1

06-5571-cr

United States v. Yannotti

S.D.N.Y.

Scheindlin, J.

04-cr-690

1 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE 

2 SECOND CIRCUIT

3

4 August Term, 2007

5 (Argued: December 20, 2007 Decided: September 4, 2008 )

6

7 Docket No. 06-5571-cr

8

9 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

10 Appellee,

11 – v. –

12 MICHAEL YANNOTTI,

13 Defendant-Appellant.

14

15 Before: KATZMANN, B.D. PARKER, and RAGGI, Circuit Judges.

16 Appeal from a judgment of conviction in the United States District Court for the Southern

17 District of New York (Scheindlin, J.) for racketeering conspiracy. See 18 U.S.C. § 1962(d). 

18 Affirmed.

19

20

21 DIARMUID WHITE, White & White (Brendan White,

22 on the brief), New York, N.Y., for Defendant23 Appellant.

24
The indictment alleges that the Gambino Family operated through groups of individuals 1

known as “crews.” Each “crew” was headed by a “capo” or “captain,” and consisted of “made”

members who were also known as “soldiers.”

The jury failed to reach a verdict as to Gotti on three of the four counts naming him and 2

acquitted him on one count. Following two subsequent mistrials, the government dismissed the

remaining charges against him. Mariani was convicted on several counts. He was sentenced

principally to 78 months’ imprisonment.

2

1 ELIE HONIG, Assistant United States Attorney (Katherine

2 Polk Failla, on the brief), for Michael J. Garcia, United

3 States Attorney for the Southern District of New York,

4 New York, N.Y., for Appellee.

5

6 BARRINGTON D. PARKER, Circuit Judge:

7

8 Michael Yannotti appeals from a judgment of conviction in the United States District

9 Court for the Southern District of New York (Scheindlin, J.). The jury convicted him of

10 conspiring to engage in racketeering in violation of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt

11 Organizations (“RICO”) Act. See 18 U.S.C. § 1962(d). The district court sentenced Yannotti

12 principally to 240 months’ incarceration. Yannotti’s appeal raises several issues. We consider

13 whether one of the counts of conviction was time-barred, whether the district court properly

14 admitted certain intercepted communications, and whether the evidence was sufficient to support

15 his conviction for racketeering conspiracy. We also review the reasonableness of his sentence. 

16 We affirm. 

17 BACKGROUND

18 On July 21, 2004, the government indicted Yannotti and his co-defendants, John Gotti Jr.

19 and Louis Mariani, alleging that they were members of the Gambino Crime Family, a 1

20 racketeering enterprise that engaged in, inter alia, extortion, extortionate extensions of credit,

21 securities fraud, as well as violent conduct including murder. Specifically, Yannotti was 2

22 charged with a substantive count of racketeering in Count One and with participating in a RICO
3

1 conspiracy that existed from the mid 1990s through 2004 in Count Two. See 18 U.S.C.

2 § 1962(c), (d). Count One specifically charged Yannotti with participation in four separate

3 predicate acts: Racketeering Act One charged Yannotti with conspiring to kidnap, kidnaping and

4 attempting to murder Curtis Sliwa; Act Two charged Yannotti with conspiring to murder and

5 murdering Robert Arena, and murdering Thomas Marenga; Act Three charged Yannotti with

6 attempting to murder Robert Tarantola and Act Seven charged Yannotti with loansharking,

7 specifically conspiring to make and collect extortionate extensions of credit throughout the

8 1990s. The aforementioned predicate acts were incorporated by reference in Count Two, along

9 with several other predicate acts, including securities fraud and extortion in the construction

10 industry, allegedly committed by Yannotti’s co-defendants in furtherance of the enterprise’s

11 affairs. Yannotti was also charged with murdering Arena and Marenga in aid of racketeering in

12 Counts Nine and Ten. 

13 The government’s proof at trial included testimony from several members and associates

14 of the Gambino Crime Family, as well as from law enforcement officers. These witnesses 

15 described Yannotti’s criminal activities as an associate of Family member Nicholas Corozzo,

16 whose crew was based in the Canarsie section of Brooklyn. In addition to Yannotti’s

17 loansharking activity, the government offered proof, primarily thorough Gambino Family

18 associate Andrew DiDonato, that Yannotti was involved in the 1987 shooting of Robert

19 Tarantola, an associate of the Colombo Crime Family, a rival criminal enterprise. Gambino

20 Family captain Michael DiLeonardo and soldier Joseph D’Angelo testified about Yannotti’s

21 involvement in a 1992 conspiracy to abduct and murder Curtis Sliwa, a radio host and founder of

22 the Guardian Angels, in retaliation for his public criticism of John Gotti, Sr., then head of the

23 Gambino Family. Finally, DiDonato and DiLeonardo testified that in 1996, Yannotti shot Robert

24 Arena and Thomas Marenga as a result of a conflict between Yannotti’s crew and members of
4

1 the Lucchese Crime Family, a rival criminal enterprise. In addition to testimonial evidence, the

2 government offered surveillance photographs, a beeper recovered at the scene of the Arena and

3 Marenga murders, records indicating that the beeper belonging to Yannotti, recorded

4 conversations between Yannotti and his loansharking customers, and additional loansharking

5 records. 

6 During trial, two evidentiary issues arose that figure in this appeal. The first concerned

7 the admissibility of certain evidence secured as a result of a 1996 court authorized wiretap of a

8 cellular phone used by Corozzo and his associates in Florida. The affidavit in support of the

9 application averred that the phone was being used by Corozzo and “others yet unknown” in

10 furtherance of a racketeering conspiracy that engaged in loansharking and money laundering,

11 largely in New York. While the affidavit sought authorization to intercept conversations of

12 Corozzo and several other named individuals, it did not identify Yannotti among the anticipated

13 interceptees. It did, however, state that probable cause existed to suspect that “unknown others”

14 used the phone while engaging in illegal activity.

15 On April 22, 1996, the day that the application was approved, Corozzo left the cell phone

16 that was the subject of the application in Florida and returned to New York. The next day, the

17 FBI intercepted its first phone call from Yannotti made on the target phone. The government’s

18 initial ten-day progress report to the judge supervising the wiretap described two phone calls

19 made by Yannotti involving the collection of loansharking debts. The report explained that

20 “Michael Yannotti will be identified as a named interceptee [on the wiretap application] if an

21 extension affidavit is filed in this case.” Finally, the government informed the judge that it

22 believed that the phone would continue to be used by Yannotti, Corozzo, and unnamed others to

23 discuss the offenses described in the initial authorizing order. The government never intercepted

24 any phone calls from Corozzo or sought an extension of the wiretap, thus, Yannotti was never
5

1 formally named in the authorization. See United States v. Yannotti, 399 F. Supp. 2d 268, 270

2 (S.D.N.Y. 2005).

3 Before the start of the trial, Yannotti moved to suppress the two calls on the ground that

4 the agents had exceeded their authority in continuing to intercept calls well after learning that

5 Corozzo no longer possessed the phone. He argued that the agents were required to seek new

6 authorization to intercept his conversations and that the continued interception converted the

7 initial authorization into a general warrant proscribed by the Fourth Amendment. The district

8 court disagreed, pointing to the fact that the initial order permitted the interception not only of

9 Corozzo and others specifically named in the authorization, but also “others yet unknown”, and

10 consequently was not limited to the interception of calls placed by Corozzo himself. Yannotti,

11 399 F. Supp. 2d at 273. The court concluded that due to the easy mobility of cellular phones, the

12 government was not required to seek a new authorization each time that a new person used the

13 phone. Additionally, the government reasonably believed that the phone would continue to be

14 used as an instrument of the charged conspiracy while in Yannotti’s possession. Id. For these

15 reasons, the court concluded that the scope of the warrant and the reasonableness of the

16 government’s conduct posed no constitutional problems.

17 The second evidentiary issue relevant to this appeal concerned the admissibility of certain

18 lay opinion testimony and poses the question whether Andrew DiDonato, a government witness,

19 was properly allowed to interpret the two intercepted conversations involving Yannotti. 

20 DiDonato first testified about his participation, and assistance to Yannotti, in the loansharking

21 conspiracy. He then explained that individuals who received extortionate loans usually made

22 weekly payments on the interest rather than on the principal and that the interest was usually

23 termed “points” by those involved in loansharking. In response to the government’s question

24 about the meaning of a loansharking victim’s statement to Yannotti that “I’m going to leave you
The conversation that DiDonato was asked to interpret is as follows: 3

YANNOTTI: Your [sic] way behind here.

. . . . . .

ANDY: You got a calendar there?

YANNOTTI: Not on me, but, uh, look, Monday’s gonna be six.

ANDY: Okay.

YANNOTTI: Altogether. What does that look like to you?

. . . . . . 

ANDY: I’ll call him by tomorrow and I’ll get together with him, and

uh . . . I’ll see him . . . I’ll see him with six. 

YANNOTTI: Alright, then you’re good ‘till for three weeks. So three

Monday’s from now. . . . . . .

ANDY: And then that’ll leave us with what? Four? 

YANNOTTI: Two. . . . . . . 

YANNOTTI: This . . . this Monday coming up will be six. 

ANDY: Okay.

YANNOTTI: Alright, so then you’re fresh ‘till, you know . . . .

At trial, the government asked DiDonato to describe what he had heard occur

during the taped conversation:

GOVERNMENT: And when they’re talking about getting calendars

out, what is your understanding of what Michael

Yannotti is telling this person named Drew or

Andy?

. . . . . .

DIDONATO: That he’s backed up on his payments

6

1 a two,” DiDonato testified that it meant “200 dollars” in interest. DiDonato also testified that the

2 intercepted conversations consisted of Yannotti seeking to collect a debt from an individual who

3 was “backed up on his payments.” Over objection, the court admitted this testimony after

3
GOVERNMENT: What do you base that on?

DIDONATO: I base that on coming this week will be six, then

based on the other information here that said, well,

after this, after you pay the six you’ll be starting off

fresh, and looks like it’s three weeks. So to me it

looks like a $200 a week interval.

GOVERNMENT: That is for the jury to determine.

........

GOVERNMENT: Are you familiar with that term that Yannotti used,

so all right, then you’re fresh, if you give him six now

you’re fresh until, you know. Do you know what that

term fresh means used in this context?

DIDONATO: Not that particular term per se, but to me it means

he’ll be even and won’t own any back money and

he’ll be fresh to start again and start a new week off.

7

1 determining that DiDonato acquired his understanding of the conversation through personal

2 experience with loansharking. See Fed. R. Evid. 701. 

3 At the conclusion of the government’s case, Yannotti moved for a judgment of acquittal

4 on Counts One and Two pursuant to Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 29(a), arguing that the

5 government had presented insufficient evidence of his guilt. Further, he asserted that there was

6 insufficient proof that he had committed any predicate acts within the five-year statute of

7 limitations period. Yannotti claimed that most of the predicate acts alleged violent conduct

8 taking place in 1987, 1992, and 1996, all of which fell well outside of the statute of limitations. 

9 See 18 U.S.C. § 3282(a) (“[N]o person shall be prosecuted, tried, or punished for any offense, not

10 capital, unless the indictment is found . . . within five years next after such offense shall have

11 been committed.”). With respect to the loansharking conspiracy, which was alleged to have

12 continued from 1993 to 2002, Yannotti argued that the evidence was insufficient to show either
As the district court noted, it was undisputed by the parties that the other predicate acts 4

alleged against Yannotti – – the conduct involving Arena, Marenga, Sliwa and Tarantola – – fell

outside of the statute of limitations. United States v. Yannotti, 415 F. Supp. 2d 280, 284

(S.D.N.Y. 2005).

8

1 (1) that he participated in the conspiracy or (2) that the conspiracy continued into the limitations

2 period. The district court denied his motion.

3 The jury convicted Yannotti of engaging in the RICO conspiracy described in Count Two

4 but could not reach a verdict on the substantive RICO count described in Count One. On its

5 verdict sheet, the jury indicated that the government had proved that Yannotti conspired to

6 engage in loansharking, but had not proven the other racketeering predicate acts – – the

7 conspiracy to murder Arena, the murders of Arena and Marenga, or the attempted murder of

8 Tarantola. With respect to the racketeering act charging Yannotti with conspiring to kidnap,

9 kidnaping, and attempting to murder Curtis Sliwa, the jury found that the attempted murder was

10 not proven, but could not agree on whether the government proved the alleged conspiracy to

11 kidnap or Yannotti’s involvement in the kidnaping. The jury also acquitted Yannotti of the two

12 counts alleging violent conduct in aid of racketeering.

13 Following trial, the district court granted Yannotti’s renewed motion under Rule 29(c) for

14 a judgment of acquittal as to Count One. The court concluded that because there was insufficient

15 evidence that Yannotti had participated in loansharking after 1999, the loansharking conspiracy

16 – – the only predicate act for which Yannotti had been found guilty – – actually fell outside of the

17 five-year statute of limitations. United States v. Yannotti, 415 F. Supp. 2d 280, 289 (S.D.N.Y. 4

18 2005). The district court specifically found that the government had not proven that Yannotti

19 was involved in any loansharking activity after 1996 given that “[t]here were no recorded

20 conversations concerning loansharking after 1996, nor were any loansharking records found on

21 Yannotti at any time after 1996. Furthermore, Yannotti’s coconspirators . . . who, under the
Because the government does not appeal the dismissal of Count One, we do not review 5

the district court’s analysis of the legal insufficiency of the trial evidence as to this count.

9

1 Government’s own theory, provided Yannotti with loansharking money, were arrested in

2 December 1996, and were incarcerated for many years thereafter.” Id. at 288-89.

3 The government contended that the statute of limitations as to the substantive RICO

4 conduct had not expired because it was entitled to a presumption that Yannotti’s involvement in

5 the charged conspiracy continued until he demonstrated his withdrawal from, or abandonment of,

6 that conspiracy, citing United States v. Spero, 331 F.3d 57, 61 (2d Cir. 2003). The district court

7 disagreed, finding that this presumption could not continue indefinitely and that the government

8 failed to demonstrate that any of the conspirators engaged in loansharking on any date close to

9 the limitations period. Yannotti, 415 F. Supp. 2d at 290. The court concluded that “[g]iven the

10 facts presented here – – the length of the presumption, the proof that the co-conspirators in all

11 likelihood could not have continued with their illegal activities, and the absence of proof

12 regarding Yannotti’s loansharking activities within the limitations period . . . – – the presumption

13 alone is insufficient to sustain a conviction.” Id. at 291. For these reasons, the district court

14 dismissed Count One.5

15 However, the court denied Yannotti’s Rule 29(c) motion as to Count Two charging him

16 with participating in the RICO conspiracy. Yannotti argued that because the predicate acts

17 alleged against him fell outside of the statute of limitations, the government could not claim that

18 he timely participated in the conspiracy. The district court nevertheless determined that the

19 evidence established that “the activities of the Gambino Organized Crime Family continued into

20 the limitations period[,] . . . that Yannotti was a member of the conspiracy” and that there was no

21 evidence that Yannotti withdrew from the conspiracy. Id. at 292 (citing United States v. Persico,

22 832 F.2d 705, 713 (2d Cir. 1987) (“In order to convict a defendant of RICO conspiracy, only an
The district court calculated Yannotti’s base offense level as 32 for the kidnaping of 6

Sliwa pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2A4.1(a). It then enhanced the offense determination by four levels

pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2A4.1(b)(2) because the victim sustained life threatening bodily injury. 

After determining that the kidnaping resulted in the higher offense level in comparison with the

other criminal conduct, the district court concluded that the level 36 calculation should stand.

10

1 agreement to commit two or more predicate acts, rather than the acts themselves, need be

2 proven.” (emphasis added))). The court found that the government had offered sufficient proof

3 that certain activities furthering the goals of the RICO conspiracy, specifically the charged

4 predicate acts of securities fraud and construction industry extortion by other members of the

5 enterprise, continued through 2002 and that Yannotti was responsible for the conduct of his co6 conspirators. Id. Thus, it held that Yannotti was not entitled to a judgment of acquittal despite

7 not being charged himself with the actual commission of timely racketeering acts. 

8 The district court sentenced Yannotti in November 2006 and concluded that conduct

9 which the jury had not found proven by the government should, nevertheless, be considered in

10 calculating his applicable Guidelines range. The court acknowledged that the jury was unable to

11 reach a verdict on the charges surrounding the Sliwa assault and that it “was deeply split on the

12 issue with seven jurors out of twelve believing that there was proof beyond a reasonable doubt.”

13 However, the court determined that because one of the prosecution’s witnesses on this point was

14 credible and corroborated by another, only slightly less credible, witness, Yannotti’s participation

15 in the attack on Sliwa was supported by a preponderance of the evidence. Thus, Yannotti’s

16 involvement in the Sliwa activity could be considered relevant conduct for sentencing purposes. 

17 Based on this finding, the court calculated Yannotti’s offense level at 36 and his Criminal

18 History Category at Level II, resulting in a Guidelines range of 210 to 262 months. It then 6

19 sentenced him to the statutory maximum of 240 months’ imprisonment, noting that Yannotti had
11

1 been a long-time associate of the Gambino Family and had engaged in extensive illegal and

2 violent conduct in furtherance of that enterprise. This appeal followed.

3 DISCUSSION

4 Yannotti appeals his conviction and sentence on various grounds. He maintains

5 principally that the evidence was not legally sufficient to establish his conviction for RICO

6 conspiracy, the district court erred in admitting the contents of two intercepted phone calls and

7 allowing a witness to interpret those phone calls, one of the racketeering acts alleged in the

8 indictment was improperly vague, and the district court erred in rendering his sentence. We

9 review de novo a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence and “affirm if the evidence, when

10 viewed in its totality and in the light most favorable to the government, would permit any rational

11 jury to find the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” United States v.

12 Geibel, 369 F.3d 682, 689 (2d Cir. 2004). A defendant challenging his conviction on the basis of

13 the insufficiency of the evidence “bears a heavy burden.” United States v. Henry, 325 F.3d 93,

14 103 (2d Cir. 2003). Evidentiary rulings are reviewed for abuse of discretion. United States v.

15 Taubman, 297 F.3d 161, 164 (2d Cir. 2002). A district court’s factual findings are reviewed for

16 clear error. United States v. Selioutsky, 409 F.3d 114, 119 (2d Cir. 2005). The denial of a

17 motion to dismiss the indictment is reviewed de novo. United States v. Yousef, 327 F.3d 56, 137

18 (2d Cir. 2003). Finally, we review a district court’s sentence for its procedural and substantive

19 reasonableness. See Gall v. United States, 128 S. Ct. 586, 594-97 (2007); see also United States

20 v. Rattoballi, 452 F.3d 127, 131-32 (2d Cir. 2006).

21 I.

22 Yannotti first contends that the evidence supporting his conviction for participating in a

23 RICO conspiracy was legally insufficient. He asserts that he was not a member of the charged

24 RICO conspiracy which, he maintains, was defined by the pattern of racketeering alleged in the
It is uncontested that this conduct occurred within the limitations period. 7

12

1 indictment. Because there was no evidence that Yannotti engaged in the two timely acts of

2 racketeering found proved by the jury – – securities or construction industry fraud – – and 7

3 because the sole racketeering act committed by him – – loansharking – – fell outside the statute

4 of limitations, Yannotti maintains that the district court erred in sustaining his RICO conspiracy

5 conviction. He complains that, as support for its denial of his Rule 29(c) motion as to Count

6 Two, the district court improperly treated his alleged membership in the criminal enterprise – –

7 the Gambino Family – – as equivalent to membership in the charged conspiracy. Because the

8 RICO conspiracy was limited to specific predicate acts and involved conduct committed by

9 Gambino Family members to further their self-interests rather than the affairs “of any cohesive

10 Gambino family enterprise,” Yannotti argues that he should not be held liable for the acts of his

11 co-conspirators.

12 The government renews its argument that it is entitled to the presumption, first articulated

13 in United States v. Spero, that once the existence of the RICO conspiracy and Yannotti’s

14 membership in that conspiracy were established, Yannotti’s involvement continued until he

15 proved that he either withdrew from the conspiracy or it terminated. See Spero, 331 F.3d at 61. 

16 Additionally, the government maintains that even if we do not apply the Spero presumption, the

17 evidence established that Yannotti participated in numerous racketeering activities attributable to

18 the enterprise and any lack of Yannotti’s involvement in the timely predicate acts alleged against

19 his co-conspirators is not dispositive of his connection to the conspiracy.

20 In assessing Yannotti’s sufficiency challenge, we are guided by precedent that

21 undermines Yannotti’s core argument that his conviction for RICO conspiracy cannot stand
13

1 absent proof of his personal involvement in a timely charged predicate act. We discuss this

2 precedent at the outset.

3 In United States v. Persico, we emphasized that “the agreement proscribed by section

4 1962(d) is [a] conspiracy to participate in a charged enterprise’s affairs, not [a] conspiracy to

5 commit predicate acts.” 832 F.2d at 713. To establish a RICO conspiracy, the government must

6 prove that a defendant agreed to participate in the affairs of the enterprise through a pattern of

7 racketeering activity. However, in Salinas v. United States, 522 U.S. 52 (1997), the Supreme

8 Court made clear that to establish this pattern, the government need not prove that the defendant

9 himself agreed that he would commit two or more predicate acts. See id. at 64 (noting that,

10 although the RICO statute “broadened conspiracy coverage by omitting the requirement of an

11 overt act; it did not, at the same time, work the radical change of requiring the Government to

12 prove [that] each conspirator agreed that he would be the one to commit two predicate acts”). 

13 Indeed, Salinas held that to be found guilty of RICO conspiracy, a defendant need only know of,

14 and agree to, the general criminal objective of a jointly undertaken scheme. See id. at 63; see

15 also United States v. Ciccone, 312 F.3d 535, 542 (2d Cir. 2002) (stating that “a conspirator

16 charged with racketeering conspiracy need not commit or even agree to commit the predicate acts

17 . . . to be found guilty of the racketeering conspiracy, for it suffices that he adopt[] the goal of

18 furthering or facilitating the criminal endeavor” (internal citations and quotations marks

19 omitted)).

20 It is well-settled that a conspirator need not be fully informed about his co-conspirators’

21 specific criminal acts provided that he agreed to participate in the broader criminal conspiracy

22 and the acts evincing participation were not outside of the scope of the illegal agreement. “A

23 conspiracy may exist even if a conspirator does not agree to commit or facilitate each and every

24 part of the substantive offense. The partners in the criminal plan must agree to pursue the same
14

1 criminal objective and may divide up the work, yet each is responsible for the acts of each other.” 

2 Salinas, 522 U.S. at 63-64 (internal citation omitted); see also United States v. Zichettello, 208

3 F.3d 72, 100 (2d Cir. 2000) (holding that “no rule” requires “the government to prove that a

4 [RICO] conspirator knew of all criminal acts by insiders in furtherance of the conspiracy” as long

5 as it shows that defendant possessed knowledge of “the general contours of the conspiracy”);

6 United States v. Rastelli, 870 F.2d 822, 828 (2d Cir. 1989) (stating that a defendant may agree to

7 join a RICO conspiracy without knowing the identities of “all the other conspirators” and without

8 “full knowledge of all the details of the conspiracy”). 

9 With this precedent in mind, we reject Yannotti’s argument that the evidence was

10 insufficient to prove his participation in the charged RICO conspiracy. The government’s proof

11 convincingly established that the Gambino Crime Family was an enterprise whose members

12 routinely conducted its affairs through a nearly limitless range of racketeering activities,

13 including kidnaping, extortion, loansharking, and fraud. Yannotti does not dispute his

14 membership in the Gambino Family. Rather, he asserts that the government’s proof of his mid15 1990s involvement in loansharking on behalf of the Gambino Family was insufficient to prove

16 his agreement to the broader pattern of racketeering. The evidence, viewed in the light most

17 favorable to the government, supports a different conclusion. 

18 Specifically, the evidence showed that Yannotti was formally inducted as a “soldier” into

19 the Gambino Crime Family at a ceremony in which inductees pledged themselves to use any

20 means necessary to further the objectives of the Family. A reasonable jury could certainly

21 conclude that when Yannotti agreed to participate in the affairs of the Gambino Family, he was

22 by no means limiting that participation to his own loansharking. Instead, it could have found that

23 Yannotti had agreed that he, and others, would engage in a jointly undertaken pattern of

24 racketeering activities reaching all of the predicates established by the government. Thus, the
15

1 fact that the government did not prove Yannotti’s specific knowledge of or participation in each

2 predicate act conducted by other members of the Gambino Family does not undermine the

3 sufficiency of the evidence establishing his conviction as to the charged RICO conspiracy. See

4 Salinas, 522 U.S. at 63-64; see also Ciccone, 312 F.3d at 542; Zichettello, 208 F.2d at 99-100.

5 To the extent Yannotti maintains that, even if the government proved his involvement in

6 the charged conspiracy, the statute of limitations required proof of his specific agreement to

7 commit predicate acts within five years of indictment, he conflates our precedent with respect to

8 substantive RICO and RICO conspiracy. Although a “substantive RICO charge is barred by

9 limitations as to any defendant unless that defendant committed a predicate act within the five10 year limitations period,” a RICO conspiracy “is complete, thus commencing the running of the

11 five-year statute of limitations, only when the purposes of the conspiracy have either been

12 accomplished or abandoned.” United States v. Salerno, 868 F.2d 524, 534 (2d Cir. 1989)

13 (emphasis in original). Accordingly, even if a defendant engaged in predicate conduct that

14 occurred outside of the statute of limitations, that defendant remains liable for RICO conspiracy

15 unless the evidence shows that the conspiracy concluded or he withdrew from that conspiracy

16 more than five years before the indictment. See id.; Persico, 832 F.2d at 713. This is because

17 once the government meets its burden of proof to establish a RICO conspiracy, “it is entitled to a

18 presumption that the conspiracy continued until [the] defendant demonstrate[s] otherwise.”

19 United States v. Spero, 331 F.3d at 61.

20 Yannotti relies on our dicta in a footnote in United States v. Bruno, 383 F.3d 65 (2d Cir.

21 2004) to suggest that Spero does not control because his association with the Gambino Family,

22 standing alone, is insufficient to toll the statute of limitations. In Bruno, we did not reach the

23 issue of “what implications a defendant’s continued membership in an ongoing organized crime

24 family may have on the statute of limitations for a RICO conspiracy charge.” Id. at 81 n.10. 
16

1 Bruno involved a count charging the defendant with a substantive RICO violation in which four

2 of the five racketeering acts were committed outside of the limitations period and the defendants’

3 conviction under the only timely act was unsupported by the evidence. Id. at 81. Here, however,

4 the securities fraud and construction extortion conspiracies established the charged RICO

5 conspiracy’s continuation well into the limitations period, and Yannotti does not challenge the

6 evidence proving those predicates. Further, for the reasons just discussed, the evidence permitted

7 a reasonable jury to conclude that these timely predicate acts by co-conspirators fell within the

8 broad pattern of racketeering activity through which Yannotti agreed that he and others would

9 conduct the affairs of the enterprise. Under these circumstances, and in the absence of any

10 evidence of Yannotti’s timely withdrawal, we conclude that the statute of limitations does not

11 preclude Yannotti’s conviction for RICO conspiracy.

12 II.

13 Yannotti also complains that the district court improperly admitted his phone

14 conversations because the government’s original wiretap application did not specifically name

15 him as a target. As previously noted, although the government was authorized to intercept

16 communications on a cell phone belonging to Corozzo, that authorization did not specifically

17 identify Yannotti. The government intercepted two calls in which Yannotti discussed his

18 loansharking activities. Yannotti maintains that this evidence, which he argued was

19 inadmissible, served as the government’s sole proof connecting him to the predicate act alleging

20 loansharking.

21 Title III of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 provides for court22 ordered interceptions of communications. 18 U.S.C. § 2518. The statute allows a court to

23 authorize a wiretap “if it determines, on the basis of the facts submitted by the applicant, that

24 there is probable cause to believe (1) that an individual was committing, had committed, or is
17

1 about to commit a crime; (2) that communications concerning that crime will be obtained

2 through the wiretap; and (3) that the premises to be wiretapped were being used for criminal

3 purposes or are about to be used or owned by the target of the wiretap.” United States v. Diaz,

4 176 F.3d 52, 110 (2d Cir. 1999). Intercepted communications are inadmissible if they were

5 “unlawfully intercepted,” intercepted pursuant to an authorization or approval that is “insufficient

6 on its face,” or intercepted not in conformity “with the order of authorization or approval.” 18

7 U.S.C. § 2518(10)(a). “In reviewing a ruling on a motion to suppress wiretap evidence, we

8 accord deference to the district court.” Because our role as an appeals court in reviewing the

9 issuance of a wiretap order “is not to make a de novo determination of sufficiency as if it were a

10 district judge, but to decide if the facts set forth in the application were minimally adequate to

11 support the determination that was made.” United States v. Miller, 116 F.3d 641, 663 (2d Cir.

12 1997) (internal quotation marks and brackets omitted) (alterations and omissions in original).

13 Given this deference, we find no error in the admission of the conversations. The

14 affidavit in support of the application did not solely request the interception of communications

15 made to and by Corozzo. Instead, it named Corozzo, six alleged associates and members of the

16 Gambino family, and “others as yet unknown.” In authorizing the interceptions, the court

17 determined that probable cause existed to believe that not only Corozzo, but also other unnamed

18 targets, would use the cellular phone to engage in illegal activities. The government is not

19 required to specify in the application each individual whose conversations may be intercepted. 

20 Where, as here, the government is investigating numerous members of an extensive criminal

21 conspiracy, the government may not be able to identify in advance each person who will use the

22 phone for criminal purposes. In United States v. Figueroa, we held that “[a]t the outset of a

23 wiretap, surveillance under an order that authorizes interception of calls of ‘others as yet

24 unknown’ is not strictly limited to only those who are specifically named in the authorizing order
18

1 either as probable violators or as possible interceptees.”; Instead, “[t]he agents are required only

2 to make reasonable efforts to minimize their interceptions in light of all the relevant

3 circumstances.” 757 F.2d 466, 473 (2d Cir. 1985). Here, the order limited interception to

4 conversations which addressed conspiratorial activities and terminated “upon the attainment of

5 authorized objectives” or at the end of the thirty days; thus, it did not, as Yannotti avers, give the

6 government unfettered discretion to intercept phone calls unrelated to the alleged conspiracy. 

7 Moreover, the order also required the government to submit regular reports to the supervising

8 judge “showing what progress has been made toward achievement of the authorized objectives

9 and the need for continued interception.” These restrictions were adequate safeguards that

10 foreclosed the possibility that the order could be transformed into a general warrant.

11 Additionally, the government had no reason to believe that Yannotti would indefinitely

12 maintain possession of the cell phone. Consequently, it acted reasonably in suspecting that

13 Corozzo would return to Florida and re-claim his phone. Regardless, as the government stated in

14 its progress report, it suspected that Yannotti’s intercepted conversation indicated that he had

15 used the phone in furtherance of the criminal activity identified in the initial application. Thus,

16 as the district court reasonably found, “although Corozzo no longer possessed the phone, there

17 was probable cause to believe that it remained an instrumentality of the alleged conspiracy.” 

18 Yannotti, 399 F. Supp. 2d at 273. Under these circumstances, we agree with the district court’s

19 conclusion that the government did not exceed the wiretap authorization in its continued

20 interception of Yannotti’s calls. 

21 III.

22 Yannotti next asserts that Andrew DiDonato, a government witness, provided

23 inadmissible opinion testimony which did not conform to the definition of lay testimony under

24 Federal Rule of Evidence 701 because it was based on DiDonato’s specialized knowledge as a
19

1 member of the Gambino Crime Family. DiDonato was allowed to testify about comments made

2 by Yannotti during the two intercepted phone conversations. Yannotti complains that the

3 government did not seek to admit this testimony as expert opinion testimony under Rule 702 and

4 that he was not afforded the protections provided by Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure

5 16(a)(1)(G). The government, on the other hand, claims that DiDonato was not an expert as

6 contemplated by Rule 702 because he acquired his particular knowledge about loansharking

7 through experience as a member of the conspiracy, rather than through specialized study or

8 training.

9 Under Rule 701, a lay witness’ testimony “in the form of opinions or inferences is limited

10 to those opinions or inferences which are (a) rationally based on the perception of the witness, (b)

11 helpful to a clear understanding of the witness’ testimony or the determination of a fact in issue,

12 and (c) not based on scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge within the scope of

13 Rule 702.” Fed. R. Evid. 701. A rational perception is one involving “first-hand knowledge or

14 observation.” United States v. Rea, 958 F.2d 1206, 1215 (2d Cir. 1992). The advisory note to

15 the 2000 Amendments to Rule 701 provides that “most courts have permitted the owner or

16 officer of a business to testify to the value or projected profits of the business, without the

17 necessity of qualifying the witness as an . . . expert. . . . Such opinion testimony is admitted not

18 because of experience, training or specialized knowledge within the realm of an expert, but

19 because of the particularized knowledge that the witness has by virtue of his or her position in the

20 business.” Fed. R. Evid. 701, advisory committee’s note. In contrast under Rule 702, a witness

21 purporting to offer expert opinion testimony must be first qualified to offer this testimony on the

22 basis of his knowledge, skill, or education. Fed. R. Evid. 702.

23 Although Yannotti challenges the admissibility of DiDonato’s testimony under Rule 701

24 only on the ground that it derived from specialized knowledge in contravention of the third
This distinction applies equally to evaluating the admissibility of agent testimony. An 8

undercover agent whose infiltration of a criminal scheme has afforded him particular perceptions

of its methods of operation may offer helpful lay opinion testimony under Rule 701 even as to

co-conspirators’ actions that he did not witness directly. By contrast, an investigative agent who

offers an opinion about the conduct or statements of conspirators based on his general knowledge

of similar conduct learned through other investigations, review of intelligence reports, or other

special training, does not meet the requirements of Rule 701 and must qualify as an expert

pursuant to Rule 702. See United States v. Garcia, 413 F.3d 201, 216 (2d Cir. 2005).

20

1 requirement under Rule 701, we conclude that DiDonato’s testimony easily met both the first and

2 second requirements under Rule 701, which are that the testimony be “rationally based on the

3 perception of the witness” and “helpful to a clear understanding of the witness’ testimony or the

4 determination of a fact in issue.” Id.

5 First, DiDonato’s testimony was rationally based on his own perception because it

6 derived from his direct participation in the loansharking activities of the charged enterprise, not

7 on participation in the loansharking activities of some unrelated criminal scheme. Second, there

8

8 is little question that DiDonato’s testimony was helpful to the jury. As we have explained in

9 another context, individuals engaging in illicit activities rarely describe their transactions in an

10 open or transparent manner and the government may call witnesses to provide insight into coded

11 language through lay opinion testimony. See United States v. Garcia, 291 F.3d 127, 139 (2d Cir.

12 2002). The conversation between Yannotti and the individual identified by the government as

13 “Andy” was cryptic and required interpretation. As discussed earlier, DiDonato explained that

14 the individual collecting the debts informed the loansharking victim about the amount of the

15 weekly interest by referring to a single number or “points.” DiDonato stated that in the phone

16 call with “Andy,” Yannotti was seeking exorbitant amounts of interest at regular intervals

17 ranging from two hundred to six hundred dollars. Given its discretion in such matters, the

18 district court did not err in allowing DiDonato to provide interpretative testimony because the
21

1 “language on the tape [was] . . . punctuated with ambiguous references to events that are clear

2 only to the conversants.” United States v. Aiello, 864 F.2d 257, 265 (2d Cir. 1988) (internal

3 quotation marks and alterations omitted). Accordingly, we find that DiDonato’s testimony met

4 the requirements of Rule 701 and was properly admitted as lay opinion testimony.

5 Mindful of making explicit the requirements for lay witness testimony in comparison to

6 expert testimony, we now conclude that where a witness derives his opinion solely from insider

7 perceptions of a conspiracy of which he was a member, he may share his perspective as to

8 aspects of the scheme about which he has gained knowledge as a lay witness subject to Rule 701,

9 not as an expert subject to Rule 702. See United States v. Rigas, 490 F.3d 208, 225 (2d Cir.

10 2007) (concluding the district court did not abuse its discretion in allowing a lay witness to

11 testify about an organization’s fraudulent financial conduct where that witness made first-hand

12 observations and was well aware of the organization’s financial misstatements). No different

13 conclusion is mandated by Rule 701's requirement that a lay opinion must be the product of

14 “reasoning processes familiar to the average person in everyday life,” and not “scientific,

15 technical, or other specialized knowledge.” United States v. Garcia, 413 F.3d 201, 216-17 (2d

16 Cir. 2005). While we do not profess that loansharking is an activity about which the average

17 person has knowledge, we find that the opinion DiDonato reached from his own loansharking

18 experience derived from a reasoning process familiar to average persons. In short, his opinion

19 did not depend on the sort of specialized training that scientific witnesses or statisticians rely

20 upon when interpreting the results of their own experiments or investigations.

21 IV.
The relevant portions of the indictment charged the following: 9

(b) Conspiracy to Make Extortionate Extensions of Credit: From in or about

1993, up through and including in or about 2002, in the Southern District of New

York, the Eastern District of New York, and elsewhere, Michael Yannotti . . .

and others known and unknown, unlawfully, willfully, and knowingly combined,

conspired, confederated, and agreed together and with each other to make

extortionate extensions of credit; . . . (c) From in or about 1993, up through and

including in or about 2002, in the Southern District of New York, the Eastern

District of New York, and elsewhere, Michael Yannotti . . . and others known

and unknown, unlawfully, willfully, and knowingly combined, conspired,

confederated, and agreed together and with each other to participate in the use of

extortionate means to collect and attempt to collect extensions of credit.

Yannotti’s pre-trial motion related to the inadequacy of the allegations provided in 10

Racketeering Act Ten. The government subsequently renumbered this Act as Seven.

22

1 Yannotti renews his pre-trial claim that subparts (b) and (c) of Racketeering Act Seven of

2 the indictment – – charging him with financing extortionate extensions of credit and conspiring 9

3 to make and collect extortionate extensions of credit – – violated Federal Rule of Criminal

4 Procedure 7(c) because they did not contain sufficient factual allegations. He maintains that

5 those portions of the racketeering act failed to allege sufficient facts and included overly broad

6 temporal and geographic spans by describing conspiratorial conduct occurring in both the

7 Southern and Eastern Districts of New York, and elsewhere with unnamed co-conspirators. The

8 district court denied his motion to dismiss the racketeering act, citing language from United

9 States v. Walsh, 194 F.3d 37, 44 (2d Cir. 1999) and concluded that the indictment adequately

10 “track[ed] the language of the statute . . . and state[d] the time and place (in approximate terms)

11 of the alleged crime.”10

12 “An indictment is sufficient when it charges a crime with sufficient precision to inform

13 the defendant of the charges he must meet and with enough detail that he may plead double

14 jeopardy in a future prosecution based on the same set of events.” United States v. Stavroulakis,

15 952 F.2d 686, 693 (2d Cir. 1992). Moreover, “an indictment need do little more than to track the
23

1 language of the statute charged and state the time and place (in approximate terms) of the alleged

2 crime.” United States v. Alfonso, 143 F.3d 772, 776 (2d Cir. 1998). Federal Rule of Criminal

3 Procedure 7(c) requires only that an indictment be “a plain, concise, and definite written

4 statement of the essential facts constituting the offense charged.”

5 The contested portions of the racketeering act provided Yannotti with sufficient notice of

6 the allegations regarding loansharking so that he could defend against those allegations in the

7 instant prosecution and in any future prosecutions. Additionally, the government provided

8 Yannotti with discovery, including the tapes, records, and names of participants associated with

9 the loansharking conspiracy. Yannotti was well aware of the government’s theory of the

10 loansharking conspiracy as well as the identities of any victims and co-conspirators, even if that

11 information was not pled in the indictment. Moreover, despite Yannotti’s contentions,

12 Racketeering Act Seven makes clear the nature of the criminal conduct, the time span, and the

13 location where this conduct occurred. Since Rule 7(c) requires no more, we find that the

14 allegations in the indictment are sufficient.

15

16 V.

17 Finally, Yannotti challenges the sentence imposed by the district court as unreasonable

18 because it was based on the court’s unsubstantiated finding that he committed the kidnaping and

19 attempted murder of Curtis Sliwa alleged in Racketeering Act One. The jury found that the

20 government had not proven Yannotti’s involvement in Sliwa’s attempted murder, but could not

21 agree on whether the government had proven his participation in the conspiracy to kidnap or the

22 kidnaping of Sliwa. The jury also found unproven all of the other charged racketeering acts with

23 the exception of Racketeering Act Seven – – the loansharking conspiracy.
24

1 In calculating the sentence under the now advisory Sentencing Guidelines, the Probation

2 Officer determined in the Presentence Investigation Report that Yannotti’s base offense level for

3 his racketeering conspiracy conviction was 19 pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2E1.1(a)(1), leaving to the

4 discretion of the district court any application of relevant conduct adduced at trial. The Probation

5 Officer further calculated his Guidelines range as 37-46 months’ imprisonment and

6 recommended a sentence of 41 months. During the sentencing proceeding, in response to the

7 court’s question about the impact of relevant conduct on Yannotti’s sentence, defense counsel

8 requested that conduct found unproven by the jury not be reviewed by the court. The

9 government retorted that all conduct presented at trial could be considered, given the credibility

10 of its witnesses as well as the multitude of evidence established concerning Yannotti’s

11 participation in the Sliwa kidnaping. The district court ultimately found that this activity, while

12 not proved to the satisfaction of a unanimous jury, had nonetheless been established by a

13 preponderance of the evidence and could be factored into Yannotti’s sentence as relevant conduct

14 pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3.

15 Yannotti contends that procedural error occurred in the sentencing court’s approach. He

16 argues that the jury’s finding of his participation in the RICO conspiracy did not authorize the

17 court, when determining his Sentencing Guidelines range, to place any weight on his

18 involvement in the Sliwa assault. Moreover, he challenges the court’s employment of a

19 preponderance of the evidence, as opposed to a reasonable doubt, standard in finding him

20 responsible for the Sliwa assault. In support, he points to U.S.S.G. § 1B1.2(d) which provides

21 that a “conviction on a count charging a conspiracy to commit more than one offense shall be

22 treated as if the defendant had been convicted on a separate count of conspiracy for each offense

23 that the defendant conspired to commit.” Yannotti argues that, in light of this provision, his
 Although the same predicate acts may be charged with respect to both substantive and 11

RICO conspiracy counts, the jury inquiry may be different. In deciding whether a defendant is

25

1 Guidelines range for participation in a RICO conspiracy should be calculated based only on

2 predicate conduct that a fact-finder found him to have engaged in beyond a reasonable doubt.

3 We disagree with Yannotti on this issue of first impression in our circuit. 

4 Yannotti’s argument depends on a construction of U.S.S.G. § 1B1.2(d) that would require

5 each predicate act alleged as part of a RICO conspiracy to be treated as a separate object of the

6 criminal agreement to be factored into a Sentencing Guidelines calculation only if that act was

7 proved beyond a reasonable doubt. However, he improperly assumes that multiple racketeering

8 predicates can transform a RICO conspiracy into the multi-object conspiracy referenced in

9 U.S.S.G. § 1B1.2(d) .

10 As Yannotti acknowledges, the RICO conspiracy with which he was charged had only

11 one object – – to conduct or participate in the affairs of the charged enterprise, the Gambino

12 Crime Family, through a pattern of racketeering. See 18 U.S.C. § 1962(c), (d). While the

13 intended pattern of this conspiracy may have involved a variety of criminal conduct, including

14 construction fraud, loansharking, kidnaping, and attempted murder, the underlying objective of

15 the conspiracy remained the singular one proscribed by § 1962(c). Indeed, to secure Yannotti’s

16 conviction for RICO conspiracy, the government was not required to prove the actual

17 commission of a single predicate act by Yannotti or any other conspirator. See Salinas, 522 U.S.

18 at 64 (noting that “[t]he RICO conspiracy statute, § 1962(d), broadened conspiracy coverage by

19 omitting the requirement of an overt act”). The underlying predicate acts are relevant merely to

20 establish the existence of the charged agreement among members of the conspiracy to conduct

21 the affairs of the enterprise through a pattern of racketeering conduct and do not constitute

11
guilty of substantive RICO, the jury identifies predicate acts committed by that defendant to

determine if he has himself conducted the affairs of the enterprise through a pattern of

racketeering. However, in deciding whether a defendant is guilty of RICO conspiracy, the jury

identifies whether the charged predicate acts were, or were intended to be, committed as part of

that conspiracy. Thus, the jury must consider these acts to determine whether the coconspirators, not solely the defendant, agreed to conduct the affairs of the enterprise through a

pattern of racketeering. As stated previously, to prove a defendant’s membership in the

agreement, the government need not prove that the defendant committed or agreed to commit any

of the charged predicate acts as long as the government proves that he participated in some

manner in the overall objective of the conspiracy. See Salinas, 522 U.S. at 64; see also L. Sand,

et al. Modern Federal Jury Instructions, (Criminal) Inst. 52-32 (2000) (providing that jury be

instructed as to predicate acts charged in RICO conspiracy: “Again, the government must prove

that two of these acts were, or were intended to be, committed as part of the conspiracy, although

it need not prove that defendant committed or agreed to commit any of these acts as long as the

government proves that defendant participated in some manner in the overall objective of the

conspiracy.”). 

In so holding, we reject the approach taken by the Eleventh Circuit in United States v. 12

Farese, 248 F.3d 1056, 106-61 (11th Cir. 2001).

26

1 separate criminal objectives. See United States v. Corrado, 227 F.3d 528, 542 (6th Cir. 2000). 

2 Because overt acts are not distinct offenses that must be proven to sustain a RICO conspiracy

3 conviction, and the RICO conspiracy charged in this case is appropriately viewed as single-object

4 conspiracy, we now join the First and Sixth Circuits in concluding that U.S.S.G. § 1B1.2(d) is

5 inapplicable. See Corrado, 227 F.3d at 541; United States v. Carrozza, 4 F.3d 70, 79 (1st Cir. 12

6 1993). Thus, a sentencing court may consider predicate acts as relevant conduct under U.S.S.G.

7 § 1 because their commission need not be proven beyond a reasonable doubt.

8 Given our finding that the predicate acts alleged against Yannotti do not require proof

9 beyond a reasonable doubt to sustain his RICO conspiracy conviction, the kidnaping conduct was

10 properly viewed by the district court as relevant conduct. We have consistently emphasized that

11 a district court may consider all information adduced during trial, including acquitted conduct,

12 when sentencing a defendant. See United States v. Vaughn, 430 F.3d 518, 526-27 (2d Cir. 2005). 

13 While a fact-finder is required to find guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, the sentencing court may
27

1 find facts relevant to sentencing by the lower preponderance of the evidence standard. Id.

2 Therefore, there was no clear error in the court concluding that based on a preponderance of the

3 evidence, Yannotti’s involvement in the assault on Sliwa could be taken into account in

4 sentencing.

5 The district court was in the unique position to consider the credibility of the witnesses

6 and to conclude, as it did, that two of the government’s witnesses had been particularly credible

7 in their testimony about Yannotti’s participation in the Sliwa kidnaping. The court appropriately

8 considered the Guidelines and the factors specified under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) and sentenced

9 Yannotti within the Guidelines range. We conclude that Yannotti’s sentence was both

10 procedurally and substantively reasonable.

11

12

13 CONCLUSION

14 The judgment of the district court is affirmed.