FILED

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

 SEPTEMBER 10, 2008

THOMAS K. KAHN

CLERK

[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

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No. 07-14853

Non-Argument Calendar

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D. C. Docket No. 06-00256-CR-W-E

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

Plaintiff-Appellee, 

versus 

RAMON CONTRERAS RODRIGUEZ, 

a.k.a. Ricardo Mendoza Lira, 

Defendant-Appellant. 

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Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Middle District of Alabama

_________________________

(September 10, 2008)

Before ANDERSON, BLACK and HULL, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
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Ramon Contreras Rodriguez (Contreras) appeals the district court’s denial

of his motion to suppress evidence seized during a search of his home. He

contends the affidavit supporting the warrant used in the search failed to establish

probable cause linking his residence to illegal activity, or a fair probability that

evidence of a crime would be found there. 

“A district court’s ruling on a motion to suppress presents a mixed question

of law and fact.” United States v. Zapata, 180 F.3d 1237, 1240 (11th Cir. 1999). 

We accept the district court’s findings of fact to be true, unless shown to be clearly

erroneous, and review de novo the district court’s application of the law to those

facts. Id. “[A]ll facts are construed in the light most favorable to the prevailing

party below.” United States v. Bervaldi, 226 F.3d 1256, 1262 (11th Cir. 2000). 

“The individual challenging the search bears the burdens of proof and persuasion.”

United States v. Cooper, 133 F.3d 1394, 1398 (11th Cir. 1998). 

The Fourth Amendment protects persons from unreasonable searches and

seizures, and mandates that “no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause,

supported by Oath or affirmation.” U.S. Const. amend. IV. In order to establish

probable cause, the affidavit supporting a search warrant must “state facts

sufficient to justify a conclusion that evidence or contraband will probably be

found at the premises to be searched.” United States v. Martin, 297 F.3d 1308,
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1314 (11th Cir. 2002) (quotations and citation omitted). More specifically, “the

affidavit should establish a connection between the defendant and the residence to

be searched and a link between the residence and any criminal activity.” Id.

Under the exclusionary rule, “[e]vidence seized as the result of an illegal search

may not be used by the government in a subsequent criminal prosecution.” Id. at

1312. However, the Supreme Court created a good faith exception to this rule,

stating courts should generally not find evidence inadmissible when it is obtained

by officers acting in reasonable reliance upon a search warrant later found to be

unsupported by probable cause. United States v. Leon, 104 S. Ct. 3405, 3420

(1984).

We review de novo whether the Leon good faith exception to the

exclusionary rule applies to a search, adhering to the underlying facts upon which

that determination is based unless they are clearly erroneous. United States v.

Robinson, 336 F.3d 1293, 1295 (11th Cir. 2003). The exception applies in all but

four sets of circumstances, two of which are relevant in this case: “where the

affidavit supporting the warrant is so lacking in indicia of probable cause as to

render official belief in its existence entirely unreasonable; and . . . where,

depending upon the circumstances of the particular case, a warrant is so facially

deficient–i.e., in failing to particularize the place to be searched or things to be
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seized–that the executing officers cannot reasonably presume it to be valid.” 

Martin, 297 F.3d at 1313 (quotations and citation omitted). Under the Leon good

faith exception, suppression is required “only if the officers were dishonest or

reckless in preparing their affidavit or could not have harbored an objectively

reasonable belief in the existence of probable cause.” Id. (quotations and citation

omitted). 

Upon review of the record and after considering the parties’ briefs, we find

no reversible error in the district court’s denial of Contreras’s motion to suppress. 

We conclude the affidavit underlying the search warrant was not sufficient to

establish probable cause linking Contreras’s residence to illegal activity or to

evidence sought in the warrant. However, the officers executing the warrant could

have reasonably believed it was supported by probable cause, so the Leon good

faith exception applies and the evidence was therefore admissible.

The warrant allowed a search of Octavio Trejo Patino’s and Ronda Baird’s

property for documentary and other evidence related to their alleged harboring and

employment of illegal aliens. The affidavit supporting the warrant provided

evidence that Patino and Baird owned property that included the residences of

Contreras and others. It also indicated their business had made payments to

individuals suspected of being illegal aliens, and some residents on Patino’s and
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Baird’s property were in the country illegally. To establish probable cause to

search Contreras’s residence, however, the affidavit needed to link the residence to

Patino’s and Baird’s alleged crimes or show a fair probability that evidence of

criminal activity would be found there. 

While the affidavit indicated some illegal aliens were living on the property

owned by Patino and Baird, it did not link those illegal aliens to specific

residences on the property, and there was no information whatsoever in the

affidavit establishing illegal aliens resided at Contreras’s residence. Also, the

affidavit indicated identification documents and evidence of payments to illegal

aliens are typically found at the residence or business of those involved in these

activities or those of their close associates. However, nothing in the affidavit

showed Contreras’s residence was used by Patino or Baird as a residence or

business property or that Contreras was a close associate of Patino or Baird. 

Indeed, the affidavit lacked any indication that documentary evidence of Patino’s

and Baird’s alleged crimes would likely be found at Contreras’s residence. 

Because the warrant affidavit did not connect Contreras’s residence to the alleged

illegal activities of Patino and Baird and failed to establish Contreras’s residence

would likely house evidence of such activities, the warrant used to search

Contreras’s residence was not supported by probable cause. 
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Though the warrant used to search Contreras’s residence was not supported

by probable cause, the evidence seized from the residence is still admissible under

the Leon good faith exception, since the officers acted in reasonable reliance upon

the warrant. Contreras does not allege any of the information in the warrant

affidavit was factually inaccurate, and there is no evidence that the affiant officer

was reckless or dishonest in preparing the affidavit. While the affidavit may have

lacked the specificity needed to establish a connection between Contreras’s

residence and evidence of the alleged crimes committed by Patino and Baird, it did

establish that Patino and Baird owned Contreras’s residence and illegal aliens

were residing in at least some of the residences on their property. Officers

executing the warrant could have reasonably believed the presence of illegal aliens

at nearby residences owned by Patino and Baird was sufficient to establish

probable cause to search Contreras’s residence. Because the affidavit contained at

least some information suggesting evidence might be found at Contreras’s

residence, the executing officers could have reasonably believed the warrant was

supported by probable cause. Thus, the district court did not err in admitting the

evidence found during the search of Contreras’s residence.

AFFIRMED.