UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

ANAJE BOYD, : 

 : 

Plaintiff, : Civil Action No.: 22-3741 (RC)

 : 

 v. : Re Document No.: 11 

 : 

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, : 

 : 

Defendant. : 

MEMORANDUM OPINION

GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO DISMISS

I. INTRODUCTION

Plaintiff Anaje Boyd brings the instant suit against the District of Columbia (“Defendant” 

or “the District”), alleging claims of hostile work environment and retaliation under Title VII of 

the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (“Title VII”), 42 U.S.C. § 2000e, et seq., and the District of 

Columbia Human Rights Act (“DCHRA”), D.C. Code § 2–1401.01, et seq. See Am. Compl., 

ECF No. 4. The District now moves to dismiss Boyd’s retaliation claims, arguing that she failed 

to administratively exhaust her Title VII claim and that she has failed to state a claim upon which 

relief may be granted under either Title VII or the DCHRA.1 See Def.’s Mem. P&A Supp. Mot. 

Dismiss Am. Compl. (“Def.’s Mot.”), ECF No. 11-1. For the reasons discussed below, the 

District’s motion is granted in part and denied in part. 

1 The District initially moved to dismiss Boyd’s hostile work environment claims as well. 

See Def.’s Mot. at 4–6. The District has since “withdraw[n]” this aspect of its motion and asserts 

that “[d]iscovery is needed to resolve th[e] issue” of whether Boyd “timely exhaust[ed] her 

administrative remedies” in relation to those claims. Def.’s Reply Pl.’s Opp’n Mot. Dismiss Am. 

Compl. at 1, ECF No. 15. The Court will therefore deny the District’s motion insofar as the 

motion seeks dismissal of Boyd’s Title VII and DCHRA hostile work environment claims based 

on any argument that these claims were not timely presented administratively. 
2 

II. BACKGROUND

The events giving rise to Boyd’s complaint began in April of 2020. At that time, Boyd 

was working as “a firefighter and an emergency medical technician” for the District of Columbia 

Fire and Emergency Medical Services (“DC FEMS”)—a position she had held since 2011. Am. 

Compl. ¶¶ 1–2. Boyd alleges that, on the night of April 25, she awoke during her shift to find 

her supervisor, Lt. Antwan Jordan, “standing over her.” Id. ¶¶ 2, 31. Lt. Jordan told Boyd that 

“she had just been relieved of duty and that her Officer in Charge . . . was looking for 

her . . . . with [her] sexy ass.” Id. ¶ 32. Lt. Jordan then left the room, but he returned shortly 

thereafter to ask whether Boyd had “left anything on the ambulance.” Id. ¶ 33. When she 

replied that she had “left her go-bag,” he responded, “so you didn’t leave this?” Id. ¶¶ 33–34. 

As he said this, he “forcibly put his hand down [Boyd’s] shirt into her bra and squeezed her right 

breast.” Id. ¶ 34. Boyd “grabbed his hand and tried to remove it from her breast but” to no avail. 

Id. Instead, Lt. Jordan “attempted to grab her left breast” as well, before leaving the room for a 

second time. Id. “[S]haken by the assault,” Boyd then left the fire station. Id. ¶ 35. After she 

had left, she “felt something in her bra,” which turned out to be “two twenty-dollar bills.” Id. 

¶ 36. 

The next day, Boyd reported the incident to Lt. Martin McMahon, her “general 

supervisor.” Id. ¶ 38. Specifically, she told Lt. McMahon that Lt. Jordan had “sexually harassed 

her” and that “she wished to file an [Equal Employment Opportunity (“EEO”)] complaint.” Id. 

Lt. McMahon assured Boyd “that he was going to contact the EEO Office.” Id. ¶ 39. 

On April 27, Boyd “filed a police report against Lt. Jordan with the Metropolitan Police 

Department.” Id. ¶ 40. That same day, she heard back from Lt. McMahon, who told Boyd that 

he had “attempted to contact the EEO office” but had been “instructed by Chief . . . Simister to 
3 

contact Amy Mauro.” Id. ¶ 41. Lt. McMahon advised Boyd to reach out to Mauro, but it is not 

clear whether Lt. McMahon also did so himself. See id. ¶ 43. Lt. McMahon also explained that 

Mauro “was the Acting EEO officer” because the “previous Acting EEO officer had resigned.” 

Id. ¶¶ 42–43. 

Acting in accordance with Lt. McMahon’s “instructions,” Boyd sent an email to Mauro. 

Id. ¶ 44. Thereafter, the two had a conversation about Boyd’s “complaint of sexual harassment 

and assault.” Id. ¶ 45. Boyd also told Mauro that she had filed a police report, to which Mauro 

responded with apparent “irrit[ation]” based on her “aggressive and curt” tone. Id. According to 

Boyd, throughout their conversation, Mauro did not inform Boyd that she was not, in fact, an 

EEO counselor. Id. ¶ 46. Nor did she “notify . . . Boyd of any other process or procedure for 

reporting harassment.” Id. ¶ 47. Instead, Mauro “affirmatively misled and improperly 

advised . . . Boyd that she could not pursue an EEO complaint” because she had already filed a 

police report. Id. ¶¶ 48–49. According to Mauro, this meant that Boyd needed to “wait” to file 

an EEO charge and “that there could not be an investigation into her harassment complaint while 

the criminal process was ongoing.” Id. ¶ 49. Taking Mauro at her word, Boyd “did not pursue a 

complaint of harassment at the time.” Id. ¶ 50. 

Over a year passed. Then, in July of 2021, Boyd had a discussion with one of her 

coworkers, who suggested that Boyd speak with Cpt. Melonie Barnes, an “Investigator in the 

Office of Internal Affairs.” Id. ¶ 67. Boyd reached out to Cpt. Barnes, who assured Boyd that 

she would “look into the status” of Boyd’s complaint of harassment. Id. ¶¶ 68–70. Over the 

course of that month, Boyd and Cpt. Barnes exchanged a few text messages regarding the status 

of Lt. Jordan’s criminal proceedings. Id. ¶¶ 73–74. Then, in early August, Boyd emailed Cpt. 

Barnes to request an “exit letter” so that she could “bring [her] complaint to the [DC] [O]ffice of 
4 

[H]uman [R]ights.” Id. ¶ 76. During a subsequent phone call, Cpt. Barnes told Boyd that “she 

had not contacted . . . Boyd previously because . . . Boyd’s case was still under investigation.” 

Id. ¶ 78. She also told Boyd that Boyd “could not file an EEO complaint until the criminal 

investigation was over, and once it concluded, DC FEMS would commence an investigation into 

her claims of harassment.” Id. ¶ 80. 

Following their conversation, Boyd sent Cpt. Barnes an email asking Cpt. Barnes to 

explain “where in the fire department policy, rules or procedure[s]” it stated that Boyd could not 

file an “EEO complaint until the [criminal] trial is complete.” Id. ¶ 81. Cpt. Barnes responded 

with an email explaining that, unless Boyd had already filed an EEO complaint and “been 

through the counseling process” and “mediation,” she had not “started the EEO process per the 

DC Office of Human Rights.” Id. ¶ 82. Boyd replied, in relevant part, that she had been “under 

the impression” that she had filed an EEO complaint when she spoke to Mauro in April of 2020. 

Id. ¶ 83. Boyd also explained that she had not taken further action following her conversation 

with Mauro because Mauro had advised her that “no investigation could take place until the 

[criminal] case was over.” Id. Cpt. Barnes responded by informing Boyd that she was not aware 

of “any documentation from . . . Mauro or Lt. McMahon” stating that Boyd “want[ed] to file an 

EEO case.” See id. ¶ 84. She also told Boyd that she should “[r]each out to the [Assistant U.S. 

Attorney] that’s prosecuting your case and ask her if you can file an EEO case now.” Id. And, 

although Cpt. Barnes later followed up with resources Boyd “may find helpful” while the 

criminal case was proceeding, Cpt. Barnes never provided information regarding “the DC FEMS 

policy that . . . allegedly [explained why] Boyd could not file an EEO complaint until her 

criminal case was over.” Id. ¶ 85. 
5 

Almost a year later, on June 27, 2022, Lt. Jordan was convicted of sexually abusing 

Boyd. Id. ¶ 86. Three days later, Boyd contacted an EEO counselor “to discuss her complaint of 

sexual harassment.” Id. ¶ 87. On July 25, “Boyd received an exit letter stating that [she] could 

file a complaint with [the] D.C. Office of Human Rights.” Id. ¶ 89. Three days after receiving 

her exit letter, “Boyd filed a discrimination complaint with the D.C. Office of Human Rights.” 

Id. ¶ 90. And on September 9, Boyd “filed a charge of discrimination” with the Equal 

Employment Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”). Id. ¶ 91. Ten days later, the EEOC sent 

Boyd a “Notice of Right to Sue.” Id. ¶ 92. 

Following her receipt of the EEOC’s Notice, Boyd filed a complaint in this court, see 

Compl., ECF No. 1, which she later amended, see Am. Compl. Boyd’s amended complaint 

alleges four counts of sexual harassment and retaliation under Title VII, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e, et 

seq., and the DCHRA, D.C. Code § 2–1401.01, et seq. See Am. Compl. ¶¶ 94–129. The District 

moved to dismiss Boyd’s amended complaint, see Def.’s Mot., and the motion is now ripe for 

consideration, see Mem. Supp. Pl.’s Opp’n Mot. Dismiss (“Pl.’s Opp’n”), ECF No. 13-1, Def.’s 

Reply Pl.’s Opp’n Mot. Dismiss Am. Compl. (“Def.’s Reply”), ECF No. 15. 

III. LEGAL STANDARD

The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure require a complaint to contain “a short and plain 

statement of the claim” to give the defendant fair notice of the claim and the grounds upon which 

it rests. Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2); accord Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 93 (2007) (per curiam). 

A motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) “tests the legal sufficiency of a complaint” under that 

standard; it asks whether the plaintiff has properly stated a claim. Browning v. Clinton, 292 F.3d 

235, 242 (D.C. Cir. 2002). “To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient 

factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft 
6 

v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 

(2007)). This means that a plaintiff’s factual allegations “must be enough to raise a right to relief 

above the speculative level, on the assumption that all the allegations in the complaint are true 

(even if doubtful in fact).” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555–56 (citations omitted). “Threadbare 

recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements,” are 

therefore insufficient to withstand a motion to dismiss. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. A court need not 

accept a plaintiff’s legal conclusions as true, see id., nor must a court presume the veracity of 

legal conclusions that are couched as factual allegations, see Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555. 

However, a court considering a motion to dismiss presumes that the complaint’s factual 

allegations are true and construes them liberally in the plaintiff's favor. See, e.g., United States v. 

Philip Morris, Inc., 116 F. Supp. 2d 131, 135 (D.D.C. 2000). 

“In deciding a 12(b)(6) motion, a court may ‘consider only the facts alleged in the 

complaint, any documents either attached to or incorporated in the complaint and matters of 

which [the Court] may take judicial notice.’” Greer v. Bd. of Trs. of the Univ. of the D.C., 113 F. 

Supp. 3d 297, 304 (D.D.C. 2015) (citation omitted) (quoting EEOC v. St. Francis Xavier 

Parochial Sch., 117 F.3d 621, 624 (D.C. Cir. 1997)). “When the plaintiff alleges the filing of an 

administrative charge, that charge may be deemed incorporated into the complaint and the court 

can consider it on a motion to dismiss.” Id.; see also Koch v. Walter, 935 F. Supp. 2d 164, 171 

(D.D.C. 2013). 

IV. ANALYSIS

The District moves to dismiss Boyd’s retaliation claims on two grounds. First, it argues 

that Boyd failed to exhaust her administrative remedies in relation to her claim of retaliation and 

that, therefore, her Title VII retaliation claim must be dismissed. See Def.’s Mot. at 6. Second, 
7 

the District argues that Boyd has not set forth a prima facie retaliation claim under either Title 

VII or the DCHRA. See id. at 6–7. 

A. Exhaustion of Title VII Retaliation Claim

The District first argues that Boyd’s Title VII retaliation claim should be dismissed for 

failure to exhaust administrative remedies because Boyd did not assert a retaliation claim in the 

charge of discrimination that she filed with the EEOC. Id. at 6. The Court agrees.

Among other things, Title VII “prohibit[s] employers from retaliating against employees 

for having engaged in activity protected by Title VII.” Rochon v. Gonzales, 438 F.3d 1211, 1217 

(D.C. Cir. 2006); see 42 U.S.C. § 2000e–3(a). Before filing a lawsuit alleging retaliation in 

violation of Title VII, “a plaintiff must exhaust her administrative remedies.” Haynes v. D.C. 

Water & Sewer Auth., 924 F.3d 519, 526 (D.C. Cir. 2019).2

 This means that a plaintiff must 

“‘fil[e] an administrative charge with the EEOC and allow[] the agency time to act on the 

charge’ before commencing litigation.” Id. (quoting Park v. Howard Univ., 71 F.3d 904, 907 

(D.C. Cir. 1995)). The ensuing litigation is then limited in scope “to claims that are like or 

reasonably related to the allegations of the charge and growing out of such allegations.” Ahuja v. 

Detica Inc., 873 F. Supp. 2d 221, 227 (D.D.C. 2012) (quoting Park, 71 F.3d at 907). “For a 

charge to be regarded as ‘reasonably related’ to a filed charge it must at a minimum arise from 

the administrative investigation that can reasonably be expected to follow the charge of 

discrimination.” Haynes, 924 F.3d at 526–27 (cleaned up) (quoting Payne v. Salazar, 619 F.3d 

2 Failure to exhaust “is a non-jurisdictional affirmative defense.” Ahuja v. Detica Inc., 

873 F. Supp. 2d 221, 227 (D.D.C. 2012); see Artis v. Bernanke, 630 F.3d 1031, 1034 n.4 (D.C. 

Cir. 2011). As such, the defendant “bears the burden of proving by a preponderance of the 

evidence that the plaintiff failed to exhaust administrative remedies.” Wade v. District of 

Columbia, 780 F. Supp. 2d 1, 11 (D.D.C. 2011); see Bowden v. United States, 106 F.3d 433, 437 

(D.C. Cir. 1997). 
8 

56, 65 (D.C. Cir. 2010)). This ensures that the charge of discrimination “contain[s] ‘sufficient 

information’ to put the agency on notice of the claim and to ‘enable the agency to investigate’ it” 

before an employee files a federal lawsuit. Crawford v. Duke, 867 F.3d 103, 109 (D.C. Cir. 

2017) (quoting Artis v. Bernanke, 630 F.3d 1031, 1034 (D.C. Cir. 2011)). The D.C. Circuit has 

instructed that “the administrative charge requirement should not be construed to place a heavy 

technical burden” on plaintiffs, see Park, 71 F.3d at 907, and that EEOC complaints should be 

liberally construed, Crawford, 867 F.3d at 108. All the same, “[a] court cannot allow liberal 

interpretation of an administrative charge to permit a litigant to bypass the Title VII 

administrative process.” Park, 71 F.3d at 907. 

Even liberally construed, Boyd’s EEOC complaint would not have put either the EEOC 

or her employer on notice that Boyd was asserting a retaliation claim. The reasons for this are 

twofold. First, the form that Boyd filed with the EEOC—which outlined and described her 

formal charge of discrimination—contained a list of checkable boxes from which Boyd was 

asked to identify the discriminatory acts on which her complaint was based. See Pl.’s Opp’n, Ex. 

1, Pl.’s Charge of Discrimination (“EEOC Charge”) at 4, ECF No. 13-3.3

 Boyd checked boxes 

to indicate that she had been discriminated against on the basis of sex and that she had suffered 

sexual harassment. See id. She did not check the box for “retaliation.” See id.; see also Ndondji 

v. InterPark Inc., 768 F. Supp. 2d 263, 279 (D.D.C. 2011) (“Discrimination and retaliation 

claims are considered distinct types of claims that must be raised independently if the retaliation 

occurred prior to the filing of the administrative charge.”).

3

 “As the Court relies only on the pleadings and [Boyd’s] administrative complaint to 

resolve issues relating to non[-]jurisdictional exhaustion under Title VII . . . , it analyzes that 

issue under Rule 12(b)(6), not as a motion for summary judgment under Rule 56.” Koch, 935 F. 

Supp. 2d at 171; see also Greer, 113 F. Supp. 3d at 304.
9 

Boyd’s failure to check the “retaliation” box is not, by itself, fatal to her contention that 

she administratively exhausted that claim. See Latson v. Holder, 82 F. Supp. 3d 377, 385 

(D.D.C. 2015) (explaining that failure to check correct box is “not dispositive”). After all, while 

the checkable boxes are meant to “aid a claimant in identifying the nature of her charge, a 

claimant is not necessarily limited to the boxes she selected if she provides the basis for her 

claim in her written explanation.” Robinson-Reeder v. Am. Council on Educ., 532 F. Supp. 2d 6, 

13 (D.D.C. 2008). It is only where a plaintiff has “neither checked the correct box nor given 

some sort of notice of the substance of [her] claims in the body of the charge that courts will 

dismiss for failure to adequately exhaust administrative remedies.” Greer, 113 F. Supp. 3d at 

307 n.9 

Here, Boyd’s failure to check the “retaliation” box is not saved by her written explanation 

because that explanation provides no indication that she was pursuing a retaliation claim. For 

one thing, her written explanation does not mention retaliation at all. See Jones v. Ass’n of Am. 

Med. Colls., No. 22-CV-1680, 2023 WL 2327901, at *6 (D.D.C. Mar. 2, 2023) (dismissing 

retaliation claim where plaintiff’s administrative complaint did not use the words “retaliation” or 

“retaliatory”); Ahuja, 873 F. Supp. 2d at 227 (D.D.C. 2012) (holding that plaintiff failed to 

exhaust retaliation claim where her EEOC charge was “devoid of any reference to retaliation”). 

Instead, it details the facts of Lt. Jordan’s alleged sexual abuse and harassment, and then 

describes the reasons why Boyd did not file a formal charge of discrimination for over two years. 

See EEOC Charge at 4–5. Although Boyd’s written narrative does mention that Mauro and Cpt. 

Barnes instructed her that she could not file an EEO complaint until the criminal proceedings 

against Lt. Jordan had concluded, see EEOC Charge at 5; see also Pl.’s Opp’n at 9 (arguing that 

the inclusion of these facts satisfies the exhaustion requirement), there is nothing in that narrative 
10 

that suggests—in any way—that Boyd viewed Mauro’s or Cpt. Barnes’s instructions to be 

retaliatory, see Robinson-Reeder, 532 F. Supp. 2d at 13 (dismissing claim of retaliation where 

plaintiff’s “EEOC charge fail[ed] to provide the slightest hint that plaintiff may have viewed the 

[challenged action] as a retaliatory act”); Jones, 2023 WL 2327901, at *6 (similar). Rather, 

Boyd’s description of Mauro’s and Cpt. Barnes’s acts is best (and most reasonably) understood 

as providing support for why she delayed in filing her formal discrimination complaint. That 

being so—and given the absence of any other factual allegations that suggest Boyd was 

describing a retaliation claim—the Court cannot conclude that Boyd’s complaint would have 

“reasonably give[n] rise to an investigation” into retaliation (as opposed to an investigation 

solely focused on sex discrimination and sexual harassment). See Ortiz-Diaz v. U.S. Dep’t of 

Hous. & Urb. Dev., 961 F. Supp. 2d 104, 112 (D.D.C. 2013). 

Because Boyd’s charge of discrimination did not contain “sufficient information” to put 

either the EEOC or her employer “on notice of [a retaliation] claim,” she has failed to exhaust 

her administrative remedies with regard to that claim. Crawford, 867 F.3d at 109. Her Title VII 

retaliation claim must, therefore, be dismissed. 

B. Failure to State a Prima Facie Retaliation Claim Under Title VII or the DCHRA

The District separately contends that, even if Boyd administratively exhausted her Title 

VII retaliation claim, she has failed to state a prima facie case of retaliation under either Title VII 

or the DCHRA. The District argues that (1) Boyd did not suffer a materially adverse action 

sufficient to give rise to a retaliation claim and, (2) even if she did, she has failed to allege that 

her employer engaged in the challenged actions because of her protected conduct. See Def.’s 

Mot. at 6–7. The Court will address the District’s contentions in turn. 
11 

1. Materially Adverse Action

“To state a claim for retaliation under Title VII or the DCHRA, a plaintiff ‘must establish 

three elements: (1) that she made a charge or opposed an unlawful practice, (2) that the employer 

took a materially adverse action against her, and (3) that the employer took the action because of 

her protected conduct.’”4

 Jenkins v. District of Columbia, No. 17-CV-2730, 2023 WL 4183795, 

at *5 (D.D.C. June 26, 2023) (cleaned up) (quoting Allen v. Johnson, 795 F.3d 34, 39 (D.C. Cir. 

2015)). In the retaliation context, an action is materially adverse if it “could conceivably 

dissuade a reasonable worker from making or supporting a charge of discrimination.” Newton v. 

Off. of the Architect of the Capitol, 839 F. Supp. 2d 112, 116 (D.D.C. 2012); Burlington N. & 

Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. White, 548 U.S. 53, 68 (2006); see also Siddique v. Macy’s, 923 F. Supp. 2d 

97, 107 n.10 (D.D.C. 2013) (explaining that the “materially adverse” standard set forth in 

Burlington Northern applies to claims of retaliation under the DCHRA). This standard casts a 

wider net than does the standard governing materially adverse actions in the discrimination 

context and, as such, “the universe of cognizable retaliatory actions is broader than that of 

discriminatory actions.” Swann v. Off. of Architect of Capitol, 73 F. Supp. 3d 20, 26–27 (D.D.C. 

2014). That said, the universe “is not so broad as to allow the federal judiciary to sanction trivial 

harms or micromanage a supervisor’s decisions.” Kelso v. McDonough, No. 19-CV-0722, 2021 

WL 3856614, at *8 (D.D.C. Aug. 30, 2021). 

4 Title VII and the DCHRA are sufficiently similar such that courts generally interpret 

them consistently with one another. See Jenkins v. District of Columbia, No. 17-CV-2730, 2023 

WL 4183795, at *5 (D.D.C. June 26, 2023); see also Burley v. Nat’l Passenger Rail Corp., 801 

F.3d 290, 296 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (explaining that plaintiff’s Title VII and DCHRA claims “rise 

and fall together”).
12 

Boyd’s amended complaint alleges two distinct ways in which her employer purportedly 

retaliated against her for engaging in protected activity.5 Specifically, she claims that DC FEMS 

retaliated against her (1) when Mauro and Cpt. Barnes “incorrectly told . . . Boyd she could not 

file an EEO complaint until the criminal investigation . . . ended,” and (2) when those same 

individuals “refused to conduct an investigation” into Boyd’s claims of harassment. Am. Compl. 

¶¶ 121, 128. The upshot, according to Boyd, is that DC FEMS “impeded her ability to pursue 

her EEO complaint.” Id.

Taking these allegations in order and viewing the well-pleaded facts in the light most 

favorable to Boyd, the Court has no trouble concluding that Mauro’s and Cpt. Barnes’s 

instructions to Boyd could constitute materially adverse employment actions. After all, through 

those instructions, Mauro and Cpt. Barnes actively “dissuaded and discouraged [Boyd] from 

filing an EEO complaint.” Trant v. Murray, 589 F. Supp. 3d 50, 58 (D.D.C. 2022) (finding that 

employer’s attempts to “dissuade[] and discourage[] [plaintiff] from filing an EEO complaint” 

could “qualif[y] as a materially adverse action”). The District does not meaningfully contend 

otherwise, asserting only that Boyd must not have been dissuaded because she “is [now] 

pursuing her EEO claims.” Def.’s Reply at 4. Of course, this ignores the fact that, based in large 

part on the instructions given by Mauro and Cpt. Barnes, Boyd delayed filing an EEO complaint 

for over two years. See Am. Compl. ¶¶ 44, 87, 91. But more to the point, the District “confuses 

5

 Boyd’s amended complaint alleges that she “engaged in protected activity when she 

pulled Lt. Jordan’s hand out of her bra and sent him a subsequent text message opposing” that 

act, and also “when she reported and expressed opposition to the harassment to Chief Simister, 

Lt. McMahon, . . . Mauro, and . . . [Cpt.] Barnes.” Am. Compl. ¶¶ 118–19, 125–26. The District 

does not seem to dispute that these acts constituted protected activity. See Def.’s Mot. at 6–7; 

see also Broderick v. Donaldson, 437 F.3d 1226, 1232 (D.C. Cir. 2006) (explaining that an 

informal complaint may constitute protected activity provided that “the complaint . . . in some 

way allege[s] unlawful discrimination, not just frustrated ambition”).
13 

the objective standard for a materially adverse action—a ‘reasonable worker’ would be 

dissuaded from pursuing their discrimination claim—with a subjective standard that the plaintiff 

herself be deterred.” Bell v. Fudge, No. 20-CV-2209, 2022 WL 4534603, at *7 (D.D.C. Sept. 

28, 2022). In other words, whether Boyd herself was deterred from filing a charge of 

discrimination is immaterial, at least at the motion-to-dismiss stage. See id. Instead, the Court 

finds that the instructions provided by Mauro and Cpt. Barnes—the former of whom Boyd could 

reasonably have believed was an EEO coordinator with specialized insight on the subject, see 

Am. Compl. ¶¶ 19, 42, 46—could well have dissuaded a reasonable employee from filing a 

charge of discrimination with the EEOC and that, therefore, the giving of those instructions may 

qualify as a materially adverse employment action. 

In contrast, Mauro’s and Cpt. Barnes’s alleged “refus[al] to conduct an investigation,” id.

¶¶ 121, 128, into Boyd’s claim of sexual harassment is not an adverse action sufficient to support 

a retaliation claim.

6

 Other courts have held that, for a failure to investigate to constitute a 

materially adverse action, a plaintiff must explain how that failure led to “demonstrable harm” or 

“made it more difficult for her to pursue her claims with the EEOC or otherwise assert her 

rights.” Daniels v. United Parcel Serv., Inc., 701 F.3d 620, 640–41 (10th Cir. 2012); see also

6

 Although Boyd’s amended complaint contains facts that would seem to hint at a nascent 

retaliatory failure-to-remediate claim, see Am. Compl. ¶¶ 55–59 (stating Boyd’s belief that Lt. 

Jordan was permitted to continue working for the month following her report of sexual 

harassment, though not alleging that she ever interacted with Lt. Jordan during this period), Boyd 

does not expressly seek relief on those grounds, see id. ¶¶ 116–29 (setting forth the discrete 

actions on which Boyd bases her retaliation claims). Similarly, her opposition brief does not 

argue that DC FEMS’s decision to allow Lt. Jordan to continue working constituted a materially 

adverse action. See Pl.’s Opp’n at 13–16; see also Baird v. Gotbaum, 662 F.3d 1246, 1249 (D.C. 

Cir. 2011) (explaining that “a claim of discriminatory or retaliatory failure to remediate may be 

sufficient if the uncorrected action would (if it were discriminatory or retaliatory) be of enough 

significance to qualify as an adverse action (under the relevant standard)”). Accordingly, the 

Court does not construe Boyd’s amended complaint as stating a claim for retaliatory failure-toremediate.
14 

Fincher v. Depository Tr. & Clearing Corp., 604 F.3d 712, 721 (2d Cir. 2010) (explaining that 

“at least in a run-of-the-mine case . . . , an employer’s failure to investigate a complaint of 

discrimination cannot be considered an adverse employment action taken in retaliation for the 

filing of the same discrimination complaint”). The allegations in Boyd’s complaint do not 

satisfy that standard. For one, Boyd does not identify any demonstrable harm flowing from her 

supervisors’ failure to investigate. For another, the facts alleged in Boyd’s complaint do not 

suggest that the failure to investigate made it more difficult for Boyd to pursue her EEOC claims. 

To the contrary, Boyd’s amended complaint suggests that it was the misleading instructions that 

Boyd received from Mauro and Cpt. Barnes alone that made it more difficult for her to pursue an 

EEOC charge. For example, Boyd alleges that, “[p]ursuant to Defendant’s instructions,” Boyd 

contacted an EEO counselor almost immediately after Lt. Jordan’s criminal proceedings 

concluded. Am. Compl. ¶ 87. This suggests that Boyd did not view the completion (or even the 

instigation) of an internal investigation into her claims as a prerequisite to filing an EEOC 

charge. And more fundamentally, neither Boyd’s amended complaint nor her opposition to the 

District’s motion to dismiss argue or imply that DC FEMS’s alleged failure to investigate would 

have dissuaded a reasonable employee from making or supporting a charge of discrimination. 

See, e.g., Pl.’s Opp’n at 15 (focusing only on the “instruction[s]” given by Mauro and Cpt. 

Barnes).

In sum, the Court concludes that Boyd has plausibly alleged that she suffered a materially 

adverse action when Mauro and Cpt. Barnes informed her that she could not file an EEO 

complaint while criminal proceedings against Lt. Jordan were pending. Conversely, Mauro’s 

and Cpt. Barnes’s alleged failure to investigate Boyd’s harassment claims does not constitute a 

materially adverse action sufficient to give rise to a claim of retaliation.
15 

2. Causation

Although Boyd has plausibly alleged that the instructions she received from Mauro and 

Cpt. Barnes regarding when she could file an EEO complaint constituted an adverse action, she 

has not plausibly alleged a causal link between those instructions and protected activity. In other 

words, Boyd has not alleged facts sufficient to create a plausible inference that Mauro and Cpt. 

Barnes gave those instructions because Boyd had engaged in protected activity. 

Both Title VII and the DCHRA require a plaintiff to demonstrate “a causal link between 

the [plaintiff’s] protected activity and the adverse employment action[s]” she suffered. Slate v. 

Pub. Def. Serv. for D.C., 31 F. Supp. 3d 277, 292 (D.D.C. 2014). In the context of Title VII, this 

element requires proof that a “desire to retaliate was [a] but-for cause of the challenged 

employment action.” Jones v. D.C. Water & Sewer Auth., No. 12-CV-1454, 2016 WL 659666, 

at *6 (D.D.C. Feb. 18, 2016) (emphasis deleted) (quoting Univ. of Tex. Sw. Med. Ctr. v. Nassar, 

570 U.S. 338, 352 (2013)). That is, a “plaintiff must show ‘that the unlawful retaliation would 

not have occurred in the absence of the alleged wrongful action or actions of the employer.’” 

Nunnally v. District of Columbia, 243 F. Supp. 3d 55, 67 (D.D.C. 2017) (quoting Nassar, 570 

U.S. at 360). As for the DCHRA, it is not immediately clear whether a plaintiff is required to 

prove but-for causation or if, instead, she need only show that a desire to retaliate was a 

“motivating factor” behind the challenged action. See Mosleh v. Howard Univ., No. 19-CV00339, 2020 WL 956527, at *7 (D.D.C. Feb. 27, 2020) (noting divergence in the DCHRA 

caselaw between but-for and motivating-factor causation tests); compare Jones, 2016 WL 

659666, at *7 (“To date, D.C. courts have not required ‘but for’ causation, but instead have used 

a standard comparable to the ‘motivating factor’ test.”), with Nunnally, 243 F. Supp. 3d at 67 

(applying “but-for” test). 
16 

Regardless of which standard applies, however, Boyd cannot meet it. That is because

Boyd’s complaint contains no factual allegations that would give rise to a reasonable inference

that either Mauro or Cpt. Barnes were motivated by retaliatory animus. The closest Boyd gets to 

alleging that either Mauro or Cpt. Barnes harbored such animus is when she alleges that Mauro 

“appeared irritated” to learn that Boyd had filed a police report against Lt. Jordan. See Am. 

Compl. ¶ 45. In support of that allegation, Boyd states that Mauro’s “tone” was “aggressive and 

curt.” Id. But the fact that Mauro responded “curt[ly]” to Boyd’s outreach, id., does not give 

rise to an inference that Mauro was motivated to retaliate against Boyd such that she would then 

knowingly and intentionally provide Boyd with allegedly false information regarding when 

department policy allowed Boyd to file a discrimination complaint. Cf. Barry v. U.S. Capitol 

Guide Bd., 636 F. Supp. 2d 95, 107 (D.D.C. 2009) (explaining that plaintiff must provide more 

than mere “speculation” that defendant “harbored retaliatory animus against the plaintiff”). And 

to the extent that Boyd’s amended complaint relies on the allegation that Mauro and Cpt. Barnes 

were “aware of the protected activity” in which Boyd engaged, see Am. Compl., ¶¶ 120, 127, 

such awareness—without more—is insufficient to create a plausible inference of causation. See, 

e.g., Farrington v. Mayorkas, No. 21-CV-3240, 2022 WL 16834018, at *3 (D.D.C. Nov. 9, 

2022) (“[A] plaintiff must state allegations beyond the employer’s mere knowledge of a 

protected activity.”); Brown v. Mills, 674 F. Supp. 2d 182, 197 n.8 (D.D.C. 2009) (“[M]ere 

knowledge of . . . protected acts is not sufficient to allow a jury to infer that [the] acts were 

motivated by retaliation.”). Because Boyd has failed to plausibly allege that retaliatory animus 

motivated Mauro or Cpt. Barnes to mislead her, her retaliation claims must be dismissed.
17 

V. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, Defendant’s motion to dismiss (ECF No. 11) is GRANTED 

IN PART AND DENIED IN PART. Specifically, Defendant’s motion is GRANTED to the 

extent that it seeks dismissal of Plaintiff’s retaliation claims. The motion is DENIED to the 

extent that it seeks dismissal of Plaintiff’s hostile work environment claims. An order consistent 

with this Memorandum Opinion is separately and contemporaneously issued. 

Dated: January 29, 2024 RUDOLPH CONTRERAS

United States District Judge