## United States Court of Appeals
**For the Eighth Circuit**

___________________________

No. 19

- 2323

___________________________ Twyla McElree ; Mikaela Gossman, Surviving Spouse of Jonathan Tyler Gossman, on her own behalf

, next friend of L.R.G.

, next friend of Z.A.G.

Plaintiffs - Appellants

v.

City of Cedar Rapids

Defendant - Appellee

Wayne Jerman, in his official capacity; Brent Long, in his official capacity; Jeff Hembera, in his official capacity

Defendant s

Nathan Jui l fs, in his individual capacity

Defendant - Appellee

Christopher Bieber, in his official capacity

Defendant

Lucas Jones, in his official capacity; Brandon Bo e senberg, in his official capacity; Bryson Garringer, in his official capacity

Defendants - Appellees

John Does, 1 -5

Defendant s- 2

- ____________ Appeal from United States District Court for the North ern District of Iowa - Cedar Rapids

____________

Submitted: September 23, 2020 Filed: December 23, 2020

____________ Before COLLOTON, GRUENDER, and GRASZ, Circuit Judges.

____________
GRASZ, Circuit Judge.

Officers from the Cedar Rapids Police Department s hot and killed Jonathan Gossman during an altercation after stopping his vehicle to investigate possible drug
crimes. Several of Gossman ’ s relatives sued the officers and the city asserting
various federal and state law claims under the United States Constitution , the Iowa Constitution, and Iowa tort law . The district court 1 granted summary judgment to the officers and the city on all claims. We affirm.

I. Background

I n October 2015, Investigators Brandon B o esenberg and Bryson Garringer

were conducting surveillance in a Walgreens parking lot . The officers sat in an unmarked vehicle to avoid detection

. Part of their stakeout included electronically tracking purchases of pseudoephedrine 2 in the are a.

1 The Honorable Leonard T. Strand, Chief Judge, United States District Court for the Northern District of Iowa.

2 Pseudoephedrine is a non

- prescription drug used to treat congestion caused by colds and allergies. It is also used illicitly as a methamphetamine precursor. The officers used the National Precursor Log Exchange (“NPLEx”) , which allowed them- 3

- T he officers noticed a pickup truck in the back of the parking lot. Two people
who the officers believed had connections to methamphetamine manufacturing were in and about the truck . Annabelle Santos (one of t he truck ’ s occupants) exited the truck, entered the Walgreens, and purchased pseudoephedrine at 9:55 p. m. The
officers identified her using the NPLEx as she le ft the store and head ed back to the
truck. At 9:59 p.m., the officers were alerted to another pseudoephedrine purchase
across the street at a different pharmacy . The officers saw a person who they recognized as involved with methamphetamine walk up to the truck from the
direction of the other pharmacy

. 3 Soon after , the o fficers saw Gossman exit the
truck

, purchase pseudoephedrine in the Walgreens , and return to the truck . While the truck was parked, the officers observed a flurry of movement inside and near the
truck and a flashlight shining from inside

.

The officers began to suspect the individuals observed in and about the truck

were purchasing pseudoephedrine to make methamphetamine

. The truck soon left the parking lot, dropped off a passenger at a gas station across the street, and drove through the city

. Boesenberg and Garringer followed the truck, as did Sergeant
Nathan Juilfs who responded to a request for assistance from the other officers

. T he
officers decided to stop the truck because they suspected it contained evidence of methamphetamine manufact uring

. After receiving a call for a K9 unit, Officer Lucas
Jones arrived at the scene with his police dog

, Bane.

to monitor all pseudoephedrine purchases at their location in real time. When an attempted purchase was made nearby, the officers received the time, locati on, purchaser’s driver’s license information, and purchasing history.

3 The officers believed the actual purchaser may have given the pseudoephedrine to th is person who then walk ed it to the truck.- 4

- When the officers approached the truck, they asked Dillon Graf and Santos to
exit and began interviewing them. After being prompted, Graf produced a knife, a methamphetamine pipe, and some prescription pills

.

While the other officers questioned Graf and Santos, Sergeant Juilfs questioned Gossman through the truck ’ s open back window. After hearing about
Graf’s pipe, Juilfs told Gossman he would be searched

. Gossman repeatedly reached
toward his own waist. Juilfs ordered Gossman to put his hands up , and Juilfs removed a knife on a lanyard from around Gossman ’ s neck. Graf then informed Garringer that there was a shot gun in the back seat. Several of the officers drew
their firearms and told Gossman to exit or he would be removed from the truck

. Gossman refused.

G ossman then got out of the truck , but when his feet hit the groun d, he started moving. With his weapon still drawn, B oesenberg used his other arm to attempt to restrain Gossman. However, to avoid firing accidently, Boesenberg quickly released
him . Gossman took off running

. Bane, the service dog, and Officers Jones a nd Garringer chased him

.

Jones and Garringer both noticed that the entire time Gossman ran, he held the front of his waistband. After a short chase, Bane caught up with Gossman and
bit his arm

. After running a few more steps, Gossman fell, twist ed, and dr ew a handgun from his waistband. Garringer yelled “ gun .” He testified that he believed Gossman fired at him and that he heard a clap and saw a flash of light. Garringer stopped abruptly , slipp ed, and fell to the ground. Jones heard the shout and saw Garringer fall before popping back up . Jones and Garringer then fired repeatedly at Gossman, until they determined he was no longer a threat. Gossman was pronounced dead at the scene. The medical examiner ’ s report and further investigation revealed that Gossman was shot 24 times

. An investigation also
revealed Gossman had methamphetamine in his system

, and his 9mm handgun was
loaded but had not been fired.- 5

- Gossman ’ s surviving family members sued the C ity of C edar Rapids and the
officers involved in Iowa District Court asserting nine separate counts including violations of the United States Constitution, the Iowa Constitution, and Iowa tort
law. The c ity removed the case to federal co urt and ultimately moved for summary judgment. The district court granted the c ity summary judgment on all claims.

II. Analysis

“ We review the district court ’ s grant of summary judgment de novo, taking the facts in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. ” See Oglesby v. Lesan

, 929 F.3d 526, 531

– 32 (8th Cir. 2019). We draw all reasonable inferences in favor
of the family as the nonmoving party

. Id. Summary judgment is proper if there is

“ no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as
a matter of law. ” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56 (a)

. “ The nonmoving party must cite to specific facts in the record demonstrating a genuine issue of fact for trial and may not r ely solely on allegations. ” Lucke v. Solsvig , 912 F.3d 1084, 1087 (8th Cir. 2019).

The family argue s that the officers lacked the reasonable suspicion required

to stop the truck and detain Gossman. The Fourth Amendment protects against

“ unreasonable searches and seizures. ” U.S. Const. amend. IV. Although officers
need probable cause to affect an arrest, for an investigatory stop , “ the Fourth
Amendment is satisfied if the officer ’ s action is support ed by reasonable suspicion to believe that criminal activity ‘ may be afoot. ’” United States v. Arvizu , 534 U.S. 266, 273 (2002) (quoting United States v. Sokolow , 490 U.S. 1, 7 (1989))

. “ An investigatory stop must be justified by some objective manifesta tion that the person stopped is, or is about to be, engaged in criminal activity. ” United States v. Cortez

, 449 U.S. 411, 417 (1981). 4

4 The Iowa Supreme Court usually views the “Iowa Constitution’s search and seizure provisions to track with federal interpretation s of the Fourth Amendment.” State v. Brown , 930 N.W.2d 840, 847 (Iowa 2019) (quoting State v. Christopher

, 757 N.W.2d 247, 249 (Iowa 2008))

. An excessive force claim under t he Iowa- 6

- As a standard for initiating an investigative stop, reasonable suspicion hovers well below preponderance of the evidence and need not rise to the level of probable

cause. Arvizu , 534 U.S. at 274. It is a “ commonsense, nontechnical concept[] ” that requires more than a hunc h. Ornelas v. United States , 517 U .S. 690, 695 (1996)

. Officers must have “‘a particularized and objective basis’ for suspecting the person stopped of criminal activity.” Id. at 696 (quoting Cortez , 449 U.S. at 417

– 18). We
look “ to the totality of the circumstances, ‘ allow[ing] officers to draw on their own experience and specialized training to make inferences from and deductions about
the cumulative information available to them. ’” United States v. Dortch , 868 F.3d 674, 680 (8th Cir. 2017) (alteration in original) (quoting Arvizu , 534 U.S. at 273).

We turn first to the stop of the truck that was carrying Gossman. The district court found the stop was supported by reasonable suspicion based on (1) two to three
separate pseudoephedrine purchases in a twenty

- minute span

, (2) known methamphetamine manufacturers associated with the truck

, and (3) suspicious levels
of activity in and around the truck . We agree that these facts, taken together, support reasonable suspicion that criminal activity may have been afoot.

This case i s similar to United States v. Ameling , 328 F.3d 443 (8th Cir. 2003). There, we upheld the investigatory stop of two people who purchased pseudoephedrine separately from the same store before meeting up at a shared car

,

a nd who had also purchased a lithium battery (another methamphetamine precursor)

at a different store

. Id. at 445. The individual s’ movements in the stores and parking
lots

— splitting up and rejoining one another periodically

— and their separate purchases of methamphetamin e precursors supported a finding of reasonable suspicion. Id. at 448. Although this case lacks a lithium battery purchase , the facts are otherwise quite similar. In both cases, multiple people purchased

Constitution is also substantially similar to a claim under the United States Constitution. State v. Dewitt , 811 N.W.2d 460, 467 (Iowa 2012)

. Because the parties have not articulate d any reason to treat their state law claims differently in this case

, we assess the state constitutional claims under the same general standards as their federal constitutional claims.- 7

- pseudoephedrine separately within a short time and rejoined one another at the same
vehicle. And here , there are additional fact s supporting reasonable suspicion , such

as (1) suspicious movement in and around the truck and (2) known methamphetamine manufacturers standing around the truck. Ameling ’ s reasonable suspicion holding supports the same here.

The family raise s several arguments to the contrary

. First, they argue that the officers could not be sure they had definitively identified Gossman, Santos, or anyone else before the stop. But reasonable suspicion does not require certainty, including in the identification context. See Arvizu , 534 U.S. at 274 (noting how reasonable suspicion is a considerably lower standard than the preponderance of
evidence standard ); Un ited States v. Lopez

- Tubac , 943 F.3d 1156, 11 58

– 59 (8th Cir. 2019) (finding an officer ’ s identification mistake did not negate reasonable suspicion). Further, the officers ’ suspicions as to the participants ’ identit ies were

not developed in isolation

. Combined with the other suspicious behavior observed, their suspicion s about the participants’ identities contributed to the reasonable suspicion of the officers.

Second, the family argue s that legally purchasing packages of cold medicine
is n ot against the law and the officers observed no traffic violations. In support, they
cite two state court cases holding the legal purchase of cold medicine did not support reasonable suspicion. See State v. Schneider , 80 P.3d 1184, 1189

– 90 (Kan. Ct. App. 2003); People v. Lomas , 812 N.E.2d 39, 47

– 48 (Ill. App. Ct. 2004). Their argument
fails for two reasons.

First, under our precedent, l awful activity can

— and often does

— help form the basis for reasonable suspicion. See, e.g.

, Ameling , 328 F.3d at 448 ( concluding legal purchases, in addition to other factors, supported a finding of reasonable suspicion); see also Illinois v. Wardlow , 528 U.S. 119, 124 (2000) ( noting “ nervous , evasive behavior, ” though not illegal, “ is a pertinent factor in determining reasonable suspicion ” ). Activity that does not directly indicate wrongdoing but suggests criminality is highly relevant to a reasonable

- suspicion determination. See Sokolow

,- 8

- 490 U.S. at 10 ( “‘ [I]nnocent behavior will frequently provide the basis for a showing
of ’ . . . reasonable suspicion. ” (quoting Illinois v. Gates , 462 U.S. 213, 243

– 44 n.13 (1983) )).

Second, the purchases of pseudoephedrine cold medicine ( by separate people
tied to the same car ) was not the only consideration that led to an investigative stop
here . The officers also observed individuals known to be methamphetamine users and manufacturers hanging around the truck and suspicious activity ins ide the truc k. Collectively , the officers ’ observations were enough to support the belief that criminal activity might have been afoot.

N ext , we hold the officers’ first attempt to detain Gossman was also supported by reasonable suspicion. During a lawful Terry stop, officers can “ take any measures that are reasonably necessary to protect their personal safety and to maintain the status quo during the course of the stop. ” Waters v. Madson , 921 F.3d 725, 737 (8th
Cir. 2019) (cleaned up) ( quoting United States v. Sanford , 813 F.3d 708, 713 (8 th Cir. 2016) )

. Depending on the circumstances , o fficers may instruct the driver and passengers to step out of the car , prevent passengers from leaving the scene, and
increase rest raint proportionate to uncooperative behavior during an investigative
detention. See i d. at 738; United States v. Smith , 645 F.3d 998, 1001 (8th Cir. 20 11 ).

Here, the officers had reason to believe Gossman was armed because the
driver of the truck had told them the re was a shotgun in the back seat near Gossman, and Juilfs had already removed a knife from around Gossman ’ s neck . In addition to
the officers ’ suspicions that Gossman was armed, Gossman ’ s lack of cooperation
and his sudden movements in the back seat supported restraining him

. See Waters

, 921 F.3d at 738 (finding the use of handcuffs and placing the suspect in a squad car

were justified where the suspect displayed argumentative behavior and refused to obey orders). As soon as Gossman exited the truck, the record indicates he physically struggled with Boesenberg and ran off . Jones ’ s decision to release Bane to subdue the struggling Gossman and keep him from leaving was not un reasonable.
See Mann v. Yarnell , 497 F.3d 822, 826 (8th Cir. 2007) ( concluding the use of a- 9

- police dog to control a non

- compliant suspect was reasonable where the suspect was merely twisting on the ground ).

The family next argues the officers ’ use of deadly force was excessive. Our precedent says otherwise

. Succ eeding on an excessive force claim requires a showing that the officers used unreasonable force “ judged from the perspective of a reasonable officer on the scene, rather than with the 20/20 vision of hindsight. ” Swearingen v. Judd , 930 F.3d 983, 987 (8th Cir. 2019) ( quoting Graham v. Connor

, 490 U.S. 386, 396 (1989) ). When analyzing reasonableness, a court must consider

“ that police officers are often forced to make split

- second judgments

— in circumstances that are tense, uncertain, and rapidly evolving

— about the amount of force that is necessary in a particular situation. ” Id. at 988. The use of deadly force is constitutionally reasonable under the Fourth Amendment “ if an officer has probable cause to believe that the suspect poses a threat of serious physical harm,
either to the officer or others. ” Thompson v. Dill , 930 F.3d 1008, 1013 (8th Cir. 2019) (quoting Morgan v. Cook , 686 F.3d 494, 497 (8th Cir. 2012)). That rule covers
an officer ’s objectively reasonable mistake. Id. Before using deadly force, officers should give “ some warning ” if it is “ feasible. ” Dooley v. Tharp , 856 F.3d 1177, 1181 (8th Cir. 2017) (quoti ng Loch v. City of Lichfield , 689 F.3d 961, 967 (8 th Cir. 2012) ).

Here, Garringer and Jones reasonably believed Gossman posed a serious threat to their safety and that deadly force was justified. When Bane caught him,
Gossman drew a handgun. That drawn handgun “ pose[d] a threat of serious physical
harm” to the officers and justified their use of deadly force against Gossman. Thompson , 930 F.3d at 1013.

The family advance s two primary arguments as to why it was unreasonable
for the officers to sh oot Gossman. T hey first emphasize that Garringer mistakenly
believed Gossman fired his gun

. They also argue the officers should have warned Gossman before firing. Neither argument has merit considering the totality of the
circumstances

. First, w e need not resolve whether Garringer’s mistaken belief was- 10

- reasonable here since deadly force was authorized because Gossman pulled a gun
and thus the officers were “faced with an apparently loaded weapon .” Smith v. City of Brooklyn Park , 757 F.3d 765, 772 (8th Cir. 2014) (“[N]o constitutional or statutory right exists that would prohibit a police officer from using deadly force when faced with an apparently loaded weapon.” (quoting Sinclair v. City of Des
Moines , 268 F.3d 594, 596 (8th Cir. 2001) (per curiam)) ). Second, Gossman’s family is correct that a warning should be given if it is feasible. See Dooley , 856
F.3d at 1181. But w here the decision to shoot must be made in a “ split

- second ,” as here, it is reasonable to forgo a warning. See Swearinge n , 930 F.3d at 987. In light
of the above , we hold the use of deadly force did not violate the Fourth Amendment.

The family’ s state law assault and false arrest claims also fail because the
officers did not act un reasonably in using deadly force and did not act un lawfully in detaining Gossman

. Under Iowa law, “ an assault only occurs if the peace officer does not reasonably believe the particular force was necessary in the circumstances. ”
Johnson v. Civil Serv. Comm ’n , 352 N.W.2d 252, 257 (Iowa 1984); Iowa Code § 804.8. A nd a false arrest occurs only if there is an unlawful detention or restraint.
Thomas v. Marion C n ty. , 652 N.W.2d 183, 186 (Iowa 2002). Because the officers ’ use of deadly force was reasonable and the detention of Gossman was lawful, the district court properly disposed of the assault and false arrest claims. 5

III. Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm.

______________________________

5 The family also argues the district court erred in deciding to strike certain portions of the record and their statement of facts offered in support of summary judgment. However, they admit these issues only need to be resolved if we reverse the grant of summary judgment and remand for further proceedings. Appellant’s Br. at 17, 48, 55. Having affirmed the grant of summary judgment, we need not reach these issues.