# Patent

## Title
High-linearity differential amplifier with flexible common-mode range

## Abstract

An amplifier includes differential current sensing circuitry and an input bridge. Two paths of the input bridge receive the input signals and provide proportional current flows to the differential current sensing circuitry. The input bridge is configured to provide a differential offset voltage in one current path, and a complimentary voltage drop of equal magnitude in the other current path. In the examples, the input bridge includes a matched pair of transistors. To remove parallel incremental or small-signal conductance-related error sources, both transistors are operated at matched VDS (drain-to-source) voltages. The voltage offset, provided in association with one of the input transistors, serves to extend the range of certain circuits using the amplifier. The complimentary voltage drop in association with the other input transistor maintains the match of the VDS voltages for the two transistors.

## Background
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present subject matter relates to techniques and circuits, typically for the input stage of a differential amplifier, for extending its input voltage range without disrupting linearity or common mode rejection.
BACKGROUND
Amplifier circuits are used in a variety of electronic systems for increasing the voltage, current, or power of a signal. A “differential” amplifier is a well-known type of amplifier circuit, which provides an output signal that is proportional to the difference between two input signals. An ideal differential amplifier is designed to amplify the difference between the two input signals while rejecting any signal element that is common to the two input signals.
Many types of electronic circuits, particularly for portable or mobile applications, use low operating voltages to increase battery life, reduce product weight, and enable use of denser integrated circuits. This is particularly advantageous in portable electronic devices. Lower voltages, however, may impose limits on circuit operation. For example, reducing circuit supply voltages also reduces the range of circuit signal voltages at which an amplifier or the like may operate.
The circuit of FIG. 8 is a differential input stage of an amplifier circuit. The purpose of the circuit is to sense a voltage difference VID across its inputs, and to accurately reproduce that voltage across a resistor R1. The resulting current flow in R1 (which is VID divided by R1 by Ohm's Law) can be conveyed, through the metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) transistors M1 and M2, as an accurate signal in the form of a current, for further use in load 1 and/or load 2. The circuit uses two high DC gain type operational amplifiers A1, A2 and two transistors M1, M2, interconnected in negative feedback loops. Each operational amplifier is itself a differential amplifier for amplifying the difference between the signal input at the non-inverting input of the amplifier and the respective feedback signal at the inverting input.
A typical application may utilize the illustrated circuit as a transconductance amplifier serving as the input stage of voltage amplifier circuitry. The input stage elements provide proportional currents to additional circuitry, connected as the loads. In such an application, the additional circuitry represented by the loads provides gain and current conversion to an amplified voltage output node not shown. The amplifier input stage circuit shown in detail in FIG. 8, however, has limitations.
Referring now to FIG. 8 in more detail, consider initially an idle or equilibrium state where the input voltage difference, VID, is 0, because the two input voltages VINP, VINN are identical. Each of the two operational amplifiers A1, A2 forms a local negative feedback loop with a transistor, M1 or M2, respectively. As long as the operational amplifiers have high DC gain, and all components are functioning normally, the negative feedback loops force the nodes VSP, VSN to attain values equal to VINP, VINN, respectively. This is the “virtual-short-circuit” principle of operational amplifiers, that is to say, the feedback drives the inputs of an operational amplifier toward the same potential.
If VINP, VINN differ in value by a nonzero value VID, the local feedback loops will continue, separately, to adjust to maintain each operational amplifier's inputs at the same potential. Consequently voltage V1 across R1 will tend to equal VID, if all components function as intended. The two constant current sources I1 and I2 (with identical values) deliver fixed currents, and the operational amplifiers have high input resistances (assumed infinite for ease of explanation). Therefore, any current that flows in R1 must flow also through the transistors M1, M2 and appear as a difference in the drain currents of those transistors. This current will flow to subsequent circuitry (drawn abstractly as “loads”) connected to the drains of the transistors M1, M2.
A limitation of the circuit of FIG. 8 becomes apparent when the input voltages VINP, VINN approach the level of the negative power-supply voltage V−. Upon this condition, the negative feedback loops around operational amplifiers A1 and A2 tend to force VSP, VSN toward the negative supply voltage V−. However, each of the transistors M1 and M2 needs at least some minimum voltage from its source to its drain, to function normally. Also, an added voltage drop of the load circuitry appears at the drain terminals of the transistors M1, M2, further reducing the available voltage range for the source-to-drain voltages of the transistors. Transistors require some nonzero voltage between gate and source (VGS), a further constraint on the useful negative range of VSP, VSN, even if the outputs of the operational amplifiers can swing to the negative supply voltage. These factors limit the practical input voltage range at VINP, VINN to some value more positive than V−. This can be a relatively severe operational constraint in many applications, particularly those using relatively low magnitude power supply voltages.
A need exists for an effective technique to extend the operational range of the input voltage of a differential amplifier stage, e.g. for use as a transconductance input stage of an amplifier circuit.
The inventor has considered solutions to this constraint, that have proved insufficient. For example, the inventor has considered extending the input range of the circuit of FIG. 8 to the negative supply voltage by shifting VINP and VINN together. FIG. 3 shows a conceptual version of this approach, using identical level-shifting fixed voltage sources of value VSHIFT. These voltage sources have other possible placements, but FIG. 3 is illustrative. The voltage sources VSHIFT in FIG. 3 are symbolic of the offset voltage function performed, and do not represent physical components. Examples of possible circuit components are discussed, later, with regard to FIGS. 5 to 7.
The feedback loops as before force the voltages on opposite ends of the resistor R1 to values corresponding to voltages at the inputs of the operational amplifiers A1, A2. However, these voltages now include the offset voltage VSHIFT. The offset can be chosen to provide necessary operational ranges across the respective transistors, even when the input signals approach the level of the negative supply voltage. Problems arise, however, with the considered circuit of FIG. 3, due to finite transistor output resistances associated with MOS transistors.
FIG. 4(a) represents an MOS transistor as may be used as an input transistor within operational amplifier A1 or A2, or for the transistors M1, M2. The drain current of any MOS transistor depends partly on its drain-to-source voltage VDS, even when the transistor is biased for high output impedance (with a “saturated” or “pinched-off” channel), as is usual in amplifier circuits. This dependence can be modeled equivalently as an ideal transistor plus a parallel incremental or small-signal conductance, labeled ro in the illustration of FIG. 4(b) (this is a standard analytical technique).
The exemplary circuit shown in FIG. 5 implements the hypothetical technique outlined above relative to FIG. 3, using P-channel MOS transistors M11, M12 as “source followers” to provide the voltage offsets. The transistors M11, M12 have isolated “well” or back-gate connections tied to their sources, which eliminates a complication otherwise referred to as the “body effect.” In principle, M11 and M12 exhibit constant voltage VGS between gate and source because of constant drain currents, regardless of the voltage swing at the gates. This accomplishes a common voltage shift of the positive (+) input VINP and the negative (−) input VINN, as shown at VSHIFT in FIG. 3.
However, a problem tends to arise within this hypothetical technique. As VID swings, M11 and M12 experience varying drain-to-source voltage VDS. This VDS variation, through ro, changes the VGS voltage that is required to pass the current from each constant-current source. This effect appears as a DC gain error from VID to V1, and it introduces nonlinearity in the signal path because the ro effect is not a true linear resistance. These can be dominant error sources for voltage amplification implementing the circuit described.
Transistors M1 and M2 also exhibit a finite ro, but there the finite ro affects the signal path much less than with M11 and M12. Finite ro in the M1, M2 transistors changes the value of gate-to-source voltage VGS needed to induce the drain current in each transistor, but the gate-to-source voltage VGS of each transistor M1 or M2 is driven by a high-gain operational amplifier A1 or A2. The operational amplifier “absorbs” any VGS error at M1 or M2 by shifting its output voltage. The equivalent change at inputs VINP and VINN consists of this output shift divided by the large voltage gain of the operational amplifiers. In contrast, the transistors M11, M12 in the circuit of FIG. 5 have gate-to-source voltage drops VGS, which are added directly to the input voltages. Errors from finite ro in MOS transistors M11, M12 add to the input signal voltage VID, and these gate-to-source voltage drops are not reduced by any amplifier gain.
Another hypothetical approach to building a circuit to implement the voltage offset strategy of FIG. 3 considered by the inventor, is to build the level-shift voltages into the operational amplifiers themselves. This approach exhibits problems similar to those found in the circuit of FIG. 5.
Consider now two practical approaches to build operational amplifiers with such hypothetical level shifting (that is, with large deliberate input offset voltage) built into input circuitry of the op-amps. The first approach introduces a voltage drop in series with the VGS path of one of the input transistors, within the operational amplifier itself. The other approach induces a mismatch between the input transistors, within the operational amplifier. FIG. 6 illustrates a voltage drop VBIAS in series with the VGS path of one of the input transistors of the operational amplifier, and FIG. 7 depicts a mismatch of input transistors within the operational amplifier. Both these techniques, however, tried to introduce errors that are dependent on the ro impedance characteristic of one or more of the transistors within the operational amplifier.
Considering now FIG. 6 in more detail, depicted is an example of an operational amplifier circuit, such as might be used as the amplifier A1. A current-carrying diode D1 interposes a voltage difference or drop between the source terminals of two input transistors M13, M14 of the operational amplifier. Note also components R19, R20, Q15, Q16 which are typical in such an operational amplifier; these components of the amplifier sense the current difference between the currents flowing from M13 and M14, while maintaining the drain terminals of M13 and M14 at similar potentials.
The circuitry of FIG. 6 can be used to produce an operational amplifier that will exhibit a voltage difference between its two inputs when a negative feedback loop is closed around it with high gain (a feedback path is omitted from this drawing). This voltage difference ideally equals the voltage drop across diode D1 when conducting. The operational amplifier in FIG. 6 corresponds to one of the operational amplifiers, together with its input shift-voltage source, shown in FIG. 3.
However, the amplifier of FIG. 6 operates input transistor devices M13, M14 at different VDS voltages, because the drains are at the same potential but the sources are not. As the two input voltages of the operational amplifier move in common, even with a fixed difference between them (for example, under excursions of VID in FIG. 3), the VDS voltages of M13 and M14 will vary. These variations alter the VGS voltage of each transistor, as in the circuit of FIG. 5, and the effect is not linear. Similar to the circuit of FIG. 5, this causes error in the path from VID to V1, which is undesirable.
FIG. 7 shows a fragment of another operational amplifier, in which the input transistors M21, M22 are deliberately mismatched to create an input offset without adding a diode or other explicit voltage drop. The mismatch may, for example, use a difference in MOS width/length dimensions, or different threshold-implant doping, or different transistor types, such as mixing bipolar and MOS transistors. All of these hypothetical methods, however, lead to different ro characteristics in M21 and M22. The magnitude, or the VDS dependence of both MOS transistors M2, and M22, of the ro effects in the two transistors, will differ. This leads again to errors as the two input terminals move in unison and therefore M21, M22 experience varying VDS voltages.
As shown by the preceding discussion, simple voltage shift techniques for providing a shift on one input of each operational amplifier, considered by the inventor, may help somewhat to extend the range of the transconductance stage. However, such techniques introduce undesirable non-linear performance, and may also disadvantageously reduce common mode rejection. Hence, a need still exists for a technique to extend the operational range of the input voltage of a differential amplifier or stage, while avoiding problems such as noted above.
SUMMARY
The teachings herein address the above noted problems with differential amplification by implementing an input bridge, coupled to the differential current sensory circuitry of the amplifier, and producing currents proportional to respective input signals to the sensory circuitry. In examples discussed in detail later, an input bridge of a differential amplifier includes a matched pair of transistors; and to remove the ro-related error sources, both transistors are operated at matched VDS(drain-to-source) voltages. A voltage offset is provided in association with one of the input transistors. A voltage drop of substantially the same magnitude as the offset voltage is provided in association with the other input transistor so as to maintain the match of the VDS voltages for the two transistors.
Hence, an amplifier for providing an output proportional to the difference between two input signals might include differential current sensing circuitry and an input bridge. Two paths of the input bridge receive the input signals and provide proportional current flows to the differential current sensing circuitry. The input bridge is configured to provide a differential offset voltage in one of the current paths and a complimentary voltage drop of equal magnitude in the other current path.
In the examples, the first current path of the input bridge comprises a first input transistor for receiving the first input signal, and a first circuit element coupled to the first input transistor so as to provide the differential offset voltage of the desired offset magnitude. The second current path comprises a second input transistor, matching the first input transistor, for receiving the second input signal. The second path further includes a second circuit element coupled to the second input transistor so as to provide a voltage drop of substantially the same magnitude as the differential offset.
In the two current paths, the matched transistors and the circuit elements are stacked in a complimentary fashion. In one path, the circuit element connects to a current supply, and the transistor connects to the current sensing circuitry. In the other path, the transistor connects to the current supply and the circuit element connects to the current sensing circuitry.
A variety of different matching circuit elements may be used to provide the offset voltage and the complimentary voltage drop, in the paths of the input bridge. Disclosed examples include matching diodes, matching diode connected transistors and matching resistors. However, in such examples, the transistors match; and the magnitude of the voltages across the circuit elements in the two paths are ‘equal’ (substantially the same). Although other transistors may be used, the examples of the bridge utilize metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) transistors. Each MOS transistor may have an isolated well or back-gate connection tied to its source.
The difference or differential amplifier may be utilized as one element of a circuit. The differential amplifier in such a circuit receives an input signal and a feedback signal on its inputs. A transistor coupled to the output of the differential amplifier produces a flow of current proportional to the output of the differential amplifier. The feedback signal is related to the flow of current produced by the transistor. Of course, this circuit itself may be utilized as a component of a larger circuit. For example, the input stage of a voltage-to-voltage amplifier might utilize a pair of such amplifier circuits.
Teachings discussed herein also encompass an improvement in a difference or differential amplifier. This improvement comprises first and second matched input transistors for receiving two input signals. The improvement also includes first and second matched circuit elements for providing equal magnitude voltage drops. The first element is coupled to the first input transistor, so as to provide current from a supply to the first input transistor. In this way, the first element provides a differential offset voltage of the desired magnitude. The first input transistor supplies a current proportional to the first input signal to further circuitry of the amplifier. The second input transistor is coupled to the supply, and the second circuit element is coupled to an output of the second input transistor so as to provide current proportional to the second input signal to the further circuitry of the amplifier. This second element also provides a voltage drop matching the differential offset voltage.
Teachings discussed herein also encompass a method of processing signals. The method involves producing a first current flow in a first path proportional to the first input signal and producing a second current flow in a second path proportional to the second input signal. A differential voltage offset is provided in the first path, and a complimentary voltage drop is provided in the second path. The magnitude of the complimentary voltage drop is equal to (substantially the same as) the magnitude of the differential voltage offset in the first path. A difference is sensed between the first and second proportional currents, e.g. to provide difference amplification.
Additional objects, advantages and novel features will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon examination of the following and the accompanying drawings or may be learned by production or operation of the examples. The objects and advantages of the present teachings may be realized and attained by practice or use of the methodologies, instrumentalities and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The drawing figures depict one or more implementations in accord with the present teachings, by way of example only, not by way of limitation. In the figures, like reference numerals refer to the same or similar elements.
FIG. 1 illustrates a bridge circuit for an operational amplifier, providing a voltage offset and an equal magnitude complimentary voltage drop, in current paths of an input bridge that are responsive to the input signals to the operational amplifier.
FIG. 2 illustrates a differential input stage of an amplifier circuit, wherein the negative feedback amplifier circuits of the stage utilize the bridge circuit of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a diagram of a differential input stage of an amplifier circuit, with hypothetical external voltage offsets on the inputs to increase operational voltage range.
FIG. 4(a) illustrates an MOS transistor; and FIG. 4(b) illustrates a model of the transistor as a combination of an ideal transistor and a parallel output impedance.
FIG. 5 illustrates a hypothetical differential input stage of an amplifier circuit, which uses a transistors configured as source followers to provide voltage offset for each input signal.
FIG. 6 illustrates a hypothetical operational amplifier having a voltage drop associated with one of the input transistors, so as to provide voltage offset.
FIG. 7 illustrates an input circuit of a hypothetical operational amplifier, wherein input transistors of the circuit are mismatched, so as to provide one of the voltage offsets.
FIG. 8 is a diagram of a prior art differential input stage of an amplifier circuit.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth by way of examples in order to provide a thorough understanding of the relevant teachings. However, it should be apparent to those skilled in the art that the present teachings may be practiced without such details. In other instances, well known methods, procedures, components, and circuitry have been described at a relatively high-level, without detail, in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuring aspects of the present teachings.
In the following example, removal of the ro-related error sources requires operation of a matched pair of input transistors at matched VDS(drain-to-source) voltages, in which input transistors are configured in circuit to form part of a bridge. Other elements of the bridge provide a desired voltage offset in one path and a complimentary voltage drop of substantially the same magnitude in the other path.
FIG. 1 illustrates an example of the input circuitry of an operational amplifier which avoids problems of non-linearity or the like explained with reference to FIG. 6, caused by differences of the ro effects in the two input transistors. MOS transistors M3, M4 are input transistors of an operational amplifier, the drain-source path of each being stacked with a diode. These diodes are matched, so that when conducting, the voltage across them is substantially the same. The two paths are connected at the top, but the order of transistor and diode in each path is mutually reversed. As discussed more below, one of the diodes provides an offset voltage drop in relation to the input signal, whereas the other diode provides a complimentary voltage drop. The bottoms of the stacks (nodes x, y) connect to further circuitry of the amplifier that senses the current difference between the two stacks.
Considering the example of FIG. 1 now in more detail, a current source connected to the positive voltage rail supplies constant current to the top of the bridge. On one side of the bridge, a first diode D3 is connected between the constant current source and the source of the first transistor M3 of the matched MOS input transistors M3, M4. When conducting, diode D3 produces a constant voltage drop, and thus a voltage offset (from that at the current source) in the first path of the bridge through transistor M3. The drain of the first MOS input transistor M3 is connected to node x, and from there through a resistor R19 to the negative voltage supply rail. The gate of the MOS input transistor M3 serves as the positive (+) input of the operational amplifier.
On the other side of, or path through, the input bridge, the source of matched MOS input transistor M4 receives current flowing from the constant current supply. The voltage at this point (source of M3) is the voltage as it appears at the output of the constant current source, that is without voltage offset. The drain of the MOS input transistor M4, however, is connected to a second diode D4, that when conducting, produces a constant voltage drop of substantially the same magnitude as that across the diode D3. The diode D4 is connected to node y, and through a resistor R20 to the negative voltage supply rail. The gate of the second MOS input transistor M4 serves as the negative (−) input of the operational amplifier.
Those skilled in the art will understand that the transistor and diode types, the connections, and the resulting polarities are exemplary only.
The nodes x and y provide connections of the input bridge circuit to other elements of the respective operational difference amplifier. In FIG. 6, the further circuitry is shown as comprising R19, R20, Q15, Q16 for current sensing and current to voltage conversion, although other operational amplifiers may utilize different elements for that circuitry.
Under high-gain negative feedback of the operational amplifier, this arrangement will tend to force the two stacks to carry identical currents, and also will maintain nodes x and y at substantially the same potential (another case of “virtual short circuit”). Because each stack or path has the same potential at top and bottom, the sums of voltages within each stack must be equal. As long as the diode voltage drops are equal, the drain-to-source voltages VDS of the two transistors M3, M4 will therefore be equal.
In this way, the “bridge” or “diamond” configuration of diodes and input transistors of FIG. 1 maintains the same drain-to-source voltage VDS on both MOS input transistors M3 and M4. However, the complimentary placement of the diodes D3 and D4 imposes an offset voltage between the two op-amp inputs when they are in a negative feedback loop. This offset voltage is set by the voltage drop of diode D3 (interposed between the two input-transistor VGS paths). Stated another way, the voltage at the source of the transistor M3 is offset lower than the voltage at the source of the transistor M4 by the magnitude of the voltage appearing across conducting diode D3. This voltage offset serves as an input voltage shift, analogous to that discussed above relative to FIGS. 3 and 6. Because of the position of the diode D4, however, the voltage across that second diode does not affect differential processing by the input transistors M3, M4. Instead, that voltage drop compliments the voltage offset by diode D3 so as to maintain matching of the drain-to-source voltages VDS across the two transistors M3, M4.
Various numbers and types of diodes may be used, to provide the desired magnitude for the voltage offset and the complimentary voltage drop. Also, the diodes may be replaced by any other suitable sources of predictable voltage drops. Examples of other suitable elements include diode connected transistors and resistors with a fixed value and predictable current flow.
FIG. 2 illustrates an amplifier circuit, utilizing two operational amplifiers A11 and A12 with bridge type input circuits to provide voltage offsets, as discussed above relative to FIG. 1. The circuit of FIG. 2, however, may be used for an application similar to that of the prior art circuit of FIG. 8.
The operational amplifier A11 includes an input bridge that includes matched MOS input transistors M3 and M4 and voltage offset diodes D3 and D4. The drain-source path of each input transistor is stacked with a diode. The diodes are matched, so that when conducting, the voltage across each diode is substantially the same. The two current paths are connected at the top, but the order of the transistor and the diode in each stack is mutually reversed. As in the example of FIG. 1, one of the diodes provides an offset voltage drop in relation to the input signal, whereas the other provides a complimentary voltage drop. The bottoms of the stacks connect to further circuitry of the operational amplifier (current sensing circuitry) for sensing the current difference between the two paths. The output of the current sensing circuitry drives the gate of the MOS transistor M1.
It considering amplifier A11 in more detail, a current source connected to the positive voltage rail supplies constant current to the top of the bridge in operational amplifier A11. The first diode D3 connects to the source of the first transistor M3 of the matched MOS input transistors M3, M4. When diode D3 is conducting, a constant voltage appears across that diode, which serves as the differential voltage shift or offset for the amplifier A11. The drain of the MOS input transistor M3 connects to one input of the current sensing circuitry. The gate of the MOS input transistor M3 serves as the positive (+) input of the illustrated circuit.
On the other side of the input bridge, the source of the other matched MOS input transistor M4 receives current from the constant current supply, that is to say without voltage offset. The drain of the MOS input transistor M4 connects to a second diode D4. When conducting, the second diode D4 provides a constant voltage drop, of substantially the same magnitude as the voltage across the diode D3. The diode D4 connects to the other input of the current sensing circuitry. The gate of the second MOS input transistor M4 serves as the negative (−) input of the operational amplifier A11. However, in this application, the negative input is used for feedback and is connected to the VSP node (connection of R1 to source of transistor M1).
The operational amplifier A12 includes a similar input bridge. The transistors and diodes of the second bridge are generally similar to those of the first bridge. This bridge includes matched MOS input transistors M5 and M6 and diodes D5 and D6. The drain-source path of each input transistor is stacked with a diode. The diodes are matched, so that when conducting, the voltage across each diode is substantially the same. The two stacks are connected at the top, but the order of the transistor and the diode in each stack is mutually reversed. As in the bridge of amplifier A11, one of the diodes provides an offset voltage drop in relation to the respective input signal, whereas the other provides a complimentary voltage drop. The bottoms of the stacks connect to further circuitry of the operational amplifier for sensing the current difference between the two stacks. In the case of the second operational amplifier A12, the output of the current sensing circuitry drives the gate of the MOS transistor M2.
Considering now amplifier A12 in more detail, a current source connected to the positive voltage rail supplies constant current to the top of the bridge in operational amplifier A12. The first diode D5 is connected to the source of the first of the matched MOS input transistors M5. When conducting, a constant voltage appears across the first diode D5, which provides the differential voltage shift or offset for the input to amplifier A12. Since diode D5 is similar to diode D3, this input voltage shift in differential amplifier A12 will be equal to (i.e., substantially the same as) the input voltage shift in differential amplifier A11. The drain of the MOS input transistor M5 is connected to one input of the current sensing circuitry. The gate of the MOS input transistor M5 serves as the negative (−) input of the complete circuit, although it is the positive input of the operational amplifier A12.
On the other side of the input bridge of the second operational amplifier A12, the source of the other matched MOS input transistor M6 receives current from the constant current supply, that is to say without voltage offset. The drain of the MOS input transistor M6 is connected to a second diode D6. When conducting, the second diode D6 produces a constant voltage drop of substantially the same magnitude as the voltage across the diode D5. Diode D6 is connected to the other input of the current sensing circuitry. The gate of the second MOS input transistor M6 serves as the negative (−) input of the operational amplifier A12. However, in this application, that negative input is used for feedback and is connected to the VSN node (connection of R1 to source of transistor M2).
The purpose of the circuit of FIG. 2 is to sense a voltage difference VID across its inputs (VINP and VINN), and to accurately reproduce that voltage across a resistor R1. Then, the resulting current flow in R1 (which is VID÷R1 by Ohm's Law) can be conveyed, through the metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) transistors M1 and M2, as an accurate signal in the form of a current, for further use in load 1 and or load 2. A typical application, for example, may utilize the illustrated circuit as a transconductance amplifier serving as the input stage of voltage amplifier circuitry. The input stage elements shown in the drawing provide proportional currents to additional circuitry, connected as the loads. In such an application, the further circuitry represented by the loads may provide gain and conversion of the current flows to an amplified voltage output.
The circuit of FIG. 2 operates as follows. First consider an idle or equilibrium state where the input voltage difference VID=0. The two input voltages VINP and VINN are accordingly identical. Each of the two operational amplifiers A11, A12 forms a local negative feedback loop around a transistor M1 or M2, respectively. As long as the operational amplifiers have high DC gain, and all components are functioning normally, the negative feedback loops force the nodes VSP, VSN to values essentially equal to the input voltages of the amplifiers A11 and A12, that is to say VINP Plus the offset or shift voltage and VINN plus the offset or shift voltage, respectively. Where the input voltage difference VID=0, the voltage shifts cancel out, and the voltage V1 (across R1) remains 0.
However, the input shifts provided by the offset voltages (across D3 and D5) extend the input range of the circuit of FIG. 2 nearer the negative supply voltage. The voltage V1 across R1 still tracks the differences between the input signals VINP and VINN, because the feedback loops force the voltages on opposite ends of the resistor R1 to values corresponding to voltages at the op-amp inputs, and the resulting currents follow the signal differences. When the input voltages VINP and VINN differ in value by a nonzero value VID, the local feedback loops will continue, separately, to adjust to maintain each operational amplifier's inputs at the same potential. Consequently voltage V1 across R1 will tend to equal VID, if all components function as intended, although VSP and VSN will both be shifted by an amount corresponding to the offset voltage VSHIFT provided by diodes D3, D5. The two constant current sources I1 and I2 (with identical values) deliver fixed currents, and the operational amplifiers have high input resistances (assume infinite, for ease of explanation). Therefore any current that flows in R1 must flow also through the transistors M1, M2 and appear as a difference in the drain currents of those transistors. This current will flow to subsequent circuitry (drawn abstractly as “loads”) connected to the drains of the transistors M1, M2.
As noted, the individual voltages VSP and VSN now include the offset. The offset can be chosen to provide necessary operational ranges across the respective transistors M1 and M2, even when the input signals approach the negative supply voltage. When the input voltages VINP and VINN approach the negative power-supply voltage V−, the negative feedback loops around A1 and A2 tend to force VSP, VSN toward a value offset from the negative supply voltage by the offset voltage (that is to say the voltage across diodes D3 and D5). Assuming the offset is high enough, the voltages across the transistors M1 and M2 will be sufficient to maintain normal operation.
While the foregoing has described what are considered to be the best mode and/or other examples, it is understood that various modifications may be made therein and that the subject matter disclosed herein may be implemented in various forms and examples, and that the teachings may be applied in numerous applications, only some of which have been described herein. It is intended by the following claims to claim any and all applications, modifications and variations that fall within the true scope of the present teachings.

## Claims

1. A differential amplifier for providing an output signal proportional to a difference between first and second input signals, comprising:
differential current sensing circuitry; and
an input bridge coupled to the differential current sensing circuitry for receiving the first and second input signals, the input bridge being configured to provide a differential voltage offset and a complimentary voltage drop of equal magnitude in first and second current paths of the input bridge, respectively, that are responsive to the first and second input signals, each current path supplying a current proportional to a respective one of the input signals to the differential current sensing circuitry.

2. The amplifier of claim 1, wherein:
the first current path of the input bridge comprises a first input transistor for receiving the first input signal, and a first circuit element coupled to the first input transistor so as to provide the differential voltage offset; and
the second current path of the input bridge comprises a second input transistor, matching the first input transistor, for receiving the second input signal, and a second circuit element coupled to the second input transistor so as to provide the complimentary voltage drop of magnitude equal to the differential voltage offset.

3. The amplifier of claim 2, wherein the first and second circuit elements comprise matching elements from the group consisting of: matching diodes, matching diode connected transistors and matching resistors.

4. The amplifier of claim 2, wherein each of the first and second input transistors comprises a metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) transistor.

5. The amplifier of claim 4, wherein each of the MOS transistors has an isolated well or back-gate connection tied to its source.

6. An amplifier circuit, comprising:
a differential amplifier for receiving an input signal and a feedback signal on its inputs; and
a transistor coupled to an output of the differential amplifier for producing a flow of current proportional to the output of the differential amplifier, the feedback signal being related to the flow of current produced by the transistor,
wherein the differential amplifier comprises:
(a) differential current sensing circuitry; and
(b) an input bridge coupled to the differential current sensing circuitry for receiving the input signal and feedback signal, and in response, providing a differential voltage offset and a complimentary voltage drop of equal magnitude in first and second current paths of the input bridge, respectively, each current path supplying a current proportional to a respective one of the input and feedback signals to the differential current sensing circuitry.

7. The circuit of claim 6, wherein:
the first current path of the input bridge comprises a first input transistor for receiving the input signal, and a first circuit element coupled to the first input transistor so as to provide the differential voltage offset; and
the second current path of the input bridge comprises a second input transistor, matching the first input transistor, for receiving the feedback signal, and a second circuit element coupled to the second input transistor so as to provide the complimentary voltage drop of magnitude equal to the differential voltage offset.

8. The circuit of claim 7, wherein the first and second circuit elements comprise matching elements from the group consisting of: matching diodes, matching diode connected transistors and matching resistors.

9. The circuit of claim 7, wherein each of the first and second input transistors comprises a metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) transistor.

10. The circuit of claim 9, wherein each of the MOS transistors has an isolated well or back-gate connection tied to its source.

11. An input stage of a voltage-to-voltage amplifier, comprising a pair of circuits as recited in claim 6.

12. An improvement in an amplifier for providing an output proportional to difference between first and second input signals, wherein the improvement comprises:
first and second matched input transistors for receiving the first and second input signals, respectively; and
first and second matched circuit elements each providing voltage drop of a predetermined magnitude, wherein:
the first circuit element is coupled to the first input transistor so as to provide current from a power supply to the first input transistor and provide a differential offset voltage of the predetermined magnitude, and the first input transistor is coupled to supply a current proportional to the first input signal to further circuitry of the amplifier; and
the second input transistor is coupled to the power supply, and the second circuit element is coupled to an output of the second input transistor so as to provide current proportional to the second input signal to the further circuitry of the amplifier and provide a voltage drop matching the differential offset voltage.

13. The improvement in an amplifier as in claim 12, wherein:
the first input transistor and the first circuit element are arranged to form a first side of a bridge circuit coupled to the further circuitry of the amplifier; and
the second input transistor and the second circuit element are arranged to form a second side of the bridge circuit coupled to the further circuitry of the amplifier.

14. The improvement in an amplifier as in claim 12, wherein each of the first and second matched circuit elements comprises an element from the group consisting of: a diode, a diode connected transistor and a resistor.

15. The improvement in an amplifier as in claim 12, wherein the first and second input transistors comprise matched metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) transistors.

16. The improvement of claim 15, wherein each of the MOS transistors has an isolated well or back-gate connection tied to its source.

17. A method of processing first and second input signals, comprising:
producing a first current flow in a first path, proportional to the first input signal;
producing a second current flow in a second path, proportional to the second input signal;
providing a differential voltage offset in the first path;
providing a complimentary voltage drop in the second path, of a magnitude equal to magnitude of the differential voltage offset in the first path; and
sensing a difference between the first and second currents.