# Patent

## Title
Compact and highly efficient DRAM cell

## Abstract

A compact dynamic random access memory (DRAM) cell and highly efficient methods for using the DRAM cell are disclosed. The DRAM cell provides reading, writing, and storage of a data bit on an ASIC chip. The DRAM cell includes a first transistor acting as a pass gate and having a first source node, a first gate node, and a first drain node. The DRAM cell also includes a second transistor acting as a storage device and having a second drain node that is electrically connected to the first drain node to form a storage node. The second transistor also includes a second source node and a second gate node. The second source node is electrically floating, thus increasing the effective storage capacitance of the storage node.

## Background
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/860,898, filed Sep. 25, 2007, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,457,148, issued Nov. 25, 2008, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/092,288, filed Mar. 29, 2005, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,274,588, issued Sep. 25, 2007, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/657,848, filed Sep. 9, 2003, entitled “Compact and Highly Efficient DRAM Cell,” now U.S. Pat. No. 6,906,946, issued Jun. 14, 2005, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/128,328, filed Apr. 23, 2002, entitled “Compact and Highly Efficient DRAM Cell,” now U.S. Pat. No. 6,650,563, issued Nov. 18, 2003, the complete subject matter of all applications of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.


BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Certain embodiments of the present invention afford an efficient approach for using a compact DRAM cell to reduce the leakage current when storing a data bit in the DRAM cell. In particular, certain embodiments provide a compact DRAM cell having a storage node formed by electrically connecting the drain nodes of two transistors in the DRAM cell.
Dynamic RAM is a type of memory that keeps its contents only if supplied with regular clock pulses and a chance to periodically refresh the stored data internally. DRAM is much less expensive than static RAM (which needs no refreshing) and is the type found in most personal computers and other digital applications.
DRAM storage cells may be formed from two elements, usually a transistor and a capacitor. A major reduction in storage cell area is achieved with such a configuration. As a result, DRAM is an attractive option for custom and semi-custom chips.
Highly integrated System-on-Chip (SOC) implementations require high density and efficient embedded memory. Embedded DRAM memory has the potential to offer high density, low power, and high speed required for state-of-the-art chip designs. Costs associated with integrating embedded DRAM remain a significant factor that slows the integration and adoption of DRAM memory for a wide range of applications including next-generation handsets and high-speed networking.
A DRAM cell configuration having high storage capacity and low leakage current that uses generic fabrication processes, requiring no additional masks, is desired Reducing leakage current maximizes retention time which means reducing the number of times per second a data bit needs to be refreshed in a storage node so the data bit is not lost. The more often the data bits must be refreshed, the higher the required power and the less the dependability of the data bits.
Further limitations and disadvantages of conventional and traditional approaches will become apparent to one of skill in the art, through comparison of such systems with embodiments of the present invention as set forth in the remainder of the present application with reference to the drawings.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
An embodiment of the present invention provides a compact and highly efficient DRAM cell configuration embedded on an ASIC chip. The DRAM cell provides reading, writing, and storage of a data bit on an ASIC chip. The DRAM cell includes a first transistor acting as a pass gate and having a first source node, a first gate node, and a first drain node. The DRAM cell also includes a second transistor acting as a storage device and having a second drain node that is electrically connected to the first drain node to form a storage node. The second transistor also includes a second source node and a second gate node. The second source node is electrically floating, thus increasing the effective storage capacitance of the storage node.
A method of the present invention provides the highly efficient use of a compact DRAM cell configuration by reducing leakage current when storing a data bit in the DRAM cell. The method includes writing a data bit to the DRAM cell during a first time segment and storing the data bit during a second time segment. During the second time segment, a transistor disabling reference ground potential is applied to a first gate node of a first transistor of the DRAM cell. A first reference voltage is also applied to a first source node of the first transistor during the second time segment. A second reference voltage is applied to a second gate node of a second transistor during at least a portion of the second time segment. The second reference voltage is more positive than the first reference voltage. The second source node is electrically floating to increase the effective storage capacitance of the storage node of the DRAM cell.
Certain embodiments of the present invention afford an efficient approach for using a compact DRAM cell to reduce the leakage current when storing a data bit in the DRAM cell.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram of a DRAM cell configuration in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 1A illustrates a two-cell layout of the DRAM cell configuration of FIG. 1 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is an exemplary timing diagram illustrating a write time segment followed by a store time segment in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a schematic block diagram illustrating an undesirable read/write state and resultant high leakage storage state of the DRAM cell configuration of FIG. 1.
FIG. 4 is a schematic block diagram illustrating a first method of writing to the DRAM cell configuration of FIG. 1 and storing a data bit in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a schematic block diagram illustrating a second method of writing to the DRAM cell configuration of FIG. 1 and storing a data bit in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram of a DRAM cell configuration 5 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The DRAM cell 5 includes a pass transistor 10 and a storage transistor 20. The pass transistor 10 acts as a pass gate to enable reading and writing of a data bit. A data bit line 14 connects to the source node 11 of the pass transistor 10. A read/write enable line connects to the gate node 12 of the pass transistor 10.
A storage node 100 is formed by the connection of the drain node 13 of the pass transistor 10 and the drain node 21 of the storage transistor 20. A bias voltage is applied to the gate node 22 of the storage transistor 20. The source node 23 of the storage transistor 20 is left floating. The capacitance associated with the storage transistor 20 allows the storage transistor 20 to act as a storage device for a data bit.
By sharing the drain nodes between the pass transistor 10 and the storage transistor 20, the space available for the storage node may be increased when the DRAM cell is implemented on a chip using embedded CMOS technology. As a result, the effective storage capacitance is increased. FIG. 1A illustrates a two-cell layout of the DRAM cell configuration of FIG. 1 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
The pass transistor 10 and the storage transistor 20 are field-effect-transistors (FETs). The capacitance provided by the storage FET 20 is due to a junction capacitance of the storage FET 20 and an oxide layer of the floating source node of the storage FET 20. The two capacitances create an effective storage node capacitance that is used to store a data bit. The sharing of the diffusion of the drain nodes of the two FETs on a CMOS chip allows the effective storage capacitance to be increased.
FIG. 2 is an exemplary timing diagram illustrating a write time segment 30 followed by a store time segment 40 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. During the write time segment 30, a data bit is written to the storage node 100 of the DRAM cell. Writing of the data bit is accomplished by applying a data bit voltage to the source node 14 of the pass FET 10. A read/write-enabling voltage is applied to the gate node 12 of the pass FET 10. A bias voltage of the same level as the read/write voltage is applied to the gate node 22 of the storage FET 20.
During the store time segment 40, the gate node 12 is brought to an electrical ground potential to turn off the pass gate 10 after the write time segment when the storage node is charged up. The data bit line 14 is put at a voltage reference level of VDD. A bias voltage is applied to gate node 22 of the storage FET 20 during the store time segment.
During the store time segment 40, a leakage current develops within the cell 5 due to the flow of current from the VDD potential of the data bit line 14 to the potential of the storage node 100. When the data bit stored at storage node 100 is a logic “1”, the voltage stored at node 100 is at or very near the VDD potential. As a result, the potential difference between data bit line 14 and the storage node 100 is small and the leakage current is small and does not significantly affect the stored potential at storage node 100.
However, when the data bit stored is a logic “0”, the leakage current is significantly higher and may charge up the storage node toward a logic “1” potential much more quickly after the logic “0” is written to the cell. For example, when the bias voltage applied to gate node 22 is VDD during the store time segment 40 and a logic “0” (zero volts) is being stored at storage node 100, then the leakage current between the data bit line 14 and the storage node 100 may cause the logic “0” potential to charge up to a logic “1” potential in about 1 microsecond. As a result, the logic “0” would have to be written again to the cell, or refreshed, within the 1 microsecond time interval.
FIG. 3 illustrates the case where VDD 60 is applied to gate node 22 during both the write time segment 30 and the store time segment 40. During the write time segment (read/write state of the cell) a voltage level of VDD 60 is applied to gate node 12 to enable pass FET 10. The logic “0” potential of zero volts 70 on data bit line 14 is written to storage node 100. Once the logic “0” is written to the cell, the logic “0” potential is stored by disabling the pass FET 10 by applying a ground reference potential VSS 50 of zero volts to the gate node 12. A reference potential of VDD 60 is applied to data bit line 14. The potential difference between the data bit line 14 and the storage node 100 is then VDD 60 and the potential difference between the gate node 12 and the storage node 100 is zero. Since the gate node 22 is still at VDD 60, the storage node 100 tends to charge up quickly, in about 1 microsecond, to a logic “1”, VDD, due to the leakage current through the cell.
FIG. 4 illustrates a method, according to an embodiment of the present invention, to increase the time it takes to charge up the storage node by a factor of about 100, thus reducing the frequency of updating or refreshing the storage node when storing a logic “0”. During the write time segment 30 (read/write state), a read/write enabling voltage VPP 80, which is more positive than VDD 60, is applied to the gate node 12 of pass FET 10. The gate node 22 is also at VPP 80 during the write time segment 30 and is kept at VPP during the store time segment 40. The data bit line 14 is again at VDD during the store time segment 40. As a result, the voltage stored at the storage node 100 is (VPP−VDD) and is greater than zero since VPP is greater than VDD. Therefore, the potential difference between the data bit line 14 and the storage node 100 is (VDD−(VPP−VDD)) which is less than it was in the previous case.
The leakage current is reduced as a result of the higher potential of the storage node 100. Instead of the storage node 100 charging up to a logic “1” in about 1 microsecond, it may now take about 100 microseconds when (VPP−VDD) is 200 millivolts. Again, the gate node 12 is at a reference ground potential VSS 50 of zero volts during store time segment 40. The voltage between the gate node 12 and the storage node 100 is −(VPP−VDD) 90.
As one possible alternative, instead of keeping the gate node 22 at VPP 80, the gate node 22 may be at VDD 60 during the write time segment 30 and pulsed to VPP during the store time segment 40 as illustrated in FIG. 5. A voltage driver 25 is used to provide the voltage pulse from VDD to VPP on gate node 22 during the store time segment 40. During the write time segment 30, the pass FET 10 is turned on by a read/write voltage which is at a voltage potential of VDD 60. After the data bit voltage 70 is written to the storage node 100, the voltage driver 25 pulses the node gate 22 from VDD to VPP to create a storage node potential of (VPP−VDD). As a result, the leakage current is reduced similarly to the case shown in FIG. 4 and the charge time is again extended to about 100 microseconds from 1 microsecond when (VPP−VDD) is 200 millivolts.
Applying a constant potential of VPP 80 during the write time segment and store time segment is easier to implement and does not require a voltage driver 25. However, using the voltage driver 25 and pulsing the gate node 22 allows finer control of the leakage current and, therefore, the frequency of storage node updates required.
The various elements of the DRAM cell 5 may be combined or separated according to various embodiments of the present invention. For example, the storage FET 20 and the voltage driver 25 may be integrated as a single embedded device or may be implemented as two separate embedded devices that are electrically connected through an embedded trace.
In summary, certain embodiments of the present invention afford an approach to obtain system on chip (SOC) integration of high density and efficient embedded memories. Embedded DRAM memories offer high density, low power and high speed required for state-of-the-art chip designs. Leakage currents of embedded DRAM cells are also reduced, increasing memory storage efficiency.
While the invention has been described with reference to certain embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted without departing from the scope of the invention. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the invention without departing from its scope. Therefore, it is intended that the invention not be limited to the particular embodiment disclosed, but that the invention will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims.

## Claims

1. An embedded memory cell embedded on an integrated circuit, said embedded memory cell comprising:
a first transistor having a first source node, a first gate node, and a first drain node; and
a second transistor having a second source node, a second gate node, and a second drain node, wherein said second drain node is electrically connected to said first drain node, and wherein said second source node is electrically floating.

2. The embedded memory cell of claim 1 wherein said second gate node is connected to a bias voltage level.

3. The embedded memory cell of claim 1 wherein said first drain node and said second drain node, connected together, constitute a storage node.

4. The embedded memory cell of claim 1 further comprising a pulsed voltage driver connected to said second gate node.

5. The embedded memory cell of claim 1 wherein said first gate node comprises a memory read/write-enable line.

6. The embedded memory cell of claim 1 wherein said first source node comprises a memory bit line that is written to and read from.

7. The embedded memory cell of claim 1 wherein said first transistor is a field-effect-transistor (FET).

8. The embedded memory cell of claim 1 wherein said second transistor is a FET.

9. The embedded memory cell of claim 1 wherein said second transistor has a first storage capacitance associated with a junction of said second transistor.

10. The embedded memory cell of claim 9 wherein said second transistor has a second storage capacitance associated with an oxide layer of said second source node.

11. The embedded memory cell of claim 1 wherein the embedded memory cell comprises a DRAM memory cell.

12. The embedded memory cell of claim 1 wherein the embedded memory cell is implemented on the integrated circuit using embedded CMOS technology.

13. The embedded memory cell of claim 1 wherein the integrated circuit comprises an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC).

14. An integrated circuit comprising:
an embedded memory cell embedded on the integrated circuit, said embedded memory cell comprising:
a first transistor having a first source node, a first gate node, and a first drain node; and
a second transistor having a second source node, a second gate node, and a second drain node, wherein said second drain node is electrically connected to said first drain node, and wherein said second source node is electrically floating.

15. The integrated circuit of claim 14 wherein said second gate node is connected to a bias voltage level.

16. The integrated circuit of claim 14 wherein said first drain node and said second drain node, connected together, constitute a storage node.

17. The integrated circuit of claim 14 wherein the embedded memory cell further comprises a pulsed voltage driver connected to said second gate node.

18. The integrated circuit of claim 14 wherein said first gate node comprises a memory read/write-enable line.

19. The integrated circuit of claim 14 wherein said first source node comprises a memory bit line that is written to and read from.

20. The integrated circuit of claim 14 wherein said first transistor is a field-effect-transistor (FET).

21. The integrated circuit of claim 14 wherein said second transistor is a FET.

22. The integrated circuit of claim 14 wherein said second transistor has a first storage capacitance associated with a junction of said second transistor.

23. The integrated circuit of claim 22 wherein said second transistor has a second storage capacitance associated with an oxide layer of said second source node.

24. The integrated circuit of claim 14 wherein the embedded memory cell comprises a DRAM memory cell.

25. The integrated circuit of claim 14 wherein the embedded memory cell is implemented on the integrated circuit using embedded CMOS technology.

26. The integrated circuit of claim 14 wherein the integrated circuit comprises an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC).

27. A system-on-a-chip (SoC) comprising:
an embedded memory cell embedded on an integrated circuit, said embedded memory cell comprising:
a first transistor having a first source node, a first gate node, and a first drain node; and
a second transistor having a second source node, a second gate node, and a second drain node, wherein said second drain node is electrically connected to said first drain node, and wherein said second source node is electrically floating.

28. The system-on-a-chip of claim 27 wherein said second gate node is connected to a bias voltage level.

29. The system-on-a-chip of claim 27 wherein said first drain node and said second drain node, connected together, constitute a storage node.

30. The system-on-a-chip of claim 27 wherein the embedded memory cell further comprises a pulsed voltage driver connected to said second gate node.

31. The system-on-a-chip of claim 27 wherein said first gate node comprises a memory read/write-enable line.

32. The system-on-a-chip of claim 27 wherein said first source node comprises a memory bit line that is written to and read from.

33. The system-on-a-chip of claim 27 wherein said first transistor is a field-effect-transistor (FET).

34. The system-on-a-chip of claim 27 wherein said second transistor is a FET.

35. The system-on-a-chip of claim 27 wherein said second transistor has a first storage capacitance associated with a junction of said second transistor.

36. The system-on-a-chip of claim 35 wherein said second transistor has a second storage capacitance associated with an oxide layer of said second source node.

37. The system-on-a-chip of claim 27 wherein the embedded memory cell comprises a DRAM memory cell.

38. The system-on-a-chip of claim 27 wherein the embedded memory cell is implemented on the integrated circuit using embedded CMOS technology.

39. The system-on-a-chip of claim 27 wherein the integrated circuit comprises an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC).

40. A method for reducing leakage current when storing a data bit in an embedded memory cell embedded on an integrated circuit, said method comprising:
writing a data bit to the embedded memory cell during a first time segment;
applying a transistor disabling reference ground potential to a first transistor of the embedded memory cell during a second time segment;
applying a first reference voltage to said first transistor during said second time segment; and
applying a second reference voltage to a second transistor during at least a portion of said second time segment.

41. The method of claim 40 wherein said transistor disabling reference ground potential is applied to a first gate node of said first transistor.

42. The method of claim 40 wherein said first reference voltage is applied to a first source node of said first transistor.

43. The method of claim 40 wherein said second reference voltage is applied to a second gate node of said second transistor.

44. The method of claim 40 wherein said second time segment is after said first time segment.

45. The method of claim 40 wherein said writing comprises:
applying a first voltage to a first source node of said first transistor during said first time segment;
applying a second voltage level, with respect to said reference ground potential, to a first gate node of said first transistor during said first time segment; and
applying said second voltage level to a second gate node of said second transistor during at least said first time segment.

46. The method of claim 45 wherein said first voltage is a data bit voltage.

47. The method of claim 45 wherein said second voltage level is a read/write enabling voltage.

48. The method of claim 45 wherein said second voltage level is equal to said first reference voltage.

49. The method of claim 45 wherein said second voltage level is more positive than said first reference voltage.

50. The method of claim 40 wherein said second reference voltage is more positive than said first reference voltage.

51. The method of claim 40 wherein a first drain node of said first transistor is electrically connected to a second drain node of said second transistor.

52. The method of claim 40 wherein a second source node of said second transistor is electrically floating.

53. The method of claim 40 wherein said first transistor is a FET.

54. The method of claim 40 wherein said second transistor is a FET.

55. The method of claim 40 wherein said second transistor has a first storage capacitance associated with a junction of said second transistor.

56. The method of claim 40 wherein said second transistor has a storage capacitance associated with an oxide layer of a second source node of said second transistor to store said data bit.

57. The method of claim 40 wherein said data bit is represented by a voltage level corresponding to said reference ground potential.

58. The method of claim 40 wherein said data bit is represented by a voltage level that is more positive than said reference ground potential.