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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT NASHVILLE

May 15, 2008 Session

JOHN C. FILSON, ET AL. V. WELLS FARGO HOME MORTGAGE, INC.

 Appeal from the Chancery Court for Davidson County

No. 02-296-IV Richard H. Dinkins, Chancellor

No. M2007-01842-COA-R3-CV - Filed August 25, 2008

The mortgagors filed suit, charging the mortgagee with breach of contract for failure to comply with

terms of a note, deed of trust, and automatic payment service plan pursuant to which the mortgagee

agreed to automatically debit the mortgagors’ bank account for monthly payments. The jury found

the mortgagee guilty of breach of contract and awarded damages in the amount of $250,000. The

trial court remitted this damage award to $150,000. On appeal, the mortgagee argues that the trial

court erred by failing to grant the mortgagee’s motions for directed verdict and for judgment

notwithstanding the verdict on the ground that the mortgagors were guilty of the first uncured

material breach of contract, by excluding evidence as a discovery sanction and by awarding the

mortgagors $150,000. The mortgagors contend that the mortgagee waived all issues by not including

them in its motion for new trial. After careful review, we hold that 1) the mortgagee did not waive

its issues for purposes of appeal because the issues were included in the memorandum of law it

incorporated in the motion for new trial; 2) the trial court did not abuse its discretion in excluding

certain evidence as a discovery sanction upon our finding that the mortgagee failed to explain why

the excluded evidence was not timely provided to the mortgagors or to establish its importance at

trial; 3) the trial court did not err in failing to grant the mortgagee’s motions for directed verdict and

judgment notwithstanding the verdict upon our finding that the mortgagee was guilty of the first

uncured material breach of contract by failing to timely institute its automatic payment service plan;

and 4) in compliance with the mortgagee’s request, this case is remanded for a new trial solely on

the issue of damages upon our finding that the trial court’s award of damages in the amount of

$150,000 is not supported by the evidence.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court Affirmed in Part

and Vacated in Part; Cause Remanded

SHARON G. LEE,J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which HERSCHEL P. FRANKS, P.J., and D.

MICHAEL SWINEY, J., joined.
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Bradley E. Trammell, Memphis, Tennessee, for the appellant, Wells Fargo Home Mortgage, Inc.

Donald Capparella, Amy J. Farrar, and Leroy J. Ellis, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellees, John

C. Filson and Angela H. Filson. 

OPINION

I. Background

In October of 1993, the appellees, John C. Filson and Angela H. Filson, borrowed $113,900

from Union Planters Bank to purchase a home in Nashville. The loan was secured by a deed of trust

and promissory note in favor of the lender bank, providing for repayment of the loan amount with

interest over a thirty year period. Over the next eight years, the Filsons made the payments required

under the mortgage and, with few exceptions, such payments were timely.

In January of 2001, Wells Fargo Home Mortgage, Inc., (“Wells Fargo”) assumed ownership

of the Filsons’ mortgage, and that same month, mailed Mr. Filson a form to enroll in its program

entitled Automatic Mortgage Payment (“the auto pay service”), which permitted Wells Fargo to

debit the Filsons’ bank account for their monthly mortgage payments, making it unnecessary for the

Filsons to mail a payment check to Wells Fargo each month. Once enrolled in the auto pay service,

the participant would no longer receive monthly billing statements. Mr. Filson completed the

enrollment form and returned it to Wells Fargo. At the time he submitted the form, the Filsons’

monthlymortgage payment was $950.04. The auto pay service is not available to a borrower whose

loan payments are delinquent, and the record confirms that when Wells Fargo took over the loan in

January of 2001, the Filsons were current in their payments to the prior owner of the mortgage,

having made timely payments to the latter in November and December of 2000.

On or around February 16, 2001, Wells Fargo contacted Mr. Filson and advised him that the

Filsons’ mortgage payments were overdue for Januaryand February, indicating that Wells Fargo had

not debited the Filsons’ bank account for those months. On the date of this contact, Mr Filson sent

Wells Fargo a check in the amount of $1,900.08 to cover the two requested payments. Since

submitting the auto pay service enrollment application, the Filsons had received no statements from

Wells Fargo as would have been consistent with the auto pay service being in effect. However, in

March of 2001, Mr. Filson discovered that Wells Fargo had still not debited the Filsons’ bank

account, and therefore, on March 11, 2001, he mailed Wells Fargo a check in the amount of $950.04

to cover the Filsons’ mortgage payment for that month.

Wells Fargo did not draft the Filsons’ account for a payment in April of 2001, nor did the

Filsons mail Wells Fargo a payment that month. On or around May 17, 2001, the Filsons sent Wells

Fargo a check in the amount of $950.04, which Wells Fargo credited as the payment for April. After

this payment, Wells Fargo still failed to debit the Filsons’ account, and the Filsons did not send

Wells Fargo any further payments until July of 2001, when Wells Fargo again called Mr. Filson. Mr.
Although Mr. Filson testified that he was advised to send a check for $2,850.16, the record shows, as we have stated, 1

that the check he mailed as a result of this conversation was in the amount of $2,850.12. We will assume that Mr. Filson

misspoke and that the latter figure is the figure he intended in his testimony as such does clearly correspond to the sum of three

payments of $950.04.

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Filson testified that on this occasion, the Wells Fargo representative advised him that, in order to

bring the mortgage account current, the Filsons would need to send a check in the amount of

$2,850.16. On July 12, 2001, Mr. Filson sent Wells Fargo a check in the amount of $2,850.12 .

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Wells Fargo presented evidence that when it received this check from Mr. Filson, the Filsons’

monthly mortgage obligation had increased from $950.04 to $970.97, and upon its determination that

the check was $62.79 insufficient to cover three payments, Wells Fargo applied $1,914.94 of the

check amount to satisfy the payments due for the months of May and June and placed the balance

in the amount of $908.18 in a suspense account that Wells Fargo utilizes to hold a borrower’s money

when a borrower makes an insufficient payment. Mr. Filson attests that as of this time, he had not

been advised, and was not aware, that his monthly payment obligation had increased to $970.97, that

the $2,850.12 had not been applied to completely satisfy the three months payments Wells Fargo had

contacted him about, or that Wells Fargo had placed $908.18 of the $2,850.12 in its suspense

account. 

On August 2, 2001, approximately eight months after Mr. Filson returned the application to

participate in the auto pay service, Wells Fargo instituted its first debit of the Filsons’ bank account,

depleting it by $970.97. Mr. Filson believed that, as of that date, his mortgage debt was current,

given that he had been advised by Wells Fargo that the auto pay service would not be available to

a delinquent borrower. However, unbeknownst to the Filsons, Wells Fargo, having concluded that

the prior payment of $2,850.12 was only sufficient to cover the months of May and June, applied the

$970.97 debited amount that the Filsons thought was being applied to pay their August obligation,

to pay the July payment, which Wells Fargo had determined to be delinquent. 

Apparently assuming that the auto pay service was in operation and that their account was

being timely debited by Wells Fargo for payments due, the Filsons did not send Wells Fargo further

payments. Then, according to Mr. Filson’s testimony, on or about October 20, 2001, a Wells Fargo

representative contacted him and advised him that the Filsons were in default on the mortgage and

had never made a payment for August of 2001. Mr. Filson responded that he was on the auto pay

service, that the August payment had been drafted from his account, and that he had a bank statement

confirming this debit. Mr. Filson attests that he was then told by Wells Fargo that “it didn’t matter

what I had, that I was not on [the auto pay service] and never had been” and that Wells Fargo had

never taken the money out of his account. Mr. Filson also attests that he faxed Wells Fargo a copy

ofthe referenced bank statement but “[n]obody wanted to acknowledge its presence” and “I was told

I was crazy, if you just pay your bills on time, none of these problems would be happening for you.”

Mr. Filson testified that despite his efforts over the next several weeks, he was not able to

discover what became of the money that Wells Fargo had debited from the Filsons’ bank account.

On November 19, 2001, Mr. Filson sent Wells Fargo a check for $2,874, as payment for the three

months of September, October, and November 2001. Wells Fargo returned this check to the Filsons
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stating that “it is less than the total amount due on your account at this time.” Shortly thereafter, on

November 23, 2001, the Filsons received notice that Wells Fargo would be foreclosing on their

home. Mr. Filson contacted Wells Fargo immediately and was advised by their representative that

they could no longer discuss the Filsons’ mortgage and that Mr. Filson would have to speak with

Wells Fargo’s legal counsel. Mr. Filson called the law firm representing Wells Fargo and was

advised that they would investigate the matter and get back to him; however, he did not hear from

them again. 

Still seeking to determine what became of the $970.97 that had been drafted from the

Filsons’ bank account in August of 2001, at some time before the middle of December 2001, Mr.

Filson was able to speak with Wells Fargo representative, Thavy Yin, who, Mr. Filson attests, “was

listening and trying to understand what it was I had to say.” Mr. Filson testified that Ms. Yin

admitted to being confused, but that she was trying to “get to the bottom of this whole situation.”

Ms. Yin advised Mr. Filson to wait until Wells Fargo’s research department determined why

payments had not been drafted from the Filsons’ bank account under the auto pay service and

instructed Mr. Filson not to send in any further payments until the matter was resolved. Mr. Filson

spoke with Ms. Yin again on December 28, 2001, and at this time, she revealed to him that $908.18

of the $2,850.12 payment that Mr. Filson had made in July of 2001 was being held in Wells Fargo’s

suspense account. 

Subsequently, Wells Fargo sent Mr. Filson a reinstatement figure for the mortgage. Mr.

Filson testifies that it was his contention that the foreclosure was the result of mistakes made by

Wells Fargo and that the reinstatement fee included costs, such as attorney’s fees, that he did not feel

that he should have to pay. However, determined to save his home, he called Ms. Yin in early

January of 2002 and advised her of his intent to pay the amount required to reinstate his mortgage

and asked her what the final reinstatement amount would be once the $908.18 in Wells Fargo’s

suspense account had been credited. Ms. Yin responded that Wells Fargo would not allow Mr.

Filson to use the $908.18 to pay the reinstatement amount.

The foreclosure was set for February 6, 2002, and shortly after learning that Wells Fargo

would not agree to allow the Filsons to use the funds in the suspense account to offset the amount

required for reinstatement, Mr. Filson sought and obtained an injunction to stop the foreclosure.

Inter alia, the Filsons’ complaint, as subsequently amended, alleged causes of action for “breach of

contract and failure to fulfill their obligations under the terms of the [auto pay service],” violation

of the Tennessee Consumer Protection Act, intentional infliction of emotional distress, lost earnings,

lost income, and punitive damages. Wells Fargo filed a motion for directed verdict which was

granted only as to the Filsons’ claim for punitive damages. The case proceeded to trial by jury

resulting in a verdict in favor of the Filsons on their cause of action for breach of contract and an

award of damages in the amount of $250,000. The jury found in favor of Wells Fargo as to the

Filsons’ claims for intentional infliction emotional distress and violation of the Tennessee Consumer

Protection Act. Later, Wells Fargo filed its motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict, motion

to alter or amend, renewed motion for directed verdict, motion for remittitur, and/or motion for new

trial. By subsequent orders, the trial court granted the motion for remittitur, reducing the jury’s
As noted by the Tennessee Supreme Court in Whaley v. Perkins, 197 S.W.3d 665, 669 n.3 (Tenn. 2006), “a judgment 2

notwithstanding the verdict is a post trial motion for a directed verdict.”

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award of damages from $250,000 to $150,000, and denied all of the remaining motions. The trial

court also ordered the Filsons to resume theirmortgage payments to Wells Fargo, as required by their

note and deed of trust. Wells Fargo appeals.

II. Issues

The following issues are address herein:

1) Whether Wells Fargo waived all issues raised on appeal because it neglected to include

them in its motion for new trial.

2) Whether the trial court abused its discretion by excluding a letter from evidence as a

discovery sanction against Wells Fargo.

3) Whether the trial court erred in failing to grant Wells Fargo’s motions for judgment

notwithstanding the verdict and directed verdict upon the ground that the Filsons, not Wells Fargo,

were guilty of the first uncured material breach of contract.

4) Whether the trial court’s award of damages in the amount of $150,000 was supported by

the evidence.

III. Discussion

A. Standard of Review

The issues presented for our review in this appeal call for the application of various standards

of review. 

First, in reaching our determination as to whether Wells Fargo waived all issues on appeal

by not raising such issues in its motion for new trial, we address an appellate matter of law not raised

in the court below. Because our review of this issue does not require an assessment of any prior

judgment, our review of this issue is, of course, de novo.

In reviewing the issue of whether the trial court properly denied Wells Fargo’s post-trial

motions for judgment notwithstanding the verdict and for directed verdict, we note that these

motions are subject to the same standard of review, which we recently summarized as follows: 2

Directed verdicts under Tenn. R. Civ. P. 50.01 and judgments

notwithstanding the verdict under Tenn. R. Civ. P. 50.02 are reviewed

using the same standard of review. Holmes v. Wilson, 552 S.W.2d
Or, as in the instant matter, a denial of a directed verdict. 3

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682, 685 (Tenn. 1977). They are appropriate only when reasonable

minds cannot differ as to the conclusion to be drawn from the

evidence. Alexander v. Armentrout, 24 S.W.3d 267, 271 (Tenn.

2000). A case should not be taken away from the jury, even when the

facts are undisputed, if reasonable persons could draw different

conclusions from the facts. See Gulf, M. & O. R. Co. v. Underwood,

187 S.W.2d 777, 779 (Tenn. 1945). A trial court may, however,

direct a verdict with regard to an issue that can properly be decided

as a question of law because deciding purely legal questions is the

court’s responsibility, not the jury’s. 

In appeals from a directed verdict , the reviewing courts do not weigh 3

the evidence, Conatser v. Clarksville Coca-Cola Bottling Co., 920

S.W.2d 646, 647 (Tenn. 1995), or evaluate the credibility of

witnesses. Benton v. Snyder, 825 S.W.2d 409, 413 (Tenn. 1992).

Instead, they review the evidence in the light most favorable to the

motion’s opponent, give the motion’s opponent the benefit of all

reasonable inferences, and disregard all evidence contrary to that

party’s position. Alexander v. Armentrout, 24 S.W.3d at 271.

Jenkins v. Brown, M2005-02022-COA-R3-CV, 2007 WL 4372166, at *5-6 (Tenn. Ct. App. M.S.,

filed Dec. 14, 2007) (some citations omitted).

With respect to the standard of review governing the question of whether the trial court erred

in sanctioning Wells Fargo by excluding a letter that Wells Fargo sought to introduce as evidence,

we note the following statements of the Tennessee Supreme Court:

Although the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure do not provide a

sanction for abuse of the discovery process, trial judges have the

authority to take such action as is necessary to prevent discovery

abuse. Trial courts have wide discretion to determine the appropriate

sanction to be imposed. Such a discretionary decision will be set

aside on appeal only when the trial court has misconstrued or

misapplied the controlling legal principles or has acted inconsistently

with the substantial weight of the evidence. Appellate courts should

allow discretionary decisions to stand even though reasonable judicial

minds can differ concerning their soundness.

Mercer v. Vanderbilt Univ., Inc., 134 S.W.3d 121, 133 (Tenn. 2004) (citations omitted).

Finally, the trial court’s determination that $150,000 is the proper award of damages in this
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case is reviewed under the standard which we recently restated as follows:

In the appeal of a damages award, the appellate review of “[w]hether

the trial court has utilized the proper measure of damages is a

question of law that we review de novo.” The amount of damages

awarded, however, is a question of fact so long as the amount

awarded is within the limits set by the law. 

Memphis Light, Gas & Water Div. v. Starkey, 244 S.W.3d 344, 352 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2007). There

is no dispute that the $150,000 awarded the Filsons by the trial court was within the legal limits, and

thus, we review the propriety of such award as a question of fact. The standard of review of a trial

court’s findings of fact is de novo, and we must assume that such findings are correct absent

evidence preponderating to the contrary. Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d); State ex rel. Flowers v. Tenn.

Trucking Ass’n Self Ins. Group Trust, 209 S.W.3d 595, 598 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2006).

B. Waiver of Issues

We begin with the Filsons’ argument that Wells Fargo has waived all issues it raises on

appeal upon allegation that none of these issues were raised in its motion for a new trial. In support

of this argument, the Filsons cite Tenn. R. App. P. 3(e) which provides in pertinent part as follows:

[I]n all cases tried by a jury, no issue presented for review shall be

predicated upon error in the admission or exclusion of evidence, jury

instructions granted or refused, misconduct of jurors, parties or

counsel, or other action committed or occurring during the trial of the

case, or other ground upon which a new trial is sought, unless the

same was specifically stated in a motion for a new trial; otherwise

such issues will be treated as waived. 

Tenn. R. App. P. 3(e).

The Filsons contend that the motion for new trial filed by Wells Fargo raises no specific

issues and makes no mention of its arguments that the Filsons were the first to breach the contract,

that there was no support for the award of damages, or that the trial court erred in excluding evidence

as a discovery sanction against Wells Fargo. Accordingly, the Filsons maintain, Wells Fargo is

precluded from raising these issues on appeal. We disagree.

While it is true that no specific issues are raised in the body proper of Wells Fargo’s motion

for new trial, such motion provides that “[a]s grounds, Wells [Fargo] relies on its Memorandum in

Support contemporaneously filed with the Court.” We construe this language as incorporative of

all issues set forth in such memorandum, which is a part of the record before us and specifically sets

forth all of the issues that Wells Fargo presents for our review. Our conclusion that all such issues

are properly before this court is in accord with our prior decision in Johnson v. Allstate Ins. Co.,
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M1999-01639-COA-R3-CV, 2000 WL 1156642 (Tenn. Ct. App. M.S., filed Aug. 16, 2000) wherein

we treated the appellant’s memorandum of law in support of its motion for new trial as a component

of such motion, noting as follows:

The motion for new trial filed by [appellant] does not specifically set

out any alleged error, but refers to its memorandum of law in support

of its motion for a new trial. Normally, a memorandum of law is not

filed as part of the record, although it is a part of the record in this

case. Moreover, the specifications of the alleged errors in the

memorandum do not comply in many instances with the specificity

required by Rule 3(e). However, in this instance, the Court will treat

the memorandum as a part of the motion for a new trial and consider

the issues as presented.

Johnson, 2000 WL 1156641, at *2.

The Filsons’ argument that Wells Fargo has waived the issues it asks us to review on appeal

is without merit.

C. Exclusion of Evidence

The next issue we address is whether the trial court’s discovery sanction of excluding

evidence that Wells Fargo sought to introduce was an abuse of discretion. The evidence in question

consists of a letter dated July 20, 2001, that Wells Fargo purportedly sent to the Filsons and which,

Wells Fargo argues, contradicts Mr. Filson’s testimony as to when he became aware that his monthly

payments had increased to $970.97, and that Wells Fargo had placed $908.18 of Mr. Filson’s

payment in its suspense account. As set forth in the following bench conference among the trial

court; Leroy Ellis, counsel for the Filsons; and Jason Mangrum, counsel for Wells Fargo, the trial

court ruled that the letter should be excluded after the Filson’s attorney’s objection to its introduction

upon the ground that it was first produced just three days before the November 13, 2006 trial:

MR. ELLIS: Your Honor, this is a document that we requested in

discovery in 2002. We’ve requested all documents pertaining to

communications with Mr. Filson regarding his account in 2002. This

document was produced Friday. The first time we ever received this

document was November 10. That was the Friday before this trial

was the first time that document was ever produced to my office. 

MR. MANGRUM: That’s true, Your Honor. There’s no doubt about

that. That’s when I got it from my client. But as far as this document

goes, it goes directly to impeach Mr. Filson’s statement that he never

got anything here.
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THE COURT: Well, the point is, was it asked for previously, and

why was it not provided previously?

MR. MANGRUM: We provided it as soon as I became aware of it.

It’s not something that I had either.

THE COURT: Well, why didn’t your client provide it previously,

and how did you get it just the weekend before trial?

MR. MANGRUM: I agree, Your Honor. It’s certainly not a good

situation, but it goes directly toward impeaching that statement. 

. . .

THE COURT: Well, I don’t know why this wasn’t provided. There’s

no - - no cause has been shown for it not being provided, so I’ll

exclude it.

We have previously noted the standard of review which recognizes the “wide discretion” of

a trial court to fashion an appropriate sanction for discovery abuse. See Mercer, 134 S.W.3d at 133.

As the Tennessee Supreme Court further stated in Overstreet v. Shoney’s, Inc., 4 S.W.3d 694, 709,

(Tenn. Ct. App. 1999), “[w]hen reviewing a trial court’s discretionary decision, appellate courts

should begin with the presumption that the decision is correct and should review the evidence in the

light most favorable to the decision.”

The courts of this state have further ruled that in reaching its decision as to an appropriate

sanction for failure to provide discovery, the trial court should consider, 1) the reason(s) that the

requested discovery was not provided; 2) the importance of the evidence; 3) the time required to

respond to the evidence; and 4) the possibility of a continuance. See Lyle v. Exxon Corp., 746

S.W.2d 694, 699 (Tenn. 1988); Pettus v. Hurst, 882 S.W.2d 783, 787 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1993);

Kuehne & Nagel, Inc. v. Preston, Skahan & Smith Int’l, Inc., M1988-00983-COA-R3-CV, 2002

WL 1389615 at *4 (Tenn. Ct. App. M.S., filed June 27, 2002). 

With respect to the question of why the document at issue was not timely provided to the

Filsons by Wells Fargo, Wells Fargo’s attorney’s response indicates that he provided the document

“as soon as [he] became aware of it.” While this response may excuse Wells Fargo’s attorney from

not previously providing the document to the Filsons, it certainly does not excuse his client. It is

apparently undisputed that since 2002, Wells Fargo was under an ongoing obligation to produce all

documents pertaining to communications with the Filsons regarding their account with Wells Fargo.

The record is devoid of any justification for Wells Fargo’s failure to meet this obligation.

Furthermore, the letter in question, a copy of which has been presented for our review, is not on

Wells Fargo letterhead and is unsigned, and the record does not establish that it was even received

by the Filsons. Accordingly, we do not agree that the probative value of this evidence was clearly
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demonstrated. Given Wells Fargo’s failure to establish a reasonable excuse for failure to timely

provide the letter and its failure to establish the letter’s importance in the case, we do not agree that

an inquiry into what amount of time might have been required to respond to such evidence and the

possibility of a continuance demand consideration. As we have indicated, a trial court’s decision as

to the sanction it will impose for discovery abuse will not be set aside unless the trial has misapplied

a controlling legal principle or has acted inconsistently with the weight of the evidence. In the

instant matter, we do not find that the trial court has done either, and we do not find that the trial

court abused its discretion in excluding the subject document from evidence.

D. Breach of Contract

The next issue we address is whether the trial court erred in failing to grant Wells Fargo’s

motions for directed verdict and for judgment notwithstanding the verdict upon the ground that the

Filsons were guilty of the first uncured material breach of the parties’ contract. 

It is well settled in this state that “a party who has materially breached a contract is not

entitled to damages stemming from the other party’s later material breach of the same contract.”

Carter v. Krueger, 916 S.W.2d 932, 936 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1995). In cases where both parties have

not fully performed their contractual duties, the trier of fact must determine which party is chargeable

with the first uncured material breach. See id. Thus, bearing in mind the standard governing our

review of a motion for directed verdict or motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict, in the

present matter, we must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the Filsons, give them the

benefit of all reasonable inferences, and disregard all evidence contrary to their position. After such

review, we must affirm the judgment of the trial court unless a contrary result cannot be reasonably

disputed. Wells Fargo insists that the record establishes beyond reasonable dispute that the Filsons

were guilty of the first uncured material breach of the parties’ contract by their failure to make a

timely payment in April of 2001. Although the jury did not indicate how or when it believed Wells

Fargo breached the contract, the Filsons contend that Wells Fargo had already materially breached

the contract in the preceding months, beginning in January of 2001, by failing to debit the Filsons’

bank account under the auto pay service. While we do not agree with the Filsons as to when Wells

Fargo breached the contract, it is, nevertheless, our determination that Wells Fargo was guilty of the

first uncured material breach of the contract. 

The terms of the note executed by the Filsons in October 1993, pursuant to which they agreed

to repay the original loan of $113,900, provide that the Filsons will “pay principal and interest due

bymaking payments everymonth,” that such payments will be made “on the 1st day of each month,”

and that the Filsons “will make these payments everymonth until [they] have paid all of the principal

and interest and other charges [owed underthe note].” The accompanying deed of trust also contains

language providing that the Filsons “shall promptly pay when due the principal of and interest on

the debt evidenced by the Note and any prepayment and late charges due under the Note.” The note

specifically states that “[i]f I do not pay the full amount of each monthly payment on the date it is

due, I will be in default.” 
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While the Filsons apparently do not deny that they are bound by the above cited terms of the

note and deed of trust or that they failed to make their monthly payment in April of 2001, they

contend that Wells Fargo breached its promise to debit the Filsons’ bank account for their monthly

payment in January when the Filsons signed up for the program and that it was properly left to the

jury to decide if this failure constituted “the first uncured material breach of the contract between the

parties.”

In pertinent part, the auto pay service enrollment form that was submitted to Wells Fargo by

Mr. Filson in January of 2001 authorizes Wells Fargo to debit the borrower’s checking or savings

account for the current mortgage payment and allows the borrower to choose both the month that

such debits will begin and a debit date within four days of the mortgage due date. The form also

contains the following language emphasizing the borrower’s continuing duties under the mortgage:

I understand that this authorization and the services undertaken by

Wells Fargo Home Mortgage in no way alters or lessens my

obligations under my existing mortgage contract including those

provisions regarding the amount of the monthly payments, when

payments are due, the application of payments, the assessment of late

charges or the determination of delinquencies.

Although the enrollment form does not set forth a specific time that Wells Fargo will begin

the automatic debits after its receipt of the form from the borrower, it is well settled under the law

of this State that “[w]here no provision is made in the contract for performance, a reasonable time

is implied.” Minor v. Minor, 863 S.W.2d 51, 54 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1993). In this regard, we have

further noted as follows:

What constitutes a reasonable time within which an act is to be

performed where a contract is silent upon the subject depends on the

subject matter of the contract, the situation of the parties, their

intention in what they contemplated at the time the contract was

made, and the circumstances attending the performance.

Id. (quoting 17A Am.Jur.2d Contracts § 479 (1991)). 

Mr. Filson testified that he is not sure when he received the auto pay service enrollment form

from Wells Fargo in the mail (“around the end of 2000, beginning of 2001. I’m not sure of the exact

date.”), but that he enrolled in the auto pay service in January of 2001. He further testified that in

completing that portion of the form that allows the borrower to select the date his account will be

debited, he selected the second day of each month. Under these circumstances, it cannot reasonably

be maintained that Wells Fargo was obligated to debit the Filsons’ account for their January 2001

payment as it is impossible that Wells Fargo would have received and processed the enrollment form

in time to institute a debit by that date, and the enrollment form specifically states that “[p]ast due

payments cannot be debited.” Thus, the Filsons remained obligated to send Wells Fargo a check for
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their January 2001 payment, and when they failed to send such payment, they materially breached

the terms of the note, the deed of trust, and the auto pay service enrollment form. 

By February of 2001, it may be reasonably inferred that Wells Fargo would have received

and processed the auto pay service enrollment form and therefore, under ordinary circumstances,

would have been obligated, as of the second day of that month, to debit the Filsons’ account for their

mortgage payment. However, Wells Fargo was not so obligated because, at that point in time, the

Filsons’ January payment was still delinquent. It appears from Mr. Filson’s testimony that the

Filsons made the assumption, unwarranted under our above analysis, that Wells Fargo would debit

their account for February, and therefore, they did not send in a payment for that month by the due

date. Accordingly, by the middle of February, the Filsons were in material breach of contract for

failure to make payments for both January and February. However, on or around February 16,

2001,Wells Fargo contacted the Filsons and notified them that the two payments were delinquent,

and Mr. Filson immediately sent Wells Fargo a check for $1,900.08, thereby curing the prior

breaches. Therefore, as of March 2, 2001, Wells Fargo was no longer justified in neglecting to debit

the Filsons’ bank account per the auto pay service, and by reason of its failure to debit the account

as of that date, Wells Fargo was in material breach of the parties’ contract. Although Wells Fargo

finally did debit the Filsons’ account in August of 2001, we do not agree that the delay of five

months from March of 2001, when Wells Fargo was first obligated to debit the account, was timely

enough to cure its breach. Consequently, we find no merit in Wells Fargo’s argument that it could

not be reasonably concluded that it was the first party guilty of an uncured material breach of the

contract, and therefore, it is our determination that the trial court did not errin denying Wells Fargo’s

motions for directed verdict and judgment notwithstanding the verdict. 

E. Damages

The final issue we address is whether the award of damages in this case was warranted based

upon presented proof. As noted, the jury originally awarded the Filsons damages in the amount of

$250,000. Deeming this amount excessive, the trial court reduced the award to $150,000. Wells

Fargo argues that even this diminished award was not supported by the evidence and that the case

should be remanded for a new trial on the issue of damages. We agree.

The proper measure of damages in an action for breach of contract is to, as nearly as possible,

place the non-breaching party in the same position it would have been in had there been no breach.

See GSB Contractors, Inc. v. Hess, 179 S.W.3d 535, 541 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005); Wilhite v.

Brownsville Concrete Co., 798 S.W.2d 772, 775 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1990); Hennessee v. Wood Group

Enters., Inc., 816 S.W.2d 35, 37 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1991). As we have heretofore stated, such

“[d]amages ordinarily protect the injured party’s expectation interests by awarding the party the

benefit of its bargain.” Duffy Tool & Stamping, Inc. v. Bosch Auto Motors Corp., No. M1997-

00144-COA-R3-CV, 2000 WL 122225 (Tenn. Ct. App. M.S., filed Feb. 1, 2000). We find no basis

to support the finding, implicit in the trial court’s award of damages, that such a large award is

necessary to place the Filsons in the position they would have been in had Wells Fargo not breached

its agreement. 
13

In support of the trial court’s award, the Filsons assert that they “experienced enormous

disruption in their personal lives,” “that Mr. Filson received nearly a year of stress and fear that he

would lose his home,” and that “he neglected his clients in his business, and ultimately lost his

business as a result of having to spend so much time dealing with the problems caused by Wells

Fargo.” The Filsons also reference Mrs. Filson’s testimony that her application to finance the

purchase of a clothes washer was denied because of the effect of Wells Fargo’s foreclosure on her

credit rating. Finally, the Filsons observe that Wells Fargo failed to present any evidence challenging

their proof of damages and that this omission alone justifies the Court in affirming the judgment for

damages. We respectfully disagree in all regards.

As to the disruption, stress and fear asserted as bases for the amount awarded, we note that

the jury verdict form shows that the jury specifically rejected the Filsons’ claim for intentional

infliction of emotional distress. With respect to the Filsons assertion that the $150,000 award is also

supported by Mr. Filson’s testimony that he suffered loss of business as a consequence of Wells

Fargo’s breach, we note that during trial, the Filsons withdrew their claim for any lost business

income. Of itself, Ms. Filson’s testimony that she was unable to finance the purchase of a clothes

washer because of alleged damage to her credit rating does not provide a basis for a reasonable

calculation of the dollar value of such damage. Finally, Wells Fargo’s failure to present evidence

challenging the Filsons’ proof of damages is not fatal to its argument that the amount of damages

awarded was not adequately supported. The party seeking damages bears the burden of proving

them, and to the extent a party offers proof in support of an award of damages such proof “must be

sufficiently certain to enable the trier of fact, using its discretion, to make a fair and reasonable

assessment of damages.” BancorpSouth Bank, Inc. v. Hatchel, 223 S.W.3d 223, 230 (Tenn. Ct.

App. 2006). In this case, Wells Fargo has requested that we remand for new trial on the sole issue

of damages and under these circumstances, the trial court’s judgment awarding damages in the

amount of $150,000 is vacated, and the case is remanded for trial solely on the issue of the proper

amount of damages due the Filsons under the jury’s verdict for breach of contract.

IV. Conclusion

For the reasons stated herein, we affirm the verdict of the jury and the judgment of the trial

court in all respects except that the judgment of the trial court remitting the award of damages to the

amount of $150,000 is vacated, and the case is remanded for trial as to the proper amount of damages

due the Filsons under their cause of action for breach of contract. Costs of appeal are assessed to the

parties, equally. 

_________________________________________

SHARON G. LEE, JUDGE