II 

110TH CONGRESS 

2D SESSION S. 3514 

To amend the Immigration and Nationality Act to promote family unity, 

and for other purposes. 

IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES 

SEPTEMBER 18 (legislative day, SEPTEMBER 17), 2008 

Mr. MENENDEZ introduced the following bill; which was read twice and 

referred to the Committee on the Judiciary 

A BILL 

To amend the Immigration and Nationality Act to promote 

family unity, and for other purposes. 

1 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa2 tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 

3 SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. 

4 This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Reuniting Families 

5 Act’’. 

6 SEC. 2. RECAPTURE OF IMMIGRANT VISAS LOST TO BU7 REAUCRATIC DELAY. 

8 (a) WORLDWIDE LEVEL OF EMPLOYMENT-BASED

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1 gration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1151) is amended 

2 to read as follows: 

3 ‘‘(d) WORLDWIDE LEVEL OF EMPLOYMENT-BASED

4 IMMIGRANTS.— 

5 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The worldwide level of em6 ployment-based immigrants under this subsection for 

7 a fiscal year is equal to the sum of— 

8 ‘‘(A) 140,000; plus 

9 ‘‘(B) the number computed under para10 graph (2); plus 

11 ‘‘(C) the number computed under para12 graph (3). 

13 ‘‘(2) UNUSED VISA NUMBERS FROM PREVIOUS

14 FISCAL YEAR.—The number computed under this 

15 paragraph for a fiscal year is the difference, if any, 

16 between— 

17 ‘‘(A) the worldwide level of employment18 based immigrant visas established for the pre19 vious fiscal year; and 

20 ‘‘(B) the number of visas actually issued 

21 under section 203(b), subject to this subsection, 

22 during the previous fiscal year. 

23 ‘‘(3) UNUSED VISA NUMBERS FROM FISCAL

24 YEARS 1992 THROUGH 2007.—The number computed 


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1 under this paragraph is the difference, if any, be2 tween— 

3 ‘‘(A) the difference, if any, between— 

4 ‘‘(i) the sum of the worldwide levels of 

5 employment-based immigrant visas estab6 lished for each of fiscal years 1992 

7 through 2007; and 

8 ‘‘(ii) the number of visas actually 

9 issued under section 203(b), subject to this 

10 subsection, during such fiscal years; and 

11 ‘‘(B) the number of unused visas from fis12 cal years 1992 through 2007 that were issued 

13 after fiscal year 2007 under section 203(b), 

14 subject to this subsection.’’. 

15 (b) WORLDWIDE LEVEL OF FAMILY-SPONSORED IM16 MIGRANTS.—Subsection (c) of section 201 of the Immigra17 tion and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1151) is amended to 

18 read as follows: 

19 ‘‘(c) WORLDWIDE LEVEL OF FAMILY-SPONSORED

20 IMMIGRANTS.— 

21 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Subject to subparagraph 

22 (B), the worldwide level of family-sponsored immi23 grants under this subsection for a fiscal year is 

24 equal to— 

25 ‘‘(A) 480,000; plus 


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1 ‘‘(B) the sum of— 

2 ‘‘(i) the number computed under 

3 paragraph (2); plus 

4 ‘‘(ii) the number computed under 

5 paragraph (3). 

6 ‘‘(2) UNUSED VISA NUMBERS FROM PREVIOUS

7 FISCAL YEAR.—The number computed under this 

8 paragraph for a fiscal year is the difference, if any, 

9 between— 

10 ‘‘(A) the worldwide level of family-spon11 sored immigrant visas established for the pre12 vious fiscal year; and 

13 ‘‘(B) the number of visas actually issued 

14 under section 203(a), subject to this subsection, 

15 during the previous fiscal year. 

16 ‘‘(3) UNUSED VISA NUMBERS FROM FISCAL

17 YEARS 1992 THROUGH 2007.—The number computed 

18 under this paragraph is the difference, if any, be19 tween— 

20 ‘‘(A) the difference, if any, between— 

21 ‘‘(i) the sum of the worldwide levels of 

22 family-sponsored immigrant visas estab23 lished for fiscal years 1992 through 2007; 

24 and 


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1 ‘‘(ii) the number of visas actually 

2 issued under section 203(a), subject to this 

3 subsection, during such fiscal years; and 

4 ‘‘(B) the number of unused visas from fis5 cal years 1992 through 2007 that were issued 

6 after fiscal year 2007 under section 203(a), 

7 subject to this subsection.’’. 

8 (c) EFFECTIVE DATE.—The amendments made by 

9 this section shall take effect 60 days after the date of the 

10 enactment of this Act. 

11 SEC. 3. RECLASSIFICATION OF SPOUSES AND MINOR CHIL12 DREN OF LEGAL PERMANENT RESIDENTS AS 

13 IMMEDIATE RELATIVES. 

14 (a) IN GENERAL.—Paragraph (2) of section 201(b) 

15 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 

16 1151(b)) is amended to read as follows: 

17 ‘‘(2) IMMEDIATE RELATIVE.— 

18 ‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.— 

19 ‘‘(i) IMMEDIATE RELATIVE DE20 FINED.—In this subparagraph, the term 

21 ‘immediate relative’ means a child, spouse, 

22 or parent of a citizen of the United States 

23 or a child or spouse of a lawful permanent 

24 resident (and for each family member of a 

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1 fied under this subparagraph, such individ2 ual’s spouse or child who is accompanying 

3 or following to join the individual), except 

4 that, in the case of parents, such citizens 

5 shall be at least 21 years of age. 

6 ‘‘(ii) PREVIOUSLY ISSUED VISA.— 

7 Aliens admitted under section 211(a) on 

8 the basis of a prior issuance of a visa 

9 under section 203(a) to their accom10 panying parent who is an immediate rel11 ative. 

12 ‘‘(iii) SPOUSE.—An alien who was the 

13 spouse of a citizen of the United States or 

14 lawful permanent resident for not less than 

15 2 years at the time of the citizen’s or resi16 dent’s death or, if married for less than 2 

17 years at the time of the citizen’s or resi18 dent’s death, proves by a preponderance of 

19 the evidence that the marriage was entered 

20 into in good faith and not solely for the 

21 purpose of obtaining an immigration ben22 efit and was not legally separated from the 

23 citizen or resident at the time of the citi24 zen’s or resident’s death, and each child of 

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1 poses of this subsection, an immediate rel2 ative after the date of the citizen’s or resi3 dent’s death if the spouse files a petition 

4 under section 204(a)(1)(A)(ii) before the 

5 earlier of— 

6 ‘‘(I) 2 years after such date; or 

7 ‘‘(II) the date on which the 

8 spouse remarries. 

9 ‘‘(iv) PARENTS AND CHILDREN.—An 

10 alien who was the child or parent of a cit11 izen of the United States or a child of a 

12 lawful permanent resident at the time of 

13 the citizen’s or resident’s death if the alien 

14 files a petition under 204(a)(1)(A)(ii) with15 in 2 years after such date or prior to 

16 reaching 21 years of age. 

17 ‘‘(v) SPECIAL RULE.—For purposes of 

18 this subparagraph, an alien who has filed 

19 a petition under clause (iii) or (iv) of sec20 tion 204(a)(1)(A) remains an immediate 

21 relative if the United States citizen or law22 ful permanent resident spouse or parent 

23 loses United States citizenship or residence 

24 on account of the abuse. 


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1 ‘‘(B) BIRTH DURING TEMPORARY VISIT

2 ABROAD.—Aliens born to an alien lawfully ad3 mitted for permanent residence during a tem4 porary visit abroad.’’. 

5 (b) ALLOCATION OF IMMIGRANT VISAS.—Subsection 

6 (a) of section 203 of the Immigration and Nationality Act 

7 (8 U.S.C. 1153) is amended— 

8 (1) in paragraph (1), by striking ‘‘23,400’’ and 

9 inserting ‘‘38,000’’; 

10 (2) by striking paragraph (2) and inserting the 

11 following: 

12 ‘‘(2) UNMARRIED SONS AND UNMARRIED

13 DAUGHTERS OF PERMANENT RESIDENT ALIENS.— 

14 Qualified immigrants who are the unmarried sons or 

15 unmarried daughters (but are not the children) of 

16 an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence 

17 shall be allocated visas in a number not to exceed 

18 60,000, plus any visas not required for the class 

19 specified in paragraph (1).’’; 

20 (3) in paragraph (3), by striking ‘‘23,400’’ and 

21 inserting ‘‘38,000’’; and 

22 (4) in paragraph (4), by striking ‘‘65,000’’ and 

23 inserting ‘‘90,000’’. 

24 (c) TECHNICAL AND CONFORMING AMENDMENTS.— 


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1 (1) RULES FOR DETERMINING WHETHER CER2 TAIN ALIENS ARE IMMEDIATE RELATIVES.—Sub3 section (f) of section 201 of the Immigration and 

4 Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1151) is amended— 

5 (A) in paragraph (1), by striking ‘‘para6 graphs (2) and (3),’’ and inserting ‘‘paragraph 

7 (2),’’; 

8 (B) by striking paragraph (2); 

9 (C) by redesignating paragraphs (3) and 

10 (4) as paragraphs (2) and (3), respectively; and 

11 (D) in paragraph (3), as redesignated by 

12 subparagraph (C), by striking ‘‘through (3)’’ 

13 and inserting ‘‘and (2)’’. 

14 (2) NUMERICAL LIMITATION TO ANY SINGLE

15 FOREIGN STATE.—Section 202 of the Immigration 

16 and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1152) is amended— 

17 (A) in paragraph (4) of subsection (a)— 

18 (i) by striking subparagraphs (A) and 

19 (B); 

20 (ii) by redesignating subparagraphs 

21 (C) and (D) as subparagraphs (A) and 

22 (B), respectively; and 

23 (iii) in subparagraph (A), as redesig24 nated by clause (ii), by striking ‘‘section 


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1 203(a)(2)(B)’’ and inserting ‘‘section 

2 203(a)(2)’’; and 

3 (B) in subsection (e), in the flush matter 

4 following paragraph (3), by striking ‘‘, or as 

5 limiting the number of visas that may be issued 

6 under section 203(a)(2)(A) pursuant to sub7 section (a)(4)(A)’’. 

8 (3) ALLOCATION OF IMMIGRATION VISAS.—Sub9 section (h) of section 203 of the Immigration and 

10 Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1153) is amended— 

11 (A) in paragraph (1)— 

12 (i) in the matter preceding subpara13 graph (A), by striking ‘‘subsections 

14 (a)(2)(A) and (d)’’ and inserting ‘‘sub15 section (d)’’; 

16 (ii) in subparagraph (A), by striking 

17 ‘‘becomes available for such alien (or, in 

18 the case of subsection (d), the date on 

19 which an immigrant visa number became 

20 available for the alien’s parent),’’ and in21 serting ‘‘became available for the alien’s 

22 parent,’’; and 

23 (iii) in subparagraph (B), by striking 

24 ‘‘applicable’’; 


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1 (B) in paragraph (2), by striking ‘‘The pe2 tition’’ and all that follows through the end and 

3 inserting ‘‘The petition described in this para4 graph is a petition filed under section 204 for 

5 classification of the alien’s parent under sub6 section (a), (b), or (c).’’; and 

7 (C) in paragraph (3), by striking ‘‘sub8 sections (a)(2)(A) and (d)’’ and inserting ‘‘sub9 section (d)’’. 

10 (4) PROCEDURE FOR GRANTING IMMIGRANT

11 STATUS.—Section 204 of the Immigration and Na12 tionality Act (8 U.S.C. 1154) is amended— 

13 (A) in subsection (a)(1)— 

14 (i) in subparagraph (A)— 

15 (I) in clause (i), by inserting ‘‘or 

16 lawful permanent resident’’ after 

17 ‘‘United States’’; 

18 (II) in clause (ii), by striking 

19 ‘‘described in the second sentence of 

20 section 201(b)(2)(A)(i) also’’ and in21 serting ‘‘or an alien child or alien par22 ent described in section 

23 201(b)(2)(A)’’; 

24 (III) in clause (iii)— 


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1 (aa) in item (aa) of sub2 clause (I), by inserting ‘‘or legal 

3 permanent resident’’ after ‘‘cit4 izen’’; and 

5 (bb) in subclause (II)— 

6 (AA) in item (aa)(AA) 

7 and item (aa)(BB), by in8 serting ‘‘or legal permanent 

9 resident;’’ after ‘‘States’’ 

10 each place that term ap11 pears; 

12 (BB) in item (aa)(CC), 

13 by inserting ‘‘or legal per14 manent resident’’ after ‘‘cit15 izen’’; 

16 (CC) in item 

17 (aa)(CC)(bbb), by inserting 

18 ‘‘or legal permanent resi19 dent’’ after ‘‘citizenship’’; 

20 and 

21 (DD) in item 

22 (aa)(CC)(ccc), by inserting 

23 ‘‘or legal permanent resi24 dent’’ after ‘‘citizen’’; 

25 (IV) in clause (iv)— 


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1 (aa) by striking ‘‘States,’’ 

2 and inserting ‘‘States or legal 

3 permanent resident,’’; 

4 (bb) by inserting ‘‘or legal 

5 permanent resident’’ after 

6 ‘‘United States citizen’’; 

7 (cc) by inserting ‘‘or resi8 dent’’ after ‘‘the citizen’’; and 

9 (dd) by inserting ‘‘or resi10 dent’’ after the ‘‘alien’s citizen’’; 

11 (V) in subclause (I) of clause (v), 

12 by inserting ‘‘or legal permanent resi13 dent’’ after ‘‘citizen’’; and 

14 (VI) in clause (vi)— 

15 (aa) by inserting ‘‘or legal 

16 permanent resident status’’ after 

17 ‘‘renunciation of citizenship’’; 

18 and 

19 (bb) by inserting ‘‘or legal 

20 permanent resident’’ after ‘‘abus21 er’s citizenship’’; 

22 (ii) by striking subparagraph (B); 

23 (iii) in subparagraph (C), by striking 

24 ‘‘subparagraph (A)(iii), (A)(iv), (B)(ii), or 


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1 (B)(iii)’’ and inserting ‘‘clause (iii) or (iv) 

2 of subparagraph (A)’’; and 

3 (iv) in subparagraph (J), by striking 

4 ‘‘or clause (ii) or (iii) of subparagraph 

5 (B)’’; 

6 (B) by striking paragraph (2) of sub7 section (a); 

8 (C) in paragraph (1) of subsection (c), by 

9 striking ‘‘or preference status’’; and 

10 (D) in subsection (h), by striking ‘‘or a pe11 tition filed under subsection (a)(1)(B)(ii)’’. 

12 SEC. 4. COUNTRY LIMITS. 

13 Paragraph (2) of section 202(a) of the Immigration 

14 and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1152(a)) is amended by 

15 striking ‘‘7 percent (in the case of a single foreign state) 

16 or 2 percent’’ and inserting ‘‘10 percent (in the case of 

17 a single foreign state) or 5 percent’’. 

18 SEC. 5. FAMILY UNITY. 

19 (a) EXCEPTION TO PROHIBITION ON UNLAWFUL

20 PRESENCE FOR MINORS.—Clause (iii) of section 

21 212(a)(9)(B) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 

22 U.S.C. 1182(a)(9)(B)) is amended— 

23 (1) in subclause (I), by striking ‘‘18’’ and in24 serting ‘‘21’’; 


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1 (2) by indenting subclause (V) 8 ems from the 

2 left margin; and 

3 (3) by adding at the end the following: 

4 ‘‘(VI) Clause (i) shall not apply 

5 to an alien for whom an immigrant 

6 visa is available or was available on or 

7 prior to the date of enactment of the 

8 Reuniting Families Act, and is other9 wise admissible to the United States 

10 for permanent residence.’’. 

11 (b) WAIVER OF PROHIBITION ON UNLAWFUL PRES12 ENCE FOR CHILDREN OF CITIZENS AND RESIDENTS.— 

13 Clause (v) of section 212(a)(9)(B) of the Immigration and 

14 Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(9)(B)) is amended— 

15 (1) by striking ‘‘spouse or son or daughter’’ and 

16 inserting ‘‘spouse, son, daughter, or parent’’; 

17 (2) by striking ‘‘extreme’’; 

18 (3) by inserting ‘‘, son, daughter, or’’ after 

19 ‘‘lawfully resident spouse’’; and 

20 (4) by striking ‘‘alien.’’ and inserting ‘‘alien or, 

21 if the Attorney General determines that a waiver is 

22 necessary for humanitarian purposes, to ensure fam23 ily unity or is otherwise in the public interest.’’. 

24 (c) EXCEPTIONS TO PROHIBITION ON UNLAWFUL

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1 TION.—Clause (ii) of section 212(a)(9)(C) of the Immigra2 tion and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 212(a)(9)(C)) is 

3 amended to read as follows: 

4 ‘‘(ii) EXCEPTIONS.—Clause (i) shall 

5 not apply to an alien— 

6 ‘‘(I) seeking admission more than 

7 10 years after the date of the alien’s 

8 last departure from the United States 

9 if, prior to the alien’s reembarkation 

10 at a place outside the United States 

11 or attempt to be readmitted from a 

12 foreign contiguous territory, the Sec13 retary of Homeland Security has con14 sented to the alien’s reapplying for 

15 admission; or 

16 ‘‘(II) for whom an immigrant 

17 visa is available or was available on or 

18 prior to the date of enactment of the 

19 Reuniting Families Act, and is other20 wise admissible to the United States 

21 for permanent residence.’’. 

22 SEC. 6. RELIEF FOR ORPHANS AND SPOUSES. 

23 (a) IN GENERAL.— 

24 (1) SPECIAL RULE FOR ORPHANS AND

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1 tion 201(b)(2)(A) of the Immigration and Nation2 ality Act, as added by section 3(a), to an alien whose 

3 citizen or lawful permanent resident relative died be4 fore the date of the enactment of this Act, the alien 

5 relative may (notwithstanding the deadlines specified 

6 in either such clause) file the classification petition 

7 under clause (ii) of section 204(a)(1)(A) of such Act, 

8 as amended by section 3(c)(4)(A)(i)(II), not later 

9 than 2 years after the date of the enactment of this 

10 Act. 

11 (2) ELIGIBILITY FOR PAROLE.—If an alien was 

12 excluded, deported, removed, or departed voluntarily 

13 before the date of the enactment of this Act based 

14 solely upon the alien’s lack of classification as an 

15 immediate relative (as defined in clause (ii) of sec16 tion 201(b)(2)(A) of the Immigration and Nation17 ality Act, as amended by section 3(a)) due to the 

18 death of such citizen or resident— 

19 (A) such alien shall be eligible for parole 

20 into the United States pursuant to the Attorney 

21 General’s discretionary authority under section 

22 212(d)(5) of such Act (8 U.S.C. 1182(d)(5)); 

23 and 

24 (B) such alien’s application for adjustment 

25 of status shall be considered notwithstanding 


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1 section 212(a)(9) of such Act (8 U.S.C. 

2 1182(a)(9)). 

3 (b) ADJUSTMENT OF STATUS.—Section 245 of the 

4 Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1255) is 

5 amended by adding at the end the following: 

6 ‘‘(n) APPLICATION FOR ADJUSTMENT OF STATUS BY

7 SURVIVING SPOUSES, PARENTS, AND CHILDREN.— 

8 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Any alien described in 

9 paragraph (2) who applies for adjustment of status 

10 before the death of the qualifying relative, may have 

11 such application adjudicated as if such death had 

12 not occurred. 

13 ‘‘(2) ALIEN DESCRIBED.—An alien described in 

14 this paragraph is an alien who— 

15 ‘‘(A) is an immediate relative (as described 

16 in section 201(b)(2)(A)); 

17 ‘‘(B) is a family-sponsored immigrant (as 

18 described in subsection (a) or (d) of section 

19 203); or 

20 ‘‘(C) is a derivative beneficiary of an em21 ployment-based immigrant under section 203(b) 

22 (as described in section 203(d)).’’. 

23 (c) TRANSITION PERIOD.— 

24 (1) IN GENERAL.—Notwithstanding a denial of 

25 an application for adjustment of status for an alien 


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1 whose qualifying relative died before the date of the 

2 enactment of this Act, such application may be re3 newed by the alien through a motion to reopen, 

4 without fee, if such motion is filed not later than 2 

5 years after such date of enactment. 

6 (2) ELIGIBILITY FOR PAROLE.—If an alien de7 scribed in section 245(n)(2), as amended by sub8 section (b), was excluded, deported, removed or de9 parted voluntarily before the date of the enactment 

10 of this Act— 

11 (A) such alien shall be eligible for parole 

12 into the United States pursuant to the Attorney 

13 General’s discretionary authority under section 

14 212(d)(5) of the Immigration and Nationality 

15 Act (8 U.S.C. 1182(d)(5)); and 

16 (B) such alien’s application for adjustment 

17 of status shall be considered notwithstanding 

18 section 212(a)(9) of such Act (8 U.S.C. 

19 1182(a)(9)). 

20 (d) PROCESSING OF IMMIGRANT VISAS AND DERIVA21 TIVE PETITIONS.— 

22 (1) IN GENERAL.—Subsection (b) of section 

23 204 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 

24 U.S.C. 1154) is amended— 


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1 (A) by striking ‘‘After an investigation’’ 

2 and inserting the following: 

3 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—After an investigation’’; 

4 and 

5 (B) by adding at the end the following: 

6 ‘‘(2) DEATH OF QUALIFYING RELATIVE.— 

7 ‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—Any alien described in 

8 paragraph (2) whose qualifying relative died be9 fore the completion of immigrant visa proc10 essing may have an immigrant visa application 

11 adjudicated as if such death had not occurred. 

12 An immigrant visa issued before the death of 

13 the qualifying relative shall remain valid after 

14 such death. 

15 ‘‘(B) ALIEN DESCRIBED.—An alien de16 scribed in this paragraph is an alien who— 

17 ‘‘(i) is an immediate relative, as de18 scribed in section 201(b)(2)(A); 

19 ‘‘(ii) is a family-sponsored immigrant, 

20 as described in subsection (a) or (d) of sec21 tion 203; 

22 ‘‘(iii) is a derivative beneficiary of an 

23 employment-based immigrant under section 

24 203(b), as described in section 203(d); or 


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1 ‘‘(iv) is the spouse or child of a ref2 ugee, as described in section 207(c)(2) or 

3 an asylee, as described in section 

4 208(b)(3).’’. 

5 (2) TRANSITION PERIOD.— 

6 (A) IN GENERAL.—Notwithstanding a de7 nial or revocation of an application for an immi8 grant visa for an alien whose qualifying relative 

9 died before the date of the enactment of this 

10 Act, such application may be renewed by the 

11 alien through a motion to reopen, without fee, 

12 if such motion is filed not later than 2 years 

13 after such date of enactment. 

14 (B) INAPPLICABILITY OF BARS TO

15 ENTRY.—In the case of an alien who was ex16 cluded, deported, removed, or departed volun17 tarily before the date of the enactment of this 

18 Act, such alien’s application for an immigrant 

19 visa shall be considered notwithstanding section 

20 212(a)(9) of the Immigration and Nationality 

21 Act (8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(9)). 

22 (e) NATURALIZATION.—Subsection (a) of section 319 

23 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1430) 

24 is amended by inserting ‘‘(or, if the spouse is deceased, 


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1 the spouse was a citizen of the United States)’’ after ‘‘cit2 izen of the United States’’. 

3 SEC. 7. EXEMPTION FROM IMMIGRANT VISA LIMIT FOR 

4 CERTAIN VETERANS WHO ARE NATIVES OF 

5 PHILIPPINES. 

6 Paragraph (1) of section 201(b) of the Immigration 

7 and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1151(b)) is amended by 

8 adding at the end the following: 

9 ‘‘(F) Aliens who are eligible for an immigrant 

10 visa under paragraph (1) or (3) of section 203(a) 

11 and who have a parent who was naturalized pursu12 ant to section 405 of the Immigration Act of 1990 

13 (8 U.S.C. 1440 note).’’. 

Æ 


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