NO. 13-15-00514-CR

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF 

TEXAS

AT CORPUS CHRISTI

JOHN KENNETH LEE, 

Appellant,

v. 

THE STATE OF TEXAS, 

Appellee. 

On Appeal from the 

County Court at Law #2

Of Victoria County, Texas

Cause No. 2-103764

BRIEF FOR THE STATE OF TEXAS

STEPHEN B. TYLER

Criminal District Attorney

Victoria County, Texas

BRENDAN WYATT GUY

Assistant Criminal District Attorney

Victoria County, Texas

205 N. Bridge St. Ste. 301,

Victoria, Texas 77901-6576

bguy@vctx.org

(361) 575-0468

(361) 570-1041 (fax)

State Bar No. 24034895

Attorneys for the State of Texas

ORAL ARGUMENT NOT REQUESTED 

ACCEPTED

13-15-00514-CR

THIRTEENTH COURT OF APPEALS

CORPUS CHRISTI, TEXAS

4/26/2016 9:45:47 AM

Dorian E. Ramirez

CLERK

 FILED IN 13th COURT OF APPEALS CORPUS CHRISTI/EDINBURG, TEXAS 4/26/2016 9:45:47 AM DORIAN E. RAMIREZ Clerk
Brief of Appellee

Victoria County Criminal District Attorney

No. 13-15-00514-CR

i

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 PAGE (S)

TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................i-ii

INDEX OF AUTHORITIES................................................................iii-v

STATEMENT OF THE FACTS ........................................................1-14

SUMMARY OF ARGUMENT.........................................................14-19

ARGUMENT......................................................................................19-47

I. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying

 Appellant’s motion for a mistrial...............................................19-38

 A. Legal standard for reviewing denial of a motion for 

 mistrial ....................................................................................19-20

 B. The State’s opening statement was not improper and

 thus there was no justification for granting a mistrial.......20-27

 C. A mistrial was not required since an instruction to 

 disregard would have cured any error ................................27-31

 D. Any error from the State’s opening statement was 

 harmless..................................................................................31-38

II. The Appellant has waived any claim of error related to 

 the denial of his motion for a mistrial.......................................38-47

 A. The Appellant waived his claim of error by not first 

 seeking a lesser remedy than a mistrial.............................39-41

 B. The Appellant waived his claim of error by not making 

 a timely objection when the State first mentioned the 

 blood test results....................................................................41-47
Brief of Appellee

Victoria County Criminal District Attorney

No. 13-15-00514-CR

ii

PRAYER.................................................................................................. 47

SIGNATURE........................................................................................... 47

CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE................................................... 48

CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE ............................................................. 49
Brief of Appellee

Victoria County Criminal District Attorney

No. 13-15-00514-CR

iii

INDEX OF AUTHORITIES

Texas Cases

Adams v. State, 156 S.W. 3d 152 

(Tex. App.-Beaumont 2005, no pet) ...................................................... 28

Barraza v. State, 733 S.W. 2d 379 

(Tex. App.-Corpus Christi, aff’d, 

790 S.W. 2d 654 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990) .............................................. 36 

Berry v. State, 13-01-241-CR, 2002 WL 406978 

(Tex. App.-Corpus Christi 2002, no pet)

(not designated for publication) ............................................................ 28

Decker v. State, 894 S.W. 2d 475

(Tex. App.-Austin 1995, pet. ref’d) ....................................................... 29

Dixon v. State, 2 S.W. 3d 263 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998)......................... 41

Ethington v. State, 819 S.W. 2d 854 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991) .............. 41 

Freeman v. State, 340 S.W. 3d 717 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011)...........32-34 

Gonzalez v. State, 115 S.W. 3d 278 

(Tex. App.-Corpus Christi 2003, pet. ref’d)......................................... 32

Hawkins v. State, 135 S.W. 3d 72 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004) .................. 19 

Holden v. State, 201 S.W. 3d 761 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006)................... 25

Hollier v. State, 14-99-01348-CR, 2001 WL 951014 

(Tex. App.-Houston [14th Dist] 2001, no pet)

(mem. op. not designated for publication)............................................ 28

Johnson v. State, 83 S.W. 3d 229 

(Tex. App.-Waco 2002, pet. ref’d)....................................................28-29
Brief of Appellee

Victoria County Criminal District Attorney

No. 13-15-00514-CR

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Ketchum v. State, 199 S.W. 3d 581 

(Tex. App.-Corpus Christi 2006, pet. ref’d)......................................... 20

King v. State, 29 S.W. 3d 556 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000)......................... 36

 

Marini v. State, 593 S.W. 2d 709 (Tex. Crim. App. 1980)............. 21, 26,

............................................................................................................. 41, 46

Martinez v. State, 17 S.W. 3d 677 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000).................. 32

Matamoros v. State, 901 S.W. 2d 470 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995)...... 21, 26 

Medellin v. State, 617 S.W. 2d 229 (Tex. Crim. App. 1981) ................ 22 

Mosley v. State, 983 S.W. 2d 249 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998) ........33-35, 38 

Ocon v. State, 284 S.W. 3d 880 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) ..........19-20, 27,

................................................................................................................... 40

Ovalle v. State, 13 S.W. 3d 774 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) ...................... 27

Quinn v. State, 958 S.W. 2d 395 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997) .................... 26

State v. Villarreal, 475 S.W. 3d 784 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015)..........23-24

Thrift v. State, 176 S.W. 3d 221 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) ......... 27, 29, 34 

Turpin v. State, 606 S.W. 2d 907 (Tex. Crim. App. 1980).................... 22

Valdez v. State, #13-14-00684-CR, 2015 WL 3799309 

(Tex. App.-Corpus Christi 2015, no pet)

(mem. op. not designated for publication).................................41-42, 47

Waldo v. State, 746 S.W. 2d 750 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988) .................... 28

Webb v. State, 232 S.W. 3d 109 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007)...................... 19

Young v. State, 137 S.W. 3d 65 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004) ................ 20, 46
Brief of Appellee

Victoria County Criminal District Attorney

No. 13-15-00514-CR

v

York v. State, No. PD-1753-06, 2008 WL 2677368 

(Tex. Crim. App. 2008)(not designated for publication)..........35, 39-40 

Texas Statutes

TEX. CODE CRIM. PRO. art. 36.01 (West 2007) .............................. 20

Texas Rules

TEX. R. APP. P. 9.4 ................................................................................ 48

TEX. R. APP. P. 21.8 .............................................................................. 25

TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1 .............................................................................. 41

TEX. R. APP. P. 44.2 ........................................................................ 31, 33
Brief of Appellee

Victoria County Criminal District Attorney

No. 13-15-00514-CR

1

NO. 13-15-00514-CR

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE THIRTEEN DISTRICT OF TEXAS

AT CORPUS CHRISTI

JOHN KENNETH LEE....................................................Appelant

v.

THE STATE OF TEXAS,..................................................Appellee

* * * * *

STATE’S BRIEF ON THE MERITS

* * * * *

TO THE HONORABLE COURT OF APPEALS:

 COMES NOW, THE STATE OF TEXAS, by and through her Criminal 

District Attorney, Stephen B. Tyler, and as Appellee in the above numbered 

and entitled cause, and files this the Appellee’s brief showing: 

STATEMENT OF THE FACTS

On June 16, 2014 the Appellant was charged by information with the 

offense of driving while intoxicated. [CR-I-6]. Appellant’s case was called 

for trial on October 19, 2015. [RR-II-1]. 

Prior to the start of voir dire, prosecutor Pink Dickens informed the 

Appellant that the blood sample in the case had been destroyed and that he 

had just found out at noon. [RR-II-4]. The Appellant’s attorney indicated 
Brief of Appellee

Victoria County Criminal District Attorney

No. 13-15-00514-CR

2

she understood and did not request a continuance. [RR-II-4-5]. The 

Appellant did not urge either orally or in writing any sort of motion in 

limine. [RR-II-5; CR]. The Appellant elected to have punishment assessed 

by the jury. [CR-I-27; RR-II-6-7]. 

During the State’s opening argument, prosecutor Jesse Landes argued 

that the State anticipated it would introduce evidence showing the Appellant 

had a blood alcohol level of .169. [RR-III-10]. The Appellant did not object 

to this statement at this time. [RR-III-10]. Instead the Appellant’s attorney, 

Ms. Patti Hutson, argued in her opening statement that she did not believe 

the State would be able to produce any blood evidence. [RR-III-14].

The State then called Carlos Vasquez to testify. [RR-III-16]. Mr. 

Vasquez described how on October 11, 2013, he was stopped at a red light 

when his vehicle was struck from behind by another vehicle. [RR-III-18]. 

Mr. Vasquez also established he was injured in this incident, receiving a 

concussion that required him to receive medical treatment at a hospital. 

[RR-III-21]. Mr. Vasquez also indicated he has had lingering back problems 

since this incident. [RR-III-21-22]. Mr. Vasquez also testified that his truck 

was totaled in this incident. [RR-III-22].

The State then called Javier Sanchez to testify. [RR-III-25]. Mr. 

Sanchez testified to witnessing a car accident on the night of October 11, 
Brief of Appellee

Victoria County Criminal District Attorney

No. 13-15-00514-CR

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2013. [RR-III-26-27]. Mr. Sanchez also described making contact with the 

driver of the vehicle who hit the other vehicle and noting that said driver 

“kind of smelled like alcohol.” [RR-III-28]. Mr. Sanchez then identified the 

Appellant as the person who struck the other vehicle that night. [RR-III-29-

30].

The State then called Juan Sanchez to testify. [RR-III-38]. Juan 

Sanchez also testified to observing a truck strike another truck the night of 

October 11, 2013. [RR-III-38-39]. Juan Sanchez then testified to making 

contact with the driver of the vehicle that struck the other vehicle and noted 

that he could smell alcohol on that man. [RR-III-40-41]. Juan Sanchez also 

stated he thought that man was intoxicated and characterized the odor of 

alcohol coming from him as “pretty strong.” [RR-III-41].

The State next called Sergeant Jason Sager of the Victoria Police 

Department. [RR-III-47]. Sergeant Sager identified the Appellant as a 

person he encountered while responding to an accident the night of October 

11, 2013. [RR-III-48-49]. Sergeant Sager than established it was the 

Appellant who had caused the accident. [RR-III-51]. Sergeant Sager also 

testified that the Appellant had glassy and bloodshot eyes, had an odor of 

alcohol on his breath, and had slurred speech. [RR-III-51-52]. Sergeant 
Brief of Appellee

Victoria County Criminal District Attorney

No. 13-15-00514-CR

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Sager also indicated the Appellant told him that the Appellant had only 

consumed non-alcoholic beverages that night. [RR-III-52].

Sergeant Sager than explained he administered the horizontal gaze 

nystagmus (HGN) test to the Appellant because if the Appellant had only 

been drinking non-alcoholic beverages he would not show any nystagmus. 

[RR-III-53]. Sergeant Sager also confirmed the Appellant did not claim to 

have any brain injury or neurological damage. [RR-III-56]. Sergeant Sager 

then explained that four out of six clues indicated intoxication on the HGN 

and that the Appellant showed all six clues on the HGN test. [RR-III-58].

Sergeant Sager also explained that because Mr. Vasquez had been 

injured in the car accident, the police decided to pursue a mandatory blood 

draw at the hospital. [RR-III-59]. Sergeant Sager then further explained 

that after consulting with the Victoria County Criminal District Attorney it 

was also decided to pursue a search warrant for a blood draw. [RR-III-59].

The State next called Officer J. J. Houlton of the Victoria Police 

Department. [RR-III-75]. Officer Houlton described responding to an 

accident the night of October 11, 2013 and identified the Appellant as a 

person who was at the crash scene when he arrived there that night. [RR-III76-77]. Officer Houlton also noted that he smelled alcohol coming from the 

Appellant’s breath and person. [RR-III-79]. Officer Houlton also noted 
Brief of Appellee

Victoria County Criminal District Attorney

No. 13-15-00514-CR

5

observing an open bottle of the alcoholic beverage Crown Royal in the 

Appellant’s vehicle. [RR-III-80]. Officer Houlton further established that 

this bottle was “a little over half full.” [RR-III-80]. Officer Houlton also 

established the Appellant had bloodshot eyes and that from questioning the 

Appellant he was able to determine the Appellant did not have any head 

trauma. [RR-III-87].

Officer Houlton then testified that he administered the HGN test to the 

Appellant who showed all six clues. [RR-III-89]. Officer Houlton then 

described how the Appellant was “very aggressive” towards him due to him 

being a “rookie cop.” [RR-III-92]. Officer Houlton further testified that the 

Appellant took five times to actually start the Walk and Turn field sobriety 

test and failed the test when he finally attempted it. [RR-III-92, 94-96]. 

Officer Houlton then established the Appellant refused to attempt the One 

Legged Stand field sobriety test, claiming he had a leg injury. [RR-III-96]. 

Officer Houlton then testified that the Appellant claimed to have only 

consumed non-alcoholic beverages that night. [RR-III-97]. 

Officer Houlton then sponsored the admission of his in-car video into 

evidence. [RR-III-99; State’s Exhibit 1]. That video showed the Appellant 

was offered the opportunity to voluntarily provide both a breath and blood 
Brief of Appellee

Victoria County Criminal District Attorney

No. 13-15-00514-CR

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sample and declined to provide a sample. [RR-III-101-102; State’s Exhibit 

1]. 

Officer Houlton then stated he believed the Appellant was intoxicated 

that night [RR-III-105] and also stated that he could tell the Appellant had 

lost the use of his physical facilities from Appellant’s “swayed stance” and 

inability to walk a straight line. [RR-III-106].

Officer Houlton then described transporting the Appellant to Citizens 

Medical Center for a blood draw and indicated the Appellant was “very 

upset” about being taken to the hospital and that because of the Appellant’s 

agitation he had to call for assistance. [RR-III-107]. Officer Houlton then 

described observing the two blood draws done at the hospital and taking the 

blood samples from the hospital to the Victoria Police Department. [RR-III107-111].

The State next called Beatrice Salazar, the phlebotomist who took the 

Appellant’s blood samples in this case. [RR-III-142, 145]. The Appellant 

immediately objected to Ms. Salazar’s testimony, insisting that since the 

State did not have the blood vials this witness would have nothing about 

which to testify. [RR-III-143-144]. The Appellant also insisted the State 

would not be able to prove any chain of custody for the blood evidence in 
Brief of Appellee

Victoria County Criminal District Attorney

No. 13-15-00514-CR

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this case. [RR-III-144]. The trial court permitted the State to proceed with 

its questioning. [RR-III-144].

 Ms. Salazar then testified at length to the procedures she utilizes to 

draw blood. [RR-III-146-150]. She specifically testified that they always 

use alcohol-free swabs “on all alcohol draws” [RR-III-147]. She also 

testified to the time when she completed the blood draw of the Appellant. 

[RR-III-148]. Ms. Salazar also confirmed that she received from the police 

the vials she used for taking the Appellant’s blood and confirmed there was 

anti-coagulant powder in the vials. [RR-III-149]. Ms. Salazar also testified 

that she would have signed the label on the vials in this case since that is the 

hospital protocol for all police blood draws. [RR-III-150]. Ms. Salazar also 

established that she handed the blood collection vials over to the police and 

that the blood was taken in a sanitary location. [RR-III-150].

The State next called Sergeant Kelly Luther of the Victoria Police 

Department. [RR-III-160]. Sergeant Luther testified to being the head of 

the Victoria Police Department Crime Scene Unit and explained the 

procedures for sending blood samples to a forensic laboratory for testing. 

[RR-III-161-162]. Sergeant Luther also confirmed that the blood samples 

for the Appellant had been destroyed. [RR-III-163].
Brief of Appellee

Victoria County Criminal District Attorney

No. 13-15-00514-CR

8

The State next called Gene Hanson, section supervisor at the Texas 

Department of Public Safety in Weslaco. [RR-III-167]. The State attempted 

to question Mr. Hanson about whether he received a blood sample from the 

Appellant and the Appellant objected. [RR-III-168]. The trial court then 

convened a hearing outside the presence of the jury concerning this 

testimony. [RR-III-168-169].

Once the jury was out of the room, the Appellant made a series of 

objections including a request for a mistrial based on the State’s opening 

argument. [RR-III-170-171]. The Appellant did not request an instruction 

for the jury to disregard the portion of the State’s opening argument 

concerning the blood test results. [RR-III-170-171]. The Appellant counsel, 

Ms. Hutson, also conceded that she knew the State did not have the blood 

test evidence prior to the State’s opening argument. [RR-III-171].

The State responded to this argument by explaining why it believed it 

would be able to get the blood test results admitted even without the actual 

blood samples. [RR-III-172-173].

The Appellant would twice more during this hearing request a 

mistrial. [RR-III-176, 179]. Throughout this hearing the Appellant never 

requested that the jury be instructed to disregard the State’s opening 

statement. [RR-III-170-179].
Brief of Appellee

Victoria County Criminal District Attorney

No. 13-15-00514-CR

9

The trial court subsequently asked the State how it intended to prove 

that the blood that was tested at the forensic laboratory came from the 

Appellant. [RR-III-180]. The prosecutor answered in response to this 

inquiry that Officer Houlton testified to the Victoria Police Department case 

number and that case number would match the number on the Department of 

Public Safety laboratory results and that there would also be other identifiers 

on the laboratory report that would match up with the Appellant. [RR-III180].

The Appellant then proceeded with the voir dire examination of Mr. 

Hanson. [RR-III-182]. During that examination, the Appellant asked Mr. 

Hanson how he would be able, without the actual blood vials, to establish 

that the blood he tested came from the Appellant. [RR-III-186]. Mr. 

Hanson answered this question by explaining that part of his case notes 

includes documenting that he verified that the name on the submission form 

matches the name on the blood tube, and that the laboratory case number is 

the same case number that is on the blood tube kit box. [RR-III-187]. Mr. 

Hanson also noted that he would have noted any such discrepancies if the 

name or number had not matched. [RR-III-187].

After hearing Mr. Hanson’s testimony, the trial court ruled it would 

allow the State to continue with trying to prove the chain of custody in the 
Brief of Appellee

Victoria County Criminal District Attorney

No. 13-15-00514-CR

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case. [RR-III-188]. The trial court also issued a motion in limine against 

the State asking any question concerning the actual blood results without 

first getting clearance from the court. [RR-III-188-189].

At no time during the voir dire hearing for Mr. Hanson did the 

Appellant make any objection against the blood test evidence based on a 

claim that its collection might have been unconstitutional due to at least one 

of the blood samples being drawn pursuant to the mandatory blood draw 

statute. [RR-III-169-189].

Upon trial resuming before the jury, Mr. Hanson testified to receiving 

a blood vial with the Appellant’s name on it. [RR-III-191]. Mr. Hanson 

also testified that this vial was sealed and there was no evidence that it had 

been subject to any tampering. [RR-III-191]. Mr. Hanson also confirmed 

that the vial had multiple identifies upon it including the name of the 

Appellant and a unique identification number. [RR-III-193]. The 

prosecutor then asked Mr. Hanson how he knew this blood sample was from 

the Appellant, and Mr. Hanson answered that he verified the specimen label 

on the blood tube with that of the submission form and both matched. [RRIII-194]. Mr. Hanson also testified that the blood tube kit itself also 

contained identifiers as it had the laboratory identification number as well as 

the initials of the submitting police agency and the dates. [RR-III-194]. Mr. 
Brief of Appellee

Victoria County Criminal District Attorney

No. 13-15-00514-CR

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Hanson then explained that the submission form also had the laboratory 

number and the name of the Appellant. [RR-III-194].

The State subsequently approached the trial court in compliance with 

the motion in limine now in effect and informed the trial court of its intent to 

enter the laboratory report into evidence. [RR-III-200]. The trial court then 

convened another hearing outside the presence of the jury. [RR-III-200-

201]. 

The Appellant then renewed his objections on the grounds he had not 

been permitted to inspect the blood evidence and to the lack of adequate

chain of custody in this case. [RR-III-201-202]. The Appellant counsel, 

Ms. Hutson, subsequently also argued that she did not know if the blood that 

had been tested came from the first or second blood draw. [RR-III-202-

203]. The Appellant did not make any objection based on a blood draw 

done pursuant to the mandatory blood draw statute being impermissible. 

[RR-III-201-203].

After hearing all of the arguments, the trial court sustained the 

Appellant’s objection and ruled the blood test results would be inadmissible. 

[RR-III-205]. The Appellant did not renew his request for a mistrial at this 

point. [RR-III-205]. The Appellant also did not ask for an instruction to 
Brief of Appellee

Victoria County Criminal District Attorney

No. 13-15-00514-CR

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disregard the portion of the State’s opening argument concerning the blood 

tests results. [RR-III-205].

At the conclusion of the State’s case, the Appellant rested without 

presenting any evidence. [RR-III-207]. At no point in the trial did the 

Appellant present any documentary or testimonial evidence to support his 

contention that he had a leg injury at the time of the charged offense. [RRIII]. 

After both sides had rested a charge conference was held, and the 

Appellant again asked for a mistrial due to the State’s opening argument. 

[RR-III-208]. The trial court denied that request. [RR-III-208]. The 

Appellant again did not request any sort of instruction to disregard. [RR-III208].

The charge of the court instructed the jury that the evidence in this 

case was the testimony presented and the exhibits admitted in open court. 

[CR-I-29; RR-III-212]. The charge further instructed the jury that the 

argument and statements of the attorneys are not evidence and cannot be 

considered in the jury’s determination of the disputed facts in the case. [CRI-29; RR-III-212]. The charge also instructed the jury that they could only 

find the Appellant guilty of the charged offense if they found it proven by 

the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt. [CR-I-29; RR-III-212].
Brief of Appellee

Victoria County Criminal District Attorney

No. 13-15-00514-CR

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In the Appellant’s closing argument, Ms. Hutson reminded the jury 

that the State had failed to submit any blood test evidence to the jury. [RRIII-222]. Ms. Hutson also stressed that she was the one who had told the 

jury the truth rather than the State. [RR-III-222]. Ms. Hutson then reminded 

the jury of the trial court’s instruction that the statements of counsel were not 

evidence. [RR-III-222]. 

The State’s closing argument made no references to the blood test 

evidence. [RR-III-215-220, 224-226].

The jury found the Appellant guilty of the charged offense. [CR-I32]. The jury subsequently sentenced the Appellant to 180 days in the 

county jail and a $1,800 fine. [CR-I-37].

On October 23, 2015 the Appellant filed a motion for new trial. [CRI-3, 51-60]. Amongst other grounds, that motion alleged that the trial court 

had committed reversible error by not granting Appellant’s motion for a 

mistrial [CR-I-51] and also included an allegation of prosecutorial 

misconduct in claiming that the prosecutors on the case mentioned the blood 

test results in the State’s opening argument despite knowing the State would 

not be able to get the blood test results admitted at trial. [CR-I-52]. 

On October 28, 2015 the State filed an answer to the Appellant’s 

motion for new trial. [CR-I-67-85]. The State’s answer included sworn 
Brief of Appellee

Victoria County Criminal District Attorney

No. 13-15-00514-CR

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affidavits from the two prosecutors on the case, Mr. Jesse Landes and Mr. 

Pink Dickens where both explained why they believed the blood test 

evidence would be admissible in the case. [CR-I-79-80; 82-83]. The trial 

court did not rule on Appellant’s motion for new trial. [CR-I; SCR-I]. 

SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENT

 The trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying Appellant’s 

motion for a mistrial. A mistrial is to be granted in only the most extreme of 

circumstances when no lesser remedy can correct the error and that is not 

applicable in this case.

 The State’s opening argument did not even constitute error. It is 

permissible for an opening argument to include an explanation of what 

evidence the State in good faith expects to introduce at trial, and it does not 

constitute error if the State references evidence it intends to introduce in its 

opening argument but which the State ultimately fails to get into evidence 

during the trial. In this case the State clearly acted in good faith in 

referencing the blood test evidence. The State had good reason to believe it 

could establish the necessary chain of custody to make that evidence 

admissible and made a good faith effort to establish that chain prior to 

offering the blood evidence. It also was not unreasonable for the State to 

attempt to offer blood evidence that might have been obtained through the 
Brief of Appellee

Victoria County Criminal District Attorney

No. 13-15-00514-CR

15

mandatory blood draw statute given that the legal status of that statute had 

not been definitively decided at the time this case went to trial. Furthermore, 

the trial court has already implicitly made a credibility determination that the 

trial prosecutors were acting in good faith in this case. The Appellant 

submitted a motion for new trial alleging prosecutorial misconduct over the 

State’s opening argument. Both of the trial prosecutors in this case 

responded to this allegation by including affidavits explaining why they 

believed the blood test evidence would be admissible. The trial court did not 

convene a hearing on Appellant’s motion or submit a written order within 

the time frame for acting on the motion thus denying that motion by 

operation of law, and since the trial court denied Appellant’s motion it must 

be presumed the trial court found the affidavits of the prosecutor’s credible 

and concluded they had acted in good faith. Accordingly, the State’s 

opening argument was proper, and since that opening argument was proper 

the trial court had no justification to grant a mistrial in regards to that 

argument.

 In the alternative, even if the prosecution’s reference to the blood test 

results in the State’s opening argument constituted an error, that error still 

did not justify granting a mistrial since the Appellant had lesser remedies 

that could have cured the error. A prompt instruction to disregard will 
Brief of Appellee

Victoria County Criminal District Attorney

No. 13-15-00514-CR

16

typically cure any error from the improper admission of evidence, and such 

an instruction would have been effective in this case. This is especially true 

since the trial court also specifically instructed the jury that the statements of 

the attorneys were not evidence and could not be considered for resolving 

disputed issues of fact, and that instruction in conjunction with a prompt 

instruction to disregard would certainly have been sufficient to cure any 

potential harm from an improper opening argument. Thus since there were 

viable lesser remedies than the extreme sanction of a mistrial, the trial court 

had no justification to grant a mistrial and therefore did not abuse its 

discretion by denying the Appellant’s motion for a mistrial. 

In the alternative, even if there was error from the State’s opening 

argument that error was harmless. Claims of error related to a prosecutor’s 

arguments are reviewed as non-constitutional errors which means they are to 

be disregarded unless a substantive right of the Appellant was violated. In 

this case it is clear no such substantive right was violated. The severity of 

any error related to the State’s opening argument would be minor since the 

State only mentioned the blood test results a single time and since the State 

was clearly acting in good faith in believing it would be able to present that 

evidence to the jury. Additionally, the trial court took effective curative 

action by instructing the jury that the statements of the attorneys were not 
Brief of Appellee

Victoria County Criminal District Attorney

No. 13-15-00514-CR

17

evidence and could not be considered for resolving disputed factual issues. 

Juries are presumed to follow the trial court’s instructions, and the State did 

not attempt to undercut this instruction. Thus it must be concluded this 

instruction was effective. Furthermore, there was overwhelming evidence of 

Appellant’s guilt independent of the State’s opening argument. The State 

presented evidence that the Appellant struck an idling vehicle, showed 

multiple physical characteristics consistent with intoxicated behavior, 

displayed aggressive and deceptive behavior consistent with intoxication, 

failed two field sobriety tests and refused to perform a third, was found with 

an open container of alcohol in his vehicle, and refused to voluntarily 

provide a breath or blood sample when given the chance. With that 

extensive body of evidence it is clear the Appellant would have been 

convicted regardless of the State’s opening argument. Therefore when 

balancing those three factors, it is clear that any error from the State’s 

opening argument did not affect the substantive rights of the Appellant, and 

thus any such error must be disregarded. 

 Additionally, the Appellant has waived any claim of error related to 

the denial of his motion for mistrial by failing to first seek a less drastic 

remedy than a mistrial and by failing to make a timely objection. 
Brief of Appellee

Victoria County Criminal District Attorney

No. 13-15-00514-CR

18

 Texas law holds that when a defendant requests a mistrial without first 

seeking less drastic remedies, he waives any claim of error related to the 

denial of his mistrial if a lesser remedy could have solved the problem. The 

Appellant failed to seek an instruction to disregard and such an instruction 

would have cured Appellant’s claimed error if granted. Therefore by failing 

to first seek that lesser remedy, Appellant has waived any claim of error 

related to the State’s opening argument and the denial of his motion for 

mistrial. 

 The Appellant has also waived any claim of error related to the State’s 

opening argument by failing to object to that argument at the time it was 

made. The Appellant’s entire basis for objecting to the admission of the 

blood test results was due to the blood test vials being destroyed and the 

Appellant already knew those vials had been destroyed prior to the State 

making its opening argument. Thus the Appellant already had all the 

information necessary to know he needed to object at the time the State 

mentioned the blood test results in his opening argument. Nor can the 

Appellant claim that the cumulative force of subsequent testimony alleviates 

him of the need to have made a timely objection earlier. None of the 

subsequent evidence presented by the State to attempt to get the blood test 

evidence admitted was at all harmful to the Appellant, and at any rate Texas 
Brief of Appellee

Victoria County Criminal District Attorney

No. 13-15-00514-CR

19

law is clear that an objection must be made at the earliest opportunity. The 

Appellant failed to object to the State’s opening argument at the time it was 

made and thus waived any claim of error related to that argument.

ARGUMENT

 I. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying Appellant’s 

 motion for a mistrial.

 A. Legal standard for reviewing denial of a motion for mistrial.

 Appellate courts are to review a trial court’s decision on whether or 

not to grant a mistrial under an abuse of discretion standard. Webb v. State, 

232 S.W. 3d 109, 112 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). This requires evaluating the 

evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling and upholding 

the ruling so long as it falls within the zone of reasonable disagreement. Id. 

As such a trial court abuses its discretion in denying a motion for mistrial 

only if no reasonable view of the record could support the trial court’s 

ruling. Id. 

 It also must be remembered that a mistrial is only justified in extreme 

circumstances where prejudice is incurable. See Hawkins v. State, 135 S.W. 

3d 72, 77 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004.) A mistrial is an extreme remedy and thus 

should only be granted if lesser remedies will not serve to remedy an error. 

See Ocon v. State, 284 S.W. 3d 880, 884-885 (Tex. Crim. App. 
Brief of Appellee

Victoria County Criminal District Attorney

No. 13-15-00514-CR

20

2009)(emphasis added). Additionally, if a movant does not seek less 

extreme remedies first than the trial court’s judgment will not be reversed if 

the problem could have been cured by a less drastic remedy. See Young v. 

State, 137 S.W. 3d 65, 70 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004). With that legal 

framework in mind, it is clear the trial court did not abuse its discretion in 

denying Appellant’s motion for a mistrial. 

 B. The State’s argument was not improper and thus there was no 

 justification for granting a mistrial.

 There was nothing improper in the State arguing that the evidence 

would show the Appellant had a blood alcohol level of .169 in the State’s 

opening argument. [RR-III-10]. Article 36.01 of the Texas Code of 

Criminal Procedure establishes that the purpose of the State’s opening 

argument is to “state to the jury the nature of the accusation and the facts 

which are expected to be proved by the State in support thereof.” Thus 

opening statements are permitted to include an outline of facts which the 

prosecution in good faith expects to prove. See Ketchum v. State, 199 S.W. 

3d 581, 597 (Tex. App.-Corpus Christi 2006, pet. ref’d). Informing the jury 

of the blood test results the State anticipated it would be able to prove at trial 

certainly falls within the scope of giving the jury an outline of facts which 

the prosecution in good faith expects to prove, and as such the prosecutor’s 
Brief of Appellee

Victoria County Criminal District Attorney

No. 13-15-00514-CR

21

opening statement was proper argument.

 Now as it turns out the State was not able to get the blood test results 

accepted into evidence in this case. [RR-III-205]. But that failure does not 

make the prosecution’s opening statement error. The Court of Criminal 

Appeals has already established that it is not error for a prosecutor to tell the 

jury in opening statement what he expects to prove, even if he does not later 

offer such proof at trial. See Matamoros v. State, 901 S.W. 2d 470, 475 

(Tex. Crim. App. 1995); Marini v. State, 593 S.W. 2d 709, 715 (Tex. Crim. 

App. 1980). And obviously if it is not error to reference evidence in the 

prosecution’s opening statement that the State ultimately does not even try to 

submit to the jury then it would not be error to reference evidence in the 

prosecution’s opening statement that the State makes a good faith effort to 

get admitted into evidence but is ultimately unsuccessful. 

 It is clear the prosecution believed in good faith it would be able to 

get the blood test evidence admitted despite the lack of blood vials as the 

State made substantial efforts to lay the necessary foundation for the 

admission of the blood evidence. The State called Officer J. J. Houlton the 

police witness who took the Appellant to the hospital, who observed the two 

blood draws conducted on the Appellant, and who transported Appellant’s 

blood back to the Victoria Police Department and questioned him about the 
Brief of Appellee

Victoria County Criminal District Attorney

No. 13-15-00514-CR

22

blood draws. [RR-III-107-111]. The State also called the phlebotomist who 

took the Appellant’s blood samples, Ms. Beatrice Salazar, and questioned 

her about her credentials to perform blood draws, about how the blood draws 

were done in this case, and about whether the blood draw was done in a 

sanitary place. [RR-III-143-150]. The State called the officer who 

inadvertently destroyed the blood vials, Sergeant Kelly Luther, to explain 

how that happened. [RR-III-163]. And the State called the forensic 

scientist, Mr. Gene Hanson, who actually tested the Appellant’s blood in this 

case. [RR-III-167]. 

 The State also had good cause to believe Mr. Hanson would be able 

to make the blood test evidence admissible. Mr. Hanson testified outside the 

presence of the jury that he knew the blood he tested was from the Appellant 

because he verified that the name and the laboratory number matched 

between the submission forms and the blood tube kit box his laboratory 

received. [RR-III-187]. Mr. Hanson would later repeat this same testimony

before the jury. [RR-III-193]. It was not unreasonable for the State to 

believe, based on the testimony of Mr. Hanson, that the blood test results 

would be admissible even without the actual physical blood vials. Texas law 

already holds that the failure to preserve breath test ampoules goes to the 

weight and credibility of the breath test evidence rather than its 
Brief of Appellee

Victoria County Criminal District Attorney

No. 13-15-00514-CR

23

admissibility. See Turpin v. State, 606 S.W. 2d 907, 917-918 (Tex. Crim. 

App. 1980). It is not unreasonable to believe a similar standard would be 

applied for blood evidence. And with the testimony of Ms. Salazar and Mr. 

Hanson, the State had the beginning and end of the chain of custody from 

the time the blood was taken until the time the blood was tested at the 

laboratory. If a chain of custody is complete until the evidence reaches the 

laboratory then any further objections go to the weight of the evidence rather 

than its admissibility. See Medellin v. State, 617 S.W. 2d 229, 232 (Tex. 

Crim. App. 1981). Thus the State had good reason to believe it could 

establish the necessary chain of custody to get the blood evidence admitted 

(and indeed the State did establish the necessary chain of custody). 

 Appellant now argues that even aside from chain of custody issue the 

blood test evidence still could not have been admitted since the State cannot 

prove the blood that was tested was not the blood taken as a result of an 

impermissible mandatory blood draw. That argument misses the key point 

that at the time of this trial, Texas law was not definitively settled on that 

issue. 

This case went to trial on October 19, 2015. [RR-II-1]. The 

Villarreal case, cited by the Appellant for the proposition that mandatory 

blood draws are only permissible when there are exigent circumstances, was 
Brief of Appellee

Victoria County Criminal District Attorney

No. 13-15-00514-CR

24

initially decided by a 5 to 4 majority on November 26, 2014. See State v. 

Villarreal, 475 S.W. 3d 784 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015). However, the Court of 

Criminal Appeals granted rehearing on that case on February 25, 2015. Id. 

Given the narrow majority for the original holding and the fact that the Court 

of Criminal Appeals had decided to rehear the case, there was considerable 

belief through much of 2015 that the Court of Criminal Appeals was 

intending to change its ruling and uphold the mandatory blood draw statute 

after all.

 Now as it turned out that did not happen. The Court of Criminal 

Appeals changed its mind concerning the grant of rehearing and denied a 

rehearing on December 16, 2015. Id. However, that date was nearly two 

months after the trial in this case. At the time this trial was pending, it was 

still believed the Court of Criminal Appeals was going to re-consider the 

mandatory blood draw statute and that there was a very good chance they 

would rule in favor of the statute. Thus it was not an act of bad faith for the 

prosecutors in this case to attempt to admit evidence that may have been 

obtained pursuant to that statute. The prosecutors had good reason to 

believe at the time of trial that even if blood evidence obtained through the 

mandatory blood draw statute would still be admissible and thus they were 
Brief of Appellee

Victoria County Criminal District Attorney

No. 13-15-00514-CR

25

still acting in good faith by including a reference to that evidence in their 

opening argument.

 It must also be noted that the trial court has implicitly already 

determined that the prosecutor’s in this case were acting in good faith when 

they attempted to introduce the blood test evidence. Appellant’s motion for 

new trial included an accusation of prosecutorial misconduct against the trial 

prosecutors based on referencing the blood test results in the State’s opening 

argument. [CR-I-52]. The State’s response to that motion included 

affidavits from both Mr. Landes and Mr. Dickens explaining why they 

believed they would be able to get the blood test evidence admitted. [CR-I79-80, 82]. The trial court did not convene a hearing or issue a writing 

ruling on Appellant’s motion for new trial. [CR; SCR; RR]. Thus pursuant 

to Texas Rule of Appellant Procedure 21.8(c) the trial court denied 

Appellant’s motion for new trial. 

 A trial court may resolve a motion for new trial and make credibility 

determinations based on affidavits if the affiants have already appeared in 

their court. See Holden v. State, 201 S.W. 3d 761, 764 (Tex. Crim. App. 

2006). Mr. Landes and Mr. Dickens had both appeared before the trial 

court, and thus the trial court was fully qualified to make credibility 

determinations about the truth of their affidavits based on the affidavits 
Brief of Appellee

Victoria County Criminal District Attorney

No. 13-15-00514-CR

26

themselves. And since the trial court ultimately denied Appellant’s motion 

for new trial, it must be presumed the trial court found the affidavits of Mr. 

Landes and Mr. Dickens to be credible. See Quinn v. State, 958 S.W. 2d 

395, 402 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997)(holding that when reviewing the denial of 

a motion for new trial, the reviewing court must evaluate the evidence in the 

light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling.) And the trial court’s 

credibility determination that Mr. Landes and Mr. Dickens were acting in 

good faith when the State made its opening argument is entitled to almost 

total deference on appeal. See Id. at 401 (holding that reviewing courts must 

afford almost total deference to the trial court’s determinations on historical 

facts and mixed questions of law and fact that turn upon evaluations of 

credibility and demeanor.) Thus it must be concluded the prosecutors on 

this case sincerely believed they would be able to get the blood test results 

admitted into evidence at the time of the State’s opening argument. 

 It is clear the reference to the blood test results in the prosecutor’s 

opening statement was a statement concerning the evidence the prosecution

intended to present in this case that was made in good faith. Thus that 

statement was proper opening argument and did not constitute error even 

though the prosecution ultimately failed to get the blood test evidence 

admitted. See Matamoros, 901 S.W. 2d at 475; Marini, 593 S.W. 2d at 715. 
Brief of Appellee

Victoria County Criminal District Attorney

No. 13-15-00514-CR

27

And since the prosecution’s opening statement did not constitute error there 

was no justification for the trial court to do something as extreme as grant a 

mistrial. Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying 

Appellant’s motion for a mistrial. 

 C. A mistrial was not required since an instruction to disregard 

 would have cured any error.

 In the alternative, even if it is concluded the State’s opening argument 

did constitute error, the trial court still did not abuse its discretion by 

denying a mistrial since there were lesser remedies available that could have 

cured any error. 

 As previously discussed, a mistrial is an extreme remedy that should 

only be granted if lesser remedies will not serve to remedy an error. See 

Ocon, 284 S.W. 3d at 884-885. An instruction to disregard is one such

appropriate lesser remedy that could have cured any error in this case since a 

prompt instruction to disregard will ordinarily cure error associated with 

improper evidence being brought before the jury. See Ovalle v. State, 13 

S.W. 3d 774, 783 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). The presumption is that a jury 

obeys the trial court’s instructions. See Thrift v. State, 176 S.W. 3d 221, 224 

(Tex. Crim. App. 2005). Therefore, it must be presumed if the trial court 

had instructed the jury to disregard the prosecutor’s reference to the blood 
Brief of Appellee

Victoria County Criminal District Attorney

No. 13-15-00514-CR

28

level that was made in his opening statement then the jury would have 

followed that instruction. See Waldo v. State, 746 S.W. 2d 750, 753 (Tex. 

Crim. App. 1988). 

 The Appellant has not been able to provide any case law to support 

his contention that a reference to blood test results in opening argument is so 

egregious an error as to be incurable even with a limiting instruction. 

However, it is clear that instructions to disregard have been deemed 

adequate to cure error under far more inflammatory circumstances than 

those at issue in the present case. See Adams v. State, 156 S.W. 3d 152, 

157-158 (Tex. App.-Beaumont 2005, no pet)(holding a reference to a 

Portable Breath Test having a result above .08 was cured by an instruction to 

disregard); Hollier v. State, 14-99-01348-CR, 2001 WL 951014 at 5 (Tex. 

App.-Houston [14th Dist] 2001, no pet)(mem. op. not designated for 

publication)(holding that an instruction to disregard cured the improper 

testimony correlating HGN test results with blood-alcohol levels); Berry v. 

State, 13-01-241-CR, 2002 WL 406978 at 2 (Tex. App.-Corpus Christi 

2002, no pet.)(not designated for publication)(holding that an instruction to 

disregard was sufficient to cure any error from the improper admission of a 

defendant’s prior convictions); Johnson v. State, 83 S.W. 3d 229, 232 (Tex. 

App.-Waco 2002, pet. ref’d)(holding that an instruction to disregard was 
Brief of Appellee

Victoria County Criminal District Attorney

No. 13-15-00514-CR

29

sufficient to cure error from the prosecutor commenting on a defendant’s 

post-arrest silence); Decker v. State, 894 S.W. 2d 475, 477 (Tex. App.-

Austin 1995, pet. ref’d)(holding that an instruction to disregard was 

sufficient to cure any error from the prosecutor’s voir dire implying the 

defendant might have molested other children.) If an instruction to disregard

can cure something as extreme as a prosecutor implying that a defendant 

might be a serial child sex offender then an instruction to disregard is

certainly sufficient to cure a statement about blood test results.

 This is especially true in this case because the trial court took 

specific action that minimized any risk the jury might improperly consider 

the State’s reference to blood test results in its opening argument by 

instructing the jury both orally and in writing that the statements of attorneys 

were not evidence and could not be used to resolved disputed issues of fact 

in the case. [CR-I-29; RR-III-212]. It is presumed the jury will follow the 

trial court’s instructions. Thrift, 176 S.W. 3d at 224. And indeed our entire 

justice system is based on the principle that juries take their civic 

responsibility seriously and therefore will follow the instructions they 

receive from the trial court. Nor is there any reason to believe the jury in 

this case disregarded the trial court’s instructions. Thus it must be 

concluded the jury did follow the trial court’s instructions not to consider the 
Brief of Appellee

Victoria County Criminal District Attorney

No. 13-15-00514-CR

30

opening statements of the attorney’s as evidence that could be considered for 

resolving any disputed fact questions in the case. 

 Nor does the fact that the State called several witnesses to try and 

make the blood test evidence admissible mean that a limiting instruction 

would have proven insufficient to cure any error. Nothing in the testimony 

of Officer Houlton (concerning his observations about the blood test) [RRIII-107-111], Ms. Salazar [RR-III-143-158], or Mr. Hanson [RR-III-167-

168, 190-201, 205-206] introduced any evidence that was even slightly

harmful to the Appellant. Knowing the procedure by which blood samples 

are taken or even the procedure for how a blood sample is tested cannot 

reasonably be said to harm a defendant if the blood test results themselves 

never make it into evidence. And the testimony of Sergeant Luther was 

outright beneficial to the Appellant as it called into question the integrity of 

the Victoria Police Department’s entire investigation in this matter. [RR-III160-167]. Thus none of this testimony would have harmed the Appellant or 

made it so an instruction to disregard would have been ineffective in this 

case. 

 Even by itself a prompt instruction to disregard would have been 

sufficient to cure any error from the State’s opening argument. And an 

instruction to disregard in conjunction with a charge of the court that 
Brief of Appellee

Victoria County Criminal District Attorney

No. 13-15-00514-CR

31

specifically disallows considering the attorney’s statements as evidence

would have been even more effective at curing any potential harm from any 

improper portions of the State’s opening argument. As such it is clear the 

Appellant had access to a lesser remedy than the extreme sanction of a

mistrial that could have cured any potential error from an improper opening 

argument by the State. The fact that the Appellant declined to ever request 

an instruction to disregard [RR-III] is immaterial. The Appellant could have 

sought such a remedy if he had so desired, and thus there was no 

justification for the trial court to grant a mistrial. As such the trial court did 

not abuse its discretion in denying the Appellant’s motion for a mistrial.

 D. Any error from the State’s opening statement was harmless.

 In the alternative, even if the State’s opening argument was error 

such error was harmless and thus can be disregarded in accordance with the 

provisions of Rule 44.2(b) of the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure.

 Appellant attempts to claim that any claim of error related to the 

blood test evidence should be subject to constitutional error review and 

specifically claims his right to confront the witnesses against him was 

violated. This argument is entirely inconsistent with established Texas law.

 Appellant’s entire appeal is based around a claim that the State 

improperly injected inadmissible facts into this trial through the State’s 
Brief of Appellee

Victoria County Criminal District Attorney

No. 13-15-00514-CR

32

opening argument. The Court of Criminal Appeals has already established 

that when a prosecutor’s argument includes improper references to facts that 

are not in evidence and are not inferable from the evidence that error is nonconstitutional error. See Freeman v. State, 340 S.W. 3d 717, 728 (Tex. 

Crim. App. 2011); see also Martinez v. State, 17 S.W. 3d 677, 692 (Tex. 

Crim. App. 2000)(holding that comments upon matters outside the record, 

while outside the permissible areas of jury argument, do not appear to raise 

any unique concerns that would require them to be treated as constitutional 

error and thus are treated as non-constitutional errors.) 

 Now admittedly both Freeman and Martinez were dealing with 

accusations of improper argument in closing argument rather than opening 

argument, however there is no logical reason to treat opening argument 

different from closing argument in this matter. However, if anything an 

improper statement in opening argument is less damaging than an improper 

statement in closing argument since any error in opening argument can be 

undone over the course of the trial, whereas an error in closing argument 

will be one of the last things the jury hears on the case. See Gonzalez v. 

State, 115 S.W. 3d 278, 285-286 (Tex. App.-Corpus Christi 2003, pet. 

ref’d)(holding that the damage from a prosecutor’s improper comparison of 

a defendant to Osama Bin Laden, al-Qaeda, and the Mexican Mafia could 
Brief of Appellee

Victoria County Criminal District Attorney

No. 13-15-00514-CR

33

not be attenuated over the course of the trial since it occurred near the end of 

the trial.) Thus if errors in closing argument (that are likely to be more 

damaging than errors in opening argument) are reviewed as nonconstitutional error than errors in opening argument should certainly be 

reviewed under the non-constitutional error standard.

 For non-constitutional error, any error that does not affect the 

substantive rights of the defendant must be disregarded. Freeman, 340 S.W. 

3d at 728; TEX. R. APP. P. 44.2(b). To determine if a defendant’s 

substantive rights were affected by improper argument it is necessary to 

balance: 1) the severity of the misconduct (i.e. the magnitude of the 

prejudicial effect of the prosecutor’s comment), 2) any curative measures

adopted to cure the misconduct, and 3) the certainty of the conviction absent 

the misconduct (i.e. the strength of the evidence supporting the conviction). 

See Mosley v. State, 983 S.W. 2d 249, 259 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998). In this 

case all of those factors favor a finding that the Appellant’s substantive 

rights were not violated.

 The severity of any misconduct in this case was obviously small. 

The prosecution mentioned the blood test results a single time in his opening 

argument and then never mentioned them again for the remainder of the 

trial. [RR-III]. And as already discussed, the prosecution was acting in 
Brief of Appellee

Victoria County Criminal District Attorney

No. 13-15-00514-CR

34

good faith in believing this evidence would be admissible and therefore that 

mentioning the blood test results was proper opening argument. Therefore it 

cannot be said the State’s opening argument represented a willful and 

calculated effort to deprive the Appellant of a fair and impartial trial. See 

Freeman, 340 S.W. 3d at 728. Thus this first Mosley factor favors a finding 

that the Appellant’s substantive rights were not affected by the State’s 

opening argument. 

 There also was an effective curative measure in this case given that 

the trial court specifically instructed the jury both orally and in writing that 

the statements of the attorneys were not evidence and could not be used to 

resolve disputed factual statements. [CR-I-29; RR-III-212]. Now it is true 

that this instruction was not a specific instruction to disregard the State’s 

opening argument, but the Appellant never requested that the jury be 

instructed to disregard the State’s opening argument. [RR-III]. In the 

absence of a request for a specific instruction to disregard from the defense, 

this instruction was clearly sufficient. As previously mentioned it is 

presumed that the members of the jury will follow the trial court’s 

instructions. Thrift, 176 S.W. 3d at 224. Therefore it must be presumed the 

jury followed this instruction. And the State respected the trial court’s 

instruction and did not make any references to the blood test results in its 
Brief of Appellee

Victoria County Criminal District Attorney

No. 13-15-00514-CR

35

closing argument. [RR-III-215-220, 224-226]. It has been held that when a 

prosecutor does not obey the trial court’s instructions those instructions 

cannot be deemed to have been effective. See York v. State, No. PD-1753-

06, 2008 WL 2677368 at 5 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008)(not designated for 

publication). Such a holding would seem to necessarily imply the inverse as 

well, that when a prosecutor respects a trial court’s ruling the ruling is 

effective. Accordingly, the second Mosley factor also favors a finding that 

the Appellant’s substantive rights were not affected by the State’s opening 

argument. 

There was also overwhelming evidence of the Appellant’s guilt. The 

evidence at trial showed the Appellant drove into a vehicle that was sitting at 

a red light. [RR-III-18, 26-27, 38-39]. The Appellant was positively 

identified as the driver who caused that accident. [RR-III-29-30]. Multiple 

witnesses, both civilian and law enforcement established that the Appellant 

smelled of alcohol at the time of this incident. [RR-III-28, 41, 52, 79]. 

There was also testimony that the Appellant displayed multiple indications 

of intoxication including bloodshot eyes [RR-III-51, 87], slurred speech 

[RR-III-51], a swayed stance [RR-III-92, 106], being unable to walk a 

straight line [RR-III-106], and aggressive behavior. [RR-III-92, 107]. And 
Brief of Appellee

Victoria County Criminal District Attorney

No. 13-15-00514-CR

36

there was evidence that a half-filed open container of alcohol was found in 

the Appellant’s vehicle in easy reach of the Appellant. [RR-III-80]. 

 There was also testimony that the Appellant made false statements to 

the police regarding whether he had been drinking alcohol that night. [RRIII-52, 97]. False statements related to a criminal offense are relevant 

evidence as consciousness of guilt evidence. See King v. State, 29 S.W. 3d 

556, 565 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). 

 There was also evidence that the Appellant twice failed the HGN 

field sobriety test [RR-III-58, 89], evidence that the Appellant failed the 

Walk and Turn field sobriety test, [RR-III-92, 94-96] and evidence that the 

Appellant refused to perform the One Legged Stand field sobriety test. [RRIII-96]. Evidence that a defendant refused to perform a field sobriety test 

can also be considered as evidence of intoxication against a defendant in a 

driving while intoxicated case. See Barraza v. State, 733 S.W. 2d 379, 381 

(Tex. App.-Corpus Christi, aff’d, 790 S.W. 2d 654 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990). 

 And there was evidence that when given the opportunity to 

provide a breath or blood sample, the Appellant refused to do so. [State’s 

Exhibit 1]. Evidence that a defendant refused to provide a breath or blood 

sample can also be considered as evidence proving intoxication in a driving 

while intoxicated case. See Barraza, 733 S.W. 2d at 381. 
Brief of Appellee

Victoria County Criminal District Attorney

No. 13-15-00514-CR

37

 Now the Appellant did provide an explanation for why he refused to 

do the one legged stand when he claimed he had a leg injury. [RR-III-96] 

However, that explanation is unlikely to have helped the Appellant’s case. 

To begin with the jury would have little reason to believe the Appellant’s 

claim since the Appellant had already been caught being untruthful about not 

having consumed any alcoholic beverages that night [RR-III-52, 97] (a claim 

the jury would have little reason to believe given the great body of evidence 

that supported that the Appellant had been drinking), and given that the 

Appellant provided no substantiating evidence to support this claim. [RRIII].

 And even if the jury believed Appellant’s unsubstantiated claim 

about having a leg injury that would likely just furnished even further proof 

of Appellant’s intoxicated condition, since if Appellant in fact had a leg 

injury it would raise the question why he attempted to perform the Walk and 

Turn field sobriety test without first notifying the police about his injury. 

Attempting to do a test requiring you to walk a narrow line on an injured leg 

would show mental impairment and thus would just go to further establish 

the Appellant was intoxicated at the time of the charged offense.

 At any rate, regardless of how the jury resolved the question of 

Appellant’s explanation for not doing the One Legged Stand field sobriety 
Brief of Appellee

Victoria County Criminal District Attorney

No. 13-15-00514-CR

38

test, it is clear that between the evidence of Appellant’s bad driving, his 

physical indications of intoxication, his aggressive and deceitful behavior, 

his failure on the two field sobriety tests he attempted, the open container of 

alcohol that was found in his vehicle, and his refusal to voluntarily provide a 

breath or blood sample there was overwhelming evidence that the Appellant 

committed the offense of driving while intoxicated. Accordingly, the third 

Mosley factor also supports a finding a finding that the Appellant’s 

substantive rights were not affected by the State’s opening argument. 

With all three Mosley factors favoring a finding that the Appellant’s

substantive rights were not affected by the State’s opening argument, it is 

clear that any error from that argument was harmless and must be 

disregarded. 

 II. The Appellant has waived any claim of error related to the 

 denial of his motion for a mistrial. 

 In addition to a mistrial not being warranted on the merits in this 

case, the Appellant has also waived any claim of error related to the denial 

of his motion for a mistrial due to both failing to pursue a lesser remedy than 

a mistrial and due to failing to make a timely objection as is required under 

Rule 33.1(a)(1) of the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure. 
Brief of Appellee

Victoria County Criminal District Attorney

No. 13-15-00514-CR

39

 A. The Appellant waived his claim of error by not first seeking a 

 lesser remedy than a mistrial.

 The preferred method for a party to voice a complaint in the trial 

court is to first object, then if the objection is granted to seek an obstruction 

to disregard, and then if the instruction to disregard is granted and the party 

does not feel it cured the error, to move for a mistrial. See Young, 137 S.W. 

3d at 69. The request for an instruction to disregard is only essential when 

such an instruction would if granted be sufficient to allow the trial to 

continue before an impartial jury. Id. at 70. However, if an instruction to 

disregard would have cured the alleged error, then the failure to seek such an 

instruction forfeits appellate review for the class of events that could have 

been cured by the instruction. Id. 

 In the present case, the Appellant did not make any objection at all to 

the State’s opening argument at the time that argument was made. [RR-III10]. The Appellant instead first asked for a mistrial based on the State 

referencing the Appellant’s blood test results during its opening argument 

during the hearing that was held outside the presence of the jury concerning 

whether witness Gene Hanson was going to be allowed to testify to the 

blood test results. [RR-III-170-171]. The Appellant would subsequently ask 

for a mistrial on two more occasions during that hearing. [RR-III-176, 179]. 
Brief of Appellee

Victoria County Criminal District Attorney

No. 13-15-00514-CR

40

The Appellant would then again request a mistrial during the charge 

conference. [RR-III-208]. Not once during any of these events did the 

Appellant ever request an instruction for the jury to disregard the portion of 

the State’s opening argument concerning the blood test results. [RR-III-10, 

170-171, 176, 179, 208]. Nor did the Appellant ever request an instruction 

to disregard the State’s opening argument concerning the blood test results at 

any other moment during the trial. [RR]. Thus it is clear the Appellant has 

entirely failed to request a motion to disregard.

 As discussed in Section I. C. of the State’s answer, a motion to 

disregard would have been effective in this case. Therefore, the Appellant’s 

failure to request a motion to disregard waives any claim of error related to 

the State’s opening argument. See Young, 137 S.W. 3d at 70. See also

Ocon, 284 S.W. 3d at 885 (holding that while requesting lesser remedies is 

not a prerequisite to a motion for mistrial, when the movant does not first 

request a lesser remedy, a reviewing court will not reverse a trial court’s 

judgment if the problem could have been cured by the less drastic 

alternative.) 

 The Appellant failed to pursue any less drastic alternatives to a 

mistrial and in this case a less drastic alternative would have been sufficient. 

Therefore Appellant has waived any claim of error related to the State’s 
Brief of Appellee

Victoria County Criminal District Attorney

No. 13-15-00514-CR

41

opening statement. 

 B. The Appellant waived his claim of error by not making a 

 timely objection when the State first mentioned the blood 

 test results.

 In addition to waiving his claim of error in regards to the State’s 

opening argument by failing to first seek a lesser remedy than a mistrial, the 

Appellant also waived any claim of error related to that argument by failing 

to make a timely objection when the State first mentioned the Appellant’s 

blood test results. 

 To preserve error for appellate review, the complaining party must 

make a timely objection. See Tex.R.App. P. 33.1(a); Dixon v. State, 2 S.W. 

3d 263, 265 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998). The requirement of timeliness means 

the objection must be made at the earliest possible opportunity. Marini, 593 

S.W. 2d at 714. If possible this should be done before the objectionable 

evidence is actually admitted, but if that is not possible than the objection 

must occur as soon as the objectionable nature of the evidence becomes 

apparent. See Ethington v. State, 819 S.W. 2d 854, 858 (Tex. Crim. App.

1991). And this requirement to make a timely objection in order to preserve 

an issue for appellate review applies with equal force concerning any alleged 

errors in opening argument. See Valdez v. State, #13-14-00684-CR, 2015 

WL 3799309 at 2 (Tex. App.-Corpus Christi 2015, no pet)(mem. op. not 
Brief of Appellee

Victoria County Criminal District Attorney

No. 13-15-00514-CR

42

designated for publication).

 In the present case the earliest possible time when the Appellant 

could have objected to the State’s opening argument would have been during 

that opening argument right after the State mentioned the blood test results. 

[RR-III-10]. It is unquestionably that the Appellant did not object to the 

State’s opening argument at that time. [RR-III-10]. Therefore Appellant has 

waived any claim of error related to the State’s opening argument (which 

would obviously include waiving any claim of error related to the trial court 

denying a motion for mistrial since the Appellant’s only justification for a 

mistrial was based on the State’s opening argument.)

 Appellant now attempts to argue that he had no way of knowing he 

needed to object to the State’s argument at the time it was made. That 

argument flies in the face of Appellant’s whole contention that it was 

impossible for the State to get the blood test results into evidence since the 

blood test tubes had been destroyed. Either it was possible to get the blood 

test evidence admitted (in which case it clearly was not improper for the 

State to reference the blood test results in its opening argument and there 

was no error in the State making that argument and thus no justification for

the trial court to grant a mistrial), or it was not possible to get the blood test 

evidence admitted in which case the Appellant had all the information 
Brief of Appellee

Victoria County Criminal District Attorney

No. 13-15-00514-CR

43

necessary to lodge an objection to the State mentioning the blood test results

at the time the State made its opening argument, and therefore the Appellant

waived any claim of error by not objecting. Either way the Appellant is not 

entitled to relief. 

 The trial record is unmistakable that the Appellant knew the State did 

not have the physical blood samples prior to the State’s opening argument

given that the State informed the Appellant the day before opening argument 

was made. [RR-II-4; III-10]. And since Appellant’s entire theory for why 

the State’s opening argument was objectionable is based on the idea that 

there was no way the State could get the blood test evidence admitted 

without the physical evidence, since the Appellant already knew the State 

did not have the physical evidence prior to the State’s opening argument, it 

is clear Appellant already had all the knowledge he needed to object to the 

State’s reference to the blood test results in the State’s opening argument. 

 It is also clear that Appellant’s trial counsel already believed at the 

time of opening argument that the State not having the blood sample would 

mean the State could not get the blood test evidence admitted into evidence. 

Appellant’s own opening statement, made mere moments after the State’s

specifically advised the jury that the State would not be able to get the blood 

test results into evidence. [RR-III-13-14]. Thus it was obvious even at that 
Brief of Appellee

Victoria County Criminal District Attorney

No. 13-15-00514-CR

44

early point in the trial that the Appellant already believed he would be able 

to use the inadvertent destruction of the blood vials to keep the blood test 

evidence from being admitted, and as such the Appellant cannot credibly 

argue now that he did not know he needed to object during the State’s 

opening argument when just mere minutes after that statement was made his 

trial counsel was already telling the jury the State would not be able to 

produce any blood test evidence in the case.

 Nor is the Appellant’s opening argument the only evidence that the 

Appellant already believed he had a basis to object to the blood test evidence 

right from the start of the trial. The Appellant subsequently objected to the 

testimony of the phlebotomist, Ms. Beatrice Salazar, right at the start Ms. 

Salazar’s testimony, arguing that Ms. Salazar should not be allowed to 

testify at all given that the State did not have the physical blood evidence. 

[RR-III-143-144]. This was not an objection to Ms. Salazar’s qualifications 

as a phlebotomist or a challenge to how she had conducted the blood draws 

in this case. [RR-III-143-144]. It was instead a categorical objection to Ms. 

Salazar being permitted to testify at all solely because the State did not have 

the blood test tubes. [RR-III-143-144]. And notably this objection was 

made before either Ms. Salazar (who drew the blood) or Mr. Hanson (who 

tested the blood) had provided any substantive testimony concerning the 
Brief of Appellee

Victoria County Criminal District Attorney

No. 13-15-00514-CR

45

blood test in this case. Nor had the Appellant learned anything else so far in 

the trial that would have given him any reason to object to the testimony of 

Ms. Salazar other than the fact that the blood test vials had been destroyed. 

[RR]. Thus the Appellant clearly had not learned anything new between the 

time of the State’s opening argument and the point of this objection that 

gave the Appellant new reason to believe the blood test results were 

objectionable. The Appellant had precisely the same amount of information 

about the blood tests at this point in the case that he had during the State’s 

opening argument, and the sole basis for Appellant’s objection to Ms. 

Salazar’s testimony was on information the Appellant already knew prior to 

the State’s opening argument. [RR-II-4, III-10, 143-144]. Accordingly, if 

the Appellant had reason to believe he could object to the blood test 

evidence at this point in the trial then logically he would have had the same 

reason to believe he could object to a reference to the blood test evidence in 

the State’s opening argument. 

 Accordingly if you accept the Appellant’s premise that the blood test 

results were not admissible due to the destruction of the blood evidence then 

it is clear the Appellant already had the needed information to make an 

objection just as soon as the State first mentioned the blood test results in its 

opening argument. [RR-III-10]. Yet the Appellant made no such objection. 
Brief of Appellee

Victoria County Criminal District Attorney

No. 13-15-00514-CR

46

[RR-III-10]. 

 The Appellant now tries to argue that it is really the cumulative 

effect of the State’s attempts to get the blood test evidence admitted that 

justifies a mistrial and that Appellant therefore had no obligation to lodge an 

objection until the State had stopped trying to get the blood test evidence 

admitted. As previously discussed none of the witnesses the State called to 

try and lay the foundation for the admission of the blood test results 

presented any evidence that was even slightly harmful to the Appellant. RRIII-107-111, 143-158, 167-168, 190-201, 205-206]. Thus there was clearly 

no harmful cumulative effect to that subsequent testimony. But even beyond 

Appellant’s argument not being supported by the facts, it is also entirely 

inconsistent with established Texas law. 

 Objections must be made at the earliest possible opportunity. 

Marini, 593 S.W. 2d at 714. And if a party delays moving for a mistrial, and 

by failing to timely object allows for the introduction of further 

objectionable testimony or comments and greater accumulation of harm, the 

party can no more rely on an untimely motion for mistrial than it could on an 

untimely objection. See Young, 137 S.W. 3d at 70. Thus Appellant cannot 

now claim that later testimony made the State’s opening argument more 

damaging to try and excuse his failure to make a timely objection. If 
Brief of Appellee

Victoria County Criminal District Attorney

No. 13-15-00514-CR

47

Appellant believed the State’s opening argument was objectionable, the 

Appellant needed to make an objection at the time the State made that 

opening argument to preserve any claim of error related to the State’s 

opening argument. The Appellant failed to make such a timely objection 

[RR-III-10], and thus waived any claim of error related to the State’s 

opening argument. See Valdez, 2015 WL 3799309 at 2

PRAYER

WHEREFORE, PREMISES CONSIDERED, the State prays that this 

Honorable Court affirm the judgment of the trial court.

.

Respectfully submitted,

STEPHEN B. TYLER

CRIMINAL DISTRICT ATTORNEY

/s/ Brendan W. Guy

Brendan W. Guy 

Assistant Criminal District Attorney

SBN 24034895

205 North Bridge Street, Suite 301

Victoria, Texas 77902

E-mail: bguy@vctx.org

Telephone: (361) 575-0468 

 Facsimile: (361) 576-4139

 

 ATTORNEYS FOR THE APPELLEE,

THE STATE OF TEXAS
Brief of Appellee

Victoria County Criminal District Attorney

No. 13-15-00514-CR

48

CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE

In compliance with Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 9.4(i)(3), I, 

Brendan Wyatt Guy, Assistant Criminal District Attorney, Victoria County, 

Texas, certify that the number of words in Appellee’s Brief submitted on 

April 26, 2016, excluding those matters listed in Rule 9.4(i)(1) is 10,355.

/s/ Brendan W. Guy

Brendan W. Guy

Assistant Criminal District Attorney

SBN 24034895

205 North Bridge Street, Suite 301

Victoria, Texas 77902

E-mail: bguy@vctx.org

Telephone: (361) 575-0468 

 Facsimile: (361) 576-4139
Brief of Appellee

Victoria County Criminal District Attorney

No. 13-15-00514-CR

49

CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE

I, Brendan Wyatt Guy, Assistant Criminal District Attorney, Victoria 

County, Texas, certify that a copy of the foregoing brief has been served on 

Arnold Hayden, P. O. Box 4967, Victoria, Texas 77903, Attorney for the 

Appellant, John Kenneth Lee, by electronic mail on the day of April 26, 2016.

/s/ Brendan W. Guy 

Brendan W. Guy

Assistant Criminal District Attorney

SBN 24034895

205 North Bridge Street, Suite 301

Victoria, Texas 77902

E-mail: bguy@vctx.org

Telephone: (361) 575-0468 

 Facsimile: (361) 576-4139