J-S21024-22

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

IN THE INTEREST OF: J.W.S.

APPEAL OF: J.W.S.

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:

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 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 1618 MDA 2021

Appeal from the Order Entered November 24, 2021,

in the Court of Common Pleas of Centre County,

Civil Division at No(s): 2020-0219.

BEFORE: DUBOW, J., KUNSELMAN, J., and PELLEGRINI, J.*

MEMORANDUM BY KUNSELMAN, J.: FILED AUGUST 02, 2022

Mental-health Patient, J.W.S., appeals his involuntarily commitment for

20 days of inpatient care. Patient asserts there was insufficient evidence to 

support his involuntary commitment. We disagree and affirm.

In the fall of 2021, Patient became increasingly aggressive towards his 

family and made self-destructive statements, such as, “I want to . . . go out 

with a bang.” N.T., 11/19/21, at 9. He also discussed burning down his home 

and his daughter’s home. See id. Additionally, Patient began “talking about 

wanting to procure a gun.” Id. at 15. Those threats and others prompted 

Patient’s relatives to initiate this involuntary-commitment proceeding, and, on 

November 19, 2021, county authorities brought Patient to Mount Nittany

Medical Center for a mental-health assessment by psychiatrist Erica Marden, 

M.D. 

According to Dr. Marden, Patient has a history of mental illness. He has

a long-term, false belief that there are “bugs crawling on his skin and that he 

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* Retied Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
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has been infected by bugs of some sort.” Id. at 16. Patient continued to 

complain of these bugs while at the medical center. Thus, he suffers from an 

“unspecified psychosis, with a provisional diagnosis of delusional disorder and 

a provisional diagnosis of late-onset, schizoaffective disorder.” Id. at 7. 

Doctors prescribed him various drugs, but Patient was noncompliant. He told 

the medical-center staff to “shove it,” when they offered him medication. Id.

at 11. 

The medical center arranged to transfer Patient to East End Behavioral 

Health Hospital in Pittsburgh for additional treatment that would improve his

condition. East End offered an inpatient, psychiatric setting, where they could 

adjust his medications. “There would also be family meetings, and he would 

attend group, once he [could] tolerate those.” Id. at 13. When Dr. Marden 

presented this plan of treatment to Patient, he opposed it. Therefore, the 

medical center petitioned the Court of Common Pleas of Centre County to 

commit him to East End for 20 days. The county’s review officer convened a 

hearing to consider the involuntary-commitment petition.

Dr. Marden testified in support of involuntary commitment and related 

the above facts. Furthermore, due to the threats Patient made, his history of 

mental illnesses, and his refusal of medical treatment, Dr. Marden opined that 

Patient was incapable of seeing to his medical health and safety. See id. at 

8. She believed continued treatment was needed to protect Patient from 

himself and others. Left untreated, Patient’s behavior would “potentially” lead 

to death, disability, or serious physical debilitation within 30 days. Id. at 10.
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When asked on cross-examination what she meant by “potentially,” Dr. 

Marden said she was “still very concerned about his acute risk, given that he 

has been making these statements to family before coming in, has been very 

threatening towards them, and has been quite irritable with staff here.” Id. 

at 18. Moreover, he “has not been taking any medication to reduce the 

likelihood of those same behaviors occurring, if he would return [home].” Id.

at 19.

Based upon Dr. Marden’s expert testimony, the mental-health-review 

officer granted the petition for 20 days of involuntary commitment at East 

End. Patient filed a petition for judicial review of that decision, which the trial 

court denied. This timely appeal followed.

Patient raises one claim of error on appeal: whether the medical center 

presented “sufficient evidence to commit [Patient] to involuntary psychiatric 

treatment, as it failed to present clear and convincing evidence of conduct 

supporting a reasonable probability that death, serious debilitation, or bodily 

injury was likely imminent?” Patient’s Brief at 5.

In Patient’s view, the Mental Health Procedures Act (“MHPA”), 50 P.S. 

§§ 7101-7503, demands evidence that he acted on his threats before the 

review officer could order his involuntarily commitment. He contends, while 

there was proof “he was irritable, the [MHPA] requires more to deprive a 

citizen of his liberty and right to decline medication.” Patient’s Brief at 10.

In an appeal regarding an involuntary commitment, “this Court is not to 

find facts but to determine whether there is evidence in the record to justify 
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the hearing court’s findings.”

1 Commonwealth ex rel. Gibson v. 

DiGiacinto, 439 A.2d 105, 107 (Pa. 1981). Our standard of review of legal 

conclusions is de novo. See id. A “challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence 

presents a pure question of law, requiring review of the facts of record in the 

light most favorable to the original decision-maker . . . to determine whether 

the requisite standard of proof has been met.” In re Vencil, 152 A.3d 235, 

243 (Pa. 2017). In this case, the original decision-maker was the review 

officer.

Under the MHPA, after an initial assessment, if a mental-health “facility 

determines that the need for emergency treatment is likely to extend beyond

120 hours,” the facility must petition a court of common pleas for permission 

to continue the involuntary commitment. 50 P.S. § 7303(a). There is a 

hearing on the petition. If “the judge or the review officer finds that the person 

is severely mentally disabled and in need of continued involuntary treatment, 

either as an inpatient or through less restrictive assisted outpatient treatment, 

he shall so certify.” 50 P.S. § 7303(c). “Otherwise, [the court] shall direct 

that the facility director or his designee discharge the person.” Id. Thus, we 

must determine whether there was sufficient evidence that Patient was 

“severally mentally disabled,” under subsection 7303(c) of the MHPA. 

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1 Thus, while Patient also testified, the mental-health-review officer deemed

his testimony incredible or gave it little to no weight. Thus, we may not 

consider Patient’s version of events within our scope of review to the extent 

that it contradicts Dr. Marden’s testimony.
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“An individual is severely mentally disabled if, as a result of mental 

illness, his capacity . . . to care for his own personal needs is so lessened that 

he poses a clear and present danger of harm . . . to himself.” Vencil, 152 

A.3d at 237 (quoting 50 P.S. § 7301(a)) (quotation marks omitted). 

An individual is a “clear and present danger” to himself when, within the 

past 30 days, he: 

has acted in such manner as to evidence that he would be 

unable, without care, supervision, and the continued 

assistance of others, to satisfy his need for . . . medical care, 

. . . or self-protection and safety, and that there is a 

reasonable probability that death, serious bodily injury, or 

serious physical debilitation would ensue within 30 days,

unless adequate treatment were afforded . . . .

50 P.S. § 7301(b)(2)(i). This Court has previously held that, when subsection 

7301(b)(2)(i) applies, “no demonstration of an overt act is necessary to 

involuntarily commit the individual under Section 303 of the [MHPA].” In re 

S.B., 777 A.2d 454, 459 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2000). 

There, S.B. made statements to healthcare providers indicating she

“was not clear on whether she could be safe . . . or whether she was suicidal

. . . .” Id. at 458. She refused to take depression and anxiety medication, 

refused to eat, and had poor hygiene. Finally, S.B. could not “‘contract for 

safety’, a procedure by which a patient agrees to approach the staff for help 

if she feels suicidal.” Id. Based on the above, this Court affirmed her 

involuntary commitment under 50 P.S. § 7301(b)(2)(i). 
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According to Patient, In re S.B. is distinguishable on the grounds that 

S.B. made statements of “suicidal ideation” but he did not. Patient’s Brief at 

15. He further contends that S.B. was less capable of caring for herself than 

he was, because of her “refusal of medication which might alleviate [her 

suicidal] deliberations, refusal to eat, and poor hygiene.” Id. In making his

claim, Patient contends that he “displayed no indication of lack of ability for 

nourishment, personal or medical care, shelter, or self-protection and safety 

. . . .” Id. at 15-16.

This contention fails, however, because the review officer credited Dr. 

Marden’s testimony, rather than Patient’s version of events. See Vencil, 

supra.

First, based on the doctor’s testimony, Patient went beyond the mere 

“suicidal ideations” that S.B. entertained. Envisioning self-slaughter, Patient 

wanted to “go out with a bang” and wanted to burn down his home. N.T., 

11/19/21, at 9. Such statements reasonably indicate that Patient potentially 

planned to take his own life in dramatic fashion: an arson/suicide. Therefore, 

the record supports the factual finding that Patient, at a minimum,

contemplated suicide.

Second, Dr. Marden opined that, because Patient refused to take his 

antipsychotic medication, Patient’s mental illnesses inhibited his ability to care 

for his medical health and safety. He was “unable, without care, supervision,

and the continued assistance of others, to satisfy his need for . . . medical 

care . . . or self-protection and safety . . . .” 50 P.S. § 7301(b)(2)(i). That 
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testimony sufficiently establishes that Patient was a clear and present danger 

to himself, because the subsection uses the word “or” when listing the life 

functions at issue. 

The legislature’s use of the disjunctive indicates that a treatment facility 

need only prove that a mentally ill individual is incapable of providing for one

life function to secure an involuntary commitment. Thus, the fact that Patient

could feed, clothe, and shelter himself was irrelevant, given his inability to 

provide for his medical health and safety. If subsection 7301(b)(2)(i) used

the conjunction “and” when enumerating the life functions, then the test would 

be whether an individual could not provide for any of his life functions. But 

that is not the law. Patient’s inability to provide for just one basic life functions 

renders him a clear and present danger to himself under statute.

Hence, we agree with the trial court; S.B. controls. An overt act is not 

required for Patient’s involuntary commitment, because the legislature has 

sanctioned his commitment without evidence of such an act under 50 P.S. § 

7301(b)(2)(i). That subsection applies.

Dr. Marden’s testimony establishes, by clear and convincing evidence, 

that Patient would not be able to provide for his medical health and safety, 

because he refused the medication needed to combat his psychoses. She 

based her opinion upon statements Patient made to his family and healthcare 

providers and his refusal of medication within the past 30 days. Furthermore, 

she opined, within a reasonable degree of medical certainty, that Patient had 
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a potential of harming himself within the next 30 days, if not treated at East 

End Hospital. 

Therefore, like the review officer and the trial court, we conclude that 

Dr. Marden’s testimony, when considered in the light most favorable to the 

review officer’s decision, establishes that, “as a result of mental illness, 

[Patient’s] capacity . . . to care for his own personal needs is so lessened that 

he poses a clear and present danger of harm . . . to himself.” 50 P.S. § 

7301(a). Patient is not entitled to appellate relief.

Order affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 08/02/2022