[PUBLISH]

In the

United States Court of Appeals

For the Eleventh Circuit

____________________

No. 20-11025

____________________

MICHAEL REITERMAN, 

Plaintiff-Appellee,

versus

FARAH ALI ABID, 

Defendant-Appellant.

____________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Middle District of Florida

D.C. Docket No. 8:19-cv-02282-WFJ-AAS

____________________

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2 Opinion of the Court 20-11025

Before BRANCH, GRANT, and TJOFLAT, Circuit Judges.

TJOFLAT, Circuit Judge:

Farah Abid appeals under 9 U.S.C. § 16(a)(1) the District 

Court’s interlocutory order denying her motion to compel arbitration. She argues that the parties should be required to arbitrate 

their dispute under the terms of a 2018 Settlement Agreement entered into between her and Michael Reiterman. Reiterman responds that the District Court correctly denied the motion to compel arbitration after finding that the parties mutually rescinded the 

2018 Settlement Agreement in 2019 under Florida law. As we 

agree with Reiterman that the District Court was correct to consider whether the parties later rescinded their arbitration agreement, we affirm.

I.

Abid and Reiterman first met in 2014 in Tampa, Florida.1 At 

the time, Reiterman worked as an LSAT2 teacher for the test preparation company TestMasters. Abid was one of Reiterman’s students, and the two briefly dated. After the relationship ended, Abid 

accused Reiterman of sexual assault. This accusation resulted in an 

1 We make no comment on the truth or falsity of any of the background facts 

of this case, as the merits of Reiterman’s claims are not before us on appeal. 

For context purposes only, we summarize the facts of the merits dispute as 

they have been presented by the parties to this Court on appeal. 

2 “LSAT” stands for “Law School Admission Test.” It is a standardized test 

commonly taken by aspiring law students applying to law schools. 

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investigation by the Tampa Police Department, which ultimately 

declined to charge Reiterman. The Florida Attorney General’s Office also declined to intervene after reviewing the case at Abid’s request. 

Abid then allegedly engaged in a pervasive, anonymous internet campaign to ruin Reiterman’s reputation by writing several 

blogposts accusing Reiterman of sexually assaulting multiple 

women. Each of these blogposts was ostensibly written by a different woman. The District Court would later describe this campaign as “remarkably extensive and forceful, in effect seeking to destroy Reiterman by painting him in the most graphic terms as a 

racist and a serial rapist.” These allegations severely affected 

Reiterman’s reputation while attending Harvard Law School from 

2015 to 2018 and continue to impair his ability to obtain gainful 

employment. 

On April 4, 2018, Reiterman sued Abid in the Middle District 

of Florida, claiming that she had defamed him by creating all or 

some of the anonymous blogposts. Abid denied involvement in 

the internet campaign, and so Reiterman and Abid quickly entered 

into settlement negotiations. In June 2018, the parties agreed to 

the 2018 Settlement Agreement disputed in this appeal. This agreement provided, inter alia, that the parties would exchange mutual 

releases for all claims they had against each other, that Reiterman 

would pay Abid a set amount of money in monthly installments,

and that “[a]ny controversy or claim arising out of or relating to 

this contract, or breach thereof, shall be settled by arbitration.” 

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After the parties agreed to the 2018 Settlement Agreement, 

Reiterman learned of evidence indicating that Abid was responsible 

for all or most of the blogposts, contrary to what she had stated 

during the settlement negotiations. Furthermore, three new blogposts were posted after the agreement was made, which Reiterman 

suspected Abid was responsible for. As a result, Reiterman sent a 

letter to Abid on April 3, 2019, through his attorney.3 This letter 

stated that Abid’s conduct had rendered their 2018 Settlement 

Agreement “null and void” and that Reiterman was therefore relieved of his obligations under the agreement. Reiterman requested that Abid return the payments Reiterman had made so far

and warned Abid that litigation would follow unless she agreed to 

Reiterman’s demands. 

Abid personally responded to Reiterman’s letter on April 10

by email. In her response, Abid stated that “[s]ince Mr. Reiterman 

is accusing me of having breached the settlement agreement and 

believes he no longer has an obligation to abide by the clauses set 

therein, I will mirror that belief and no longer honor the clauses set 

forth in the agreement either.” Abid then went on to describe the 

various actions she would take now that she was released from the 

2018 Settlement Agreement, such as publishing a book she claimed 

to have written about Reiterman’s alleged sexual assault and 

3 Reiterman first sent this letter to the attorney who represented Abid during 

the 2018 settlement negotiations. After that attorney informed Reiterman that 

she no longer represented Abid, Reiterman sent the letter directly to Abid. 

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contacting politicians involved in the 2020 presidential race. In September 2019, Reiterman brought this action against Abid in the 

Middle District of Florida. 

Once Abid obtained new counsel and waived service of process, she moved the District Court to issue an order compelling arbitration based on the arbitration clause in the 2018 Settlement 

Agreement. Reiterman opposed the motion, claiming that the parties had mutually agreed to rescind the 2018 Settlement Agreement 

through their April 2019 communications. The District Court ordered an evidentiary hearing on the matter, which occurred on 

February 24, 2020. 

 At the evidentiary hearing, the District Court heard testimony from both Abid and Reiterman’s lawyer, Krista Baughman, 

who wrote Reiterman’s April 2019 letter. Baughman’s testimony, 

which the Court found credible, established that the parties intended to rescind the 2018 Settlement Agreement in their 2019 

communications. While Abid testified that she did not intend to 

rescind the 2018 Settlement Agreement in her 2019 email, the 

Court found her testimony to not be credible and instead found 

that she had intended to rescind the agreement in her 2019 email. 

Following the hearing, the Court entered an order denying Abid’s 

motion to compel arbitration as the parties had rescinded the 2018 

Settlement Agreement. Abid timely appealed this order. 

 

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II.

“We review de novo a district court’s denial of a motion to 

compel arbitration.” Kroma Makeup Eu, LLC, v. Boldface Licensing & Branding, Inc., 845 F.3d 1351, 1354 (11th Cir. 2017). However, we review a district court’s underlying findings of fact for 

clear error. Multi-Fin. Sec. Corp. v. King, 386 F.3d 1364, 1366 (11th

Cir. 2004). 

III.

A.

A threshold question in any motion to compel arbitration

under the Federal Arbitration Act (“FAA”), 9 U.S.C. § 1 et seq., is 

which issues should be decided by the trial court and which issues 

should be decided by an arbitrator. To answer that question, 

courts have identified three distinct types of challenges to motions 

to compel arbitration: “(1) a challenge to the validity of the arbitration clause standing alone, (2) a challenge to the validity of the contract as a whole, and (3) a challenge to the very existence of the 

contract.” Wiand v. Schneiderman, 778 F.3d 917, 924 (11th Cir. 

2015) (citing Buckeye Check Cashing, Inc. v. Cardegna, 546 U.S. 

440, 444–45 n.1, 126 S. Ct. 1204, 1208 n.1 (2006)). Courts must decide any challenges to the existence of the contract or to the validity 

of the arbitration clause standing alone before compelling arbitration. Id. However, an arbitrator must decide any challenges to the 

validity of the contract as a whole should the trial court find that a 

contract containing a valid arbitration clause exists and that some 

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or all of the claims in the lawsuit are contemplated by the arbitration clause. Id. 

The parties’ central dispute is whether a subsequent mutual 

rescission of a contract containing an arbitration agreement impacts the existence of the contract, in which case any questions 

should be decided by the court, or the validity of the contract as a 

whole, in which case an arbitrator should decide any questions. 

Abid contends that parties may only challenge the existence of a 

contract in court under the FAA by challenging whether the parties 

ever formed a contract under state law. She asserts that all other 

challenges to the contract as a whole speak to the contract’s validity 

and cites in support the Supreme Court’s decision in Cardegna, 546

U.S. at 449, 126 S. Ct. at 1210, and our decision in Wiand, 778 F.3d 

at 924–25. After careful consideration of the binding precedent, we 

disagree. 

Abid is correct that courts must determine whether the parties formed a contract containing an arbitration clause before compelling arbitration and that this inquiry speaks to the existence of 

the contract. Granite Rock Co. v. Int’l Bhd. of Teamsters, 561 U.S. 

287, 296–97, 130 S. Ct. 2847, 2855–56 (2010); Wiand, 778 F.3d at 925 

(holding that the appellant’s challenges to the existence of the contract failed as the district court “correctly determined that a contract had been formed”). Abid is also correct that an arbitrator 

must decide any questions about whether a contract containing an 

arbitration agreement is void or voidable under state law. Cardegna, 546 U.S. at 448, 126 S. Ct. at 1210. But Abid’s argument fails 

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when it attempts to classify a subsequent mutual rescission as just

another state law ground rendering a contract void or voidable. 

Rather, a subsequent mutual rescission is an agreement between 

the parties to not be bound by their former contract any longer. As 

arbitration is “simply a matter of contract between the parties,” the 

parties may of course voluntarily decide to release each other from 

their obligations after forming a contract, including their obligation 

to arbitrate certain disputes. First Options of Chi., Inc. v. Kaplan, 

514 U.S. 938, 943, 115 S. Ct. 1920, 1924 (1995); Henderson v. Coral 

Springs Nissan, 757 So. 2d 577, 578 (Fla. 4th Dist. Ct. App. 2000) 

(holding that “there is no enforceable arbitration clause when a 

contract is rescinded prior to a motion to compel arbitration” as 

“[t]he effect of rescission is to render the contract abrogated and of 

no force and effect from the beginning”). Any disputes about 

whether the parties later agreed to rescind their earlier contract are 

disputes about whether a new agreement was formed—and courts 

decide contract formation disputes, not arbitrators. Granite Rock, 

561 U.S. at 296–97, 130 S. Ct. at 2855–56; Wiand, 778 F.3d at 925.

Furthermore, compelling arbitration after the parties have agreed 

to rescind their arbitration agreement would deprive the parties of 

the benefit of their subsequent bargain and encourage gamesmanship.4

4 If we held otherwise, a party could agree to rescind an earlier contract containing an arbitration clause, allow the other party to file suit in court based 

on that agreement, and then move to compel arbitration per the earlier, rescinded contract, considerably delaying the case’s resolution. 

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We find our opinion in Dasher v. RBC Bank (USA), 745 F.3d 

1111 (11th Cir. 2014), instructive in this matter. In Dasher, we held 

that arbitration could not be compelled based on an earlier agreement containing an arbitration clause when a subsequent agreement without an arbitration clause entirely superseded the earlier 

agreement under state law. Id. at 1113. The key to our decision in 

Dasher was the Supreme Court’s instruction to apply state law to 

determine whether a contract exists. Id. at 1116 (citing First Options, 514 U.S. at 943–44, 115 S. Ct. at 1924). We held that when a 

subsequent agreement entirely supersedes an earlier agreement, 

“the existence of a ‘validly formed and enforceable arbitration 

agreement’ is called into question.” Id. at 1120 (quoting Granite 

Rock, 561 U.S. at 301, 130 S. Ct. at 2858) (emphasis added). While 

the parties in Dasher chose to replace their earlier agreement with 

a new one, the parties here chose to rescind their agreement entirely. We see no reason the two situations should be treated differently; in both cases, the existence of the earlier contract is called 

into doubt, not its validity. Accordingly, the matter is for the District Court to decide before compelling arbitration.

B.

Alternatively, Abid makes several arguments against the 

District Court’s conduct of the evidentiary hearing and its findings 

of fact. She argues (1) that the Court should have applied a summary judgment-like standard when deciding whether a contract exists; (2) that if a summary judgment-like standard was inappropriate, the Court instead needed to conduct a trial on the question of 

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the contract’s existence and failed to do so; (3) that the Court allowed inadmissible hearsay at the hearing; and (4) that the Court 

erred when making its factual findings. We address each argument 

in turn. 

Abid contends that district courts are required to determine 

whether a contract containing an arbitration clause exists using a 

summary judgment-like standard and so the District Court erred 

by failing to weigh the evidence in the light most favorable to Abid. 

She relies on our decision in Bazemore v. Jefferson Cap. Sys., LLC, 

827 F.3d 1325, 1333 (11th Cir. 2016), for this assertion. In 

Bazemore, we stated that “a district court may conclude as a matter 

of law that parties did or did not enter into an arbitration agreement only if ‘there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact’

concerning the formation of such an agreement.” Id. (quoting Fed. 

R. Civ. P. 56(a)). Bazemore simply provides district courts with the 

option of deciding whether an arbitration agreement exists as a 

matter of law using a summary judgment-like standard. It does not 

preclude district courts from holding an evidentiary hearing to determine whether an arbitration agreement exists as a matter of fact, 

not as a matter of law. In fact, the FAA expressly provides that 

district courts may consider evidence when determining whether 

an arbitration agreement exists. 9 U.S.C. § 4 (“If the making of the 

arbitration agreement . . . be in issue, the court shall proceed summarily to the trial thereof. If no jury trial be demanded by the party 

alleged to be in default . . . the court shall hear and determine such 

issue.”). As the District Court here held an evidentiary hearing to 

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determine whether an arbitration agreement existed, it was not required to apply a summary judgment-like standard under 

Bazemore.

Abid next contends that if a summary judgment-like standard was inappropriate, then the District Court erred by failing to 

provide a trial; Abid never specifies whether the Court should have 

provided a jury or bench trial. To begin with, Abid never requested 

a “trial” below or otherwise objected to the use of an evidentiary 

hearing and so forfeited any objections she may have had to the 

process the Court used. Access Now, Inc., v. Sw. Airlines Co., 385 

F.3d 1324, 1331 (11th Cir. 2004). However, even on the merits her 

argument fails. The FAA only requires a jury trial to determine the 

existence of a contract containing an arbitration agreement if the 

party opposing arbitration requests one. 9 U.S.C. § 4. Otherwise, 

the issue is for the court to “hear and determine.” Id. Reiterman 

(and Abid) never requested a jury trial, and so the Court did not err 

by not providing one. Instead, the Court held an evidentiary hearing and then made findings of fact and conclusions of law. This 

was, for all intents and purposes, a bench trial, and we find unpersuasive Reiterman’s suggestion that the Court erred by labeling its 

proceeding as an evidentiary hearing.5

5 And to the extent any error did occur, it was harmless. Were we to reverse 

and remand for a “bench trial” on rescission, the District Court would simply 

provide the parties with the same process it did here and just label it a “bench 

trial.” This would be an enormous waste of time and judicial resources with 

no benefit to the parties or the public. 

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Abid further contends that the District Court erred by admitting hearsay as evidence during the evidentiary hearing.6 Near 

the beginning of the evidentiary hearing, Baughman testified about 

the contents of an affidavit provided by a private investigator hired 

by Reiterman. This affidavit contained information indicating Abid 

created several of the blogposts accusing Reiterman of sexual assault. This affidavit was also attached to Reiterman’s complaint as 

an exhibit. Abid objected to Baughman’s testimony and the affidavit as hearsay, and the Court overruled her objection. 

However, we need not decide whether the District Court 

erred by overruling Abid’s objection, as any error would be harmless. Appellate courts presume that district judges “will rely only 

upon properly admitted and relevant evidence” during bench trials. 

Tampa Bay Shipbldg. & Repair Co. v. Cedar Shipping Co., 320 F.3d 

1213, 1216 (11th Cir. 2003). So, the “prejudicial impact of erroneously admitted evidence is thus presumed to be substantially less” 

in a bench trial. United States v. Hughes, 542 F.2d 246, 248 (5th

6 Abid also objected below to the admittance of the April 2019 communications, claiming they were protected settlement negotiations under Federal 

Rule of Civil Procedure 408. While she briefly notes that she made this argument to the District Court in the facts section of her opening brief, she does 

not renew this argument on appeal, instead opting to focus exclusively on her 

hearsay argument. Accordingly, she abandons her Rule 408 argument on appeal. Sapuppo v. Allstate Floridian Ins. Co., 739 F.3d 678, 680 (11th Cir. 2014) 

(holding that parties abandon arguments that are not “plainly and prominently” raised on appeal (quoting United States v. Willis, 649 F.3d 1248, 1254 

(11th Cir. 2011))). 

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Cir. 1976) (quoting United States v. Nicholson, 492 F.2d 124 (5th 

Cir. 1974)). The evidence from the private investigator concerned 

whether Abid created the disputed blogposts, and the Court expressly stated in its order denying arbitration that it made “no findings at this time as to whether Ms. Abid or her agent created the 

offensive postings.” Instead, the Court stated that it relied on the 

testimonies of Baughman and Abid and on its credibility findings

to determine whether rescission occurred. And the Court was entitled to use the evidence from the affidavit to impeach Abid’s credibility. See Macuba v. Deboer, 193 F.3d 1316, 1323–24 (11th Cir. 

1999) (noting that statements that would otherwise be hearsay may 

be used “solely for impeachment purposes”). Accordingly, we may 

safely rely on the District Court’s statements and on our presumptions recognizing the ability of district courts to distinguish between proper and improper evidence to conclude that any error 

related to this hearsay objection was harmless. 

Lastly, the District Court did not clearly err in concluding 

that the parties intended to mutually rescind their 2018 Settlement 

Agreement through their April 2019 communications. The Court 

based its findings of fact in large part on its credibility determinations of the two witnesses: it found Baughman to be credible and 

Abid to not be credible. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 52(a) allows reviewing courts to set aside trial court findings of fact only 

when they are clearly erroneous. But “[w]hen findings are based 

on determinations regarding the credibility of witnesses, Rule 52(a) 

demands even greater deference to the trial court's findings; for 

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only the trial judge can be aware of the variations in demeanor and 

tone of voice that bear so heavily on the listener's understanding of 

and belief in what is said.” Anderson v. City of Bessemer City, 

N.C., 470 U.S. 564, 575, 105 S. Ct. 1504, 1512 (1985). While documents or other objective evidence may contradict a witness’s testimony regardless of the trial judge’s credibility findings, it can “virtually never be clear error” when multiple witnesses tell a “coherent and facially plausible story that is not contradicted by extrinsic 

evidence” and the trial judge credits one witness over another. Id. 

The District Court’s credibility determinations are supported, not 

contradicted, by the objective evidence in this case, and so its findings of fact are untouchable on appeal. 

IV. 

 Accordingly, we affirm the District Court’s interlocutory order denying Abid’s motion to compel arbitration for the reasons set 

forth above.

AFFIRMED.

 

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