IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT

No. 07-40683

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Plaintiff-Appellee

v.

JUAN FRANCISCO SALAZAR

Defendant-Appellant

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Eastern District of Texas

Before HIGGINBOTHAM, DAVIS, and BARKSDALE, Circuit Judges.

RHESA HAWKINS BARKSDALE, Circuit Judge:

Convicted, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1512(b)(2)(A), for using intimidation

and threats with the intent to cause a witness to withhold testimony from a

pending criminal trial, Juan Francisco Salazar appeals his conviction and

sentence regarding this witness-tampering offense. Primarily at issue is

application of 18 U.S.C. § 1512(j) (increases sentence, where witness-tampering

offense occurs in connection with a trial of a criminal case, up to the maximum

term that could have been imposed in the trial of the case to which the offense

was connected). AFFIRMED.

United States Court of Appeals

Fifth Circuit

F I L E D

August 29, 2008

Charles R. Fulbruge III

Clerk
No. 07-40683

2

I.

Salazar was charged with violating 18 U.S.C. § 1512(b)(2)(A) by knowingly

intimidating, threatening, and corruptly persuading the wife of Iran Rolon

(Sarah Rolon) and her sister (Maria Vela) with the intent to cause and induce

Iran Rolon to withhold testimony from a case in which Salazar’s two brothers

were defendants on drug charges. Salazar was found guilty by a jury and

sentenced, inter alia, to 210 months’ imprisonment.

II.

Salazar presents two issues. Regarding his conviction, he claims

insufficient evidence was presented from which the jury could have found the

Government established the elements of the witness-tampering offense beyond

a reasonable doubt. Concerning his sentence, he claims the district court erred

in applying both the Guideline § 2X3.1 cross-reference (providing the minimum

and maximum base offense level applicable to a defendant who was an accessory

after the fact) and the earlier-referenced 18 U.S.C. § 1512(j).

A.

To obtain a conviction against Salazar, the Government had to prove,

beyond a reasonable doubt, that he: (1) knowingly used intimidation, threats,

or corrupt persuasion against the above-described Maria Vela or Sarah Rolon;

and (2) did so with the intent to cause, or induce, Iran Rolon to withhold

testimony from an official proceeding. 18 U.S.C. § 1512(b)(2)(A). Salazar

contends the evidence was insufficient to support his conviction because the

Government did not prove beyond a reasonable doubt that he made any threats

to Maria Vela. 

Salazar moved for judgment of acquittal at the close of the Government’s

case; but, after presenting evidence, Salazar did not so move at the close of all

the evidence. His having failed to renew his motion for judgment of acquittal,

we review his sufficiency-of-the-evidence challenge only for a manifest
No. 07-40683

* Neither party addressed the manifest-miscarriage-of-justice standard. Of course, this

has no bearing on the standard of review to be applied, because “we, not the parties, determine

the appropriate standard”. United States v. Herrera, 313 F.3d 882, 885 n.* (5th Cir. 2002) (en

banc) (emphasis in the original). Nevertheless, for obvious reasons, this far more-narrow

standard of review should have been briefed by the parties. Instead, Salazar relied on a noton-point opinion, United States v. Floyd, in which the motion for judgment of acquittal had

been renewed, 343 F.3d 363, 370 (5th Cir. 2003); again, here, the motion was made only at the

close of the Government’s case. As noted, the Government failed to address this point, other

than to provide the standard of review, not applicable here, for when the sufficiency issue is

properly preserved. 

3

miscarriage of justice. E.g., United States v. McDowell, 498 F.3d 308, 312 (5th

Cir. 2007); United States v. Avants, 367 F.3d 433, 449 (5th Cir. 2004).*

Under the manifest-miscarriage-of-justice standard, Salazar must show

either that the record is “devoid of evidence of guilt” or that the evidence is “so

tenuous that a conviction is shocking”. Avants, 367 F.3d at 449. In determining

whether Salazar’s conviction resulted in a manifest miscarriage of justice, and

as is done under the standard of review employed when a sufficiency challenge

is properly preserved, the evidence must be considered “in the light most

favorable to the government, giving the governmentthe benefit of all reasonable

inferences and credibility choices”. McDowell, 498 F.3d at 312 (citations and

internal quotation marks omitted).

The charge against Salazar arose in connection with a federal indictment

in Oklahoma against his brothers, Elijah and Rocky Salazar, and against

another defendant, Iran Rolon, for conspiracy to possess with intent to

distribute, and distribution of, methamphetamine, marijuana, and cocaine

powder. Iran Rolon pleaded guilty to a possession and manufacturing charge,

and then became a prosecution witness against Elijah and Rocky Salazar. 

During Salazar’s trial, Maria Vela testified that Salazar came to her home

in late June or early July 2006 and told her to deliver a message to her sister,

Sarah Rolon, that he was going to rape and kill Sarah Rolon because her

husband, Iran Rolon, was responsible for Salazar’s two brothers being in jail.
No. 07-40683

4

Vela testified she told Sarah Rolon about Salazar’s threat when Vela spoke with

Sarah Rolon by telephone the following day. 

Maria Vela further testified that Salazar and two friends returned to her

home a week or two later, knocked on her door, and walked around her house

when she did not answer. Later, when Salazar presented evidence, David Foster

testified he and Salazar stopped at Vela’s house on that occasion only because

they needed gasoline for their vehicle and did not have money to purchase it at

a service station.

At Salazar’s trial, Sarah Rolon corroborated Maria Vela’s testimony about

the telephone conversation in which Vela conveyed Salazar’s threat to Sarah

Rolon. Sarah Rolon testified: Maria Vela also told her about Salazar’s return

visit to Vela’s home; and, when her husband (Iran Rolon) telephoned her from

jail, Sarah Rolon told him of the threat made by Salazar and his return visit to

Vela’s home. Sarah Rolon testified that the voices on the recordings made by jail

personnel of those conversations were the voices of her and her husband. She

also confirmed that the transcripts of the recordings accurately reflected what

she and Iran Rolon said during the conversations. 

Sarah Rolon also testified that, following her husband’s advice, she

telephoned Detective Green and told him about Salazar’s threat and his return

visit to her sister’s (Maria Vela’s) house. In his trial testimony, Detective Green

confirmed: Sarah Rolon called him a day or so after the date she provided him

for when Salazar made the threat; and the testimony of Sarah Rolon and Maria

Vela during the trial was consistent with whatthey told him when he spoke with

them after Salazar was said to have made the threat. 

Iran Rolon corroborated Sarah Rolon’s testimony regarding the telephone

conversation in which she informed him of Salazar’s threat, and further testified

that, as a result of the threat, he considered not testifying against Salazar’s

brothers. Another witness, Thogmartin, testified that Salazar told him that Iran
No. 07-40683

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Rolon “was snitching about his brothers”, and that, if Salazar could not get to

Iran Rolon directly, he would handle it “the street way”. Conrad, a legal

assistantto the prosecutor who interviewedThogmartin, testified that she heard

Thogmartin say Salazar meant he was going to go after Iran Rolon’s family when

Salazar said he would handle it “the street way”. 

On cross-examination, Maria Vela admitted: she used drugs; she had

smoked marijuana withThogmartin the day after Salazar came to her home; her

boyfriend had twice knocked her unconscious; and she had been convicted of

theft by check. She conceded she did not like Salazar. 

A jury found Salazar guilty of the witness-tampering charge. Salazar

maintains the evidence was insufficientto convict him because the Government’s

key witness, Maria Vela, had previously been convicted oftheft by check and was

an admitted drug user who had smoked marijuana before she spoke with the

police about the claimed threats. Salazar contends that Vela’s memory and

mental ability were so impaired by drug use and a history of concussions (which

resulted from beatings by her boyfriend) that she was unable to remember her

address when she reported the threats to the police. Salazar also asserts that

the testimony by his witness, Foster, contradicting Maria Vela’s claim, proved

that Salazar’s return visit to Vela’s home was nothing more than an effort to

request gasoline for his vehicle. 

Salazar does not mention the testimony by the other witnesses, such as

Thogmartin and Conrad, both of whom corroborated Vela’s testimony that

Salazar expressed an intention to harm members of the Rolon family. Instead,

Salazar focuses on the credibility of Vela and Foster. Of course, our review does

not include weighing the evidence or assessing the credibility of witnesses. E.g.,

United States v. Lopez, 74 F.3d 575, 577 (5th Cir. 1996). It goes without saying

that determining the weight and credibility of the evidence is solely within the

province of the jury. E.g., United States v. Casilla, 20 F.3d 600, 602 (5th Cir.
No. 07-40683

6

1994). Accordingly, it was for the jury to determine, inter alia, whether Vela’s

testimony was reliable and whether Salazar and Foster returned to Vela’s home

only because they needed gasoline. 

It is quite obvious that Salazar falls far short of satisfying the very narrow

manifest-miscarriage-of-justice standard. Indeed, his sufficiency challenge

would fail under the more lenient standard of review had he properly preserved

this challenge.

B.

Salazar contests his sentence on three bases. He maintains the district

court erred: by applying the cross-reference to Guideline § 2X3.1; through its

interpretation and application of the penalty provisions in 18 U.S.C. § 1512(j);

and by considering the evidence in the light of an incorrect burden of proof when

determining whether to enhance his sentence in line with the above-referenced

guidelines’ cross-reference and the sentencing statute. 

The district court’s interpretation of the sentencing statutes is reviewed

de novo. E.g., United States v. Gonzalez, 250 F.3d 923, 925 (5th Cir. 2001). And,

although post-Booker, the Sentencing Guidelines are advisory only, and an

ultimate sentence is reviewed for reasonableness under an abuse-of-discretion

standard, the district court must still properly calculate the guideline-sentencing

range for use in deciding on the sentence to impose. Gall v. United States, 128

S. Ct. 586, 596 (2007). In that respect, its application of the guidelines is

reviewed de novo; its factual findings, only for clear error. E.g., United States v.

Cisneros-Gutierrez, 517 F.3d 751, 764 (5th Cir. 2008); United States v. Villegas,

404 F.3d 355, 359 (5th Cir. 2005).

Noting that violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1512(b)(2)(A) is addressed by Guideline

§ 2J1.2 (Obstruction of Justice), the presentence investigation report (PSR) set

Salazar’s base offense level at 14, as that guideline provides. Because he

threatened to rape the wife of a Government witness in retaliation for her
No. 07-40683

7

husband’s testimony, the PSR recommended that Salazar receive, pursuant to

Guideline § 2J1.2(b)(1)(B), an eight-level increase for obstructing justice by

witness tampering. 

The PSR recommended that Guideline § 2J1.2(c)(1) (Obstruction of

Justice) required application of the cross-reference in Guideline § 2X3.1 because

Salazar’s offense involved obstructing the investigation or prosecution of a

criminal offense. Section 2X3.1 describes what base offense level should be

applied when sentencing a defendant for participation as an accessory after the

fact, depending upon the nature of the underlying offense. (In relevant part, the

base offense level shall be six levels lower than the offense level for the

underlying offense, except that the base offense level shall not be less than 4 nor

more than 30.) 

The PSR further noted that, under §§ 2X3.1(a)(1) and (a)(3)(A), “the base

offense level [of 14] is 6 levels lower than the offense level for the [belowdescribed] underlying offense and not more than 30”. The PSR next noted that,

for the underlying drug offenses of distribution and possession with intent to

distribute, Elijah Salazar (Salazar’s brother) was held accountable for more than

1.5 kilograms of methamphetamine, which resulted in a total offense level of 38.

Applying the maximum base offense level permitted by the cross-reference to

§ 2X3.1(a)(3)(A), the PSR explained that Salazar’s resulting base offense level,

therefore, had to be reduced from 38 to 30. 

The PSR noted the maximum term of imprisonment was life, because of

the applicability of 18 U.S.C. § 1512(j) (increases sentence, where offense occurs

in connection with a trial of a criminal case, up to the maximum term that could

have been imposed in the trial of the case to which the offense was connected).

Salazar’s recommended base offense level of 30, in combination with his category

VI criminal history, resulted in a guidelines sentencing-range of 168-210

months. 
No. 07-40683

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In his objections to the PSR, Salazar contended, inter alia, that the crossreference to § 2X3.1 should not have been applied because his alleged offense did

not obstruct, or involve obstruction of, the investigation or prosecution of a

criminal offense. Along that line, Salazar also objected to the sentence

recommendation, in excess of the § 1512(b)(2)(A) ten-year statutory maximum,

made pursuant to § 1512(j), because, at the time of his offense, his brothers’trial

had not commenced, it was not scheduled reasonably close to the date of

Salazar’s offense, and it was merely prospective in nature and remote because

his brothers were engaged in plea negotiations when Salazar allegedly tampered

with a witness. 

During the sentencing hearing, Salazar maintained, inter alia, that the

cross-reference to § 2X3.1 should not have been applied because he was innocent.

The district court overruled all of his objections. Salazar was sentenced, inter

alia, to 210 months’ imprisonment. 

1.

Salazar contends the district court erred in applying the cross-reference

to § 2X3.1 in order to determine his base offense level. During the sentencing

hearing, however, when the district court asked Salazar’s counsel if he was

making an argument “about whether or not 2J1.2 even applies or 2X3.1 even

applies”, counsel replied: “No, Your Honor. We’re seeking to preserve the issue

that in fact he is innocent and the conduct didn’t occur and therefore it wasn’t an

obstruction of justice.” (Emphasis added.)

a.

As a result, except for the above-quoted innocence-assertion for why the

cross-reference could not apply, Salazar waived an issue concerning applying the

cross-reference to § 2X3.1. See United States v. Arviso-Mata, 442 F.3d 382, 384

(5th Cir. 2006) (“Forfeiture is the failure to make the timely assertion of a right;

waiver is the intentional relinquishment of a known right. Forfeited errors are
No. 07-40683

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reviewed under the plain error standard; waived errors are entirely

unreviewable.” (footnotes omitted)). 

b.

Salazar attempts to circumvent the waiver by asserting, consistent with

his above-quoted innocence-objection at the sentencing hearing, that the

application of the cross-reference was erroneous because the evidence was

insufficient to support a finding that he made any threats which obstructed the

investigation or prosecution of a criminal offense. This contention, however, is

merely derivative of his failed sufficiency of the evidence claim and is, therefore,

also equally without merit.

2.

As noted, when Salazar was sentenced, ten years was the statutory

maximum for a violation of § 1512(b)(2)(A). In that regard, Salazar claims the

district court erred by applying the penalty provisions of § 1512(j) and

sentencing him to 210 months’ imprisonment, which he asserts was

impermissibly above the above-referenced ten-year maximum. Section 1512(j),

however, provides for a higher sentence under the following circumstances: 

If the offense under this section occurs in connection with a trial of

a criminal case, the maximum term of imprisonment which may be

imposed for the offense shall be the higher of that otherwise

provided by law or the maximum term that could have been imposed

for any offense charged in such case. 

18 U.S.C. § 1512(j) (emphasis added). 

a.

First, Salazar focuses on his narrow interpretation of the § 1512(j) phrase

“in connection with a trial of a criminal case”. Along that line, he maintains this

means the trial in the related case must be ongoing or scheduled reasonably

close in time to when witness tampering occurred. 
No. 07-40683

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Salazar does not contest that: his two brothers were convicted in the

Oklahoma case of conspiring to distribute narcotics, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §

846; and,the maximum punishmentfor their offense was life in prison. Instead,

as he did in district court, Salazar emphasizes that, for the period of time he is

charged with tampering with a witness, his brothers’ trial had not begun and

was not even scheduled to begin reasonably close to the charged tampering date.

During the sentencing hearing, however, the district court rejected this assertion

for the following reason: 

The court finds that this threat was made in connection with a trial.

The two Salazar brothers had pled not guilty, the case was pending

in the Eastern District of Oklahoma. It would have been tried had

they not pled guilty, but they had not changed their plea when the

threat was made.

Salazar’s interpretation of the phrase “in connection with a trial of a

criminal case” from § 1512(j), quoted supra, is quite narrow, to say the least.

Moreover, he cites little in support of this interpretation, other than the

definition in Black’s Law Dictionary (7th ed. 1999) for the word “trial”: “[a]

formal judicial examination of evidence and determination of legal claims in an

adversary proceeding”. 

As the Government points out,the “in connection with” language is broad.

Obviously, had Congress wanted to limit the scope of the § 1512(j) enhancement

in the manner urged by Salazar, it could have used another term, such as “close

to or during”, instead of “in connection with”, a criminal trial. This is supported

by analogy to 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1), which enhances the sentence for a defendant

who uses a firearm “during and in relation to” violent or drug-trafficking crimes.

18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A) (emphasis added). Furthermore, in this regard, the

Supreme Court has explained that “[t]he phrase ‘in relation to’ is expansive”.

Smith v. United States, 508 U.S. 223, 237 (1993) (emphasis added). 
No. 07-40683

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The phrase “in connection with” is similarly expansive, especially in the

light of the striking similarity between the phrases “in relation to” and “in

connection with”. (A “connection” is “[t]he condition of being related to

something else by a bond of interdependence”. OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY

ONLINE (2008) (emphasis added).) 

b.

Salazar also contends the rule of lenity counsels against adopting an

expansive interpretation of “in connection with” because it is ambiguous and

does not give fair warning of all that is encompassed by the criminal statute in

question. However, “[t]o invoke the rule [of lenity], we must conclude that there

is a grievous ambiguity or uncertainty in the statute”. Muscarello v. United

States, 524 U.S. 125, 138-39 (1998) (citations and internal quotation marks

omitted). Neither condition is presented by the § 1512(j)’s “in connection with”

language. Therefore, the rule of lenity does not apply.

3.

Salazar’s final sentencing contention is that the district court erred by

using a preponderance-of-the-evidence burden of proof, rather than proof beyond

a reasonable doubt, when it enhanced his sentence by use of the cross-reference

and sentenced him pursuantto § 1512(j). Emphasizing that his sentence was far

greater than the ten-year statutory maximum for witness tampering under §

1512(b)(2)(A), Salazar asserts that the district court “had to make additional

findings beyond the parameters of the indictment and the jury’s findings in order

to use the increased base offense level”. To support his claim, Salazar relies on

the Supreme Court’s decision in Apprendi v. New Jersey, and similar cases,

holding that, “[o]ther than the fact of a prior conviction, any fact that increases

the penalty for a crime beyond the prescribed statutory maximum must be

submitted to a jury, and proved beyond a reasonable doubt”. Apprendi, 530 U.S.

466, 490 (2000).
No. 07-40683

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Salazar concedes he did not raise this issue in district court but,

nonetheless, urges de novo review because the issue concerns the

constitutionality of a sentence. Notwithstanding the nature of the claim, our

review is only for plain error. United States v. Mares, 402 F.3d 511, 520 (5th Cir.

2005); e.g., United States v. Gonzales, 484 F.3d 712, 714 (5th Cir.), cert. denied,

127 S. Ct. 3031 (2007). 

For such review, we first determine whether there is “(1) error, (2) that is

plain, and (3) that affects substantial rights”. Mares, 402 F.3d at 520. Under

this narrow standard of review, an error is not “plain” unless it is “clear” or

“obvious”. United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 734 (1993). Even if plain error

is found to exist, we retain discretion whether to correct it; generally, we will do

so only if “the error seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or public reputation

of judicial proceedings”. Mares, 402 F.3d at 520.

Our having held § 1512(j) was properly applied by the district court in

calculating Salazar’s sentence, the maximum statutory penalty Salazar faced

was life imprisonment. Accordingly, his 210-month sentence did not exceed the

prescribed statutory maximum and Apprendi is not implicated.

It is, perhaps, worth noting that, even assuming, arguendo, Apprendi is

implicated,the requirementthat “any fact that increases the penalty for a crime

beyond the prescribed statutory maximum must be submitted to a jury, and

proved beyond a reasonable doubt” has been satisfied. Apprendi, 530 U.S. at

490. The fact that needed to be submitted to the jury and proved beyond a

reasonable doubt to apply § 1512(j) to Salazar, under the strictures of Apprendi,

was that his offense occurred in connection with a trial of a criminal case. 

The indictment charged Salazar with “the intent to cause and induce Iran

Rolon to withhold testimony from the case of United States v. Salazar, et al.,

6:CR15JHP”, and the jury was charged similarly that the Government had to

prove Salazar “acted knowingly and with intent to cause or induce Iran Louis
No. 07-40683

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Rolon, Jr., to withhold testimony in the trial of United States v. Salazar, cause

6:CR15JHP, an official proceeding”. Because the jury found Salazar guilty, it

necessarily—or, at the very least, by implication—concluded that Salazar’s

threats were made in connection with the trial of a criminal case. See United

States v. Ruhbayan, 527 F.3d 107, 115 (4th Cir. 2007) (“The indictment and the

instructions each identified the [defendant’s] offense as related to [a trial of a

criminal case], and the jury could not have returned a guilty verdict thereon

without so finding.”), vacated for reconsideration in light of Kimbrough v. United

States, 128 S. Ct. 558 (2007), by Ruhbayan, 128 S. Ct. 1132 (2008).

Accordingly, for purposes of our plain-error review, there was no error,

plain or otherwise, in the district court’s application of § 1512(j) for Salazar’s

sentence.

III.

For the foregoing reasons, the judgment is AFFIRMED.