JUDGMENT OF THE EUROPEAN UNION CIVIL SERVICE TRIBUNAL (Third Chamber)

13 December 2006 ([\*](#Footnote*))

(Officials – Open competition – Selection Board – Composition – Equal treatment – Conditions for admission)

In Case F‐22/05,

ACTION under Articles 236 EC and 152 EA,

**Neophytos Neophytou,** residing in Itzig (Luxembourg), represented by S.A. Pappas, lawyer,

applicant,

v

**Commission of the European Communities,** represented by J. Currall and H. Kraemer, acting as Agents, with an address for service in Luxembourg,

defendant,

THE TRIBUNAL (Third Chamber),

composed of P. Mahoney, President, H. Kanninen (Rapporteur) and S. Gervasoni, Judges,

Registrar: W. Hakenberg,

having regard to the written procedure and further to the hearing on 21 June 2006,

gives the following

**Judgment**

1       By application lodged by fax at the Registry of the Court of First Instance of the European Communities on 21 April 2005 (the
original was lodged on 28 April 2005), Mr Neophytou seeks annulment of the decision of the Commission of the European Communities
of 20 January 2005 rejecting his complaint against the decision of the selection board for open competition EPSO/A/1/03 not
to include his name on the reserve list published in the *Official Journal of the European Union* (OJ 2004 C 285 A, p. 3).

**Facts of the case**

2       The applicant was a candidate in open competition EPSO/A/1/03 to constitute a reserve of assistant administrators (A8) having
Cypriot citizenship (OJ 2003 C 120 A, p. 13).

3       That competition covered four fields: ‘European public administration’, ‘Law’, ‘Economics’ and ‘Auditing’. Candidates could
choose only one of those fields (section A of the competition notice). The applicant chose the field of ‘European public administration’.

4       Section B(1) to (3) of the competition notice stated that the nature and number of the tests were as follows: three pre-selection
tests (paragraph 1(a), (b) and (c)), two written tests (paragraph 2(d) and (e)) and an oral test (paragraph 3(f)).

5       In order to be admitted to the written tests, candidates had to obtain the pass mark in each of the pre-selection tests, one
of the best marks in those tests and to meet all the conditions for admission.

6       The corrigendum to the competition notice published on 6 June 2003 (OJ 2003 C 132 A, p. 33) stated, in relation to the field
of ‘European public administration’, that only those applicants who obtained the 30 best marks out of all those who obtained
the pass mark in written tests (d) and (e) would be asked to take part in the oral test.

7       The conditions for admission relating to certificates and diplomas were set out in Section A II(1) of the competition notice
as follows:

‘Certificates and diplomas

You will be considered only if your degree is one that gives access to doctoral studies. The selection board will allow for
differences between national education systems. See the examples of the minimum qualifications required in the tables annexed
to the guide for candidates (see website).’

8       For the field of ‘European public administration’, the competition notice (Section A II(1)) stated that ‘[y]ou must have successfully
completed a full course at university level and obtained a degree in a relevant subject’.

9       The provisions concerning the drawing up of a reserve list of successful candidates (section B(5)) were worded as follows:

‘At the end of the competition, out of all the applicants who obtain the highest marks in all the written and oral tests (NB:
they must have also obtained the pass mark in every test), the selection board will draw up lists of the successful applicants
in each competition and field, divided into merit classes (no more than four) and sorted in alphabetical order (see section
A for number of successful applicants per citizenship and field).

...’

10     The number of successful applicants of Cypriot citizenship in the field of ‘European public administration’, initially fixed
at 25, was then reduced to 20 in the corrigendum to the competition notice.

11     Having passed the pre-selection tests, the applicant was invited by letter of 5 February 2004 to submit a full application
with a view to his possible admission to the competition. After examining his application and marking the written tests, the
selection board invited the applicant to the oral test on 8 September 2004.

12     By letter of 24 September 2004, the selection board informed the applicant that, as his final results were insufficient, it
was not possible for his name to be included on the reserve list of successful candidates. According to the selection board,
the applicant obtained a final mark of 58 points, whereas the candidates who obtained the 20 highest marks for the written
and oral tests had an overall mark of at least 61.

13     On 19 October 2004 the applicant submitted a complaint under Article 90(2) of the Staff Regulations of Officials of the European
Communities (‘the Staff Regulations’) against the decision of the selection board not to include his name on the reserve list.
The applicant maintained, firstly, that the composition of the selection board had varied in the course of the oral tests,
infringing the candidates’ right to equal treatment. Three selection board members were present on 8 September 2004, the day
of his interview, whereas on all the other days (that is, on 9, 10, 15 and 16 September 2004) the board was composed of four
members. In the applicant’s opinion, the composition of the board should have been the same for all candidates. Secondly,
the oral test did not proceed in a proper manner as a result of disorganisation, and in particular the interview started late
and was shortened. Moreover, applicants who held a degree in law should not have been admitted to the tests for the particular
field of ‘European public administration’ since the competition notice restricted applications by such applicants to the field
of ‘Law’. Furthermore, the applicant states that the marks obtained in the pre-selection tests were not taken into consideration
by the selection board, in breach of the competition notice. Finally, the questions he was asked at the oral test did not
reflect the aim of that test as described in the competition notice.

14     By letter dated 21 January 2005, the appointing authority dismissed the applicant’s complaint on the ground, inter alia, that
there was no unjustified difference between the treatment of the applicant and that of the other candidates. Firstly, the
appointing authority considered that the applicant had failed to establish that different selection criteria had been applied
to him or that the conditions in which the oral test had been conducted resulted in discrimination against him. Secondly,
with regard to the composition of the selection board, the appointing authority pointed out that, as the chairman of the board
was present at the interviews of all candidates, it had been possible to ensure continuity in the marking criteria. Thirdly,
it was not contrary to the competition notice to accept law graduates, the only requirement for the field of ‘European public
administration’ being a degree in a subject relevant to the field chosen by the candidate. The selection board could not have
applied a condition that was not laid down in the competition notice by excluding candidates holding a degree in law. Lastly,
the appointing authority noted that that notice made the distinction between pre-selection tests and written tests very clear,
which therefore justified the results obtained in the pre-selection tests not being taken into consideration in the final
score.

**Procedure and forms of order sought by the parties**

15     The present action was initially lodged at the Court of First Instance under case number T-165/05.

16     By order of 15 December 2005, pursuant to Article 3(3) of Council Decision 2004/752/EC, Euratom of 2 November 2004 establishing
the European Union Civil Service Tribunal (OJ 2004 L 333, p. 7), the Court of First Instance referred the present case to
the Tribunal. The action was registered at the Registry of the Tribunal under case number F‐22/05.

17     By way of measures of organisation of procedure laid down in Article 64 of the Rules of Procedure of the Court of First Instance,
applicable *mutatis mutandis* to the Tribunal under Article 3(4) of Decision 2004/752 until the latter’s rules of procedure enter into force, the Tribunal
asked the defendant to produce a copy of the decision establishing the composition of the selection board for competition
EPSO/A/1/03, the records of the oral tests (in particular those parts of the record relating to the composition of the selection
board for each day of the oral tests) and the list of successful candidates in that competition.

18     The applicant claims that the Tribunal should:

–       annul the decision of the selection board not to include his name on the reserve list for the recruitment of assistant administrators
having Cypriot citizenship;

–       order the defendant to pay the costs.

19     The Commission contends that the Tribunal should:

–       dismiss the action;

–       make an appropriate order as to costs.

**Subject-matter of the action**

20     In his application, the applicant seeks annulment of the Commission’s decision dismissing his complaint against the decision
of the selection board for open competition EPSO/A/1/03 not to include his name on the reserve list for recruitment of assistant
administrators having Cypriot citizenship. In that connection it must be pointed out that it is settled case-law that actions
for annulment formally directed against the rejection of a complaint have the effect of bringing before the Tribunal the decision
against which the complaint was submitted and, as such, lack any independent content (Case 293/87 *Vainker* v *Parliament* [1989] ECR 23, paragraph 8; Case T-33/91 *Williams* v *Court of Auditors* [1992] ECR II-2499, paragraph 23; Case T-330/03 *Liakoura* v *Council* [2004] ECR-SC I-A-191 and II‐859, paragraph 13; and Case T-309/03 *Camós Grau* v *Commission* [2006] ECR-SC I-A-0000 and II-0000, paragraph 43). It should be added that that case-law applies equally to situations in
which the lodging of a formal complaint under Article 90 of the Staff Regulations is not a necessary precondition for bringing
an action, as is the case here.

21     The action must therefore be regarded as being directed against the decision of the selection board for open competition EPSO/A/1/03
not to include the applicant’s name on the reserve list.

**Admissibility of the pleas**

22     In his application originating proceedings, the applicant pleads three grounds for annulment. The first plea in law, alleging
infringement of the principle of non-discrimination, is in two parts. In the first part, the applicant argues that the composition
of the selection board varied in the course of the oral tests. In the second part, he challenges the presence on the selection
board of both full and alternate members at the same time.

23     The second and third pleas allege, respectively, infringement of the competition notice and that the selection board exceeded
the limits of its discretion.

24     At the stage of the reply, two new complaints were raised by the applicant. He stated, firstly, that alternate members can
replace full members only in exceptional circumstances and where there is some compelling reason why the full member is unable
to attend. According to the applicant, that was not the case here, since the full member appointed by the Staff Committee,
who was present on 9, 10, 15 and 16 September 2004, was unavailable only on the day his interview took place.

25     The applicant then challenges the manner in which his interview with the selection board was conducted, alleging that the
interview was delayed by 20 minutes, was disorganised in that it was conducted by the chairman alone, who asked the applicant
fewer questions than were asked of the other candidates and, lastly, was shortened by 15 minutes.

26     In its rejoinder, the Commission acknowledges that the alleged disorganisation in the conduct of the oral test was clearly
mentioned by the applicant in his complaint. However, since those matters were no longer referred to in the application, the
complaint must be dismissed as inadmissible under Articles 44 and 48 of the Rules of Procedure of the Court of First Instance.

27     At the hearing, the applicant raised a number of other complaints. Firstly, he maintained that the selection board had not
been lawfully appointed by the Commission. Next, he complained that, without any explanation being given by the administration,
the number of members present on the selection board was considerably lower than the number of members appointed. The applicant
further stated that all the oral tests were presided over by an alternate chairman without any explanation being given for
the absence of the chairman proper. Moreover, the applicant observes that on the Commission’s website Mr Carle is shown as
the chairman of the selection board whereas, according to the attendance sheets for the members of the selection board produced
by the Commission to the Tribunal at its request, Mr Carle was the alternate chairman. Lastly, the applicant challenged the
fact that, at the time of the oral tests, Mr Carle was the chairman of the selection board when he was no longer an active
official of the Commission.

28     It follows from Article 44(1)(c) in conjunction with Article 48(2) of the Rules of Procedure of the Court of First Instance
that the application must state the subject-matter of the proceedings and a summary of the pleas in law relied on, and that
new pleas in law may not be introduced in the course of the proceedings unless they are based on matters of law or of fact
which come to light in the course of the procedure. However, a plea in law which may be regarded as amplifying a plea in law
made previously, whether directly or by implication, in the original application, and which is closely connected therewith,
must be declared admissible (Case 108/81 *Amylum* v *Council* [1982] ECR 3107, paragraph 25; Case 306/81 *Verros* v *Parliament* [1983] ECR 1755, paragraph 9; Case T-118/96 *Thai Bicycle* v *Council* [1998] ECR II-2991, paragraph 142; and Case T-96/04 *Cwik* v *Commission* [2005] ECR-SC I-A-0000 and II-0000, paragraph 62).

29     With regard, firstly, to the complaints put forward in the reply, these cannot be regarded as pleas based on matters of law
or of fact which came to light in the course of the written procedure. The replacement of full members with alternate members
and the alleged disorder in the conduct of the oral test are matters of fact known to the applicant before the action was
brought.

30     Those complaints are, however, closely linked to the plea alleging infringement of the principle of non-discrimination, which
is relied on in the application, and thus amplify it. On the one hand, the replacement without justification of full members
with alternate members contributed to instability in the composition of the selection board pleaded by the applicant in his
application. On the other hand, that instability in the composition of the selection board, which forms the central argument
of the first plea in the application, was the cause of some of the disorganisation in the conduct of the oral test. In the
reply, the applicant states that ‘[p]robably a last minute change did not allow the full member to participate, [which explains]
the 20 minute delay in the start of the interview and the fact that the interview was conducted by the chairman [alone], [who
asked] 14 questions against [an average] on the other days of 21’.

31     Accordingly, the complaints raised in the reply relating, firstly, to the replacement of full members with alternate members,
and, secondly, to disorganisation in the conduct of the oral tests, are by implication part of the plea put forward by the
applicant in his application and must therefore be considered admissible.

32     With regard to the complaints made at the hearing, they were not relied on either directly or by implication in the application.
Nor are they closely connected with the other pleas relied on in the application.

33     Those complaints relate, in a general manner, to whether the selection board was properly constituted and are not connected
with the plea alleging infringement of the principle of non-discrimination. Examination of those complaints would not therefore
be based on an assessment of the same facts and questions of law as those put forward at the written stage of the judicial
procedure.

34     Moreover, the applicant neither specified matters of fact or of law coming to light in the course of the procedure on which
those new complaints were based, nor did he assert that he was not in a position to be aware of those matters beforehand (see,
in that regard, Case T-141/97 *Yasse* v *EIB* [1999] ECR-SC I-A-177 and II-929, paragraphs 126 to 128, and Case T-139/99 *AICS* v *Parliament* [2000] ECR II-2849, paragraph 62).

35     They therefore constitute new pleas in law and, as such, must be dismissed as inadmissible.

**Substance**

*The plea alleging infringement of the principle of non-discrimination*

36     In the light of the points made at paragraphs 22 to 35 above, the plea alleging infringement of the principle of non-discrimination
must be understood as falling into four parts. In the first part, the applicant alleges instability in the composition of
the selection board. In the second part, he challenges the fact that both a full member and an alternate member were present
on the selection board at the same time. In the third part, the applicant maintains that full members cannot be replaced with
alternate members without a valid reason. Finally, in the fourth part, he submits that the conduct of the oral test was, in
a number of respects, disorganised. As the first and second parts are closely connected with each other, it is appropriate
to consider them together.

 The first and second parts of the plea

–       Arguments of the parties

37     The applicant points out that at his interview on 8 September 2004 the selection board was composed of three people (the chairman,
a full member and an alternate member), whereas on the other days when oral tests were held – namely, on 9, 10, 15 and 16
September 2004 – it was composed of four people (the chairman, two full members and an alternate member). That variation in
the composition of the selection board constitutes an infringement of the principle of non-discrimination.

38     In support of that first part of the plea, the applicant relies on settled case-law of the Court of First Instance according
to which the composition of the selection board must be as stable as is possible throughout the tests in a competition, in
order to ensure that marking criteria are applied in a uniform manner and that the principle of equal treatment of candidates
is complied with. The applicant notes that the Court of First Instance conceded that it may be otherwise where there are special
circumstances but adds that, in the present case, the appointing authority did not refer to any circumstances capable of justifying
such different treatment. The applicant therefore submits that the decision of the selection board must be annulled on the
ground that it infringed an essential procedural requirement of the organisation of the competition without there being any
need for him to demonstrate any specific prejudice to his individual rights.

39     He further claims that the alternate members should not participate in the selection board at the same time as full members,
the role of an alternate being to replace but not to assist a full member.

40     The Commission contends that the applicant has failed to establish, as required by case-law, facts capable of demonstrating
a lack of stability in the composition of the selection board. On the contrary, according to the Commission, a high degree
of continuity was maintained in the present case on account of the fact that the chairman and the full member appointed by
the administration were present at all the interviews and because the selection board used selection criteria determined in
advance and applied to all candidates.

41     The Commission acknowledges that, on the day of the applicant’s oral test, apart from the chairman, the selection board was
composed of a full member and an alternate member only. It maintains, however, that the presence of a second alternate member
on the other days (namely, on 9, 10, 15 and 16 September 2004) alongside the two full members did not infringe the principle
of equal treatment of candidates. In that regard, the defendant submits, firstly, that the alternate does not take part in
the vote when the full member he is intended to replace is present. Then, it considers that, far from infringing the principle
of equality, the presence of an alternate may promote equal treatment since it enables the alternate to make comparisons between
candidates, which could be helpful if he is required to replace a full member during the tests. Lastly, the Commission notes
that there is no rule or principle which prohibits full members and alternate members being present on the selection board
at the same time.

–       Findings of the Tribunal

42     Under the second paragraph of Article 3 of Annex III to the Staff Regulations, for open competitions common to two or more
institutions, the selection board is to consist of a chairman appointed by the appointing authority and of members also appointed
by the appointing authority on a proposal from the institutions, as well as of members appointed by agreement between the
Staff Committees of the institutions, in such a way as to ensure equal representation.

43     According to settled case-law, a competition selection board is required to ensure that its assessment of candidates examined
in oral tests is conducted in an objective manner ensuring equal treatment and it is necessary for it to apply uniform marking
criteria consistently to all candidates. That means that, in so far as is possible, the composition of the selection board
should remain stable throughout the tests of the competition (Case T-95/98 *Gogos* v *Commission* [2000] ECR-SC I‐A‐51 and II-219, paragraph 41; Case T-193/00 *Felix* v *Commission* [2002] ECR-SC I-A-23 and II-101, paragraph 37; Case T-92/01 *Girardot* v *Commission* [2002] ECR-SC I-A-163 and II-859, paragraphs 25 and 26; and Case T-290/03 *Pantoulis* v *Commission* [2005] ECR-SC I-A-0000 and II‐0000, paragraph 90).

44     It is to be noted that the measures taken by a selection board in order to discharge its obligation to ensure stability in
its composition must, where appropriate, be assessed in the light of the particular features of the recruitment competition
that has been organised and of the practical requirements dictated by the organisation of a competition, without the selection
board being able, nevertheless, to disregard the candidates’ fundamental right to equal treatment or its duty to ensure that
the choice made among them is objective (see, to that effect, *Gogos* v *Commission*, paragraph 52; *Felix* v *Commission*, paragraph 41; *Girardot* v *Commission*, paragraph 34; and Case T-336/02 *Christensen* v *Commission* [2005] ECR-SC I‐A‐0000 and II‐0000, paragraph 43).

45     Moreover, in view of the importance of the principle of equal treatment in recruitment procedures, failure on the part of
a competition selection board to ensure stability in its composition may be considered to be an infringement of an essential
procedural requirement. Consequently, a decision that is vitiated by such a defect must be annulled without the person concerned
being required to prove specific prejudice to his individual rights or to demonstrate that the results of the competition
might have been different if the essential procedural requirements in question had been complied with (*Gogos* v *Commission*, paragraphs 53 and 54; Case T-165/03 *Vonier* v *Commission* [2004] ECR-SC I-A-343 and II-1575, paragraph 39; and *Pantoulis* v *Commission*, paragraphs 91 and 92).

46     It is necessary to examine whether, in the present case, the composition of the selection board complied with the abovementioned
essential procedural requirements when the oral tests were being conducted.

47     It is apparent from both the chart showing the daily composition of the competition selection board, produced by the Commission
at the request of the Tribunal, and the Commission’s explanations at the hearing that, firstly, two members of the selection
board, namely Mr Carle, who acted as chairman, and Ms Efthymiou, a full member appointed by the appointing authority, were
present at all the oral tests. The third member of the selection board, a full member appointed by the Staff Committee, was
present on 15 and 16 September 2004 but was replaced on the other days by the alternate member. The selection board thus had
two different formations as a result of that replacement.

48     In addition, whilst the full member appointed by the appointing authority was present every day of the oral tests, the alternate
member appointed by the appointing authority was also present on those days with the exception of 8 September 2004. It follows
that there were three members in total that day, whereas there were four on the other days of the oral tests. It is to be
noted that, provided the composition of the selection board complies with the requirements under the second paragraph of Article
3 of Annex III to the Staff Regulations, the fact that full members and alternate members are present at the same time on
the selection board does not make the work or the composition of the selection board unlawful (*Pantoulis* v *Commission*, paragraph 77). Nevertheless, it is for the members of the selection board having the right to vote to retain control over
the proceedings and to make their own final assessment (see, to that effect, *Pantoulis* v *Commission*, paragraph 78). Moreover, the applicant does not maintain that the alternate member had a right to vote.

49     In spite of the changes noted in the composition of the selection board, there was, therefore, a core selection board composed
of the chairman, Mr Carle, and the full member appointed by the appointing authority, Ms Efthymiou, both of whom were present
on all days of the oral tests. Two out of the three members of the board, including the chairman, had the right to vote and
therefore contributed, as a result of their presence at all the interviews, to maintaining stability in the composition of
the selection board formations assessing the candidates’ abilities in the oral tests.

50     Lastly, as the Commission asserts, the selection board conducted all the interviews in accordance with marking criteria determined
in advance by all the members of the board, which is not contested by the applicant. The small number of candidates and of
days on which oral tests were held made it possible, moreover, for the marking criteria to be applied consistently.

51     It follows from all the foregoing that, for the purposes of the principle of non-discrimination, firstly, the composition
of the selection board was sufficiently stable to ensure that the candidates were compared and marked in an objective manner
and, secondly, the presence at the same time of full members and alternate members appointed by the appointing authority did
not make the composition of the selection board irregular.

52     The first and second parts of the plea must therefore be dismissed as unfounded.

 Third part of the plea

–       Arguments of the parties

53     The applicant maintains that only the full members of the selection board should select candidates. Alternate members can
replace full members only in exceptional circumstances and where there is some compelling reason why the full member is unable
to attend. In the present case, the applicant stated that, as the full member appointed by the Staff Committee was unavailable
only occasionally, there was no compelling reason why that member was not able to participate in the selection board.

54     The Commission submits that case-law does not require the institution to give reasons for the absence of a full member. For
the Commission, it is sufficient that the absence was merely circumstantial.

–       Findings of the Tribunal

55     Firstly, and contrary to the argument put forward by the applicant, there is no provision which requires there to be a compelling
reason for the replacement of a full member.

56     Secondly, with the exception of the chairman of the selection board, whose key role in the board is recognised by case-law
(*Gogos* v *Commission*, paragraph 42), an alternate member may replace a full member without there being any need to justify the absence of the
full member where, notwithstanding that replacement, the composition of the selection board remains sufficiently stable.

57     It follows that the third part of the plea must be dismissed as unfounded.

 The fourth part of the plea

–       Arguments of the parties

58     According to the applicant, the replacement of the full member appointed by the Staff Committee was an aggravating factor
in the unequal treatment of the candidates since, as a result of that member’s sudden absence on 8 September 2004, the oral
test was delayed, shortened and disorganised, the conduct of the interview and the number of questions asked being different
for the other candidates.

59     The Commission observes that, although the oral test started late, the interview nevertheless lasted 46 minutes and therefore
continued beyond the anticipated finishing time.

–       Findings of the Tribunal

60     In accordance with the principles of sound administration and equal treatment, the Community institutions have a duty to all
candidates in a competition to ensure that the tests are conducted as smoothly and properly as possible (Case T-159/98 *Torre and Others* v *Commission* [2001] ECR-SC I-A-83 and II-395, paragraph 46, and *Felix* v *Commission*, paragraph 45). However, an irregularity that occurs during the tests of a competition does not affect the lawfulness of
the tests unless it is substantive in nature and capable of distorting the results of the tests (Case T-200/97 *Jiménez* v *OHIM* [1999] ECR-SC I-A-19 and II-73, paragraph 55, and *Torre and Others* v *Commission*, paragraph 47).

61     With regard, firstly, to the delay in the start of the applicant’s oral test, the evaluation sheet for that test shows that
the interview with the selection board started 15 minutes late rather than 20 minutes late, as the applicant claims in his
reply. That delay, which was short, cannot constitute a substantive irregularity.

62     Secondly, as regards the length of the interview, it must be pointed out that this was not 15 minutes shorter than that of
the other candidates as a result of the delay in the start of the test, as the applicant asserts in his reply. The evaluation
sheet for his oral test shows that the interview started at 09.30 and concluded at 10.16. It therefore lasted 46 minutes and
thus went on longer than average duration of the interviews, scheduled at 45 minutes.

63     As for the disorganised nature of the oral test alleged by the applicant, in particular the fact that the chairman, who alone
conducted the interview, asked him only 14 questions whereas the other candidates were asked an average of 21 questions, it
is to be noted, firstly, that the applicant did not adduce any evidence capable of substantiating his assertions with any
degree of certainty and, secondly, even if those assertions were made out, that cannot in the circumstances of the case constitute
a substantial irregularity.

64     The fourth part of the plea must therefore be dismissed as unfounded.

65     In the light of the foregoing, the first plea must be dismissed in its entirety as unfounded.

*The plea alleging infringement of the competition notice*

 Arguments of the parties

66     The applicant submits that, contrary to what is stated in the competition notice, the selection board took into consideration
only the marks of the later tests and not all of the marks obtained by the candidates.

67     Relying on section B(5) of the competition notice, which states that candidates who ‘obtain the highest marks in all the written
and oral tests (NB: they must have also obtained the pass mark in every test)’ will be included on the reserve list, the applicant
maintains that the selection board should have taken account of all the marks obtained by candidates, including those of the
pre-selection tests. Moreover, in his view, whenever the appointing authority intended to make a clear distinction between
pre-selection tests and written tests, the competition notice expressly indicated this by referring to tests (d) and (e).
Thus, since section B(5) does not refer directly to written tests (d) and (e) but to all the written and oral tests, the results
obtained in the pre-selection tests should have been taken into consideration in the final score.

68     The Commission contends, on the contrary, that ‘written tests’ means tests (d) and (e) referred to in section B(2) of the
competition notice and not tests (a), (b) and (c) in section B(1) of the notice, which the competition notice presents as
pre-selection tests.

 Findings of the Tribunal

69     When organising an open competition, the appointing authority has discretion to provide in the competition notice for an initial
pre-selection phase so as to enable the selection board to admit only those candidates who possess, in the field concerned,
the qualifications required for admission to the written and oral tests.

70     In the present case, it is clear from section B of the competition notice that the competition notice in question included
a pre-selection phase consisting of pre-selection tests, followed by a written test and then oral test phase, which reflects
a difference in function between the pre-selection tests and the written tests. Moreover, section B(2)(d) and (e) of the notice,
which defines the nature of the written tests, does not include the pre-selection tests and, therefore, the reference to ‘all
the written and oral tests’ in section B(5) of the competition notice cannot be a reference to the pre-selection tests.

71     It is clear from the foregoing that neither a literal interpretation nor a teleological analysis of the competition notice
supports the argument put forward by the applicant. The simple fact that the pre-selection tests were in written form cannot
undermine that conclusion.

72     The plea alleging infringement of the competition notice must therefore be dismissed as unfounded.

*The plea alleging that the selection board exceeded the limits of its discretion*

 Arguments of the parties

73     According to the applicant, a number of candidates holding a degree in law were admitted to the competition in the field of
‘European public administration’. That demonstrates that the selection board exceeded the limits of its discretion in that
it disregarded the selection criteria imposed by the competition in the different fields of ‘Auditing’, ‘Law’, ‘Economics’
and ‘European public administration’. The applicant considers that, as a result of that categorisation in the competition
notice, the selection board should have limited the applications it accepted. Thus, only candidates with training in a given
field should have been able to take part in the competition for recruitment in that field. By accepting in particular that
candidates holding degrees in law could take part in the written and oral tests in the field of ‘European public administration’,
the selection board overstepped the limits of its discretion and failed to take account of the Commission’s recruitment policy.

74     The Commission refers, firstly, to the contents of the competition notice, which states in section A(II)(1) that for the field
of ‘European public administration’ ‘[y]ou must have successfully completed a full course at university level and obtained
a degree in a relevant subject’. Next, the Commission observes that the competition notice did not state that law graduates
could apply only for the field of ‘Law’. Moreover, it contends that it would be contrary to the interests of the service to
restrict access to the competition to candidates with a specific qualification to perform the duties set out in the competition
notice. Lastly, the Commission states that law graduates gained no advantage from the competition notice, given that they
were necessarily obliged to choose only one field between the fields of ‘European public administration’ and ‘Law’.

 Findings of the Tribunal

75     The wording of the competition notice was unambiguous in that it did not exclude candidates holding a degree in law from the
field of ‘European public administration’. The admission of such candidates to the competition depended solely on whether
the candidate’s degree in law was relevant to that field. The applicant does not, moreover, argue to the contrary. Furthermore,
he does not argue that the competition notice was unlawful on that point.

76     Moreover, the fact that the competition notice restricted access to the field of ‘Law’ to candidates qualified in law cannot
directly entail those candidates being excluded from access to another field offered by the same competition notice. It was
for the appointing authority, if it so intended, to lay down such a restriction in the wording of the competition notice.
Accordingly, the applicant cannot validly maintain, either, that the selection board was under an obligation to introduce
an additional criterion to take account of the Commission’s recruitment policy.

77     For the sake of completeness, it should be noted, as the Commission observed, that as the competition notice stated that ‘[y]ou
may apply for ... one field only ... – applying for more than one ... will entail your disqualification from all’, candidates meeting
the conditions for admission in more than one field and those meeting the conditions for admission in only one were placed
on an equal footing.

78     The third plea must therefore be dismissed as unfounded.

79     It follows from all the foregoing that the action must be dismissed in its entirety.

**Costs**

80     As the Tribunal held in Case F-16/05 *Falcione* v *Commission* [2006] ECR-SC I‐A‐0000 and II-0000, paragraphs 77 to 86, until the Rules of Procedure of the Tribunal, and in particular
the special provisions relating to costs, enter into force, in the interests of sound administration and justice and in order
to afford individuals a sufficient degree of predictability concerning the rules relating to costs, the Rules of Procedure
of the Court of First Instance alone must be applied.

81     Under Article 87(2) of the Rules of Procedure of the Court of First Instance, the unsuccessful party is to be ordered to pay
the costs if they have been applied for in the successful party’s pleadings. However, under Article 88 of those Rules, in
proceedings between the Communities and their servants the institutions are to bear their own costs. As the applicant has
been unsuccessful, each party must be ordered to bear its own costs.

On those grounds,

THE TRIBUNAL (Third Chamber)

hereby:

1.      **Dismisses the action;**

2.      **Orders each party to bear its own costs.**

| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Mahoney | Kanninen | Gervasoni |

Delivered in open court in Luxembourg on 13 December 2006.

| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| W. Hakenberg | | P. Mahoney |

| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Registrar | | President |

The text of this decision and of the decisions of the Community courts cited herein but not yet published in the European
Court Reports are available on the Court of Justice’s website: www.curia.europa.eu

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[\*](#Footref*) Language of the case: English.