COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA 

Present: Judges Elder, Clements and Senior Judge Annunziata 

ANGEL LEE PARKS 

 MEMORANDUM OPINION*

v. Record No. 2039-07-3 PER CURIAM 

 AUGUST 26, 2008 

WYTHE COUNTY DEPARTMENT 

 OF SOCIAL SERVICES 

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF WYTHE COUNTY 

Josiah T. Showalter, Jr., Judge 

 (R. Christopher Munique; Melissa S. Carrico, Guardian ad litem for 

Angel Lee Parks; Randy Jones, Guardian ad litem for minor child; 

Lacy, Campbell & Munique, P.C.; Carrico Law, P.C., on brief), for 

appellant. 

 (S. Vernon Priddy III; Michael R. Bedsaul; Sands Anderson 

Marks & Miller, P.C., on brief), for appellee. 

 Angel Lee Parks (mother) appeals a decision of the trial court terminating her residual 

parental rights to her minor child, N.P. She contends the evidence was insufficient to support the 

termination under Code § 16.1-283(B) and 16.1-283(C)(2). Upon reviewing the record and the 

parties’ briefs, we conclude this appeal is without merit. Accordingly, we summarily affirm the trial 

court’s decision. See Rule 5A:27. 

 As the parties are familiar with the facts of this case, and this opinion has no value as 

precedent, we dispense with a discussion of the facts generally. The parts of the record 

necessary to explain this opinion are incorporated below.1

 *

 Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. 

1

 No transcript of the trial court proceeding was filed in this case. Rather, the facts are 

reflected in the exhibits and orders in the record and the Agreed Written Statement of Facts, 
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 On July 26, 2007, the trial court issued a letter opinion setting forth its basis for ruling 

that Wythe County Department of Social Services (DSS) met its burden of proof under Code 

§ 16.1-283 to support termination of mother’s residual parental rights to N.P. On October 24, 

2007, the trial court entered an order for involuntary termination of [mother’s] residual parental 

rights under Code § 16.1-283(B) and 16.1-283(C)(2). Mother appealed to this Court. 

 The trial court heard extensive testimony, considered numerous exhibits, and considered 

written closing arguments submitted by all parties, before it issued its July 26, 2007 letter 

opinion approving the permanent plan of adoption and terminating mother’s residual parental 

rights to N.P. In ruling that DSS proved by clear and convincing evidence that the best interest 

of N.P. is to have mother’s parental rights terminated, the trial court found the testimony and 

evidence of the expert clinical psychologists, Drs. Daniel B. Porter and Gary A. Wishart, who 

evaluated mother and reviewed various records, to be “compelling and credible.” The trial court 

did not find their opinions conflicted, noting Dr. Porter prepared his report several months before 

Dr. Wishart examined mother, and that both experts diagnosed mother with “extreme mental 

illness that affects her ability to care for [N.P.].” The trial court pointed out that Dr. Porter 

recommended “until such time as [mother] accepted and addressed her mental illness, she could 

not be considered an appropriate or healthy psychological caretaker for [N.P.].” The trial court 

also relied on Dr. Wishart’s opinions, specifically the following opinion: 

Ms. Parks could never make the changes in her life that would be 

necessary for her to become a reasonably safe person to parent her 

infant child. It would be a disservice to not only the child but to 

Ms. Parks as well to put her in the position of trying to parent her 

child. She has been in a chronic state of emotional overload 

throughout life as she has tried to take care of herself, and she 

would likely become more stressed, perhaps to the point of 

something tragic happening, if she were trying to raise a child in 

addition to taking care of herself. 

Testimony and Other Incidents of the Case signed by all parties and approved by the trial court 

on April 24, 2008. 
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 Mother’s argument on appeal focuses on her contention that the expert opinions of 

Drs. Porter and Wishart conflicted and, therefore, DSS failed to sustain its burden to prove mother 

suffered from a “mental or emotional illness of such severity that there is no reasonable expectation 

that she could undertake responsibility” for N.P.’s care. In light of the purported expert 

psychologists’ conflicting opinions, mother also contends DSS failed to sustain its statutory burden 

by clear and convincing evidence. Mother further argues the evidence failed to prove she had been 

unwilling or unable to remedy substantially the conditions, which led to N.P.’s placement and 

continuation in foster care, despite DSS’s reasonable and appropriate efforts. Mother points out that 

DSS terminated attempts to reunite her and N.P. less than five months after N.P. came into foster 

care on May 13, 2005, and mother relies upon evidence presented on her behalf showing the efforts 

and progress she made to remedy the conditions which led to N.P.’s foster care placement and to 

comply with Dr. Porter’s recommendations. 

 When reviewing a decision to terminate parental rights, we 

presume the circuit court “thoroughly weighed all the evidence, 

considered the statutory requirements, and made its determination 

based on the child’s best interests.” “The trial court’s judgment, 

‘when based on evidence heard ore tenus, will not be disturbed on 

appeal unless plainly wrong or without evidence to support it.’” In 

its capacity as factfinder, therefore, the circuit court retains “broad 

discretion in making the decisions necessary to guard and to foster 

a child’s best interests.” 

Toms v. Hanover Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 46 Va. App. 257, 265-66, 616 S.E.2d 765, 769 (2005) 

(citations omitted). However, 

[b]ecause “the rights of parents may not be lightly severed,” clear 

and convincing evidence must establish the statutory grounds for 

termination. In the end, the “child’s best interests” remain the 

“paramount consideration” of the court. Even on this issue, 

however, we cannot “substitute our judgment” for the circuit 

court’s, but rather review the record only to determine if sufficient 

evidence supports it. 

Id. at 266, 616 S.E.2d at 770 (citations omitted). 
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Code § 16.1-283 provides for the termination of residual parental rights under carefully 

defined circumstances. Here, the trial court concluded that the evidence warranted termination 

of mother’s residual parental rights to N.P. on alternative grounds, i.e., under subsections (B) and 

(C)(2) of Code § 16.1-283. 

Where a trial court’s judgment is made on alternative grounds, we need only consider 

whether any one of the alternatives is sufficient to sustain the judgment of the trial court and, if 

we so find, need not address the other grounds. See Boone v. C. Arthur Weaver Co., 235 Va. 

157, 161, 365 S.E.2d 764, 766 (1988). 

Code § 16.1-283(B) provides in its pertinent part that the residual parental rights of a 

parent of a child found by the court to be neglected or abused and placed in foster care as a result 

of court commitment2 may be terminated if clear and convincing evidence proves that it is in the 

best interests of the child and that: 

 2. It is not reasonably likely that the conditions which 

resulted in such neglect or abuse can be substantially corrected or 

eliminated so as to allow the child’s safe return to his parent or 

parents within a reasonable period of time. In making this 

determination, the court shall take into consideration the efforts 

made to rehabilitate the parent or parents by any public or private 

social, medical, mental health or other rehabilitative agencies prior 

to the child’s initial placement in foster care. 

 Proof of any of the following shall constitute prima facie 

evidence of the conditions set forth in subdivision B 2 hereof: 

 a. The parent . . . [is] suffering from a mental or emotional 

illness or mental deficiency of such severity that there is no 

reasonable expectation that such parent will be able to undertake 

responsibility for the care needed by the child in accordance with 

his age and stage of development . . . . 

 2

 Mother does not dispute that N.P. was found to be abused and neglected and placed in 

foster care as a result of court commitment upon her removal from mother’s care on May 13, 

2005. Furthermore, the permanency planning order entered by the trial court on October 24, 

2007 reflects that legal custody of N.P. was with DSS and that custody was transferred or 

placement of N.P. occurred on May 13, 2005, as a result of “a court order in abuse and neglect 

case.” 
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Furthermore, we have held that “Code § 16.1-283(B) requires only that the circuit court 

consider whether rehabilitation services, if any, have been provided to a parent. Nothing in Code 

§ 16.1-283 or the larger statutory scheme requires that such services be provided in all cases as a 

prerequisite to termination under subsection B.” Toms, 46 Va. App. at 268, 616 S.E.2d at 771. 

 Here, the factual record contains credible evidence to support the trial court’s decision to 

terminate mother’s residual parental rights to N.P., and to support a finding that DSS proved by 

clear and convincing evidence the requirements necessary for termination under Code 

§ 16.1-283(B). 

“[V]iew[ing] the evidence in the light most favorable to [DSS,] the prevailing party 

below[,] and grant[ing] to it all reasonable inferences fairly deducible therefrom, see Logan v. 

Fairfax County Dep’t of Human Dev., 13 Va. App. 123, 128, 409 S.E.2d 460, 462 (1991), it 

established that upon N.P.’s birth, she tested positive for barbiturates, and mother expressed a 

desire to kill the child if it was a boy. At that time, DSS removed N.P. from mother’s care due to 

her mental instability and history of failing to comply with treatment. As a part of that 

proceeding, Dr. Porter evaluated mother and diagnosed her as suffering from multiple mental 

illnesses, including Attention Deficit Disorder, Bipolar Disorder, Type II, depressed, 

Schizoaffective Disorder, Mixed Personality Disorder, with explosive, dependent, and avoidant 

traits, Serial Abuse Victim, Adult Child of Alcoholic Parent, and Non-Compliance with Medical 

Treatment. While Dr. Porter acknowledged mother appeared to be “relatively stable,” he noted 

that by history “there are clear indications of severe psychopathology.” He opined that mother 

needed intensive psychiatric services and appropriate medications taken on a consistent basis, 

and recognized that mother was at high risk of relapse. He stated that absent the provision of 

such services over a period of time, during which mother demonstrated acceptance of care and 

stability, she could not be considered an appropriate or healthy psychological caretaker for her 
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child. Finally, he opined that mother was in denial regarding the severity of her emotional 

conditions and her need for psychiatric mental health care, and recommended that she not be 

considered for child guardianship until she addressed the issues mentioned in his report. 

N.P. was removed from mother’s care a second time in May 2005, after having only been 

in her care for approximately two and one-half months, when mother exhibited paranoid and 

incoherent thoughts, and was then involuntarily committed. The testimony of Fran Anders, 

Annette Stamper, and Rhoda Thomas established mother’s lack of cooperation with services 

offered to her both before and after N.P. was removed from mother’s care in May 2005, mother’s 

inability to parent and effectively care for N.P. despite efforts by DSS and others, and the lack of 

any bond between N.P. and mother. Ultimately, in September 2005, in-home services ceased 

due to Dr. Wishart’s report and mother’s mental instability and lack of cooperation, which 

prevented her from benefiting from those services. 

Pursuant to court order, Dr. Gary Wishart performed a second psychological evaluation 

of mother on August 16, 2005. Dr. Wishart acknowledged that he did not observe mother with 

N.P. However, he reviewed mother’s available medical records and mental health records, 

performed standardized tests on mother, and interviewed mother, Anders, and Stamper. Wishart 

met with mother over a period of seven to eight hours on one occasion, which is considered an 

intensive evaluation in his profession. Dr. Wishart believed he spent sufficient time with mother 

and obtained sufficient information in order to allow him to form a valid and reliable evaluation 

of her. 

Dr. Wishart testified that mother was thirty-one years old at the time of his evaluation. 

He testified about mother’s psychiatric history, which included psychiatric hospitalizations at age 

ten and between ages fifteen and eighteen, one in Massachusetts and one in Indiana, following 

severe physical abuse by her father. Dr. Wishart noted several other psychiatric hospitalizations, 
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including a two and one-half-year hospitalization from December 1997 to June 2000, from the 

ages of twenty-three to twenty-five. The records indicated that mother had placed three children, 

who were relatives, in a freezer, which resulted in that lengthy hospitalization. Upon her 

discharge from that hospitalization, mother was diagnosed with Schizoaffective Disorder, 

Bi-Polar Type, and a history of Intermittent Explosive Disorder and being a victim of physical 

and sexual abuse. Dr. Wishart noted that after coming to this area, mother had undergone two 

hospitalizations. 

Dr. Wishart diagnosed mother as suffering from Schizoaffective Disorder, Bi-Polar Type, 

Borderline Intellectual Functioning, and Personality Disorder, NOS (including features of 

Paranoid, Schizotypal, Anti-social, Borderline, and Narcissistic Personality Disorders). He 

testified that mother has a poor ability to “think in rational and controlled fashion, and to 

perceive situations around [her] in an accurate way”; she “lacks considerably” in the ability to 

effectively deal with “stressful thoughts and feelings”; she has a “poor understanding of herself 

as well as others which make it difficult for her to benefit from teaching, example, or 

intervention”; her “overall intelligence falls in the Borderline Mentally Retarded range”; and she 

“lacks the psychological resources necessary for adequate bonding and effective interaction with 

another, which would seriously affect an infant and its psychological development.” Dr. Wishart 

opined that mother is too disturbed psychologically and lacks the socio-emotional skills 

necessary to parent a child effectively. He opined that it is “possible for [her] condition to 

worsen over time while it is unlikely it will improve much over time.” He further stated that 

mother’s “poor self-control of emotions including anger outbursts” has “implications for her 

ability to tolerate and effectively address challenging behavior from her child as it gets older.” 

Dr. Wishart’s August 16, 2005 report and his testimony in the trial court, which the fact 

finder was entitled to accept, reflected the extent of mother’s severe mental illness and 
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intellectual deficits, and their impact on her ability to parent and care for N.P., as well as her 

poor prognosis for stability and improvement in the future. Dr. Wishart ultimately opined that 

mother “could never make the changes” in her life that would be necessary for her to become a 

reasonably safe person to parent her child and that it would be a “disservice to not only the child 

but to [mother] as well” to put her in the position of trying to parent her child. He also stated that 

mother had been in a “chronic state of emotional overload throughout life as she has tried to take 

care of herself, and she would likely become more stressed, perhaps to the point of something 

tragic happening, if she were trying to raise a child in addition to taking care of herself.” 

Dr. Wishart gave all his opinions to a reasonable degree of probability in the field of psychology. 

Based upon this record, we conclude that DSS proved by clear and convincing evidence 

that termination of mother’s parental rights is in N.P.’s best interest and that “[i]t is not 

reasonably likely that the conditions which resulted in [N.P’s] neglect or abuse can be 

substantially corrected or eliminated so as to allow the child’s safe return to [mother] within a 

reasonable period of time.” Code § 16.1-283(B)(2). DSS’s evidence clearly and convincingly 

proved that mother is “suffering from a mental or emotional illness or mental deficiency of such 

severity that there is no reasonable expectation that [she] will be able to undertake responsibility 

for the care needed by [N.P.] in accordance with [her] age and stage of development.” Code 

§ 16.1-283(B)(2)(a). Furthermore, “[i]t is clearly not in the best interests of a child to spend a 

lengthy period of time waiting to find out when, or even if, a parent will be capable of resuming 

[her] responsibilities.” 3

 Kaywood v. Halifax County Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 10 Va. App. 535, 

540, 394 S.E.2d 492, 495 (1990). 

 3

 Since N.P.’s birth on January 5, 2005, she has been in mother’s care for only 

approximately two and one-half months, ending when mother was involuntarily committed on 

May 13, 2005. At the time of the circuit court hearing on October 19, 2006, N.P. had been in 

foster care for the second time in her short life for approximately seventeen months, and for 

almost twenty months, when the hearing was completed on January 5, 2007. 
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In addition, we find no merit in mother’s contention that the fact that DSS ceased 

providing her services as of September 27, 2005, necessitated against termination of her parental 

rights. To the contrary, there is no requirement that DSS provide rehabilitative services to a 

parent with respect to termination under Code § 16.1-283(B), only that the trial court consider 

such services, if any were provided, before the child’s initial placement into foster care. See

Toms, 46 Va. App. at 268, 616 S.E.2d at 771; Code § 16.1-283(B). Here, the trial court 

considered extensive testimony regarding the efforts made by DSS and others to rehabilitate 

mother both before and after N.P. was placed in foster care in May 2005. 

In summary, clear and convincing evidence proved termination of mother’s residual 

parental rights was in N.P.’s best interest, and DSS satisfied the statutory requirements of Code 

§ 16.1-283(B) necessary to support such termination. Having found the trial court’s decision 

terminating mother’s parental rights under Code § 16.1-283(B) was not plainly wrong or without 

evidence to support it, we need not consider the sufficiency of the evidence to support 

termination under Code § 16.1-283(C)(2). 

For these reasons, we summarily affirm the trial court’s decision. 

Affirmed.