1

NOTICE

Decision filed 09/05/08. The text of

this dec ision m ay be changed or

corrected prior to the filing of a

Petition for Re hea ring o r the

disposition of the same.

NO. 5-07-0465

IN THE

APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

FIFTH DISTRICT

________________________________________________________________________

In re PHILLIP E. ) Appeal from the

) Circuit Court of

(The People of the State of Illinois, ) Randolph County.

)

 Petitioner-Appellee, )

)

v. ) No. 07-MH-192

)

Phillip E., ) Honorable

) William A. Schuwerk, Jr.,

 Respondent-Appellant). ) Judge, presiding.

________________________________________________________________________

JUSTICE CHAPMAN delivered the opinion of the court:

Phillip E. appeals from the trial court's August 8, 2007, judgment concluding that he

should remain subject to involuntary admission and "hospitalized in a Department of Human

Services mental health or developmental center, which is the least restrictive environment

currently appropriate and available." We reverse. 

From the record, we note that Phillip E. was born in 1980 and has essentially been a

part of various state programs since he was an infant. Phillip was born in a prison to an

unwed inmate. He lived in a Texas prison for the first couple of years of his life. Thereafter,

he had multiple home placements with no stable home environment. The behavioral

problems began when he was about seven years of age. There were numerous foster home

placements. Phillip made several attempts to run away from those placements. Beginning

at about eight years of age, he was treated for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

(ADHD) and depression. By the age of 11, he was being treated with additional medication

for severe mood swings. He never graduated from high school, and while he had a couple
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of part-time jobs, his history does not appear to include any steady employment. Since 1999,

Phillip has been in and out of various psychiatric hospital settings that apparently coincide

with criminal charges. The admission at issue in this case was Phillip's seventh since 1999.

Since the age of 18 (around 1998 or 1999), Phillip has been arrested numerous times in

Franklin County for criminal damage to property, intimidation/disorderly conduct, and

aggravated battery. He has been incarcerated for some of the charges in Franklin County.

On the most recent charges of criminal damage to property and resisting a peace

officer, which form the genesis of this commitment, Phillip was found unfit to stand trial due

to his mental status. He was thereafter admitted to Alton Mental Health Center. This

admission occurred on September 24, 2002. His various aggressive behaviors in Alton

Mental Health Center were of a nature that Phillip was no longer manageable there. He was

ultimately transferred to Chester Mental Health Center after a March 31, 2003, altercation

when he injured several Alton staff members.

He arrived at Chester Mental Health Center on April 1, 2003. He had been held at

Chester Mental Health Center subject to involuntary admission since November 12, 2003.

During his time at Chester Mental Health Center, there were several incidents requiring full

restraint–some at his own request due to fears that he could cause injury to himself or to

others. There were several incidents of aggressive behavior toward others and toward

property. While he had improved on taking his prescribed medication, the record was full

of incidents in which he would not take his medication. 

The current petition to maintain Phillip on an involuntary commitment status was filed

on August 2, 2007. The petition was accompanied by two certificates of examination–one

conducted on July 13, 2007, by licensed clinical social worker Ellen Steibel and the other

conducted on July 16, 2007, by psychiatrist P.S. Thakur, M.D. In addition to the two

certificates, a lengthy 30-day treatment plan was also filed with the petition. 
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At the time this petition was filed, Phillip continued to suffer a few mood swings each

day. He was listed as being paranoid and easily agitated. The record indicated that as a

result of his agitation, Phillip had a history where he "slams the door, sometimes hits the wall

or door, sometimes flips over his bed and desk, yells loudly in a threatening manner, [and]

paces the floor." He was described as being loud and abusive to the staff. Dr. P.S. Thakur,

the psychiatrist who filed the petition to extend Phillip's involuntary admission, diagnosed

Phillip on Axis I with schizoaffective disorder, mixed-type bipolar; somatization disorder;

and a history of prior ADHD treatment. On Axis II, Dr. Thakur was of the opinion that

Phillip suffered from a borderline personality disorder, which manifested itself in constant

attention-seeking behaviors for fear of being abandoned, in an inability to form stable

relationships, significant impulsivity, marked reactive mood, inappropriate anger, and a

display of temper tantrums. Dr. Thakur was of the opinion that Phillip had suffered from

major psychiatric disorders since 1999. At the time that the petition was filed, Phillip was

taking olanzapine for psychosis, oxcarbazepine for unstable mood, hydroxyzine for agitation,

clonazepam for agitation and mood swings, and lamotrigine for mood swings.

The treatment plan indicated that Phillip "demonstrated some improvement

behaviorally[] but continues to require treatment in a structured setting." Of note was the fact

that the last time his behavior resulted in the need for full restraint was back on April 28,

2007. 

As far as contact with family, significant others, and/or community, the social worker

and psychiatrist noted in Phillip's treatment plan that since December 28, 2006, his mother

had reentered his life. During that time frame, his mother visited and spoke with him by

phone on a regular basis. However, the mother did not want Phillip to know what her

telephone number was, and so all phone contact had to be initiated by Phillip's therapist.

Phillip was personally served with a copy of the notice of hearing by the Randolph
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County sheriff's office on August 3, 2007. The record remains unclear regarding whether

or not he was served with a copy of the petition as well. Because we are unclear regarding

the service of the petition, we are unclear regarding whether or not his rights were provided

to and/or explained to him. Assuming he was served with the petition, we note that on page

four of the petition there are 11 items typed and labeled "Rights of Admittee."

The hearing was held on August 8, 2007. Only one witness was called in support of

the petition. That witness was Cindy Stoll, a licensed clinical social worker employed at

Chester Mental Health Center. She testified that she had met with Phillip the day before and

that she had also reviewed his clinical file and interviewed members of his treatment team.

She testified about aspects of the certificates filed with the petition. She testified that of

importance was the fact that Phillip had shown improvement over the preceding three months

and that his treatment team was recommending that Phillip be approved for a transfer. Even

so, Cindy testified that Phillip remained mentally ill and was reasonably expected to inflict

serious harm upon himself or others. Cindy testified that although Phillip had been speaking

with his mother, it was not known whether his mother would be able and/or willing to care

for him if he should be released. Cindy further testified that Phillip had a history of

noncompliance with respect to prescripted medications (including a refusal on August 5,

2007, after the petition was filed) and that medication was critical in order to keep Phillip

from harming himself or others. Cindy provided her opinion that Phillip met the criteria for

involuntary admission to the Department of Human Services and that this was her

professional recommendation.

Phillip was present at the hearing on the petition, and he testified in response to a few

questions:

"MR. WALKER [attorney for Phillip E.]: Could you please state your name

for the record.
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PHILLIP E.: Phillip [E.]

MR. WALKER: Okay, Mr. [E.] We're here today relative to a petition to keep

you within the Department of Human Services. Do you understand that? 

PHILLIP E.: Yes, sir.

MR. WALKER: Why do you feel you do not meet the requirements to be

placed within the Department of Human Services?

PHILLIP E.: I want to become part of the Human Services.

MR. WALKER: That's all the questions I have, Your Honor."

The court ruled that Phillip remained subject to an involuntary admission, and it

entered a written order that date.

Phillip E. appeals.

On appeal, he contends that the judgment must be reversed because the petition and

supporting documents failed to comply with the Mental Health and Developmental

Disabilities Code (405 ILCS 5/1-100 et seq. (West 2006)), because the judgment is contrary

to the manifest weight of the evidence before the court, and because the State did not

establish by clear and convincing evidence that hospitalization was the least restrictive

alternative treatment setting available.

Initially, we must note that the case is technically moot because the 180-day

hospitalization, which began on August 8, 2007, has since expired. Generally speaking,

courts should not address moot issues. In re Mary Ann P., 202 Ill. 2d 393, 401, 781 N.E.2d

237, 242 (2002). Therefore, we cannot render Phillip E. any relief. However, we can review

moot issues if the issues qualify for review under the public-interest exception to the

mootness doctrine. In re Mary Ann P., 202 Ill. 2d at 402, 781 N.E.2d at 242. The criteria

for applying this exception are as follows: "(1) the public nature of the question; (2) the

desirability of an authoritative determination for the purpose of guiding public officers; and
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(3) the likelihood that the question will recur." In re Mary Ann P., 202 Ill. 2d at 402, 781

N.E.2d at 242-43 (citing In re Adoption of Walgreen, 186 Ill. 2d 362, 365, 710 N.E.2d 1226,

1227 (1999), and Radazewski v. Cawley, 159 Ill. 2d 372, 376, 639 N.E.2d 141, 142 (1994)).

We find that this case satisfies all three criteria. The statutory guidelines and

requirements for a certain level of proof are not merely goals but are in place in order to

provide the respondent with due process. After all, the outcome of this type of case serves

to further restrict the respondent's ability to live his life. And so, if the ultimate decision

results in continued hospitalization, it should be because after compliance with the

requirements, hospitalization is found warranted under the unique circumstances of the case.

We also believe that a closer examination of these issues would be helpful to the court system

and to the parties. Furthermore, we find that these compliance and proof issues are likely to

recur.

For these reasons, we turn to the issues raised.

Phillip contends that the two certificates attached to the petition were untimely. One

certificate was dated July 15, 2007, while the other was dated July 16, 2007. Because the

petition was filed on August 2, 2007, the certificates are outside of the 72-hour requirement

of section 3-602 of the Mental Health and Developmental Disabilities Code (405 ILCS 5/3-

602 (West 2006)). Section 3-813(b) of the Mental Health and Developmental Disabilities

Code (405 ILCS 5/3-813(b) (West 2006)), which addresses what is required when additional

180-day periods of hospitalization are sought, does not specify a time frame relative to

certificates. The statute states as follows:

"Additional 180[-]day periods of treatment may be sought pursuant to the

procedures set out in this Section for so long as the recipient continues to be subject

to involuntary admission. The provisions of this chapter which apply whenever an

initial order is sought shall apply whenever an additional period of treatment is
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sought." (Emphasis added.) 405 ILCS 5/3-813(b) (West 2006).

Phillip argues that the applicable time frame relative to the initial order is one of the

"provisions" which must apply to a subsequent 180-day request. While we understand the

argument Phillip makes, this court has already addressed this argument and reached the

conclusion that there is no applicable time frame for a subsequent commitment request

because the patient has been hospitalized and under professional care for the entirety of the

proceeding. See In re Kevin S., 381 Ill. App. 3d 260, 264-65, 886 N.E.2d 508, 513-14

(2008). 

Phillip also contends that there is no evidence that he was served with the petition

within 12 hours of its filing. Section 3-609 of the Mental Health and Developmental

Disabilities Code requires that the respondent be served with a copy of the petition for

involuntary commitment within 12 hours of his or her admission to the facility. 405 ILCS

5/3-609 (West 2006). Our courts have held that an individual subject to involuntary

admission should not be allowed to participate in the hearing only to later object on the basis

of the procedural flaw that service of the document was untimely. In re Luker, 255 Ill. App.

3d 367, 370, 627 N.E.2d 1166, 1168 (1993). While we agree that the record is devoid of

proof that Phillip was served with anything other than the notice of hearing, the negative is

also not established, because Phillip did not testify that he did or did not receive the petition,

and his appointed counsel did not raise a lack of service as a defense or as an argument.

Furthermore, the facts allow for an inference that whether or not he received official

notification, he was aware of the petition and the hearing. Phillip was represented by counsel

at the hearing, and he also appeared in person on that date, going so far as to take the stand

in defense of his position. Accordingly, to the extent that the State failed to comply with the

service rule, we find that the issue has been waived.

Phillip next contends that there was insufficient evidence in support of the petition.
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Section 3-602 of the Mental Health and Developmental Disabilities Act requires that

a petition must be supported by a certificate executed by a physician, by a qualified examiner,

or by a clinical psychologist. 405 ILCS 5/3-602 (West 2006). The certificate must contain

opinions that the subject requires hospitalization, must indicate that the subject was examined

within 72 hours before the petition was filed, and must also list the "clinical observations,

other factual information relied upon in reaching a diagnosis, and a statement as to whether

the respondent was advised of his rights." 405 ILCS 5/3-602 (West 2006). Furthermore, a

respondent cannot be found subject to involuntary admission "unless at least one psychiatrist,

clinical social worker, or clinical psychologist who has examined him testifies in person at

the hearing." 405 ILCS 5/3-807 (West 2006). A respondent may be found subject to

involuntary admission only if the findings of the court are established by clear and

convincing evidence. 405 ILCS 5/3-808 (West 2006).

We have reviewed the record and the transcript of Phillip's hearing, and we agree with

the argument he makes. Given the allegations or statements contained within both

certificates and the 30-day treatment plan attached to the petition, it would appear that there

was ample evidence warranting Phillip's ongoing hospitalization in some capacity. But

virtually none of the evidence was admitted during the hearing. Cindy Stoll simply

responded affirmatively that Phillip could not take care of his basic needs. She testified that

Phillip remained mentally ill and was "reasonably expected to inflict serious harm upon

himself or others." Cindy also answered yes to the leading question about whether Phillip

met the criteria for involuntary admission. She provided no foundation for these opinions,

but elsewhere in her brief testimony she did reference some of the material contained within

the certificates and the treatment plan. None of the documents filed in support of the petition

were admitted into evidence. The drafters of the documents were not called to testify about

their knowledge, observations, and/or opinions. 
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Involuntary commitment affects very important liberty interests, and thus those

seeking to keep an individual so confined must strictly comply with procedural safeguards

included within the Mental Health and Developmental Disabilities Code. In re Williams, 305

Ill. App. 3d 506, 509, 712 N.E.2d 350, 352 (1999). These safeguards are included within the

code to ensure that the mental health system does not become an oppressive tool rather than

a means to serve the society in which we live. In re Williams, 305 Ill. App. 3d at 509, 712

N.E.2d at 352-53.

A showing of the need for involuntary mental health treatment must be based upon

explicit medical testimony. In re Cochran, 139 Ill. App. 3d 198, 200, 487 N.E.2d 389, 391

(1985). "Both the facts upon which the medical opinion is based and the medical testimony

upon which the decision *** is based must be established by clear and convincing evidence."

In re Cochran, 139 Ill. App. 3d at 200, 487 N.E.2d at 391 (citing People v. Sansone, 18 Ill.

App. 3d 315, 326, 309 N.E.2d 733, 741 (1974)). Clear and convincing evidence is that

quantum of proof that leaves no reasonable doubt in the mind of the finder of fact regarding

the veracity of the proposition in question. In re John R., 339 Ill. App. 3d 778, 781, 792

N.E.2d 350, 353 (2003) (citing Bazydlo v. Volant, 164 Ill. 2d 207, 213, 647 N.E.2d 273, 276

(1995)).

Proof of mental illness can be established by clear and convincing evidence by the

testimony of just one expert if that expert indicates that his or her diagnosis stems from a

history of direct observation of the respondent on several occasions. In re Tuman, 268 Ill.

App. 3d 106, 111, 644 N.E.2d 56, 59 (1994); In re Tyrone S., 339 Ill. App. 3d 495, 501, 791

N.E.2d 157, 162 (2003). When the State chooses to offer no additional testimony of persons

involved with the respondent's case, "a court must carefully examine the facts which form

the basis of the expert's testimony to determine whether the testimony, standing alone, is

'clear and convincing.' " In re Tuman, 268 Ill. App. 3d at 111, 644 N.E.2d at 59. 
10

In this case, only the clinical social worker testified, and she indicated that she had

only met with Phillip to talk with him the day prior to the hearing. She did not testify

regarding any direct observation of Phillip, and she seemed to refer to reports prepared by

others in reaching her opinions. While the underlying factual support of the expert's opinions

need not be substantively admissible, there still must be adequate factual support for the

opinions offered. In re Tuman, 268 Ill. App. 3d at 111, 644 N.E.2d at 59. 

The State sought to establish alternatively either that Phillip E. was reasonably

expected to inflict serious physical harm upon himself or upon another in the near future or

that Phillip E. was unable to care for his own basic needs. The incredibly brief testimony

offered falls short on both counts. No other evidence was introduced. 

While Cindy Stoll testified about aspects of the certificates filed in support of Phillip's

petition, we find that the testimony fell short of clear and convincing evidence. Cindy did

not provide testimony about her personal experiences or observations relative to Phillip as

impacting the question of the likelihood of his inflicting serious physical harm upon himself

or others. See In re Tyrone S., 339 Ill. App. 3d at 501, 791 N.E.2d at 162.

A respondent's mental illness must be of a type that prevents him from "caring for

[his] basic physical needs by substantially impairing [his] thought process, perception of

reality, emotional stability, judgment, behavior, or ability to cope with life's ordinary

demands." In re Ingersoll, 188 Ill. App. 3d 364, 368, 544 N.E.2d 409, 412 (1989) (citing

People v. Lang, 113 Ill. 2d 407, 498 N.E.2d 1105 (1986)). With respect to Phillip's ability

to care for his own needs, the court must consider whether the respondent can obtain his own

food, shelter, and medical care, whether the person has a place to live or family to assist him,

whether he can function in society, and whether the respondent has an understanding of

money and concern for it as a means of sustenance. In re Tuman, 268 Ill. App. 3d at 112,

644 N.E.2d at 60 (citing In re Long, 237 Ill. App. 3d 105, 110, 606 N.E.2d 1259, 1262-63
11

(1992)). The only matter relevant to Phillip's ability to care for his own needs related to his

mother. Cindy Stoll testified that she did not know whether his mother would be willing to

assist him. No other testimony or evidence was offered regarding Phillip's ability to care for

his own needs.

We reiterate that the content of the attachments was strong and certainly would have

gone a long way toward the clear and convincing proof needed to ensure that Phillip E.'s due

process rights remained intact. The questions asked of Cindy Stoll were simply not of a type

to provoke lengthy answers that could have provided the factual detail necessary. As

indicated by the court in a footnote in In re Presswood, 51 Ill. App. 3d 104, 108 n.2, 366

N.E.2d 442, 446 n.2 (1977), "[w]e consider it the responsibility of the State's Attorney and

the Department of Mental Health [(now the Department of Human Services)] to present their

case with thoroughness and specificity so as to lessen the need for review."

Because the petition was not supported by necessary proof, we must reverse the court's

August 8, 2007, judgment.

Phillip also argues that there was simply no proof that continued hospitalization was

the least restrictive treatment setting alternative. While this issue is no longer as important

in light of the reversal of the judgment, we still feel compelled to comment on it. Section 3-

811 of the Mental Health and Developmental Disabilities Code mandates that "[t]he court

shall order the least restrictive alternative for treatment which is appropriate." 405 ILCS 5/3-

811 (West 2006). 

From a review of Cindy Stoll's testimony, there was absolutely no proof that continued

hospitalization in Chester Mental Health Center was the least restrictive alternative available

to Phillip E. at that stage of his mental health treatment. Without such testimony or any other

evidence, we have no idea on what the trial court based its decision.

While the evidence that could have been introduced might well have supported the
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ongoing commitment ordered by the trial judge, there simply was no such evidence in this

case. With no evidence on this point, the trial court's order violates Phillip's due process

rights. The trial court's August 8, 2007, judgment is therefore reversible on this basis as well.

We want to clarify that we are not criticizing the examinations of Phillip E. that were

conducted in this case in support of the petition. Both certificates and the treatment plan

were quite thorough. Our criticism is centered upon the presentation made to the court and

the court's reliance upon less than full proof.

For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the circuit court of Randolph County is

hereby reversed.

Reversed.

GOLDENHERSH and WEXSTTEN, JJ., concur.
 NO. 5-07-0465

IN THE

APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

FIFTH DISTRICT

___________________________________________________________________________________

In re PHILLIP E. ) Appeal from the

) Circuit Court of

(The People of the State of Illinois, ) Randolph County.

)

 Petitioner-Appellee, )

)

v. ) No. 07-MH-192

)

Phillip E., ) Honorable

) William A. Schuwerk, Jr.,

 Respondent-Appellant). ) Judge, presiding.

___________________________________________________________________________________

Opinion Filed: September 5, 2008

___________________________________________________________________________________

Justices: Honorable Melissa A. Chapman, J.

Honorable Richard P. Goldenhersh, J., and

Honorable James M. Wexstten, J.,

Concur

___________________________________________________________________________________

Attorneys Barbara A. Goeben, Staff Attorney, Veronique Baker, Director, Legal Advocacy

for Service, Guardianship and Advocacy Commission, Metro East Regional Office, 4500

Appellant College Avenue, Suite 100, Alton, IL 62002

___________________________________________________________________________________

Attorneys Hon. Darrell Williamson, Randolph County State's Attorney, Randolph County 

for Courthouse, Chester, IL 62233; Norbert J. Goetten, Director, Stephen E. Norris, 

Appellee Deputy Director, Sharon Shanahan, Contract Attorney, Office of the State's Attorneys

Appellate Prosecutor, 730 E. Illinois Highway 15, Suite 2, P.O. Box 2249, Mt.

Vernon, IL 62864

___________________________________________________________________________________