FILED

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

AUGUST 15, 2008

THOMAS K. KAHN

CLERK

 [DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

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No. 07-15639

Non-Argument Calendar

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D.C. Docket No. 06-01434-CV-ORL-KRS

DANIELLE BAR-NAVON,

by and through her legal parent and 

next friend, Boaz Bar-Navon,

 

Plaintiff-Appellant, 

versus

BREVARD COUNTY SCHOOL BOARD,

by and through its legal representative,

Dr. Richard A. DiPatri, in his official

capacity as the Superintendent of Schools,

 Defendant-Appellee. 

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Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Middle District of Florida 

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(August 15, 2008)

Before EDMONDSON, Chief Judge, CARNES and BARKETT, Circuit Judges.
 When Plaintiff first was seen wearing prohibited piercings, she was told to remove them or a 1

parent would be called to take her home. Plaintiff’s father was told by the principal that the principal

personally had no problem with the jewelry, but School Board policy required enforcement. Plaintiff

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PER CURIAM:

Plaintiff-Appellant Danielle Bar-Navon appeals the grant of summary

judgment in favor of the Defendant-Appellee, School Board of Brevard County,

Florida (“School Board”), and the denial of Plaintiff’s motion for partial summary

judgment, in Plaintiff’s section 1983 federal civil rights lawsuit. See 42 U.S.C. §

1983. No reversible error has been shown; we affirm.

At issue is a School Board written policy that prohibits the wearing of nonotic pierced jewelry by students in the Brevard County public school system. The

Dress Code sets out this standard:

Pierced jewelry shall be limited to the ear. Dog collars,

tongue rings, wallet chains, large hair picks, chains that

connect one part of the body to another, or other

jewelry/accessories that pose a safety concern for the

student or others shall be prohibited.

Appellant, then a 16-year old 10 grade student at Viera High School, has th

piercings located on her tongue, nasal septum, lip, navel and chest. Plaintiff filed

a complaint alleging that the School Board violated her First Amendment right to

free speech by prohibiting Plaintiff from wearing jewelry in her non-otic body

piercings at school. Plaintiff asserted that her piercings were an expression of her 1
was given permission to wear flesh-colored plastic studs in her piercings while she was at school.

Although Plaintiff tried this option, after a few days she developed an infection in her lip which she

attributed to the plastic studs. Plaintiff modified her behavior by inserting the jewelry in her

piercings each morning only after she had passed by school administrators. On one occasion,

Plaintiff was disciplined for wearing the jewelry at school; she served five-days’ lunch detention.

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individuality, a way of expressing her non-conformity and wild side, an expression

of her openness to new ideas and her readiness to take on challenges in life. 

Plaintiff stated expressly that her non-compliant piercings were intended to make

no religious or political statement.

Students enjoy some constitutional rights to freedom of speech and

expression within the confines of the schoolhouse, Tinker v. Des Moines Indep.

Comty. Sch. Dist., 89 S.Ct. 733, 736 (1969); but those constitutional rights are

circumscribed by “the special characteristics of the school environment.” Id. The

need and obligation of the State and school officials to prescribe and control

conduct in schools is well-recognized, see id.; “[a] school need not tolerate student

speech that is inconsistent with its ‘basic educational mission.’” Hazelwood Sch.

Dist. v. Kuhlmeier, 108 S.Ct. 562, 567 (1988), quoting Bethel Sch. Dist. No. 403

v. Fraser, 106 S.Ct. 3159, 3165 (1986). 

That the First Amendment protects symbols and conduct that constitute

“symbolic speech” is not disputed: “conduct may be ‘sufficiently imbued with

elements of communication to fall within the scope of the First and Fourteenth
 As the district court noted, in Holloman ex rel. Holloman v. Harland, 370 F.3d 1252, 1270 (11 2 th

Cir. 2004), this Court interpreted the SupremeCourt’s decision in Hurley v. Irish-Am., Gay, Lesbian

& Bisexual Group of Boston, 115 S.Ct. 2338 (1995), to have liberalized the Spence test: “in

determining whether conduct is expressive, we ask whether the reasonable person would interpret

it as some sort of message, not whether an observer would necessarily infer a specific message.”

Holloman itself involved a student raising his fist in the air in protest during the Pledge of

Allegiance; we said this conduct may have constituted “pure speech.” Holloman, 370 F.3d at 1270.

Whatever Holloman says about content-driven school regulation of conduct expressing a political

message, it provides no binding precedent -- or even substantial guidance -- when a content-neutral

regulation of conduct that expresses no political message is at issue. 

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Amendments.’” Texas v. Johnson, 109 S.Ct. 2533, 2539 (1989), quoting Spence

v. Washington, 94 S.Ct. 2727, 2730 (1974). But the Supreme Court has “rejected

the view that an apparently limitless variety of conduct can be labeled speech

whenever the person engaging in the conduct intends thereby to express an idea.”

Id. (internal quotation and citation omitted). Whether particular conduct falls

within the ambit of protected expressive conduct depends on whether “[a]n intent

to convey a particularized message was present, and in the surrounding

circumstances the likelihood was great that the message would be understood by

those who viewed it.” Spence, 94 S.Ct. at 2730. 

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The district court assumed without deciding that jewelry wearing may be

expressive conduct and political speech protected by the First Amendment. In

sustaining the School Board’s policy, the district court concluded that the Dress

Code was content neutral, was narrowly tailored to achieve the School Board’s

interest in maintaining a safe, studious and hygienic environment, and left open
In Canady v. Bossier Parish School Board, 240 F.3d 437, 440-41 & n.3 (5 Cir. 2001), the Fifth th

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Circuit rejected the notion that Karr’s conclusion -- that student hair-length enjoys no First

Amendment protection -- necessarily applies to all student-clothing First Amendment claims.

Canady was unprepared to say that expression of one’s identity through clothing may never amount

to protected speech. In sustaining a mandatory school uniform policy, the Canady court assumed

(without deciding) that wearing clothing different from one’s classmates could be sufficiently

expressive of individuality to merit First Amendment protection. See also Littlefield v. Forney

Indep. Sch. Dist., 268 F.3d 275, 285-86 (5 Cir. 2001) (following Canady, again assumes First th

Amendment applies to expressive conduct implicated in mandatory school uniform policy).

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ample alternative methods of communication. Applying time, place and manner

analysis, the district court rejected Plaintiff’s facial, overbreadth, vagueness and as

applied constitutional challenges to the Dress Code policy.

We question that the prohibition of jewelry in non-otic piercings on students

at school who seek to make some general statement of individuality implicates

First Amendment speech protections. See Tinker, 89 S.Ct. at 737 (contrasting

school prohibition of student protest of Vietnam war expressed by wearing black

armbands which was impermissible restriction on conduct “akin to ‘pure speech,’”

with school regulation of clothing or hair style). We have said that “in the high

school environment there is ‘a per se rule that [grooming regulations] are

constitutionally valid.’” Davenport v. Randolph County Bd. of Educ., 730 F.2d

1395, 1397 (1984) (alteration in the original)(quoting Karr v. Schmidt, 460 F.2d

609, 617 (5 Cir. 1972). Blau v. Fort Thomas Public School District, 401 F.3d th 3

381 (6 Cir. 2005), which upheld a school dress code against First Amendment

th
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challenge -- including a prohibition on non-otic pierced jewelry -- is instructive on

this issue. In Blau, the Sixth Circuit concluded that vague and attenuated notions

of student self-expression through clothing are insufficient to invoke First

Amendment protection, id. at 389; “[t]o rule otherwise not only would erase the

requirement that expressive conduct have an identifiable message but also would

risk depreciating the First Amendment in cases in which a ‘particularized

message’ does exist.” Id. at 390. See also Brandt v. Bd. of Educ. of City of

Chicago, 480 F.3d 460, 465 (7 Cir.), cert. denied, 128 S.Ct. 441 (2007) (school th

students enjoy no protected speech right to wear T-shirt of their own design;

“clothing as such is not -- not normally at any rate -- constitutionally protected

expression”); Zalewska v. County of Sullivan, N.Y., 316 F.3d 314, 320 (2d Cir.

2003) (rejecting school bus driver’s claim that wearing a skirt is protected First

Amendment conduct because “a person’s choice of dress or appearance in an

ordinary context does not possess the communicative elements necessary to be

considered speech-like conduct entitled to First Amendment protection”);

Stephenson v. Davenport Community Sch. Dist., 110 F.3d 1303, 1307 n.4 (8 Cir. th

1997) (concluding student’s tattoo amounted to self-expression unentitled to First

Amendment protections). Plaintiff has failed to meet her burden of showing that

the First Amendment protects her right to express her individuality at school by
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wearing non-otic pierced jewelry. See Clark v. Community for Creative NonViolence, 104 S.Ct. 3065, 3069 n.5 (1984) ((burden borne by “person desiring to

engage in assertedly expressive conduct to demonstrate that the First Amendment

even applies”).

But even if we were to assume -- as was assumed by the district court and as

has been assumed by some of our sister circuits, see, e.g., Jacobs v. Clark County.

Sch. Dist., ___ F.3d ___, 2008 WL 2009738 (9 Cir. 2008); Littlefield v. Forney th

Indep. Sch. Dist., 268 F.3d 275, 285-86 (5 Cir. 2001) -- that this conduct was th

sufficiently “imbued with elements of communication,” Spence, 94 S.Ct. at 2730,

to warrant some First Amendment protection, it was nonetheless susceptible to

reasonable regulation by school authorities. The incidental restriction the non-otic

pierced jewelry regulation imposes on expressive conduct is viewpoint and

content-neutral on its face and as applied. The district court was correct to apply --

and applied correctly -- an intermediate level of scrutiny. See Jacobs, 2008 WL

2009738 at *5 - *10 (explaining in some detail why intermediate scrutiny applies);

Canady, 240 F.3d at 441-44 (same); Blau, 401 F.3d at 391-93 (same). 

The content and viewpoint neutral Dress Code was promulgated in

furtherance of legitimate educational objectives. The introduction states:
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The Board will not interfere with the right of students and their parents

to make decisions regarding their appearance, however, the standards

of appearance for students shall ensure that the student be clean, neat,

and properly dressed. They shall observe modes of dress and

standards of personal grooming which are in conformity with the

studious atmosphere and good personal hygiene necessary in schools.

The School Board sought to avoid extreme dress or appearance which might create

a school disturbance, or which could be hazardous to the student or to others. To

that end, the jewelry limitation was narrowly tailored; and ample communicative

alternatives remain unrestricted. 

The Supreme Court has counseled that “[t]he determination of what manner

of speech in the classroom ... is inappropriate properly rests with the school board

rather than with the federal courts.” Hazelwood, 108 S.Ct. at 567-68 (internal

quotation and citation omitted). And we have said that school officials “must have

the flexibility to control the tenor and contours of student speech within school

walls or on school property, even if such speech does not result in a reasonable fear

of immediate disruption.” Scott v. Sch. Bd. of Alachua County, 324 F.3d 1246,

1248 (11 Cir. 2003). th

We agree with the district court that Plaintiff failed to show that the School

Board’s limitation on Plaintiff’s ability to wear jewelry in her non-otic piercings
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while she was at school unconstitutionally abridged her First Amendment rights.

AFFIRMED.