* Effective March 31, 1995, the functions of the Secretary of Health and

Human Services in social security cases were transferred to the Commissioner of

Social Security. P.L. No. 103-296. Although the Commissioner appears in the

caption, in the text we continue to refer to the Secretary because she was the

appropriate party at the time of the underlying decision.

** This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the

doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court

generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order

and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3. 

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

Filed 10/18/96

FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT

WARREN C. CHAPPELL,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

SHIRLEY S. CHATER,

Commissioner, Social Security

Administration,*

Defendant-Appellee.

No. 95-5191

(D.C. No. 94-CV-9-W)

(N.D. Okla.)

ORDER AND JUDGMENT**

Before PORFILIO, LOGAN, and LUCERO, Circuit Judges.
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After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined

unanimously to grant the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral

argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34 (f) and 10th Cir. R. 34.1.9. The case is

therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.

Plaintiff appeals the district court’s decision affirming the Secretary’s

denial of plaintiff’s application for Supplemental Security Income (SSI) benefits. 

Plaintiff applied for SSI benefits in June 1992, alleging he had been disabled

since January 1991 due to work-related injuries to his left side, including his

shoulder, arm, hand, and knee. In what became the final decision of the

Secretary, the administrative law judge (ALJ) concluded, at step four of the

sequential analysis, see 20 C.F.R. § 416.920, that plaintiff could return to his past

relevant work as either an apartment complex manager, a department store

manager, or a housekeeping manager. Therefore, the ALJ concluded that plaintiff

was not disabled and denied him SSI benefits.

On appeal, plaintiff argues that the ALJ made several errors in assessing his

residual functional capacity (RFC). Plaintiff also challenges the ALJ’s

determination that he can return to his past relevant work, on the ground that the

ALJ failed to develop the record and to make any findings about the mental and

physical demands of plaintiff’s past relevant work.
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We have jurisdiction over this appeal pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 405(g) and 28

U.S.C. § 1291. We review the Secretary’s decision to determine whether it is

supported by substantial evidence, based on the record as a whole, and whether it

correctly applies pertinent legal standards. Washington v. Shalala, 37 F.3d 1437,

1439 (10th Cir. 1994). Because we agree that the ALJ failed to develop the

record and to make the necessary findings regarding the requirements of

plaintiff’s past relevant work, we reverse and remand for further proceedings.

At step four of the sequential analysis, the ALJ must first assess the

claimant’s RFC and then determine whether the claimant can return to his or her

past relevant work given the limitations found. See generally Winfrey v. Chater,

92 F.3d 1017, 1023-25 (10th Cir. 1996)(discussing the three phases of step four in

detail). Here, the ALJ completed the first phase, by determining that plaintiff

could do only medium work, that he had restricted use of his left hand and

chronic pain for which he took medicine that permitted him to remain reasonably

alert, and that he had to change position from time to time to relieve his pain. We

will discuss plaintiff’s challenges to the ALJ’s determination at the first phase of

step four later in this order and judgment. First, however, we consider the

reversible errors the ALJ committed at the second phase of the analysis.

At the second phase of the step four analysis, the ALJ must make

findings regarding the physical and mental demands of the claimant’s

past relevant work. See Henrie [v. United States Dep’t of Health &

Human Servs.], 13 F.3d [359,] 361 [10th Cir. (1993)]. To make the
1 The vocational report that plaintiff filled out described the types of

equipment plaintiff used in his job as a housekeeping manager, including a buffer,

vacuum, and scrubber, and stated that it “was a job in which you have to used

[sic] left hand that I can’t do anymore.” Appellant’s App., Vol. II at 80. The

vocational report also recited that, as a department store manager, plaintiff had to

use a buffer, stripper, vacuum and paint machine. Id. at 82. The report contained

no information about the demands of plaintiff’s job as an apartment complex

manager.

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necessary findings, the ALJ must obtain adequate “factual

information about those work demands which have a bearing on the

medically established limitations.”

Winfrey, 92 F.3d at 1024 (quoting SSR 82-62, Soc. Sec. Rep. Serv., Rulings

1975-1982, 809, 812 (West 1983)). The ALJ here did not obtain any information

about those demands of plaintiff’s past relevant work that would have a bearing

on plaintiff’s exertional abilities, his restricted use of his left hand, his chronic

pain, or his need to change position periodically, beyond what was in the rather

limited vocational report.1 Instead, the ALJ asked a vocational expert (VE)

whether someone with certain characteristics, including the limitations mentioned,

could perform any of plaintiff’s past relevant occupations, of which there were

approximately twelve. The VE responded that such a person could perform three

of the jobs: apartment manager, housekeeping manager, and department store

manager. The VE did not explain why he chose those three jobs, nor did he

provide any information about how the demands of those jobs--either as plaintiff

actually performed them or as they are generally performed in the national
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economy--related to the physical limitations described by the ALJ. Thus, the ALJ

failed in his “basic obligation . . . to ensure that an adequate record is developed

during the disability hearing consistent with the issues raised.” Henrie, 13 F.3d at

360-61.

Having failed to develop the record adequately, the ALJ was not able to

fulfill his subsequent fact finding responsibilities. Therefore, rather than making

the required findings about those demands of plaintiff’s past relevant work that

would relate to the particular limitations found, the ALJ simply recited the

hypothetical question he posed to the VE and the VE’s response, and then the ALJ

made a finding that plaintiff could perform the three jobs identified by the VE. 

Although we review the ALJ’s decision for substantial evidence, “we are not in a

position to draw factual conclusions on behalf of the ALJ.” Prince v. Sullivan,

933 F.2d 598, 602 (7th Cir. 1991). Further, as we recently explained in Winfrey,

92 F.3d at 1025, “[r]equiring the ALJ to make specific findings on the record at

each phase of the step four analysis provides for meaningful judicial review. 

When, as here, the ALJ makes findings only about the claimant’s limitations, and

the remainder of the step four assessment takes place in the VE’s head, we are left

with nothing to review.”

Because the ALJ failed to develop an adequate record and to make the

required findings about the pertinent demands of plaintiff’s past relevant work,
2

In affirming the ALJ, the district court relied upon the description of

plaintiff’s past relevant work contained in the Dictionary of Occupational Titles,

even though, as the court acknowledged, the ALJ never suggested that he relied

on those job descriptions in reaching his decision. A reviewing court may not

compensate for deficiencies in an agency’s decision “by supplying a reasoned

basis for the agency’s action that the agency itself has not given.” Rapp v. United

States Dep’t of Treasury, 52 F.3d 1510, 1515 (10th Cir. 1995).

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we must reverse and remand for further proceedings. On remand, the ALJ may

elicit information about the demands of plaintiff’s past relevant work from a

variety of sources. For instance, plaintiff can provide the ALJ information about

the demands of his work as he actually performed it, and the ALJ is free to rely

on information supplied by a vocational expert, see id., or contained in the

Dictionary of Occupational Titles, concerning the demands of plaintiff’s work as

it is generally performed in the national economy. The ALJ should, however,

clearly indicate the source of the information upon which he relies in making the

required findings.2

Having determined that a remand to the agency is necessary to correct

errors at the second phase of the step four analysis, we now consider whether any

further correction on remand needs to be made at the first phase of the analysis,

where the ALJ assessed plaintiff’s RFC. Plaintiff raises several challenges to the

ALJ’s RFC determination: (1) the ALJ did not accord proper weight to the

opinions of plaintiff’s treating physicians and, instead, relied on the opinion of an

examining physician; (2) the ALJ erred in failing to obtain a consultative
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examination concerning plaintiff’s physical impairments; (3) the ALJ failed to

consider the psychological aspect of plaintiff’s impairments and to order an

appropriate consultative examination; and (4) the ALJ erroneously discredited

plaintiff’s testimony on the basis that it was overstated, rather than recognizing

that the alleged overstatement was a result of plaintiff’s mental condition. 

Because plaintiff did not assert either of the first two challenges in the district

court, we will not consider them on appeal. See Crow v. Shalala, 40 F.3d 323,

324 (10th Cir. 1994).

Throughout the course of treatment for his injuries, plaintiff complained of

symptoms for which various specialists could find no reason. According to

reports of other physicians, Dr. Baldwin, one of the hand surgeons that plaintiff

saw in January and February of 1991, requested that plaintiff undergo a

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). The record does not

contain any medical reports or notes from Dr. Baldwin or the actual results of the

MMPI. Notes from another physician, however, reflect that Dr. Baldwin reported

that the results of the MMPI “revealed significant symptom magnification as well

as extremely hysterical and hypochondriacal tendencies.” Appellant’s App., Vol.

II at 184-85 (Dr. Reed); see also id. at 173 (“The results that were recorded were

that there was elevation of the hysteria and hypochondriacal indices.”)(Dr.

Tanner).
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Dr. Reed, a surgeon who was plaintiff’s treating physician, stated that the

reason some of the specialists were not able to find an objective medical reason

for plaintiff’s complaints may have been that those doctors were given an

inaccurate history of plaintiff’s accident and, therefore, focused their

examinations on plaintiff’s hand and elbow, rather than on his entire left side. 

Although Dr. Reed noted the results of plaintiff’s MMPI, he did not comment

directly on what significance he attached to them. Nor did Dr. Reed give his own

assessment of plaintiff’s credibility. Dr. Reed did, however, state that plaintiff

had “significant impairment due to mental/emotional deterioration associated with

this injury.” Id. at 199.

Plaintiff contends that Dr. Reed’s opinion constitutes sufficient evidence of

a mental impairment that the ALJ should have ordered a consultative examination

to assess plaintiff’s mental condition. The ALJ may order a consultative exam

“[i]f [the claimant’s] medical sources cannot or will not give [the ALJ] sufficient

medical evidence about [the claimant’s] impairment for [the ALJ] to determine

whether [the claimant is] disabled.” 20 C.F.R. § 416.917. We have held that the

ALJ “has broad latitude in ordering a consultative examination,” and that he need

not order a consultative exam when the claimant has presented no objective

evidence supporting the conclusion that he suffers from a mental impairment. 

Diaz v. Secretary of Health & Human Servs., 898 F.2d 774, 778 (10th Cir. 1990).
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Although the record at present does not contain objective evidence of a

mental impairment, it does contain several references to the MMPI that plaintiff

took, the results of which may reflect a mental impairment. Because we are

already remanding this case to the agency for further record development, we also

direct the ALJ to make reasonable efforts to obtain the results of the MMPI. 

Depending on what those test results show, further development of the record,

including a consultative exam, may be necessary. Likewise, the ALJ also may

need to reassess the credibility of plaintiff’s testimony, see Luna v. Bowen, 834

F.2d 161, 165-66 (10th Cir. 1987)(holding that one of the factors an ALJ should

consider in evaluating allegations of pain is “the possibility that psychological

disorders combine with physical problems”), to reevaluate plaintiff’s RFC, and to

complete a Psychiatric Review Technique form. The ALJ may determine what

actions, if any, are necessary, once he reviews the MMPI results.
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The judgment of the United States District Court for the Northern District

of Oklahoma is REVERSED, and the case is REMANDED to the District Court

with directions to remand the action to the Commissioner for further proceedings

consistent with this order and judgment.

Entered for the Court

John C. Porfilio 

Circuit Judge