DA 11-0658

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA

2012 MT 307

STATE OF MONTANA,

 Plaintiff and Appellee,

 v.

JOSEPH WILLIAM GEREN, SR.,

 Defendant and Appellant.

APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Sixth Judicial District,

In and For the County of Park, Cause No. DC 09-102

Honorable Wm. Nels Swandal, Presiding Judge

COUNSEL OF RECORD:

For Appellant:

Kevin S. Brown, Paoli & Brown, P.C., Livingston, Montana

For Appellee:

Steve Bullock, Montana Attorney General, Tammy K Plubell, Assistant

Attorney General, Helena, Montana

Brett D. Linneweber, Park County Attorney, Livingston, Montana

Submitted on Briefs: August 22, 2012

 Decided: December 26, 2012

Filed:

__________________________________________

Clerk

December 26 2012
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Justice James C. Nelson delivered the Opinion of the Court.

¶1 Joseph Geren appeals his conviction in the District Court for the Sixth Judicial 

District, Park County, of ten felony sexual offenses. We affirm. 

¶2 Geren raises three issues on appeal which we have restated as follows:

¶3 1. Whether the District Court abused its discretion when it failed to conduct a 

hearing on Geren’s allegations that some jurors slept through critical portions of the trial 

testimony. 

¶4 2. Whether Geren was subjected to double jeopardy when he was convicted of 

both incest and attempted incest arising out of what he asserts was a single transaction.

¶5 3. Whether the District Court committed structural error when it failed to arraign 

Geren on an amended charge.

Factual and Procedural Background

¶6 On March 31, 2011, a jury found Geren guilty of one count of Incest and one 

count of Attempted Incest involving his daughter, T.G.; four counts of Incest and one 

count of Sexual Intercourse Without Consent involving his step-daughter, K.D.; and two 

counts of Sexual Intercourse Without Consent and one count of Attempted Sexual 

Intercourse Without Consent involving his sister-in-law, S.H.

¶7 T.G. was 16 years old when the offenses in question occurred. At that time, she 

was living with Geren, her stepmother, her stepsister K.D. who was also 16 years old, and 

two younger siblings. T.G. testified at trial that she and Geren went out hunting on a 

Saturday afternoon in late November 2009. While they were driving in his truck, Geren 

told T.G. that her mother had told him that she had fantasies about Geren and T.G. having 
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sex. As a result, Geren said he dreamed about having sex with T.G. T.G. testified that 

this discussion “weirded” T.G. out, but she tried to act normal.

¶8 T.G. further testified that later, as Geren and T.G. were hunting, Geren reached 

behind T.G., grabbed her on her butt, and asked her to kiss him. T.G. pushed him off, 

told him to kiss himself, and got back in the truck. Geren also got in the truck. He told 

T.G. that he wanted to “make out” with her. He grabbed T.G. by the arms and forced his 

tongue into her mouth. T.G. kept telling him it was “weird,” but Geren told her it was not 

and that “the father/daughter thing is just a label.” Geren stuck his hand down T.G.’s 

shirt, inside her bra, and touched her breast. Geren then removed his hand from her 

breast and tried to touch her on the outside of her pants in the front. When T.G. said she 

was having her period, Geren backed off. 

¶9 T.G. stated that, sometime later, Geren asked her if he could “go down” on her and 

if she would “go down” on him. Geren said it would not take him long because he was 

“ready.” Geren repeatedly asked T.G. to have oral sex with him, tried to kiss her, and 

tried to put his hand down her pants. T.G. kept protesting that it was not right and that 

Geren should take her home. Finally, T.G. told Geren that it was getting dark and that 

Geren’s wife (T.G.’s stepmother) would be wondering why they were not home. While 

Geren was driving T.G. home, he told her that she did not need to tell anybody about 

what happened, that if she wanted to do it again he would “take care” of it, and that she 

could have unrestricted freedom on the weekends if she complied with his requests. 

¶10 The following day, T.G.’s family had a gathering to celebrate her little brother’s 

birthday. S.H., the 16-year-old sister of T.G.’s stepmother, attended the party. At one 
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point during the party, T.G. and S.H. went inside the shed near T.G.’s house, and T.G. 

told S.H. what Geren had done. S.H. expressed her surprise that Geren would do that to 

his own daughter. S.H. then confessed to T.G. that one day when S.H. was home sick 

from school, Geren showed up at S.H.’s house and raped S.H. T.G. begged S.H. not to

tell anyone about their conversation. 

¶11 A few days after S.H. and T.G. confided in each other, S.H. told her parents and 

her twin sister, A.H., that both S.H. and T.G. had been sexually assaulted by Geren. The 

next day at school, A.H. convinced T.G. to talk with the school counselor, Katey 

Franklin. After relating her encounter with Geren to Franklin, T.G asked to speak with 

her step-sister, K.D., so Franklin brought K.D. to her office. When T.G. explained to 

K.D. what was happening, K.D. disclosed that Geren had been sexually abusing her as 

well. 

¶12 K.D. related to Franklin and also testified at trial that Geren made her give him 

“blow jobs” and “hand jobs.” K.D. testified that sometimes Geren put his mouth on her 

vaginal area or put his fingers inside her vagina. K.D. could not recall exactly how many 

times this happened, but that it happened at least weekly and continued over several 

months. 

¶13 While K.D., T.G. and A.H. were in Franklin’s office, S.H. went looking for her 

sister. When she found A.H. in Franklin’s office and learned what was happening, S.H. 

disclosed to Franklin that she too had been sexually abused by Geren. 

¶14 At trial, S.H. recalled four instances when Geren subjected her to sexual abuse. 

On the first occasion, Geren was helping S.H. and her father paint S.H.’s room. S.H. 
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testified that when her father left to buy more paint, Geren forced S.H. to perform oral 

sex on him. She said that Geren ejaculated, and when he was finished, S.H. went into the 

bathroom and cried. On the second occasion, Geren showed up at S.H.’s house when 

S.H. was home alone. Geren took S.H. into her bedroom, forced S.H. to undress, and had 

vaginal intercourse with her. He then ejaculated on S.H.’s bed. On the third occasion, 

Geren, T.G., and S.H. were supposed to go hunting together, but T.G. decided not go. 

While alone with S.H., Geren forced her to engage in oral sex. On the fourth occasion, 

S.H. and A.H. were spending the night with T.G. and K.D. The next morning everyone 

except Geren left the house to visit another family member without awakening S.H. 

After everyone else left, Geren went to where S.H. was sleeping and forced her to 

perform oral sex on him. 

¶15 S.H. further testified that Geren threatened that if she told anyone about these 

incidents, he would tell her parents about the older boy she was dating without her 

parents’ knowledge or approval. S.H. estimated that Geren attempted to have oral sex 

with her on at least 15 other occasions, and that he would repeatedly unbutton her shirt 

and try to touch the private parts of her body. 

¶16 On December 2, 2009, Detective Tony Steffins with the Park County Sheriff’s 

Office conducted an interview with Geren. During this interview, which Detective 

Steffins recorded, Geren initially denied having any sexual contact with T.G., S.H., or 

K.D. Instead, Geren speculated that S.H. had made the accusations against him because 

he had threatened to tell her parents about the older boy she was dating. He also 

speculated that T.G. and K.D. made allegations against him because he is strict and runs a 
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“tight ship.” However, later in the interview, Geren admitted that he had sexual contact 

with all three girls. 

¶17 Geren was originally charged by Information on December 16, 2009, with two 

counts of Sexual Assault and one count of Sexual Intercourse Without Consent. On 

November 8, 2010, the State filed an Amended Information charging Geren with five 

counts of Incest, two counts of Sexual Intercourse Without Consent, two counts of Sexual 

Assault, and one count of Attempted Incest. On November 22, 2010, the State filed a 

Second Amended Information wherein the two counts of Sexual Assault were changed to 

two additional counts of Sexual Intercourse Without Consent. The State filed a Third 

Amended Information on February 17, 2011, clarifying the specific subsections of each 

statute that Geren allegedly violated on all ten counts charged. Geren was arraigned on 

the Third Amended Information on March 7, 2011. He pled not guilty to all ten counts.

¶18 A jury trial commenced on March 28, 2011. On the third day of trial, the State 

moved to amend one of the ten counts from Sexual Intercourse Without Consent to 

Attempted Sexual Intercourse Without Consent. The District Court granted the State’s 

motion over Geren’s objection.

¶19 At the close of the State’s case, Geren moved to dismiss the charge of Attempted 

Incest involving T.G. Geren argued that if the jury convicted him of both Incest and 

Attempted Incest for the incidents with T.G., he would be subjected to double 

punishment for the same conduct because the attempt to commit incest is included in the 

offense of incest. The court indicated that if the jury convicted Geren of both offenses, it 

would consider his argument. 
7

¶20 Geren testified in his own defense at trial and denied having sexual contact with 

any of the girls. He claimed that he admitted to the offenses in his interview with 

Detective Steffins because he was scared and he wanted the interview to be over.

¶21 On March 31, 2011, the jury found Geren guilty on all ten counts. After the jury’s 

verdict, Geren filed a motion for a new trial arguing, among other things, that his 

convictions for Incest and for Attempted Incest violated his right against double jeopardy 

because Attempted Incest is a lesser included offense of Incest. Geren further argued in 

his motion that a new trial was necessary because several jurors may have been asleep 

during critical portions of the trial testimony. 

¶22 The District Court denied Geren’s motion noting that it had not noticed any juror 

sleeping as Geren alleged, and that Geren’s convictions for both Incest and Attempted 

Incest did not violate double jeopardy principles. On September 6, 2011, the Court 

sentenced Geren to Montana State Prison for 15 years, with five years suspended, on each 

count. The court ordered that the sentences were to run consecutively. Geren now 

appeals the District Court’s judgment and sentence.

Standard of Review

¶23 This Court reviews a district court’s grant or denial of a motion for a new trial for 

an abuse of discretion. State v. Parrish, 2010 MT 212, ¶ 14, 357 Mont. 477, 241 P.3d 

1041 (citing State v. Clark, 2008 MT 391, ¶ 20, 347 Mont. 113, 197 P.3d 977). In order 

to establish that the court abused its discretion, a defendant must demonstrate that the 

court acted arbitrarily without conscientious judgment or exceeded the bounds of reason 

and, further, that the court’s abuse of discretion was prejudicial. State v. Ariegwe, 2007 
8

MT 204, ¶ 164, 338 Mont. 442, 167 P.3d 815 (citing State v. Price, 2006 MT 79, ¶ 17, 

331 Mont. 502, 134 P.3d 45; § 46-20-701(1), MCA). We also review a district court’s 

decision on whether to allow the amendment of an information for an abuse of discretion. 

State v. Scheffer, 2010 MT 73, ¶ 34, 355 Mont. 523, 230 P.3d 462 (citing State v. Wilson,

2007 MT 327, ¶ 19, 340 Mont. 191, 172 P.3d 1264).

¶24 In addition, determinations regarding double jeopardy protections under 

§ 46-11-410, MCA, present questions of law that we review for correctness. State v. 

Williams, 2010 MT 58, ¶ 13, 355 Mont. 354, 228 P.3d 1127 (citing State v. Becker, 2005 

MT 75, ¶ 14, 326 Mont. 364, 110 P.3d 1).

Issue 1.

¶25 Whether the District Court abused its discretion when it failed to conduct a 

hearing on Geren’s allegations that some jurors slept through critical portions of 

the trial testimony. 

¶26 Geren alleged in his Motion for New Trial that one or more jurors slept while he 

was testifying, and that he could produce witnesses to that fact. He asserts on appeal that 

the District Court should have conducted a hearing into his allegations, and that the court 

erred in failing to do so.

¶27 The State argues that the District Court properly exercised its discretion when it 

denied Geren’s Motion for a New Trial without a hearing because Geren made only 

cursory allegations and did not identify the jurors, the witnesses, or why he did not bring 

this to the court’s attention at the time of trial.

¶28 The Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments of the United States Constitution 

guarantee that criminal defendants receive a “fair trial by a panel of impartial, indifferent 
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jurors.” State v. Kingman, 2011 MT 269, ¶ 18, 362 Mont. 330, 264 P.3d 1104 (quoting

Hayes v. Ayers, 632 F.3d 500, 507 (9th Cir. 2011)). Similarly, the Montana Constitution 

guarantees that in all criminal prosecutions, the accused has a fundamental right to a 

public and fair trial by an impartial jury. Woirhaye v. Montana Fourth Jud. Dist. Ct., 

1998 MT 320, ¶¶ 11, 16, 292 Mont. 185, 972 P.2d 800 (citing Mont. Const. art. II, §§ 24,

26). The question of whether a defendant ultimately received a fair trial in accordance 

with due process is a question over which this Court exercises plenary review. Kingman, 

¶ 38. 

¶29 Section 46-16-702(1), MCA, provides that “[a] new trial may be ordered by the 

court without a motion or may be granted after motion and hearing.” In addition, 

§ 46-16-702(3), MCA, provides:

On hearing the motion for a new trial, if justified by law and the 

weight of the evidence, the court may:

(a) deny the motion; 

(b) grant a new trial; or 

(c) modify or change the verdict or finding by finding the defendant 

guilty of a lesser included offense or finding the defendant not guilty. 

¶30 Geren interprets the above language to mean that a district court must always 

conduct a hearing on a motion for a new trial regardless of the claims raised or the 

evidence presented to support the motion. However, our case law does not support 

Geren’s interpretation of these statutes. In State v. Billedeaux, 2001 MT 9, 304 Mont. 89, 

18 P.3d 990, and in State v. Ariegwe, 2007 MT 204, 338 Mont. 442, 167 P.3d 815, the 

district court in each case denied the defendant’s motion for a new trial without 

conducting a hearing. 
10

¶31 In Billedeaux, the defendant claimed in his motion for a new trial that the court 

failed to properly instruct the jury on a lesser included offense; allowed the jury to use a 

flawed verdict form; and failed to grant the defendant’s motion to dismiss for lack of 

sufficient evidence at the close of the State’s case. The district court denied the 

defendant’s motion for a new trial after briefing from both parties, but without 

conducting a hearing. Billedeaux, ¶ 22. On appeal, this Court held that the district court 

did not abuse its discretion in denying defendant’s motion. Billedeaux, ¶ 28. 

¶32 In Ariegwe, the defendant claimed in his motion for a new trial that the 

prosecutor’s inaccurate representations of certain scientific evidence during closing 

arguments had denied the defendant a fair and impartial trial. Ariegwe, ¶ 157. Although 

the district court agreed that the prosecutor had made improper and inaccurate statements 

in its closing, the court denied defendant’s motion without conducting a hearing. The 

court noted that it had given a curative instruction and that the defendant had not 

requested any further clarification or curative instructions. Ariegwe, ¶ 163. On appeal, 

we determined that the error was contemporaneously cured by the court’s curative 

instruction, and that the defendant had not demonstrated that the court acted arbitrarily 

without conscientious judgment or exceeded the bounds of reason in denying the 

defendant’s motion for a new trial. Ariegwe, ¶ 168. 

¶33 In its order denying Geren’s motion for a new trial in this case, the District Court

stated that, as part of its duties, it “tries to carefully monitor the jury during the trial.” 

The court further stated:
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At no time did the Court ever notice any juror “sleeping” or “dozing.” 

There can be many reasons why a juror may have closed his or her eyes for 

a short time. The defendant testified early in the afternoon and closing 

statements were done in mid-afternoon. The Court did not keep the jury 

late, did not start Court until 9:00 a.m., and took several recesses during the 

day. It did not appear that any juror was tired by their service.

¶34 The State maintains that Geren raised for the first time, through a motion for a new 

trial, “a cursory allegation that ‘several jurors’ may have slept during parts of his 

testimony.” In addition, the State claimed in its brief on appeal, that Geren made “very 

general allegation[s] of what he might be able to show from unidentified witnesses about 

an unidentified juror or jurors.” 

¶35 Contrary to the State’s contentions, while Geren did not identify in his Motion for 

New Trial either the jurors allegedly sleeping or the individuals who allegedly witnessed 

them sleeping, Geren did identify by name in a footnote in his reply brief in support of 

his Motion for New Trial, one juror who he claimed “was seen to have her eyes closed” 

and three individuals who he claimed observed jurors sleeping. However, Geren did not 

identify how the matter came to his attention, or why he did not bring this matter to the 

District Court’s attention at the time of trial. 

¶36 A district court’s discretion to grant or deny a motion for a new trial must include 

the discretion to set the motion for a hearing or to decide the motion on the arguments 

presented through briefing. In order to establish that the District Court abused its 

discretion in this case, Geren must demonstrate that the court acted arbitrarily without 

conscientious judgment or exceeded the bounds of reason, and that the court’s abuse of 

discretion was prejudicial. Ariegwe, ¶ 164. Geren has made no such showing here. 
12

¶37 Geren’s allegations were inconsistent with the District Court’s own personal 

observations. In its order denying Geren’s motion, the District Court stated that “[a]t no 

time did the Court ever notice any juror ‘sleeping’ or ‘dozing.’ ” The court also pointed 

out that “[t]here can be many reasons why a juror may have closed his or her eyes for a 

short time.” The trial judge, having been present throughout the course of the trial and 

having observed the jurors firsthand, is in a better position than we are to determine the 

validity of Geren’s allegations. 

¶38 Accordingly, we hold that the District Court did not abuse its discretion when it 

did not conduct a hearing on Geren’s posttrial allegations that some jurors slept through 

critical portions of the trial testimony.

Issue 2.

¶39 Whether Geren was subjected to double jeopardy when he was convicted of both 

incest and attempted incest arising out of what he asserts was a single transaction.

¶40 Geren argues on appeal that his convictions for both Incest and Attempted Incest 

involving his daughter, T.G., subjected him to double jeopardy because both counts arose 

from the same transaction. Geren’s argument is premised on the theory that anything that 

happened from the time he and T.G. left the house to go hunting until the time they 

returned home constituted the same transaction. In addition, Geren maintains that 

pursuant to § 46-11-410(2), MCA, a defendant may not be convicted of more than one 

offense if one offense is included in the other. 

¶41 Section 46-11-410, MCA, the statute Geren relies on, provides in its entirety:
13

Multiple charges. (1) When the same transaction may establish the 

commission of more than one offense, a person charged with the conduct 

may be prosecuted for each offense.

(2) A defendant may not, however, be convicted of more than one 

offense if:

(a) one offense is included in the other;

(b) one offense consists only of a conspiracy or other form of 

preparation to commit the other;

(c) inconsistent findings of fact are required to establish the 

commission of the offenses;

(d) the offenses differ only in that one is defined to prohibit a 

specific instance of the conduct; or

(e) the offense is defined to prohibit a continuing course of conduct 

and the defendant’s course of conduct was interrupted, unless the law 

provides that the specific periods of the conduct constitute separate 

offenses. [Emphasis added.]

¶42 Thus, Geren is correct that a defendant may not be convicted of more than one 

offense involving the same transaction if one offense is included in the other. Geren is 

also correct that attempted incest is a lesser included offense of incest. To that end, 

§ 46-1-202, MCA, provides:

(9) “Included offense” means an offense that:

(a) is established by proof of the same or less than all the facts 

required to establish the commission of the offense charged;

(b) consists of an attempt to commit the offense charged or to 

commit an offense otherwise included in the offense charged; or

(c) differs from the offense charged only in the respect that a less 

serious injury or risk to the same person, property, or public interest or a 

lesser kind of culpability suffices to establish its commission. [Emphasis 

added.]

¶43 The fallacy in Geren’s argument is that his convictions for Incest and for 

Attempted Incest involving T.G. were not based on the same transaction. Rather, they 

were based on two distinct transactions that occurred during the hunting trip. 
14

Consequently, Geren’s convictions on these two offenses did not violate double jeopardy 

principles. The phrase “same transaction” is defined in § 46-1-209, MCA, as follows:

(23) “Same transaction” means conduct consisting of a series of acts 

or omissions that are motivated by:

(a) a purpose to accomplish a criminal objective and that are 

necessary or incidental to the accomplishment of that objective; or

(b) a common purpose or plan that results in the repeated 

commission of the same offense or effect upon the same person or the 

property of the same person.

¶44 The Third Amended Information set forth the facts giving rise to the offenses 

committed against T.G. as follows: 

COUNT IX: INCEST: That in November of 2009, in Park County, 

Montana, the Defendant knowingly subjected [T.G.], the Defendant’s 

daughter, to sexual contact without her consent when the defendant he [sic]

touched her breast. . . . The conduct occurred in a vehicle.

COUNT X: ATTEMPTED INCEST: That in November of 2009, in Park 

County, Montana, the Defendant knowingly attempted to subject [T.G.], the 

Defendant’s daughter, to sexual intercourse without her consent when he 

repeatedly grabbed her, made her kiss him, and attempted to have her 

conduct both oral sex and vaginal intercourse with him. . . . 

¶45 The first transaction involving T.G. occurred when Geren forced his hand inside 

T.G.’s shirt and fondled her breast. This transaction gave rise to Geren’s conviction for 

Incest. See § 45-5-507, MCA (“A person commits the offense of incest if the person 

knowingly . . . has sexual contact, as defined in 45-2-101, with . . . a descendant . . . .”); 

§ 45-2-101(67), MCA (“ ‘ Sexual contact’ means touching of the sexual or other intimate 

parts of the person of another, directly or through clothing, in order to knowingly or 

purposely . . . arouse or gratify the sexual response or desire of either party.”). When

Geren removed his hand from T.G.’s breast and tried to touch her on the outside of her 
15

pants in the front, T.G. was able to dissuade Geren from further sexual activity at that 

moment by telling him that she was having her period. 

¶46 The second transaction involving T.G. occurred when, sometime later, Geren 

grabbed T.G., kissed her, and asked her to engage in oral sex or vaginal intercourse with 

him. This transaction gave rise to Geren’s conviction for Attempted Incest. See

§ 45-4-103, MCA (“A person commits the offense of attempt when, with the purpose to 

commit a specific offense, the person does any act toward the commission of the 

offense.”).

¶47 We have already recognized that separate transactions can arise from criminal 

conduct occurring at the same place with the same victim. See State v. Williams, 2010 

MT 58, ¶ 20, 355 Mont. 354, 228 P.3d 1127. In Williams, the State alleged that the 

defendant entered the bedroom of his girlfriend’s thirteen-year-old daughter and tried to 

rape her. When she tried to escape, the defendant choked her and threatened to kill her if 

she told her mother. The defendant kissed her, touched her all over her body, and 

penetrated her vagina with his finger. He blocked the front door of the house after the 

first attack so she could not leave. When the defendant attempted to accost her a second 

time, she was able to escape the house and contact the police. Williams, ¶¶ 6-7. 

¶48 The State charged the defendant in Williams with sexual intercourse without 

consent, sexual assault, assault on a minor, and intimidation based on the first attack 

against the girl. Williams, ¶¶ 6-8. We held on appeal that because the State charged the 

defendant only on the basis of that first attack, § 46-11-410(2)(a), MCA, precluded the 
16

defendant’s convictions for both sexual intercourse without consent and the lesser 

included offense of sexual assault. Williams, ¶ 30. 

¶49 Nevertheless, we pointed out in our decision in Williams that although the State 

only charged the defendant for the first attack on the girl, the information filed against the 

defendant also mentioned a second attempted attack as the girl tried to leave the house. 

Thus, we stated that “[t]his second attempted attack could have formed the basis for

additional charges that might have altered our discussion of the matter regarding two 

separate transactions.” Williams, ¶ 20. 

¶50 We conclude that in the case sub judice, the State charged and proved two separate 

and distinct transactions between Geren and T.G. Accordingly, we hold that Geren was 

not subjected to double jeopardy when he was convicted of both Incest and Attempted 

Incest for the incidents involving his daughter, T.G. 

Issue 3.

¶51 Whether the District Court committed structural error when it failed to arraign 

Geren on an amended charge.

¶52 When the State moved, mid-trial, to amend one of the counts of Sexual Intercourse 

Without Consent to Attempted Sexual Intercourse Without Consent, the District Court 

did not arraign Geren on the amended charge. Geren now contends that failure to do so 

constituted structural error warranting reversal. The State asserts on appeal that since the 

amendment of the Information was an amendment of form and not one of substance, the 

court was not required to arraign Geren on the amended charge.
17

¶53 The Information in this case was amended four times. Geren was originally 

charged by Information on December 16, 2009, with two counts of Sexual Assault and 

one count of Sexual Intercourse Without Consent. On November 8, 2010, the State filed 

an Amended Information charging Geren with five counts of Incest, one count of 

Attempted Incest, two counts of Sexual Intercourse Without Consent, and two counts of 

Sexual Assault. On November 22, 2010, the State filed a Second Amended Information 

wherein the two counts of Sexual Assault were changed to two additional counts of 

Sexual Intercourse Without Consent. The State filed a Third Amended Information on 

February 17, 2011, clarifying the specific subsections of each statute that Geren allegedly 

violated on all ten counts charged. Count VIII of the Third Amended Information read as 

follows:

SEXUAL INTERCOURSE WITHOUT CONSENT: That in the 

years approximately between 2006 and 2009, in Park County, Montana, the 

Defendant knowingly subjected [S.H.] to intercourse without her consent 

when, against her wishes, the defendant made her perform oral sex on him 

approximately 4 times in addition to the charges in Counts VI-VII. For 

purposes of this charge (and the rule of unanimity), the State alleges the 

Defendant’s conduct occurred approximately 4 times, and groups all the 

conduct as a single event upon which the fact-finder must agree all 

occurred. For statutory specificity purposes, the sexual intercourse without 

consent was pursuant to Section 45-2-[101](68)(a)(ii), MCA, to knowingly 

or purposely arouse or gratify the sexual response of the Defendant. For 

statutory specificity purposes, the lack of consent is based on the victim not 

consenting to the intercourse, but being compelled to submit by the 

Defendant using coercion, as specified in Section 45-5-501(1)(a)(ii)(C), 

MCA. Specifically, the victim, having been previously subjected to the 

Defendant’s sexual assaults from both bribes and threats, was resigned to 

compliance based on prior bribes and threats from the prior conduct of the 

Defendant.
18

Geren was arraigned on this Third Amended Information on March 7, 2011, and he pled 

not guilty to all ten counts.

¶54 On the third day of trial, the State filed its “Motion for Amendment as to Form to 

Count VIII” wherein the State moved that the language in Count VIII of the Third 

Amended Information “be amended to indicate the offense (multiple acts grouped as one 

offense) was attempted rather than completed.” The proposed amendment did not change 

the dates the acts were allegedly committed, the place where the acts allegedly occurred, 

or the statutes referenced. And, even though S.H. testified at trial that there were actually 

15 attempted acts, the State did not request that the number of acts alleged be increased 

from four to 15. The District Court granted the State’s motion to amend over Geren’s 

objection, but did not arraign Geren on this amended charge.

¶55 The information must reasonably apprise the accused of the charges against him so 

that he has the opportunity to prepare and present a defense. State v. Scheffer, 2010 MT 

73, ¶ 38, 355 Mont. 523, 230 P.3d 462 (citing State v. Wilson, 2007 MT 327, ¶ 25, 340 

Mont. 191, 172 P.3d 1264). 

¶56 Section 46-11-205, MCA, provides: 

Amending information as to substance or form. (1) The court 

may allow an information to be amended in matters of substance at any 

time, but not less than 5 days before trial, provided that a motion is filed in 

a timely manner, states the nature of the proposed amendment, and is 

accompanied by an affidavit stating facts that show the existence of 

probable cause to support the charge as amended. A copy of the proposed 

amended information must be included with the motion to amend the 

information.

(2) If the court grants leave to amend the information, the defendant 

must be arraigned on the amended information without unreasonable delay 
19

and must be given a reasonable period of time to prepare for trial on the 

amended information.

(3) The court may permit an information to be amended as to form at 

any time before a verdict or finding is issued if no additional or different 

offense is charged and if the substantial rights of the defendant are not 

prejudiced.

As set forth in the above statute, if the amendment is to matters of substance, the 

amendment must be made “not less than 5 days before trial,” § 46-11-205(1), MCA, and 

the defendant must be arraigned on the amended information “without unreasonable 

delay,” § 46-11-205(2), MCA. However, if the amendment is to matters of form, then 

under § 46-11-205(3), MCA, the court may permit the amendment “at any time before a 

verdict or finding is issued if no additional or different offense is charged and if the 

substantial rights of the defendant are not prejudiced.”

¶57 Geren relies on this Court’s decision in State v. Spotted Eagle, 2010 MT 222, 358 

Mont. 22, 243 P.3d 402, to argue that his conviction should be reversed because he was 

never arraigned on the amended charge. In Spotted Eagle, the defendant was specifically 

charged with Partner of Family Member Assault for “purposely or knowingly caus[ing]

bodily injury to his partner . . . in violation of § 45-5-206, MCA.” After all the testimony 

was heard and both the State and the defense rested, the State proposed two new jury 

instructions which the district court allowed to be given to the jury. Both of these 

instructions, in addition to referring to “bodily injury,” also referred to “reasonable 

apprehension of bodily injury.” Spotted Eagle, ¶¶ 2-4. 

¶58 On appeal, this Court concluded that the District Court erred in giving these 

instructions because the instructions amended the substance of the charge against the
20

defendant. We determined that the Information plainly stated that the defendant was 

charged with “caus[ing] bodily injury to his partner” which falls under § 45-5-206(1)(a), 

MCA. However, “[i]nstructing the jury regarding ‘reasonable apprehension of bodily 

injury,’ which falls under subsection (1)(c) of § 45-5-206, MCA, changed the essential 

elements of the charge against him, replacing bodily injury with reasonable apprehension 

of bodily injury.” Spotted Eagle, ¶ 11. We further concluded that because the 

amendment was substantive, the amendment should have occurred at least five days 

before trial, and the defendant should have been arraigned on the new charge. Spotted 

Eagle, ¶¶ 13-14 (citing § 46-11-205(1) and (2), MCA). Thus, Spotted Eagle is 

distinguishable from the case sub judice because the amendment to the information in 

Spotted Eagle was substantive, while the amendment to the information in the instant 

case was one of form.

¶59 We stated in Scheffer, that an amendment is one of form “when the same crime is 

charged, the elements of the crime and the proof required remain the same, and the 

defendant is informed of the charges against him.” Scheffer, ¶ 38. We further stated that 

to differentiate amendments of form and substance, we examine “whether an amendment 

to an information or complaint alters the nature of the offense, the essential elements of 

the crime, the proofs, or the defenses.” Scheffer, ¶ 38. 

¶60 In Scheffer, the State originally charged the defendant with tampering with or 

fabricating physical evidence. Sometime later, the State moved to amend the charge to 

attempted tampering with or fabricating physical evidence. Scheffer, ¶ 35. We 

concluded in that case that because the nature of the offense was the same, the essential 
21

elements of the crime remained the same, and there was no indication that the proofs or 

the defenses changed in response to the amendment, the amendment was one of form, not 

substance. Scheffer, ¶¶ 39, 41.

¶61 Geren argues here that Scheffer differs from this case because, in Scheffer, the 

district court arraigned the defendant on the amended charge, whereas in Geren’s case, 

the court did not arraign him on the amended charge. Nevertheless, we have previously 

determined that if an amendment is one of form and not substance, the court’s failure to 

arraign a defendant on an amended charge does not constitute reversible error. State v. 

Clark, 1998 MT 221, ¶ 52, 290 Mont. 479, 964 P.2d 766. 

¶62 In Clark, the State originally filed an information charging the defendant with two 

felony counts of criminal possession of dangerous drugs. The information defined the 

dangerous drugs as methamphetamine. Sometime later, the State moved to amend the 

information to consolidate the two counts of possession of dangerous drugs, and to 

change the drug identified in the information from methamphetamine to amphetamine. 

Clark, ¶¶ 8, 43. The district court granted the State’s motion to amend, but did not 

arraign the defendant on the amended charge. After his conviction, the defendant moved 

to set aside the jury’s verdict and to dismiss the amended charge because he was never 

arraigned on that charge. The district court denied the motion concluding that the 

amendment of the information was one of form and not one of substance. Clark, ¶¶ 11, 

44. 

¶63 On appeal, this Court affirmed the district court’s decision. In doing so, we 

concluded that although the State altered the information to charge the defendant with 
22

criminal possession of amphetamine rather than methamphetamine, the criminal offense 

and the elements which the State was required to prove remained the same. To convict 

the defendant of criminal possession of a dangerous drug, the State bore the burden of 

proving only that the defendant possessed a dangerous drug as defined by § 50-32-101, 

MCA. Since both amphetamine and methamphetamine qualify as dangerous drugs under 

§ 50-32-101, MCA, the crime charged, the elements of the crime, and the required proof 

all remained the same. Clark, ¶ 52. 

¶64 Based on the foregoing, we conclude that under § 46-11-205(2), MCA, a 

defendant must be arraigned on any amendment to the information of substance. 

However, based on that same jurisprudence, we also conclude that under § 46-11-205(3), 

MCA, a defendant need not be arraigned on any amendment to the information as to 

form, absent the defendant’s desire to change his plea. Under the facts here, the 

amendment was as to form. The essential elements of the two offenses were the same,

and the State had the burden of proving the same elements. The two offenses carry the 

same sentence. Moreover, Geren denied committing any sexual impropriety with S.H.; 

he does not assert that he would have continued to plead not guilty to the charge itself, 

but that he would have changed his plea to guilty on the attempt charge.

¶65 Accordingly, we hold that the District Court did not commit structural error when 

it did not arraign Geren on the amended charge.

¶66 Affirmed. 

/S/ JAMES C. NELSON
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We Concur:

/S/ MICHAEL E WHEAT

/S/ PATRICIA COTTER

/S/ JIM RICE

/S/ BETH BAKER