NUMBER 13-06-335-CR

COURT OF APPEALS

THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG 

 

SAMUEL RODRIGUEZ, Appellant, 

v.

THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee.

 

On appeal from the 103rd District Court of Cameron County, Texas.

 

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Before Chief Justice Valdez and Justices Yañez and Benavides

Memorandum Opinion by Justice Benavides

On April 10, 2006, appellant, Samuel Rodriguez, pleaded nolo contendere to the

charges of (1) intentionally or knowingly entering a habitation, without the owner’s effective

consent, and attempting or committing assault against an individual 65 years of age or

older, and (2) recklessly causing bodily injury to the owner, who was an individual 65 years
 The judgment does not separate punishment for the two offenses. It imposes twenty years’ imprisonment, 1

total, for both offenses.

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of age or older. TEX.PENAL CODE ANN. § 30.02(a)(3), (c)(2) (Vernon 2003) (second-degree

felony); id. § 22.04(a)(1), (f) (Vernon Supp. 2007) (state jail felony). He also pleaded “true”

to an enhancement for a prior felony conviction for burglary of a building. Id. § 12.42(b)

(Vernon Supp 2007). The trial court found Rodriguez guilty and sentenced him to twenty

years’ imprisonment.

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By three issues, Rodriguez argues that (1) the trial court interposed itself into a

sentencing agreement with the State; (2) the trial court’s admonishments were inadequate;

and (3) the evidence to support the enhancement was factually and legally insufficient. We

affirm. 

I. Background

Rodriguez is married to Manuela Rodriguez. Manuela’s mother is Maria Ortega.

While Manuela was visiting Ortega at Ortega’s home, Rodriguez attempted to enter the

residence. When Ortega refused to allow him inside, Rodriguez broke down the front door.

He then began beating Manuela and asking for money. When Ortega attempted to stop

the assault, Rodriguez assaulted Ortega, causing injury to her hand by striking it with his

own hand.

On March 8, 2006, Rodriguez was indicted. The indictment contained three counts.

The first count alleged that Rodriguez intentionally or knowingly entered Ortega’s

habitation, without her consent, and attempted or committed the felony offense of

aggravated assault of Manuela. In count two, the State alleged that Rodriguez intentionally

or knowingly entered Ortega’s habitation, without her consent, and attempted or committed
 Count one, which alleged that Rodriguez assaulted Manuela, was left unadjudicated at this time. 2

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the felony offense of assault of Ortega. In count three, the State alleged that Rodriguez

recklessly caused bodily injury to Ortega, an individual 65 years of age or older, by striking

her on her hand with his hand. The indictment further alleged an enhancement count for

a prior conviction of felony offense of burglary of a building. Rodriguez executed a written

waiver and consent to stipulation of testimony, waiver of jury, and plea of nolo contendere

to counts two and three. The plea was a “cold plea” to counts two and three. Rodriguez

also pleaded “true” to the enhancement paragraph. 

On April 10, 2006, the trial court held a hearing on the pleas. The court advised

Rodriguez that count two, with the enhancement, carried a punishment range of five to

ninety-nine years. See id. § 30.02(a)(3), (c)(2) (burglary is a second-degree felony); id. §

12.42(b) (enhancing second-degree felony to first-degree felony); id. § 12.32(a) (Vernon

2003) (first-degree felony carries a punishment range five to ninety-nine years). The court

further advised Rodriguez that count three, to which the enhancement did not apply,

carried a punishment range of 180 days to two years in state jail. See id. § 22.04(a)(1), (f)

(assault of elderly is a state jail felony); id. § 12.35(a)(Vernon Supp. 2007). Each count

also carried a fine of up to $10,000. Id. §§ 12.35(b), 12.32(b). 

Rodriguez pleaded nolo contendere to counts two and three and “true” to the

enhancement. After hearing all the evidence, the court found Rodriguez guilty and that the

enhancement was “true.” On April 28, 2006, after a pre-sentence investigation report was 2

issued, the trial court held a sentencing hearing. At the sentencing hearing, the court

inquired into two other pending retaliation cases. The State advised the court that if

Rodriguez was given at least twenty years’ imprisonment in the present case, the State
 On January 25, 2007, this Court issued an Order requiring the trial court to hold a hearing to answer specific 3

questions and to re-certify the case for appeal. On May 3, 2007, the trial court held such a hearing and made

the following findings of facts:

1. This case was not a plea bargain case, but rather it was a cold plea.

2. Paragraph[s] 13 and 14 of the Written Waiver and Consent to Stipulation of

Testimony, W aiver of Jury and Plea of No Contest” is an express waiver of appeal if the

punishment recommended by the prosecutor and agreed to by the defendant does not

exceed the agreed punishment. Paragraph 14 of the same “waiver” reflects that this is a cold

plea. Construed together, Paragraph[s] 13 and 14 reflect that this Defendant has not

effectively waived the right to appeal. The court therefore finds that this Defendant does

have the right to appeal. 

3. Notwithstanding the finding in (2) above, the Court does grant this defendant the

right to appeal.

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would consider the other two cases unadjudicated and dismissed. Rodriguez was

sentenced to twenty years’ imprisonment in the Texas Department of Criminal Justice. The

judgment does not specify how much of this sentence was attributed to each offense;

rather, the punishment was assessed as a sum total for both offenses. The court certified

that the case was not a plea-bargain case and that Rodriguez had a right to appeal.

Rodriguez filed his notice of appeal.3

II. Sentencing

A. Trial Court in a Plea Bargain Agreement 

Rodriguez first argues that the trial court improperly participated in a plea bargain

with the State. A plea bargain is usually defined as follows: 

“Plea bargaining is a process which implies a preconviction bargain between

the State and the accused whereby the accused agrees to plead guilty or

nolo contendere in exchange for a reduction in the charge, a promise of

sentencing leniency, a promise of a recommendation for the prosecutor to

the trial judge as to punishment or some other concession by the prosecutor

that he will not seek to have the trial judge invoke his full maximum

implementation of the conviction and sentencing authority he has.” 

Perkins v. Third Court of Appeals at Austin, 738 S.W.2d 276, 282 (Tex. Crim. App. 1987)

(quoting Milton Heuman, Plea Bargaining (1978 edition)). Trial judges in the federal
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system are expressly prohibited from participating in pre-plea discussions, including any

discussion or indication of a possible sentence for a plea of guilty. See FED. R. CRIM. P.

11(c)(1) (“An attorney for the government and the defendant's attorney, or the defendant

when proceeding pro se, may discuss and reach a plea agreement. The court must not

participate in these discussions.”).

Texas trial judges are not expressly prohibited by statute or any rule of procedure

from participating in plea bargain discussions. The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals,

however, has stated that a trial judge should not participate in any plea bargain discussions

until an agreement has been reached between the prosecutor and the defendant. Perkins,

738 S.W.2d at 282; Ex parte Williams, 704 S.W.2d 773, 777 n.6 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986).

The reason for this suggestion is that the trial judge should always avoid the appearance

of any judicial coercion or prejudgment of the defendant, because such influence might

affect the voluntariness of the defendant’s plea. Perkins, 738 S.W.2d at 282.

It is undisputed in this case that there was no plea bargain and that Rodriguez

entered an open plea. Nevertheless, he takes issue with the following exchange at the

sentencing hearing:

The Court: This defendant was here back on the 10 of th

April, pled nolo contendere to Counts II and III

plus the enhancement. He was found guilty of

those and the enhancement was found true and

a PSI was ordered and the punishment set for

today. Anything further from the State?

[The State]: Your Honor, based on Mr. Rodriguez’s history

and the egregious nature of the act, we ask the

Court to sentence him to 20 years in prison.
 The record does not reflect the disposition of these other cases. 

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The Court: [Defense counsel]?

[Defense counsel]: Judge, what I’m asking for is 10 years. This man

is— has learned a lot while he’s been in jail.

He’s also— was married to this woman and was

trying to get an understanding from this woman.

He realizes he didn’t do the proper thing in trying

to get this matter taken care of. He regrets the

problems he’s caused, but he would like a little

bit more mercy.

The Court: Before I make a decision on this, there are two

pending retaliation cases that are set next week

or two and, depending on what the State does

with those, the Court might have a sort of a

different view of how I might treat the state’s

recommendation. 

[The State]: Your Honor, the state is of the position that, if

he’s sentenced to at least 20 years in prison, we

will consider the other two cases as

unadjudicated and dismiss them in light of the

sentence that he receives on the cold plea. 4

Nothing in this exchange indicates that the trial judge participated in a plea bargain with the

State. Rather, the Court was asking for recommendations and information as to

sentencing. 

In reviewing a trial court’s determination of the appropriate punishment in any given

case, a great deal of discretion is allowed. Jackson v. State, 680 S.W.2d 809, 814 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1984). The general rule is that as long as a sentence is within the proper range

of punishment provided by the statute for the offense, it will not be disturbed. Id.; Nunez

v. State, 565 S.W.2d 536, 538 (Tex. Crim. App. 1978). Because Rodriguez entered into

a open plea, the trial court was free to impose any punishment in accordance with the
 W e note that we have jurisdiction to consider this issue because it relates to the voluntariness of Rodriguez’s 5

plea. See Castellano v. State, 49 S.W .3d 566, 569 n.2 (Tex. App.–Corpus Christi 2001, (holding appeal not

barred under Young v. State, 8 S.W .3d 656, 666-67 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000), where voluntariness of plea is

at issue). 

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statute. The punishment imposed by the trial court is well within the range of punishment

for burglary, even without an enhancement. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 30.02(a)(3),

(c)(2) (second-degree felony burglary of a habitation); id. § 12.33(a) (second-degree felony

carries a punishment range of two to twenty years’ imprisonment). Rodriguez’s first issue

is overruled.

B. Proper Admonishment

Rodriguez argues that his plea was involuntary because the trial court failed to

admonish him of the difference in the possible sentences for count II of the indictment if

the State failed to prove the enhancement. Rodriguez complains that the trial court

admonished him that he could receive five to ninety-nine years’ imprisonment for count two

with the enhancement. Rodriguez argues that if he had known that the punishment for

count two without the enhancement was only two to twenty years’ imprisonment, he would

not have pleaded guilty.5

Texas Code of Criminal Procedure article 26.13 sets forth the admonishment that

the trial court must give the defendant before accepting a plea of nolo contendere or guilty.

TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 26.13 (Vernon Supp. 2007). The court must advise the

defendant of the range of punishment. Id. art. 26.13(a)(1). Article 26.13(c) states that

substantial compliance by the court is sufficient, unless the defendant affirmatively shows

that he was not aware of the consequences of his plea and was misled or harmed by the

trial court’s admonishment. Id. art. 26.13(c). “When a record shows that the trial court
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delivered an incorrect admonishment regarding the range of punishment, and the actual

sentence lies within both the actual and misstated maximum, substantial compliance is

attained.” Martinez v. State, 981 S.W.2d 195, 197 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998).

The punishment imposed by the trial court is well within the range of punishment for

burglary, even without an enhancement. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 30.02(a)(3), (c)(2)

(second-degree felony burglary of a habitation); id. § 12.33(a) (second-degree felony

carries a punishment range of two to twenty years’ imprisonment). Thus, the record

reveals that the trial court substantially complied with the admonishment requirements. 

Martinez, 981 S.W.2d at 197. Rodriguez points to nothing else in the record that supports

his claim that his plea was involuntary. Rodriguez’s second issue is overruled. 

III. Factual and Legal Sufficiency of Enhancement

In his final issue, Rodriguez argues that he did not plead “true” to the enhancement

and that the evidence was insufficient to prove the enhancement. The record shows

otherwise. The Written Waiver and Consent to Stipulation of Testimony, Waiver of Jury

and Plea of No Contest was signed by Rodriguez, and it specifically states that he pleaded

“true” to the enhancement. At the April 10, 2006 hearing, Rodriguez stated to the court

that he was pleading true to the enhancement. The record of his prior conviction was

admitted without objection. Moreover, Rodriguez’s sentence was within the range of

punishment for his burglary conviction, even absent the enhancement. See TEX. PENAL

CODE ANN. § 30.02(a)(3), (c)(2) (second-degree felony burglary of a habitation); id. §

12.33(a) (second-degree felony carries a punishment range of two to twenty years’

imprisonment). Rodriguez has not shown how he was harmed by the enhancement. TEX.
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R. APP. P. 44.2. Accordingly, Rodriguez’s third issue is overruled. 

IV. Conclusion

 For the above given reasons, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed.

________________________________

GINA M. BENAVIDES

Justice

Do not publish.

See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).

Memorandum Opinion delivered and

filed this the 28th day of August, 2008.