Interim Decision #2095 

MATTER OF HOFFMAN-ARVAYO 

In Exclusion Proceedings 

A-14206689 

Decided by Board September 7, 1971 

(1) The term "commuter" encompasses the "seasonal commuter" who enters 

to perform seasonal work for extended periods, but whose annual stay in 

the United States is for less than 6 months. However, the "seasonal commuter" must not be confused with the resident alien physically present in 

the United States for more than 6 months in the aggregate during the 

past year, who is not within the commuter category. 

(2) Where appellant, a native and citizen of Mexico, following admission for 

permanent residence resided in the United States from 1964 until August 

1969 when he returned his family to Mexico, and thereafter (from August 

1969 up until he was detained for hearing on March 2, 1970) resided and 

was continuously employed in Tucson, Arizona, during which period he 

visited his family in Mexico on intermittent weekends, he did not acquire 

commuter status by reason of such intermittent weekend visits with his 

family. Hence, his absence to visit his family in Mexico on the weekend 

immediately preceding his application for entry as a returning resident on 

March 2, 1970, was an innocent, casual, and brief excursion within the 

meaning of Rosenberg v. Pleuti, 347 U.S. 449 (1963), and his return therefrom does not constitute an entry upon which to predicate a ground of 

exclusion. 

EXCLUDABLE: Act of 1952—Section 212(a) (9) [8 U.S.C. 1182(a) (9)1—Admits having committed crime, or acts which 

constitute the essential elements of crime, involving moral turpitude, to wit, bigamy. 

ON BEHALF OF APPLICANT: NO ONE 

The applicant, a native and citizen of Mexico, was admitted to 

the United States for permanent residence on March 26, 1964. He 

applied for admission as a returning resident alien at the port of 

Douglas, Arizona on March 2, 1970. He was detained for an exclusion hearing since he appeared to be inadmissible under the 

provisions of section 212 (a) (9) of the Immigration and Nationality Act as an alien who admits the commission of a crime involving moral turpitude or acts which constitute the essential ele750 
Interim Decision #2095 

ments of such a crime, to wit, the crime of bigamy. After a 

hearing, the special inquiry officer ordered the applicant admitted 

to the United States. The special inquiry officer certified the case 

to the Board of Immigration Appeals for final decision. The issue 

before us is whether the applicant, an alien admitted for permanent residence who maintains living quarters in the United States 

while gainfully employed for five days each week, acquired 

"commuter" 1status by reason of his intermittent weekend departures to visit his family in Mexico, thereby precluding a finding that his departures were not "meaningful" within the purview of Rosenberg v. Fleuti, 347 U.S. 449 (1963). 

Briefly, the facts concerning this issue are as follows: The 

applicant married Francisca Gonzalez Caballero at Lowell, Arizona on September 19, 1963. He testified that he believed that 

Francisca was born in the United States (p. 13). He was admitted as a non-quota immigrant on March 26, 1964 pursuant to the 

provisions of section 101(a) (27) (C) of the Immigration and Nationality Act. He resided with Francisca in Tucson, Arizona until 

she left him in May or June of 1965 (pp. 13 and 14). The applicant testified that his marriage to Francisca Gonzalez Caballero 

has not been terminated and that she now resides hi Douglas, Arizona with another man (pp. 14, 16, 18 and p. 2 of Ex. 4). He 

supports the two children born of this marriage by paying $100 

monthly under an order entered by a court in Douglas, Arizona. 

The applicant married Rosa Marie Chavez-Garcia at Agua 

Prieta, Mexico on March 21, 1966. She resided with the applicant in Los Angeles, California for approximately eight months 

between December 1968 and August 1969 (p. 17). The applicant, 

his wife Rosa Maria and their two children then returned to 

Agua Prieta, Sonora, Mexico (p. 10). The applicant testified that 

he resumed his employment with a painting contractor in the 

United States "about a week" after the family returned to Mexico (p. 11). He has had continuous employment with this painting 

contractor in Tucson, Arizona from August 1969 up until March 

2, 1970 when he was detained for an exclusion hearing. 

An alien admitted for permanent residence is classified as a "commuter" 

when he actually lives in a contiguous foreign country but enters the United 

States periodically to work. Such an alien by the very nature of his residence in a foreign contiguous territory makes an entry within the meaning 

of the immigration laws each time he returns to his employment in the 

United States, Gooch v. Clark, 433 F.2d 74 (9 Cir., 1970), cert. denied sub 

mini. Gooch v. Mitchell, 402 U.S. 995; Cermeno-Cerna v. Farrell, 291 F. 

Supp. 521, 529 (C.D. Cal., 1968) ; Matter of Estrada-Pena, 12 1. & N. Dec. 

429, 430 (BIA, 1967). 

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During this period, the applicant resided and worked in Tucson 

for five days of the week and visited his family in Agua Prieta, 

Sonora, Mexico on intermittent weekends. He testified that on a 

majority of the weekends, he had to work or help his brother who 

resides in Tucson, and would visit his family in Mexico biweekly. 

He further testified that he was always admitted as a returning 

resident alien on the occasion of his periodic returns from Agua 

Prieta, Mexico to Tucson, Arizona until his application for admission on March 2, 1970. 

The applicant's excludability under section 212 (a) (9) as a 

criminal alien depends upon whether he was seeking to make an 

entry on March 2, 1970 within the purview of section 101 (a) (13) 

of the Immigration and Nationality Act when he returned from 

Mexico after visiting his family over the weekend. The question of 

whether the applicant was seeking to make an entry on this occasion depends in turn on whether, during the weekend prior to March 

2, 1970, he made a "meaningful departure" to Mexico as contemplated by the Supreme Court's interpretation of the quoted term in 

the case of Rosenberg v. Fleuti, supra. If the applicant had acquired the status of a commuter alien, then his departure to his 

home in Mexico on the weekend preceding March 2, 1970 was a 

"meaningful departure" and, therefore, his return to the United 

States on March 2, 1970, when he applied for admission at Douglas, Arizona as a returning resident alien, would constitute an 

entry, Gooch v. Clark, supra footnote 1; Cermeno-Cerra v. Farrell, supra footnote 1 at p. 529; Matter of Estrada-Pena, supra 

footnote 1. 

The special inquiry officer concludes that the applicant did not 

acquire the status of a "commuter" during the period of August 

1969—March 1970 when he resided and worked in Tucson Arizona from Monday to Saturday of each week, usually departing 

to Mexico for biweekly visits with his family and occasionally departing for intervening weekends. The special inquiry officer in 

reaching this conclusion refers to a comment by the court in the 

case of Cermeno-Cerna, v. Farrell, supra, footnote 1 at p. 529, 

which quotes counsel for the defendant Immigrant Service as 

stating that the "amiable fiction" 2of a commuter "is more re2Present statutory law requires commuter aliens residing abroad who have 

been admitted as immigrants for permanent residence to obtain reentry documents for every entry. The term "amiable fiction" refers to the fact that 

despite the statutory requirement they are now permitted to reenter upon 

presentation of their alien registration card (Form 1-151) based upon the 

fiction that their presence in the United States while employed amounts to 

permanent residence in the United States. 

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cently being extended beyond border town employment to seasonal workers staying for longer periods of time." The special inquiry officer is of the opinion that this is a novel extension of the 

commuter concept which should be considered by the Board of 

Immigration Appeals. He certified the case for this purpose. 

An immigrant alien who has been lawfully admitted for permanent residence may commence or continue to reside in foreign 

contiguous territory and commute to his United States place of 

employment. The authority for such an arrangement is derived 

from an administrative interpretation of section 211 (b) of the 

Immigration and Nationality Act which provides in substance 

that returning resident immigrants may be readmitted without 

documentation in the discretion of the Attorney General and 

under such conditions as he may prescribe by regulations, Gooch 

v. Clark, supra footnote 1. There are two types of commuters, 

those who commute regularly, normally entering at least twice 

weekly, and those who enter to perform seasonal work for extended periods, but whose annual stay in the United States is for 

less than six months. The latter are referred to as "seasonal commuters" or "seasonal workers." The seasonal commuter must not 

be confused with the resident alien who has been physically present in the United States for more than six months in the aggregate during the past year. Such resident alien is not considered to 

be within the commuter category. 

The applicant has been physically present in the United States 

for more than six months in the aggregate during the one year 

period immediately preceding his application for entry on March 

2, 1970. He resided and was employed in the United States at Tucson, Arizona and Montebello, California from the time of his 

original entry for permanent residence on March 26, 1964 until 

he returned his family to Mexico in August of 1969. He returned 

to the United States within one week of this departure and has 

had continuous employment with a painting contractor in Tucson, 

Arizona up until he was detained for a hearing on March 2, 

1970. During this period, he maintained a residence in Tucson, 

visiting his family intermittently on weekends (p. 2 of Ex. 5). 

Furthermore, there is no showing that the applicant was ever issued a commuter status card (Form 178). We affirm the conclusion reached by the special inquiry officer that the applicant did 

not acquire the status of a commuter prior to his departure from 

the United States on the weekend he visited his family in Mexico 

immediately preceding March 2, 1970. 

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We have reviewed the evidence relied upon by the special inquiry officer and affirm his conclusion that the applicant's departure on the weekend in question to visit his family in Mexico was 

an innocent, casual and brief excursion which was not disruptive 

of his resident alien status within the principle stated by the Supreme Court in Rosenberg v. Fleuti, supra. The applicant's marriage with his second wife, although bigamous on his part, has 

been a subsisting relationship since it was entered into on March 

21, 1966. He has been supporting this wife, the child which is the 

issue of this marriage and a child born to his wife prior to her 

marriage to the applicant. The applicant's bigamous marriage did 

not break up a valid subsisting marriage as his former wife had 

left him to reside with another man. 

The case is distinguishable from those cases 3in which we have 

held that the departure of a lawful permanent resident alien 

amounts to a "meaningful departure" when the purpose of leaving the country was to accomplish some object which was itself 

contrary to some policy reflected in our immigration laws. The 

applicant testified that he was not aware that his second marriage, without prior divorce, amounted to bigamy under the laws 

of Mexico (p. 3 of Ex. 4). 

Since the applicant was not making an entry on March 2, 1970, 

the issue of whether he is excludable as a criminal alien under 

section 212(a) (9) of the Immigration and Nationality Act becomes moot. An appropriate order affirming the special inquiry 

officer's order will be entered. 

ORDER: It is directed that the order entered by the special inluiry officer on July 6, 1970 providing for the alien's admisson as 

returning resident alien be and the same is hereby affirmed. 

3 Matter of Corral-Fragoso, 11 I. & N. Dec. 478 (BIA, 1966) ; Matter of 

,herbank, 10 I. & N. Dec. 522 (BIA, 1964). 

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