DA 06-0821

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA

2008 MT 303

STATE OF MONTANA,

 Plaintiff and Appellee,

 v.

LIN TORGERSON,

 Defendant and Appellant.

APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Ninth Judicial District,

In and For the County of Toole, Cause No. DC 04-041

Honorable David Rice, Presiding Judge

COUNSEL OF RECORD:

For Appellant:

Maxwell G. Battle, Jr.; Battle & Edenfield, P.L.L.C.,

Kalispell, Montana

For Appellee:

Hon. Mike McGrath, Montana Attorney General; Barbara C. Harris, 

Assistant Attorney General Helena, Montana

Submitted on Briefs: December 6, 2007

 Decided: August 26, 2008 

Filed:

__________________________________________

Clerk

August 26 2008
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Chief Justice Karla M. Gray delivered the Opinion of the Court.

 

¶1 A jury in the Ninth Judicial District Court, Toole County, found Lin E. Torgerson 

guilty of the misdemeanor offenses of unlawful possession of a game animal and unlawful 

possession of bird parts. Torgerson appeals. We affirm.

¶2 We restate the issues as follows:

¶3 1. Did the District Court err in refusing to suppress evidence gathered during the 

searches of Torgerson’s residence and the premises of Torgerson Implement?

¶4 2. Did the District Court err in admitting the testimony of Torgerson’s former wife?

¶5 3. Did the District Court erroneously admit hearsay testimony by Game Warden Rod 

Duty?

¶6 4. Did the District Court err in denying Torgerson’s motions for mistrial based on 

alleged prosecutorial misconduct?

¶7 5. Was the evidence sufficient to convict Torgerson?

BACKGROUND

¶8 In February of 2004, Daisy Doane went to the Conrad, Montana, office of the 

Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Parks with information about her then-estranged 

husband Torgerson’s unlawful killing of four whitetail deer bucks, in four separate incidents, 

over a period of several years. Based in large part on the information Doane provided, game 

wardens and other law enforcement officers obtained warrants to search Torgerson’s 

residence and his family’s business, Torgerson Implement. From the collections of antlers 

and mounts in both locations, they seized two head mounts from the business and a set of 
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velvet antlers and a head mount from the residence. They also seized a golden eagle skull, 

feathers and numerous photographs of Torgerson posing with dead deer from the residence.

¶9 In October of 2004, the State of Montana charged Torgerson with unlawful possession 

of bird parts and unlawful possession of wildlife—four whitetail deer bucks it alleged he had 

taken either outside the legal hunting season or illegally with the use of a spotlight. The 

State valued three of the bucks at $500 each, pursuant to § 87-1-111, MCA, and the fourth as 

a trophy animal worth $8,000, pursuant to § 87-1-115, MCA. 

¶10 Doane and Torgerson subsequently divorced. At Torgerson’s trial in the summer of 

2006, Doane testified for the State under a grant of immunity. Doane told the jury she had 

pled guilty to two misdemeanor counts of possession of unlawfully-killed game animals—

the mounts seized from Torgerson’s (and her former) home. She told the jury she had 

hunted with Torgerson many times while they were dating and during their three-year 

marriage. At trial, she claimed lack of memory as to many details she had provided the 

game wardens in February of 2004, but counsel refreshed her memory with notes from her 

meetings with game wardens. Doane testified that she held a spotlight for Torgerson while 

he shot at a whitetail buck with velvet-covered antlers in a CRP field before the gun hunting 

season, and then saw the dead animal the next day. She testified that, on another occasion, 

before the general hunting season during which hunting with a gun is allowed, Torgerson 

shot a whitetail deer with a gun and then his brother shot the same animal with a bow and 

arrow. She testified that she held a spotlight while Torgerson shot a whitetail buck with a 

rifle in Bob Layne’s field. She also testified that Torgerson shot a whitetail buck with a gun 
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during bow hunting season on “Parcell’s ranch” and brought it home the next day. 

¶11 The three mounts and the set of velvet antlers seized from Torgerson’s home and 

family business were admitted into evidence. William J. Reneau, director of big game

records for the Boone and Crocket Club, identified the mounts and antlers as those of the 

animals shown in several photographs seized from Torgerson’s residence and associated 

with Doane’s testimony about the illegally-taken whitetail bucks. Wildlife biologist Gary 

Olson explained the yearly cycles of a deer buck’s antlers and hair, testifying that deer 

usually lose their velvet beginning in August. Olson noted the antlers in evidence were still 

in velvet and, on one mount, the velvet appeared to have been scraped off after the animal 

died. Olson also noted that the hair on the mounts appeared to be in a transition process 

between the summer coats and the winter coats, which he testified typically would happen in 

mid-August to mid-September. 

¶12 Game Warden Rod Duty testified, among other things, that the five-week general 

hunting season in Montana begins five weeks before Thanksgiving. He also testified that, 

prior to the searches, Doane told the wardens where they would find unused hunting tags of 

Torgerson’s and that Torgerson would often save them in case he wanted to use them later. 

During the search of Torgerson’s home, the searchers found hunting tags for the years 1998, 

1999 and 2000. 

¶13 Game Warden Bryan Golie testified that, during the search of Torgerson’s home, 

Torgerson said, “[y]ou’re going to find this anyway. I might as well get it.” Torgerson then 

walked over to a back room and picked up a backpack with feathers sticking out of it. He 
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told Golie he had found the feathers, as well as a bird skull which was also in the backpack, 

while he was antler hunting. According to wildlife biologist Olson, the feathers and skull 

were golden eagle parts, possession of which is prohibited by law. 

¶14 Torgerson testified on his own behalf. He admitted shooting two of the deer, but 

denied doing so illegally. He specifically denied shooting any of the deer with the aid of a 

spotlight. He told the jury he found the deer in the Layne field already dead, apparently from 

natural causes; and that he did not shoot the deer Doane claimed he shot with a gun and his 

brother later shot with a bow and arrow. Torgerson presented evidence that the yearly cycles 

of deer antlers and coats can vary, and pointed out gaps in Doane’s observations. He also 

suggested Doane or the game wardens may have planted the eagle parts in his home.

¶15 The District Court gave the jury two special verdict forms. On the first, the jury was 

asked whether Torgerson was guilty of possession of unlawfully-killed wildlife and, if so, 

the total value of the animals he illegally possessed. On the other verdict form, the jury was 

asked to find whether Torgerson was guilty of unlawful possession of bird parts. The jury 

found Torgerson guilty of possession of unlawfully-killed wildlife and set the total value at 

$500; it also found him guilty of unlawful possession of bird parts. The District Court 

sentenced Torgerson to six months in the county jail on each of the two offenses, all of 

which time it suspended. 

ISSUE 1

¶16 Did the District Court err in refusing to suppress evidence gathered during the 

searches of Torgerson’s residence and the premises of Torgerson Implement?

¶17 Torgerson timely moved the District Court to suppress evidence gathered during the 
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searches of his residence and family business, arguing the search warrants were based on 

“illegal private searches” and information obtained from a disgruntled spouse, Doane, whose 

information was privileged. The District Court denied the motion. 

¶18 One year later—well after the deadline set in the omnibus order for pretrial motions—

Torgerson filed a “supplemental motion to suppress” the same evidence. In that motion, 

Torgerson raised new arguments for suppressing the evidence, including the argument he 

now raises on appeal: that the warrants to search his residence and his family’s business 

were facially defective and unlawfully executed as a “fishing expedition” because they did 

not particularly describe the things to be seized. The District Court denied the “supplemental 

motion to suppress,” citing the law of the case and Torgerson’s failure to cite any new 

evidence previously unavailable which would justify reconsideration of the matter. 

¶19 In his reply brief, Torgerson claims he did not have all the information to support his 

motion to suppress until he was represented by his present counsel, who filed the 

“supplemental motion to suppress” in the District Court. Torgerson does not claim the 

information was unavailable until that time, however—only that his original counsel did not 

obtain it. 

¶20 Absent plain error, this Court will not consider an issue not timely raised in the 

district court. See State v. Minez, 2004 MT 115, ¶ 30, 321 Mont. 148, ¶ 30, 89 P.3d 966, ¶ 

30 (citation omitted). Torgerson did not timely raise this issue in the District Court, nor has 

he alleged or established plain error. Therefore, we will not consider this issue further.

¶21 We hold Torgerson has failed to establish error in the District Court’s refusal to 
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suppress evidence gathered during the searches of his residence and the premises of 

Torgerson Implement.

ISSUE 2

¶22 Did the District Court err in admitting the testimony of Doane, Torgerson’s 

former wife?

¶23 Torgerson asserts admission of Doane’s testimony was improper for several reasons. 

We address each of his arguments in turn. 

¶24 Prior to trial, Torgerson moved the District Court to exclude Doane’s testimony 

because she was an accomplice who was legally accountable for two of the counts of 

unlawful possession of wildlife for which he was being tried—the shootings at which she 

testified she held the spotlight for him. Immediately before Doane testified, the court denied 

Torgerson’s motion to exclude her testimony and ruled the State could present her testimony 

before it presented evidence corroborating it, as is required under § 46-16-213, MCA. The 

court also stated that, after the State had presented its case, it would entertain Torgerson’s 

motion for dismissal for insufficient corroborating evidence. At the close of the State’s 

case, the District Court denied that motion. 

¶25 On appeal, Torgerson claims the court erred in denying his motion for dismissal due 

to insufficient corroborating evidence. We review questions regarding the sufficiency of 

corroborating evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution. State v. Berger, 1998 

MT 170, ¶ 28, 290 Mont. 78, ¶ 28, 964 P.2d 725, ¶ 28 (citation omitted). 

¶26 Accomplice testimony cannot form the basis for a criminal conviction unless it is 

properly corroborated. Section 46-16-213, MCA. Corroborating evidence must be 
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independent and must tend to connect the defendant with commission of the offense. 

Conversely, corroborating evidence need not be sufficient to support a conviction or even to 

make out a prima facie case against the defendant. Berger, ¶ 28 (citations omitted). Nor is 

corroborating evidence insufficient merely because it is circumstantial, disputed or possibly 

consistent with innocent conduct. State v. Marler, 2008 MT 13, ¶ 23, 341 Mont. 120, ¶ 23, 

176 P.3d 1010, ¶ 23. 

¶27 Doane’s testimony that Torgerson shot two deer with the aid of a spotlight was 

supported by the spotlights found in Torgerson’s home. Her testimony about the shootings 

of the various deer was supported by the envelopes of photographs seized from his home, 

marked 1996, 1998, 1999 and 2000, showing him posing with the dead animals. It was 

further supported by the unused deer hunting permit tags for the years 1998, 1999 and 2000 

seized from Torgerson’s home. In addition, the game wardens’ testimony regarding the 

velvet antlers and the summer coats supported Doane’s testimony that the animals were 

taken before the five-week general hunting season began. The State’s corroborating 

evidence was independent of Doane’s testimony and tended to connect Torgerson to the 

charged offenses. We conclude that, viewed in the light most favorable to the prosecution, 

the evidence sufficiently corroborated Doane’s testimony.

¶28 Torgerson also argues the District Court erred in allowing Doane to testify about 

communications between them while they were married in violation of § 26-1-802, MCA, 

which prohibits such testimony without the nontestifying spouse’s permission. Before trial, 

Torgerson moved to exclude testimony by Doane regarding his spousal communications 
9

with her. In discussing Torgerson’s motion with counsel immediately before trial, the 

District Court made no formal ruling on the motion, but advised counsel “[i]f [spousal 

immunity] does come up, raise your objections, if you want a continuing objection to some 

of those things.” 

¶29 On appeal, Torgerson advances only one instance of Doane’s testimony. Counsel for 

the State had asked Doane if she had taken anything with her when she went to meet with the 

game wardens early in their investigation of Torgerson. Doane responded that she had taken 

a piece of paper on which she had jotted down some notes to help her remember dates and 

other details. Counsel then asked if Doane remembered what she had written across the top 

of the paper, and Doane replied she did not. Counsel produced the notes and asked Doane to 

refresh her recollection by reading them. Counsel then had Doane read aloud what she had 

written across the top: “If you go to the game wardens, I will say you’re just as guilty as I 

am.” Doane testified Torgerson had made that statement to her when they were angry with

each other and trying to work out custody terms for their daughter as part of the dissolution 

of their marriage. 

¶30 Torgerson contends on appeal that the District Court violated § 26-1-802, MCA, in 

admitting the above testimony by Doane. He claims the court had granted him a continuing 

objection on grounds of spousal immunity. 

¶31 As indicated above, the record reflects that the court told defense counsel prior to trial 

that “[i]f [spousal immunity] does come up, raise your objections, if you want a continuing 

objection to some of those things.” Torgerson did not follow the District Court’s directive; 
10

nor did he object to the testimony he now argues was improperly admitted. As a result, we 

conclude he may not now argue trial court error in this regard. See § 46-20-104(2), MCA; 

State v. Clausell, 2001 MT 62, ¶ 25, 305 Mont. 1, ¶ 25, 22 P.3d 1111, ¶ 25 (citation omitted). 

¶32 Finally, Torgerson argues Doane’s statement that he told her, “If you go to the game 

wardens, I will say you’re just as guilty as I am,” was inadmissible on hearsay grounds. 

Torgerson is correct that hearsay generally is not admissible into evidence. See M. R. Evid. 

802. However, because he did not object on this basis, we conclude he waived the ability to 

assert error on appeal. 

¶33 We hold Torgerson has not established error by the District Court in admitting 

Doane’s testimony.

ISSUE 3

¶34 Did the District Court erroneously admit hearsay testimony by Game Warden 

Rod Duty?

¶35 Duty testified concerning meetings he had with Doane in February and March of 

2004. Torgerson objected, on hearsay grounds, to Duty’s testimony about several things 

Doane told him at those meetings. Based on Doane’s uncertainty in her own testimony and 

Torgerson’s challenges to her recollections on cross-examination, however, the District 

Court ruled—in essence—that Duty’s testimony was allowable as prior inconsistent 

statements of a witness. See M. R. Evid. 801(d)(1). On appeal, Torgerson argues Duty’s 

testimony regarding statements Doane made at those meetings was inadmissible hearsay 

pursuant to M. R. Evid. 802. 

¶36 We observe that Torgerson does not advance legal argument or authorities in support 
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of his assertion that the District Court abused its discretion in admitting Doane’s testimony. 

M. R. App. P. 12(1)f places that burden on the appellant. We are not obligated to conduct 

legal research or develop legal analysis that might support an appellant’s position. State v. 

Buck, 2006 MT 81, ¶¶ 99-100, 331 Mont. 517, ¶¶ 99-100, 134 P.3d 53, ¶¶ 99-100. The 

appellant bears the burden of establishing trial court error. See e.g. State v. Johnson, 2008 

MT 227, ¶ 17, 344 Mont. 313, ¶ 17, 187 P.3d 662, ¶ 17(citation omitted); Buck, ¶ 31 

(citation omitted). 

¶37 We conclude Torgerson has failed to establish that the District Court erroneously 

admitted hearsay testimony by Duty.

ISSUE 4

¶38 Did the District Court err in denying Torgerson’s motions for mistrial based on 

alleged prosecutorial misconduct?

¶39 During her questioning of Doane at trial, the prosecutor commented that Doane’s 

lawyer, who was present in the courtroom, was from Kalispell, Montana, the “same place 

defense counsel practices.” After Doane’s testimony had been completed, Torgerson moved 

for a mistrial based on this comment. The District Court denied the motion. 

¶40 In addition, the prosecutor noted during her rebuttal closing argument that Doane had 

testified with immunity. Torgerson made an unspecified objection and requested a sidebar. 

The District Court denied Torgerson’s request for a sidebar and reminded the jury that they 

would decide what the facts were. After closing arguments were completed, Torgerson’s 

counsel moved for a mistrial based on the reference to Doane’s immunity. The District 

Court denied the motion. 
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¶41 On appeal, Torgerson again asserts his entitlement to a new trial on the grounds raised 

in the District Court. He also challenges several additional remarks by the prosecutor during 

closing argument. Because Torgerson objected to only one remark during the prosecutor’s 

closing argument, he has waived other objections in that regard. See State v. Dunfee, 2005 

MT 147, ¶¶ 41-44, 327 Mont. 335, ¶¶ 41-44, 114 P.3d 217, ¶¶ 41-44 (citations omitted).

¶42 We review the denial of motions for mistrial by determining, first, whether the 

prosecutor made improper comments. If so, we determine whether the comments prejudiced 

the defendant’s right to a fair and impartial trial. State v. Gladue, 1999 MT 1, ¶ 12, 293 

Mont. 1, ¶ 12, 972 P.2d 827, ¶ 12.

¶43 Torgerson does not enlighten us as to why he believes the prosecutor’s comment that 

Doane’s counsel, like defense counsel, was from Kalispell represents grounds for a mistrial. 

Nor does he provide any legal support for his claim that the remark during rebuttal closing 

argument constituted prosecutorial misconduct. He makes only general reference to cases 

regarding prosecutorial misconduct as grounds for mistrial. See Gladue (improper comments 

by a prosecutor in closing argument are viewed with disfavor); State v. Statczar, 228 Mont. 

446, 457, 743 P.2d 606, 613 (1987) (statements by a prosecutor reflecting the prosecutor’s 

personal views are improper); State v. Bain, 176 Mont. 23, 575 P.2d 919 (1978) (misconduct 

by a prosecutor can form the basis for a new trial).

¶44 This Court is not obligated to conduct legal research on an appellant’s behalf or to 

develop legal analysis to support the appellant’s position, and we will not address an 

argument which is unsupported by analysis or citation to legal authority as required by M. R. 
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App. P. 12(1)f. Buck, ¶¶ 99, 100. 

¶45 We conclude Torgerson has not established that the District Court erred in denying a 

mistrial based on the prosecutor’s remarks. 

ISSUE 5

¶46 Was the evidence sufficient to convict Torgerson?

¶47 Torgerson moved for dismissal for insufficiency of the evidence following the State’s 

case, and the District Court denied that motion. On appeal, Torgerson asserts error on the 

basis that the evidence against him was insufficient to support his convictions for the 

misdemeanor offenses of unlawful possession of a game animal and unlawful possession of 

bird parts. 

¶48 Dismissal for insufficiency of the evidence is appropriate only if, viewing the 

evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, there is no evidence upon which a 

rational trier of fact could find the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. 

State v. Bomar, 2008 MT 91, ¶ 13, 342 Mont. 281, ¶ 13, 182 P.3d 47, ¶ 13 (citation omitted). 

It is within the province of the finder of fact to determine the credibility of witnesses and, in 

the event of conflicting evidence on factual issues, to determine the weight to be given that 

evidence. See State v. Sattler, 1998 MT 57, ¶ 55, 288 Mont. 79, ¶ 55, 956 P.2d 54, ¶ 55 

(citation omitted). We review de novo the denial of a motion for dismissal for insufficiency

of the evidence, to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to convict. State v. Swann, 

2007 MT 126, ¶ 19, 337 Mont. 326, ¶ 19, 160 P.3d 511, ¶ 19. 

¶49 Here, the court instructed the jury that, to find Torgerson guilty of an act or acts, all of 
14

its members must agree that Torgerson committed the same act or acts. The court instructed 

the jury that, to convict Torgerson of unlawful possession of wildlife, the State must prove 

that Torgerson possessed, had or kept in storage a game animal, the game animal was 

unlawfully killed, and Torgerson acted purposely or knowingly. The court further instructed 

the jury that the statutory value of a nontrophy deer was $500 and the statutory value of a 

trophy animal was $8,000. 

¶50 As set forth above, the jury found Torgerson guilty of unlawful possession of wildlife, 

which it valued at $500. Hence, pursuant to the instructions given, the jury clearly found 

Torgerson guilty of unlawful possession of one nontrophy deer. The special verdict form did 

not require the jury to specify the animal or animals as to which it might render a guilty 

verdict, however, and Torgerson did not object to the special verdict form on those grounds. 

Because we cannot determine which animal the jury found Torgerson unlawfully possessed, 

we review the evidence as to each of the four deer to determine whether sufficient evidence 

existed to support a guilty verdict on the charged offense of unlawful possession of each of 

those animals. 

¶51 Doane testified she held a spotlight to assist Torgerson while he used a gun to shoot at 

the deer with the velvet antlers at night and that, while she did not actually see the dead 

animal that night, she saw it—dead—the next day. She identified that animal as the one 

shown in photographs admitted into evidence in an envelope marked, in what she identified 

as Torgerson’s handwriting, with “96 Lin Velvet WT.” Game Warden Duty testified that he 

saw spotlights in Torgerson’s home during the search. Finally, the Boone and Crockett 
15

expert, Reneau, testified that one of the mounts in evidence was the same animal shown in 

the photographs in the envelope marked “96 Lin Velvet WT.” 

¶52 Doane testified that, on another occasion, she was driving around with Torgerson 

when he shot at a whitetail deer with a gun before the gun hunting season had opened. The 

deer stumbled, but then Doane saw it run “all the way to the river.” Doane testified that 

Torgerson and his brothers went out looking for the animal the following day, and 

Torgerson’s brother shot it with a bow. Doane further identified the handwritten words “’98 

Velvet WT Chase” as Torgerson’s writing on an envelope of photographs admitted into 

evidence. Reneau testified the photographs in the envelope were of the animal preserved in 

one of the mounts introduced into evidence. In addition, Doane testified the animal’s head 

had been preserved on a pedestal mount which was kept at Torgerson’s house—not at his 

brother’s house—and Reneau identified that mount as the animal shown in the photographs. 

¶53 As to the third charge of unlawful possession of wildlife, Doane testified she held a 

spotlight while Torgerson shot a whitetail buck with a rifle in Bob Layne’s field. An 

envelope of photographs seized from Torgerson’s home and introduced into evidence, 

marked in what Doane identified as Torgerson’s handwriting with “’99 Lin WT,” show him 

beside the bloated dead deer in daylight. Reneau testified those photographs showed the 

animal in a mount admitted into evidence. The words “Lin Torgerson, 1999” were written 

on the back of the mount. 

¶54 Finally, Doane testified that she and Torgerson observed a whitetail buck during bow 

hunting season on “Parcell’s ranch,” and Torgerson shot it with a gun and brought it home 
16

the next day. She identified that buck in photographs seized from Torgerson’s home 

showing Torgerson posing with the dead animal. Reneau testified the photographs were of 

the animal preserved in one of the mounts in evidence. 

¶55 We conclude the evidence would allow a rational trier of fact to find Torgerson guilty 

of unlawful possession of wildlife, beyond a reasonable doubt, of each of the four deer.

¶56 As to Torgerson’s conviction of the offense of possession of wild bird parts, 

Torgerson contends the State did not offer any evidence that the parts he possessed were 

from wild birds, as opposed to from a falconer’s bird. Indeed, he asserts the State did not 

prove that the feathers and skull were from an eagle, because no DNA test was obtained. 

Further, Torgerson points out that the State put on no proof that he did not have a 

“certificate, falconer’s license, or permit” allowing him to possess the parts, pursuant to § 

87-5-201, MCA. 

¶57 These arguments are not dispositive of the issue of whether the evidence was 

sufficient to support Torgerson’s conviction on this count. The court instructed the jury—

without objection—that a person commits the offense of unlawful possession of bird parts if 

he purposely or knowingly possesses any part of the plumage, skin or body of a wild bird 

other than a game bird. As set forth above, the State presented testimony by Game Warden 

Golie that, during the search of Torgerson’s home, Torgerson pointed out the backpack 

containing the feathers and skull. The State also presented testimony by wildlife biologist 

Olson identifying the feathers and skull found in Torgerson’s home as those of an eagle 

based on the shape and size of the beak and on feather length, color and shape. 
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¶58 We hold the evidence was sufficient to support the convictions. 

¶59 Torgerson having established no grounds for reversal of his convictions, we affirm the 

judgment of the District Court.

/S/ KARLA M. GRAY

We concur:

/S/ JOHN WARNER

/S/ W. WILLIAM LEAPHART

/S/ PATRICIA COTTER

/S/ BRIAN MORRIS