IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

STATE OF WASHINGTON, ) No. 79417-5-I

) 

Respondent, )

) DIVISION ONE

v. )

) 

ABDOUL AZIZ JALLOW, )

) PUBLISHED OPINION

Appellant. )

)

MANN, C.J. — Abdoul Jallow appeals his conviction of two counts of animal 

cruelty in the first degree. He contends that (1) the evidence was insufficient to convict 

him of animal cruelty, (2) the to-convict instruction omitted the element of causation, 

thus relieving the State of its burden of proof, and (3) because animal cruelty is an 

alternative means crime, violation of the unanimous jury verdict requires reversal of one 

of the animal cruelty convictions. We agree that the to-convict instruction was 

insufficient, and reverse.1 

 1 Because we reverse on the jury instruction error, we do not address Jallow’s sufficiency of the 

evidence argument. Because we are reversing for a new trial, we address whether animal cruelty is an 

alternative means crime. 
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I. FACTS

After receiving a report concerning the condition of sheep and goats on a 

property outside of Marysville on October 19, 2016, animal control officer Chad Davis 

conducted a welfare check on the animals. On his first visit to the property, Davis 

observed several sheep and goats that had quality hay and water. Davis made two 

other undocumented stops where he observed hay from the road. 

Davis’s next documented visit was on November 14, 2016. Davis observed that 

there was no food or water available to the animals, although there were some 

remnants of hay visible. Davis saw a sheep lying on its side, appearing lifeless. Upon 

closer inspection, Davis confirmed the sheep was deceased. Davis saw another sheep 

lying inside the shed that would not get up and come to the fence with the other 

animals. 

Davis tracked down the owner of the property using a license plate provided by a 

neighbor, which associated with a nearby residence. Davis went to the residence and 

spoke with Jallow’s wife, explaining that one of the sheep needed immediate medical 

attention, and another sheep was deceased. She informed Davis that Jallow was out of 

the state. Davis left a voicemail for Jallow informing him of the condition of the animals. 

Davis did not seize the carcass or enter the property because he did not have a 

warrant. 

On December 5, 2016, Davis responded to another report from Jallow’s 

neighbor. The neighbor had taken a tan female sheep from the field and wrapped it in a 

blanket. The sheep appeared lifeless and could not hold up its head. Davis took the 

tan female sheep to a veterinarian immediately. 
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The veterinarian, Dr. Tim Cuchna, found that the sheep was breathing, but was 

nonresponsive to stimulation. Dr. Cuchna determined that the sheep was hypothermic, 

because its “body condition was very poor, resulting in it not being able to maintain its 

body temperature . . . it was wet.” He explained that not having enough food can result 

in the low temperature. On a scale of 1 to 5, where 1 is severely emaciated and 5 is an

extremely obese animal, Dr. Cuchna rated the sheep as “a 1 at most.” Dr. Cuchna

opined that the tan female sheep had not been getting enough nutrition “over a fair 

amount of time.” He also determined that the sheep was moderately dehydrated and 

suffering from parasites. Dr. Cuchna opined that the sheep’s poor health was a result of 

both parasites and poor nutrition, and he performed a humane euthanasia on the 

sheep. 

Davis left another voicemail for Jallow, explaining that he had one of the sheep at 

the vet, and that Jallow needed to contact him immediately. When Davis spoke to 

Jallow, he informed him that the sheep had been euthanized. Jallow told Davis that his 

cousin, Sheriff Jabang, would sell the other animals. 

Davis returned to Jallow’s field on December 6, 2016, and observed that the 

animals had no food or access to water, as the trough was iced over. He fed them with 

food he had brought from his personal barn and broke the ice. He examined a goat and 

a sheep, and determined that the goat was emaciated. Davis posted an orange 3x5 

card instructing the owner to contact him immediately. Davis returned the next two days 

to provide food and water to the animals, as there was no food out for them and the 

water iced over again. He attempted to contact Jallow but was unsuccessful. 
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On December 9, 2016, Davis returned with a search warrant to seize the 

animals. He discovered that a small brown sheep that had been alive the previous day 

was now deceased. 

Davis took the deceased small brown sheep, and seized a live goat and three 

live sheep. Davis took the animals to the veterinary hospital, where Dr. Travis McKinzie 

examined them. Dr. McKinzie determined that the goat was likely anemic, had an 

elevated heart rate, and was very thin. He determined that the first living sheep was a 

body condition 3, on a scale of 1 to 9, with 1 being severely emaciated and 9 being 

extremely obese. The second sheep was also a 3 out of 9 on the body condition scale, 

and its mucous membranes were slightly pale, which can indicate anemia. The third 

sheep was a 3 1⁄2 to 4 on the body condition scale. 

Dr. McKinzie examined the deceased small brown sheep and determined that it 

was between a 1 and 1-1/2 on the body condition scale. Dr. McKinzie observed that the 

sheep had no solid content in its stomach and that there was evidence of parasites in 

the liver. He determined that the sheep’s case of death was malnutrition, resulting from 

a combination of disease causing the loss of nutrition, and the lack of adequate nutrition 

coming in. He opined that if an animal is receiving adequate nutrition, parasites are less 

likely to be an issue, or be fatal. Dr. McKinzie concluded that if the group of animals

had limited access to feedstuff, the larger animals would take as much as they could, 

fighting off and excluding the smaller animals. 
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Jallow was charged with three counts of first degree cruelty to animals and one 

count of bail jumping.2 The small brown sheep formed the basis for count 1, and the tan 

female sheep formed the basis for count 3. 3 At trial, Jallow testified that he owned the 

animals, he fed them every morning, and he never went two days without checking on 

the animals. Jallow said that he left on an extended trip to Arizona in October 2016, 

and arranged for Jabang to care for the animals. 

Jallow said that after Davis originally contacted him in November, and his wife 

contacted him, he checked in with Jabang and confirmed that he was caring for the 

animals. Before leaving, Jallow had no concerns about leaving the animals in Jabang’s 

care. He testified that “I was under the impression that they were in good hands until I 

found out that they were not.” 

Because Davis continued contacting him, Jallow testified that he attempted to 

sell the animals via Craigslist. He relied on Jabang to execute the sale and believed 

that Jabang sold the animals. When Jallow learned that no sale occurred, he then 

posted the animals on Craigslist for free. Jallow testified that he cut his trip short 

because of the animals. He returned from his trip the morning of December 8, 2016, 

but he did not visit the field until the evening of December 9, 2016. 

Jabang testified that he gave the animals food and water but he was unsure how 

long Jallow was gone. He testified that Jallow called him to take care of the deceased

sheep in November but that his truck broke down and he was unable to remove the 

deceased sheep. Jabang did not remember how many times he went to the field to 

 2 The bail jumping charge was a result of Jallow’s failure to appear when he was charged with 

first degree animal cruelty on March 3, 2017. 

3 The deceased sheep observed during the November 14, 2006, visit formed the basis for count 

2, which the State later dismissed as the sheep was never examined by a medical professional. 
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care for the animals, but maintained that when the animals were under his care, they 

were always well fed and watered. 

A jury convicted Jallow of first degree cruelty to animals on count 1 (small brown 

sheep) and count 3 (tan female sheep), and of bail jumping. Jallow appeals. 

II. ANALYSIS

A. To-Convict Instruction

Jallow argues first that he was denied due process because the to-convict 

instruction for animal cruelty omitted an essential causation element: “as a result 

causes” the animal to suffer or die. 

This court reviews to-convict jury instructions de novo. State v. Fisher, 165 

Wn.2d 727, 754, 202 P.3d 937 (2009). A jury instruction is sufficient if it correctly states 

the law, is not misleading, and permits counsel to argue their theory of the case. State 

v. Mark, 94 Wn.2d 520, 526, 618 P.2d 73 (1980). The jury instructions must inform the 

jury that the State bears the burden of proving every essential element of a criminal 

offense beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Pirtle, 127 Wn.2d 628, 656, 904 P.2d 245 

(1995). A to-convict instruction must contain all of the essential elements of the crime 

because it serves as “yardstick” for the jury to measure innocence or guilt. State v. 

Smith, 131 Wn.2d 258, 263, 930 P.2d 917 (1997). Failure to instruct the jury on all 

essential elements relieves the State of its burden of proving every element of the crime 

beyond a reasonable doubt. In re Pers. Restraint of Caldellis, 187 Wn.2d 127, 136, 

385 P.3d 135 (2016). “This is reversible error unless the court is convinced, beyond a 
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reasonable doubt, that the error did not contribute to the verdict.” Caldellis, 187 Wn.2d 

at 136.4 

There is no pattern jury instruction for the crime of animal cruelty. As a result, 

trial courts should use the language of the statute, where the law governing the case is 

expressed in the statute, when instructing the jury. State v. Hardwick, 74 Wn.2d 828, 

830, 447 P.2d 80 (1968). RCW 16.52.205(2) provides: 

A person is guilty of animal cruelty in the first degree when . . . he or she, 

with criminal negligence, starves, dehydrates, or suffocates an animal, or 

exposes an animal to excessive heat or cold and as a result causes: (i) 

Substantial and unjustifiable physical pain that extends for a period 

sufficient to cause considerable suffering; or (ii) death.

(Emphasis added).

“Elements of a crime are the constituent parts of a crime, usually consisting of 

conduct, knowledge, and causation.” Caldellis, 187 Wn.2d at 136 (citing Fisher, 165 

Wn.2d at 754). Washington case law recognizes the statutory elements of a crime as 

essential elements. Fisher, 165 Wn.2d at 754. In State v. St. Clare, 198 Wn. App. 371,

377, 393 P.3d 836 (2017), we recognized four essential elements for the crime of first 

degree animal cruelty: (1) the specific act that must be proven, (2) the state of mind, (3) 

the result of the act on the animals, and (4) the location. While St. Clare examined the 

mental state required for first degree cruelty to animals, this court still held that a toconvict instruction included each statutory element when the language “as a result,” was 

 4 Error with a jury instruction may be raised for the first time on appeal if it is a manifest error 

affecting a constitutional right. State v. Salas, 127 Wn.2d 173, 182, 897 P.2d 1246 (1995). The omission 

of an element from the to-convict instruction is of “sufficient constitutional magnitude to warrant review 

when raised for the first time on appeal.” State v. Mills, 154 Wn.2d 1, 6, 109 P.3d 415 (2005). “It cannot 

be said that a defendant has had a fair trial if the jury must guess at the meaning of an essential element 

of a crime or if the jury might assume that an essential element need not be proved.” Smith, 131 Wn.2d 

at 263.
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in the instruction, thus linking the defendant’s negligence to the result of the animal’s 

suffering. St. Clare, 198 Wn. App. at 378. 

For Jallow, the jury was instructed: 

To convict the defendant of the crime of First Degree Animal 

Cruelty as charged in Count 1, each of the following elements of the crime 

must be proved beyond a reasonable doubt:

(1) That on or about the 19th day of October, 2016, through on or 

about the 9th day of December, 2016 the defendant acted with 

criminal negligence in starving or dehydrating an animal, to wit: a 

small brown sheep;

(2) the animal suffered substantial and unjustifiable physical pain 

that extends for a period sufficient to cause considerable suffering, 

or death;

(3) That the defendant was not authorized by law to commit this 

act; and

(4) That any of these acts occurred in the State of Washington.

If you find from the evidence that each of these elements has been

proved beyond a reasonable doubt, then it will be your duty to return a 

verdict of guilty.

On the other hand, if, after weighing all of the evidence, you have a 

reasonable doubt as to any one of these elements, then it will be your duty 

to return a verdict of not guilty. [5]

Jallow argues that the instruction omits the language “as a result causes,” which 

is an essential, causation element of the crime. We agree. The instruction given in 

Jallow’s case lacked the causation element of the crime because it omitted the 

language “as a result.” Without this language, the jury was not properly instructed to 

convict Jallow only if the sheep suffered substantial and unjustifiable physical pain as a 

result of Jallow’s criminal negligence. Under the instruction as given, Jallow was unable 

to argue his theory of the case—that it was Jabang’s criminal negligence, not Jallow’s 

 5 The instruction for count 3 of animal cruelty is identical, except that it refers to a “tan female 

sheep.” 
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criminal negligence, which resulted in the suffering of the animals. The omission of the 

causation element is significant because it is at least reasonably debatable whether 

Jabang’s negligence was a superseding cause of the sheep’s suffering. Because the 

to-convict instruction lacked the statutory language outlining the essential element of 

causation, the instruction was insufficient. 

“When applied to an element omitted from, or misstated in, a jury instruction, the 

error is harmless if that element is supported by uncontroverted evidence.” State v. 

Brown, 147 Wn.2d 330, 341, 58 P.3d 88 (2002). To hold any error harmless, we need 

to conclude that the jury verdict would be the same absent any error. Brown, 147 

Wn.2d at 341. Because the evidence presented at trial provided a reasonable basis 

that it was Jabang’s actions, and not Jallow’s criminal negligence, which resulted in the 

suffering of the animals, the error is not harmless. A reasonable juror could have found 

that Jallow’s negligence did not result in the substantial and unjustifiable physical pain 

of either sheep, yet still could have convicted Jallow under the instruction given. For 

these reasons, the error was not harmless and the incomplete to-convict instruction 

requires reversal. 

B. Unanimous Jury Verdict

Jallow also contends that first degree animal cruelty is an alternative means 

crime and because there was no particularized expression of jury unanimity on each of 

the alternative means reversal of one of the animal cruelty convictions is required. 

Although we reverse based on the instructional error, the State makes a compelling 

argument asking us to hold that RCW 16.52.205(2) is not an alternative means crime. 
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We agree with the State, and hold that RCW 16.52.205(2) is not an alternative means 

crime. 

Criminal defendants in Washington are entitled to a unanimous jury verdict.

State v. Ortega-Martinez, 124 Wn.2d 702, 707, 881 P.2d 231 (1994). If “the crime 

charged can be committed by more than one means, the defendant does not have a 

right to a unanimous jury determination as to the alleged means used to carry out the 

charged crime or crimes should the jury be instructed on more than one of those

means.” State v. Smith, 159 Wn.2d 778, 783, 154 P.3d 873 (2007). But in order to 

safeguard the defendant’s right to unanimity, “substantial evidence of each of the reliedon alternative means must be presented.” Smith, 159 Wn.2d at 783. However, when 

the instruction involves alternatives that are characterized as a “means within a means,” 

the alternative means doctrine does not apply. Smith, 159 Wn.2d at 783. 

Alternative means crimes provide that the proscribed criminal conduct may be

established by a variety of distinct acts, each which amounts to the same crime. Smith, 

159 Wn.2d at 784. Typically, “such crimes are set forth in a statute stating a single 

offense, under which are set forth more than one means by which the offense may be 

committed.” Smith, 159 Wn.2d at 784. In Smith, for example, our Supreme Court 

recognized that the second degree criminal assault statute articulated a single criminal 

offense but then provided six separate subsections by which the offense could be 

committed. RCW 9A.36.011-.031. The court concluded that each of the six 

subsections represented an alternative means of committing the crime of second 

degree assault. Smith, 159 Wn.2d at 784. The court declined, however, to hold that the 

common law definitions of assault used in the definition instruction also constituted 
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alternative means requiring substantial evidence to support each alternative definition. 

Smith, 159 Wn.2d at 786-787. Instead, the court concluded that the various common 

law definitions of assault “merely define an element of the crime charged and, thereby, 

give rise to a ‘means within a means’ scenario” that did not trigger jury unanimity 

protections. Smith, 159 Wn.2d at 787.

Jallow contends that first degree animal cruelty under RCW 16.52.205(2) is an 

alternative means crime that may be committed by the alternative means of starvation, 

dehydration, or suffocation. Jallow bases his argument on our decisions in State v. 

Peterson, 174 Wn. App. 828, 855, 301 P.3d 1060 (2013) and St. Clare. The State 

encourages us to reexamine St. Clare and Peterson and hold that first degree animal 

cruelty is not an alternative means crime. We agree with the State. 

In Peterson, the defendant was convicted of six counts of animal cruelty in the 

first degree for starving and dehydrating horses. Peterson, 174 Wn. App. at 844. While 

rejecting the defendant’s argument that substantial evidence did not show that the 

horses were suffering from dehydration, this court held that under RCW 16.52.205(2), 

“starvation, dehydration, and suffocation are different ways of committing the crime of 

animal cruelty in the first degree and are not merely descriptive or definitional but, 

rather, separate and essential terms of the offense.” Peterson, 174 Wn. App. at 851.

In St. Clare, the defendant, who was charged with 10 counts of animal cruelty 

toward cats, argued that the evidence was insufficient to one of the alternative 

means—either starvation or dehydration. St. Clare, 198 Wn. App. at 379. This court 

rejected this argument, and concluded that “regardless of whether RCW 16.52.205(2) 
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establishes starvation and dehydration as alternative means, the evidence was 

sufficient to support St. Clare’s conviction.” St. Clare, 198 Wn. App. at 381-82. 

The concurrence in St. Clare explained that both Peterson and the majority’s 

reliance on Peterson was erroneous because it confused means within a means for 

actual alternative means. St. Clare, 198 Wn. App. at 386 (Dwyer, J., concurring). As 

the concurrence explained:

The alternative means of committing the crime of animal cruelty in the first 

degree are three in number. They are set out in subsections 1, 2, and 3 of 

former RCW 16.52.205. Each of these subsections begins with the 

words, “A person is guilty of animal cruelty in the first degree when . . .” In 

each subsection, thereafter follows the words describing the means set 

forth therein.

The error made in Peterson is that the court confused certain 

subalternatives (“means within a means”) for actual alternative means. 

The words set forth in subsection 2 (“starves, dehydrates, or suffocates”) 

are “means within a means.” The jury unanimity guarantee does not 

attach to these subalternatives.

Subsection 1, viewed broadly, criminalizes torturing animals. Subsection 

2, viewed broadly, criminalizes withholding life’s necessities (air, food, 

water) from animals. Subsection 3 criminalizes sexual perversion with 

animals. These are the alternative means.

This court, in Peterson, got it wrong. The majority opinion perpetuates the 

error.

St. Clare, 198 Wn. App. at 385-86.

We agree with the concurrence in St. Clare that Peterson was wrongly decided. 

We now hold that the alternative means doctrine does not apply to animal cruelty in the 

first degree. RCW 16.52.205 includes three subsections with alternative means of 

committing animal cruelty in the first degree. As in Smith, each subsection contains a 

means within a means of accomplishing the crime. RCW 16.52.205(2) provides an 
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alternative means of committing animal cruelty: depriving the animal of the necessities 

of life. The “means within the means” of depriving the animal of necessities of life are 

starving, dehydrating, suffocating, or exposing the animal to excessive heat or cold. 

Reversed. 

WE CONCUR: