Revised October 5, 1998

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

For the Fifth Circuit

No. 96-60761

EXXON CORPORATION, A New Jersey Corporation,

Plaintiff - Appellant-Cross-Appellee,

VERSUS

CROSBY-MISSISSIPPI RESOURCES, LTD., A MS Limited

Partnership; LYNN CROSBY GAMMILL, General Partner;

STEWART GAMMILL, III, General Partner; STEWART

GAMMILL, III, as successor Trustee for

Stewart Gammill IV, Trust No. 2;

LUCIUS OLEN CROSBY GAMMILL, Trust No. 2;

JENNIFER LYNN GAMMILL, Trust No. 2; LUCIOUS OLEN

CROSBY GAMMILL; STEWART GAMMILL, IV; JENNIFER LYNN

GAMMILL; STEWART GAMMILL, III, as successor

Trustee for Stewart Gammill, IV, 

Defendants - Appellees-Cross-Appellants.

Appeals from the United States District Court

for the Southern District of Mississippi

September 2, 1998

Before POLITZ, Chief Judge, HIGGINBOTHAM, and DEMOSS, Circuit

Judges.

DeMOSS, Circuit Judge:

This case requires us to interpret an oil and gas agreement
2

entered into by Exxon Corporation (Exxon) and Crosby-Mississippi

Resources, Ltd., et al. (CMR). Both parties appeal various rulings

made by the district court. For the following reasons we affirm

the district court in part and vacate and remand in part.

I. Background

In 1983, Exxon and CMR entered into a joint oil and gas

Exploration Agreement to develop their respective mineral resources

in an area of Mississippi. Exxon held oil and gas leases covering

more than 60,000 acres in the contract area, while CMR owned

approximately 20,000 mineral acres in the contract area. Both

Exxon and CMR contributed what they owned to the joint oil and gas

exploration effort. The parties agreed that Exxon contributed 76%

and CMR 24% of the oil and gas interests in the contract area.

Under the terms of the Exploration Agreement, Exxon had the

exclusive right to propose the first exploratory well. CMR could

choose to participate in the exploratory well up to its 24%

contractual share. If CMR chose to participate, it was required to

bear its proportionate share of the costs of the drilling, testing,

completion, and production expenses of the well. By doing so, CMR

would be entitled to 24% of the well's commercial production. If

CMR chose not to participate, however, CMR could still be entitled

to a "royalty" due to certain provisions which are further

explained below.
1 Rule 54 (b) provides in relevant part: 

When more than one claim for relief is presented in an

action, whether as a claim, counterclaim, cross-claim or

third-party claim, or when multiple parties are involved,

the court may direct the entry of final judgment as to one

or more but fewer than all of the claims or parties only

upon an express determination that there is not just reason

for delay and upon express direction for the entry of

judgment.

3

A substantial number of wells were drilled by the parties.

CMR participated in some but not in others. Almost from the

beginning the parties were in disagreement over a number of issues.

The disagreements eventually led to the filing of this action by

Exxon in 1989 to collect amounts it claims are due from CMR for its

share of various expenses. CMR filed a counterclaim alleging

numerous claims of its own.

Because of the complexity of this case, the district court

held a status conference on February 15, 1994. At the conference

the court entered an order delineating nine issues for separate

discovery and trial. This case is an appeal from the bench trial

before the district court on the first of those issues: to what

extent Exxon "earned" CMR’s interest in one particular section of

the contract area. Because this first issue controlled many of the

later disputes between the parties, the district court certified

its ruling for immediate appeal under Rule 54(b) of the Federal

Rules of Civil Procedure.1

The Exploration Agreement
2 Under the majority of oil and gas leases, it is "customary"

that the lessor retains a royalty interest consisting of a fraction

of the gross amounts of oil or gas produced. This customary

royalty interest is often a 1/8 interest.

3 The Exploration Agreement defines a drilling unit as "the area

fixed for the drilling of one well by order or rule of any state or

federal body having authority."

4 The Exploration Agreement defines a consenting party as "a

party who agrees to join in and pay its share of the drilling cost

of any operation conducted under the provisions of this agreement."

By contrast, a non-consenting party is "a party who elects not to

participate in a proposed operation." For all issues addressed in

this appeal, Exxon is the consenting party and CMR is the nonconsenting party.

4

Under the Exploration Agreement, Exxon was to drill the first

exploratory well. CMR could choose to participate in that well up

to CMR's 24% contractual interest. If CMR chose not to

participate, Exxon could "earn" CMR's 24% interest in the well so

long as it was drilled in accordance with Paragraph 7 of the

Exploration Agreement. CMR, however, might still be entitled to a

1/8 "customary royalty"2 if it owned the "actual, unleased mineral

interests" in the drilling unit.3 Moreover, Paragraph 7 of the

contract provided CMR with an additional 1/8 "overriding royalty"

interest on "production allocated to the parties . . . calculated

on . . . the non-consenting party's4 contractual interest

percentage." Thus, in the simplest case -- where both parties

collectively possessed 100% of the interests underlying a

particular exploratory well -- CMR would receive an overriding

royalty of 1/8 of 24% of the 100% joint interests of Exxon and
5 Paragraph 7 also gave CMR the option to covert its royalty to

a working interest when the well reached payout.

5

CMR.5

If, under Paragraph 7, Exxon earned CMR's interest in an

exploratory well, Paragraph 8 permitted Exxon to earn CMR's

interest in any offset wells to the exploratory well, called

"development wells." To earn CMR's interest in a development well,

Paragraph 8 required Exxon to "commence drilling" on the

development well within 180 days of the completion of the

exploratory well. Each subsequent development well had to be

drilled within 180 days of the completion of the previous

development well. If Exxon complied with these time limits, it

could earn CMR's interest in the development wells, subject to

CMR's customary 1/8 royalty (if CMR owned the "actual unleased

mineral interests") and the 1/8 overriding royalty on "production

allocated to the parties."

Exxon timely commenced drilling on the first exploratory well,

Southern Minerals No. 1. CMR chose not to participate. This well

was successful and produced gas. Exxon then drilled the first

development well for Southern Minerals No. 1, called Southern

Minerals No. 2, and a second development well, called CrownZellerbach No. 24-11. Exxon ultimately drilled six more wells in

the area, which are not relevant to this appeal.

At trial, CMR challenged the procedures employed by Exxon in

drilling the three wells in dispute here. First, CMR claimed that
6 Exxon and CMR did not own all of the drilling rights

throughout the Contract Area. This is not an uncommon situation in

the oil and gas business. The parties desiring to drill may

acquire the outstanding interests by leasing them from the third

6

Exxon failed to comply with the Exploration Agreement with regard

to the drilling of Southern Minerals No. 1, thus forfeiting its

rights to earn CMR's interest in the eight other development wells.

The district court ruled against CMR on this issue, and CMR does

not appeal this ruling. CMR does appeal the district court's

rulings on three other arguments CMR made at the bench trial.

First, CMR asserts that Exxon improperly drilled the first

development well, Southern Minerals No. 2, because it failed to

"propose" the well to CMR in accordance with Paragraph 8. Second,

it contends that Exxon did not "commence drilling" Southern

Minerals No. 2 within 180 days from the "completion" of Southern

Minerals No. 1, as stipulated in the contract. Third, it argues

that Exxon violated the Exploration Agreement on the second

development well, Crown-Zellerbach No. 24-11, because Exxon

contracted with a third-party to operate the well. According to

CMR, each of these failures caused Exxon to forfeit its rights to

CMR's interest in the relevant wells. The district court, however,

ruled against CMR on each contention, and CMR appeals these

rulings.

Exxon was not completely successful in the bench trial,

however. Subsequent to the signing of the Agreement, Exxon

acquired "farm-ins" from various sources.6 The trial court ruled
parties who own unleased and outstanding interests.

If those mineral interests are already under lease, the parties

desiring to drill may purchase the leases from the holders of the

leases. If the parties holding such leases wish to participate in

the well, the parties may "farm-out" their leased interest to the

parties desiring to drill the well. In such an event the original

leaseholders pay their proportionate share of the production if the

well is a producer.

When the original leaseholder of a mineral lease sells (or

"farms-out") its mineral rights to a purchaser wishing to drill in

the leasehold, the purchaser acquires a "farm-in."

7

that the contract unambiguously required Exxon to pay CMR the 1/8

overriding royalty on gas production occurring on the farm-ins that

Exxon acquired after the inception of the Exploratory Agreement.

Exxon appeals this ruling.

II. Analysis

A district court's interpretation of a contract is a matter of

law which we review de novo. American Totalisator Co. v. Fair

Grounds Corp., 3 F.3d 810, 813 (5th Cir. 1993). Accordingly, we

review the record independently and under the same standards that

guided the district court. Id.

Because this suit is founded on diversity jurisdiction, the

district court appropriately turned to Mississippi law for the

applicable standard of contract interpretation. See Erie R.R. Co.

v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 62 (1938). Under Mississippi law, "[w]here

the interests of the parties to an instrument appear clear and

unambiguous from the instrument itself, the Court should look
7 The parties incorporated an Operating Agreement and several

attachments into the Exploration Agreement.

8 Paragraph 8 of the Exploration Agreement reads in pertinent

part:

If at the time each new exploratory well is proposed

. . . then the consenting party shall by earning the

non-consenting party's contractual interest in said

exploratory well likewise earn the non-consenting

party's rights to said non-consenting contractual

interest to propose, drill, and complete or plug and

abandon development wells which are drilled in

offsetting contract units provided that no more than

one hundred and eighty (180) days shall elapse between

the date said exploratory well is completed . . . and

the actual commencement of drilling of the first

development well drilled in an offsetting contract

unit to said exploratory well . . . . At such time as

said consenting party fails to drill such development

wells on said one hundred and eighty (180) day

continuous basis and carry said non-consenting party's

contractual interest, all unearned rights attributable

8

solely to the instrument and give same effect as written." Barnett

v. Getty Oil Co., 266 So.2d 581, 586 (Miss. 1972). See also

Century 21 Deep South Properties, Ltd. v. Keys, 652 So.2d 707, 716-

17 (Miss. 1995). It is by this standard that we, too, review the

language of the Exploration Agreement and all other agreements

incorporated therein.7

A. CMR's Claims

CMR first claims that Exxon violated the Exploration Agreement

by failing to "propose" the first development well, Southern

Mineral No. 2. CMR points to the unambiguous language of Paragraph

8 of the Exploration Agreement.8 CMR asserts that Paragraph 8
to said non-consenting party's contractual interest

shall revert to said non-consenting party . . . .

9

requires the proposal of development wells based merely on the fact

that the word "propose" appears in the language of Paragraph 8,

which pertains to development wells. CMR also argues that the

proposals are necessary because they serve the informational

purpose of allowing CMR to monitor whether Exxon was meeting the

180-day "continuous drilling" time frame required by the contract.

We disagree with CMR's interpretation of the Agreement.

CMR chose not to participate in the Southern Minerals No. 1

exploratory well under Paragraph 7. As such, Paragraph 8 provides

that Exxon obtained the right to earn CMR's interest in the first

development well, Southern Minerals No. 2. By obtaining the right

to earn CMR's interest in the well, under the express language of

Paragraph 8, Exxon "likewise" earned CMR's "right to propose" the

development well. Furthermore, under Paragraph 7, it appears the

purpose of proposing the initial exploratory well was to give CMR

a chance to participate in that well. However, when Exxon earned

CMR's interest in the exploratory well, CMR could not participate

in the subsequent development wells. Essentially, proposing the

development well at that point would serve no purpose.

As evidence that development wells must be proposed, CMR also

points to the beginning language of Paragraph 12: "When a

development well is proposed . . . ." This provision, however, is

not helpful to CMR, as Paragraph 12 would have only applied if CMR
10

had participated in the exploratory well.

CMR also claims that proposal was required even if it could

not participate in the development well because CMR needed the

information to keep track of whether Exxon was complying with the

180-day continuous drilling time frame. We again disagree.

Under Paragraph 16 of the Exploration Agreement, and under the

incorporated Operating Agreement, CMR was given access to all

information that Exxon had concerning the contract area: "All

parties shall have access at all reasonable times . . . to all

information concerning the contract area which is in the possession

of any other party." Thus, CMR did not need to rely on the

proposal mechanism to acquire needed information.

Since CMR already had chosen not to participate in the

Southern Minerals No. 1 exploratory well, we find that Exxon was

under no contractual duty to propose subsequent development wells.

We thus affirm the judgement of the district court with regard to

this claim.

CMR's second claim is that Exxon forfeited its right to CMR's

interest in the Southern Minerals No. 2 well, the first development

well, because Exxon failed to commence drilling on that well within

the 180-day time frame dictated by the Exploration Agreement. In

order to rule on this claim, we must decide when Exxon "actually

commenced drilling" of the Southern Minerals No. 2 development

well.

The district court found the terms "complete" and "actual
11

commencement of drilling" ambiguous, and thus considered parol

evidence in determining the parties' intended definition of these

terms. Once terms of a contract are found to be ambiguous, "the

determination of the parties' intent through extrinsic evidence is

a question of fact." See Ham Marine, Inc. v. Dresser Indus., Inc.,

72 F.3d 454, 459 (5th Cir. 1995) (quoting Watkins v. Petro-Search,

Inc., 689 F.2d 537, 538 (5th Cir. 1982)). We review bench trial

findings of fact for clear error. See Baldwin v. Stadler, 137 F.3d

836, 839 (5th Cir. 1998). Such a finding is clearly erroneous

"when we are left with a definite and firm conviction that a

mistake has been made." Sunbeam Oster Co. v. Whitehurst, 102 F.3d

1368, 1373 (5th Cir. 1996) (quotations and citations omitted).

CMR challenges the district court's determination as to both

when the Southern Minerals No. 1 exploratory well was "completed"

and when "actual commencement of drilling" began on the Southern

Minerals No. 2 development well. We first consider on what date

the "actual commencement of drilling" began on Southern Minerals

No. 2, as our ruling in this regard may preclude the need for a

determination of when the Southern Minerals No. 1 exploratory well

was completed.

On March 11, 1985, Griner Well Service drilled the hole for

the conductor pipe of Southern Minerals No. 2. The conductor pipe

is an essential component of a gas well. It is designed to prevent

the hole from caving-in and to support the great weight of the
12

drill pipe. The conductor pipe consists of a large diameter casing

that was placed, in this case, 133 feet in the ground. The drill

is then sent through the conductor pipe in the process of drilling

for the gas.

Griner Well Service used a small, truck-mounted "auger rig" to

drill the hole for the conductor pipe. After this was completed,

a large drilling rig was used to drill for the gas. On March 20,

1985, Exxon completed its construction of the larger drilling rig.

On this date, the primary drilling bit broke ground at the base of

the conductor pipe. Accordingly, Exxon reported March 20 as the

"spud" date of the well.

The district court determined that drilling "commenced" on

Southern Minerals No. 2 on March 11, when Exxon had Griner Well

Service drill the hole for the conductor pipe. The court reasoned

that the conductor pipe is an essential part of the well, and Exxon

had no choice but to "drill" a hole in which to place the pipe.

Moreover, concluded the district court, if the parties had meant

for the "commencement of drilling" to involve the larger drilling

rig only, they could have used language to that effect in the

contract.

CMR argues on appeal that the conductor pipe is merely a

preparatory step to actual drilling. It contends that actual

drilling involves the use of drill equipment capable of uncovering

gas, not the digging of a hole for conductor pipe that is necessary

to commence later operations. Thus, according to CMR, drilling did
13

not actually commence on Southern Minerals No. 2 until the well's

larger drill-bit broke the surface of the ground.

Unfortunately, the reported case law in Mississippi gives no

clear answer to the question of what activities constitute the

"commencement of drilling." CMR does cite several cases that it

asserts establish that the laying of conductor pipe does not

constitute the "commencement of drilling." See Muth v. Aetna Oil

Co., 188 F.2d 844, 848-49 (7th Cir. 1951), vacated on other

grounds, 342 U.S. 844 (1951); Hughes v. Ford, 92 N.E.2d 747, 749-51

(Ill. 1950). As Exxon points out, however, these cases are

distinguishable because they involve bad faith attempts by

operators to prolong mineral leases. Presumably these courts would

also hold that the bad faith use of the actual drill bit would

likewise not constitute the commencement of drilling.

Here, there is no question that the gas that was eventually

extracted from the well came up through the hole containing the

conductor pipe. Thus, the creation of the conductor pipe hole was

part and parcel of the actual drilling process, and was more than

mere preparatory activity, such as the gathering of equipment or

the clearing of land. Rather, in creating the conductor hole,

Exxon actually broke the surface of the land and drilled toward the

gas. We cannot find clear error in the district court's

determination that in drilling the conductor pipe hole, Exxon

actually commenced drilling.
14

CMR argues that the Southern Minerals No. 1 exploratory well

was completed on September 15, 1984, whereas the district court

found that this well was completed on September 27, 1984. Because

we find that the district court was not clearly erroneous in

determining that drilling of the Southern Minerals No. 2 well

commenced on March 11, 1985, we do not reach the question regarding

the completion date of the Southern Minerals No. 2 well since both

the date proposed by CMR and the date determined by the district

court fall within 180 days of March 11.

CMR's final claim is that Exxon failed to drill and operate

the second development well, Crown-Zellerbach No. 24-11, in

accordance with the terms of the Operating Agreement, incorporated

by reference into the Exploration Agreement. This claim arises

from the fact that Exxon contracted with a third party, Prosper

Energy Company, to operate the Crown-Zellerbach No. 24-11. CMR

contends that the Operating Agreement expressly appoints Exxon as

the sole operator, and that under the Exploration Agreement the

Operating Agreement "shall govern all operations under this

Exploration Agreement." CMR's argument is that because Exxon

entered into a separate operating agreement that designated Prosper

Energy Company as the operator of Crown-Zellerbach No. 24-11, Exxon

could not earn CMR's interest in that unit.
15

Unlike the Exploration Agreement, which was written by the

parties, the Operating Agreement is a standard form. "Exxon" was

typed in and appears in two blanks that name the operator. Article

V.D. of the Operating Agreement, however, was altered by the

parties to include the following introductory phrase: "Except as to

wells in which Exxon or one of CMR, et al is operator." Obviously,

the Operating Agreement itself contemplates the situation where

someone other than Exxon would operate a well. CMR's contention

that the Agreement specifies only Exxon as the operator cannot be

sustained.

We also reject CMR's argument that the identity of the

operator is tied to whether one of the parties can earn the other's

interest. This contention finds no support in Paragraph 8 of the

Exploration Agreement, which explicitly addresses the procedures

necessary for one party to earn the interest of the other. Nowhere

in Paragraph 8 is there any mention of the identity of an operator

or how the identity of an operator affects the earning of another

party's interest.

CMR further argues that a third party is authorized to operate

a well under Paragraph 10 of the Exploration Agreement only when

CMR and Exxon do not together own a majority of the drilling

interests in the drilling unit for that well. We find this

argument unpersuasive and contrary to our reading of the contract.

Nowhere in Paragraph 10 do we find anything to support CMR's

reading of this provision.
9 Paragraph 10 provides in pertinent part:

If any party should desire to enter into any agreement

or agreements (1) for the drilling of any well or

wells (other than Drilling Contracts and related

service contracts) in any area in which any drilling

unit will contain any part of the contract area, and

in which are the parties' interests committed under

this exploration agreement will not constitute a

majority of the drilling interests, or (2) for farming

out any interests in the contract area, said party

shall give written notice to all other parties of the

specific lands to be covered by said agreement(s) and

of all terms and conditions under which said party

desires to enter into said agreement(s), together with

all other requirements for notice under Article VI.B.

[of the Operating Agreement].

16

Paragraph 10 does not address when a third party can operate

a well.9 Rather, this provision addresses the situation in which

one of the parties to the Exploration Agreement desires to contract

with a third party. In such a situation, Paragraph 10 provides

that the party wishing to contract with a third party must notify

the other party to the Exploration Agreement of all terms and

conditions of the contemplated contract. However, notice is

required only when CMR and Exxon do not together own a majority of

the drilling interests in the drilling unit for that well. 

Paragraph 10 is nothing more than a notice provision.

Furthermore, Paragraph 10 is not even applicable in this situation

since CMR and Exxon did, in fact, together own the majority of the

drilling interests in the drilling unit on which the CrownZellerbach No. 24-11 was operated. Accordingly, we find that

neither Paragraph 10, nor any other provision in the Exploration or
10 From Exxon's point of view, these farm-outs are considered

"farm-ins."

17

Operating Agreements, prohibited Exxon from contracting with a

third party to operate the Crown-Zellerbach No. 24-11 well.

B. Exxon's Claim

Having affirmed the district court's ruling with regard to all

claims raised on CMR's cross-appeal, we now turn to Exxon's appeal

of the district court's determination that the contract

unambiguously entitles CMR to a 1/8 overriding royalty on

production from farm-ins acquired solely by Exxon. Cities

Services, Clayton Williams, and David Smith owned drilling

interests in the contract area. Exxon negotiated with these

parties and they "farmed-out" their interests to Exxon.10 Both

Exxon and CMR agree that these farm-ins are "acquisitions" under

the terms of the Exploration Agreement.

We note that our "broad standard of review includes the

initial determination of whether the contract is ambiguous."

American Totalisator Co. v. Fair Grounds Corp., 3 F.3d 810, 813

(5th Cir. 1993). And, whether a contract is ambiguous is a

question of law reviewed de novo. Triad Elec. & Controls, Inc. v.

Power Sys. Eng'g, 117 F.3d 180, 187 (5th Cir. 1997). 

With regard to this particular issue, we look to all

provisions in the Agreement that address the overriding royalty and
18

all provisions that address acquisitions. Having thoroughly

reviewed all such provisions, we find the language dealing with the

overriding royalty ambiguous regarding the applicability of the

overriding royalty to acquisitions made solely by one party. See

Century Twenty-One v. Keyes, 652 So.2d 707, 716-717 (Miss. 1995)

("If . . . a careful reading of the instrument reveals it to be

less than clear, definite, explicit, harmonious in all its

provisions, and free from ambiguity throughout, the court is

obligated to pursue the intent of the parties, and, to determine

the intent, must resort to extrinsic aid.").

We turn first to the relevant portions of the Agreement that

refer to the overriding royalty. Paragraph 7 of the Exploration

Agreement creates "an overriding royalty of one-eighth (1/8) of

eight-eighths (8/8) of production allocated to the parties, without

any reduction for any royalties and/or any other burdens, and

calculated on said non-consenting parties' contractual interest

percentage . . . subject to the right of conversion at payout."

Paragraph 7 applies to all exploration wells, including Southern

Minerals No. 1.

CMR is a non-consenting party as to the Southern Minerals No.

1 well. Since Exxon earned CMR's interest in Southern Minerals No.

1, Exxon acknowledges that it has the obligation, under Paragraph

7, to pay CMR, in addition to its royalty on "actual unleased

mineral interests," the overriding royalty on its contractual
19

interest (24%) of the combined working interest controlled by CMR

and Exxon jointly. But Exxon does not agree that the combined

working interest on which the overriding royalty is calculated

includes the working interest acquired by Exxon from the farm-ins.

The same dispute exists under Paragraph 8 regarding the

development wells. Since Exxon earned CMR's interest in the

Southern Minerals No. 1 well, Paragraph 8 provides that Exxon also

obtained the right to earn the interest of CMR in development wells

(the remaining 8 wells in the contract area). Since Exxon earned

the interest of CMR in the other 8 wells, Exxon incurred the

obligation, under Paragraph 8, to pay CMR the same overriding

royalty interest. Where we find the Agreement ambiguous is in its

silence as how the overriding royalty applies to acquisitions made

solely by one party.

In addressing this issue, the district court reasoned that

"production allocated to the parties" referred to all working

interests of Exxon and CMR, regardless of when and how those

interests were acquired. The district court thus found that CMR

deserved an overriding royalty interest on all production jointly

controlled by the two parties in the contract area, including the

production from Exxon's newly acquired interests. While this is a

reasonable interpretation of the overriding royalty provision,

Exxon asserts an equally plausible interpretation of "production

allocated to the parties."

The purpose of the Agreement was to pool the combined
20

interests of Exxon and CMR, with each party receiving a

proportionate contractual interest in the pooled interests based on

each party's proportionate contribution to that pool. The

contractual interests granted to each party corresponded to the

proportionate contribution to the pool by each party. The parties

agreed that Exxon's contribution to the pool was 76% of the whole,

and CMR's was 24%. But Exxon later acquired additional interests

by way of farm-ins. Thus, the district court's ruling grants CMR

an overriding royalty in these later-acquired acquisitions for

which CMR made no contribution. Exxon contends that to give CMR an

overriding royalty on farm-ins which Exxon alone purchased would

upset the original calculations of the parties used to determine

each party's contractual interest.

Unlike the district court, we find ambiguity in the statement

"production allocated to the parties" because it is simply unclear

whether "production allocated" refers to working interests

acquired solely by one party after the inception of the agreement.

Review of the provisions in the Agreement that address acquisitions

are not helpful to resolving this ambiguity, and serve only to

further confuse the issue.

Exxon calls our attention to Paragraph 13 of the Exploration

Agreement as the critical provision of the contract that concerns

acquisitions. We, however, do not find Paragraph 13 instructive on

the issue of the overriding royalty. Paragraph 13 of the Agreement

simply requires Exxon to notify CMR of the farm-in acquisitions and
11 In this case, both Exxon and CMR agree that participation in

the drilling of a well was required in order to participate in the

acquisitions.

Preliminary notice of the acquisition of the farm-ins was given

by Exxon to CMR by letter after Southern Minerals No. 1 had been

proposed but before drilling was commenced. Negotiations regarding

the farm-ins had not been completed and the letter stated that

"[f]ull information regarding participation in these acquisitions

will be provided by separate letter." The parties agree that

additional and complete information regarding the farm-ins was

never provided by Exxon to CMR.

The district court found that the notice was insufficient to

comply with the requirements of Paragraph 13. Thus, CMR was never

given its opportunity to participate in the farm-ins. Exxon points

out that CMR decided not to participate in the Southern Minerals

No. 1 exploratory well and as a result, CMR lost its right to

participate in any other development well in the contract area.

The district court found that the notice issue was not controlling

on the question of whether CMR is entitled to an overriding royalty

on the interests acquired by Exxon by way of the farm-ins. We

agree with the district court in this respect.

21

to give CMR the chance "to participate in such acquisition[s], for

the dollar price paid and/or possible participation in the drilling

of the well, if that be required to earn the farm-out."11

Thus, Paragraph 13 only provides a mechanism by which one

party can choose to participate in another's acquisition.

Paragraph 13 does not speak to whether acquisitions in which one

party does not participate become part of the pool of interests to

which the overriding royalty applies. Paragraph 13 is not

instructive with regard to the overriding royalty.

Though another provision of the contract also brought to our

attention by Exxon appears relevant to the issue of the overriding

royalty, we find it creates further ambiguity in the contract. As
12 Exhibit I to the Exploration Agreement is a list of

definitions clarifying the meaning of terms used in the agreement.

13 The Contract Unit is the area ultimately established for the

well to be drilled.

22

previously discussed, the Operating Agreement is incorporated by

reference into the Exploration Agreement as Exhibit II.12

Exhibit A to Exhibit II has five separate provisions. The

third provision pertains to the "percentages or fractional interest

of parties to this Agreement." In this provision, the parties

agree to the contractual interest percentages of Exxon (76%) and

CMR (24%). This provision also includes a statement pertaining to

acquisitions: "An Acquisition by less than all of the Parties shall

not affect the percentages of parties to this agreement except as

to the Contract Unit[s]13 in which all or any part of said

Acquisition may be included." We consider this statement in light

of Paragraph 8, the applicable overriding royalty provision of this

contract.

Paragraph 8 provides that the overriding royalty is

"calculated on said non-consenting party's (CMR's) contractual

interest." Contractual interest is defined in Exhibit I as "the

contractual percentage interest attributable to each party as shown

on Exhibit A."

Exhibit A, however, seems to provide that the contractual

percentages are not "affected" when fewer than all parties

participate in an acquisition "except as to the Contract Unit[s] in
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which [the] Acquisition may be included." This provision seems to

suggest that percentages of contractual interests change with

respect to wells drilled in contract units where there are

acquisitions made solely by one party. If this is the case, it is

unclear to this Court whether the overriding royalty that is

"calculated on said non-consenting party's contractual interest" is

calculated on the original overall contractual interest, the

contractual interest in a particular contract unit, or some

combination thereof.

We find that the phrase "production allocated to the parties

. . . calculated on said non-consenting party's contractual

interest" is ambiguous. The intent of the parties simply can not

be determined from the language, and thus, the district court was

obligated to pursue the intent of the parties, and, to determine

the intent, should have examined parol evidence. Century TwentyOne v. Keyes, 652 So.2d 707, 716-717 (Miss. 1995).

For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the district court's

rulings on CMR's claims and VACATE the decision of the district

court that the Exploration Agreement is unambiguous with respect to

whether CMR is entitled to an overriding royalty on Exxon's farm-in

acquisitions. Accordingly, we REMAND this case for the

consideration of parol evidence to determine the parties' intent

with respect to that issue.
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