A certificate of adjudication is essentially a water rights permit that has been subjected to 1

a water rights adjudication proceeding. City of Marshall v. City of Uncertain, 124 S.W.3d 690, 692

n.1 (Tex. App.—Austin 2003), aff’d in part and remanded, 206 S.W.3d 97 (Tex. 2006); see

Water Rights Adjudication Act, Tex. Water Code Ann. §§ 11.301-.341 (West 2008).

TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN

NO. 03-06-00690-CV

Brownsville Irrigation District, Bayview Irrigation District,

Cameron County Irrigation District No. 6, Hidalgo and Cameron Counties Irrigation

District No. 9, and Valley Acres Irrigation District, Appellants

v.

Texas Commission on Environmental Quality; Presidio Valley Farms, Inc.;

Maverick County; City of Laredo; and City of Eagle Pass Water Works System, Appellees

FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY, 98TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT

NO. D-1-GN-06-000840, HONORABLE LORA J. LIVINGSTON, JUDGE PRESIDING

O P I N I O N

This case concerns whether the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality

properly allowed a party authorized to divert water from the Rio Grande to change the location of

and the purpose for that diversion of water. Appellee Presidio Valley Farms, Inc. has a certificate

of adjudication authorizing it to divert a certain amount of water each year from the Rio Grande at 1

several locations in Presidio County and to use the water for irrigation purposes. In 2003, in

conjunction with Maverick County, the City of Laredo, and the City of Eagle Pass Water Works

System, Presidio Valley Farms filed applications with the Commission to amend its certificate of
2

adjudication to relocate the authorized points of diversion in Presidio County to points of diversion

downstream in Maverick County, Laredo, and Eagle Pass and to change the purpose of use of the

water from irrigation to municipal. Appellants Brownsville Irrigation District, Bayview Irrigation

District, Cameron County Irrigation District No. 6, Hidalgo and Cameron Counties Irrigation District

No. 9, and Valley Acres Irrigation District (collectively, “the Water Districts”) intervened to protest

the applications. After a contested case hearing, an administrative law judge issued a proposal for

decision recommending that the applications be denied. The Texas Commission on Environmental

Quality declined to follow the ALJ’s recommendation and instead, entered an order approving the

applications. The Water Districts sought judicial review of the Commission’s order, and the district

court affirmed the order.

The sole issue presented on appeal is whether the Commission complied with

its administrative rule governing amendments to water rights in approving the applications of

Presidio Valley Farms, Maverick County, the City of Laredo, and the City of Eagle Pass Water

Works System to amend the certificate of adjudication. Specifically, we are asked to decide whether

the Commission approved “an applicable conversion factor” for the transfer of the points of

diversion and place of use from Presidio County to Maverick County, Laredo, and Eagle Pass as

required by section 303.42(4) of the administrative code. See 30 Tex. Admin. Code § 303.42(4)

(2005). We conclude that the Commission complied with section 303.42(4) of the administrative

code in approving the applications and, therefore, affirm the judgment of the district court.
The Texas Commission on Environmental Quality’s administrative rules governing the 2

operation of the Rio Grande apply to three portions of the river—the Upper Rio Grande, the

Middle Rio Grande, and the Lower Rio Grande. See 30 Tex. Admin. Code § 303.1 (2005).

The Upper Rio Grande is the segment of the river between Fort Quitman, Texas, and the

Amistad Reservoir dam, the Middle Rio Grande is the segment of the river between the

Amistad Reservoir dam and the Falcon Reservoir dam, and the Lower Rio Grande is the segment

of the river between the Falcon Reservoir dam and the Gulf of Mexico. See id. § 303.2 (2005).

3

Background

Presidio Valley Farms is located in Presidio County, Texas, which is bordered by a

portion of the Rio Grande known as the Upper Rio Grande. Presidio Valley Farms owns surface 2

water rights pursuant to Certificate of Adjudication No. 23-952 authorizing the diversion of 8,059

acre-feet of water per year from the river at ten locations, or points of diversion, in Presidio County.

Under this certificate of adjudication, the water diverted by Presidio Valley Farms is to be used for

irrigation purposes. In 2003, after filing for bankruptcy protection, Presidio Valley Farms

entered into sales agreements to sell its water rights under the certificate of adjudication to

Maverick County, Eagle Pass, and Laredo, which are located downstream from Presidio County in

the Middle Rio Grande region.

After the sales agreements were approved by the bankruptcy court, Presidio Valley

Farms, in connection with Maverick County, Eagle Pass, and Laredo, filed three applications

with the Commission to amend its certificate of adjudication. The applications sought to transfer

the points of diversion in Presidio County to points of diversion downstream in Maverick County,

Eagle Pass, and Laredo, change the purpose of use of the water from irrigation to municipal, change

the place of use from Presidio County to the service areas of Maverick County, Eagle Pass, and

Laredo, and reduce the combined diversion rates from 173.8 cubic feet per second to 75 cubic feet
 The one-week lag time is used to account for the time it takes the water to flow 3

approximately 450 to 600 river miles downstream from the points of diversion in Presidio County

to the proposed points of diversion in Maverick County, Eagle Pass, and Laredo.

 The watermaster is the person appointed by the executive director of the Commission 4

pursuant to section 11.326(a) of the Texas Water Code to administer water rights in a given

water division or group of water divisions. 30 Tex. Admin. Code § 304.3(15) (2005); see

Tex. Water Code Ann. §§ 11.326 (appointment of watermaster), .327 (duties of watermaster)

(West 2008).

4

per second. Under the proposed amendments, the amount of water available at the points of

diversion in Maverick County, Eagle Pass, and Laredo would vary depending on the amount of water

that could have been diverted approximately one week earlier at the points of diversion in Presidio

County. Additionally, the proposed amendments required the Rio Grande watermaster to follow 3 4

a twelve-step accounting procedure to reduce the amount of water available at the new points of

diversion to account for natural channel and transportation losses that occur as water flows down the

river. Lastly, the proposed amendments contained several “special conditions” to give the

watermaster flexibility to take necessary actions to protect downstream water rights in the Middle

and Lower Rio Grande.

The Water Districts intervened, arguing that the applications to amend

Certificate of Adjudication No. 23-952 should be denied because the Commission did not approve

an “applicable conversion factor” as required by section 303.42(4) of the administrative code, which

governs the transfer of points of diversion or place of use of water rights from the Upper Rio Grande

to the Middle and Lower Rio Grande. See id. After a contested case hearing, an administrative law

judge with the State Office of Administrative Hearings issued a proposal for decision recommending

that the Commission deny the applications. The proposal for decision stated:
This appropriation system was previously applicable to the entire Rio Grande, but is not 5

currently applicable to the Middle and Lower Rio Grande.

5

the Commission’s rules at 30 Tex. Admin. Code (TAC) § 303.42(4)(A) require the

application of a conversion factor when diversion points are transferred from the

Upper Rio Grande to the Middle Rio Grande and the use of the water is converted

from irrigation to municipal. Because Applicants have failed to include an applicable

conversion factor in their proposed amended COAs, the ALJ recommends that the

Commission deny the applications.

The Commission disagreed with the ALJ’s recommendation and entered an order approving

the applications, finding that “the channel and transportation losses and Special Conditions

contained in the Draft Amendments constitute an applicable conversion factor referred to in

30 TAC § 303.42(4)(A).” The Water Districts sought judicial review of the Commission’s order,

and the district court affirmed the order.

Discussion

The sole issue on appeal concerns whether the Commission approved an

“applicable conversion factor” as required by section 303.42(4) of the administrative code in

approving the applications of Presidio Valley Farms, Maverick County, Eagle Pass, and Laredo to

amend Certificate of Adjudication No. 23-952. To place the parties’ arguments on this issue in

context, we briefly summarize the administration of water rights and distribution of water to water

rights holders in different areas along the Rio Grande.

Presidio Valley Farms’ water rights under Certificate of Adjudication No. 23-952 are

governed by the appropriation system applicable to water from the Upper Rio Grande. Under this 5

system, which applies to all water rights in the Upper Rio Grande, the available water flowing in the
6

river is allocated based on the date order in which the water rights were acquired or originally

granted by the State of Texas, with the oldest water right being allocated its authorized share of water

first, followed by the second oldest waterright, and so forth. Additionally, the type of use authorized

by the water right—domestic, municipal, irrigation, etc.—has no bearing on water allocations among

holders of water rights. Water rights governed by this appropriation system are often referred to as

“run-of-the-river rights” because the water supply for these type of rights is limited to the water

flowing in the river that is not subject to use by senior appropriators downstream.

This “run-of-the-river” appropriation system does not apply, however, to water rights

in the Middle and Lower Rio Grande that are supplied from the Amistad and Falcon Reservoirs. In

these regions, distribution of water to water rights holders is governed by a system that gives priority

to certain authorized uses of the water irrespective of the date that the water right was acquired.

According to the Commission’s rules, the Rio Grande watermaster maintains a 225,000 acre-feet

reserve for domestic, municipal, and industrial (“DMI”) uses of the water, which is set aside and

replenished each month out of the United States’ share of water in the Amistad and Falcon

Reservoirs. See 30 Tex. Admin. Code §§ 303.21, .22 (2005). The watermaster then allocates water

from the “usable storage” of the Amistad and Falcon Reservoirs each month to various “accounts”

based on the authorized use of the water, giving priority to DMI water rights. See id. § 303.22.

After water is completely allocated to DMI water rights, any remaining water is allocated

to irrigation water rights. See id. Irrigation water rights are further divided into two priority

classifications—Class A water rights and Class B water rights. Id.; see also 30 Tex. Admin. Code
7

§ 303.2 (2005). Class A water rights holders receive 1.7 times as much water as Class B water rights

holders when water is available for allocation to irrigation use. 30 Tex. Admin. Code § 303.22.

All holders of certificates of adjudication must obtain authority from the Commission

to change the place of use, purpose of use, or point of diversion, or otherwise alter a water right. See

Tex. Water Code Ann. § 11.122(a) (West 2008). Section 11.122 of the water code provides:

Subject to meeting all other applicable requirements of [chapter 11 of the water code]

for the approval of an application, an amendment, except an amendment to a water

right that increases the amount of water authorized to be diverted or the authorized

rate of diversion, shall be authorized if the requested change will not cause adverse

impact on other water right holders or the environment on the stream of greater

magnitude than under the circumstances in which the . . . certificate of adjudication

that is sought to be amended was fully exercised according to its terms and

conditions as they existed before the requested amendment.

Id. § 11.122(b). Section 11.122 also provides that the Commission “shall adopt rules to effectuate

the provisions of this section.” Id. § 11.122(c).

The Commission’s rule governing amendments to water rights prohibits the transfer

of the point of diversion or place of use of water rights from the Lower and Middle Rio Grande to

the Upper Rio Grande (a transfer upstream). See Tex. Admin. Code § 303.42(3). However, the

amendments sought by Presidio Valley Farms, Maverick County, Eagle Pass, and Laredo to

Certificate of Adjudication No. 23-952 seek to transferthe points of diversion and places of use from

the Upper Rio Grande into the Middle Rio Grande (a transfer downstream). Section 303.42 of the

administrative code allows these types of transfers if certain requirements are met. That section

provides, in relevant part:
 The Water Districts do not challenge the Commission’s findings pursuant to

6

section 303.42(4)(B) and (C) that the proposed transfer would not impair other water rights within

the Middle and Lower Rio Grande or reduce the amount of water available for allocation.

8

(4) Transfers of the point of diversion or place of use of water rights from the Upper

Rio Grande into the Middle and Lower Rio Grande below International Amistad

Reservoir will be prohibited unless:

(A) an applicable conversion factor has been approved by the

commission;

(B) the commission finds that the transfer would not impair other

water rights within the Middle and Lower Rio Grande; and

(C) the commission finds that the transfer would not reduce the

amount of water available for allocation.

Id. § 303.42(4).

In this appeal, the Water Districts argue that the Commission erred by approving

the applications to amend Certification of Adjudication No. 23-952 because it did not

approve “an applicable conversion factor” as required by section 303.42(4)(A). Although the 6

term “applicable conversion factor” is not defined anywhere in the rules or the water code, the

Water Districts argue that section 303.43 of the administrative code, which governs the conversion

of Class A and B irrigation water rights to DMI rights within the Middle and Lower Rio Grande,

requires the Commission to apply 0.5 as “an applicable conversion factor” to Presidio Valley Farms’

water rights in order to approve the requested amendments.

The Commission responds that it approved an applicable conversion factor by

reducing the maximum amount of water that Maverick County, Eagle Pass, and Laredo can divert

to account for channel and transportation losses and by allowing the watermaster to take actions to
9

protect downstream water rights in the Middle and Lower Rio Grande when necessary. It argues

that “an applicable conversion factor” is an intentionally undefined term and that what constitutes

“an applicable conversion factor” changes upon the facts of each proposed transfer of the points of

diversion or places of use from the Upper Rio Grande into the Middle or Lower Rio Grande.

According to the Commission, as long as it approves certain measures that are designed to protect

other water rights and the water available for allocation on a case-by-case basis for each proposed

transfer, this satisfies the requirement that the Commission approve “an applicable conversion

factor” in section 303.42(4)(A). When, as here, there are aspects of the application of a regulation

that are policy determinations, we will defer to the agency’s policy determinations as to those

aspects of the application of the regulation unless they are plainly erroneous, inconsistent with

the language of the rule, inconsistent with statute, or a violation of the constitution. BFI Waste Sys.

of N. Am., Inc. v. Martinez Envtl. Group, 93 S.W.3d 570, 575-76 (Tex. App.—Austin 2002,

pet. denied); H.G. Sledge Inc. v. Prospective Inv. & Trading Co., 36 S.W.3d. 597, 604

(Tex. App.—Austin 2000, pet. denied).

We conclude that the Commission’s interpretation of section 303.42(4)(A) is not

erroneous or inconsistent with the language of the rule or a statute. The fact that neither the water

code nor the rule defines what constitutes “an applicable conversion factor” indicates that the

Commission may, by design, exercise discretion in deciding what kind of conversion factor to apply

in each case. Additionally, the following comment to subsection (4) of section 303.42 when it was

adopted in 2001 suggests that the Commission is onlyrequired to approve certain measures designed
10

to protect the other water rights and the water available for allocation in approving an applicable

conversion factor for each proposed transfer:

New language is proposed in § 303.42(4) to define the conditions for an inverse sale

(from above International Amistad Reservoir to the Lower and Middle Rio Grande

Basins). These transfers would be prohibited unless the transfer request uses a

conversion factor approved by the commission which would not impair other water

rights or water available for allocation. This change is necessary to clarify that

such a transfer is not allowed without an approved conversion factor and a

showing of no impairment of other water rights because water rights in the Lower

and Middle Rio Grande Basins are administered under a totally different system than

exists above International Amistad Reservoir. These rights can only be transferred

in a manner that ensures protection of other water rights.

26 Tex. Reg. 3013 (2001).

In addition, the provisions of section 303.43 of the administrative code, which govern

the conversion of Class A and B irrigation water rights to DMI rights within the Middle and Lower

Rio Grande, do not supply the applicable conversion factor required by section 303.42(4)(A).

Section 303.43 provides that “[a]ll Class A and B priority rights in the Lower and

Middle Rio Grande which have been or will be acquired for domestic, municipal, or industrial use

shall be amended to authorize the change in purpose of use and converted to receive a definite

quantity of water in acre-feet per annum.” 30 Tex. Admin. Code 303.43. The rule then states how

to convert these priority rights to reflect a change in purpose of use, providing that “[o]ne acre-foot

of Class A irrigation water right shall be converted to 0.5 acre-feet of water per annum for

either domestic, municipal, or industrial purposes.” Id. Section 303.43 does not control this case,

however, because Presidio Valley Farms’ water rights under Certificate of Adjudication No. 23-952

are not Class A irrigation water rights in the Middle or Lower Rio Grande. Instead, as discussed
11

above, Presidio Valley Farms’ water rights are located in the Upper Rio Grande and are governed

by a different appropriation system. Presidio Valley Farms’ water rights are run-of-the-river rights.

Although the proposed amendments to Certificate of Adjudication No. 23-952 relocate the points

of diversion to the Middle Rio Grande and change the use of the water from irrigation to municipal,

the water right itself remains a run-of-the-river right. In other words, the proposed amendments

do not convert the water right from an Upper Rio Grande run-of-the-river water right to a

Middle Rio Grande priority-based, Class A irrigation water right simply because the water is diverted

at a different location and used for a different purpose. Because section 303.43 only governs the

conversion of Class A and B irrigation waterrights to DMI waterrights, it has no bearing on whether

the Commission approved an applicable conversion factor in approving the requested amendments

to the run-of-the-river rights at issue in this case.

We hold that the Commission approved an applicable conversion factor in approving

the requested amendments to Certificate of Adjudication No. 23-952 in accordance with its rules.

Consequently, we affirm the judgment of the district court.

__________________________________________

G. Alan Waldrop, Justice

Before Chief Justice Law, Justices Waldrop and Henson

Affirmed

Filed: August 28, 2008