FILED

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

Aug. 19, 2008

THOMAS K. KAHN

CLERK

[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

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No. 07-10683

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D.C. Docket No. 06-00015-CR-ORL-18-JGG

 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

 Plaintiff-Appellee,

versus 

TRAVIS FERRELL GRIFFIN,

Defendant-Appellant.

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Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Middle District of Florida

____________

(August 19, 2008)

Before EDMONDSON, Chief Judge, HILL and ALARCON,* Circuit Judges.

HILL, Circuit Judge:

 

*Honorable Arthur L. Alarcon, United States Circuit Judge for the Ninth Circuit, sitting

by designation.
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Travis Ferrell Griffin challenges his conviction and sentence for being a

felon in possession of ammunition that had been shipped in interstate and foreign

commerce, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1) and 924(a)(2), (e)(1). For the

following reasons, we affirm the conviction and sentence.

I.

In March of 2005, Travis Ferrell Griffin was stopped by officers of the

Orlando Police Department after they observed him driving a black Mercedes that

rolled through a stop sign and turned left. After the officers turned on their police

lights and chirped the siren, the Mercedes stopped for a few seconds, then resumed

driving and pulled into a gas station parking lot. 

The officers approached the car and made contact with Griffin. An officer

asked Griffin to exit the car after he admitted he did not have a driver’s license, an

arrestable offense.

Taqueash Harrison, Griffin’s girlfriend, was sitting in the passenger front

seat, and her mother was seated in the rear. Harrison exited the car when Griffin

did. A female officer approached her and asked her if she had any guns, drugs, or

knives on her. Harrison asked if she would be arrested if she did, and the officer

replied “no,” and asked “what do you have on you?” Harrison responded, “He put

– told me to put it in my pants when we got pulled over.” Harrison said that the
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gun was in the front of her pants. The officer alerted the others to the presence of

a gun and took the gun from Harrison’s waistband. The gun, a .32 caliber KelTec, was loaded with three rounds of ammunition.

An officer then read Griffin his Miranda rights and Griffin agreed to speak

to the officers. He was questioned at the rear of the car while Harrison stayed with

another officer at the front of the car. When asked about the gun, Griffin

admitted: “I ain’t going to lie. I handed it to her when we got pulled over.” The

officer asked him if he had a criminal history and Griffin admitted that he did. He

told the officer that he had been convicted for “possession with intent.” The

officers gave Griffin a verbal warning for the traffic offense and arrested him for

possessing a firearm as a felon, in violation of Florida law.

Griffin was released on bond, but committed a felony drug offense (cocaine

possession) and was arrested again. He was again released on bond, and again

was arrested for new state charges. After that, he remained in custody. His trial

was set for February of 2006.

Agents of the United States Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and

Explosives learned of Griffin’s criminal record and began investigating the March

2005 offense for possible violations of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g), the federal felon in

possession statute. A federal grand jury indicted Griffin for the offense in January
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of 2006 and the United States Marshal served a detainer for Griffin on the

custodians of the Orange County Jail, where Griffin was incarcerated. 

Subsequently, the state dismissed its felon-in-possession prosecution of Griffin

and the federal prosecution proceeded.

On May 1, 2006, Griffin was convicted in state court of possession of

cocaine and sentenced to a term of imprisonment. On June 22, 2006, upon

learning that Griffin’s state proceedings had concluded, the United States

petitioned the district court for a writ of habeas corpus ad prosequendum so that

Griffin could be transferred to federal custody and the prosecution of his federal

offense could proceed. Before Griffin could be transported, however, state

officials moved him and the United States had to amend its petition. On July 12,

2006, Griffin filed his pro se demand for speedy trial in federal court.

Griffin was arraigned on the federal indictment on August 18 and in

September, he signed and filed a written waiver of his statutory right to speedy

trial.

Griffin filed a motion to dismiss on speedy trial grounds in the district court,

which the court denied. The district court pointed out that Griffin had waived his

statutory right to speedy trial, and that his constitutional right had not been denied

by the time he spent in state custody on unrelated charges. Noting that Griffin had
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been tried less than a year after the federal charges were filed, the court held that

this amount of time was not unreasonable under the circumstances.

Griffin also filed a motion to suppress his statements during the arrest, the

gun found on Harrison, and Harrison’s statement regarding his having given the

gun to her. The district court ruled that Griffin lacked standing to challenge

Harrison’s statement or the search of her person. The court also ruled that Griffin

had been properly advised of his Miranda rights and that his statements were

admissible.

At trial, the officers testified to the facts recited above. With respect to

Harrison, the government elicited testimony only that Harrison admitted she had a

gun in her pants and that the officers searched her and found the gun. The officers

did not testify that Harrison told them (memorialized later in a sworn, written

statement) that Griffin gave her the gun. The gun and ammunition found in it

were introduced into evidence. The officers also testified as to Griffin’s statement

at arrest that he had given Harrison the gun when they were pulled over and that

he had told her to put it in her pants. The officers testified that Griffin and

Harrison had been kept apart during the arrest and that, prior to Griffin’s statement

regarding the gun, no officer had told him that the gun had been found in

Harrison’s pants.
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Firearms experts testified regarding the Italian origin of the ammunition and

that it affected interstate and foreign commerce. 

At the close of the government’s case, Griffin moved for judgment of

acquittal on the ground that the evidence was insufficient to establish the interstate

nexus element for the ammunition. The district court denied the motion.

During the defense case, Harrison’s mother testified that Griffin did not run

the stop sign, that she did not see him give Harrison the gun or hear them say

anything about a gun, and that the officers were rough with Griffin. 

Harrison also testified for the defense, but, in response to all questions

regarding the night of the traffic stop, she invoked the Fifth Amendment. The

government did not offer into evidence her sworn written statement taken the

night of the arrest.

After the verdict, Griffin renewed his motion for a judgment of acquittal or

for a new trial. The district court denied it. 

On the eve of sentencing, Griffin filed a motion for new trial based on

newly discovered evidence in the form of a new unsworn, undated statement by

Harrison in which she exonerated Griffin. The district court denied the motion,

stating that the motion was predicated upon the claim that all the witnesses for the

prosecution lied, but that the jury had already determined whom it believed. 
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Additionally, the district court held that the evidence was not newly discovered

since it could have been obtained earlier with due diligence and it probably would

not have produced a difference result.

Griffin had an offense level of 24, but, under the Armed Career Criminal

Act, 18 U.S.C. § 924(c), it was increased to 33 for having three prior violent

felonies. His Sentencing Guidelines range was 235 to 293 months, with a 15-year

statutory minimum. The court overruled his various objections to his sentence,

and found that “nothing in this particular case” warranted deviating from the

guidelines range. The district court sentenced Griffin to 235 months in prison.

Griffin filed this timely appeal.

II.

1. Speedy Trial

Griffin claims that the district court erred in denying his motion to dismiss

on speedy trial grounds. We disagree.

Griffin’s arguments confuse pre-indictment delay, statutory speedy trial

rights, and constitutional speedy trial guarantees. One thing is clear, however. 

None of these rights was violated. His claim is that the triggering event for all

these rights was his state arrest. This is incorrect. For the purpose of his federal

prosecution, the law is clear that the triggering events are his federal indictment,
8

federal arrest, and federal arraignment. United States v. Russo, 796 F.2d 1443,

1450-51 (11th Cir. 1986); United States v. Shahryar, 719 F.2d 1522, 1524-25

(11th Cir. 1983). Having failed completely to address the federal triggering dates,

Griffin has not established any federal violation – nor, in fact, did any occur. 

Accordingly, we find no merit in this claim.

2. The Motion to Suppress

Griffin argues that the officers lacked probable cause to initiate the traffic

stop or seize the gun from Harrison. He also argues that his statements were

inadmissible because he did not receive Miranda warnings. 

As to the traffic stop, the district court heard and considered the testimony

regarding whether Griffin stopped at the stop sign before making the left turn. At

the suppression hearing, the officers testified that he did not stop, and Harrison

and her mother testified that he did. The district court credited the officers’

testimony and this determination is not clearly erroneous. See Amadeo v. Zant,

486 U.S. 214, 225-26 (1988). Similarly, Griffin’s claim that his statements were

coerced was discredited by the district court and this finding is not clearly

erroneous. Id. 

Finally, Griffin fails completely to address the district court’s conclusion

that he lacked standing to complain of Harrison’s search, but, as the district court
Griffin also argues that the district court improperly sent to the jury Harrison’s extra- 1

record statement inculpating him, but he fails to provide any evidence whatsoever that such an

event actually occurred. In fact, Griffin’s counsel acknowledged that she and the government

both certified the record that went to the jury. Nor was there any objection when the district

court mistakenly announced that it had sent the statement to the jury.

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correctly recognized, he lacks standing to challenge the seizure of the gun from

her pants because the search did not implicate Griffin’s Fourth Amendment rights. 

See United States v. Padilla, 508 U.S. 77, 81-82 (1993). Therefore, we find no

merit in this claim.

3. The Motion for New Trial

There is no merit to Griffin’s claim that the evidence was insufficient to

support his conviction. The officers’ testimony regarding Griffin’s own

statements at arrest provided ample evidence from which the jury could reasonably

find that Griffin knowingly possessed ammunition that affected interstate

commerce. See United States v. Glover, 431 F.3d 744, 748 (11th Cir. 2005). The

district court also correctly held that Harrison’s unsworn, undated later statement

exculpating Griffin could have been discovered earlier with due diligence, and,

therefore, was not newly discovered. 

1

4. Sentencing

Griffin contends that the district court erred by classifying him as an armed

career criminal pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 924(e). He claims that his prior
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convictions for escape and fleeing are not violent felonies. This argument is

without merit. See United States v. Taylor, 489 F.3d 1112, 1114 (11th Cir. 2007). 

Nor did the district court violate his Sixth Amendment rights by enhancing his

sentence based on these prior convictions. This argument is foreclosed, as he

acknowledges, by Almendarez-Torres v. United States, 523 U.S. 224 (1998). Nor

do we find any merit to his contention that a sentence at the bottom of his

guideline range was unreasonable.

III.

Finding no merit in any other claim raised by Griffin, his conviction and

sentence are due to be

AFFIRMED.