This opinion is subject to revision before publication.



### U NITED 

### S TATES 

### C OURT OF 

### A PPEALS

FOR THE 

### A RMED 

### F ORCES

_______________

UNITED STATES Appellee

v.

Sean W

. HARRINGTON , Airman First Class United States Air Force , Appellant

No. 22

- 0 1 00 Crim. App. No. 39825

Argued Oct. 26, 2022

— Decided August 10, 2023

Military Judge: Christopher M. Schumann

For Appellant: Major Matthew L. Blyth (argued); Lieutenant Colonel Kirk W. Albertson and Mark C. Bruegger , Esq. (on brief).

For Appellee: Major Morgan R. Christie (argued); Colonel Naomi P. Dennis
, Lieutenant Colonel Matthew J. Neil , and Mary Ellen Payne , Esq. (on brief) ; Major Brittany M. Speirs

.
Judge HARDY delivered the opinion of the Court, in which Chief Judge OHLSON, Judge SPARKS, and Senior Judge EFFRON joined. Judge MAGGS filed a separate opinion concurring in part and dissenting in part

.

_______________United States v. Harrington , No. 22

- 0 100 /AF Opinion of the Court

2 Judge HARDY delivered the opinion of the Court.

A general court

- martial convicted Appellant of involuntary manslaughter, communicating a threat, and two specifications related to the unlawful use of cocaine and marijuana. The panel members sentenced Appellant to a reduction in grade to E

- 1, fourteen years of confinement, and a dishonorable discharge. The United States Air Force Court of Criminal Appeals (AF CCA ) affirmed the findings and sentence. United States v. Harrington , No. ACM 39825, 2021 CCA LEXIS 524, at *4, 2021 WL 4807174

, at *2 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. Oct. 14, 2021) (u npublished)

. We granted review to decide three issues. First, whether the evidence wa s legally sufficient to support Appellant’s conviction for communicating a threat. Second, whether the military judge abused his discretion by denying Appellant’s request to instruct the panel members on the maximum punishment available for each of Appellant’s offenses of conviction. And t hird, whether the military judge abused his discretion in allowing the G overnment trial counsel to participate in the delivery of the uns worn statement of the homicide victim’s parents

. Because we conclude that the evidence was sufficient to allow any rational panel to find the elements of communicating a threat proven beyond a reasonable doubt, we decline to grant Appellant relief on the f irst issue.However, we answer the second and third granted issues in the affirmative and conclude that Appellant is entitled to relief on these issues. The military judge abusedhis discretion in denying Appellant’s request for an instruction on the maxim um punishment for each individual offense because he did so based on an incorrect understanding of the law. Contrary to the military judge’s apparent understanding, he possessed the discretion to instruct the panel on the maximum punishments available for each individual offense, in addition to informing them of the maximum cumulative punishment available for all offenses

. W e also conclude that the military judge abused his discretion in permitting the victim ’ s parents to deliver theirUnited States v. Harrington , No. 22

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3 unsworn statements through a question

- and

- answer format with trial counsel. T rial counsel ’s participation in the presentation of the unsworn victim statements is incompatible with the principle that unsworn victim statement s are the sole province of the vi ctim or the victim’s designees

. The Government failed to meet its burden of proving that the two errors did not have a substantial influence on the adjudged sentence . We therefore affirm the AFCCA with respect to the findings but reverse with regard to the
sentence.

I. Background In July 2017, Appellant lived with roommates AB and BI

. One night, AB went out with her friends, returning around four o’clock the next morning. AB testified thatwhen she returned, she witnessed Appellant snort something that look ed like cocaine. When AB got up the next day, she found liquor all over the house and could tell that Appellant and BI had been drinking heavily. AB then drove BI to an Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) meeting. While AB and BI were out, Appellant engaged AB in an exchange of text messages that formed the basis for his conviction for communicating a threat. In a string of texts, Appellantasked AB what had happened the previous night, explaining that he was at that moment “outside,” “tripping balls so hard,” and “d amn near naked.” Appellant told AB, “you are my light right now.” He also expressed fury that someone had “hog tied” him while he was asleep or otherwiseincapacitated. Appellant repeatedly pressed AB for information on who had tied him up, and stated, “wh oever the sick sadistic mf who did this I’m going to kill.” Appellant
t exted AB, “[t]ell me who did it and I’ll go easy on you.” Appellant said he was “dead as [sic] serious” and , after pressing AB on who had tied him up, asked “ did anyone come over?” BI t estified that AB thought Appellant was being “rude,” and that AB seemed “annoyed” at these texts. When AB and BI returned home, Appellant was sitting in a chair with a handgun nearby and something like twine strewn around him. At trial, AB testified that she knewUnited States v. Harrington , No. 22

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4 before this incident that Appellant owned a gun, al though she had never seen it. AB claimed that Appellant turned the gun to point it toward her
, but BI testified that he never saw Appellant move the weapon. AB testified that Appellant’s previous text messages “became real” upon seeing Appellant with the gun. The situation resolved after BI took the gun and walked away with it

.The Government charged Appellant with communicating a threat in violation of Article 134, Uniform Code of Military Justic e (UCMJ), 10 U.S.C. § 934 (2012), and aggravated assault, in violation of Article 128, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 928 (2012), in connection with these events. 1 The Government also charged Appellant with using cocaine and marijuana on divers occasions, both in violation of Article 112a, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 912a (201 2). After the referral of these charges to a general court

martial, Appellant was involved in a shooting that resulted in the death of a fellow airman. Appellant called the police the morning of July 5 , 2018
, and reported that his friend had been shot in the head. Appellant told the operator that the victim had been “playing with a

. . . gun.” Although Appellant initially denied knowing what had happened
, he eventually admitted that the gun had accident ally “discharged” in his own hand. The victim died four days later. After the shooting, the convening authority withdrew and dismissed th e original charges to provide for “further investigation of additional charges and consolidation of all known charges i nto one proceeding.” The convening authority ultimately referred the final charges to trial by general court

- martial on February 27, 2019. 2 A military

1 The specification for communicating a threat referenced Appellant’s texts “whoever the sick sadistic mf who did this I’m going to kill” and “[t]ell me who did it and I’ll go easy on you

. ” I t did not include the alleged displaying or brandishing of the han dgun.

2 All of Appellant’s crimes occurred before January 1, 2019. However, because the repreferral occurred after January 1,United States v. Harrington , No. 22

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5 judge convicted Appellant, consistent with his pleas, of using cocaine and marijuana on divers occasions , both in violation of Article 112a, UCMJ. Also consistent with his pleas, the panel members found Appellant not guilty of aggravated assault in violation of Article 128, UCMJ, for allegedly pointing his handgun at AB. Contrary to his pleas, however, the p anel members convicted Appellant of communicating a threat in violation of Article 134, UCMJ. Although the Government had charged Appellant with murder for the death of the shooting victim , the members convicted Appellant, contrary to his pleas, of the les ser included offense of involuntary ma n slaughter in violation of Article 119, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 919 (20 12 ).Two events occurred during the sentencing phase of Appellant’s court

- martial that form the basis of the second and third questions presented. First, the military judge denied Appellant’s request to instruct the panel about the maximum punishment for each of the four offenses for which the court

- martial found Appellant guilty. Second, the military judge overruled Appellant’s objection to the presentati on of the victim’s parents’ unsworn victim statements via a question

- and

- answer format with trial counsel. Additional details about each of these events are presented below. The panel members sentenced Appellant to a dishonorable discharge, reduction to t he grade of E

- 1, and confinement for fourteen years. The c onvening a uthority took noaction on the findings or sentence, and the AFCCA affirmed. Harrington
, 2021 CCA LEXIS 524, at *4, 2021 WL 4807174
, at *2

. We granted review to decide three issues:

2019, unless otherwise noted
, all references to the nonpunitive articles of the UCMJ, Rules for Courts

- Martial (R.C.M.), and Milit ary Rules of Evidence are to the Manual for Courts

- Martial
, United States (2019 ed.) ( MCM ).United States v. Harrington , No. 22

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6 I. Whether the evidence is legally sufficient to support Appellant’s conviction for communicating a threat ?

II. Did the military judge abuse his discretion by refusing to instruct the members of the maximum confin ement for each offense, which ultimately resulted in an excessive 14

- year sentence ?

III. Whether the military judge abused his discretion in allowing the victim’s parents to take the witness stand and deliver unsworn statements in question

- and

- answer forma t with trial counsel ? United States v. Harrington , 82 M.J. 267 (C.A.A.F. 2022) (order granting review). We address each issue in turn.

II. Discussion A. Legal Sufficiency of Appellant’s Conviction for Communicating a Threat We review the legal sufficiency of convictions de novo. United States v. King , 78 M.J. 218, 221 (C.A.A.F. 2019) (citing United States v. Kearns , 73 M.J. 177, 180 (C.A.A.F. 2014) )

. A conviction is legally sufficient if, “ ‘after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the pro secution,any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.’ ” United States v. Robinson , 77 M.J. 294, 297

- 98 (C.A.A.F. 2018) (quoting United States v. Rosario , 76 M.J. 114, 117 (C.A.A.F. 2017)). Be cause we impinge upon the panel’s discretion “ only to the extent necessary to guarantee the fundamental protection of due process of law

, ” Jackson v. Virginia , 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979) , we impose “a very low threshold ” to sustain a conviction
, King , 78 M.J . at 221 (internal quotation marks omitted) ( citation omitted)

.The President has specified four elements for communicating a threat under Article 134, UCMJ : (1) that the accused communicated certain language expressing a present determination or intent to wrongfully injure theperson, property, or reputation of another person, presently or in the future; (2) that the communication was made known to that pers on or to a third person; (3) that the communication was wrongful; and (4) that, under theUnited States v. Harrington , No. 22

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7circumstances, the conduct of the accused was to the prejudice of good order and discipline in the armed forces or was of a nature to bring discredit upon the armed f orces. MCM pt. IV, para. 110.b

. (2016 ed.) ; see also United States v. Rapert , 75 M.J. 164, 166

- 67 (C.A.A.F. 2016). Appellant
argues that no reasonable factfinder could have found the first and third elements proven beyond a reasonable doubt.

The first elem ent of communicating a threat requires an objective inquiry, analyzing the existence of a threat from the viewpoint of a “reasonable person in the recipient’s place .” United States v. Phillips , 42 M.J. 127, 130 (C.A.A.F. 1995) (emphasis added). This object ive inquiry examines both the language of the communication itself as well as its surrounding context, which may qualify or belie the literal meaning of the language. United States v. Brown , 65 M.J. 227, 231 (C.A.A.F. 2007). In contrast to the first elemen t, the third element’s requirement of wrongfulness is properly understood in relation to the subjective intent of the speaker. Rapert , 75 M.J. at 169. In determining if the speaker’s subjective intent was wrongful under the third element, the key question is not whether the speaker intended to carry out the object of the threat, but rather “whether the speaker intended his or her words to be understood as sincere .” Id. at 169 n.10. In this case, we first hold that the Government introduced sufficient evide nce for a rational factfinder to conclude that a reasonable person would have perceived the communications as threatening. Appellant used inherently menacing language that express ed both violence (“whoever the sick sadistic mf who did this I’m going to kil l”) and sincerity (“I’m f**king dead as [sic] serious”)

. Appellant’s
statement to AB to “[t]ell me who did it and I’ll go easy onyou” could reasonably be interpreted as threatening violence against AB when read in context alongside the other
messages

. Bolstering this conclusion is AB’s testimony that she was aware Appellant owned a gun

. App ellant also indicated to AB during their exchange of texts that he was under the influence of drugs. It would not be irrational for theUnited States v. Harrington , No. 22

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8 panel to conclude that Appellant’s declaration of his intent to kill would be perceived as more threatening by a reasona ble person who knew that Appellant was both intoxicated and in possession of a deadly weapon.In support of his legal insufficiency argument, Appellant points to various pieces of evidence that he claims directly conflict with the panel members’ findings. For example, he notes that just t hree days after Appellant sent AB the threatening text messages, AB invited Appellant to “[c]ome smoke with [her].” Appellant also points to BI’s testimony, which described AB’s reaction to the texts as one of annoyance rat her than fear . This evidence does not preclude a determination that Appellant ’ s texts would be perceived as threatening by a reasonable recipient

. Although the recipient’s reaction to the alleged threat provides useful context
, it does not control any elem ent of communicating a threat under Article 134, UCMJ. Even if the panel had fully credited BI’s testimony (which it was under no obligation to do) and found that AB did not actually feel threated by the texts, the panel could nevertheless have conclude d t hat AB’s reaction simply differed from that of a reasonable person. 3

We also hold that a rational factfinder could have conclude d that Appellant subjectively intended his messages to be perceived as threatening. Much of the evidence supporting the panel m embers’ determination that the texts were objectively threatening also supports this conclusion

. For example, a rational trier of fact could have found thatthe menacing language of the messages indicated a subjective intent to threaten the recipient.

We note that Appellant allegedly displayed his handgun to AB and BI upon their return from the AA meeting.

3 Indeed, the panel would have had good reason not to creditBI’s testimony. BI testified that he could not “recall” or “remember” various details about the interactions between AB and Appellant. He also testified that he never saw the text messages at issue in the case and that he was intoxicated at the time of some of the events in question.United States v. Harrington , No. 22

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9 Appellant argues that we should not consider this fact when analyzing the context around the text messages given the potential for overlap between this conduct and the panel’s not guilty verdict on the charge of aggravated assault. Although Appellant conce des that “ ‘defendants are generally acquitted of offenses, not of specific facts, and thus to the extent facts form the basis for other offenses, they remain permissible for appellate review,’ ” Reply for Appellant at 6

- 7, United States v. Harrington , No. 22

- 0100 (C.A.A.F. May 2 3, 202 2) (alteration in original removed) (quoting Rosario , 76 M.J. at 11 7 ), he attempts to distinguish this case based on the passage of time between the sending of the text messages and the alleged display of the handgun.

W e decl ine to adopt a bright

- line rule as to when later

in

- time conduct may be considered and instead hold that the appropriateness of considering such conduct will turn on the facts of each individual case. Here, the Government introduced evidence sufficient for a rational factfinder to conclude that Appellant displayed the gun less than thirty minutes after the exchange of texts. Given that the menacing gesture occurred so soon after Appellant sent the threatening t exts, the panel could permissibly consider th e conduct in concluding that Appellant subjectively intended the text messages to be threatening. Accordingly, Appellant’s attempt to distinguish the rule from Rosario is unpersuasive. 4 We cannot say that no rational trier of fact could find the objective a nd subjective elements of communicating a threat proven beyond a reasonable doubt here. As a result, the evidence is legally sufficient to support Appellant’s

4 Appellant also argues that Rosario is distinguishable because, according to Appellant, AB could not have been a credible witness. However, credibility determinations are uniquely the province of the trier of fact, and we will not disturb Appellant’s conviction on this ground. See United States v. Scheffer , 523 U.S. 303, 312

- 13 (1998) (discussing that in criminal trials, a “core function” of the factfinder is to make credibility determinations).United States v. Harrington , No. 22

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10 conviction for communicating a threat under Article 134
, UCMJ

. B. Denial of Appellant’s Requeste d Instruction

on the Maximum Punishment for Each Offense Prior to the parties’ sentencing arguments , the military judge held an Article 39(a) session outside the presence of the panel members. 5 At this hearing
, d efense counsel requested that during the se ntencing instructions, the military judge explain to the members the maximum possible punishment for each offense. The military judge denied this request, stating : Members are never instructed on what a specific maximum punishment is for each individual o ffense. It’s under our unitary principle. They’re always just told here’s the maximum and they are at liberty to decide that either the maximum or nopunishment is appropriate in light of all of the offenses in the case. Transcript of Record at 1131

- 32, United States v. Harrington , __ M.J. __ (C.A.A.F. 2023) ( No. 22

- 0100). In support of his ruling, t he military judge cited both R.C.M. 1005(e)

— which requires the military judge to instruct the panel onthe maximum authorized punishment that may be adjudged

— and an Army service court opinion, United States v. Purdy , 42 M.J. 666 (A. C t

. C rim

. A pp . 1995)

. In Purdy
, the United States Army Court of Criminal Appeals (ACCA) stated: “Court members should not be informed of the reasons for the maximum period of confin ement. They should only be concerned with the maximum imposable sentence and not the basis for the limitation. ” Id

. at 671. Appellant argues that the military judge erred by denying defense counsel’s requested instruction. 6

5 See Article 39(a), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 839(a) (2018) (authorizing military judge s to hold proceedings outside the presence of the members for certain purposes ).

6 It bears noting that panel sentencing instructions will cease to be an issue in noncapital case s in the military justice system. Congress recently amended Article 53, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 853,United States v. Harrington , No. 22

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11We review a military judge’s denial of a proposed instruction for an abuse of discretion. United States v. Carruthers , 64 M.J. 340, 345

- 46 (C.A.A.F. 2007) (first citing United States v. Damatta

- Olivera , 37 M.J. 474, 478 (C.M.A. 1993); and then citing Unite d States v. Rasnick , 58 M.J. 9, 10 (C.A.A.F. 2003)) . Generally, a military judge “has substantial discretionary power in deciding on the instructions to give” in response to requests by counsel. Damatta

- Olivera , 37 M.J. at 478. In the specific context of a military judge’s denial of a requested instruction, an abuse of discretion will occur if: (1) the requested instruction wa s correct; (2) the instruction wa s not substantially covered by the main instruction; and (3) the instruction was on such a vital point in the case that the failure to give it deprived the accused o f a defense or seriously impaired its presentation. Carruthers , 64 M.J. at 346

. More generally, however,
any legal ruling based on an erroneous view of the law also constitutes an abuse of discretion. United States v. Inabinette , 66 M.J. 320, 322 (C.A.A.F. 2008) ( first citing United States v. Griggs , 61 M.J. 402, 406 (C.A.A.F. 2005); then citing United States v. Wardle , 58 M.J. 156, 157 (C.A.A.F. 2003); and then citing United States v. Sullivan , 42 M.J. 360, 363 (C.A.A.F. 1995)).

Under the version of the U CMJ and Rules for C ourt s

M artial that apply in this case, military courts impose unitary sentences

— a single sentence that accounts for all the offenses for which the defendant was found guilty rather than distinct sentences for each individual offense of c onviction. R.C.M. 1002(b) (2016 ed.). 7 Consistent with this

to provide for military judge

- alone sentencing in such cases. National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2022
, Pub. L. No. 117

- 81, § 539E(a), (f), 135 St at. 1541, 1700, 1706 (2021) (providing that the provisions regarding military judge

- alone sentencing “ shall apply to sentences adjudged in cases in which all findings of guilty are for offenses that occurred after the date that is two years after the date of the enactment of [the] Act ).

7 The President specified that the version of Article 56(c) (“Imposition of Sentence”) in effect in 2019 and its associatedUnited States v. Harrington , No. 22

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12 approach, R.C.M. 1005(e)(1) requires the military judge toinstruct panel members on the maximum authorized punishment that may be adjudged. In a case involving multiple offenses, this maximum au thorized punishment is the cumulative total of the punishments authorized by the Manual for each offense of conviction. See R.C.M. 1005(e) Discussion. In United States v. Gutierrez

, this Court’s predecessor recognized that even under the military’s unitary sentencing system, a military judge is not prohibited from instructing panel members o n the maximum punishments authorized for each offense of conviction in addition to the maximum cumulative punishment. 11 M.J. 122, 124 (C.M.A. 1981)

. A lthough our predecessor Court’s opinion in Gutierrez would appear to settle the question whether a military judge has discretion to instruct panel members on the maximum punishments authorized for each offense of conviction , the Government argues that inte rvening changes in the Manual abrogated that decision, stripping the military judge of any authority to give the requested instruction. The Government even suggests that “the military judge would have abused his discretion if he gave the defense

requested instruction without any basis in law to do so. ” Brief for Appellee at 31
, United States v. Harrington , No. 22

- 0100 (C.A.A.F. May 13, 2022)

. We find nothing in the Manual that supports this assertion. R.C.M. 1005(e)(1)’s requirement that a military judge

m ust instruct the panel members on the maximum cumulative sentence in no way prohibit s an additional instruction on the maximum punishment for each offense of conviction. Despite the intervening changes to the Manual

rules would apply only to cases in which all specifications allegeoffenses committed on or after January 1, 2019. 2018 Amendments to the Manual for Courts

- Martial, United States, Exec. Order No. 13,825, § 10(a), 83 Fed. Reg. 9889, 9890

- 91 (Mar. 1,2018). Here, Appellant committed all his offenses before January 1, 2019. Accordingly, the 2016 edition of R.C.M. 1002(b) and R.C.M. 1005(c) and (e) (which implement Article 56(c)) governed Appellant’s court

- martial.United States v. Harrington , No. 22

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13 upon which the Government relies, t he mi litary judge in Gutierrez was also required to instruct panel members about the maximum authorized punishment
, MCM para. 76. b ( 1 ) (1969 rev. ed.) , and the Court implicitly rejected the argument

— raised by Chief Judge Everett in his concurring opinion

— that an instruction as to the maximum punishment for each separate offense “ runs counter to the theory of the ‘ unitary sentence .’ ” Gutierrez , 11 M.J. at 125 (Everett, C.J., concurring in the judgment). Indeed, the companion provision of R.C.M. 100 5(c) explicitly permits parties to request instructions on the law of sentencing. See R.C.M. 1005(c) (2016 ed.) (explaining that “any party may request that the military judge instruct the members on the law as set forth in the request”). We see no reason why this would not include a request for an instruction about the maximum punishment for each offense of conviction

. 8 At oral argument, the Government posited a different defense of the military judge ’s ruling : that he denied defense counsel’s request not because he thought it was unlawful to give such an instruction, but because it would be imprudent to do so. 9 If we could accept this interpretation of the military judge’s ruling

— that the military judge recognized that he could grant Appellant’s request, but he was declining to do so

— we would review it for an abuse of discretion. Carruthers , 64 M.J. at 345

- 46 ; see also Gutierrez

,

8 The Government does not r ely upon the ACCA’s decision in Purdy in support of its argument that the military judge lacked authority to give the requested instruction. We note, however, that the lower court’s reliance on Purdy was misplaced for two reasons. First, the ACCA’s decisio n in Purdy addressed a different sentencing issue

— whether the military judge erred by informing the jury that the maximum possible confinement to which the panel could sentence the accused had been reduced due to a multiplicity issue. And second, the ACCA’ s decision in Purdy could not overturn our predecessor’s decision in Gutierrez

.
9 See Oral Argument at 32:31

- 36:34, United States v. Harrington , __ M.J. __ (C.A.A.F. Oct. 26, 2022) (No. 22

- 0100) https://www.armfor.uscourts.gov/newcaaf/CourtAudio11/20221 026 B.mp3

.United States v. Harrington , No. 22

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14 11 M.J. at 124 (suggesting that individualized instructions would not be permissible if they “ mislead the members as to the total maximum punishment ”). The Government’s argument fails because the military judge’s ruling does not support such a characterization

. In denying Appellant’s request, the military judge explained :
Members are never instructed on what a specific maximum punishment is for each individual offense. It’s under our unitary principle. They’re always just told here’s the maximum and they are at liberty to decide that either the maximum or nopunishment is appropriate in light of all of the offenses in the case. Transcript of Record at 1131

- 32, United States v. Harrington ( No. 22

- 0100). T he military judge’s absolutist language

— that “members are never instructed ” and that

“ [t]hey’re always just told ”

— undermines the Government’s interpretation of the ruling. ( E mpha sis added.) T he most natural reading of the military judge’s comments parallels the reasoning of the Government ’s original argument : that members are never instructed on maximum sentences for individual offenses of conviction because such instructions

are never permissible under a unitary sentencing system. See Brief for Appellee at 29
, United States v. Harrington
, No. 22

- 0100 (C.A.A.F. May 13, 2022) ( asserting that “the plain language of R.C.M. 1005(e)

. . . did not allow for the defense’s requested instruction”).Contrary to the military judge’s apparent understanding (and the Government’s argument in support of that apparent understanding), neither the practice of general unitary sentencing nor the Rules fo r Courts

- Martial foreclosedthe military judge from instructing the panel on the maximum punishment for each offense of conviction. The military judge therefore abused his discretion by decliningUnited States v. Harrington , No. 22

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15 Appellant’s requested instruction based on an erroneous view of the law. 10

C. Delivery of a Victim’s Unsworn Statement via Answers to Trial Counsel’s Questioning Upon learning that the Government intended to present the unsworn statements of Appellant’s victim’s parents in

a question

- and

- answer format with trial co unsel, defensecounsel objected, arguing that the format was not permissible under R.C.M. 1001(c). The military judge overruled the objection, stating that R.C.M. 1001(c) did not prohibit the format and noting that R.C.M. 801(a)(3) empowered him to exercis e reasonable control over the proceedings. The military judge agreed with the Government that the format would give trial counsel greater control over the scope of questioning to keep their statement s within the appropriate confines of R.C.M. 1001.
We revi ew a military judge’s interpretation of R.C.M. 1001 de novo

. United States v. Edwards , 82 M.J.239, 243 (C.A.A.F. 2022). We review a military judge’s admission of an unsworn victim statement for an abuse of discretion. Id. A military judge abuses his discr etion when his legal findings are erroneous, United States v. Barker , 77 M.J. 377, 383 (C.A.A.F. 2018), or when he makes a clearly erroneous finding of fact. United States v. Eugene , 78 M.J. 132, 134 (C.A.A.F. 2018). Once again, this Court is presented wi th the question whether a novel approach toward the delivery of a victim’sunsworn statement exceeds what the President has authorized under R.C.M. 1001(c)(5), and again we conclude

10 To be clear, nothing in this opinion should be interpreted as requiring a military judge to instruct the members on the maximum sentence for each offense should the accused request such an instruction. We only hold that the military judge abused his discre tion because of his misbelief that such an instruction was foreclosed as a matter of law. Because the military judge abused his discretion in this manner, we need not

— and do not

— express a view on what the outcome would have been here of applying the three

- part test from Carruthers , 64 M.J. at 346

.United States v. Harrington , No. 22

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16 that it does. See Edwards , 82 M.J. at 241 (finding reversible error when t he military judge allowed the victim’s designee to present his unsworn victim statement in the form of a video slideshow set to background music). Presentation of the victim’s unsworn statement via a question

- and

- answer format with trial counsel violates t he Rules for Courts

- Martial because it contravenes the principle that an unsworn victim statement belongs solely to the victim or the victim’s designee. Id. ( first citing United States v. Hamilton , 78 M.J. 335, 342 (C.A.A.F. 2019) ; and then citing Barker , 77 M.J. at 378). Historically, criminal trials have been an adversarial proceeding between two opposing parties

— the accused and the government. See Juan Cardenas, The Crime Victim in the Prosecutorial Process , 9 Harv. J. L. & Pub. Pol ’ y 357, 371 (1986) (noting that “ the American system of public prosecution was fairly well established by the time of the American Revolution ” ). More recently, Congress has changed the traditional paradigm by providing the victims of the accused’s crimes w ith limited authority to participate in the proceedings. See, e.g.
, Crime Victims ’ Rights Act, 18 U.S.C. § 3771 (2018) (establishing the rights of crime victims in federal courts); Article 6b, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 806b (2018) (establishing the rights of crime victims in the military justice system). In the military justice system, victims of certain sex

- related offenses and certain domestic violence offenses not only have limited rights to participate in the proceedings but may also be represented by a special victims’ counsel at government expense. Special victims counsel represent the victim’s interests instead of the government’s. See 10 U.S.C. § 1044e(c) (“ The relationship between a Special Victims ’ Counsel and a victim in the provision of legal advice and assistance shall be the relationship between an attorney and client. ”)

. Although the interests of victims and the government often align, we note that this is not always the case. See, e.g.
, United States v. Horne , 82 M.J. 283, 289

- 90 (C.A.A.F. 2022) (holding that trial counsel committed unlawful command influence whenUnited States v. Harrington , No. 22

- 0100/AF Opinion of the Court

17 she instructed investigators not to interview the victim’s husband at the special victims’ counsel’s request). Among the rights granted by Congress to victims of an offense in the milit ary justice system is “ [ t ] he right to be reasonably heard” at the court

- martial sentencing hearing related to that offense . Article 6b(a)(4) , UCMJ. In noncapital cases, the President has authorized a victim (or the victim’s lawful representative or designe e) to exercise that right by making “ a sworn statement, an unsworn statement, or both.” R.C.M. 1001(c)(2)(D)(ii). If a victim elects to make an unsworn statement

— as the parents of Appellant’s shooting victim did in this case

— the unsworn statement may be de livered orally, or in writing, or in a combination of both formats. R.C.M. 1001(c)(5)(A). The President has expressly authorized the victim’s counsel to deliver all orpart of the victim’s unsworn statement on behalf of the victim for good cause shown. R.C .M. 1001(c)(5)(B).

In Edwards , this Court reaffirmed the principle “that unsworn victim statements belong solely to the victim or the victim’s designee.” 82 M.J. at 24 6 (first citing Barker
, 77 M.J. at 378, and then citing Hamilton , 78 M.J. at 342). We exp lained that the government may not use unswornvictim statements to supplement its own sentencing arguments, nor may it misappropriate the victim’s statutory right to be heard. Id

. By participating in the delivery of the victim statements, the trial counse l in this case violated that principle.

The Government defends trial counsel’s actions in this

case as mere “facilitation,” and points out that the question

- and

- answer format did not involve the same level of government involvement as was present in Edward s

. Brief for Appellee at 42

- 43
, United States v. Harrington , No. 22

- 0100 (C.A.A.F. May 13, 2022) . In essence, the Government argues that instead of adopting a bright

- line rule forbidding any participation by trial counsel in the presentation of unsworn victim statements, we should allow some level of trial counsel assistance, especially when

— as was t he case here

— those speaking on behalf of the victim were notUnited States v. Harrington , No. 22

- 0100/AF Opinion of the Court

18 represented by a special victims’ counsel. We decline to adopt this approach for three reasons.First, as the military justice system proceeds into a future where multiple entities participate in courts

- martial proceedings

— including the accused, the government, and the victim

— we recognize the importance of maintaining the separate authorities of each as set out by Congress and the President . Unsworn victim statements are not sentencing evidence, b ut vindication of the victim’s statutory right to be reasonably heard. United States v. Tyler , 81 M.J. 108, 112 (C.A.A.F. 2021) ; Article 6b(a)(4)(B), UCMJ. Unsworn victim statements are not delivered under oath, the victim making the unsworn statement is n ot considered a “witness” for the purposes of Article 42(b), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 842(b), the victim may not be cross

- examined by either trial or defense counsel, and unsworn statements are not subject to the Military Rules of Evidence. Tyler , 81 M.J. at 112; R.C.M. 1001(c)(1), (c)(5)(A). Trial counsel’s participation in the presentation of the unsworn statement

— especially in a question

- and

- answer format that closely resembles the presentation of actual evidence during every other phase of the trial

— unnecessar ily blurs the distinction between actual sentencing evidence and the unsworn victim
statement. 11Second, the Government’s own statements to the military judge in response to defense counsel’s objection to the proposed format of the unsworn victim statement belie theGovernment’s argument here that trial counsel’s participation was mere “ facilitation .” T he Government defended the question

- and

- answer format specifically on the ground

11 The Government argues that Appellant waived any objection to the fact that the victim’s parents sat in the witness stand when they participated in the question

- and

- answer exchange with trial counsel. Appellant r aised a timely objection prior to the delivery of the unsworn victim statements to the question

and

- answer format proposed by the trial counsel. We find Appellant’s general objection to the format

— and the absence of any specific waiver related to the witne ss stand

— sufficient to allow us to consider this fact on appeal.United States v. Harrington , No. 22

- 0100/AF Opinion of the Court

19 that it gave trial counsel the ability to control the flow of the statement and prevent it from going outside the bounds permitted by the rules

. We take the Government at its word that it had laudable intentions

— preventing a potential violation of R.C.M. 1001(c)(3)’s limits on what may be included in an unsworn victim statement

— by adopting the question

- and

- answer format, but this approach still gave trial counsel influence over the substance of the statement. By ceding control of the victim statement to trial counsel, the military judge made it impossible for us to attribute these unsworn statements “solely to the victim[s].” Edwards , 82 M.J. at 246 ( first citing Barker , 77 M.J. at 378 ; and then citing Hamilton , 78 M.J. at 342). 12 Finally
, we disagree with the Government that Article 6b(a)(5), UCMJ, requires that trial counsel be allowed to engage the victim in a question

- and

- answer format to present an unsworn victim statement . This provision grants the victim “[t]he reasonable right to confer with the counsel representing the Government ” at several trial proceedings, i ncluding sentencing. Article 6b(a)(5), UCMJ.The Government reads this provision, alongside Article 6b(a)(4)’s granting of the right to be reasonably heard, to mean that trial counsel may “facilitate” the right to be reasonably heard through a question

- and

- answer format with trial counsel, if desired by the victim. Brief for Appellee at 45
, United States v. Harrington , No. 22

- 0100 (C.A.A.F. May 13, 2022)

. Th is argument stretches the meaning of “confer” too far. Given the absence of any suggestion in the Rul es for Courts

- Martial that trial counsel may participate in the delivery of an unsworn statement, and the presence of an express provision permitting “ the

12 We note that the Government is not powerless to prevent the victim from exceeding the limits of R.C.M. 1001(c)(3) even if trial counsel does not participate in the presentation of the unsworn victim statement. The Discussion to R.C.M. 1001(c)(5) expressly notes: “Upon objection by either party
, . . . a military judge may stop or interrupt a victim’s statement that includes matters outside the scope of R.C.M. 1001(c)(3).” (Emphasis added.)United States v. Harrington , No. 22

- 0100/AF Opinion of the Court

20 crime victim’s counsel, if any, to deliver all or part of the crime victim’s unsworn statement
, ” for good cause shown, R.C.M. 1001(c)(5)(B) , we believe that Article 6b(a)(5) simply grants the victim the right to seek the advice or opinion of trial counsel in preparation for making an unsworn statement. See Merriam

- Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary 260 (11th ed. 2020) ( c onfer: “to compare views or to take counsel”). Indeed, i t would be passing strange to read the Article 6(b) right to confer as providing trial counsel with the unconditional right to participate in the delivery of the unsworn statement when a victim’s own counsel cannot do so absent a showing of good cause. The righ t to confer does not, therefore, encompass a one

- sided exchange of questions for answers, given for the purpose of informing a separate listener. 13Trial counsel’s participation in the delivery of the victim’s unsworn statement via a question

- and

- answer formatviolates the principle that an unsworn victim statement belongs solely to the victim. We accordingly hold that the military judge abused his di scretion by permitting trial counsel and the victim’s parents to present the unsworn victim statements in this format. 14

D . Prejudice Having found an abuse of discretion in both the denial of the requested instruction on maximum punishments and in permitti ng the unsworn victim statements to be delivered through a question

- and

- answer format with trial

13 We also note that under R.C.M. 1001(c)(5)(B), the victim must prese nt a proffer of the unsworn statement to both defense counsel and trial counsel, further undermining the Government’s broad interpretation of the right to confer.

14 Appellant also argues that the question

- and

- answer format used in this case violated R.C.M. 1001(c)(5)(A)’s requirement that the victim’s unsworn statement “ be oral, written, or both .” Because we find that the military judge erred by allowing trial counsel to participate in the presentation of the unsworn statement, we need not and do not decide whether the question

and

- answer format exceeded the limits of R.C.M. 1001(c)(5)(A).United States v. Harrington , No. 22

- 0100/AF Opinion of the Court

21 counsel, we now turn to the question of prejudice. To determine prejudice when errors occur during sentencing, the fundamental question is “ ‘whether the error substantially influenced the adjudged sentence.’ ” Edwards , 82 M.J. at 246 (quoting Barker , 77 M.J. at 384). In the case at hand,given the presence of two separate errors during sentencing, we conclude that the Government failed to meet its burden of dem onstrating that the cumulative errors did not have a substantial influence on the adjudged sentence

. 1. Denial of the Requested InstructionTo evaluate prejudice when a military judge erroneously denies a requested instruction, this Court tests for harmles s error

. United States v. Rush , 54 M.J. 313, 315 (C.A.A.F. 2001) ; see also United States v. Miller
, 58 M.J. 266, 271 (C.A.A.F. 2003) ( characteriz ing its prejudice analysis simply as “ [h] armlessness” ). In the sentencing context, harmless error analysis requires the Court to determine whether the error “substantially influenced the sentenceproceedings” such that it led to the appellant’s sentence being unfairly imposed. Rush , 54 M.J. at 315

. The court

- martial convicted Appellant of four offenses that carried the following maximum sentences: involuntary manslaughter (ten years) , communicating a threat (three years)
, wrongful use of cocaine (three years) , and wrongful use of marijuana (two years)

. MCM pt . IV,
para. 44.e.(2), para. 110.e., para. 37.e.(1) (201 6 ed.)

. Appellant asserts that the “ severity of the drug and threat charges paled in comparison to the involuntary manslaughter charge, which from opening statement through findings was the indisputable focus of the Government’s

case. ” Brief for Appellant at 44, United States v. Harrington , No. 22

- 0100 (C.A.A.F. Apr. 13, 2022). Essentially, Appellant contends that the Government unfairly argued to the panel that Appellant should receive “at l east” fifteen years of confinement for the involuntary manslaughtercharge, even though the maximum punishment for involuntary manslaughter is only ten years. Appellant presented this concern to the military judgeUnited States v. Harrington , No. 22

- 0100/AF Opinion of the Court

22 when defense counsel requested a panel in struction articulating the maximum punishment for each offense. Defense counsel explained that Appellant was concerned that “the members could be under some type of false impression that they could adjudge [a] 15

- year sentence solely for [the involuntary m anslaughter charge]
, which under the law they could not do.” Transcript of Record at 113 1
, United States v. Harrington ( No. 22

- 0100). Appellant acknowledged that the panel could still be instructed that it was to adjudge a unitary sentence for all four of fenses, but he wanted the panel to understand that involuntary manslaughter, charged on its own, carried a maximum punishment of onlyten years and that the other ten years of possible confinement in his case were derived from the other offenses. Further r eview of the record of trial demonstrates that Appellant’s concerns were not unfounded.At various points in the Government’s sentencing argument, trial counsel connected its requested fifteen years of confinement to the involuntary manslaughter charge. Fo r example, after reminding the panel that Appellant shot the victim in the head, trial counsel stated, “ The next 15 years the [victim’s family] are going to have to live with this and that will never t ake it away, 15 years is not enough to take away that p ain. ” Transcript of Record at 1138, United States v. Harrington ( No. 22

- 0100). Later, trial counsel stated, “ The [victim’s family] will never see their son. In 15 years that’s not going to heal it but it’s a start. ” Id

. at 1144. And at the conclusion of th e Government’s argument, t rial counsel instruct ed the members to “think about [the shooting victim] when you go back there and we ask you that you give the accused a dishonorable discharge and at least 15 years in jail.” Id. at 1145

. In Appellant’s view, t he military judge’s denial of the requested instruction made it impossible for him to explain to the jury that

— contrary to the impression they might have received from trial counsel’s sentencing arguments

— the maximum penalty for involuntary manslaughter,

s tanding alone, is only ten years of confinement. Appellant argues that this substantially influenced the sentencingUnited States v. Harrington , No. 22

- 0100/AF Opinion of the Court

23 proceedings resulting in the panel unfairly sentencing him to fourteen years of confinement. The Government did not address prejudice in its brief, but a t oral argument the Government argued that Appellant was not prejudiced because his other offenses of conviction were themselves serious and because the sentence ultimately adjudged fell within the range permitted by the Manual. Oral Argument at 3 7:1 6

- 3 9:0 2
, United States v. Harrington (C.A.A.F. Oct. 26, 2022) ( No. 22

- 0100)

. Although these points are true, they do not persuade us that Appellant’s sentence was not substantially influenced by the military judge’s error.

The Gover nment conceded at oral argument that Appellant could not have lawfully informed the panel of the maximum punishment for involuntary manslaughter in his own sentencing argument. Oral Argument at 3 9: 06

- 3 9:1 4
, United States v. Harrington (C.A.A.F. Oct. 26, 20 22) ( No. 22

- 0100)

. Accordingly
, by denying Appellant ’s requested instruction, the military judge deprived Appellant of a powerful argument: that the President had deemed

even the worst involuntary manslaughters to warrant no more than ten years of confinem ent. Given the focus placedon the involuntary manslaughter conviction by the Government during sentencing and under the specific facts of this

case, we cannot be confident that the military judge’s denial of the requested instruction did not substantially influence the adjudged sentence.

2. Unsworn Victim Statement
When this Court finds error in the admission of sentencing matters, the test for prejudice is “ ‘ whether the error substantially influenced the adjudged sentence. ’ ” Edwards , 82 M.J. at 246 (quoting Barker , 77 M.J. at 384). The Government bears the burden of showing the error washarmless, but need not show harmlessness beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. Generally, this Court considers the four Barker factors in making this deter mination: “ ‘ (1) the strength of the Government ’ s case; (2) the strength of the defense case; (3) the materiality of the evidence in question;United States v. Harrington , No. 22

- 0100/AF Opinion of the Court

24 and (4) the quality of the evidence in question. ’ ” Id. at 247 (quoting Barker , 77 M.J. at 384)

. 15 We review thes e four factors de novo

. Id. at 247 n.5. Applying the Barker factors, the Government contends that Appellant was not prejudiced by the military judge’serror in allowing trial counsel to participate in the presentation of the unsworn victim statement. The G overnment asserts that its sentencing case was strong (Appellant killed a fellow servicemember by shooting him in the head, to say nothing of his other offenses) and the Appellant’scase was weak (consisting only of “generic” character letters from family and friends, some “basic” certificates, and an unsworn statement). Brief for Appellee at 54

- 55
, United States v. Harrington , No. 22

- 0100 (C.A.A.F. May 13, 2022)

. The Government further argues that the unsworn victim statement was neither material nor of hi gh quality because the trial counsel’s statements in the question

- and

- answer exchange with the victim’s parents were benign, and thatno part of the unsworn victim statements exceeded the substantive limits placed on the content of such statements by R.C.M

. 1001(c). All of this is true. But none of these factorsaddress the primary problem: that trial counsel’s participation in the presentation of the unsworn victim statementblurred the important distinction between sentencing evidence presented by the Government an d nonevidentiary sentencing matters presented by the victim.

At courts

- martial, panel members must sentence the accused based solely on the facts in evidence and the

15 Although we apply the Barker factors in this case, we note our concern that the Barker factors may not allow this Court toadequately assess the prejudice arising from the erroneous admission of sentencing evidence or victim impact statements. See Edwards , 82 M.J. at 247 (describing the difficulties of applying the Barker factors in the sen tencing context). In an appropriate case, the Court would be open to considering whether the Barker factors should be augmented, or whether they should be replaced by a different analytical standard, when determining whether such errors substantially influ enced the adjudged sentence

.United States v. Harrington , No. 22

- 0100/AF Opinion of the Court

25 military judge’s instructions. United States v. Frey , 73 M.J. 245, 250 (C.A.A.F. 2014) ; se e also R.C.M. 502(a)(2) (“ the members shall determine an appropriate sentence, based on the evidence and in accordance with the instructions of the m ilitary judge ”)

. As noted above, unsworn victim statements are not evidence, but instead fall into the

sepa rate category of “sentencing matters” that the Rules for Courts

- Martial permit to be presented during sentencing. Tyler , 81 M.J. at 112

- 13. The M ilitary J udges’ Benchbook provides the following standard instruction (which was given in this case ) to advise panels on how they should treat unsworn statements: The weight and significance to be attached to anunsworn statement rests within the sound discretion of each court member. You may consider thatthe statement is not under oath, its inherent probability o r improbability, whether it is supported or contradicted by evidence in the case, as well as any other matter that may have a bearing upon its credibility. Dep’t of the Army, Pam. 27

- 9, Legal Services, Military Judges’ Benchbook ch. 2, § V, para. 2

- 6

- 11 (2 020).In this case, the military judge not only erred by allowing trial counsel and the victim’s parents to present their unsworn victim statements in a question

- and

- answer format, but he also permitted those statements to be given from the witness stand. This means of presenting the unsworn victim statements mimicked the presentation of actual sworn testimony that the panel members would haveexperienced during the rest of the trial, raising the potential for confusion among the members about the status of the statements. Although this potential confusion might not have prejudiced Appellant on its own, the cumulative effect of this error

— combined with the prejudice caused bythe military judge’s erroneous denial of the requested sentencing instruction

— leads us to conclude that the Government failed to meet its burden of demonstrating that the cumulative errors did not have a substantial influence on the adjudged sentence.United States v. Harrington , No. 22

- 0100/AF Opinion of the Court

26 III

. Conclusion
The decision of the United States Air Force Court of Criminal Appeals is affirmed with respect to the findingsbut reversed with respect to the sentence. The case is returned to the Judge Advocate General of the Air Force for remand to the Court of Crimina l Appeals to either reassessthe sentence based on the affirmed findings or order a sentence rehearing.United States v. Harrington , No. 22

- 0 100 /A F

Judge MAGGS, concurring in part and dissenting in part.
For the reasons that I explain below, I would answer the first assigned issue in the affirmative and would answer the second and third assigned issues in the negative . I therefore would affirm the judgment of the United States Air Force Court of Criminal Appeals. U nited States v. Harrington , No. ACM 39825, 2021 CCA LEXIS 524, at *4, 2021 WL 4807174, at *2 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. Oct. 14, 2021) (unpublished) (affirming the findings and sentence in this case )

. Accordingly, while I concur in the Court’s decision to affirm the findings in this case, I respectfully dissent from the Court’s decision to set aside the sentence and to remand the case either for a reassessment of the sentence or for a rehearing on the sentence.
I. Legal S ufficiency

A ddressing the first assigned i ssue , the Court holds that the evidence was legal ly s ufficient for finding Appellant guilty of communicating a threat in violation of Article 134, Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), 10 U.S.C. § 934 (2012)

. I

concur with the Court’s analysis and conclusion. I therefore join part II.A. of the Court’s opinion.
II. Sentencing Instruction

A ddressing the second assigned iss ue , the Court holds that the military judge abused his discretion in denying Appellant’s request for an instruction on the maximum punishment for each of the offense s of which he was found guilty because t he military judge denied the request based on an incorrect understanding of the law

. The Court further holds that this error prejudiced Appellant. I agree in part and disagree in part. In my view, the military judge misunderstood the law
, but his error did not prejudice Appellant. At trial, Appellant requested an instruction informing the members of the maximum possible punishment for each offens e of which he was found guilty

. The military judge , however, declined to provide the instruction that Appellant requested

. T he military judge believe d that the requested instruction was impermissible, stating that “[m]embers are never instructed on what a specificUnited States v . Harrington

, No. 22

- 0 100 /A F Judge MAGGS concurring in part and dissenting in part

2 maximum punishment is for each individual offense.” But

a s the Court properly explains, this Court’s precedent says otherwise. T his Court he ld in United States v. Gutierrez

, 11 M.J. 122, 124 (C.M.A. 1981)
, that a military judge has discretion to instruct the members on the maximum punishments authorized for each offense in addition to the maximum total punishment. The Court holds that the military judge abused his discretion in denying Appellant’s request because the military judge’s understanding of the law w as

erroneous. Having found an abuse of discretion, t he Court then determines that relief is warranted because the Court

cann ot be confident that the military judge’s denial of the requested instruction did not substantially influence the adjudged sentence. In my view, the Court’s prejudice analysis omit s an important step

. Before addressing the question of whether the requested instruction might have substantially influenced the sentence if it had been given
, we first must consider whether the military judg e would have provided the instruction if he had properly understood the law

. For if we

are confident that the military judge would not have provided the instruction (a nd that he was not required to provide the instruction ), t hen we can also be confident that the military judge’s misunderstanding of the law did not “substantially influence[] the sentence proceedings.” United States v. Rush
, 54 M.J. 313, 315 (C.A.A.F. 2001)

. In rejecting Appellant’s request, the military judge explained :
What t he law allows for [the members] to consider is an appropriate punishment that they believe is appropriate at the time that it’s adjudged thatfalls underneath the maximum punishment authorized by law. There’s no requirement that I’m aware of in the law tha t the members must give more weight to one offense over another offense or less weight to one offense over another offense simply based on a maximum punishment theory. Members are never instructed on what a specific maximum punishment is for each individua l offense. It’s under our unitary principle. They’reUnited States v . Harrington

, No. 22

- 0 100 /A F Judge MAGGS concurring in part and dissenting in part

3 always just told here’s the maximum and they are at liberty to decide that either the maximum or nopunishment is appropriate in light of all of the offenses in the case. And, so, the court is loathe [] t o give them any kind of direction that interferes with their ability, their independent ability, to d ecide an appropriate sentence in this case based on their interpretation of the evidence, matters in aggravation and the matters in mitigation, as long

as that sentence falls underneath the maximum punishment. That’s what the law allows them to do and

. . . a gain, there’s no requirement to clarifyfor them what maximum punishments are authorized for what offenses.
This explanation reveals that the military j udge’s mistaken belief that the “[m]embers are never instructed onwhat a specific maximum punishment is for each individual offense” was not the only reason that he denied the requested instruction. The military judge expressed three other reasons. First, the military judge was concerned that the requested instruction might cause “the members [to] give more weight to one offense over another offense or less weight to one offense over another offense simply based on a maximum punishment theory.” Second
, the military judge underst ood that “there’s no requirement to clarify for [the members] what maximum punishments are authorized for what offenses.” (Emphasis added.) Third
, the military judge believed that the instruction would “interfere[] with [the members’] ability, their independent ability, to decide an appropriate sentence in this case based on their interpretation of the evidence, matters in aggravation andthe matters in mitigation, as long as that sentence falls underneath the maximum punishme nt.” B ecause the military judge stated these three additional reasons for denying the requested instruction , I am confident that the military judge would not have g iven the instruction even if he had
not been mistaken about his discretion to provide it

. I further do not believe that in such circumstance s the military judge would have abused his discretion by not providing the instruction. The military judge understood defense counsel ’s reason for seeking the instruction :United States v . Harrington

, No. 22

- 0 100 /A F Judge MAGGS concurring in part and dissenting in part

4 defense counsel did not want the pan el to give too much weight to the manslaughter offense

. But the military judge believed that this consideration was outweighed by the other considerations
, which the military judge clearly articulated on the record. This decision, in my view, fell well wit hin the military judge’s range of reasonable choices. My reasoning here is similar to the reason ing that the Court used in United States v. Rasnick , 58 M.J. 9 (C.A.A.F. 2003) . In that ca s e , the military judge declined to give a permissible sentencing instruction because he mistakenly believed that the instruction was impermissible. Id. at 10. This was an abuse of discretion because the military judge misunderstood the law. Id. But e ven so, the Court denied relief because it concluded that the instruction was not required under the circumstances, even though it was permissible. Id. The Court therefore did not reach the questionof whether the result might have been different if the instructio n had been given.

The same is true here. Even if the military judge had believe d that the requested instruction was permissible , he would not have given it
, and his decision not to give it would not have been an abuse of discretion. Accordingly, no prejudi ce occur red

. II I. Unsworn Crime Victim Statement s Addressing the third assigned issue , the Court holds that the military judge erred in two ways. One was by allowing the victim’s parents to make their unsworn crime victim statements from the witness stand . The other was by allowing them to present their crime victim statements in a quest ion

and

- answer format with trial counsel asking the m the questions . The Court further determines that these errors prejudiced Appellant. In my view, the military judge in this case did not abuse his discretion by allowing the victim’s parents to present their unsworn statements from the witness stand for several related reasons. First, the Rules for Court s

- Martial (R.C.M.) contain no express prohibition against making u nsworn statements from the witness stand. If a crime victimUnited States v . Harrington

, No. 22

- 0 100 /A F Judge MAGGS concurring in part and dissenting in part

5 chooses to exercise his or her right to be heard a t sentencing by making an unsworn statement
, R.C.M. 1001(c)(1) simply provides that “the crime victim shall be called by the court

- martial.” T he r ule says nothing about the location in the courtroom from which the crime victim , when called, shall make the statement. Second, R.C.M. 1001(c)(1) expressly protects a crime victim ’s “right to be reasonably heard.” The military judge, in his discretion, could reasonably conclude that the witness stand was a proper place in the courtroom for the victim ’ s parent s to give their statement s because it was a place from which they could b e conveniently seen and heard by the members, by the mil itary judge, by the court

- reporter, by the accused, by the trial and defense counsel, and by those in the courtroom gallery. Third, throughout the long history of the military justice system under the Uniform Code of Military Ju stice , accused have made uns worn statements from the witness stand, and no cases have said that this practice is improper

. See John S. Reid, Undoing the Unsworn: The Unsworn Statement ’ s History and A Way Forward , 79 A.F. L. Rev. 121, 157 (2018) (noting that it is “ common ” for the accused to “ give an unsworn statement from the witness stand, often in a question

- and

- answer format with their defense attorney ” and that “ [m]ilitary appellate courts have not provided c ase law on whether a judge may disallow such a practice ” )

. I see no strong reason that victims cannot also follow this practice. Fourth, a victim usually does not have the option of making an unsworn statement from a table because , unlike an accused who so metimes speak s from the trial defense counsel ’s table, courtrooms typically do not have tables for victim’s counsel. Finally, the military judge in this case took a reasonable step to prevent any possible confusion about the distinction between a sworn and unsworn statement by providing the following instruction to the members: Members of the Court, at this time you will hear some unsworn statements from individuals that are identified as victims of the crime. I want to read you a brief instruction though a s to how you can consider these particular statements. AnUnited States v . Harrington

, No. 22

- 0 100 /A F Judge MAGGS concurring in part and dissenting in part

6 unsworn statement is an authorized means for [a] victim to bring information to the attention of thecourt and must be given appropriate consideration. The victim cannot be cross

- examined by the
pro secution or defense or interrogated by court members, or me, upon an unsworn statement but the parties may offer evidence to rebut statements of fact contained in it. The weight and significance to be attached to an unsworn statement rests within the sound discretion of each court member. You may consider that the statement is not under oath, its inherent probability or improbability,whether it is supported or contradicted by evidence in the case, as well as any other matter that may have a bearing upon it s credibility. In weighing an unsworn statement, you are expected to use your common sense and your knowledge of human nature and the ways of the world. In addition, i n my view, the military judge also did not abuse his discretion in allowing the victim’s parents to present their unsworn statements by answering questions asked by trial counsel. R.C.M. 1001 (c)(5) (A) places only three restrictions on questioning a crime victim when the crime victim makes an unsworn statement : (1) the crime victim

“ may not be cross

- examined by trial counsel ” ; (2) the crime victim “ may not be cross

- examined by

. . . defense counsel ; and (3) the crime victim “ may not be

. . . examined upon [the

unsworn statement] by the court

- martial. ” (Emphasis adde d.) None of th e se three restrictions was violated . Restriction s (2) and (3) do not concern trial counsel, and restriction (1) prohibits only cross

- examination by trial counsel. Cross

examination is the “questioning of a witness at a trial or hearing by the party opposed to the party in whose favor the witness has testified.” Black’s Law Dictionary 474 ( 11th ed. 2019)

. If the crime victim voluntarily decides to present the

unsworn statement in a question

- and

- answer format, I can see no way to construe that a s being “cross

- exam ined by trial counsel .” That said, i f the President desires to prevent all question ing of the crime victim, the President could easily replace the current ban on “cross

- examination” by trial counsel with a broader ban on any “examination” by trialUnited States v . Harrington

, No. 22

- 0 100 /A F Judge MAGGS concurring in part and dissenting in part

7 counsel

— as the President already has done by prohibit ing any examination by the court

- martial.

And as mentioned previously, R.C.M. 1001(c)(1) protects the victim’s right to be reasonably heard. In my view,
t he military judge properly exercised his discretion in conclud ing that a question

- and

- answer format was one way to effectuate this right in this case. T he military judge explained on the record that a question

- and

- answer format was not contrary to R.C.M. 1001(c) and that this forma t “provides a greater sense of control in the sense that the government can control the questions, raise and reorient

. . . the individual providing the unsworn statement” to ensure the statement covered only permissible subject s

. The Court cites the princ iple that “ an unsworn victim statement belongs solely to the victim. ” I agree that trial counsel cannot make the crime victim’s statement for the victim in the way that R.C.M. 1001(d)(2)(C) allows defense counsel to make an unsworn statement on behalf of t he accused. “[T]he right to make an unsworn victim statement belongs solely to the victim or to the victim’s designee and not to trial counsel.” United States v. Edwards , 82 M.J. 239, 245 (C.A.A.F. 2022). But when reviewing the participation of trial couns el in the unsworn statement of a crime victim the question is “to whom should we attribute [the] message?” Id

. at 246.

The clear answer in this case is the victim ’ s parents

. Trial counsel solicited the statements of the victim’s parents with broad, open

- ended questions: “How did Marcus feel about being stationed so close to home?” “How did you learn about the incident involving Marcus on 5 July?” “ Has your family dynamic changed since Marcus hasn’t been there ?” Trial counsel’s open

- ended question s often prompted length y responses from the victim ’ s parents . No one could reasonably attribute the responses of the victim’s parents to trial counsel

. Finally, t his case is distinguishable from Edwards

. In that case , trial counsel helped crime vi ctims to make a video that contained pictures and music, thus violating theUnited States v . Harrington

, No. 22

- 0 100 /A F Judge MAGGS concurring in part and dissenting in part

8 express re quirement in R.C.M. 1001(c)(5)(A) that a victim impact statement m ust be only “ oral or written .” 82 M.J. at 244 ( internal quotation marks omitted) . It is true that in Edwards “t he video also included two clips of the victim ’ s parents answering questions .” Id. at 242. But th e inclusion of these questions was not one of the grounds on which thisCourt held that the unsworn victim statement was imprope r.

I V

. Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, unlike the Court, I would not set aside the sentence in this case . I therefore would affirmthe decision of the United States Air Force Court of Criminal Appeals.