Reverse and Rendered and Opinion Filed February 26, 2021

In The 

### Court of Appeals Fifth District of Texas at Dallas No. 05
- 20
- 00083
- CV SEAN GHARAVI , Appellant

V. BEHROOZ KHADEMAZAD, D/B/A GRAND PRAIRIE FAMILY DENTAL , Appellee On Appeal from the 101st Judicial District Court

Dallas County, Texas Trial Court Cause No. DC
- 18
- 00241 MEMORANDUM OPINION Before Justices Molberg, Reichek, and Nowell Opinion by Justice Molberg Sean Gharavi appe als from a judgment of the trial court following a bench trial that awarded Behrooz Khademazad monetary damages in his libel, libel per se, business disparagement and negligence suit against Gharavi. Because we conclude Khademazad released his claims agai nst Gharavi, we reverse the trial court’s judgment and render judgment that Khademazad take nothing.
B ACKGROUND Khademazad hired Gharavi’s company, Aidris, Inc., to develop an online marketing strategy to promote Khademazad’s dental business. When Khademazad– 2

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failed to pay for the services, Aidris instituted arbitration proceedings to recover what it was owed. The arbitrator found in Aidris’s favor. Khademazad refused to voluntarily pay the arbitration award. The award was thereafter reduced to a judgment in Tarrant County. Khademazad refused to pay the trial court judgment. Some seven months later, Gharavi, in his frustration over the judgment having not been paid, posted the following Yelp review on Khademazad’s dental practice site:
This is a review for the Grand Prairie Family Dental and Dr. Khademazad. Dr. Khademazad is not to be trusted. Grand Prairie Family Dental and Dr. Khademazad refused to pay money owed since 10/2010. Even after winning a major court judg[]ment in 06/16, we still have[ ] not received a penny of what is owed. Grand Prairie Family Dental and Dr. Khademazad can’t even be trusted with a court order!! Why would you trust him with your health?! The review was removed by Yelp several months later and there is no evidence that a nyone other than Yelp personnel and the parties viewed the post. After another series of months with the judgment still unpaid, Aidris filed an application for turnover and receivership. A short time later, Khademazad ’s attorney initiated settlement negot iations by sending an email to Aidris’s lawyer containing the following language: [M]y offer is based on Dr. Khademazad’s ability to pay the judgment versus simply filing bankruptcy and starting all over. His ex

- wife has already taken him to the cleaners a nd thus, filing bankruptcy and starting all over can be rather appealing if his back is pushed against the wall. And then, there are the defamation claims arising from the Yelp posting which adversely affected Dr. Khademazad’s practice as well as his reput ation. Under Defamation Per Se, Dr. Khademazad does not have to plead and prove special damages and can recover general damages including loss of reputation and mental anguish

. [Emphasis added.]– 3

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Thereafter, the parties entered into a settlement agreement of Aidris’s claims against Khademazad . Paragraph 4.B. of the agreement contains a broad

- form mutual release of claims. It provides, in part: For and in consideration of the execution of this Mutual Release, and other good and valuable consideration, the receipt and sufficiency of which is hereby acknowledged, [Khademazad] hereby releases, acquits and forever discharge [s] [Aidris] , its agents, servants, employees, attorneys and all persons, natural or corporate, in privity with [Aidris] , for any and all cl aims or causes of action of any kind whatsoever at common law, statutory, or otherwise which [Khademazad] has or might have, known or unknown, now existing or that might arise hereafter, directly or indirectly attributable to the transaction or occurrences made the basis of this lawsuit , it being intended to release all claims of any kind which [Khademazad] might have against those hereby released, regarding the events which are the subject of this lawsuit, whether asserted in the above captioned suit or no t. This release shall not act to prevent enforcement of this agreement in the event of default. [Emphasis added.] Less than two months after signing the agreement, Khademazad sued Gharavi
for libel, libel per se, business disparagement, and negligence . A ll these claims were based on t he single Yelp p ost in which Gharavi voiced frustration over the unpaid judgment. Gharavi moved for summary judgment on various grounds. Among them was Gharavi’s contention that the release barred Khademazad ’s claims. The motion went undecided and a one

- day bench trial followed. Thereafter, the trial judge entered a judgment for Khademazad on all of his claims, awarding Khademazad monetary damages of approximately $1.2 million. Gharavi timely appealed and presents six iss ues . In his first issue, Gharavi argues that Khademazad’s claims in– 4

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this case were extinguished as a result of the release contained in the settlement agreement between Aidris and Khademazad

. D ISCUSSION A settlement agreement is subject to the rules of co nstruction applicable to contracts generally. Naik v. Naik , 438 S.W.3d 166, 174 (Tex. App.

— Dallas 2014, no pet.) We review questions of contract interpretation de novo. Barrow

- Shaver Res. Co. v. Carrizo Oil & Gas, Inc. , 590 S.W.3d 471, 479 (Tex. 2019)

. “If we
determine that the contract ’ s language can be given a certain or definite legal meaning or interpretation, then the contract is not ambiguous and we will construe it as a matter of law.” El Paso Field Servs., L.P. v. MasTec N. Am., Inc. , 389 S.W. 3d 802, 806 (Tex. 2012) (citation omitted)

. 1 When construing a contract, “our primary concern is to ascertain and give effect to the intent of the parties as expressed in the contract.” In re Serv. Corp. Int ’ l, 355 S.W.3d 655, 661 (Tex. 2011) (orig.
proce eding) (per curiam). To discern the parties’ intent, we examine the contract as a whole in light of the facts and circumstances present when the contract was entered.
See Americo Life, Inc. v. Myer, 440 S.W.3d 18, 21

– 22 (Tex. 2014). Ordinarily, for claims to be extinguished through a release, those claims must be mentioned or clearly within the subject matter of the release. See Victoria Bank & Trust Co. v. Brady , 811 S.W.2d 931, 938 (Tex. 1991) ; Thomas v. Verveba

1 Neither party argues that the contractual provisions here are ambiguous and nor do we.– 5

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Telecom, LLC , No. 05

- 16

- 00123

- CV , 2017 WL 1192793, at *3 (Tex. App.

— Dallas Mar. 31, 2017, no pet.) (mem. op.). However, this does not require that the parties identify each potential cause of action subject to release. Keck, Mahin & Cate v. Nat’l Union Fire Ins. Co. of Pittsburgh, Pa. , 20 S.W. 3d 692, 698 (Tex. 2000)

. Here, Khademazad agreed to release all claims “ directly or indirectly attributable to the transaction or occurrences made the basis of this lawsuit , ” namely
Khademazad ’s failure to pay for services Aidris provided and the resulting lawsuit

. The benefit of the release extends to Aidris’s “ agents, servants, employees, attorneys and all persons, natural or corporate, in privity with [Aidris],” and the parties agree that Gharavi is an agent of Aidris. Without question, the Yelp review was, if not directly, then indirectly attributable to Khademazad ’s failure to pay for Aidris’s
services and the lawsuit that followed

. 2 Khademazad ’s claims here are clearly within the subject matter of the release. Moreover, the libel, disparagement, an d negligence claims asserted against Gharavi were specifically contemplated by the parties during their negotiations to resolve Aidris’s claims against Khademazad

. We sustain Gharavi’s first issue. In these circumstances, we need not reach Gharavi’s rem aining issues.

2 The Yelp review mentions both the non

- payment and the lawsuit.– 6

– C ONCLUSION We conclude that Khademazad’s claims against Gharavi are barred by the release. We reverse the trial court’s judgment and render judgment that Khademazad take nothing.

/Ken Molberg/ KEN MOLBERG JUSTICE– 7

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### Court of Appeals Fifth District of Texas at Dallas

JUDGMENT SEAN GHARAVI, Appellant
No. 05

- 20

- 00083

- CV V. BEHROOZ KHADEMAZAD, D/B/A GRAND PRAIRIE FAMILY DENTAL, Appellee On Appeal from the 101st Judicial District Court, Dallas County, Texas Trial Court Cause No. DC

- 18

- 00241. Opinion delivered by Justice Molberg. Justices Reichek and Nowell participating.
In accordance with this Court’s opinion of this date, the judgment of the trial court is REVERSED and judgment is RENDERED that appellee take nothing. It is ORDERED that appellant SEAN GHARAVI recover his costs of this appeal from appellee BEHROOZ KHADEMAZAD, D/B/A GRAND PRAIRIE FAMILY DENTAL.
Judgment entered this 26 th day of February, 2021.