* This Order and Judgment is not binding precedent, except under the

doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited,

however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th

Cir. R. 32.1. After examining the briefs and the appellate record, this three-judge

panel has determined unanimously that oral argument would not be of material

assistance in the determination of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a); 10th

Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.

FILED

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

September 16, 2008

Elisabeth A. Shumaker

Clerk of Court

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

TENTH CIRCUIT

STEPHEN THENE SPARKS,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

K. RITTENHOUSE,

Defendant-Appellee.

No. 07-1180

(D.C. No. 02-cv-2356-MSK-BNB)

(D. Colo.)

ORDER AND JUDGMENT*

Before HENRY, Chief Judge, TYMKOVICH, and HOLMES, Circuit Judges.

Plaintiff-Appellant Stephen Thene Sparks, a Colorado state prisoner

appearing pro se, appeals from the district court’s grant of summary judgment

based on qualified immunity in his 42 U.S.C. § 1983 action. He also seeks leave

to proceed in forma pauperis (“IFP”) on this appeal. We exercise jurisdiction
1 Because Mr. Sparks is proceeding pro se, we review his pleadings and

filings liberally. See Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 520-21 (1972); Howard v.

U.S. Bureau of Prisons, 487 F.3d 808, 815 (10th Cir. 2007).

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under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. Reviewing Mr. Sparks’s filings liberally,1 we conclude

that Mr. Sparks has not established that Ms. Rittenhouse violated his

constitutional rights and, accordingly, we AFFIRM the district court’s summary

judgment order. We GRANT Mr. Sparks’s IFP request. 

I. BACKGROUND

This Court has previously discussed the facts of this case in Sparks v.

Rittenhouse, 164 F. App’x 712 (10th Cir. 2006) (“Sparks I”). Therefore, we only

briefly recite them here in order to provide a framework for addressing the issues

raised by the current appeal. 

In 2002, Mr. Sparks filed this § 1983 action, generally alleging deliberate

indifference to his serious medical needs in violation of the Eighth Amendment. 

His claim is based on the alleged misconduct of a prison nurse, Ms. Rittenhouse,

in treating pain in his shoulder. In May of 2002, an orthopedic specialist

discovered bone fragments in Mr. Sparks’s shoulder and recommended surgery. 

This recommendation was denied by the prison insurance provider, and the prison

received notice of the denial on June 26, 2002. This denial, which could be

appealed within sixty days, was not communicated to Mr. Sparks until August 14,

2002—forty-five days after the prison received the notice. Mr. Sparks went

through three grievance processes, alleging that Ms. Rittenhouse failed to
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promptly inform him of the denial of the surgery; that Ms. Rittenhouse falsely

stated that he refused treatment; and that the delay resulted in irreparable damage

to him. 

After Mr. Sparks filed his complaint with the district court, Ms.

Rittenhouse filed a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim and argued that

she was entitled to qualified immunity. Mr. Sparks responded and, shortly

thereafter, filed a motion to amend. Mr. Sparks did not, however, attach an

amended complaint to his motion. The magistrate judge granted Mr. Sparks’s 

motion to amend but proceeded to recommend that Mr. Sparks’s complaint be

dismissed for failure to state a claim. Specifically, the magistrate judge found

that, at most, Mr. Sparks’s allegations accused Ms. Rittenhouse of negligent

performance of her duties. Mr. Sparks lodged objections to the magistrate judge’s

recommendation, but the district court adopted the magistrate judge’s

recommendation in full and dismissed the complaint. 

This Court vacated the district court’s order and remanded with the

instruction to allow Mr. Sparks thirty days to file an amended complaint. 

Considering the full universe of facts pleaded by Mr. Sparks—including those in

his complaint, the complaint’s attachments, and in his motion to amend—we

concluded that Mr. Sparks could plead a legally sufficient Eighth Amendment

claim. 
-4-

On remand, Mr. Sparks filed a motion to amend his complaint in which he

“attempt[ed] to submit argument and evidence relating to proposed additional

claims of discrimination,” without attaching a proposed amended complaint. R.,

Vol. I, Doc. 82, at 1 (magistrate judge’s order, dated Mar. 28, 2006). The

magistrate judge denied Mr. Sparks’s motion, noting that he “may not amend his

Complaint by simply filing piecemeal amendments.” Id. The magistrate judge

directed Mr. Sparks to file an amended complaint, but noted that the complaint

must contain all of his claims. Mr. Sparks submitted his correctly amended

complaint, alleging: (1) Eighth and Fourteenth Amendment violations and listing

the dates that Ms. Rittenhouse’s actions allegedly constituted deliberate

indifference to Mr. Sparks’s injuries, and (2) Seventh Amendment violations

resulting from Ms. Rittenhouse’s alleged statements demonstrating her pattern of

discriminatory acts against prisoners.

Following the completion of discovery, Ms. Rittenhouse moved for

summary judgment on all of Mr. Sparks’s claims, arguing that she was entitled to

qualified immunity because Mr. Sparks could not prove a constitutional violation

for either claim, could not establish causation for his claims, and failed to exhaust

his administrative remedies. The district court entered judgment in favor of Ms.

Rittenhouse, reasoning that Mr. Sparks failed to meet his burden of establishing a

constitutional violation of his Eighth Amendment rights. Interpreting the Seventh

Amendment claim as a Fourteenth Amendment equal protection claim, the district
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court found that Mr. Sparks had failed to exhaust his claim but concluded that,

even if the court were to consider the claim exhausted, Mr. Sparks still could not

demonstrate a constitutional violation. This appeal followed.

II. DISCUSSION

A grant of summary judgment based on qualified immunity is reviewed de

novo. Vondrak v. City of Las Cruces, 535 F.3d 1198, 1205 (10th Cir. 2008).

Typically, “[s]ummary judgment is appropriate ‘if the pleadings, the discovery

and disclosure materials on file, and any affidavits show that there is no genuine

issue as to any material fact and that the movant is entitled to a judgment as a

matter of law.’” Carney v. City and County of Denver, 534 F.3d 1269, 1273 (10th

Cir. 2008) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)). However, “[b]ecause of the underlying

purposes of qualified immunity, we review summary judgment orders deciding

qualified immunity questions differently from other summary judgment

decisions.” Price-Cornelison v. Brooks, 524 F.3d 1103, 1108 (10th Cir. 2008). 

We must first determine whether the facts alleged, when taken in the light

most favorable to the plaintiff, show that the conduct at issue violated a

constitutional right. Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194, 201 (2001); Price-Cornelison,

524 F.3d at 1108. If these facts do not demonstrate the violation of a

constitutional right, our inquiry ends. Saucier, 533 U.S. at 201. However, if we

do find that the facts show a constitutional violation, we must then consider

whether the right was clearly established at the time the violation occurred. 
2 The district court noted that Mr. Sparks’s response to the summary

judgment motion included a number of factual assertions that were not the

(continued...)

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Williams v. Berney, 519 F.3d 1216, 1220 (10th Cir. 2008). The plaintiff has the

burden of demonstrating both that a constitutional violation occurred and that the

law was clearly established. Holland ex rel. Overdorff v. Harrington, 268 F.3d

1179, 1186 (10th Cir. 2001).

A. Eighth Amendment Claims

Prison officials violate an inmate’s Eighth Amendment rights when they are

“deliberately indifferent to an inmate’s serious medical needs.” Riddle v.

Mondragon, 83 F.3d 1197, 1202 (10th Cir. 1996). Medical needs are serious if

the need has been diagnosed “as mandating treatment” or is “so obvious that even

a lay person would easily recognize the necessity for a doctor’s attention.” Id.

(internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Deliberate indifference requires

more than mere negligence. Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 835 (1994). 

“Conduct which, at most, is medical malpractice redressable in state court does

not represent cruel and unusual punishment.” Riddle, 83 F.3d at 1203. 

The central issue before us is whether Mr. Sparks has adequately

established that Ms. Rittenhouse’s conduct constitutes deliberate indifference. 

Mr. Sparks asserts that Ms. Rittenhouse exhibited deliberate indifference, first, by

refusing to give him pain medication and, second, by failing to follow protocol in

appealing the denial of his request for surgery.2
2

(...continued)

equivalent of an affidavit because they were not made under penalty of perjury. 

Unsworn statements do not meet the evidentiary requirements of Fed. R. Civ. P.

56. Adickes v. S.H. Kress & Co., 398 U.S. 144, 158 n.17 (1970). Nevertheless,

the district court treated these assertions as if they were sworn in the interest of

being thorough. In determining if Mr. Sparks meets his burden of demonstrating

a constitutional violation, we need only consider the facts that the district court

deemed sufficiently supported for summary judgment purposes. See Behrens v.

Pelletier, 516 U.S. 299, 313 (1996) (“Johnson permits petitioner to claim on

appeal that all of the conduct which the District Court deemed sufficiently

supported for purposes of summary judgment . . . .”); Amundsen v. Jones, 533

F.3d 1192, 1196 (10th Cir. 2008) (“Because we may review only legal issues, we

must accept any facts that the district court assumed in denying summary

judgment.”). Taking into account Mr. Sparks’s pro se status, like the district

court, we will rely on Mr. Sparks’s unsworn factual assertions in the interest of

thoroughly addressing his claim.

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Regarding Mr. Sparks’s first claim (the “medicine-provision” claim), Ms.

Rittenhouse argued before the district court that Mr. Sparks had not exhausted his

administrative remedies. Although she did not present any proof on this point,

the district court agreed, relying on a footnote in Sparks I, where this Court stated

that Mr. Sparks had not exhausted his administrative remedies regarding his

medicine-provision claim. See Sparks I, 164 F. App’x at 719 n.3. In this appeal,

Ms. Rittenhouse adopts the district court’s rationale. We conclude that Sparks I’s

exhaustion determination is binding here, providing the law of the case. 

“The law of the case ‘doctrine posits that when a court decides upon a rule

of law, that decision should continue to govern the same issues in subsequent

stages in the same case.’” United States v. Monsisvais, 946 F.2d 114, 115 (10th

Cir. 1991) (quoting Arizona v. California, 460 U.S. 605, 618 (1983)). It applies
-8-

to all issues that were previously decided, whether explicitly or by implication.

Rohrbaugh v. Celotex Corp., 53 F.3d 1181, 1183 (10th Cir. 1995). In particular,

we view an issue as decided by implication when its resolution was a necessary

step in resolving the previous appeal. In re Meridian Reserve, Inc., 87 F.3d 406,

409 (10th Cir. 1996). The doctrine of law of the case does not apply to dicta. Id.

at 410. “Dicta are ‘statements and comments in an opinion concerning some rule

of law or legal proposition not necessarily involved nor essential to determination

of the case in hand.’” Rohrbaugh, 53 F.3d at 1184 (quoting Black’s Law

Dictionary 454 (6th ed. 1990)). 

In Sparks I, we explicitly concluded that Mr. Sparks failed to exhaust the

medicine-provision claim. This conclusion was a necessary part of our overall

analysis of whether Mr. Sparks had pleaded facts that could support an Eighth

Amendment claim. More specifically, in determining whether Mr. Sparks had

pleaded facts that could support an Eighth Amendment claim, we necessarily had

to determine whether the facts in question could form the basis for a legally

viable claim. 

At the time that Sparks I was decided, Mr. Sparks was required “to plead

and demonstrate that he had exhausted his administrative remedies prior to

bringing his complaint about prison conditions in court.” Aquilar-Avellaveda v.

Terrell, 478 F.3d 1223, 1225 (10th Cir. 2007); see Steele v. Federal Bureau of

Prisons, 355 F.3d 1201, 1210 (10th Cir. 2003) (“A complaint that fails to allege
3 The Supreme Court subsequently held in Jones that failure to exhaust

administrative remedies is an affirmative defense. 127 S. Ct. at 921. We have

interpreted Jones as contemplating “that district courts can dismiss prisoner

complaints for failure to state a claim if it is clear from the face of the complaint

that the prisoner has not exhausted his administrative remedies,” but opined that

such dismissals will occur “only in rare cases.” Aquilar-Avellaveda, 478 F.3d at

1225. 

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the requisite exhaustion of remedies is tantamount to one that fails to state a claim

upon which relief may be granted.”) (internal quotation marks and citation

omitted), abrogated by Jones v. Bock, 127 S.Ct. 910, 921 (2007).3

 Accordingly,

in determining whether the facts pleaded by Mr. Sparks could give rise to a

legally viable claim, we were obliged in Sparks I to examine whether

administrative remedies had been exhausted concerning particular sets of facts

comprising possible claims. We concluded that the medicine-provision

facts—when viewed as the predicate for a distinct Eighth Amendment

claim—could not give rise to a legally viable claim because Mr. Sparks had failed

to exhaust his administrative remedies regarding them. This decision was thus a

necessary part of our resolution of the issues presented in Sparks I arising from

the dismissal of Mr. Sparks’s complaint. Accordingly, under the law of the case

doctrine, the district court correctly deemed itself bound by our exhaustion

determination and entered judgment on the medicine-provision claim in favor of

Ms. Rittenhouse.
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Mr. Sparks’s second Eighth Amendment claim concerning Ms.

Rittenhouse’s failure to file an appeal of the surgery denial is without merit

because it does not rise to the level of deliberate indifference. At the outset, we

note that Ms. Rittenhouse contends that she was not the proper official to file an

appeal. Although the district court noted that the procedures for filing an appeal

leave open the possibility that Ms. Rittenhouse was incorrect in that belief, more

is needed to demonstrate that she was deliberately indifferent to Mr. Sparks’s

needs. Even if Ms. Rittenhouse was incorrect in her belief about her authority to

file an appeal, her failure to correctly interpret the procedures does not reach the

level required to make out a claim of deliberate indifference—that is, being “more

blameworthy than negligen[t]” or establishing “more than ordinary lack of due

care for the prisoner’s interests or safety.” See Farmer, 511 U.S. at 835 (citation

omitted). 

Furthermore, even if we were to assume that Ms. Rittenhouse had an

obligation to appeal the denial of Mr. Sparks’s surgery and knew of that

obligation, Mr. Sparks would need to demonstrate that when Ms. Rittenhouse did

not file an appeal of the surgery denial that she “kn[ew] of and disregard[ed] an

excessive risk to inmate health or safety.” Farmer, 511 U.S. at 837. Mr. Sparks

has not made this showing. Importantly, there is no evidence that Mr. Sparks

ever requested that Ms. Rittenhouse file an appeal, let alone that she deliberately

ignored such a request from Mr. Sparks. As the district court put it: “No
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reasonable factfinder could find Defendant Rittenhouse was deliberately

indifferent to the Plaintiff’s medical needs by failing to file an appeal where the

Plaintiff never affirmatively requested that she do so.” R., Vol. I, Doc. 125, at 15

(Dist. Ct. Order, dated Mar. 29, 2007). 

The only other assertion Mr. Sparks makes is his claim that Ms.

Rittenhouse told him that his paperwork “slipped through the cracks.” R., Vol. I,

Doc. 109, Ex. C (Grievance Form, dated Oct. 16, 2002). However, this also does

not rise to the level of a deliberate indifference; at most, it is mere negligence. 

See Farmer, 511 U.S. at 835. Accordingly, Mr. Sparks has not demonstrated that

Ms. Rittenhouse violated his constitutional rights by failing to take an appeal on

his behalf, and she is entitled to qualified immunity on that claim.

B. Fourteenth Amendment Claim

Liberally construing Mr. Sparks’s filings, the district court interpreted Mr.

Sparks’s argument that Ms. Rittenhouse had made biased comments as being a

claim that she discriminated against him because he is an inmate. Even with this

liberal construction, Mr. Sparks cannot demonstrate the requisite constitutional

violation. To prove a constitutional violation, Mr. Sparks must allege that he was

treated differently from similarly situated individuals. See City of Cleburne v.

Cleburne Living Ctr., 473 U.S. 432, 439 (1985). However, much of his claim is

based upon Ms. Rittenhouse’s alleged expression of the opinion that prisoners

typically receive inferior medical care compared to individuals who are not
4 Ms. Rittenhouse argues that Mr. Sparks failed to exhaust his

administrative remedies on his equal protection claim. As discussed supra, the

Supreme Court has determined that exhaustion is an affirmative defense, Jones,

127 S. Ct. at 921, and we have held that the burden of proof on this issue falls to

the defense, Roberts v. Barreras, 484 F.3d 1236, 1241 (10th Cir. 2007). 

Operating under a pre-Jones view of exhaustion, however, Ms. Rittenhouse has

rested solely on her assertion that Mr. Sparks has not demonstrated exhaustion. 

Under current law, such assertions are inadequate. Accordingly, exhaustion

would not be an appropriate basis for our decision.

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incarcerated and that, following September 11, 2001, budget cuts further

exacerbated this disparity in treatment. This does not demonstrate differential

treatment and it only evinces Ms. Rittenhouse’s alleged opinions. 

Even if we were to view the rest of Mr. Sparks’s allegations about Ms.

Rittenhouse’s actions as part of the basis of this claim—including the refusal to

give him medication, delay in notifying him that his surgery request had been

denied, and failure to file an appeal of that denial on his behalf—he still cannot

succeed. Mr. Sparks would need to make an adequate showing that similarly

situated individuals were treated differently. See Jennings v. City of Stillwater,

383 F.3d 1199, 1213-14 (10th Cir. 2004). Because he only presents affidavits

from other inmates stating that Ms. Rittenhouse was rude to them or gave them

improper medication, he fails to demonstrate a constitutional violation. 

Accordingly, Ms. Rittenhouse is entitled to qualified immunity on Mr. Sparks’s

Fourteenth Amendment claim.4
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III. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s grant of

summary judgment in its entirety.

We also GRANT Mr. Sparks’s IFP request. Although Mr. Sparks has made

partial payments toward his filing fee, we remind him of his continuing obligation

to make such payments until the entire fee has been paid in full. See 28 U.S.C. §

1915(b)(1)-(2).

Entered for the Court

Jerome A. Holmes

Circuit Judge