FILED

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

Aug. 28, 2008

THOMAS K. KAHN

CLERK

 [DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

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No. 07-10830

Non-Argument Calendar

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D.C. Docket Nos. 05-22682-CV-JIC & 01-00377 CR-JIC

LAZARO CANTILLO,

 

Petitioner-Appellant, 

versus

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

 Respondent-Appellee. 

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Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Southern District of Florida 

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(August 28, 2008)

Before EDMONDSON, Chief Judge, ANDERSON and HULL, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

Lazaro Cantillo, a federal prisoner proceeding pro se, appeals the district

court’s denial of his 28 U.S.C. § 2255 motion to vacate his sentence. Cantillo had
2

been convicted of drug and firearm offenses and was sentenced to 35 years’

imprisonment. 

We granted a certificate of appealability (“COA”) on this issue: “Whether

the district court erred in finding that the appellant had not been deprived of

effective assistance of trial and appellate counsel when trial counsel failed to argue

at sentencing that a prior conviction for burglary of an unoccupied dwelling did

not constitute a ‘crime of violence’ to support a finding that the appellant was a

career offender and appellate counsel failed to raise the issue on appeal.” No

reversible error has been shown; we affirm. 

On appeal, Cantillo argues that he received ineffective assistance of counsel

because his trial and appellate counsel failed to challenge the classification of his

conviction for burglary of an unoccupied dwelling as a crime of violence. He

asserts that this error prejudiced him because the improper classification qualified

him as a career offender and caused him to receive a longer sentence. 

In reviewing a district court’s denial of a section 2255 motion, we review

legal conclusions de novo and fact determinations for clear error. Lynn v. United

States, 365 F.3d 1225, 1232 (11th Cir. 2004). A claim of ineffective assistance of

counsel is a mixed question of law and fact that we review de novo. Devine v.

United States, 520 F.3d 1286, 1287 (11th Cir. 2008). 
 The Strickland standard applies to trial and appellate counsel. Matire v. Wainwright, 811 F.2d 1

1430, 1435 (11th Cir. 1987).

 A defendant must satisfy both parts of the test to show a Sixth Amendment violation; if he fails 2

to demonstrate sufficiently one of these parts, we need not address the other. Id. at 2069.

3

To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, defendant must

demonstrate that (1) his counsel’s performance was deficient, and (2) he suffered

prejudice as a result of that deficient performance. Strickland v. Washington, 104

S.Ct. 2052, 2064 (1984). About the first part, the proper measure of counsel’s 1

performance is reasonableness under prevailing professional norms; and our

review of counsel’s performance must be highly deferential. Id. at 2065. There is

a “strong presumption” that counsel’s conduct fell within the range of reasonable

professional assistance. Id. About the second part, prejudice requires a showing

that “there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors,

the result of the proceeding would have been different.” Id. at 2068. 

2

Based on the plain language of the Sentencing Guidelines’ career offender

provision and the caselaw of our circuit, Cantillo’s trial and appellate counsel did

not render deficient performance in failing to argue that burglary of an unoccupied

dwelling was other than a crime of violence for career offender purposes. A

defendant qualifies as a career offender if, among other things, he has at least two

prior convictions of either a crime of violence or a controlled substance offense. 
4

U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1(a). A “crime of violence” specifically includes “burglary of a

dwelling.” U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(a)(2). 

While we never explicitly have concluded that burglary of an unoccupied

dwelling is a crime of violence, neither have we distinguished between occupied

and unoccupied dwellings in concluding that burglary of a dwelling is a crime of

violence. See United States v. Gonzalez-Lopez, 911 F.2d 542, 549 (11th Cir.

1990) (reasoning that “any burglary of a dwelling, by its nature, creates a

substantial risk of physical” harm because “whenever an intruder enters a

dwelling, a person may be present inside” and that encounter “may result in the

use of physical force”) (emphasis added) (internal quotation omitted). In fact, we

tacitly have indicated that a dwelling, unlike a structure, need not be occupied for

a burglary of it to constitute a crime of violence under the Sentencing Guidelines. 

See, e.g., United States v. Ray, 245 F.3d 1256, 1257 (11th Cir. 2001) (noting that a

hotel guest room, occupied or not, constitutes a “dwelling” under the Sentencing

Guidelines); United States v. Spell, 44 F.3d 936, 938 (11th Cir. 1995) (“By

explicitly including the burglary of a dwelling as a crime of violence, the

Guidelines intended to exclude from the violent crime category those burglaries

which do not involve dwellings and occupied structures.”).
 Because Cantillo has not demonstrated deficient performance by counsel, we need not address

3

the prejudice element. But still, we conclude that Cantillo cannot show a reasonable probability that,

but for trial and appellate counsel’s failure to challenge his prior burglary conviction, the outcome

of the proceedings would have been different. Based on the Sentencing Guidelines and caselaw, it

was not reasonably probable that a trial or appellate court would have concluded that the conviction

was less than a crime of violence.

5

Because the Sentencing Guidelines include burglary of a dwelling as a

crime of violence and because our caselaw does not distinguish between burglaries

of occupied and unoccupied dwellings, it was reasonable for trial and appellate

counsel not to challenge Cantillo’s conviction for burglary of an unoccupied

dwelling. Trial and appellate counsel’s failure to raise the argument does not

constitute the sort of egregious error necessary to show that they were not acting

as counsel guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment. See Strickland, 104 S.Ct. at

2064; see also Chandler v. United States, 218 F.3d 1305, 1315 (11th Cir. 2000) (to

show that counsel’s conduct was unreasonable, defendant must demonstrate that

no competent counsel would have taken the action that his counsel did take). We

conclude that trial and appellate counsel rendered professionally competent

assistance.3

On appeal, Cantillo also argues that trial and appellate counsel were

ineffective for failing to challenge a conviction for hurling a missile, the other

conviction that qualified him as a career offender. This issue was not specified in

the COA; so we will not now address it. See Murray v. United States, 145 F.3d
6

1249, 1250-51 (11th Cir. 1998) (appellate review is limited to issue specified in

COA). To the extent Cantillo seeks reconsideration of our previous order granting

a COA and asks us to expand the COA, we decline to do so because Cantillo’s

request is both untimely and fails to show how we initially erred in denying him a

COA on this issue. 

AFFIRMED.