Reversed and Remanded, and Opinion Filed September 19, 1996

In The

Court of Appeals

mtttf Btstrtct of Okxas at Balias

No. 05-91-00084-CR

No. 05-91-00085-CR

No. 05-91-00087-CR

No. 05-91-00088-CR

STEVEN LOUIS IEPPERT, Appellant

THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

On Appeal from the 363rd District Court

Dallas County, Texas

Trial Court Cause Nos. F90-03765-KW, F90-03766-KW,

F90-03768-KW, F90-03769-KW

OPINION ON REMAND

Before Justices Chapman, Whittington,1 and Moseley2

Opinion By Justice Whittington

Steven Louis leppert pleaded not guilty to four counts of aggravated sexual assault

of achild younger than fourteen and two counts ofsexual assault of achild under seventeen.

1The Honorable Mark Whittington succeeded the Honorable Annette Stewart.

' The Honorable Barbara Rosenberg participated in the original submission of this cause. The Honorable Jim Moseley succeeded Justice Rosenberg. Justice Moseley has reviewed the record and briefs in thi. cause.
After finding appellant guilty, thejury assessed punishment at forty-nine, forty, twenty-two,

and fifteen years' confinement for the aggravated sexual assault convictions and twelve and

eight years' confinement for the sexual assault convictions, all to run concurrently. On

original submission, we affirmed the trial court's judgments. Appellant appealed our

decision to theTexas Court ofCriminal Appeals, and that court reversed our decision with

respect to the four aggravated sexual assault convictions. See leppert v. State, 908 S.W.2d

217, 220 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995). The court then remanded the causes to this Court for a

reconsideration of appellant's first point of error.

Following Robinson v. State, 790 S.W.2d 334, 335-36 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990), we

allowed the parties to rebrief. Appellant filed asupplemental brief in which he contends,

as he did in his original brief, that his convictions for aggravated sexual assault violated the

ex postfacto provisions of the United States and Texas Constitutions. See U. S. Const, art.

I, §10; Tex. Const, art. I, §16. We agree with appellant that these convictions violate the

ex postfacto provisions of both the state and federal constitutions. Accordingly, we reverse

the trial court's judgments.

BACKGROUND

Appellant married complainant's mother in 1980. From 1982 or 1983, when

complainant was seven or eight years old, until 1989, appellant fondled complainant's

genitals, put his genitals in complainant's mouth, and put complainant's genitals in his

mouth. On one occasion, appellant attempted to have anal intercourse with complainant.

Complainant did not tell anyone about these incidents until May 1990.
Appellant was charged in four separate indictments with aggravated sexual assault

and in two indictments with sexual assault. The jury found him guilty on all counts and

assessed punishment. On original submission to this Court, we affirmed appellant's

convictions, concluding (1) appellant had waived his complaint under the ex post facto

provisions by failing to make atimely objection in the trial court; (2) even assuming the

complaint had been properly preserved, the error, if any, was not so egregious as to deny

appellant afair and impartial trial; and (3) appellant did not suffer egregious harm when

the trial court failed to include aparole law instruction in its charge to the jury.

Appellant appealed our decision to the court of criminal appeals. After granting

appellant's petition, the court concluded (1) the right to complain about violations of the

ex post facto provisions of the United States and Texas Constitutions could not be waived

or forfeited by inaction; and (2) appellant could raise his ex postfacto argument for the first

time on appeal. The court vacated our judgment and remanded the aggravated sexual

assault cases to this Court for us to consider the merits of appellant's ex post facto

complaint. See leppert, 908 S.W.2d at 220. We turn now to aconsideration of that

complaint.

EX POSTFACTO

In his first point of error on original submission and in two points of error on

remand, appellant asserts his convictions for aggravated sexnal assault are void because they

violate the expos, facto provisions of the United States and Texas Constitutions. In support

of this argument, appellant points on, that (1) he was charged under section 22.021 of the
Texas Penal Code, a section which became effective on September 1, 1993; and (2) the

offenses with which he was charged occurred prior to that date. Because article 22.021

applies only to offenses committed on oi after September 1, 1983, appellant contends his

convictions are void and must therefore be reversed. We agree.

Article I, section 10 of the United States Constitution and article I, section 16 of the

Texas Constitution forbid the establishment of ex post facto or retroactive legislation. See

U. S. Const, art. I, § 10; Tex. Const, art. I, § 16. An ex post facto law is one which: (1)

imposes apunishment for an act which was not punishable at the time it was committed; (2)

alters the definition or nature of an offense to the detriment of the accused; (3) increases

the punishment after commission of the offense; or (4) deprives the individual charged of

adefense that was available at the time the act was committed. Collins v. Youngblood, 497

U.S. 37, 45-46 (1990); see Grimes v. State, 807 S.W.2d 582, 586 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991)

(adopting Youngblood definition for interpreting ex post facto provision of Texas

Constitution). Even when astatute does not appear to be retroactive on its face, it may

nevertheless violate the prohibition against expostfacto legislation if it is applied to offenses

occurring before the statute's effective date. Lindsey v. State, 672 S.W.2d 892, 894 (Tex.

App.-Dallas 1984, pet. refd).

To determine whether an ex post facto application of a statute has occurred, we

compare the existing statute to its predecessor and consider whether the existing statute

permits conviction under less or different evidence than required under the predecessor

statute. Lindsey, 672 S.W.2d at 894; see also Millican v. State, 145 Tex. Crim. 195, 167

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S.W.2d 188, 190 (1942). Here, the statute in effect at the time of the aggravated sexual

assaults (section 21.05 of the Texas Penal Code) stated that "a person commit[ted] an

offense if he committed].. .sexual abuse of achild as defined in Section 21.10 of this code

and . . .the victim [was] younger than 14 years."3 Under section 21.10, aperson was guilty

of sexual abuse of a child if, "with intent to arouse or gratify the sexual desire of any person,

he engage[d] in deviate sexual intercourse with achild .. . ." (emphasis added).4

In 1983, the legislature repealed section 21.05 and replaced it with section 22.021.

Section 22.021 provides, in relevant part, that "a person commits an offense if the person

commits sexual assault as defined in Section 22.011 of this code and . . . the victim is

younger than 14 years of age."5 Under section 22.011, aperson is guilty of sexual assault

if he intentionally or knowingly causes (1) the penetration of the anus or vagina of achild

by any means; (2) the penetration of the mouth of achild by the sexual organ of the actor;

or (3) the sexual organ of achild to contact or penetrate the mouth, anus, or sexual organ

of another person, including the actor/ While sections 22.011 and 22.021 require a

3ActofMay24,1973!63rdTeTR.S.> ch. 399, ,1. 1973^0~ ^^^.SJu£ T». Leg., R.S., ch. 96, ,1. ^^^^^^^t^^.d.^1 S^SiX;^ws 531L 53. (current Gen. Laws 471, 471, repealed by Act of May 28, 1983, o»tn "*•»*•*••

version at Tex. Penal Code Ann. §22.021(a) (Vernon Supp. 1996)).

<Act of May 24,1973, 63rd Leg., R.S., ch. 399, ,1,1973 Tex. Gen. Laws 883, 918, repealed by Act of May 28,1983, 68th Leg.,

R.S., ch. 977, §12,1983 Tex. Gen. Laws 5311, 5321.

„ o u Q-7T * i iqim -rvr Oen Laws 5311, 5315, amended by Actof May 26,1987, 70th

»Act of May 28,1983, 68th Leg., R.S., ch. 977 S3TM££jifil of July « 1W. 70th Leg., 2d C.S., ch. 16, |1,1987 Leg., R.S., ch. 573, §1,1987 Tex. Gen. Laws,2275, 2^7^""feJ^ ^ f{ 1993 T„. Gcn. Laws 3586, 3620-21 (current Tex. Gen. Laws 80,80, amended by Act of May 29,1993,73rd L*,U, ch. 900, §1, w»

version at Tex. Penal Code Ann. §22.021(a) (Vernon Supp. 1996)).

„ * u Q-7~ ** 1081 t>x Oen Laws 5311, 5312-13, amended byAct ofMay 17,1985,69th

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defendant to act intentionally or knowingly, they do not require, as did their predecessor,

that the defendant act "with intent to arouse or gratify the sexual desire of any person."

leppert, 908 S.W.2d at 223 (Baird, J., concurring); see also Pierce v. State, 733 S.W.2d 314,

319 (Tex. App.-Tyler 1987, no pet.); Buckner v. State, 719 S.W.2d 644, 647 (Tex.

App.-Fort Worth 1986, pet. refd); but see Cunningham v. State, 726 S.W.2d 151, 154-55

(Tex. Crim. App. 1987) (concluding that conviction for indecency with achild was proper

under indictment for aggravated sexual assault even though former required proof of intent

to arouse or gratify sexual desire while latter only required proof of intentional or knowing

conduct).

The indictments in these causes stated, in pertinent part, that appellant:

then and there knowingly and intentionally cause[d] the sexual organ of M.W.,

achild to contact and penetrate the mouth of [appellant], and at the time of

the commission of this offense the child was younger than 14 years of age.

(Emphasis added.) The charge provided the jury with the following definitions:

Aperson acts intentionally, or with intent, [with respect] to aresult of

his conduct when it is his conscious objective or desire to cause the result.

Aperson acts knowingly, or with knowledge, with respect to aresult

of his conduct when he is aware that his conduct is reasonably certain to cause

the result.

The charge then instructed the jury to find appellant guilty if it found beyond areasonable

doubt that (1) appellant had intentionally or knowingly caused the sexual organ of M.W. to

Code Ann. § 22.011(a)(1) (Vernon 1994)).

MW'• mouth; (2) M.W.'s sexual organ to penetrate appellant smouth, and (3) appellant sexual org ^ indictment also alleged that M.W. was younger than 14 years of age at the tune of each offense.

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contact and penetrate the mouth of appellant; and (2) the child was younger than 14 years

of age at the time of the offense.8 The charge made no reference to section 21.05's

requirement that the conduct be accompanied by an intent to arouse or gratify sexual desire.

The language of the indictments in these cases tracks the language found in section

22.021 of the penal code, a statute not in effect at the time of the subject offenses. As

Justice Baird pointed out in his concurring opinion in this case, the enactment of section

22.021 eliminated section 21.05's "intent to arouse or gratify" element and thereby reduced

the "ultimate facts necessary to establish guilt." leppert, 908 S.W.2d at 223 (Baird, J.,

concurring). Since the change in law reduced the amount of evidence necessary to establish

guilt, we conclude the change altered the definition of the crime to the detriment of the

accused. leppert, 908 S.W.2d at 223 (Baird, J., concurring). Thus, we conclude that

indicting and convicting appellant under section 22.021 of the penal code violated the expost

facto provisions of the United States and Texas Constitutions. We sustain appellant's two

points of error on remand and his first point of error asserted on original submission.

f. . „„„„, „„:n„ ;# ;t found MW was vounger than14 atthetimeof theoffenses

organ to pTetrate appellant's mouth; and (3) appellant's sexual organ to contact M.W. sanus.

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We reverse the trial court's judgments and remand these causes for dismissal of the

indictments.

Do Not Publish

Tex. R. App. P. 90

910084RF.U05

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K WHITTrNGTO

STICE
-S'^ew-js:#^^^&S?^^»s^!««'*

?} v 7

Court of Appeals

jnfi*7 itstrtrt of (Eexas at iailas

JUDGMENT

STEVEN LOUIS IEPPERT, Appellant

No. 05-91-00084-CR V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

Appeal from the 363rd Judicial District

Court of Dallas County, Texas. (Tr.Ct.No.

F90-03765-KW).

Opinion delivered by Justice Whittington,

Justices Chapman and Moseley also

participating.

Based on the Court's opinion of this date, the judgment of the trial court is

REVERSED and the cause REMANDED for further proceedings consistent with this Court's

opinion.

Judgment entered September 19, 1996.

IK WHITTING

JUSTICE

L/l
n Ji

Qlourt of Appeals

W\tVc[ Itstrtrt of ©*xas at Bailas

JUDGMENT

STEVEN LOUIS IEPPERT, Appellant

No. 05-91-00085-CR V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

Appeal from the 363rd Judicial District

Court ofDallas County, Texas. (Tr.Ct.No.

F90-03766-KW).

Opinion delivered by Justice Whittington,

Justices Chapman and Moseley also

participating.

Based on the Court's opinion of this date, the judgment of the trial conn^is

REVERSED and the cause REMANDED for further proceedings consistent with this Court

opinion.

Judgment entered September 19, 1996.

MARJC WHITTINGTON

JUSTICE

^ 4
/

•J

Court of Appeals

JTtftlr listrirt of ©rxas at lallas

JUDGMENT

STEVEN LOUIS IEPPERT, Appellant

No. 05-91-00087-CR

THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

Appeal from the 363rd Judicial District

Court of Dallas County, Texas. (Tr.Ct.No.

F90-03768-KW).

Opinion delivered by Justice Whittington,

Justices Chapman and Moseley also

participating.

Based on the Court's opinion of this date, the judgment of the trial court is

REVERSED and the cause REMANDED for further proceedings consistent with this Court's

opinion.

Judgment entered September 19, 1996.

IK WHITTING

JUSTICE
•?

(Court of Appeals

mtttf itstrtrt of (Erxas at Sallas

JUDGMENT

STEVEN LOUIS IEPPERT, Appellant

No. 05-91-00088-CR V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

Appeal from the 363rd Judicial District

Court of Dallas County, Texas. (Tr.Ct.No.

F90-03769-KW).

Opinion delivered by Justice Whittington,

Justices Chapman and Moseley also

participating.

Based on the Court's opinion of this date, the judgment of the trial court is

REVERSED and the cause REMANDED for further proceedings consistent with this Court's

opinion.

Judgment entered September 19, 1996.

////JIK WHITTIN

JSTICE

-H