* After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined

unanimously to grant the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral

argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore

ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding

precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and

collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent

with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.

FILED

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

August 27, 2008

Elisabeth A. Shumaker

Clerk of Court

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

JONATHAN CAVENAUGH BELL,

Defendant-Appellant.

No. 07-7040

(D.C. No. CR-06-34-RAW)

(E.D. Okla.)

ORDER AND JUDGMENT*

Before BRISCOE, BALDOCK, and LUCERO, Circuit Judges.

Defendant-appellant Jonathan Bell appeals his conviction by a jury of one

count of possession of fifty or more grams of methamphetamine with intent to

distribute and one count of possession of cocaine with intent to distribute. 

Mr. Bell argues that his conviction was not supported by sufficient evidence in
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that it failed to show that he possessed either the methamphetamine or the

cocaine. Exercising our jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we affirm.

I.

In evaluating whether the evidence is sufficient to support the jury’s

verdict, we review the record de novo and ask only whether, taking

the evidence-both direct and circumstantial, together with the

reasonable inferences to be drawn therefrom-in the light most

favorable to the government, a reasonable jury could find [Mr. Bell]

guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. . . . We evaluate the sufficiency of

the evidence by considering the collective inferences to be drawn

from the evidence as a whole.

United States v. Ramirez, 479 F.3d 1229, 1249 (10th Cir. 2007) (quotations

omitted), cert. denied, 2008 WL 114113 (U.S. Jan. 14, 2008) (No. 07-7189).

The jury, as fact finder, has discretion to resolve all conflicting

testimony, weigh the evidence, and draw inferences from the basic

facts to the ultimate facts. However, we may not uphold a conviction

obtained by piling inference upon inference. An inference is

reasonable only if the conclusion flows from logical and probabilistic

reasoning. The evidence supporting the conviction must be

substantial and do more than raise a suspicion of guilt.

United States v. Valadez-Gallegos, 162 F.3d 1256, 1262 (10th Cir. 1998)

(citations and quotation omitted).

II.

The record, viewed in the above manner, shows that Mr. Bell was

unemployed and was involved in the sale of marijuana, cocaine, and

methamphetamine with a friend of his named Phillip Slade, Jr., and with

Mr. Slade’s girlfriend Katrina Rodgers. On April 17, 2006, Mr. Bell, Mr. Slade,
-3-

Ms. Rodgers, and Ms. Rodgers’ children drove to Ms. Rodgers’ mother’s house in

McAlester, Oklahoma, in Ms. Rodgers’ black 2003 Chevrolet Impala. The three

adults left the children with Ms. Rodgers’ mother so they could make an

overnight trip to Dallas, Texas, to purchase methamphetamine, marijuana, and

cocaine.

Before leaving for Dallas, the three went to an apartment complex in

McAlester, where Ms. Rodgers talked with one of the female occupants about

selling her some of the methamphetamine that was going to be purchased in

Dallas. Mr. Slade, who was in the front passenger seat of the car, and Mr. Bell,

who was in the rear seat, did not enter the apartment. Ms. Rodgers, however,

returned to the car accompanied by some of the occupants, in order to introduce

them to Mr. Slade and Mr. Bell. Further discussions were held at the car with one

of the other occupants about selling him some of the marijuana that was going to

be purchased in Dallas. Mr. Slade, Mr. Bell, and Ms. Rodgers then left for Dallas

with Ms. Rodgers driving.

Ms. Rodgers testified that when they got to Dallas, Mr. Slade directed her

to a house in a residential area where the methamphetamine and cocaine were to

be purchased. Ms. Rodgers testified that she knew that Mr. Slade was going to

buy “a couple ounces” for “a few thousand dollars.” R., Vol. 2 at 158. Mr. Slade

entered the house by himself and returned fifteen to twenty minutes later. 

Mr. Slade then directed Ms. Rodgers to an apartment building where the
1 Ms. Rodgers testified that she knew that Mr. Bell had previously been to

the location in Dallas where the marijuana was purchased and that “it was a joke

about how [Mr. Slade] actually fell asleep driving on previous occasions coming

back from Dallas with him and [Mr. Bell].” R., Vol. 2 at 161. Ms. Rodgers was

not asked whether she knew if Mr. Bell had previously been to the location where

the cocaine and methamphetamine was purchased.

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marijuana was to be purchased. Mr. Slade, Mr. Bell, and Ms. Rodgers all went

into the apartment in question and met with a woman. Ms. Rodgers testified that

she knew that Mr. Slade and Mr. Bell had driven together to that apartment on

more than one previous occasion.1

 The woman left the apartment and, when she

returned twenty or thirty minutes later with marijuana, she and Mr. Slade went

into the kitchen. Mr. Slade examined the marijuana and then, with the woman’s

help, wrapped the marijuana in layers of cellophane and coffee grounds, put it in

a shoe box, and wrapped the shoe box in Christmas wrapping paper. Mr. Slade

also wrapped the cocaine and methamphetamine that was apparently purchased at

the first house in layers of cellophane and coffee grounds. During this process,

Mr. Bell and Ms. Rodgers remained seated in the living room. The three then left

the apartment. Ms. Rodgers testified that the package was placed in the trunk of

the Impala by either Mr. Bell or Mr. Slade. By that point it was about one or two

o’clock in the morning of April 18th and the three drove back to McAlester, again

with Ms. Rodgers driving, Mr. Slade in the passenger seat and Mr. Bell in the

back.
-5-

The sun was coming up by the time they reached McAlester and the three

drove to the house of one of Ms. Rodgers’ friends. All three went into the house

where some methamphetamine was sold to one of the occupants and some cocaine

to another. Who actually handled the drugs and the money during the sale is

unclear. Ms. Rodgers testified: “We sold some methamphetamine to [the first

occupant] . . . and then some cocaine to [another occupant].” Id. at 167. She

testified that the sale took place in the living room of the house and that

everybody that was in the house was present at the sale.

This was not the first time that Ms. Rodgers, Mr. Slade, and Mr. Bell had

been to this particular house. A couple of weeks prior, the three, along with

Mr. Bell’s girlfriend, had purchased some methamphetamine in Oklahoma City

and had then driven it to the same house in McAlester and sold some of it to the

same occupant who purchased the methamphetamine on April 18. Although

Ms. Rodgers testified that she drove the car with the others as passengers from

Oklahoma City to McAlester, she again did not testify as to who actually handled

the money or methamphetamine during that sale. She testified that she, Mr. Bell,

Mr. Slade and Mr. Bell’s girlfriend were all present at the sale, that she was paid

money by Mr. Slade for driving on that trip, and that Mr. Bell got a portion of the

methamphetamine to sell, but it is unclear whose methamphetamine was sold

during the previous sale.
2 Only the occupants used the cocaine and methamphetamine. Ms. Rodgers

testified: “None of us–[Mr. Slade], myself, and [Mr. Bell], we don’t do the other

stuff; we smoke marijuana.” R., Vol. 2 at 169. 

-6-

Following the April 18th sale, some of the house’s occupants used some of

the drugs they had just purchased and then Mr. Bell and Mr. Slade and two of the

male occupants went outside the house and shot handguns for a while.2

 Some of

the methamphetamine was traded for one of the handguns. After being at the

house for about an hour and a half, Ms. Rodgers, Mr. Bell, and Mr. Slade got

back into the Impala to return to Ms. Rodgers’ mother’s house. When they got to

the car, Mr. Bell sat down in the front passenger seat and pulled a portion of the

underside of the plastic dashboard cover loose and stuffed some of the

methamphetamine between the cover and the dashboard to conceal it. Mr. Bell

then got into the back seat and Ms. Rodgers drove the three to her mother’s

house.

At Ms. Rodgers’ mother’s house, another friend of Ms. Rodgers came by to

purchase some cocaine. Ms. Rodgers, Mr. Bell, and Mr. Slade were all present at

the sale, and Mr. Slade weighed the cocaine on a set of digital scales. After that

sale was completed, the three prepared to go to a restaurant where Ms. Rodgers

had once worked to get something to eat. Ms. Rodgers had also made

arrangements to sell methamphetamine to a woman at the restaurant. The three

left the house and went to a broken-down Buick also owned by Ms. Rodgers that

was sitting in the driveway. Ms. Rodgers testified that they went to the car
3 Ms. Rodgers testified that Mr. Bell “had the marijuana that we was

smoking on for the entire trip from the time we left Oklahoma City.” R., Vol. 2

at 181.

-7-

because “[w]e had to get the methamphetamine ready for [the customer they were

meeting at the restaurant].” Id. at 177. Mr. Slade sat down in the front passenger

seat of the Buick, with the passenger door opened, and used the digital scales to

weigh out the methamphetamine that was going to be sold at the restaurant. 

Ms. Rodgers was standing at the passenger side door and Mr. Bell was “at the

driver’s side door.” Id. at 178. The three then left for the restaurant in the

Impala with Mr. Slade driving, Mr. Bell in the back seat, and Ms. Rodgers in the

front passenger seat. Ms. Rodgers testified that they left for the restaurant at

about 11:00 a.m., or sometime after that time, because the restaurant didn’t open

until 11:00 a.m.

On the way to the restaurant, the trio stopped at another house at 10th and

Osage to see if another of Ms. Rodgers’ friends might want to purchase some

marijuana. The friend agreed and Ms. Rodgers got a small amount of marijuana

from Mr. Bell, who had stayed in the car with Mr. Slade, gave it to her friend and

then returned to the car and gave the money to Mr. Bell. The marijuana that was

sold was not from the trip that had just been made to Dallas, since that marijuana

was still boxed in the Impala’s trunk.3

Ms. Rodgers testified that they were only at that the 10th and Osage house

for about ten minutes and then the three continued on toward the restaurant with
4 Ms. Rayburn testified that when she got home from work at about 12:35 or

12:40, she saw two black men and a white woman around the Buick and that she

paid attention because she was hoping someone was going to buy the car and

move it. Ms. Rodgers is white and Ms. Rayburn was able to distinguish the men,

even from a distance, by shirt color and pattern. Mr. Bell was wearing a black

shirt that day and Mr. Slade a blue-and-white-striped shirt.

-8-

Mr. Slade driving but never made it. They drove past the father of Ms. Rodgers’

children, with whom, she testified, she had a bad relationship. Ms. Rodgers was

so frightened she resumed driving because she knew the area better. The three

then drove back to Ms. Rodgers’ mother’s house. Ms. Rodgers testified that after

they had returned to her mother’s house, police officers showed up and she was

arrested for driving with a suspended license. She also testified that once they

returned to her mother’s house, Mr. Slade took the handgun that had been traded

for methamphetamine from the Impala and put it into the Buick.

Jane Rayburn, a retired probation and parole officer lived close to

Ms. Rodgers’ mother’s house and testified to what she observed on April 18th. 

Ms. Rayburn testified that at about 12:35 to 12:40 p.m., she saw three people

around the broken-down Buick in the driveway of Ms. Rodgers’ mother’s house. 

Ms. Rayburn saw Mr. Bell sitting in the driver’s seat of the Buick, Mr. Slade

sitting in the passenger’s seat, and Ms. Rodgers standing by the passenger’s seat

and leaning over Mr. Slade.4

 Ms. Rayburn then saw Ms. Rodgers walk to the

Impala, get a sandwich-sized bag with an inch of white substance in the bottom of

it, walk to the Buick and hand the bag to Mr. Slade. Ms. Rodgers then walked
-9-

back to the Impala and got in the driver’s seat. Mr. Slade followed and got in the

front passenger’s side. Mr. Bell stayed in the Buick alone for about thirty to

forty-five seconds and then walked to the right passenger’s side of the Impala, got

in the back seat, and the Impala left. Ms. Rayburn testified that the three

individuals returned about ten or fifteen minutes later and a silver pick-up and a

marked police car pulled up as well.

McAlester Police Officer Chris Morris also testified to the events of

April 17th and 18th. He testified that he had received information regarding a

black Chevy Impala four-door on April 17, 2006, and had seen the vehicle about

12:30 p.m. on April 18, 2006, when he was off-duty and driving his personal

vehicle. Upon seeing the car, he called another officer, Bobby Coggin, for

assistance and followed the Impala. He saw it pull into what turned out to be

Ms. Rodgers’ mother’s house, saw Ms. Rodgers go into the house, and saw

Mr. Slade get out of the Impala with a bag containing a white powdery substance,

walk to the Buick, open it, and throw something on the floorboard. Mr. Slade

returned to the Impala and Ms. Rodgers left the house and also returned to the

Impala and the Impala pulled away with Mr. Slade driving. Officer Morris

followed and saw the car pull into a residence at 10th and Osage at about 12:50 or

1:00. Fearing that the occupants knew they were being followed, Officer Morris

left the area and changed vehicles. He returned to 10th and Osage a while later

but was unable to locate the Impala. He then contacted Officer Coggin again and
5 The officers were evidently familiar with Ms. Rodgers and Officer Coggin

had previously worked with Ms. Rodgers’ mother as a correctional officer.

6 Mr. Bell subsequently admitted to an officer who was fingerprinting him at

the police station that he had used a fake name and gave that officer his real

identity.

-10-

they agreed to meet back at what they had determined to be Ms. Rodgers’

mother’s house.5

 As the officers were pulling up to the house and parking, the

Impala was pulling out of the driveway of Ms. Rodgers’ mother’s house. The

Impala had stopped and Ms. Rodgers got out from behind the wheel and asked

what was going on. Mr. Slade was in the front passenger seat and Mr. Bell was in

the back seat. Officer Coggin approached the car and talked to the three. Officer

Coggin testified that when he talked to Mr. Bell, Mr. Bell gave him a fake name.6

Officer Coggin also talked to Ms. Rodgers, and ran a driver’s license check which

showed that her license was suspended.

Officer Morris walked to the Buick and observed a plastic baggie lying on

the passenger floorboard. A search warrant was obtained for the Buick and

executed. The investigation revealed that the baggie on the floorboard contained

23 grams of methamphetamine. The investigation also revealed a pistol (later

identified by Ms. Rodgers as the one that had been previously acquired in

exchange for methamphetamine), ammunition, and a set of digital scales, all

found on the floorboard of the Buick. Found in the Buick’s glove compartment

were baggies containing .55 grams of methamphetamine, 27.5 grams of
-11-

methamphetamine, and 27.4 grams of methamphetamine; a baggy containing

18.8 grams of cocaine; and two baggies containing 20.1 grams and .66 grams of

marijuana. The officer that eventually seized the narcotics testified that two of

the baggies that he recovered, each containing a white crystalline substance, were

wrapped into bundles, with tape surrounding layers of plastic and coffee grounds,

which in turn surrounded the narcotics. He testified that one of the non-bundled

baggies contained a white powder.

During the inventory of the Impala, a compressed brick of 1758 grams of

marijuana was found in the gift-wrapped package in the trunk and $1400 in cash

was found under the armrest between the two front seats. Further investigation

revealed a void behind the dashboard cover of the Impala consistent with

Ms. Rodgers’ testimony. Mr. Slade was also found to be carrying $380 in cash on

his person.

III.

Mr. Bell contends that the evidence presented at trial was insufficient to

support conviction on the cocaine and methamphetamine counts. “To sustain a

conviction for possession with intent to distribute, the government must prove

that (1) the defendant possessed the controlled substance; (2) knew that he had it;

and (3) possessed it with the intent to distribute it.” Ramirez, 479 F.3d at 1249

(quotation omitted). 
-12-

Mr. Bell argues that the evidence is insufficient to show that he possessed

the methamphetamine and cocaine. “Possession may be either actual or

constructive; constructive possession may be found if a person knowingly has

ownership, dominion, or control over the narcotics and the premises where they

are found.” United States v. Triana, 477 F.3d 1189, 1194 (10th Cir.) (quotation

and alteration omitted), cert. denied, 127 S. Ct. 2928 (2007). Mr. Bell argues that

the evidence fails to show that he “had dominion and control over the cocaine and

methamphetamine obtained in Dallas.” Aplt. Br. at 10. He argues that “[t]agging

along with drug traffickers does not furnish an adequate basis for conviction.” 

Id. at 12. 

We believe the evidence is sufficient to support a plausible inference that

he did more than merely tag along. “When the contraband may be attributed to

more than one individual, constructive possession requires some nexus, link, or

other connection between the defendant and the contraband.” Triana, 477 F.3d

at 1194 (quotation omitted). “[A] conviction for constructive possession is

properly sustained where the evidence supports at least a plausible inference that

the defendant had knowledge of and access to the contraband.” United States v.

Lauder, 409 F.3d 1254, 1259 (10th Cir. 2005) (quotation omitted). “With regard

to narcotics, we have defined constructive possession as an appreciable ability to

guide the destiny of the drug. Constructive possession does not require

exclusivity and may apply to multiple individuals.” Ramirez, 479 F.3d at 1249
-13-

(quotation omitted). Said another way, “constructive possession is the ability to

reduce an object to actual possession.” United States v. Massey, 687 F.2d 1348,

1354 (10th Cir. 1982).

Mr. Bell argues that the evidence shows only that he had knowledge of the

cocaine and methamphetamine and that, under United States v. Gonzales, 65 F.3d

814 (10th Cir. 1995), that is not enough. In Gonzales, the defendant tried to steal

a bale of marijuana from an undercover officer during an arranged buy. The

defendant asked to see the marijuana, which was in the trunk of the undercover

vehicle. When the officer opened the trunk, the defendant pulled a gun and told

the officer to leave, the officer tried to slam the trunk shut and then raised his

hands in the air, enabling the defendant to see the gun in the officer’s holster. 

The defendant started to take the officer’s gun but then fled when a police siren

went off. 

The government argued that defendant had constructive possession of the

marijuana because he could have taken the officer’s keys and driven away or

simply taken the marijuana out of the trunk. This court held that the evidence

was insufficient to support constructive possession because the officer tried to

slam the trunk, the defendant didn’t actually take the marijuana, and the

defendant fled immediately thereafter.

We agree that knowledge alone is not enough to show constructive

possession. But Gonzales is readily distinguishable from the case at hand. This
-14-

is not a case where a defendant simply had knowledge of narcotics belonging to

an acquaintance or, as in Gonzales, someone he intended to rob. Here, Mr. Bell,

Mr. Slade, and Ms. Rodgers had an ongoing relationship. The purpose of the

Dallas trip was to purchase drugs; Mr. Bell and Mr. Slade had traveled to Dallas

on more than one previous trip to purchase drugs; Mr. Bell was present at pre-trip

negotiations with perspective buyers, he watched Mr. Slade wrap the cocaine and

methamphetamine in plastic and coffee grounds, he was present at post-trip sales

of cocaine and methamphetamine, and after one of the sales he personally

secreted methamphetamine under the dashboard of Ms. Rodgers’ Impala. 

Mr. Bell was holding the marijuana that the party smoked during the entire trip to

Dallas and gave some of it to Ms. Rodgers to sell to one of her friends and then

took the money from the sale. Mr. Bell had also been on at least one previous trip

to Oklahoma City when methamphetamine was purchased and Mr. Bell had

received a portion of that methamphetamine to sell. Finally, according to

Ms. Rayburn’s testimony, Mr. Bell was alone in the broken-down Buick where

the cocaine and methamphetamine were later found for thirty to forty-five

seconds.

In United States v. Ortiz-Ortiz, the defendant and another man were in a car

that was stopped for inspection at a port of entry in New Mexico. 57 F.3d 892,

893 (10th Cir. 1995). The defendant was a passenger in the car. The inspector

noticed a strong odor of perfume or cologne in the car and further inspection
7 The defendants testified a mechanic had told them that the quality of the

shock absorbers was better across the border. The inventory of the car revealed

used shock absorbers and the mechanic testified that he had indeed told them to

buy new shock absorbers in the United States.

-15-

revealed marijuana hidden under and in the back seat. Both defendants testified

that they had been walking toward the United States border, intending to cross the

border on foot to purchase some new shock absorbers.7

 They testified that as they

were walking, two people pulled up and offered to let them use their car for the

trip. The car was registered to a Mexican resident with a post office address in

the New Mexico town where the duo said they were headed. That person could

not be contacted. The defendant claimed that the evidence was insufficient to

prove his knowledge or possession of the marijuana.

This court affirmed the defendant’s conviction. We noted that both the

defendant and the driver had given similar stories regarding their actions that day

and regarding the mysterious appearance of good Samaritans who offered them a

car–specifically a car reeking of perfume and containing a large amount of

contraband barely concealed under a loose seat–but made no arrangements for its

return. We concluded this evidence was sufficient to support a conclusion that

Ortiz was engaged in an illegal joint venture with the driver, and that constructive

possession was therefore proven. Id. at 895 (“All who are involved in a joint

venture may be found to be in constructive possession of [illegal narcotics].”). 
-16-

Here, Mr. Bell’s knowledge of the cocaine and methamphetamine is

undisputed. We also believe the evidence “supports at least a plausible inference

that [he] had knowledge of and access to” the methamphetamine and cocaine as

well. Consequently, a reasonable jury could have found beyond a reasonable

doubt that, instead of merely continuously tagging along with Mr. Slade and

Ms. Rodgers as they conducted their separate drug business, Mr. Bell was a

partner in that business and had “an appreciable ability to guide the destiny of the

drug[s]” at issue in this case.

IV.

Mr. Bell’s conviction is AFFIRMED.

Entered for the Court

Mary Beck Briscoe

Circuit Judge