TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN

NO. 03-07-00450-CR

David Sawyer, Appellant

v.

The State of Texas, Appellee

FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF CALDWELL COUNTY, 421ST JUDICIAL DISTRICT

NO. 2005-151, HONORABLE TODD A. BLOMERTH, JUDGE PRESIDING

M E M O R A N D U M O P I N I O N

Appellant David Sawyer was indicted for driving while intoxicated (DWI), enhanced

by two prior DWI convictions, a third-degree felony. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 49.04(a)

(West 2003), § 49.09(b)(2) (West Supp. 2008). After the trial court overruled Sawyer’s pretrial

motion to suppress evidence, he pleaded guilty to a Class B misdemeanor DWI, see id. § 49.04(b),

pursuant to a written plea agreement. The court assessed punishment at 180 days’ confinement,

probated for 12 months, and a $750 fine. Sawyer appeals the trial court’s denial of his motion to

suppress, asserting that the trial court erred in denying his motion because (1) the arresting officer

did not have reasonable suspicion to detain him for driving while intoxicated, (2) the detention and

arrest occurred outside of the officer’s jurisdiction, and (3) suppression was required under

article 38.23 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 38.23

(West 2005). Sawyer further argues that the trial court erred in failing to make findings of fact and
 While Raney testified at the suppression hearing, seven months after the incident, that he 1

thought the vehicle he had observed was a “black Ford Escort,” the 911 dispatch log, which was

admitted into evidence at the hearing, reflects that Raney described the vehicle as a Ford Explorer.

When questioned about this discrepancy at the suppression hearing, Raney answered, “I really don’t

remember. I know it was a black Ford.”

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conclusions of law after denying his motion to suppress. We will affirm the judgment of

the trial court.

BACKGROUND

On January 1, 2005, Donald Raney and his wife were driving west on Interstate 10,

traveling from Houston to Bandera, Texas. At approximately 1:15 p.m., Raney observed a vehicle

in his rear-view mirror run off of the road and then drive back on again. Raney testified at the

suppression hearing that he continued to watch the vehicle as it traveled at a high rate of speed,

passing another vehicle as well as his own. Raney further testified that he saw the vehicle veer into

the median, almost flip over, and then return to the interstate. Based on his observations, Raney

called 911 to alert authorities that he suspected the vehicle was being driven by a drunk driver.

Raney, who identified himself and provided his cell phone number to the 911 dispatcher, described

the vehicle as a late model Ford Explorer, solid black in color, that he estimated was traveling

85 miles per hour west-bound along Interstate 10, about 19 miles from Luling, Texas. The 911 1

dispatcher relayed Raney’s information regarding the vehicle to the Luling Police Department.

The Luling Police Department dispatched one of its patrol officers, John Whisenant,

to respond to the call. Within minutes, Whisenant arrived at Interstate 10 and positioned his patrol

unit in the crossover at the west-bound 632 mile marker, inside the corporate city limits of Luling.

According to Whisenant’s testimony, he then waited about five minutes until an Explorer fitting the
 Raney also testified that about 30 minutes after he placed the call to 911, he observed the 2

vehicle that he had previously reported pulled over onto the side of the interstate next to a police car.

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description given in the 911 call passed his vehicle. Whisenant proceeded to follow the vehicle for

roughly three to four minutes, during which time he personally observed the Explorer weaving

within its own lane. Just before Whisenant initiated the traffic stop, he saw the vehicle cross over

the fog line of the roadway.

Upon stopping the Explorer, Whisenant interviewed Sawyer, the sole occupant of the

vehicle, and detected the odor of an alcoholic beverage coming from him. Whisenant decided to

administer field-sobriety tests and, after concluding the tests, placed Sawyer under arrest for DWI.2

In his motion to suppress, Sawyer sought to suppress all evidence obtained by the

police, arguing that Whisenant did not have reasonable suspicion to detain him for driving while

intoxicated and that the stop was illegal because it occurred outside Whisenant’s geographical

jurisdiction. The trial court denied Sawyer’s motion, stating that “there was reasonable suspicion

to make an investigatory stop, based upon a citizen complainant who had identified himself.” After

Sawyer’s conviction, the trial court certified his right to appeal the motion to suppress, and this

appeal followed. 

STANDARD OF REVIEW

When reviewing a trial court’s decision on a motion to suppress, we apply a

bifurcated standard of review, giving almost total deference to a trial court’s determination of

historical facts and reviewing the court’s application of search and seizure law de novo.

Maxwell v. State, 73 S.W.3d 278, 281 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002); Guzman v. State, 955 S.W.2d 85,
4

88-89 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). The district court is the sole judge of the credibility of the witnesses

and their testimony. Maxwell, 73 S.W.3d at 281. 

DISCUSSION

In his first issue, Sawyer complains that the trial court erred in refusing to provide

written findings of fact and conclusions of law after being requested to do so, thereby preventing this

Court from conducting a meaningful review of the trial court’s decision to overrule Sawyer’s

motion to suppress.

The trial court held the hearing on the motion to suppress on July 29, 2005, and

announced its ruling at the conclusion of that hearing. Sawyer, however, did not request findings

of fact and conclusions of law until more than a year later, and only after the Court of Criminal

Appeals decided State v. Cullen, 195 S.W.3d 696 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). In Cullen, the court held:

Effective from the date of this opinion, the requirement is: upon the request of the

losing party on a motion to suppress evidence, the trial court shall state its essential

findings. By “essential findings,” we mean that the trial court must make findings

of fact and conclusions of law adequate to provide an appellate court with a basis

upon which to review the trial court’s application of the law to the facts. 

Id. at 699. Further, the court ruled that the “findings and conclusions need to be recorded in some

way, whether written out and filed by the trial court, or stated on the record at the hearing.” Id.

Relying on Cullen, Sawyer requested that the trial court provide written findings of

fact and conclusions of law regarding its decision on the motion to suppress. In a letter to the parties,

the trial court responded by noting that it was unclear whether Cullen would even apply retroactively

to a hearing held a year before the decision but that a transcript of the hearing would be ordered for

review. Ultimately, the trial court did not file written findings of fact and conclusions of law. 
 As a result of this determination, we need not reach the issue of whether a request made 3

more than a year after the trial court’s ruling on the motion to suppress is sufficiently timely to

invoke Cullen’s requirements regarding findings of fact and conclusions of law. See State v. Cullen,

195 S.W.3d 696, 699 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). Similarly, we need not decide whether the holding

of Cullen may be applied retroactively to rulings made prior to the date of the opinion.

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Sawyer complains that the trial court’s failure to make the requested findings is

reversible error. We disagree. Even if we were to find that the trial court erred in failing to make

written findings, the proper remedy would be abatement, rather than reversal. See Blocker v. State,

231 S.W.3d 595, 598 (Tex. App.—Waco 2007, no pet.) (abating appeal with instructions to trial

court to file findings of fact and conclusions of law regarding motion to suppress); State v. Guzman,

240 S.W.3d 362, 365 (Tex. App.—Austin 2007, pet. ref’d) (same). In this case, however, it is not

necessary to return the case to the trial court for written findings because we have determined that

the trial court clearly enunciated its factual and legal conclusions on the record.3

At the suppression hearing, the trial court cited a recently decided case,

Brother v. State, 166 S.W.3d 255 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005), that involved facts and issues similar to

those presented in Sawyer’s case. In Brother, a citizen called into 911 to report what she thought

was a drunk driver, and the police relied on the information provided by the caller to locate and

identify the vehicle. Id. at 258. In the present case, the trial court, after discussing the applicability

of Brother, stated: 

Well, I’m going to overrule your motion. I believe that he had at least a reasonable

suspicion to make an investigatory stop, based upon a citizen complainant who was

identified and identified himself and, obviously, was able to be identified because

he’s testified in this open court, enough so that the officer was able to at least make

a brief investigatory stop. And that’s my ruling.
As previously noted, the trial court stated in a letter to the parties that it would review the 4

reporter’s record of the suppression hearing and prepare written findings, although no written

findings were ever issued. The trial court may well have determined, after reviewing the hearing

transcript, that its findings and conclusions had been sufficiently established on the record.

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As the court of criminal appeals stated in Cullen, “We do not intend to create

additional work for the trial courts; we are simply asking the trial courts to inform us of the findings

of fact upon which their conclusion is based,” in order to “provide an appellate court with a basis

upon which to review the trial court’s application of the law to the facts.” 195 S.W.3d at 699. Here,

the trial court explicitly stated its factual findings on the record, as well as the legal authority it relied

upon in denying the motion to suppress. We hold that such statements are sufficient to satisfy 4

Cullen’s requirement that a trial court make findings of fact and conclusions of law in order to

provide an adequate basis for appellate review. See State v. Gerstenkorn, 239 S.W.3d 357, 358 n.1

(Tex. App.—San Antonio 2007, no pet.) (citing Cullen and noting that “explicit verbal findings at

the end of the hearing” constitute findings of fact and conclusions of law). As a result, we overrule

Sawyer’s first issue.

In his second issue on appeal, Sawyer contends that the traffic stop was unlawful

because Whisenant did not have reasonable suspicion to stop Sawyer’s vehicle and detain him for

purposes of making a DWI investigation. A police officer may conduct a brief investigative

detention if he has reasonable suspicion to believe that an individual is involved in criminal activity.

Ford v. State, 158 S.W.3d 488, 492 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005); State v. Griffey, 241 S.W.3d 700, 703

(Tex. App.—Austin 2007, pet. ref’d). The reasonableness of a temporary detention must be

examined in terms of the totality of the circumstances at its inception and will only be justified if the
7

officer can point to specific articulable facts that, when combined with rational inferences from

those facts, would lead him to reasonably suspect that a specific person had engaged in or

was or soon would be engaging in criminal activity. Garcia v. State, 43 S.W.3d 527, 530

(Tex. Crim. App. 2001). 

“The factual basis for stopping a vehicle need not arise from the officer’s personal

observation, but may be supplied by information acquired from another person.” Brother,

166 S.W.3d at 257. Reasonable suspicion may be established based on information given to police

officers by citizen informants, provided the facts are adequately corroborated by the officer. Id. at

258-59. Corroboration does not mean that the officer must personally observe the conduct giving

rise to reasonable suspicion, but merely requires the officer to confirm enough facts to reasonably

conclude that the informant’s information is reliable. Id. at 259 n.5; see also Alabama v. White,

496 U.S. 325, 330-31 (1990). 

 Texas courts have often held that a citizen-informant’s tip regarding erratic driving

can be used to establish reasonable suspicion to make a traffic stop. See, e.g., Brother, 166 S.W.3d

at 258-260 (upholding stop based on citizen’s report of erratic driving); Gansky v. State, 180 S.W.3d

240, 247 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2005, pet. ref’d) (holding that stop was reasonable when based

on citizens’ report that car was traveling on wrong side of interstate); Pipkin v. State, 114 S.W.3d

649, 653, 656 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2003, no pet.) (upholding stop when citizen observed

defendant driving erratically while smoking crack pipe); Hawes v. State, 125 S.W.3d 535, 540

(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2002, no pet.) (upholding stop based on tow truck driver’s report

of subject’s erratic driving); Hime v. State, 998 S.W.2d 893, 895 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]
8

1999, pet. ref’d) (upholding stop based on call from citizen who observed subject driving erratically).

In State v. Fudge, 42 S.W.3d 226 (Tex. App.—Austin 2001, no pet.), this Court upheld a stop based

on a cab driver’s unsolicited face-to-face report to the police that the driver of a vehicle, which the

cab driver pointed out to the officer, “couldn’t stay on the road” and that he believed the driver was

intoxicated. Id. at 229. Based solely on the report from the citizen informant, the officer stopped

the vehicle, detaining the driver on a reasonable suspicion of DWI. Id. 

The reliability of a citizen informant is generally shown by “the very nature of the

circumstances under which the incriminating information became known to him.” Brother,

166 S.W.3d at 258. While a completely anonymous tip is the least reliable of citizen-informant

information, a citizen informant who shows he is willing to be held accountable for his tip by

identifying himself and whose only contact with the police results from his witnessing a criminal act

is considered more reliable, so that information received from such an individual requires less

corroboration than an anonymous tip. See Griffey, 241 S.W.3d at 704. Raney, who provided his

name and contact information to the 911 dispatcher and contacted the authorities solely for the

purpose of reporting potential criminal activity, falls into the latter category, thus increasing the

inherent reliability of his tip. 

Sawyer argues that Raney’s tip was insufficiently corroborated because, unlike the

citizen informant in Brother,Raney did not provide a license plate number to the 911 dispatcher, and

failed to continue following the vehicle—which, according to Raney’s testimony, was moving at

approximately 85 miles-per-hour—in order to keep it in sight until police arrived. However, we

know of no requirement that a citizen informant must engage in a high-speed car chase, or any other

form of vigilante justice, in order for his information to be deemed reliable. 
 Sawyer also argues that Whisenant’s personal observations are inconsistent with Raney’s 5

report that the vehicle was speeding and weaving on and off the road. However, it would not be

unreasonable to assume that even an impaired driver might slow down and attempt to drive more

safely upon seeing a police car following behind him.

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Raney provided the dispatcher with the model, make, and color of the vehicle, where

it was last located, its approximate speed, the direction it was traveling, and a description of the

erratic driving. Furthermore, Raney later appeared as a witness at the suppression hearing and

testified about his first-hand observations, including the fact that the vehicle was traveling too

quickly for him to see the license plate number. Relying on Raney’s information, Whisenant

positioned his patrol car in a place where he expected to encounter the described vehicle and, in a

time frame consistent with Raney’s report, intercepted the vehicle. These circumstances provided

sufficient corroboration of Raney’s tip to justify a temporary detention. 

The information Whisenant obtained from Raney’s tip was further corroborated by

Whisenant’s own observations, after he followed the vehicle for three to four minutes, of the vehicle

weaving within its own lane and then crossing the fog line. While Sawyer contends that the video

footage from Whisenant’s in-car camera is inconsistent with Whisenant’s testimony because the

video does not reflect any traffic violation, we disagree. Whisenant never claimed that he observed

Sawyer commit a traffic violation, but rather testified, “I wasn’t looking to pull him over for a

specific traffic law violation. I was following behind him to see if he appeared to be intoxicated to

me, if he was giving me any indication of that.” We conclude that under the totality of the 5

circumstances, Sawyer’s detention was justified by reasonable suspicion. Sawyer’s second point of

error is overruled. 
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In his third point of error, Sawyer claims that the officer’s detention was unlawful

because it occurred beyond Whisenant’s geographical jurisdiction. At the time of the stop,

Officer Whisenant was a licensed peace officer for the City of Luling, which is located in

Caldwell County, Texas, while the stop occurred outside the city limits of Luling, in neighboring

Guadalupe County.

As a general rule, city police officers may not stop and arrest persons for traffic

violations committed outside the officer’s geographical jurisdiction. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc.

Ann. art. 14.03(g) (West Supp. 2008). Under article 14.03(g), a peace officer outside of his

jurisdiction “may arrest without a warrant a person who commits any offense within the officer’s

presence or view” other than violations of the transportation code. Id. Whisenant stopped Sawyer

based on a reasonable suspicion that Sawyer was committing the offense of DWI, rather than a traffic

offense. As a result, Whisenant was authorized to stop and arrest Sawyer under article 14.03(g)

when Sawyer committed an offense, other than a violation of the transportation code, within

Whisenant’s presence or view, which in this case was a DWI. See Brother, 166 S.W.3d at 260.

In addition, article 14.03(d) specifically provides that an officer may make an extrajurisdictional arrest for, among other things, intoxication offenses under chapter 49 of the penal code

that are committed within the officer’s view. See art. 14.03(d). Because Whisenant initiated the stop

and arrest based on reasonable suspicion of DWI, an intoxication offense under chapter 49, see

Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 49.04, the stop was authorized by article 14.03(d) of the code of criminal

procedure. Sawyer’s third issue is overruled.

In his fourth issue, Sawyer states, “The trial court erred in failing to grant Sawyer’s

motion to suppress as required by Article 38.23 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure.”
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However, this fourth issue is not briefed separately from the remaining issues, other than Sawyer’s

accurate assertion that the trial court was bound by article 38.23 to exclude any evidence obtained

in violation of federal or state law or the U.S. or Texas constitutions. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc.

Ann. art. 38.23. In light of our resolution of Sawyer’s first three issues and our holding that the trial

court did not err in denying the motion to suppress, we also overrule Sawyer’s fourth issue.

CONCLUSION

Because we have determined that the trial court did not err in denying Sawyer’s

motion to suppress evidence, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.

__________________________________________

Diane M. Henson, Justice

Before Justices Patterson, Waldrop and Henson

Affirmed

Filed: August 20, 2008

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