# Patent

## Title
Method for enlarging the interference-free dynamic range of non-linear signal processing components

## Abstract

A method for enlarging the interference-free dynamic range of non-linear signal-processing components in receiver systems, in the conversion of input frequencies fin into output frequencies fout. According to the invention, at least one linear combination of at least one input frequency fin,t, fin,b and a fixed, predetermined oscillator fLOn of the components is calculated from the output signal of the component, for at least one output frequency fout,s, fout1,s, fouts,2, which combination is compared with any desired output frequency fout,t of the component, whereby the output frequency fout,s, fout1,s, fouts,2 is then recognized as a spur and eliminated from the output signal of the component, if the calculated linear combination corresponds to any desired output frequency fout,t of the component, within a frequency and power range that can be predetermined.

## Background
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a method for enlarging the interference-free dynamic range of non-linear signal-processing components.
2. The Prior Art
With signal processing of reception signals of radar systems, for example, non-linear components, such as amplifiers, mixers, or A/D converters in reception systems, cause unwanted signals, so-called spurs. Suitably selected intermediate or oscillator frequencies do not sufficiently prevent the production of these artificial signals (spurs). The interference-free dynamic range, also called SFDR-spurious-free dynamic range—is reduced by the spurs that are produced. This has a disadvantageous effect on the false alarm rate. Other disadvantages result from the reduced ability to recognize actual targets.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is therefore the object of the invention to provide method with which it is possible to remove the signals artificially produced in signal processing (spurs), in order to enlarge the interference-free dynamic range.
This object is accomplished by the invention, in which at least one linear combination of at least one input frequency fin,t, fin,b and a fixed, predetermined oscillator fLOn of the components is calculated from the output signal of the component, for at least one output frequency fout,s, fout1,s, fouts,2, which combination is compared with any desired output frequency fout,t of the component, whereby the output frequency fout,s is then recognized as a spur and eliminated from the output signal of the component, if the calculated linear combination corresponds to any desired output frequency fout,t of the component, within a frequency and power range that can be predetermined.
The linear combinations can advantageously be linear combinations of mixer harmonics. In another advantageous embodiment of the invention, the linear combinations can also be linear combinations of intermodulations. Of course, the method according to the invention can also be carried out using both types of combinations. For example, the output frequency fout,s, fout1,s, fouts,2 of a component can first be checked for agreement with a linear combination of mixer harmonics, and then for agreement with a linear combination of intermodulations, or vice versa. The output frequency fout,s, fout1,s, fouts,2 is, in particular, any desired output frequency of the component. It is practical if the method according to the invention is carried out for every output frequency fout,s, fout1,s, fouts,2.
Mixer combinations are formed, for example, in the conversion of a signal in a mixer. In this connection, the frequency fin of an input signal is converted into a new frequency fout, according to ƒout=|A·ƒin+B·ƒLO|.
In this connection, fLO is the oscillator frequency of the mixer, and A,BεZ are mixing parameters that can be predetermined. In the case of a usual mixing process, the following applies: |A|=|B|=1. Other parameter values usually result in attenuated output signals. The power loss ΔP caused by the attenuation can be calculated and, in this connection, is particularly dependent on the power of the mixer oscillator, the input power of the input signal, and the parameters A and B. If the power of the mixer oscillator is predetermined, and the power of the input signal is predetermined, the power loss ΔP can be determined as a function of the parameters A and B.
Intermodulations are formed when two signals are mixed. In this connection, the frequencies fin1 and fin2 of an input signal are converted to a new frequency fout, according to ƒout=|A·ƒin1+B·ƒin2|.
In this connection, the method according to the invention proceeds as follows, for the case of a linear combination of mixer harmonics. Any desired frequency fout,e is selected from the output signal and assumed to be the causing frequency. It is advantageous if the selection of the output frequency fout,s is made as a function of the related power, whereby the output frequencies fout,s to be checked are first sorted according to their power. Subsequently, it is advantageous if the original input frequency fin,b ahead of the signal processing in the component is calculated according to the general formula




  
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        ⁢
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  =
  
    
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              B
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              LOn
            
          
        
      
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    .
  




In this connection, fLOn refers to the oscillator frequency of the nth stage of the N-stage component. The value of the parameters A and Bn, in each instance, is +1 or −1, as described above.

In the next step, linear combinations of the output frequency fzout,s are calculated. For this, linear combinations are calculated for combinations of parameter pairs A and Bn that can be predetermined, with A, BnεZ, whereby the value range of A and Bn can be predetermined in each instance, according to




  
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with

    A, Bn: parameters that can be predetermined, with A, BnεZ,
    fin,b: input frequency ahead of the component,
    fLOn: oscillator frequency of the nth stage of the non-linear component,
    N: number of stages,
    z: running variable of the calculated linear combination.


The value pairs of the parameters A, Bn can be permanently stored in a memory, for example. The following table shows examples of some value pairs of the parameters A, B.
The value pairs indicated can be combined as desired for any stage. In addition, the table shows the signal attenuation ΔP of an output signal calculated for a single-stage component having the parameters A and B, in each instance.















A
B
ΔP in dB









1
1
0



2
1
ΔP-41



3
1
2 ΔP-28



1
2
−35



2
2
ΔP-39



3
2
2 ΔP-44



1
3
−10



2
3
ΔP-32










In this connection, ΔP is calculated according to ΔP=

    Pin−PLO, with
    Pin power of the input signal
    PLO power of the oscillator frequency fLO of the non-linear component.

Of course, other combinations of the parameters A and B can also be used. An overview of the possible combinations is found in [2], for example.



In a next step, a check is made as to whether an output signal fzout,s calculated by means of linear combination corresponds to an actual output signal fout,t of the component, within a frequency range and power range that can be predetermined. If this case applies, then the output frequency fout,s selected from the output signal and assumed to be a spur is actually a causing frequency (spur) and is eliminated from the output signal.
This check is carried out, in particular, for all the predetermined value pairs A, Bn, and all the actual output frequencies fout,t in the output signal of the component.
For the exemplary case of a check of the Mth stage of an N-stage non-linear component with linear combinations of intermodulations, the method according to the invention proceeds as follows. In this connection, it is assumed, as an example, that the Mth stage of an N-stage non-linear component produces an intermodulation.
Any two desired frequencies fout1,s, fout2,s are selected from the output signal. Here again, it is advantageous if the selection of the output frequencies fout1,s, fout2,s is made according to the related power, whereby the output frequencies fout1,s and fout2,s to be checked are first sorted according to their power. Subsequently, it is advantageous if the original input frequencies fin1,b and fin2,b are calculated.
In the next step, linear combinations of the output frequency fzout,b are calculated. For this, linear combinations are calculated for combinations of parameter pairs A, B, and C that can be predetermined, with A, B, CεZ, whereby the value range of A, B, and C can be predetermined in each instance, according to




  
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with

    A, B, C: parameters that can be predetermined, with A, BεZ,
    fin1,s: first input signal ahead of the component,
    fin2,s: second input signal ahead of the component,
    fLOn: oscillator frequency of the nth stage of the non-linear component,
    N: number of stages of the non-linear component,
    M: position of the non-linear component to be checked,
    x(n): function that can be predetermined, with values +1 and −1,
    z: running variable of the calculated linear combination.


The input frequency fin1,s is pushed to the Mth stage of the non-linear component with the term 1. Analogously, the input frequency fin2,s is pushed to the Mth stage of the non-linear component with the term 2. The term 3 calculates the intermodulation of the Mth stage of the non-linear component. With the last term, the intermodulation product is pushed to the Nth stage (output) of the non-linear component, where the calculated signal fout,b is applied.
In a next step, a check is made as to whether the output signal fout,b calculated by means of linear combination corresponds to an actual output signal fout,t of the component, within a frequency range and power range that can be predetermined. If this case applies, then the output frequency fout1,s, fout2,s selected from the output signal and assumed to be a spur is actually a spur and is eliminated from the output signal.
This check is carried out, in particular, for all the predetermined value pairs A, B, and all the output frequencies fout in the output signal of the component.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Other objects and features of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description considered in connection with the accompanying drawing. It is to be understood, however, that the drawing is designed as an illustration only and not as a definition of the limits of the invention.
The sole FIGURE shows a spur chart diagram.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
The parameters A and B can be derived, in particular, from the spur chart diagram shown in the Figure and which is known to a person skilled in the art. The spur chart shows a transfer of an input frequency fin to an output frequency, standardized for the oscillator frequency fLO. In this connection, a straight line 1 having the gradient 1 stands for the desired transfer of fin to fout. The exemplary illustration shows that an input signal fin/fLO=0.17, for example, is transferred to fout/fLO=1.17. At the same time, however, a spur is formed at fout/fLO=1.2 (straight line 2) and fout/fLO=1.3 (straight line 3).
The marked region B shows the frequency range that can be determined and is to be checked. In this connection, the size of the window can be predetermined, depending on the application case.
An advantage of the method according to the invention is that the false alarm rate is clearly reduced. In addition, the recognition of actual targets is increased, whereby the system is not unnecessarily burdened with the processing of artificially produced signals. Another advantage is that depending on the parameters A and B, as well as the frequency and power ranges to be checked, the method can be adapted to any desired receiver concepts.
Accordingly, while only a few embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it is obvious that many changes and modifications may be made thereunto without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

## Claims

1. A method for enlarging an interference-free dynamic range of non-linear signal-processing components in receiver systems, in the conversion of input frequencies fin into output frequencies fout, comprising:
calculating at least one linear combination of at least one input frequency fin,t, fin,b and a fixed, predetermined oscillator fLOn of the components from an output signal of the component, for at least one output frequency fout,s, fout1,s, fouts,2;
comparing said combination with any desired output frequency fout,t of the component;
recognizing an output frequency fout,s, fout1,s, fouts,2 as a spur; and
eliminating said output frequency recognized as a spur from the output signal of the component, if the calculated linear combination corresponds to any desired output frequency fout,t of the component, within a predetermined frequency and power range.

2. A method according to claim 1, wherein the output frequencies fout,s, fout1,s, fouts,2 to be checked are sorted in the output signal according to their power, in ascending or descending order.

3. A method according to claim 1, wherein the linear combination that can be predetermined is a linear combination of mixer harmonics.

4. A method according to claim 2, wherein the original input frequency fin,b ahead of a signal-processing, non-linear component is calculated for each output frequency fout,s of the output signal to be checked.

5. A method according to claim 4, wherein linear combinations are calculated for the output frequency fout,s according to




  
    f
    
      out
      ,
      s
    
    z
  
  =
  
    
    
      
        A
        ·
        
          f
          
            
              i
              ⁢
              
                
              
              ⁢
              n
            
            ,
            b
          
        
      
      +
      
        
          ∑
          
            n
            =
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          N
        
        ⁢
        
          
        
        ⁢
        
          
            B
            n
          
          ·
          
            f
            LOn
          
        
      
    
    
  




with
A, Bn: parameters that can be predetermined, with A, BnεZ,
fin,b: input frequency ahead of the non-linear component,
fLOn oscillator frequency of an nth stage of the non-linear component,
N: number of stages,
z: running variable of the calculated linear combination.

6. A method according to claim 2, wherein the linear combination that can be predetermined is a linear combination of intermodulations.

7. A method according to claim 6, wherein the output frequency fout,b is calculated with a linear combination according to




  
    f
    
      out
      ,
      b
    
    z
  
  =
  
    
      
        
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        
      
      ⁢
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            f
            
              
                i
                ⁢
                
                  
                
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              ∑
              
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            ⁢
            
              
            
            ⁢
            
              
                x
                ⁡
                
                  (
                  n
                  )
                
              
              ·
              
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        
      
    
    ±
    
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      ⁢
      
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              ,
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          +
          
            
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                =
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              M
            
            ⁢
            
              
            
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                x
                ⁡
                
                  (
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                  )
                
              
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        
      
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                n
                =
                
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                  +
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              N
            
            ⁢
            
              
            
            ⁢
            
              
                x
                ⁡
                
                  (
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                  )
                
              
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                LOn
              
            
          
        
        
      
    
  




with
A, B, C: parameters that can be predetermined, with A, BεZ,
fin1,s: first input signal ahead of the component,
fin2,s: second input signal ahead of the component,
fLOn: oscillator frequency of an nth stage of the non-linear component,
N: number of stages of the non-linear component,
M: position of the non-linear component to be checked,
x(n): function that can be predetermined, with values +1 and −1,
z: running variable of the calculated linear combination.