**Case C-19/07**

**Heirs of Paul Chevassus-Marche**

**v**

**Groupe Danone and Others**

(Reference for a preliminary ruling from the

Cour de cassation (France))

(Approximation of laws – Directive 86/653/EEC – Self-employed commercial agents – Right of an agent entrusted with a specific geographical area to a commission – Transactions concluded without any action on the part of the principal)

Summary of the Judgment

*Freedom of movement for persons – Freedom of establishment – Self-employed commercial agents – Directive 86/653*

*(Council Directive 86/653, Arts 7(2), first indent, 10(1) and (2), and 11(1))*

The first indent of Article 7(2) of Directive 86/653 on the coordination of the laws of the Member States relating to self-employed
commercial agents must be interpreted as meaning that a commercial agent entrusted with a specific geographical area does
not have the right to a commission for transactions concluded by customers belonging to that area with a third party without
any action, direct or indirect, on the part of the principal.

Although that provision merely refers to any ‘transactions concluded during the period covered by the agency contract’, without
any other requirement than that those transactions have been entered into with a customer belonging to a geographical area
or a group of customers for whom the commercial agent is responsible, it nevertheless follows from the combination of Article
10(1) and Article 10(2) of Directive 86/653 that the commercial agent’s right to commission arises either when the principal
has or should have carried out his obligation, or when the third party to the agency contract, that is the customer, has or
should have carried out his obligation. In each instance, the presence of the principal in the transactions for which the
commercial agent can claim commission is indispensable. That is supported by the wording of Article 11(1) of that directive,
according to which the commercial agent’s right to commission can be extinguished only if and to the extent that it is established
that the contract between the third party and the principal will not be executed, and that fact is due to a reason for which
the principal is not to blame.

It is for the national court to establish whether or not the evidence before it, assessed in the light of the aim of protecting
the commercial agent which is one of the objectives of that directive and of the obligation on the principal to act dutifully
and in good faith under Article 4 of that directive, allows it to establish the existence of such action, be that action of
a legal nature, for example through the intermediary of a representative, or of a factual nature.

(see paras 16, 19-23, operative part)


JUDGMENT OF THE COURT (First Chamber)

17 January 2008 ([\*](#Footnote*))

(Approximation of laws – Directive 86/653/EEC – Self-employed commercial agents – Right of an agent entrusted with a specific geographical area to a commission – Transactions concluded without any action on the part of the principal)

In Case C‐19/07,

REFERENCE for a preliminary ruling under Article 234 EC from the Cour de cassation (France), made by decision of 19 December
2006, received at the Court on 23 January 2007, in the proceedings

**Heirs of Paul Chevassus-Marche**

v

**Groupe Danone,**

**Kro beer brands SA (BKSA),**

**Évian eaux minérales d’Évian SA (SAEME),**

THE COURT (First Chamber),

composed of P. Jann (Rapporteur), President of the Chamber, A. Tizzano, A. Borg Barthet, M. Ilešič and E. Levits, Judges,

Advocate General: D. Ruiz-Jarabo Colomer,

Registrar: R. Grass,

having regard to the written procedure,

after considering the observations submitted on behalf of:

–        the heirs of Mr Chevassus-Marche, by SCP Waquet, Farge and Hazan, lawyers,

–        Groupe Danone, Kro beer brands SA (BKSA) and Évian eaux minérales d’Évian SA (SAEME), by SCP Célice, Blancpain and Soltner,
lawyers,

–        the French Government, by G. de Bergues and A.-L. During, acting as Agents,

–        the German Government, by M. Lumma and A. Dittrich, acting as Agents,

–        the Commission of the European Communities, by H. Støvlbæk and A. Bordes, acting as Agents,

having decided, after hearing the Advocate General, to proceed to judgment without an Opinion,

gives the following

**Judgment**

1        This reference for a preliminary ruling concerns the interpretation of Article 7(2) of Council Directive 86/653/EEC of 18
December 1986 on the coordination of the laws of the Member States relating to self-employed commercial agents (OJ 1986 L 382,
p. 17) (‘Directive 86/653’).

2        The reference has been made in the course of proceedings between the heirs of Mr Chevassus-Marche and Groupe Danone, Kro beer
brands SA and Évian eaux minérales d’Évian SA regarding the liability of those companies for the payment of commission to
Mr Chevassus-Marche.

**Legal context**

3        Article 1(2) of Directive 86/653 defines a commercial agent as being ‘a self-employed intermediary who has continuing authority
to negotiate the sale or the purchase of goods on behalf of another person, hereinafter called the “principal”, or to negotiate
and conclude such transactions on behalf of and in the name of that principal’.

4        Article 4(1) of Directive 86/653 states:

‘In his relations with his commercial agent a principal must act dutifully and in good faith.’

5        Article 7 of that directive provides:

‘1. A commercial agent shall be entitled to commission on commercial transactions concluded during the period covered by the
agency contract:

(a)      where the transaction has been concluded as a result of his action; or

(b)      where the transaction is concluded with a third party whom he has previously acquired as a customer for transactions of the
same kind.

2.      A commercial agent shall also be entitled to commission on transactions concluded during the period covered by the agency
contract:

–        either where he is entrusted with a specific geographical area or group of customers,

–        or where he has an exclusive right to a specific geographical area or group of customers,

and where the transaction has been entered into with a customer belonging to that area or group.

Member State[s] shall include in their legislation one of the possibilities referred to in the above two indents.’

6        As regards the time when the right to commission arises, Article 10(1) and (2) of Directive 86/653 states:

‘1.      The commission shall become due as soon as and to the extent that one of the following circumstances obtains:

(a)      the principal has executed the transaction; or

(b)      the principal should, according to his agreement with the third party, have executed the transaction; or

(c)      the third party has executed the transaction.

2.      The commission shall become due at the latest when the third party has executed his part of the transaction or should have
done so if the principal had executed his part of the transaction, as he should have.’

7        As regards the extinguishment of the right to commission, Article 11(1) of that directive provides:

‘The right to commission can be extinguished only if and to the extent that:

–        it is established that the contract between the third party and the principal will not be executed, and

–        that fac[t] is due to a reason for which the principal is not to blame.’

**The dispute in the main proceedings and the question referred for a preliminary ruling**

8        In 1987, BSN, now Groupe Danone, concluded with Mr Chevassus-Marche an exclusive mandate to represent its subsidiaries, Brasseries
Kronenberg, now Kro beer brands SA, and Évian eaux minérales d’Évian SA in their dealings with the importers, wholesalers
and retailers of their goods in a specific geographical area including the islands of Mayotte and La Réunion (a French overseas
collectivity and a French overseas department respectively).

9        Following the termination of that contract, Mr Chevassus-Marche requested from Groupe Danone and its subsidiaries the payment
of various sums, among which were commissions relating to purchases made by two companies established in his geographical
area. Those requests were refused on the ground that the purchases concerned had been made from central buying offices or
dealers in metropolitan France, outside the control of Groupe Danone and it subsidiaries and without any action on the part
of Mr Chevassus-Marche.

10      Since the Paris Commercial Court and the Paris Court of Appeal dismissed his action insofar as it concerned the payment of
those commissions, Mr Chevassus-Marche lodged an appeal at the Cour de Cassation, which was continued by his heirs following
his death.

11      The Cour de Cassation considers that in order to give judgment in the main proceedings it requires an interpretation of Article
7(2) of Directive 86/653. Consequently, it has decided to stay proceedings and to refer the following question to the Court
for a preliminary ruling:

‘Is Article 7(2) of ... Directive 86/653/EEC ... to be interpreted as meaning that a commercial agent entrusted with a specific
geographical area is entitled to commission where a commercial transaction between a third party and a customer belonging
to that area has been concluded without any action, either direct or indirect, on the principal’s part ?’

**The question referred for a preliminary ruling**

12      By that question, the national court asks, in essence, whether the first indent of Article 7(2) of Directive 86/653 should
be interpreted as meaning that a commercial agent entrusted with a specific geographical area has the right to a commission
for transactions concluded by customers belonging to that area with a third party, without any action, direct or indirect,
on the part of the principal.

13      In Case C-104/95 *Kontogeorgas* [1996] ECR I-6643, the Court was called upon to interpret Article 7 of Directive 86/653 in a situation where the principal
itself sold its goods to customers belonging to a geographical area which it had entrusted to a commercial agent. When asked
whether that agent could claim commission for transactions concluded without any action on his part, the Court held, at paragraph
16 of the judgment, that Article 7 of that directive provides for entitlement to commission in two alternative cases. Paragraph
1 refers to the agent’s ongoing or previous activities, whereas paragraph 2 provides that a commercial agent is to be remunerated
for all transactions entered into with customers belonging to a certain area or group, no mention being made of the need for
any particular activity on the part of the agent.

14      In the situation in question in *Kontogeorgas* the Court held that the first indent of Article 7(2) of Directive 86/653 must be interpreted as meaning that, where a commercial
agent is entrusted with a geographical area, he is entitled to commission on transactions concluded with customers belonging
to that area, even if they were concluded without any action on his part (*Kontogeorgas*, paragraph 19).

15      The present order for reference asks whether that interpretation should also apply in a situation, such as that in the dispute
in the main proceedings, where the sales of goods concluded with the customers established in the geographical sector entrusted
to the relevant commercial agent were concluded not only without any action by that agent but also without any action, direct
or indirect, on the part of the principal.

16      In that regard, it must be acknowledged that, as the heirs of Mr Chevassus-Marche have pointed out, Article 7(2) of Directive
86/653 merely refers to any ‘transactions concluded during the period covered by the agency contract’, without any other requirement
than that those transactions have been entered into with a customer belonging to a geographical area or a group of customers
for whom the commercial agent is responsible. There is no more an express requirement for action on the part of the principal
than there is for action on the part of the commercial agent.

17      However, Article 7(2) of Directive 86/653 must be read together with Article 10 of that directive, which specifies the conditions
to which the commercial agent’s right to commission is subject.

18      Article 10 of that directive establishes the circumstances which give rise to that right. Article 10(1) distinguishes three
alternative circumstances which are capable – each on its own – of constituting the event giving rise to the right to commission.
The right is thus acquired as soon as and to the extent that the principal has executed the transaction or should have executed
it, according to his agreement with the third party, or as soon as or to the extent that the third party has executed the
transaction. Article 10(2) of Directive 86/653 states that the commission becomes due, at the latest, when that third party
has executed his part of the transaction or should have done so if the principal had executed his part of the transaction.

19      It follows from the combination of those two paragraphs of Article 10 of Directive 86/653 that the commercial agent’s right
to commission arises either when the principal has or should have carried out his obligation, or when the third party to the
agency contract, that is the customer, has or should have carried out his obligation. In each instance, the presence of the
principal in the transactions for which the commercial agent can claim commission is indispensable.

20      That interpretation of Article 10 of Directive 86/653 is supported by the wording of Article 11(1) of that directive, according
to which the commercial agent’s right to commission can be extinguished only if and to the extent that it is established that
the contract between the third party and the principal will not be executed, and that fact is due to a reason for which the
principal is not to blame. That sole ground for extinguishment, which requires the combination of two sets of circumstances
in which express reference is made to the principal, emphasises the importance of his role for the existence of the right
to commission.

21      It therefore follows from Articles 7(2), 10(1) and (2), and 11(1) of Directive 86/653, read in conjunction with each other,
that the commercial agent can claim commission on the basis of a transaction only to the extent that the principal acted,
directly or indirectly, in the conclusion of that transaction.

22      It is for the national court to establish whether or not the evidence before it, assessed in the light of the aim of protecting
the commercial agent – which is one of the objectives of that directive (Case C-215/97 *Bellone* [1998] ECR I-2191, paragraph 13; Case C-381/98 *Ingmar* [2000] ECR I-9305, paragraph 20; and Case C-465/04 *Honyvem Informazioni Commerciali* [2006] ECR I-2879, paragraph 19) – and of the obligation on the principal to act dutifully and in good faith under Article
4 of that directive, allow it to establish the existence of such action, be that action of a legal nature, for example through
the intermediary of a representative, or of a factual nature.

23      Having regard to the foregoing considerations, the reply to the question referred must be that the first indent of Article
7(2) of Directive 86/653 must be interpreted as meaning that a commercial agent entrusted with a specific geographical area
does not have the right to a commission for transactions concluded by customers belonging to that area with a third party
without any action, direct or indirect, on the part of the principal.

**Costs**

24      Since these proceedings are, for the parties to the main proceedings, a step in the action pending before the national court,
the decision on costs is a matter for that court. Costs incurred in submitting observations to the Court, other than the costs
of those parties, are not recoverable.

On those grounds, the Court (First Chamber) hereby rules:

**The first indent of Article 7(2) of Directive 86/653/EEC of 18 December 1986 on the coordination of the laws of the Member
States relating to self-employed commercial agents must be interpreted as meaning that a commercial agent entrusted with a
specific geographical area does not have the right to a commission for transactions concluded by customers belonging to that
area with a third party without any action, direct or indirect, on the part of the principal.**

[Signatures]

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[\*](#Footref*) Language of the case: French.