plain, unambiguous, and common meaning of terms.”). In

other words, the CBAs vest whatever their terms state,

whether agreed to be paid in the present or in the future (after

expiration of the CBA). 

The majority is mistaken that this court’s precedents and

our sister circuits’ precedents “have applied a similar interpretation” of vesting. Majority op. at 13332. In Bower v. Bunker

Hill Co., 725 F.2d 1221, 1223 (9th Cir. 1984), we stated that,

“if the pensioners’ medical insurance constituted a vested

benefit, that benefit could not be ended without the pensioners’ consent.” See majority op. at 13332 (quoting Bower). But

this statement merely establishes what occurs if a benefit vests

—it does not explain how a benefit vests.4 Similarly, the other

precedents that the majority cites establish only that a vested

right is “forever unalterable,” not that a right must be forever

unalterable in order to vest. See Bland v. Fiatallis N. Am.,

Inc., 401 F.3d 779, 784 (7th Cir. 2005) (“Upon vesting, benefits become forever unalterable . . . .” (emphasis added)); Int’l

Union, United Auto. Workers of Am. v. Skinner Engine Co.,

4The majority’s citation to Grosz-Salomon v. Paul Revere Life Insurance Co., 237 F.3d 1154 (9th Cir. 2001), is equally inapposite. In that

case, the benefit plan “could change . . . upon written request from the policyholder.” Id. at 1160. In other words, no consent or negotiation was

required from anyone—the contract had a standard, limitless reservation

of rights clause. Here, Defendant’s right to change the benefits is not

unfettered; it is subject to negotiation with the Union. 

13342 POORE v. SIMPSON PAPER
188 F.3d 130, 139 (3d Cir. 1999) (“In applying these standards, it must be remembered that to vest benefits is to render

them forever unalterable.” (emphasis added)); see also

Sprague v. Gen. Motors Corp., 133 F.3d 388, 400 (6th Cir.

1998) (en banc) (“To vest benefits is to render them forever

unalterable.” (emphasis added)). 

In short, the precedents unremarkably state that, if a benefit

is vested, then that bargained-for benefit cannot be changed.5

See 23 Williston on Contracts § 63:1, p. 434 (4th ed. 2002)

(“As a contract consists of a binding promise or set of promises, a breach of contract is a failure, without legal excuse, to

perform any promise that forms the whole or part of a contract.” (footnote omitted)). The majority, on the other hand,

relies on the precedents to adopt the converse principle—only

if a benefit is unalterable does the benefit vest. The majority’s

precedential analysis thus relies on a logical fallacy. 

The majority also quotes Halliburton Co. Benefits Committee v. Graves, 463 F.3d 360, 377 (5th Cir. 2006), majority op.

at 13333, but its quotation is incomplete. In Halliburton, the

Fifth Circuit wrote that “[a]n employer ‘vests’ a benefit under

ERISA when it intends to confer unalterable and irrevocable

benefits on its employees.” 463 F.3d at 377. The court went

on to hold: “The parties were free to impose contractual obligations on the right to amend or terminate the [retiree benefits], and they did. Because of these limitations, [the

employer] cannot alter the retiree program, except as consistent with the plan . . . .” Id. at 378. Consequently, regardless

of the Fifth Circuit’s definition of vesting, the court exercised

jurisdiction over alterable benefits and bound the employer to

5The Supreme Court stated as much when it required that a benefit be

“fixed under the contract but as yet unsatisfied.” Litton Fin. Printing Div.

v. NLRB, 501 U.S. 190, 206 (1991). What the majority fails to realize is

that Plaintiffs’ benefits are fixed. They have a right to benefits unless and

until Defendant negotiates with the Union (or they reach age 65). It is a

right that can be divested, but that does not change the fact that it is vested

until negotiation occurs. 

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the bargained-for contractual limitations on its ability to

change retiree benefits—an approach in direct conflict with

the path taken by the majority. 

Most importantly, the majority’s holding violates basic

principles of contract law. The majority holds that Plaintiffs’

benefits are not vested because Defendant can terminate them

“subject to negotiation with the Union.” But, under the terms

of the CBAs, Plaintiffs have an absolute contractual right to

their benefits unless and until such negotiation occurs (or

until they turn 65). The act of negotiation therefore operates

as a condition subsequent. See 13 Williston on Contracts

§ 38:9, p. 408 (“A condition subsequent has been defined as

a future event upon the happening of which the agreement or

obligations of the parties would be no longer binding.”).

Under contract law, “[t]he fact that rights are future and conditional does not prevent their recognition and protection . . . .

A contract creating such rights is legally effective according

to its terms. . . . [T]hese rights are vested.” 8 Corbin on Contracts § 30:5, p. 8 (rev. ed. 1999) (emphases added); see also

13 Williston on Contracts § 38:1 (stating that a condition that

qualifies a party’s duty to perform does not qualify the existence of a contract). 

Consistent with this basic understanding, the Supreme

Court has held that benefits vest even if subject to a condition

subsequent and that the terms of the condition are enforceable. See Nachman, 446 U.S. at 378 (“[E]ven if the actual

realization of expected benefits might depend on the sufficiency of plan assets, they were nonetheless considered vested.”); see also Modzelewski, 14 F.3d at 1378 (“The Supreme

Court . . . has noted that vested pension rights may still be

subject to certain conditions subsequent.” (citing Nachman));

Helwig v. Kelsey-Hayes Co., 93 F.3d 243, 250 (6th Cir. 1996)

(“[E]mployers may modify or terminate vested rights where

their power [to] do so was an explicit part of the agreement

between the parties.”). Consequently, under Litton, we have

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jurisdiction over “disputes as to such continuing benefits.”

501 U.S. at 207. 

C. Conclusion

In summary, the CBAs gave Plaintiffs the vested right to

medical benefits until the age of 65, unless and until “negotiation with the Union” resulted in a change. The interpretation

of that negotiation clause and the extent to which it was followed are disputed issues of fact, which require us to reverse

and remand the case for further proceedings. We have federal

question jurisdiction because Plaintiffs’ non-frivolous claims

arise under the Labor Management Relations Act and ERISA.

The majority contravenes Supreme Court precedent and basic

principles of contract law in holding otherwise. I therefore am

compelled to dissent.

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