# Patent

## Title
Orbit space transportation and recovery system

## Abstract

An In Orbit Transportation & Recovery System (IOSTARTM) (10). One preferred embodiment of the present invention comprises a space tug powered by a nuclear reactor (19). The IOSTARTM includes a collapsible boom (11) connected at one end to a propellant tank (13) which stores fuel for an electric propulsion system (12). This end of the boom (11) is equipped with docking hardware (14) that is able to grasp and hold a satellite (15) and as a means to refill the tank (13). Radiator panels (16) mounted on the boom (11) dissipate heat from the reactor (19). A radiation shield (20) is situated next to the reactor (19) to protect the satellite payload (15) at the far end of the boom (11). The IOSTARTM (10) will be capable of accomplishing rendezvous and docking maneuvers which will enable it to move spacecraft between a low Earth parking orbit and positions in higher orbits or to other locations in our Solar System.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED PENDING PATENT APPLICATIONS & CLAIMS FOR PRIORITY
The present application is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 10/755,200, filed Jan. 9, 2004, and now U.S. Pat. No. 7,070,151, issued Jul. 4, 2006, which is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 10/736,887, filed Dec. 15, 2003, currently pending, which is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 10/298,138, filed Nov. 15, 2002, now abandoned, which is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 09/918,705, filed Jul. 30, 2001, now abandoned.
The present application also claims the benefit of International Patent Application No. PCT/GB04/000378, filed Jan. 29, 2004, and International Patent Application No. PCT/US03/32748, filed Nov. 10, 2003, pursuant to 35 U.S.C. Section 363.


FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to the field of spacecraft and satellites. More particularly, this invention provides a transportation and rescue system for moving objects in space between low Earth orbits, higher orbits and beyond.
FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT
None.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Hundreds of man-made satellites are currently in orbit around the Earth. Over the next decade, governments and companies around the globe plan to launch hundreds of new spacecraft for a variety of communications, defense and remote sensing projects. The placement of satellites into Earth orbit can cost many millions of dollars. A conventional launch involves a large multi-stage, single-use rocket to lift a satellite into a geosynchronous orbit.
A general description of conventional nuclear-propulsion systems may be found in a text entitled A Critical Review of Space Nuclear Power and Propulsion, edited by Mohamed S. El-Genk, which was published by the American Institute of Physics in 1994.
The U.S. Departments of Energy and Defense and NASA developed plans for a Generic Flight System for space-based defense systems and NASA exploration missions called SP-100 in the mid-1980's. The SP-100 was designed to supply nuclear-power for military and civilian space systems. This early system was designed as a single-use power stage for a single, permanently attached payload; and was never configured for any on-orbit rendezvous, docking or servicing missions. The SP-100 is described in the SP-100 Technical Summary Report, which was prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and the California Institute of Technology in September, 1994.
Various nuclear electric propulsion systems are described in a publication entitled Nuclear Electric Propulsion, A Summary of Concepts Submitted to the NASA/DoE/DoD Nuclear Electric Propulsion Workshop, which was held in Pasadena, Calif. on 19–22 Jun. 1990.
The Aerospace Division of the Olin Corporation proposed a small engine for the small satellite community called the Small Upper Stage (SUS). The SUS was designed to accomplish low Earth orbit transfers, orbit circularizations and plane changes using hydrazine propulsion.
TRW has patented several methods and apparatus intended for the space transportation market. In U.S. Pat. No. 4,471,926, Steel describes a Transfer Vehicle for Use in Conjunction with a Reusable Space Shuttle. This spacecraft has a propulsion system that uses a low-thrust bi-propellant liquid rocket engine to provide a soft, low-acceleration ascent. In U.S. Pat. No. 4,575,029, Harwood and Love disclose a spacecraft for transporting a payload from a space shuttle in a low altitude parking orbit to an operational orbit. In U.S. Pat. No. 4,943,014, Harwood and Love reveal their “soft ride” method for changing the altitude or position of a spacecraft in orbit using a liquid bi-propellant engine.
In U.S. Pat. No. 4,664,344, Harwell describes an apparatus and method of capturing an orbiting spacecraft. This device comprises a relatively small mechanical probe and fixture operated by an astronaut during a spacewalk.
In an article entitled Topaz Two Proves to Be a Gem for International Tech Transfer, contained in Technical Applications Report from Ballistic Missile Defense Organization, 1995, thermoionic reactors for space-based power generation are disclosed.
Prospects for Nuclear Electric Propulsion Using Closed-Cycle Magnetohydrodynamic Energy Conversion, by R. Litchford et al. was presented at the 12th Annual Advanced Space Propulsion Workshop in Huntsville, Ala. on 3–5 Apr. 2001.
J. Collins et al. disclose a Small Orbit Transfer Vehicle for On-Orbit Servicing and Resupply which was presented at the 15th Annual Utah State University Conference on Small Satellites at Logan, Utah, 13–16 Aug. 2001.
In U.S. Pat. No. 4,754,601, Minovitch discloses “a propulsion system for reusable space-based vehicles is presented wherein the propulsive working fluid is atmospheric gas.”
In U.S. Pat. No. 5,260,639, De Young et al. describe “a method of supplying power to a device such as a lunar rover located on a planetary surface.”
In U.S. Pat. No. 6,213,700, Koppel discloses a “method [which] serves to place a space vehicle, such as a satellite, on a target orbit such as the orbit adapted to normal operation of the space vehicle and starting from an elliptical initial orbit that is significantly different from, and in particular more eccentric than the target orbit.”
In U.S. Pat. No. 6,357,700, Provitola describes “an spacecraft/airship, which uses buoyancy and thrusters to ascend into space with lifting gas as propellant or fuel for thrusters, which may be conventional thrusters or electric turbojets or ion thrusters.”
In U.S. Pat. No. 5,260,639, Basuthakur et al reveal “a satellite assembly [that] is formed from any number of bus modules which have a substantially common shape and interior space volume.”
In U.S. Pat. No. 6,478,257, Oh et al. describe “systems and methods that employ a phase change material to provide thermal control of electric propulsion devices.”
In U.S. Pat. No. 3,825,211, Minovitch presents a “space vehicle [which] carries a vaporizable propellant . . . [E]nergy is transmitted to the vehicle while in space by a laser beam originating on the ground or some other body or satellite.”
In U.S. Pat. No. 6,364,252, Anderman discloses a method of using dwell times in intermediate orbits to optimize orbital transfers, as well as an apparatus for satellite repair.
In U.S. Pat. No. 6,669,148, Anderman et al. describes a method and apparatus for supplying orbital space platforms.
In U.S. Pat. No. 5,294,079, Draznin et al. describes a space transfer vehicle.
The development of an in-orbit space transportation and rescue vehicle would dramatically reduce the cost of changing the orbital position of a satellite. Such a system would revolutionize the military and commercial space industries, and fill a long-felt need in the telecommunications, direct-broadcast and remote-sensing industries.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The In Orbit Space Transportation & Recovery System (IOSTARTM) will revolutionize the commercial space industry by providing a lower cost alternative to conventional methods of moving spacecraft in orbit. Instead of using a multi-stage rocket powered by expensive and dangerous chemical fuels to lift a payload to a geosynchronous or geostationary orbit, the IOSTARTM will rendezvous with a satellite waiting in a low Earth orbit, dock with the satellite and then gently transport it to an altitude of 22,300 miles using reliable nuclear-powered electric propulsion. The IOSTARTM will also be available to relocate, rescue and/or retrieve satellites in need of repositioning or repair, and will be capable of ferrying objects to the Moon and to the neighboring planets of our Solar System.
One embodiment of the IOSTARTM includes a collapsible boom which may double as a radiating surface, and which expands to its fully extended position after reaching orbit. The boom is connected at one end to a tank which stores xenon which fuels ion propulsion engines located at the opposite end of the boom. Docking hardware which is capable of engaging a wide variety of objects in space is coupled to the farthest end of the boom near the fuel tank. A nuclear reactor, a radiation shield, an energy converter and a large array of heat-dissipating flat-panel radiators are mounted on the boom between the reactor and a payload grasping device.
An appreciation of the other aims and objectives of the present invention and a more complete and comprehensive understanding of this invention may be obtained by studying the following description of a preferred embodiment and by referring to the accompanying drawings.



A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIGS. 1A & 1B present top and end views of one of the preferred embodiments of the In Orbit Space Transportation & Recovery System (IOSTARTM) vehicle in its fully deployed, orbital configuration.
FIG. 2 depicts a separate service and refueling vehicle.
FIG. 3 is a side view of the present invention in its fully deployed configuration.
FIG. 4 reveals the present invention in a folded and collapsed configuration that may be loaded aboard a launch vehicle.
FIGS. 5, 6, 7 and 8 present side and end views of preferred embodiments of the present invention stowed aboard a launch vehicle.
FIG. 9 is a block diagram of control systems installed in the IOSTARTM spacecraft.
FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of an ion propulsion engine utilized by one embodiment of the IOSTARTM spacecraft.
FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view of a portion of one embodiment of the invention inside a launch vehicle shroud.
FIG. 12 presents a diagram which provides an overview of the Brayton System, which is used as the energy converter in one embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 13 supplies a perspective view of an alternative embodiment of the IOSTARTM.
FIG. 14 is a schematic depiction of the process of conveying a satellite from a low Earth orbit to a higher orbit using the present invention.
FIG. 15 illustrates a method for repositioning a satellite.
FIGS. 16 and 17 are comparisons of high orbit architectures for conventional and IOSTARTM missions.
FIGS. 18, 19, 20 and 21 exhibit four IOSTARTM missions.
FIGS. 22 and 23 show the IOSTARTM and the International Space Station.
FIG. 24 depicts a satellite having an array of antennas that could be combined with the IOSTAR to provide direct broadcast services.
FIG. 25 exhibits methods of supplying controlled kinetic energy, power and information and data to satellites and celestial bodies.



A DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED & ALTERNATIVE EMBODIMENTS
I. Overview of Embodiments of IOSTARTM
FIGS. 1A and 1B reveal side and end views of one of the preferred embodiments of the In Orbit Transportation & Recovery System, or IOSTARTM 10. IOSTARTM is a Trade and Service Mark owned by the Assignee. IOSTARTM is a reusable spacecraft 10 which is designed primarily for orbital transportation and rescue services.
In this Specification and in the Claims that follow, the term “satellite” refers to any object in any orbit around anybody, whether natural or man-made. Any object which remains above the Earth's atmosphere for an extended time is a satellite, since it must be within the gravitational influence of the Earth or some other celestial body. A “celestial body” is any planet, moon, asteroid, comet, star, galaxy, or any other aggregation of matter. The terms “vehicle” and “spacecraft” concerns any man-made device or means used temporarily below orbital altitude, in orbit, or beyond the Earth's atmosphere, or for travel in space; including a ship, structure, platform, machine or manufacture that may travel beyond Earth's orbit. The term “orbit” generally means a pathway or line of movement of an object that includes any position at any point or altitude above the surface of the Earth or other celestial body which allows an object, satellite or spacecraft to move above the Earth's surface with or without aerodynamic lift, up to a distance which is still within the Earth's gravitational field. Orbits may include pathways around the Earth, the Moon, the Sun or any other celestial body.
In general, the term “low Earth orbit” encompasses any orbital altitude below geosynchronous or geostationary orbit. In general, the term “high Earth orbit” encompasses any orbital altitude from geosynchronous or geostationary orbit to any position above geosynchronous or geostationary orbit within the Earth's gravitational field. In general, the term “space” refers to any position generally outside the Earth's atmosphere. The term “object” pertains to any configuration, embodiment or manifestation physical mass or matter, including natural objects such as asteroids or MMOD's (micro-meteoroids and orbital debris), man-made devices, or other things or items. The term “payload” encompasses any item or cargo that is carried or transported. A typical payload is a satellite, but a payload could be a load of material, supplies, equipment, or some other object. A payload could also include a human crew, and/or other living beings including plants and animals.
In one embodiment of the invention, the backbone or central skeleton of the IOSTARTM 10 comprises a lightweight but strong, generally metallic or composite, collapsible, compressible or at least partially foldable boom 11. The boom 11 provides structural support, but is also capable of fitting inside a launch vehicle when collapsed, and then extending to its fully deployed length after launch. The launch vehicle may be a single use vehicle, or may be reusable or expendable. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the IOSTARTM will be lifted into orbit by the United States Space Shuttle.
In one embodiment, one end of the boom 11 is connected to an electric propulsion system 12. In general, an electric propulsion system is any means which employs electromagnetic forces to generate thrust. In one embodiment, a tank 13 which stores propellant for the electric propulsion system 12 is connected to the boom 11 at the end opposite from the ion engines 12. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the electric propulsion system is an ion propulsion system 12 which expels ions to produce thrust. Table One contains a list of some of the various types of electric propulsion systems that may be utilized to implement the present invention.







TABLE ONE





Electric Propulsion Alternatives.

















Electrothermal









Arcjets



Resistojets



Electrothermal thruster



Continuous wave



Laser & Laser Ablative



Microwave heated thruster









Electromagnetic









Magnetoplasmadynamic thruster









Self-Field



Applied Field









Hall effect thruster



Stationary plasma thruster



θ-pinch thruster



Compact toroid thruster



Pulsed-inductive thruster



Coil-gun



Z-pinch discharge thruster



Coax gun



Pulsed-plasma thruster



Rail-gun



Mass-driverElectrostatic



Ion engine



Field emission









Other









Magnetic loop sail



Electrodynamic Tether










The recitation of electric propulsion alternatives in Table One is not intended to exclude any unlisted or equivalent alternatives.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the ion engines 12 employ xenon ions, so the tank is filled with xenon. In an alternative embodiment, the ion propulsion system 12 includes a Hall thruster. Other embodiments of the invention may employ different fuels, and may utilize multiple fuels. The invention may utilize any tank means which holds, envelopes or stores suitable propellants.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the tank 13 is refillable, and may be refilled in a relatively low or zero gravity environment. One embodiment of the invention includes one or more tanks that provides the propulsion system with propellant. In one embodiment of the invention, the tank may be refilled by a separate, automatic, unmanned spacecraft as shown in FIG. 2. When the IOSTARTM vehicle runs low on propellant, it will be replenished by a servicing vehicle that either transfers all its propellant and is then released; or transfers its propellant gradually and is released when empty. In one embodiment, the IOSTARTM will have a lower pressure tank so that pumping is kept to a minimum or eliminated. In another alternative, the size of the lower pressure tank is smaller, and includes limited life thrusters attached to the servicing vehicle. The electric thrusters on the service vehicle can be operated at higher power than the rest of the thrusters on the IOSTARTM to enhance performance since the high power reduces lifetime, the thrusters are replaced with the next service vehicle. The thrusters may have a limited lifetime, and be used for a relatively small number of missions, or, may last for the entire lifetime of the IOSTARTM. The service vehicle may be equipped with application specific thrusters that are replaced with the next service vehicle.
Table Two contains a list of some of the propellants that may be employed to practice the present invention.







TABLE TWO





Propellants

















Xenon



Mercury



Aluminum



Bismuth



Krypton



Helium



Argon



Production Kr-Xe mix



Hydrogen



Nitrogen



N2 + 2H2



NH3



H2O



NH3



CO2



N2H4



CH4



Air



Lithium



Cesium



Indium



Teflon










The recitation of propellant alternatives in Table Two is not intended to exclude any unlisted or equivalent alternatives.

The end of the boom 11 which holds the propellant tank 13 is equipped with reusable docking hardware 14 that is able to contact or grasp a satellite 15 or some other object in space. In one embodiment of the invention, the tank is replenishable. This docking hardware 14 may be referred to as a grasping device, and may comprise any multiple-use means for engaging an object above the Earth. Many different embodiments of the docking hardware 14 may be incorporated in the present invention. In general, the preferred embodiment of the invention is reusable, utilizes a multiple-use docking device 14, which, unlike some of the prior art, is designed for many missions over a relatively long life-time.
The docking hardware 14 may be configured to interact with a wide variety of satellites 15 or other objects above the surface of the Earth. In general, the docking hardware 14 comprises any reusable or multiple-use means which is adapted to interact with or to engage a payload launch vehicle interface, or to otherwise engage an object in space. In one embodiment, which is shown best in FIGS. 1A, 3, 4, 5, 7 and 13, the grasping means comprises a plurality of segments, which extend outwardly away from one end of the boom. These segments are configured to partially surround or to enclose an object, and then to engage and to grasp a wide variety of satellites 15 or other objects above the surface of the Earth without the need for any preconfigured docking interface on the object which is grasped. Unlike some previous equipment designed for launch into orbit, the present invention includes a grasping means 14 which is not permanently affixed or connected to a payload.
A radiator 16 is disposed generally perpendicular to the boom 11 near the ion thrusters 12. The radiator 16, which conveys a coolant through manifold 17 and fluid flow tubes 18, dissipates heat from an energy converter out to space. The energy converter is powered by a nuclear reactor 19. The radiator 16 is generally situated between the grasping device 14 and the reactor 19. In general, the radiator 16 is a pumped fluid loop. An alternative embodiment comprises a capillary pump loop and/or heat pipes. In another alternative embodiment of the invention, the radiator 16 may be disposed along the boom 11, or a single combined radiator/boom means may be employed.
The reactor 19 generates heat through the controlled fission of nuclear fuel. This heat is then converted to electrical power. In a preferred embodiment, the reactor 19 is gas-cooled. In alternative embodiments, the reactor 19 employs a liquid-metal coolant, or some other working fluid or heat pipes. The reactor 19 is coupled to a radiation shield 20, which protects the object, payload or satellite 15 from radiation generated by the reactor 19. In one embodiment of the invention, the radiator 16 is configured to remain entirely within the protective zone of the radiation shield 20. In one embodiment, the radiation shield 20 incorporates multiple zone shielding to minimize mass. In another embodiment, the radiation shield includes a recuperator that is also employed as a gamma shield. The transport of a living payload, such as live humans, may require additional levels of shielding.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, from 250 kW to 500 kW of sustained electrical power may be generated aboard an IOSTARTM, which vastly exceeds the sustained power generating capabilities of any prior man-made satellite or spacecraft. This power generation capacity is huge when compared to the power levels of conventional satellites and spacecraft, which typically operate with less than 20 kW of power. This immense on-orbit power generating capacity enables the IOSTARTM to conduct missions which are not feasible using conventional satellites. These missions include, but are not limited to, satellite inspection, monitoring, rescue, retrieval, repair, servicing, refueling and repositioning; direct communication services; in-orbit power generation for other spacecraft like the International Space Station; and interplanetary tasks, operations or transfers that may occur well beyond Earth orbit, such as trips to the Moon, the Asteroids, or the Planets.
The reactor 19 is also coupled to an energy converter 22 which converts heat to electrical energy. In one embodiment, the energy converter 22 includes a turbine driven by fluid that is heated by the reactor 19 to produce a large amount of electrical power. The converter 22 is coupled to the boom 11, next to the radiation shield 20. An energy converter may be an direct converter, which converts heat directly to electricity. As an alternative, an energy converter may be an indirect converter, which converts thermal energy to mechanical energy, and then to electrical energy. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the converter employs the Brayton Cycle. In alternative embodiments, the converter may be a Rankine or Stirling Cycle converter. A thermoelectric or thermionic converter may also be employed. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, a recuperator may be connected to the energy converter.
II. Details of IOSTARTM Embodiments
FIG. 3 provides a side view, where the IOSTARTM is viewed along its side in the plane of the radiator panels 16. FIG. 4 offers a view of the invention in its fully collapsed configuration, capable of being stowed in a launch vehicle shroud 24.
FIGS. 5, 6, 7 and 8 present more detailed end and cross-sectional views of the IOSTARTM stowed in the launch vehicle shroud 24. In one preferred embodiment of the invention, the IOSTARTM is placed in orbit using the United States Space Shuttle.
FIG. 9 supplies a schematic block diagram of control systems 28 designed for a preferred embodiment of the invention. A doubly redundant set of CPUs manage the many subsystems aboard the IOSTARTM, including antennas 30, docking and star cameras 32, 34, RADAR and LIDAR systems 36 for tracking objects or satellites 15, an ion thruster controller 38, and power and thrust system controls 40. These systems enable the present invention to rendezvous and dock with a satellite or object in orbit. In an alternative embodiment, the various sensors and cameras aboard the IOSTARTM may be used to conduct remote sensing missions. The block diagram also relates the CPUs to attitude sensors and controls 42, the 28VDC power system 44, the bus health and attitude control subsystems 46, 48 and an emergency blowdown thruster control 50.
FIG. 10 offers a detailed schematic view of the ion propulsion system 12. A mixture of helium and xenon flows from tank 13 to the ion engine 12, where ions are created by a hollow cathode and accelerated through a series of grids to provide thrust for the IOSTARTM spacecraft.
FIG. 11 reveals a cross-sectional view of one embodiment of the invention, depicting the launch vehicle shroud 24, radiators 16, manifolds 17 and energy converter 22.
FIG. 12 supplies a schematic diagram which offers an overview of the Brayton System, the energy converter 22 that is utilized in a preferred embodiment of the invention. Heat from the reactor 19 drives a turbine, which, in turn, drives an alternator and a compressor. A recuperator increases the efficiency of the system by recovering a portion of the heat from the turbine exhaust to pre-heat the working fluid. Radiators 16 expel waste heat to outer space.
FIG. 13 provides a view of an alternative embodiment of the IOSTARTM which includes radiators disposed along the boom.
III. IOSTARTM Missions & Operations
The present invention is different from conventional orbital systems, in that it will be capable of accomplishing many missions over a long life. Although the IOSTARTM will be reusable, in one embodiment the entire system will be capable of being launched using a single launch vehicle, preferably the United States Space Shuttle. Other launch vehicles that are reusable or expendable may also be employed. The first implementation of the IOSTARTM will be constructed primarily or entirely on the Earth's surface, and then will be launched into orbit. Later implementations may be partially or completely constructed in orbit. In general, the IOSTARTM may be controlled from a terrestrial operations center, or may operated by an on-orbit controller.
In general, the invention is fully extended after launch, and is then ready for operations. A first, general mission will comprise locating a satellite already in orbit, and then grasping, moving and releasing that satellite. IOSTARTM will be able to move spacecraft between low Earth orbits and positions in higher orbits or to other locations in our Solar System. This primary mission of moving an object in space includes transporting satellites from one position in an orbit to another, from one orbit to another, to distant locations beyond Earth orbit or from distant locations beyond Earth orbit back to Earth orbit. The IOSTARTM may be used for missions to the Moon, to the Planets or to the asteroids. Another mission may include changing the position of a satellite so that it is purposefully de-orbited.
In general, the term “rendezvous” pertains to the approach of an IOSTARTM to another object or objects in space. Rendezvous may or may include station-keeping, or any contact, probing, interaction, coupling, observing or docking between an IOSTARTM and another object.
Once the IOSTARTM completes its rendezvous and docking with a satellite, the satellite may be transported for retrieval and/or repair. In general, the repositioning of a satellite from one location to another will involve moving the satellite along an incremental, expanding, generally spiral pathway. FIG. 14 illustrates one of the basic methods of the invention. A satellite 15 is first launched using a conventional booster to a low Earth orbit of roughly 150 nautical miles. The IOSTARTM 10 then completes a rendezvous with the satellite 15, and engages the satellite 15 with its docking hardware 14. The IOSTARTM then gradually raises the altitude of the satellite 15 to an operational orbit by moving the payload along an incremental, expanding spiral pathway. This procedure provides substantial cost savings for delivering a spacecraft to an operational orbit compared to the conventional technique of launching spacecraft with a multi-stage rocket. In an alternative embodiment of the invention, the IOSTARTM will be able to rendezvous with an object beyond Earth orbit. In this embodiment, the IOSTARTM will be capable of retrieving an object or spacecraft from a remote location beyond Earth orbit.
FIG. 15 depicts an orbital repositioning mission. The invention may not only be used to transport a new satellite to its destination orbit, but may also be employed to capture a satellite which has reached the end of its useful life and needs to be safely de-orbited or placed in a disposal orbit.
In general, the primary IOSTARTM mission will involve rendezvousing and docking with a spacecraft which is already in a low Earth orbit. After docking, the IOSTARTM will then move from a low Earth orbit to a high Earth orbit or to a position beyond Earth orbit. As an alternative, the IOSTARTM will first travel to a high orbit or to a position beyond Earth orbit, locate and grasp an object, and then relocate it to Earth orbit or to a different position beyond Earth orbit.
FIGS. 16 & 17 compare a conventional geosynchronous mission to an IOSTARTM mission. In a conventional launch, a satellite reaches high orbit in seven to ten hours, but at great expense. Using IOSTARTM, the satellite takes a gradual spiral path over a 45 to 65 day period to reach high orbit, but at a much lower cost.
FIGS. 18, 19, 20 and 21 furnish generalized views of four representative IOSTARTM missions, including in-orbit placement, in-orbit repair, recovery and retrieval and Space Station Servicing. While all the IOSTARTM objectives and missions are too numerous to delineate in this Specification, Table Three provides a representative and illustrative list of uses for the present invention in outline form.







TABLE THREE





Objectives & Missions















Correct an anomalous satellite Earth orbit


Provide mobility for a satellite in orbit


Move a satellite in space from one geostationary orbital position to another


Move a satellite in space from one geosynchronous orbital position to


another


Inspect a satellite in orbit


Repair a satellite in orbit


Extend useful life of a satellite









By replenishing a consumable



By replenishing power



By replenishing fuel



By replacing a battery



By replacing a satellite component







Reposition a satellite to a lower orbit


Reposition a satellite to a higher orbit


Service a spacecraft in combination with the U.S. Space Shuttle


Service a spacecraft in combination with the International Space Station


Reposition a spacecraft from a low to a high orbit to realize cost savings


compared to the costs of a









conventional launch







Move a satellite into a disposal orbit


Provide services to an insurer


Salvage a spacecraft in accordance with an insurance contract


Enable an insurer to lower launch premiums


Obtain information about a failure of an orbiting asset or spacecraft


Enable an insurer to lower the financial risks of a spacecraft launch


Maintain a fleet of operating spacecraft, including United States Global


Positioning Satellites


Supply on-orbit power to another spacecraft


Move spare spacecraft from one orbital altitude or plane to another


Provide services to a spacecraft manufacturer


Provide services to a spacecraft user


Provide services to a government agency


Use IOSTAR TM as a reusable upper stage of a conventional launch


vehicle to reduce launch costs


Use IOSTAR TM and a laser used for orbital debris removal


Use laser to divert an asteroid


Produce propellant from an asteroid


Produce propellant from water launched into orbit from Earth


Produce propellant from a stable, storable material launched into orbit


from Earth


Process ice present on an asteroid by electrolysis to form hydrogen and


oxygen


Process carbonaceous material present on an asteroid to form a storable


propellant


Recycle satellites in space









FIGS. 22 and 23 portray the IOSTARTM in combination with the International Space Station. One embodiment of the invention will be configured to provide direct communication services that include any one or two-way transmissions or emanations between or among the IOSTARTM and terminals on or near the Earth's surface, or with other satellites or spacecraft. One example of a conventional direct communication service is a high-bandwidth transmission to consumers like DirecTVTM. In general, these direct communication services will be conducted using electromagnetic, optical or any other suitable frequencies or modes of communication over a distance. In one embodiment of the invention, IOSTAR's direct communication services will be conducted using frequency bands 11 and 12. Frequency band 11 extends from 30 to 300 GigaHertz, and is also referred to by the term “millimetric waves.” Frequency band 12 extends from 300 to 3000 GigaHertz or 3 TeraHertz, and is also referred to by the term decimillimetric waves. This nomenclature of frequency bands was adopted in the Radio Regulations of the International Telecommunication Union, Article 2, Section 11, Geneva; 1959.
These direct communication services will generally be enabled by IOSTAR's enormous power generating capabilities. FIG. 24 is a perspective view of a satellite having an array of antennas which may be used in combination with an IOSTARTM to provide a direct broadcast system 52. Since the IOSTARTM can generate very high levels of electrical power compared to conventional satellites 15, it may be used to transmit direct broadcast signals at extremely high frequencies. The Ka-Band (20–30 GHz) is the highest range of radio frequencies that are currently used by commercial satellites to communicate with customers on the ground. By drawing on its massive power supply, the IOSTARTM Direct Broadcast System will be capable of offering regulated direct broadcast signals at frequencies of 100 GHz and beyond using high power amplifiers, such as a traveling wave tube amplifiers or grid amplifiers. This direct broadcast system may also employ and a beam-forming array or a steerable antenna to penetrate layers of the atmosphere which absorb and scatter conventional, lower power signals. In general, the present invention is capable of generating a vast amount of electrical power to provide a wide variety of direct communication services that offer direct transmissions between the present invention and terrestrial terminals. In one embodiment of the invention, direct communication services are conducted using frequency bands 11 and 12. In general, these direct communication services may be provided by the present invention utilizing any means, mechanism or phenomenon that exploits particle or electromagnetic wave transmissions, forces, fields or action at a distance, including the radio-frequency and optical spectra.
IV. Business Methods
A. Services
The present invention furnishes three general categories of services:
Providing controlled kinetic energy;
Generating and/or providing power; and
Sensing and/or gathering and/or supplying information or data.
These services are depicted generally in FIG. 25.
Kinetic Energy
In this Specification and in the Claims that follow, the term “controlled kinetic energy” relates to the conversion of a fuel to mechanical energy on board a vehicle in orbit to accomplish specific tasks. The control of the kinetic energy may originate from a ground station on the Earth, from another satellite, or from another celestial body. In one embodiment, the conversion of fuel involves fission in an on board nuclear reactor. The term “operating a nuclear powered vehicle in orbit” connotes a series of extended and perhaps varied missions over a relatively long vehicle lifetime which is enabled by the nuclear reactor. Examples of services pertaining to controlled kinetic energy include, but are not limited to:

    
    
        Supplying controlled kinetic energy to another satellite, which may be used to move, rescue, repair, resupply, salvage or otherwise interact or impinge upon a satellite
        Supplying controlled kinetic energy to transport a payload to or from a satellite or celestial body
    
    


When used in this Specification and in the Claims that follow, the delivery of a payload “to” or “from” a celestial body is intended to include delivery to an orbit around that celestial body, or delivery to or near the surface of that celestial body.
Power
In this Specification and in the Claims that follow, the term “electrical energy” relates to the generation and/or storage and/or use of a stored quantity, current or flow of electricity derived from electromagnetic forces. Examples of services pertaining to electrical energy include, but are not limited to:

    
    
        Using electricity generated by an IOSTARTM to move, rescue, repair, resupply, salvage, interact or otherwise impinge upon a satellite
        Using electricity generated by an IOSTARTM to transport a payload to or from a satellite or celestial body
    
    


The electrical energy generated on board the IOSTARTM is generated by a turbine or some other heat conversion device. The heat is produced by the nuclear reactor.
The electrical energy from IOSTARTM may be conveyed to another satellite using a direct connecting link like a cable, or may be beamed to another satellite or to a celestial body, including Earth, in the form of a radiated energy beam, wave or stream of particles. In an alternative embodiment, electricity may be stored aboard the IOSTARTM in a storage device, such as a battery or a fuel cell. The battery or fuel cell may then be physically delivered to another satellite or to a celestial body. The electrical energy may be provided to one or to a plurality of customers. A number of customers may be served on a time-share basis.
Information or Data
In this Specification and in the Claims that follow, the terms “information” and “data” relate to any manifestation, form or type of intelligence, pattern, language, image, content, audio, video, communication, or any other type of sensation. Examples of services pertaining to information or data include, but are not limited to:

    
    
        Processing information
        Sensing information
        Relaying information
        Measuring radiation
        Imaging
        Environmental studies
        Natural resource studies
        Border surveillance
        Reconnaissance
        Conveying information to another satellite or celestial body, including Earth
        Direct broadcast services
        Two-way telecommunications
        Using sensed or received information to move, rescue, repair, resupply, salvage, interact with or otherwise impinge upon a satellite
    
    


In this Specification and in the Claims that follow the term “processing information” is used to connote any kind or type of information or data processing, including, but not limited to, sensing, conveying, relaying, distribution, switching, transmitting, receiving, storing or computing. Sensed or received information may be necessary to locate a satellite, rendezvous and then provide the required service. Sensed or received information may also be used for navigation purposes to transport a payload to another satellite or celestial body. Information services may be provided to a single customer, or to a plurality of customers.
B. Transactions
The present invention may be involved in three general categories of business transactions:
A Sale
A Contract for Limited Use or Lease
A Contract for Payment by Unit or Rate
Each of these transactions may involve the services described above, including providing controlled kinetic energy; generating and/or providing power; and gathering and/or supplying information or data.
A sale or purchase is generally a transfer of property in which full title passes to the customer. Another alternative transaction is a trade for some other goods and/or services. In accordance with this category of transaction, a government agency or private company might purchase an IOSTARTM.
A Contract for Limited Use is generally a license or permission to use or utilize for a predetermined purpose or time, in which less than full title is conveyed to a customer. As an example, a Contract for Limited Use may be authorize a lease of an IOSTARTM for the time it takes to complete a particular objective or task, such as a satellite deployment or rescue, or for a defined time period, such as a month or a year.
A Contract for Payment by Unit or Rate generally requires a customer to make a payment based on agreed upon terms involving a quantity of goods or services. As examples, this type of transaction might call for a payment based on:

    
    
        An amount of electrical power supplied from an IOSTARTM to another satellite (in Watt-Hours or Amp-Hours).
        A quantity of mass transported by an IOSTARTM to the Space Station or to the Moon (measured in kg, or measured by the distance moved in km).
        A change in a satellite's orbital parameter, such as, but not limited to, altitude, apogee, perigee or inclination.
        A number of packets of data or information conveyed to a customer or some other recipient, such as programs of content conveyed to receivers on Earth by an IOSTARTM direct broadcast service.
        An illuminated power flux density originating from an IOSTARTM.
    
    


These services may be provided to a single customer, or generally simultaneously to a plurality of customers. Services may also be provided in a time-share arrangement.
C. Service Provided to Satellites and Celestial Bodies
In general, all services and transactions concerning the present invention involve another satellite or a person, receiver, terminal, building, vehicle or other object on or near a celestial body, or the celestial body itself.
V. Propagated Signals
Another class of embodiments of the invention comprise propagated signals. The IOSTARTM may be used as the source of power or information signals that are radiated to other satellites or to celestial bodies.
SCOPE OF THE CLAIMS
Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to a particular, preferred embodiment and alternate embodiments, persons possessing ordinary skill in the art to which this invention pertains will appreciate that various modifications and enhancements may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the Claims that follow. The various embodiments, implementations and applications that have been disclosed above are intended to educate the reader about particular embodiments, and are not intended to constrain the limits of the invention or the scope of the Claims. The List of Reference Characters which follows is intended to provide the reader with a convenient means of identifying elements of the invention in the Specification and Drawings. This list is not intended to delineate or narrow the scope of the Claims.
LIST OF REFERENCE CHARACTERS


    10 In-Orbit Space Transportation & Rescue System, or IOSTARTM
    11 Collapsible spacecraft boom
    12 Electric propulsion system
    13 Propellant tank
    14 Grasping/Docking mechanism
    15 Satellite or other payload or cargo
    16 Radiator
    17 Manifold bellows
    18 Gas flow tubes
    19 Nuclear reactor
    20 Radiation shield
    22 Energy converter
    24 Launch vehicle
    28 Block diagram of control systems
    30 Antenna
    32 Docking cameras
    34 Star cameras
    36 RADAR & LIDAR
    38 Ion thruster controller
    40 Power and thrust system controllers
    42 Attitude sensors and controls
    44 28 VDC charger and regulator
    46 Bus health and status multiplexer and D/A converters
    48 Attitude control thruster on/off control
    50 Emergency blowdown thruster control
    52 IOSTARTM Direct Broadcast System

## Claims

1. A method of operating a nuclear powered vehicle in orbit comprising the steps of:
providing said nuclear powered vehicle in orbit with a radiation shield (20) for protecting a detachable payload (15);
providing said nuclear powered vehicle with a grasping means (14) extending outwardly therefrom at one end for docking and interacting with a plurality of other satellites; said grasping means (14) being configured for multiple use and for interacting with a plurality of different objects; said grasping means (14) including a plurality of segments;
configuring said plurality of segments to partially surround one of said plurality of different objects and to engage and to grasp said object without the need for any preconfigured docking interface on said object; and
providing controlled kinetic energy; said controlled kinetic energy for interacting with a plurality of other satellites.

2. A method as recited in claim 1, in which said controlled kinetic energy is used to move a satellite.