# Patent

## Title
System and method for intracoding video data

## Abstract

A video system for coding a stream of video data that includes a stream of video frames divides each video frame into a matrix of a plurality of subblocks, wherein each subblock includes a plurality of pixels. The video system operates in accordance with nine prediction modes. Each prediction mode determines a prediction mode according to which a present subblock is to be coded. One of the nine prediction modes is selected to encode the present subblock, wherein the selected prediction mode provides for a minimum error value in the present subblock.

## Background
RELATED APPLICATION
This is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/732,522, filed on Dec. 6, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,765,964 which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.


BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The invention pertains to a video system that compresses video data for transmission or storage and decompresses the video data for display. More particularly, the invention pertains to a video system and a method for intracoding video data.
2. Description of the Related Art
Video systems transmit, process and store large quantities of video data. To create a video presentation, such as a video movie, a rendering video system displays the video data as a plurality of digital images, also referred to as “frames,” thereby simulating movement. In order to achieve a video presentation with an acceptable video quality, or to enable transmission and storage at all, a conventional video system modifies the video data prior to transmission or storage. For instance, the video system compresses and encodes the video data to reduce the bit rate for storage and transmission.
In a conventional video system a video encoder is used to compress and encode the video data and a video decoder is used to decompress and to decode the video data. The video encoder outputs video data that has a reduced bit rate and a reduced redundancy. That is, the technique of video compression removes spatial redundancy within a video frame or temporal redundancy between consecutive video frames.
The video encoder and video decoder may be configured to apply one of two types of coding to compress the video stream, namely intracoding and intercoding. These two types of coding are based on the statistical properties of the video frames. When the video frames are coded using intracoding, the compression is based on information contained in a single frame (the frame that is compressed) by using the spatial redundancy within the frame. Intracoding, thus, does not depend on any other frames. In contrast, intercoding uses at least one other frame as a reference and codes a difference between the frame to be compressed and the reference frame. Intercoding is thus based on a temporal redundancy between consecutive frames in the video data.
The field of video compression is subject to international standards, e.g., International Telecommunications Union (ITU) standard H.263 that defines uniform requirements for video coding and decoding. In addition, manufacturers of video coders and decoders modify or build upon the international standards and implement proprietary techniques for video compression.
Despite the existence of the international standards and the proprietary techniques, there is still a need for improved techniques for video compression. For example, as the quality of a displayed video movie depends directly from the technique used for video compression, any improvement of the video compression technique makes the video movie more pleasing for the viewer.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
An aspect of the invention involves a method of coding a stream of video data including a stream of video frames. The method divides each video frame into a matrix of a plurality of subblocks, wherein each subblock includes a plurality of pixels. The method further defines nine prediction modes, wherein each prediction mode determines a mode according to which a present subblock is to be coded. The method further selects one of the nine prediction modes to encode the present subblock. The selected prediction mode provides for a minimum error value in the present subblock.
Another aspect of the invention involves a video system for coding and decoding a stream of video data that includes a stream of video frames. The video system includes a video encoder and a mode selector. The video encoder is configured to receive a stream of video data including a stream of video frames and to divide each video frame into a matrix of a plurality of subblocks, wherein each subblock includes a plurality of pixels. The mode selector is in communication with the video encoder and is configured to define nine prediction modes. Each prediction mode determines a mode according to which a present subblock is to be coded. The mode selector is further configured to select one of the nine prediction modes to encode the present subblock, wherein the selected prediction mode provides for a minimum error value in the present subblock.
Once the video system has selected the best prediction mode to encode the pixels of the present subblock, the video system encodes the minimum error value and transmits the encoded minimum error value within a compressed bitstream to the decoder. The minimum error value represents a difference between predicted pixels of the present subblock and the original pixels of the subblock. The decoder uses the predicted pixels and the difference to the original pixels to accurately reconstruct the video frame.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
These and other aspects, advantages, and novel features of the invention will become apparent upon reading the following detailed description and upon reference to the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 is a high-level block diagram of a system for video applications having an encoding side and a decoding side.
FIG. 2 is a high-level illustration of a frame and its division in macroblocks and subblocks.
FIG. 3 is a subblock illustrating the directions according to which the subblock can be encoded, wherein each direction represents one of eight prediction modes in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a flow chart in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention that selects a prediction mode.
FIG. 5 is an illustration of three neighboring subblocks, wherein two subblocks are used to encode the third subblock.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
In the following description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof, and which show, by way of illustration, specific embodiments in which the invention may be practiced. It is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilized and structural changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention. Where possible, the same reference numbers will be used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or like components. Numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. However, it will be obvious to one skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced without the specific details or with certain alternative equivalent devices and methods to those described herein. In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, components, and devices have not been described in detail so as not to unnecessarily obscure aspects of the present invention.
FIG. 1 is a high-level block diagram of a video compression and decompression system 1 (hereinafter “video system 1”) having an encoder apparatus 3 and a decoder apparatus 5 that is coupled to the encoder apparatus 3 through a medium 9. The encoder apparatus 3 includes a video encoder 2, a mode selector 14 and a buffer 8. The decoder apparatus 5 includes a buffer 10, a video decoder 12 and a mode selector 16. The encoder apparatus 3 receives a video sequence 20 (VIDEO IN) and encodes the video sequence 20 to generate an encoded and thus compressed representation in one of a number of possible formats. The format may be in an interleaved format tailored for “live” streaming of the encoded representation. The format may also be in a single file format in which each of the encoded representation is stored in a contiguous block within one file.
The video sequence 20 input to the encoder apparatus 3 may be either a live signal, e.g., provided by a video camera, or a prerecorded sequence in a predetermined format. The video sequence 20 includes frames of a digital video, an audio segment consisting of digital audio, combinations of video, graphics, text, and/or audio (multimedia applications), or analog forms of the aforementioned. If necessary, conversions can be applied to various types of input signals such as analog video, or previously compressed and encoded video to produce an appropriate input to the encoder apparatus 3. In one embodiment, the encoder apparatus 3 may accept video in RGB or YUV formats. The encoder apparatus 3, however, may be adapted to accept any format of input as long as an appropriate conversion mechanism is supplied. Conversion mechanisms for converting a signal in one format to a signal in another format are well known in the art.
The medium 9 may be a storage device or a transmission medium. In one embodiment, the video system 1 may be implemented on a computer. The encoder apparatus 3 sends an encoded video stream (representation) to the medium 9 that is implemented as a storage device. The storage device may be a video server, a hard disk drive, a CD rewriteable drive, a read/write DVD drive, or any other device capable of storing and allowing the retrieval of encoded video data. The storage device is connected to the decoder apparatus 5, which can selectively read from the storage device and decode the encoded video sequence. As the decoder apparatus 5 decodes a selected one of the encoded video sequence, it generates a reproduction of the video sequence 20, for example, for display on a computer monitor or screen.
In another embodiment, the medium 9 provides a connection to another computer, which may be a remote computer, that receives the encoded video sequence. The medium 9 may be a network connection such as a LAN, a WAN, the Internet, or the like. The decoder apparatus 5 within the remote computer decodes the encoded representations contained therein and may generate a reproduction of the video sequence 20 on a screen or a monitor of the remote computer.
Aspects of the video system 1 illustrated in FIG. 1 and described above can be combined and supplemented to achieve other embodiments. Numerous other implementations are consistent with the scope of this invention. Such other implementations need not be restricted to video, but may include audio or other forms of media as well.
Pre-existing video encoding techniques typically break up a frame (picture) into smaller blocks of pixels called macroblocks. Each macroblock can consist of a matrix of pixels, typically a 16×16 matrix, defining the unit of information at which encoding is performed. The matrix of pixels is therefore referred to as a 16×16 macroblock. These video encoding techniques usually break each 16×16 macroblock further up into smaller matrices of pixels. For example, into 8×8 matrices of pixels or 4×4 matrices of pixels. Such matrices are hereinafter referred to as subblocks. In one embodiment of the present invention, a 16×16 macroblock is divided into 16 4×4 subblocks. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the present invention is equally applicable to systems that use 8×8 subblocks, 4×4 subblocks or only 16×16 macroblocks without breaking it up into subblocks.
Further, the pre-existing encoding techniques provide for motion compensation and motion estimation using motion vectors. The motion vectors describe the direction, expressed through an x-component and a y-component, and the amount of motion of the 16×16 macroblocks, or their respective subblocks, and are transmitted to the decoder as part of the bit stream. Motion vectors are used for bidirectionally encoded pictures (B-pictures) and predicted pictures (P pictures) as known in the art.
The video encoder 2 performs a discrete cosine transform (DCT) to encode and compress the video sequence 20. Briefly, the video encoder 2 converts the video sequence 20 from the spacial, temporal domain into the frequency domain. The output of the video encoder 2 is a set of signal amplitudes, called “DCT coefficients.” A quantizer receives the DCT coefficients and assigns each of a range (or step size) of DCT coefficient values a single value, such as a small integer, during encoding. Quantization allows data to be represented more compactly, but results in the loss of some data. Quantization on a finer scale results in a less compact representation (higher bit-rate), but also involves the loss of less data. Quantization on a more coarse scale results in a more compact representation (lower bit-rate), but also involves more loss of data. The mode selector 14 communicates with the video encoder 2 and monitors and controls encoding of the video sequence 20. The mode selector 14 determines in accordance with the present invention prediction modes according to which the video encoder 2 encodes the video sequence 20. The mode selector 14 may be a processor or a software module that are configured to operates in accordance with a method of the present invention. FIG. 1 shows the mode selector 14 for illustrative purposes as an element separate from the video encoder 2. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the functionality of the mode selector 14 may be combined with the functionality of the video encoder 2.
The buffer 8 of the encoder apparatus 3 receives the encoded and compressed video sequence (hereinafter “encoded video sequence”) from the video encoder 2 and adjusts the bit rate of the encoded video sequence before it is sent to the medium 9. Buffering may be required because individual video images may contain varying amounts of information, resulting in varying coding efficiencies from image to image. As the buffer 8 has a limited size, a feedback loop to the quantizer may be used to avoid overflow or underflow of the buffer 8. The bit-rate of the representation is the rate at which the representation data must be processed in order to present the representation in real time.
The decoder apparatus 5 performs the inverse function of the encoder apparatus 3. The buffer 10 serves also to adjust the bit rate of the incoming encoded video sequence. The video decoder 12 decodes and decompresses in combination with the mode selector 16 the incoming video sequence reconstructing the video sequence. The mode selector 16 determines the prediction modes according to which the video encoder 2 encoded the incoming video sequence. The decoder apparatus 5 outputs a decoded and decompressed video sequence 24 illustrated as “VIDEO OUT” (hereinafter “decoded video sequence 24”).
The video decoder 12 receives a bit stream that represents the encoded video sequence from the buffer 10 (FIG. 1). In one embodiment, the video decoder is a conventional video decoder, e.g., a MPEG-2 decoder, that includes a decoder controller, a VLC decoder (Variable Length Coding, VLC) and a reconstruction module. The operation and function of these components are known to those skilled in the art. These components are known to those skilled in the art and described in generally available MPEG documents and publications.
FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating a video frame 30 that is part of the video sequence 20. As described above, known video encoding techniques typically break up a video frame 30 into macroblocks 36, 36a, 36b, 36c, 36d. For example, the video frame 30 is divided into a matrix of 16×16 macroblocks 36, 36a, 36b, 36c, 36d. The video system 1 encodes the macroblocks 36, 36a, 36b, 36c, 36d line by line, from top to bottom and from left to right, as indicated through a dashed line 34 that illustrates the sequence of, e.g., intra encoding. In the illustrated embodiment, the dashed line 34 ends at the macroblock 36a, which is the next macroblock to be encoded. All prior macroblocks 36, 36b, 36c, 36d have already been encoded.
The macroblock 36a, as a representative for all macroblocks 36, 36a, 36b, 36c, 36d, is shown in greater detail below the video frame 30. The video encoding technique of the video system 1 breaks each macroblock 36, 36a, 36b, 36c, 36d further up into a matrix of pixels 38, hereinafter referred to as a subblock 38. In one embodiment, the subblock 38 is a 4×4 matrix of pixels, wherein the 16 pixels are labeled as a, b, c, . . . p. Bordering pixels of an adjacent subblock of a neighboring macroblock 36b, which is located above the macroblock 36a, are labeled as A, B, C, D. Further, bordering pixels of a subblock located above and to the right of the macroblock 36a are labeled as E, F, G, H. Likewise, bordering pixels of an adjacent subblock of a neighboring macroblock 36c, which is located to the left of the macroblock 36a, are labeled as I, J, K, L. Bordering pixels of a subblock located below and to the left of the macroblock 36a are labeled as M, N, O, P. A bordering pixel of a subblock of a macroblock 36d, which is located above and to the left of the macroblock 36a, is labeled as Q.
The video system 1 of the present invention codes each macroblock 36 as an intra macroblock. Intra macroblocks are transform encoded without motion compensated prediction. Thus, intra macroblocks do not reference decoded data from either previous or subsequent frames. An I-frame is a frame consisting completely of intra macroblocks. Thus, I-frames are encoded with no reference to previous or subsequent frames. I-frames are also known as “Intra-frames.”
FIG. 3 is a subblock 38 illustrating possible directions according to which the subblock 38 may be encoded. In accordance with the present invention, the subblocks of a macroblock 36, 36a, 36b, 36c, 36d can be intra coded in one of nine modes (Modes 0, Mode 1, . . . , Mode 9) as listed hereinafter. That is, a particular subblock 38 may be predicted from a subblock above the current subblock that is currently decoded (“vertical prediction”), from the subblock to the left of the current subblock (“horizontal prediction”), or from both the left and the above subblocks (“diagonal prediction”). The Modes 1-8 predict the subblock in a predetermined direction and the Mode 0 uses a uniform average without prediction in a predetermined direction. In FIG. 3, each direction represents one of the eight prediction modes in accordance with the present invention.
Mode 0:
In this mode, each pixel a-p is predicted by the following equation:




  a
  ,
  b
  ,
  c
  ,
  d
  ,
  ...
  ⁢
  
    
  
  ,
  
    p
    =
    
      
        
          A
          +
          B
          +
          C
          +
          D
          +
          I
          +
          J
          +
          K
          +
          L
          +
          4
        
        8
      
      .
    
  




It is contemplated that in this mode as well as in the following modes, a “division” means to round the result down toward “minus infinity” (−∞). For instance, in mode 0, the term “+4” ensures that the division results in a rounding to the nearest integer. This applies also the other modes.
If four of the pixels A-P are outside the current picture (frame) that is currently encoded, the average of the remaining four pixels is used for prediction. If all eight pixels are outside the picture, the prediction for all pixels in this subblock is 128. A subblock may therefore always be predicted in mode 0.
Mode 1:
If the pixels A, B, C, D are inside the current picture, the pixels a-p are predicted in vertical direction as shown in FIG. 3. That is, the pixels a-p are predicted as follows:

















a, e, i, m
=
A



b, f, j, n
=
B



c, g, k, o
=
C



d, h, l, p
=
D










Mode 2:

If the pixels I, J, K, L are inside the current picture, the pixels a-p are predicted in horizontal direction. That is, the pixels a-p are predicted as follows:

















a, b, c, d
=
I



e, f, g, h
=
J



i, j, k, l
=
K



m, n, o, p
=
L










Mode 3:

This mode is used if all pixels A-P are inside the current picture. This corresponds to a prediction in a diagonal direction as shown in FIG. 3. The pixels a-p are predicted as follows:

















m
=
(J + 2K + L + 2)/4



i, n
=
(I + 2J + K + 2)/4



e, j, o
=
(Q + 2I + J + 2)/4



a, f, k, p
=
(I + 2Q + A + 2)/4



b, g, l
=
(Q + 2A + B + 2)/4



c, h
=
(A + 2B + C + 2)/4



d
=
(B + 2C + D + 2)/4










Mode 4:

This mode is used if all pixels A-P are inside the current picture. This is also a diagonal prediction.

















a
=
(A + 2B + C + I + 2J + K + 4)/8



b, e
=
(B + 2C + D + J + 2K + L + 4)/8



c, f, i
=
(C + 2D + E + K + 2L + M + 4)/8



d, g, j, m
=
(D + 2E + F + L + 2M + N + 4)/8



h, k, n
=
(E + 2F + G + M + 2N + O + 4)/8



l, o
=
(F + 2G + H + N + 2O + P + 4)/8



p
=
(G + H + O + P + 2)/4










Mode 5:

This mode is used if all pixels A-P are inside the current picture. This is also a diagonal prediction.

















a, j
=
(Q + A + 1)/2



b, k
=
(A + B + 1)/2



c, l
=
(B + C + 1)/2



d
=
(C + D + 1)/2



e, n
=
(I +2Q + A + 2)/4



f, o
=
(Q + 2A + B + 2)/4



g, p
=
(A + 2B + C + 2)/4



h
=
(B + 2C + D + 2)/4



i
=
(Q + 2I + J + 2)/4



m
=
(I + 2J + K + 2)/4










Mode 6:

This mode is used if all pixels A-P are inside the current picture. This is a diagonal prediction.

















a
=
(2A + 2B + J + 2K + L + 4)/8



b, i
=
(B + C + 1)/2



c, j
=
(C + D + 1)/2



d, k
=
(D + E + 1)/2



l
=
(E + F + 1)/2



e
=
(A + 2B + C + K + 2L + M + 4)/8



f, m
=
(B + 2C + D + 2)/4



g, n
=
(C + 2D + E + 2)/4



h, o
=
(D + 2E + F + 2)/4



p
=
(E + 2F + G + 2)/4










Mode 7:

This mode is used if all pixels A-P are inside the current picture. This is a diagonal prediction.

















a
=
(B + 2C + D + 2I + 2J + 4)/8



b
=
(C + 2D + E + I + 2J + K + 4)/8



c, e
=
(D + 2E + F + 2J + 2K + 4)/8



d, f
=
(E + 2F + G + J + 2K + L + 4)/8



g, i
=
(F + 2G + H + 2K + 2L + 4)/8



h, j
=
(G + 3H + K + 2L + M + 4)/8



k, m
=
(G + H + L + M + 2)/4



l, n
=
(L + 2M + N + 2)/4



o
=
(M + N + 1)/2



p
=
(M + 2N + O + 2)/2










Mode 8:

This mode is used if all pixels A-P are inside the current picture. This is a diagonal prediction.

















a, g
=
(Q + I + 1)/2



b, h
=
(I + 2Q + A + 2)/4



c
=
(Q + 2A + B + 2)/4



d
=
(A + 2B + C + 2)/4



e, k
=
(I + J + 1)/2



f, l
=
(Q + 2I + J + 2)/4



i, o
=
(J + K + 1)/2



j, p
=
(I + 2J + K + 2)/4



m
=
(K + L + 1)/2



n
=
(J + 2K + L + 2)/2










In one embodiment of the present invention, a mode selection algorithm determines a criteria to select one of the nine modes. The subblock 38 is then encoded in accordance with the selected mode. The mode selection algorithm is described in detail below.
FIG. 4 is a flow chart of a procedure illustrating the method in accordance with the present invention that codes video data including a stream of video frames and that selects one of the prediction modes Modes 0-8. In one embodiment, the method codes a luminance portion (Y) of a video frame.
In a step 28, e.g., when a user activates the video system 1, the procedure initializes the video system 1. The initialization procedure includes, for example, determining whether the encoder apparatus 3 is operating and properly connected to receive the stream of video frames.
In a step 30, the procedure receives the stream of video frames and divides each video frame into a matrix of a plurality of subblocks, wherein each subblock includes a plurality of pixels. The matrix of a plurality of subblocks may include 4×4 subblocks 38 that are part of a macroblock as described above.
In a step 32, the procedure defines the nine prediction modes Mode 0-8, wherein each prediction mode determines a mode according to which a present subblock is to be coded. For example, the procedure may execute a subroutine to calculate and define the modes Mode 0-8.
In a step 34, the procedure selects one of the nine prediction modes Mode 0-8 to encode the present subblock 38. In one embodiment, the procedure calculates for each mode an error value, determines which mode provides a minimum error value and selects that mode for encoding the present subblock 38.
Once the procedure has selected the “best” prediction mode to encode the pixels of the present subblock 38, the procedure encodes the minimum error value and transmits the encoded minimum error value within a compressed bitstream to the decoder. The minimum error value represents a difference between the predicted pixels of the present subblock and the original pixels of the subblock. The difference may be encoded using a DCT, coefficient quantization and variable length coding as known in the art. The decoder uses the predicted pixels and the difference to the original pixels to accurately reconstruct the video frame. The procedure ends at a step 36.
The procedure provides that each of the 4×4 subblocks 38 is coded in accordance with one of the nine prediction modes Mode 0-8. As this may require a considerable number of bits if coded directly, the video system 1 in accordance with the present invention may apply a more efficient way of coding the mode information. A prediction mode of a subblock is correlated with the prediction modes of adjacent subblocks.
FIG. 5 illustrates this through three exemplary subblocks A, B, C. The subblock C is the subblock that is to be encoded (predicted) with the help of the subblocks A, B whose prediction modes are known. The subblock A is located above the subblock C and the subblock B is located left of the subblock C. In this case, an ordering of the most probable, next most probable etc. prediction mode for the subblock C is given. An example of such an ordering table is listed hereinafter. The table is divided into ten groups (Group 1-Group 10). In each group, the respective prediction mode for the subblock A is constant (e.g., Mode 0 of the subblock A is constant in Group 2), and the prediction mode for the subblock B varies. That is, the (constant) prediction mode for the subblock A within a group may be combined with one of the nine prediction modes for the subblock B within that group.
For each combination of the prediction modes of the subblocks A and B, a sequence of nine numbers is given, one number for each of the nine Modes 0-9. For example in Group 3, if the prediction modes for the subblock A and the subblock B are both Mode 1, a string “1 6 2 5 3 0 4 8 7” indicates that the Mode 1, i.e., the first number in the string, is the most probable mode for the subblock C. The Mode 6, i.e., the second number in the string, is the next most probable mode. In the exemplary string, the Mode 7 is the least probable since the number 7 is the last number in the string. The string will be part of the stream of bits that represents the encoded video sequence.
The stream of bits therefore includes information (Prob0=1 (see Table 1)) indicating the mode used for the subblock C. For example, the information may indicate that the next most probable intra prediction mode is Mode 6. Note that a “-” in the table indicates that this instance cannot occur. The term “outside” used in the Table 1 indicates “outside the frame.” If the subblock A or B is within the frame, but is not INTRA coded (e.g., in a P frame, the subblock C could be INTRA coded but either the subblock A or the subblock B may not be INTRA coded), there is no prediction mode. The procedure of the present invention assumes the Mode 0 for such subblocks.









TABLE 1







B





















A = outside




outside
0 - - - - - - - -



mode 0
0 2 - - - - - - -



mode 1
- - - - - - - - -



mode 2
2 0 - - - - - - -



mode 3
- - - - - - - - -
GROUP 1



mode 4
- - - - - - - - -



mode 5
- - - - - - - - -



mode 6
- - - - - - - - -



mode 7
- - - - - - - - -



mode 8
- - - - - - - - -




A = mode 0



outside
0 1 - - - - - - -



mode 0
0 2 1 6 4 8 5 7 3



mode 1
1 0 2 6 5 4 3 8 7



mode 2
2 8 0 1 7 4 3 6 5



mode 3
2 0 1 3 8 5 4 7 6
GROUP 2



mode 4
2 0 1 4 6 7 8 3 5



mode 5
0 1 5 2 6 3 8 4 7



mode 6
0 1 6 2 4 7 5 8 3



mode 7
2 7 0 1 4 8 6 3 5



mode 8
2 8 0 1 7 3 4 5 6




A = mode 1



outside
1 0 - - - - - - -



mode 0
1 2 5 6 3 0 4 8 7



mode 1
1 6 2 5 3 0 4 8 7



mode 2
2 1 7 6 8 3 5 0 4



mode 3
1 2 5 3 6 8 4 7 0
GROUP 3



mode 4
1 6 2 0 4 5 8 7 3



mode 5
1 5 2 6 3 8 4 0 7



mode 6
1 6 0 2 4 5 7 3 8



mode 7
2 1 7 6 0 8 5 4 3



mode 8
1 2 7 8 3 4 5 6 0




A = mode 2



outside
- - - - - - - - -



mode 0
0 2 1 8 7 6 5 4 3



mode 1
1 2 0 6 5 7 4 8 3



mode 2
2 8 7 1 0 6 4 3 5



mode 3
2 0 8 1 3 7 5 4 6
GROUP 4



mode 4
2 0 4 1 7 8 6 3 5



mode 5
2 0 1 5 8 4 6 7 3



mode 6
2 0 6 1 4 7 8 5 3



mode 7
2 7 8 1 0 5 4 6 3



mode 8
2 8 7 1 0 4 3 6 5




A = mode 3



outside
- - - - - - - - -



mode 0
0 2 1 3 5 8 6 4 7



mode 1
1 0 2 5 3 6 4 8 7



mode 2
2 8 1 0 3 5 7 6 4



mode 3
3 2 5 8 1 4 6 7 0
GROUP 5



mode 4
4 2 0 6 1 5 8 3 7



mode 5
5 3 1 2 8 6 4 0 7



mode 6
1 6 0 2 4 5 8 3 7



mode 7
2 7 0 1 5 4 8 6 3



mode 8
2 8 3 5 1 0 7 6 4




A = mode 4



outside
- - - - - - - - -



mode 0
2 0 6 1 4 7 5 8 3



mode 1
1 6 2 0 4 5 3 7 8



mode 2
2 8 7 6 4 0 1 5 3



mode 3
4 2 1 0 6 8 3 5 7
GROUP 6



mode 4
4 2 6 0 1 5 7 8 3



mode 5
1 2 5 0 6 3 4 7 8



mode 6
6 4 0 1 2 7 5 3 8



mode 7
2 7 4 6 0 1 8 5 3



mode 8
2 8 7 4 6 1 3 5 0




A = mode 5



outside
- - - - - - - - -



mode 0
5 1 2 3 6 8 0 4 7



mode 1
1 5 6 3 2 0 4 8 7



mode 2
2 1 5 3 6 8 7 4 0



mode 3
5 3 1 2 6 8 4 7 0
GROUP 7



mode 4
1 6 2 4 5 8 0 3 7



mode 5
5 1 3 6 2 0 8 4 7



mode 6
1 6 5 2 0 4 3 7 8



mode 7
2 7 1 6 5 0 8 3 4



mode 8
2 5 1 3 6 8 4 0 7




A = mode 6



outside
- - - - - - - - -



mode 0
1 6 2 0 5 4 3 7 8



mode 1
1 6 5 4 2 3 0 7 8



mode 2
2 1 6 7 4 8 5 3 0



mode 3
2 1 6 5 8 4 3 0 7
GROUP 8



mode 4
6 4 1 2 0 5 7 8 3



mode 5
1 6 5 2 3 0 4 8 7



mode 6
6 1 4 0 2 7 5 3 8



mode 7
2 7 4 6 1 5 0 8 3



mode 8
2 1 6 8 4 7 3 5 0




A = mode 7



outside
- - - - - - - - -



mode 0
2 0 4 7 6 1 8 5 3



mode 1
6 1 2 0 4 7 5 8 3



mode 2
2 7 8 0 1 6 4 3 5



mode 3
2 4 0 8 3 1 7 6 5
GROUP 9



mode 4
4 2 7 0 6 1 8 5 3



mode 5
2 1 0 8 5 6 7 4 3



mode 6
2 6 4 1 7 0 5 8 3



mode 7
2 7 4 0 8 6 1 5 3



mode 8
2 8 7 4 1 0 3 6 5




A = mode 8



outside
- - - - - - - - -



mode 0
2 0 8 1 3 4 6 5 7



mode 1
1 2 0 6 8 5 7 3 4



mode 2
2 8 7 1 0 3 6 5 4



mode 3
8 3 2 5 1 0 4 7 6
GROUP 10



mode 4
2 0 4 8 5 1 7 6 3



mode 5
2 1 0 8 5 3 6 4 7



mode 6
2 1 6 0 8 4 5 7 3



mode 7
2 7 8 4 0 6 1 5 3



mode 8
2 8 3 0 7 4 1 6 5










The information about the prediction modes may be efficiently coded by combining prediction mode information of two subblocks 38 in one codeword. The stream of bits includes then the resulting codewords, wherein each codeword represents the prediction modes of the two subblocks. Table 2 lists exemplary binary codewords for code numbers (Code No.) between 0 and 80. The probability of a mode of the first subblock is indicated as Prob0 and the probability of a mode of the second subblock is indicated as Prob1.










TABLE 2





Code No.
Prob0
Prob1
Codeword


















0
0
0
1


1
0
1
001


2
1
0
011


3
1
1
00001


4
0
2
00011


5
2
0
01001


6
0
3
01011


7
3
0
0000001


8
1
2
0000011


9
2
1
0001001


10
0
4
0001011


11
4
0
0100001


12
3
1
0100011


13
1
3
0101001


14
0
5
0101011


15
5
0
000000001


16
2
2
000000011


17
1
4
000001001


18
4
1
000001011


19
0
6
000100001


20
3
2
000100011


21
1
5
000101001


22
2
3
000101011


23
5
1
010000001


24
6
0
010000011


25
0
7
010001001


26
4
2
010001011


27
2
4
010100001


28
3
3
010100011


29
6
1
010101001


30
1
6
010101011


31
7
0
00000000001


32
0
8
00000000011


33
5
2
00000001001


34
4
3
00000001011


35
2
5
00000100001


36
3
4
00000100011


37
1
7
00000101001


38
4
4
00000101011


39
7
1
00010000001


40
8
0
00010000011


41
6
2
00010001001


42
3
5
00010001011


43
5
3
00010100001


44
2
6
00010100011


45
1
8
00010101001


46
2
7
00010101011


47
7
2
01000000001


48
8
1
01000000011


49
5
4
01000001001


50
4
5
01000001011


51
3
6
01000100001


52
6
3
01000100011


53
8
2
01000101001


54
4
6
01000101011


55
5
5
01010000001


56
6
4
01010000011


57
2
8
01010001001


58
7
3
01010001011


59
3
7
01010100001


60
6
5
01010100011


61
5
6
01010101001


62
7
4
01010101011


63
4
7
0000000000001


64
8
3
0000000000011


65
3
8
0000000001001


66
7
5
0000000001011


67
8
4
0000000100001


68
5
7
0000000100011


69
4
8
0000000101001


70
6
6
0000000101011


71
7
6
0000010000001


72
5
8
0000010000011


73
8
5
0000010001001


74
6
7
0000010001011


75
8
6
0000010100001


76
7
7
0000010100011


77
6
8
0000010101001


78
8
7
0000010101011


79
7
8
0001000000001


80
8
8
0001000000011









With the nine prediction modes (Table 1) and the probabilities of the modes (Table 1, Table 2), a mode selection algorithm determines the mode according to which a particular subblock is predicted. In one embodiment of the present invention, the algorithm selects the mode using a sum of absolute differences (SAD) between the pixels a-p and the corresponding pixels in the original frame, and the above probabilities of the modes. The SAD and the probability table are used to select the mode for a particular subblock 38. The algorithm calculates a parameter uError for each of the nine possible modes Mode 0-8. The mode that provides the smallest uError is the mode selected for the subblock 38.
The uError is calculated as follows:

uError=SAD({a, . . . , p},{original frame})+rd—quant[uMBQP]*uProb,

where SAD({a, . . . , p},{original frame} is the sum of absolute difference between the pixels a-p and the corresponding pixels in the original frame,
where rd_quant[uMBQP] is a table of constant values indexed by a quantization parameter uMBQP. uMBQP is given by

const U8 rd_quant[32]={1,1,1,1,1,1,2,2,2,2,3,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,7,7,8,9,11,12,13,15,17,19,21,24,27,30}; and

where uProb is the probability of the mode occurring, provided by the position in the mode probability table (Table 1).
For example, the prediction mode for the subblocks A is the Mode 1 and the prediction mode for the subblock B is the Mode 1. The string “1 6 2 5 3 0 4 8 7” indicates that the Mode 1 is also the most probable mode for the subblock C. The Mode 6 is the second most probable mode, etc. Thus, when the algorithm calculates uError for the Mode 0, the probability uProb is 5. Further, for the Mode 1 the probability uProb is 0, for the Mode 2 the probability uProb is 2, for the Mode 3 the probability uProb is 4, and so forth.
In addition to coding the luminance portion (Y) of the video frame, the video system 1 of the present invention may also predict the chrominance portions (U, V) of the video frame. The chrominance portions may be considered as chrominance planes (U and V-planes). Typically, the chrominance planes (U and V-planes) are a quarter of the size of a luminance plane. Thus, in a 16×16 macroblock a corresponding 8×8 block of pixels exists in both the U and V-planes. These 8×8 blocks are divided into 4×4 blocks. In general, separate prediction modes are not transmitted for chrominace blocks. Instead, the modes transmitted for the Y-plane blocks are used as prediction modes for the U and V-plane blocks.
While the above detailed description has shown, described and identified several novel features of the invention as applied to a preferred embodiment, it will be understood that various omissions, substitutions and changes in the form and details of the described embodiments may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the invention. Accordingly, the scope of the invention should not be limited to the foregoing discussion, but should be defined by the appended claims.

## Claims

1. A method of intracoding video data in a first video frame to generate a second compressed video frame corresponding to the first video frame, the method comprising:
selecting one of a plurality of prediction modes to code data of the first video frame for generating a pixel of the second video frame, wherein each of the prediction modes determines the pixel value in a block of pixels by equating to another pixel adjacent to the block of pixels or as a function of values of two or more pixels adjacent to the block of pixels, wherein each of the prediction modes does not use a pixel from a previous or a subsequent video frame relative to the first video frame, and wherein at least one of the plurality of prediction modes includes calculation of a weighted average of values of pixels adjacent to the block of pixels.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the selected prediction mode uses one or more pixels of the first video frame that are diagonally located relative to the pixel in the first frame that corresponds to the pixel in the second video frame to be generated.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the selected prediction mode uses one or more pixels of the first video frame that are vertically located relative to the pixel in the first frame that corresponds to the pixel in the second video frame to be generated.

4. The method of claim 1 wherein the selected prediction mode uses at least two pixels of the first video frame, one of the pixels being located horizontally relative to the pixel in the first frame that corresponds to the pixel in the second video frame to be generated, and another pixel being located vertically relative to the pixel in the first frame that corresponds to the pixel in the second video frame to be generated.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the selected prediction mode uses at least three pixels of the first video frame, one of the pixels being located horizontally relative to the pixel in the first frame that corresponds to the pixel in the second video frame to be generated, another of the pixels being located vertically relative to the pixel in the first frame that corresponds to the pixel in the second video frame to be generated, and a third of the pixels being located diagonally relative to the pixel in the first frame that corresponds to the pixel in the second video frame to be generated.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein selecting one of the prediction modes includes selecting the prediction mode that generates the least amount of error in the pixel of the second video frame when the pixel is generated.

7. The method of claim 6 wherein the amount of error is determined from information that includes the absolute difference between a generated pixel of the second video frame and the corresponding pixel in the first video frame.

8. The method of claim 6 wherein the amount of error is determined from information that includes the absolute difference between a generated pixel of the second video frame and the corresponding pixel of the first video frame, and the probability of the selected prediction mode.

9. The method of claim 6 further comprising including information about the error in the coded video data.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein the selected prediction mode codes the data as 128 when the one or more pixels of the first video frame are unavailable.

11. The method of claim 1, wherein the selected prediction mode uses at least two pixels of the first video frame and averages the pixels to code the data.

12. The method of claim 1 further comprising generating the pixel of the second video frame.

13. The method of claim 1 wherein the selected prediction mode uses one pixel of the first video frame.

14. The method of claim 13 wherein the pixel of the first video frame is located adjacent the pixel in the first frame that corresponds to the pixel in the second video frame to be generated.

15. The method of claim 1 wherein the selected prediction mode uses two or more pixels of the first video frame.

16. The method of claim 15 wherein at least one of the pixels of the first video frame is located adjacent the pixel in the first frame that corresponds to the pixel in the second video frame to be generated.

17. The method of claim 1:
further comprising dividing the first video frame into a plurality of subblocks, each subblock comprising a plurality of pixels,
wherein the one or more pixels used to code the data, and the pixel in the first video frame that corresponds to the pixel in the second video frame to be generated, are not located in the same subblock.

18. The method of claim 17 wherein:
the selected prediction mode uses two or more pixels of the first video frame,
one of the pixels of the first video frame is included in a first subblock, and
another of the pixels of the first video frame is included in a second subblock.

19. The method of claim 17 wherein:
the selected prediction mode uses two or more pixels of the first video frame, and
two of the pixels of the first video frame are included in one of the subblocks.

20. The method of claim 17 wherein:
the selected prediction mode uses three pixels of the first video frame,
at least one of the pixels of the first video frame is included in a first subblock, and
at least one of the pixels of the first video frame is included in a second subblock.

21. The method of claim 17 wherein:
the selected prediction mode uses three pixels of the first video frame, and
the three pixels of the first video frame are included in one of the subblocks.

22. The method of claim 17 wherein at least one of the one or more pixels of the first video frame borders the subblock that includes the pixel in the first video frame that corresponds to the pixel in the second video frame to be generated.

23. The method of claim 17 wherein each of the one or more pixels of the first video frame borders the subblock that includes the pixel in the first video frame that corresponds to the pixel in the second video frame to be generated.

24. The method of claim 17 wherein one of the subblocks has a size that is different than the size of one or more of the other subblocks.

25. The method of claim 17 wherein each of the subblocks has the same size.

26. The method of claim 17 wherein at least one of the subblocks has a size that includes 16 pixels.

27. The method of claim 26 wherein the 16 pixels are arranged as a square that is 4 pixels in a first direction and 4 pixels in a second direction that is perpendicular to the first direction.

28. The method of claim 1 wherein the pixels of the first video frame and the pixel of the second video frame to be generated include at least one of the following: luminance information and chrominance information.

29. The method of claim 1 further comprising selecting one of the plurality of prediction modes to code data of the first video frame for generating a second pixel of the second video frame.

30. The method of claim 29 wherein the prediction mode selected to code the data for generating the second pixel is the same prediction mode selected to code data for generating the previous pixel of the second video frame.

31. The method of claim 29 wherein the prediction mode selected to code the data for generating the second pixel is different than prediction mode selected to code data for generating the previous pixel of the second video frame.

32. The method of claim 29 further comprising generating the second pixel.

33. The method of claim 1, wherein the selected prediction mode uses one or more pixels of the first video frame that are located horizontally relative to the pixel in the first frame that corresponds to the pixel in the second video frame to be generated.

34. The method of claim 1 wherein the selected prediction mode uses at least two pixels of the first video frame, one of the pixels being located horizontally relative to the pixel in the first frame that corresponds to the pixel in the second video frame to be generated, and another pixel being located diagonally relative to the pixel in the first frame that corresponds to the pixel in the second video frame to be generated.

35. The method of claim 1 wherein the selected prediction mode uses at least two pixels of the first video frame, one of the pixels being located vertically relative to the pixel in the first frame that corresponds to the pixel in the second video frame to be generated, and another pixel being located diagonally relative to the pixel in the first frame that corresponds to the pixel in the second video frame to be generated.

36. The method of claim 1, wherein the function includes an average or a weighted average of values of pixels arrayed immediately adjacent to the block of pixels.

37. The method of claim 1, wherein the function includes a function of a value of at least one pixel that is immediately adjacent to the block of pixels and not vertically aligned or not horizontally aligned with the pixel.

38. A video system for coding video data of a first video frame to generate a second video frame, the system comprising:
a video encoder configured to code data of the first video frame using one or more pixels of the first video frame and one of a plurality of prediction modes, wherein the coded data is operable to generate a pixel of the second video frame, wherein at least one of the plurality of prediction modes determines the pixel value in a block of pixels by equating to another pixel adjacent to the block of pixels or as a function of values of two or more pixels adjacent to the block of pixels,
wherein each of the plurality of prediction modes does not use a pixel from a previous or a subsequent video frame relative to the first video frame,
wherein at least one of the plurality of prediction modes includes calculation of a weighted average of values of pixels adjacent to the block of pixels; and
a mode selector in communication with the video encoder and configured to select one of the plurality of prediction modes for the video encoder to use to code the data.

39. The video system of claim 38, wherein the plurality of prediction modes includes a prediction mode that uses one or more pixels of the first video frame that are diagonally located relative to the pixel in the first frame that corresponds to the pixel in the second video frame to be generated.

40. The system of claim 38 wherein the plurality of prediction modes includes a prediction mode that uses one or more pixels of the first video frame that are vertically located relative to the pixel in the first frame that corresponds to the pixel in the second video frame to be generated.

41. The video system of claim 38, wherein the plurality of prediction modes includes a prediction mode that uses one or more pixels of the first video frame that are horizontally located relative to the pixel in the first frame that corresponds to the pixel in the second video frame to be generated.

42. The video system of claim 38, wherein the plurality of prediction modes includes a prediction mode that uses three pixels of the first video frame, one of the pixels being located horizontally relative to the pixel in the first frame that corresponds to the pixel in the second video frame to be generated, another of the pixels being located vertically relative to the pixel in the first frame that corresponds to the pixel in the second video frame to be generated, and a third of the pixels being located diagonally relative to the pixel in the first frame that corresponds to the pixel in the second video frame to be generated.

43. The video system of claim 38, wherein the mode selector is configured to select the prediction mode that causes the video encoder to generate the least amount of error in the pixel of the second video frame when the pixel is generated.

44. The system of claim 43 wherein the amount of error is determined from information that includes the absolute difference between the pixel of the second video frame and the corresponding pixel in the first video frame.

45. The system of claim 43 wherein the amount of error is determined from information that includes the absolute difference between the pixel of the second video frame and the corresponding pixel in the first video frame, and the probability of the selected prediction mode.

46. The system of claim 43 wherein the video encoder is configured to include information about the error in the coded video data.

47. The video system of claim 38, wherein at least one of the plurality prediction modes uses one pixel of the first video frame.

48. The system of claim 38, wherein the encoder codes the data as 128 when the one or more pixels of the first video frame are not available.

49. The system of claim 38, wherein the selected prediction mode uses at least two pixels of the first video frame and averages the pixels.

50. The system of claim 38 wherein at least one of the plurality of prediction modes uses two or more pixels of the first video frame.

51. The system of claim 38 wherein the plurality of prediction modes includes a prediction mode that uses at least two pixels of the first video frame, one of the pixels of the first video frame being horizontally located relative to the pixel in the first frame that corresponds to the pixel in the second video frame to be generated, and another pixel of the first video frame being diagonally located relative to the pixel in the first frame that corresponds to the pixel in the second video frame to be generated.

52. The system of claim 38 wherein the plurality of prediction modes includes a prediction mode that uses at least two pixels of the first video frame, one of the pixels of the first video frame being vertically located relative to the pixel in the first frame that corresponds to the pixel in the second video frame to be generated, and another pixel of the first video frame being diagonally located relative to the pixel in the first frame that corresponds to the pixel in the second video frame to be generated.

53. The system of claim 38 wherein the plurality of prediction modes includes a prediction mode that uses at least two pixels of the first video frame, one of the pixels of the first video frame being vertically located relative to the pixel in the first frame that corresponds to the pixel in the second video frame to be generated, and another pixel of the first video frame being horizontally located relative to the pixel in the first frame that corresponds to the pixel in the second video frame to be generated.

54. A video system for coding video data of a first video frame to generate a second video frame, the system comprising:
a video encoder configured to code data of the first video frame using one or more pixels of the first video frame and one of a plurality of prediction modes, wherein the coded data is operable to generate a pixel of the second video frame, and each of the prediction modes does not use a pixel from a previous or a subsequent video frame relative to the first video frame; and
a mode selector in communication with the video encoder and configured to select one of the plurality of prediction modes for the video encoder to use to code the data;
wherein the plurality of prediction modes includes nine prediction modes.

55. A method of coding video data in a first video frame to generate a second video frame, the method comprising:
selecting one of a plurality of prediction modes to code data of the first video frame for generating a pixel of the second video frame, wherein each of the prediction modes uses one or more pixels of the first video frame to code the data, wherein each of the prediction modes does not use a pixel from a previous or a subsequent video frame relative to the first video frame, and wherein the plurality of prediction modes includes nine prediction modes.

56. A computer readable medium encoded with a computer program that causes the computer to:
select one of a plurality of prediction modes to code data of the a video frame for generating a pixel in a block of a second video frame, wherein each of the prediction modes uses only one or more pixels immediately adjacent to one or more edges of the block, to code the data, wherein each of the plurality of prediction modes does not use a pixel from a previous or a subsequent video frame relative to the first video frame, and wherein at least one of the plurality of prediction modes includes calculation of a weighted average of values of pixels adjacent to the block of pixels.

57. The computer readable medium of claim 56, wherein the computer program further causes the computer to select the prediction mode that generates the least amount of error in the pixel of the second video frame when the pixel is generated.

58. The computer readable medium of claim 57, wherein the computer program further causes the computer to determine the amount of error from information that includes the absolute difference between a generated pixel of the second video frame and the corresponding pixel in the first video frame.