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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF IDAHO

Docket No. 48133

STATE OF IDAHO,

Plaintiff-Respondent,

v.

VICKI CAROL SLATER,

Defendant-Appellant.

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Filed: August 26, 2021

Melanie Gagnepain, Clerk

THIS IS AN UNPUBLISHED

OPINION AND SHALL NOT

BE CITED AS AUTHORITY

Appeal from the District Court of the First Judicial District, State of Idaho, 

Kootenai County. Hon. Cynthia K.C. Meyer, District Judge. 

Judgment of conviction for possession of a controlled substance, affirmed. 

Eric D. Fredericksen, State Appellate Public Defender; Jenny C. Swinford, 

Deputy Appellate Public Defender, Boise, for appellant. 

Hon. Lawrence G. Wasden, Attorney General; Kacey L. Jones, Deputy Attorney 

General, Boise, for respondent. 

________________________________________________

HUSKEY, Chief Judge

Vicki Carol Slater appeals from the judgment of conviction entered upon her conditional 

guilty plea to possession of a controlled substance, Idaho Code § 37-2732(c)(1). Slater argues 

the district court erred when it denied her motion to suppress. Because Slater fails to show error 

in the district court’s decision, we affirm the district court’s denial of Slater’s motion to suppress 

and judgment of conviction.

I.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

Law enforcement obtained and executed a search warrant on a house in Post Falls. Slater 

was at the home visiting a friend when law enforcement executed the warrant. Detective Ryan 

Jacobson detained Slater and her friend while additional officers executed the warrant. Detective

Jacobson asked Slater for permission to search her car and Slater declined. Sometime later, an 
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officer ran a drug-detection dog along the cars parked in the driveway of the house, including 

Slater’s car. The dog alerted on Slater’s car, and officers conducted a search of the car and found 

a bag of methamphetamine. Detective Jacobson arrested Slater for possession of 

methamphetamine, and Slater was charged with possession of a controlled substance. 

Slater filed a motion to suppress, arguing that the dog sniff and subsequent search were 

unlawful because an officer did not lawfully stop Slater’s car. The State opposed the motion, 

arguing that a lawful traffic stop is not a prerequisite to the use of a drug-detection dog on a 

vehicle. The district court held a hearing on the motion. Detective Jacobson testified that he and 

other law enforcement officers executed the search warrant at the home and that Slater was 

present at the home when law enforcement arrived. Detective Jacobson also testified that Slater 

was detained while officers executed the warrant, Slater’s car was parked in the driveway of the 

home, and Slater declined Detective Jacobson’s request for consent to search Slater’s car. 

Deputy Nathan Nelson testified the he and his drug detection dog were on the scene to 

assist with the execution of the search warrant. Deputy Nelson prompted the dog to sniff the cars 

in the driveway, and the dog alerted on Slater’s car. 

The district court denied the motion to suppress and found that the officers and the 

drug-detection dog were lawfully in the driveway when the sniff of Slater’s car occurred. The 

district court also found that Slater did not have a reasonable expectation of privacy in the home 

or the surrounding area because Slater was not living at the home nor was she an overnight guest. 

The district court concluded that it was reasonable to have a drug-detection dog conduct a sniff 

around cars parked in a driveway prior to entering a home when executing a search warrant and,

therefore, Slater’s right to privacy was not violated by the dog sniff and alert. 

Slater entered a conditional guilty plea to possession of a controlled substance, reserving 

her right to appeal the denial of the motion to suppress. The district court withheld judgment and 

placed Slater on probation for two years. Slater timely appeals. 

II.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

The standard of review of a suppression motion is bifurcated. When a decision on a 

motion to suppress is challenged, we accept the trial court’s findings of fact that are supported by 

substantial evidence, but we freely review the application of constitutional principles to the facts 

as found. State v. Atkinson, 128 Idaho 559, 561, 916 P.2d 1284, 1286 (Ct. App. 1996). At a 
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suppression hearing, the power to assess the credibility of witnesses, resolve factual conflicts, 

weigh evidence, and draw factual inferences is vested in the trial court. State v. Valdez-Molina, 

127 Idaho 102, 106, 897 P.2d 993, 997 (1995); State v. Schevers, 132 Idaho 786, 789, 979 P.2d 

659, 662 (Ct. App. 1999). 

III.

ANALYSIS

Slater argues the district court erred when it denied her motion to suppress. Mindful of 

the relevant precedent on the issue, Slater nonetheless claims the evidence should have been 

suppressed because the dog sniff constituted an unlawful search of her car. 

The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits unreasonable searches 

and seizures. A defendant bringing a motion to suppress must show that there was a Fourth 

Amendment search, that she has standing to challenge the search, and that the search was 

unreasonable. State v. Maxim, 165 Idaho 901, 905, 454 P.3d 543, 547 (2019). Slater has not 

demonstrated there was a search that would implicate Fourth Amendment protection. 

Slater acknowledges that a dog sniff is not a search and does not dispute that the dog’s 

alert provided probable cause for the subsequent search of her vehicle. We agree that the dog 

sniff of Slater’s car did not constitute a Fourth Amendment search. “A dog sniff along the 

outside of a motor vehicle does not constitute a search under the Fourth Amendment.” State v. 

Parkinson, 135 Idaho 357, 363, 17 P.3d 301, 307 (Ct. App. 2000). A reliable drug dog’s alert on 

the exterior of a vehicle is sufficient to establish probable cause for a warrantless search of the 

interior. State v. Anderson, 154 Idaho 703, 706, 302 P.3d 328, 331 (2012). As such, the dog 

sniff was not a search and does not implicate the Fourth Amendment. 

Because the dog sniff was not a search, we need not address whether Slater had standing 

to challenge it because standing is only relevant to challenge the validity of a search. 

Consequently, the district court did not err in denying Slater’s motion to suppress. 

IV.

CONCLUSION

Because the district court did not err in denying Slater’s motion to suppress, we affirm 

the district court’s denial of Slater’s motion to suppress and judgment of conviction.

Judge GRATTON and Judge BRAILSFORD CONCUR.