T.C. Memo. 1996-194

UNITED STATES TAX COURT

CARLTON H. PERRY, Petitioner v. 

COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent

Docket No. 7548-94. Filed April 22, 1996.

Carlton H. Perry, pro se.

Paul G. Robeck, for respondent.

MEMORANDUM FINDINGS OF FACT AND OPINION

CHIECHI, Judge: Respondent determined a deficiency in

petitioner's Federal income tax for 1989 in the amount of $6,058.

The issues remaining for decision are:

(1) Is petitioner entitled to deduct for 1989 any of the

expenses with respect to the use of his motor home that he

claimed in Schedule E of his Federal income tax return for that
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1 Respondent's notice of deficiency (notice) for 1989 was issued

to both petitioner and his former wife Ms. Perry. Ms. Perry did

not file a petition with respect to that notice, and, accordingly, she is not a party in the present case.

year (1989 return)? We hold that he is not.

(2) Is petitioner entitled to deduct for 1989 any of the

expenses with respect to meals claimed in Schedule E of his 1989

return? We hold that he is not. 

FINDINGS OF FACT

Some of the facts have been stipulated and are so found.

Petitioner resided in Portland, Oregon, at the time the

petition was filed. Petitioner and his former wife Barbara J.

Perry (Ms. Perry) filed a joint 1989 return.1

During 1989, petitioner spent time researching and writing a

novel that had not been published or sold as of the end of that

year. He also held certain investments during that year.

Petitioner's income for 1989, as reported in his 1989

return, included (1) interest income from savings, (2) dividend

income from investments in various securities, (3) rental income

from investments in rental real estate, and (4) capital gains

from the sale of stocks and the sale of rental real estate.

Motor Home Expenses

During 1989, petitioner owned a 1987 Pace Arrow motor home

(motor home) that was 33 to 34 feet in length and that was

equipped with a kitchen, a bath, a sleeping area, a living area,

a television, and a videocassette recorder.
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During the year at issue, petitioner, accompanied by his

then wife Ms. Perry, used the motor home for the purpose of

taking trips to various locations in Oregon. They used the motor

home to reach their destination, and they slept and ate in the

motor home during the course of those trips. The trips that

petitioner and Ms. Perry took during 1989 were for the purpose of

personal pleasure and recreation and were not business related. 

During 1989, petitioner did not at any time operate the motor

home as a rental property.

During 1989, petitioner maintained a two-page handwritten

log, entitled "MILAGE [sic] RECORDS For 1989" (mileage log), in

which he recorded the following at the time he purchased gasoline

for the motor home: The date of the purchase of gasoline, the

city in which it was purchased, the odometer reading of the motor

home, the generator use of the motor home, the number of gallons

of gasoline purchased, the dollar amount paid for the purchase of

gasoline, and other miscellaneous motor home expenses, such as

propane refills. The mileage log did not in any way indicate

that there was any business purpose for the trips that petitioner

and Ms. Perry took in, or for any other use of, the motor home

during 1989.

During 1989, petitioner also maintained a handwritten log

(handwritten log) consisting of 61 pages of notes that described

in detail the trips that he and Ms. Perry took in the motor home

during that year. In that handwritten log, petitioner noted that
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(1) he and Ms. Perry took a total of 10 trips during 1989; 

(2) those trips were taken during the months of April through

October 1989; (3) each such trip lasted from two to 15 days; and

(4) the total number of days that they spent on those trips was

70 days. Petitioner also described in detail in the handwritten

log his experiences during such trips, including the places at

which he and Ms. Perry camped, the walks and hikes they took, the

flowers, plants, and wildlife they saw, an old grave site they

visited, the sunrises and the sunsets they watched, and the food

they ate. The handwritten log did not in any way indicate that

there was any business purpose for the trips that petitioner and

Ms. Perry took in, or for any other use of, the motor home during

1989.

In his 1989 return, petitioner reported the following

expenses totaling $17,442 that he claimed were associated with

the maintenance of the motor home:

Depreciation $8,106 

Equipment repairs 363

Gas, lube, tune-up 1,469

General maintenance and repair 1,669

Groceries and related items 939

Household miscellaneous expenses 285

Insurance 929

Interest 3,682

Petitioner allocated 50 percent of the total reported

expenses of $17,442 to his rental real estate activities and

claimed a deduction of $8,721 in Schedule E of his 1989 return

for the use of the motor home in connection with those activi-
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2 All section references are to the Internal Revenue Code (Code)

in effect for the year at issue. All Rule references are to the

Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure.

ties. He allocated approximately 25 percent of those reported

expenses to activities relating to his researching and writing a

novel during 1989 and claimed a deduction of $4,360 in Schedule C

of his 1989 return for the use of the motor home in connection

with those activities. Petitioner allocated the remaining portion of those reported expenses to his personal activities and

did not claim a deduction for the use of the motor home in

connection with those activities.

Meal Expenses

During 1989, petitioner incurred expenses for meals at various restaurants in the total amount of $6,500. Those expenses

reflected the cost of meals for petitioner and Ms. Perry. During

the year at issue, petitioner did not at any time buy meals for

prospective tenants and did not typically buy meals for then

current tenants. Petitioner allocated 25 percent of the total

meal expenses of $6,500 to his rental real estate activities and

claimed a deduction with respect thereto in the amount of $1,625

in Schedule E of his 1989 return.

OPINION

Petitioner bears the burden of proving that respondent's

determinations are erroneous. Rule 142(a);2 Welch v. Helvering,

290 U.S. 111, 115 (1933). Deductions are strictly a matter of
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3 Sec. 212 allows a deduction for all ordinary and necessary

expenses paid or incurred during the taxable year for the production or collection of income or for the management, conservation,

or maintenance of property held for the production of income. 

Petitioner has not expressly argued that he is entitled to a

(continued...)

legislative grace, and petitioner bears the burden of proving

that he is entitled to any deduction claimed. New Colonial Ice

Co. v. Helvering, 292 U.S. 435, 440 (1934).

Petitioner attempted to satisfy his burden of proof in this

case through his own testimony and certain documentary evidence. 

We found petitioner's testimony at times questionable, general,

vague, conclusory, and evasive. Under the circumstances presented here, we are not required to, and we do not, rely on petitioner's testimony to sustain his burden of establishing error in

respondent's determinations. See Lerch v. Commissioner, 877 F.2d

624, 631-632 (7th Cir. 1989), affg. T.C. Memo. 1987-295; Geiger

v. Commissioner, 440 F.2d 688, 689-690 (9th Cir. 1971), affg. per

curiam T.C. Memo. 1969-159; Tokarski v. Commissioner, 87 T.C. 74,

77 (1986). As for the documentary evidence on which petitioner

relies, for the reasons discussed below, we find that those

documents do not support petitioner's contentions and/or are

unreliable.

Motor Home Expenses

Section 162(a) generally allows a deduction for ordinary and

necessary expenses paid or incurred during the taxable year in

carrying on a trade or business.3 To be entitled to a deduction
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3(...continued)

deduction under that section for any of the motor home expenses

at issue. Nor would the record support such an argument, since,

as we hold infra, petitioner has failed to establish that the

motor home was used in connection with his rental real estate,

rather than personal, activities. 

under section 162(a), the taxpayer must establish, inter alia,

that the expense for which a deduction is claimed was incurred

primarily for business, rather than personal, reasons and that

there is a proximate relationship between the expense and the

taxpayer's business. See Henry v. Commissioner, 36 T.C. 879, 884

(1961); Larrabee v. Commissioner, 33 T.C. 838, 841 (1960). The

determination of whether an expenditure satisfies the requirements of deductibility under section 162 is a question of fact. 

Commissioner v. Heininger, 320 U.S. 467, 475 (1943).

Section 167(a) allows as a depreciation deduction a reasonable allowance for the exhaustion, wear and tear of property used

in a trade or business or for the production of income. No

depreciation deduction is allowed for property that is used

solely for pleasure. Sec. 1.167(a)-2, Income Tax Regs.; see sec.

262. 

Section 280A(a) generally disallows a deduction, otherwise

allowable under the Code, with respect to the use of a dwelling

unit, including a "mobile home * * * or similar property", if the

taxpayer's personal use of the unit during the year exceeds the

greater of 14 days or 10 percent of the number of days during

such year for which the unit is rented at a fair rental. Sec.

280A(a), (d)(1), and (f)(1)(A).
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4 In order to satisfy the requirements of sec. 280A(c)(1), the

taxpayer must establish, inter alia, that an expense item is

allocable to a portion of his or her dwelling unit that such

taxpayer used in connection with an activity that constitutes a

trade or business within the meaning of sec. 162(a), and not

merely in connection with an activity that constitutes an incomeproducing activity within the meaning of sec. 212. Curphey v.

Commissioner, 73 T.C. 766, 770 (1980).

Section 280A(c) provides certain exceptions to the general

disallowance rule of section 280A(a). The pertinent exception in

the instant case is that prescribed by section 280A(c)(1). That

section provides that section 280A(a) shall not apply to any item

to the extent the taxpayer can establish that such item is

allocable to a portion of his or her dwelling unit that is used

(1) exclusively, (2) on a regular basis, and (3) for one of the

following purposes: 

(a) As the principal place of business for any trade or

business of the taxpayer, 

(b) as a place of business that is used by patients, clients, or customers in meeting or dealing with the taxpayer in the

normal course of his or her trade or business, or 

(c) in the case of a separate structure which is not attached to the dwelling unit, in connection with the taxpayer's

trade or business.4

Although petitioner's argument is not altogether clear, he

appears to contend that (1) he is entitled to a deduction for

1989 under sections 162(a) and 167(a) for the motor home expenses

reported in Schedule E of his 1989 return because the motor home

was used in connection with his rental real estate activities and
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5 Petitioner concedes that he is not entitled to a deduction for

1989 for the reported motor home expenses that he allocated to

activities relating to his researching and writing a novel during

1989 and for which he claimed a deduction in Schedule C of his

1989 return.

(2) those expenses are not disallowed under section 280A(a)

because his use of the motor home as the principal place of

business for the operations of those activities falls within the

exception provided by 280A(c)(1).5

Respondent contends that petitioner is not entitled for 1989

to a deduction for the motor home expenses at issue because he

failed to prove that the motor home was used in connection with

his rental real estate, rather than personal, activities. Respondent further contends that even if the deductions were otherwise allowable by the Code, they are disallowed under section

280A(a) because petitioner has failed to establish that he used

the motor home exclusively in connection with his rental real

estate activities as required by section 280A(c)(1).

Petitioner relies on three documents to support his contention that he used the motor home in connection with his rental

real estate activities and claims that those documents corroborate his testimony that he used the motor home as a place to meet

with tenants, as a vehicle by which to transport material, as a

storage place to store equipment, and as a vehicle to travel to

various destinations in Oregon in search of new real estate

investments.

Two of the documents on which petitioner relies are the
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6 Petitioner testified that notations made in the far right

margin of the mileage log in the form of slash marks under a

column labeled "Calls" represent the times that he met with his

tenants in the motor home with respect to matters relating to his

real estate rentals. Petitioner further testified inconsistently

as to whether those notations were contemporaneous records of

those alleged meetings. The mileage log contained no notations

of (1) the names of the tenants with whom petitioner allegedly

met in the motor home, (2) the dates or the times of such alleged

meetings, or (3) the subjects that he discussed during such

alleged meetings. On the instant record, we place no particular

weight on the slash marks in the mileage log or, for the reasons

stated above, on petitioner's testimony concerning them in

(continued...)

mileage log and the handwritten log. The mileage log contained

information relating to the dates on which petitioner purchased

gasoline for the motor home, the cities in which it was purchased, the odometer readings of the motor home, the generator

use of the motor home, the number of gallons of gasoline purchased, the respective dollar amounts paid for the gasoline

purchased, and other miscellaneous motor home expenses, such as

propane refills. The handwritten log consisted of 61 pages of

notes in which petitioner described in detail his experiences

during the trips that he and Ms. Perry took in the motor home

during the months of April through October 1989, including the

places at which they camped, the walks and hikes they took, the

flowers, plants, and wildlife they saw, an old grave site they

visited, the sunrises and the sunsets they watched, and the food

they ate. Neither the mileage log nor the handwritten log in any

way indicated that there was any business purpose for the trips

that petitioner and Ms. Perry took in, or for any other use of,

the motor home during 1989.6 To the contrary, the handwritten
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6(...continued)

determining whether the motor home was used in connection with

petitioner's rental real estate activities.

log establishes that petitioner used the motor home to take trips

that were for the purpose of personal pleasure and recreation and

that were not related to petitioner's rental real estate activities.

The third document on which petitioner relies is entitled

"1989 Pace Summary of R.E [sic] Investment/Travel Activity" (real

estate log). We have serious reservations about the reliability

of that document. It purports to be a list of the real properties that petitioner allegedly visited during the trips in 1989

that he and Ms. Perry took in the motor home. The real estate

log was created by petitioner on his personal computer and was

saved on a computer diskette. Petitioner produced that log on

October 2, 1995, two days prior to the trial herein and after

having been informed by respondent's counsel that, as far as

respondent was concerned, the documents petitioner had presented

to respondent's counsel failed to establish a business purpose

for the motor home during 1989. On cross-examination, when

petitioner was asked whether he had made any substantive changes

to the real estate log prior to the trial, he was evasive in his

response. In addition, the real estate log contained a general

and vague description of the real properties that petitioner

purportedly visited during 1989 and did not contain any specific

information relating to such properties, such as the addresses
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thereof, the names and phone numbers of sellers or real estate

brokers, or the asking prices of any such properties.

Our reservations about the reliability of the real estate

log are compounded by the results of an examination of the computer diskette on which the real estate log was saved that was

conducted by Leslie Sawyer (Ms. Sawyer), a computer investigative

specialist employed by the Internal Revenue Service. The first

and last entries in the real estate log relating to the real

properties that petitioner purportedly visited during 1989 were

dated February 12, 1989, and December 7, 1989, respectively. Ms.

Sawyer printed a directory listing of the computer diskette on

which the real estate log was saved, and that directory listing

indicated that that log was last saved at a time when the computer system's date was set on December 7, 1989, which is consistent with the date of the last entry in that log. Ms. Sawyer

also used a computer program, known as "Norton Utilities", to

retrieve a document that was at one time saved on that computer

diskette and later deleted. That document was substantially

identical to the real estate log and was last saved at a time

when the computer system's date was set on January 1, 1989. 

Petitioner did not offer an adequate explanation as to why a

document that was saved at a time when the computer system's date

was set on January 1, 1989, contained information with dates

after that date.
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7 Although petitioner also testified about the real properties

that he allegedly visited during the trips in 1989 that he and

Ms. Perry took in the motor home, his testimony with respect to

that matter was general, vague, and/or conclusory. As stated

above, we are unwilling to rely on petitioner's testimony to

sustain his burden of proof in this case.

8 In fact, petitioner has failed to establish that during the

year at issue his rental real estate activities were sufficiently

systematic and continuous so as to constitute a trade or business. See Curphey v. Commissioner, 73 T.C. at 775.

Based on the state of the record in this case, we do not

place any particular weight on the real estate log in resolving

whether petitioner used the motor home in connection with his

rental real estate activities. Even assuming arguendo that we

were willing to place any weight on that log, we do not believe

that it establishes that the trips taken by petitioner in the

motor home during 1989 were primarily for business, rather than

personal, purposes, nor does it establish any other business use

of the motor home during that year.7 

Based on our review of the entire record in this case, we

find that petitioner has failed to establish that the motor home

was used in carrying on his rental real estate activities within

the meaning of section 162(a) or that it was used in or for those

activities within the meaning of section 167(a).8 Consequently,

we find that petitioner has failed to establish that he is entitled for 1989 to the deductions he claimed under sections

162(a) and 167(a) with respect to the motor home. 

Even assuming arguendo that the motor home expenses at issue

were allowable deductions under sections 162(a) and 167(a), those
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deductions would be disallowed by section 280A(a). The motor

home owned and used by petitioner during 1989 was a dwelling unit

within the meaning of section 280A(f)(1)(A). See Haberkorn v.

Commissioner, 75 T.C. 259, 260 (1980). In addition, the motor

home was a residence within the meaning of section 280A(d)(1)

because (1) petitioner did not at any time operate the motor home

as a rental property and (2) petitioner concedes that he used the

motor home for personal purposes and does not dispute that his

personal use exceeded 14 days. See sec. 280A(d)(1). Accordingly, assuming arguendo that deductions for the motor home expenses

at issue were allowable under sections 162(a) and 167(a), those

deductions would be disallowed under section 280A(a) unless

petitioner were to establish that they were allocable to a portion of the motor home that was used exclusively and on a regular

basis in connection with his rental real estate activities for

one of the purposes enumerated in section 280A(c)(1).

The exclusive use requirement of section 280A(c)(1) requires

that the taxpayer use a portion of a dwelling unit solely for the

purpose of carrying on a trade or business and that there be no

personal use of that part of the dwelling unit. See Cadwallader

v. Commissioner, 919 F.2d 1273, 1275 (7th Cir. 1990), affg. T.C.

Memo. 1989-356; Goldberger, Inc. v. Commissioner, 88 T.C. 1532,

1557 (1987) (quoting S. Rept. 94-938 (1976), 1976-3 C.B. (Vol. 3)

49, 186; H. Rept. 94-658 (1975), 1976-3 (Vol. 2) 695, 853)). The

use of a portion of a dwelling unit for both personal and busi-
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9 We note, however, that petitioner also has failed to satisfy

the requirements of sec. 280A(c)(1) because he has not established that his rental real estate activities constituted a trade

or business within the meaning of sec. 162(a). See supra notes

4, 8.

ness purposes does not meet the exclusive use requirement of

section 280A(c)(1). Goldberger, Inc. v. Commissioner, supra at

1557. Petitioner has failed to establish that he used any

portion of the motor home solely for the purpose of carrying on

his rental real estate activities. Accordingly, petitioner has

failed to satisfy the exclusive use requirement of section

280A(c)(1). Consequently, assuming arguendo that deductions for

the motor home expenses at issue were allowable under sections

162(a) and 167(a), those deductions would be disallowed under

section 280A(a).9

Based on our review of the entire record before us, we

sustain respondent's determination that petitioner is not entitled to deduct for 1989 the motor home expenses at issue.

Meal Expenses

In Schedule E of his 1989 return, petitioner claimed a

deduction of $1,625 for meal expenses. Respondent determined

that petitioner is not entitled to that claimed deduction because

he has failed to establish (1) that those expenses were ordinary

and necessary expenses paid in carrying on a trade or business

under section 162(a) or for the production or collection of

income under section 212 and (2) that he complied with the substantiation requirements of section 274(d).
- 16 -

In general, for purposes of section 162(a) and section 212,

an expense is ordinary if it is considered normal, usual, or

customary in the context of the particular business or incomeproducing activity out of which it arose. See, e.g., Deputy v.

du Pont, 308 U.S. 488, 495-496 (1940); Estate of Davis v. Commissioner, 79 T.C. 503, 507 (1982). Ordinarily, for purposes of

those sections, an expense is necessary if it is appropriate and

helpful to the operation of the taxpayer's trade or business or

income-producing activity. See, e.g., Commissioner v. Tellier,

383 U.S. 687, 689 (1966); Estate of Davis v. Commissioner, supra.

Petitioner testified generally that the meal expenses at

issue are expenses that were incurred in connection with his

rental real estate activities because he used the time that he

spent at various restaurants to establish a business relationship

with the restaurant's waiters, waitresses, and patrons, who

assisted him in the promotion of his rental real estate by referring prospective tenants to him. The meal expenses incurred by

petitioner during 1989 reflected the cost of meals for petitioner

and Ms. Perry. During that year, petitioner did not at any time

buy meals for prospective tenants and did not typically buy meals

for then current tenants. The record does not establish the

identity of any tenants or other individuals associated with his

rental real estate activities for whom petitioner bought meals

during 1989, the amounts expended on any such meals, the dates or

times that he bought any such meals, or the business that was
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10 Sec. 274(d) provides in pertinent part:

(d) SUBSTANTIATION REQUIRED.--No deduction or credit

shall be allowed--

* * * * * * *

(2) for any item with respect to an activity which is

of a type generally considered to constitute entertainment,

amusement, or recreation, or with respect to a facility

used in connection with such an activity,

* * * * * * *

unless the taxpayer substantiates by adequate records or by

sufficient evidence corroborating the taxpayer's own statement (A) the amount of such expense or other item, (B) the

time and place of the * * * entertainment, amusement, recreation, or use of the facility or property, * * * (C) the

business purpose of the expense or other item, and (D) the

business relationship to the taxpayer of persons entertained * * *.

discussed during any such meals. Based on the instant record, we

find that petitioner has failed to establish that the meal expenses incurred during 1989 were ordinary and necessary expenses

that were incurred in connection with his rental real estate

activities.

Petitioner also failed to establish that he satisfied the

substantiation requirements of section 274(d).10 A taxpayer may

satisfy the substantiation requirements of section 274(d) by

adequate records or by sufficient evidence corroborating his or

her own statement. Sec. 1.274-5(c)(1), Income Tax Regs. To meet

the adequate records requirements of section 1.274-5(c)(1),

Income Tax Regs., a taxpayer must keep an account book, diary, or

similar document that records information required by section
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274(d) (including a written statement of the business purpose of

the expenditure) and that is prepared at or near the time the

expense is paid. Sec. 1.274-5(c)(2), Income Tax Regs. Where a

taxpayer fails to comply with the adequate records requirements

of that regulation, he or she may satisfy the substantiation

requirements of section 274(d) by (1) his or her own statement,

written or oral, that contains specific information in detail

relating to those substantiation requirements and (2) other

corroborative evidence sufficient to establish those requirements. Sec. 1.274-5(c)(3), Income Tax Regs.

Petitioner did not present any contemporaneous account book,

diary, or similar document that recorded information required by

section 274(d). In addition, petitioner testified in a general

manner about the meal expenses at issue, and his testimony did

not contain specific information in detail as to the business

purpose for those expenses and was not accompanied by any corroborative evidence. Accordingly, petitioner failed to satisfy

the substantiation requirements of section 274(d).

Based on our review of the entire record in this case, we

sustain respondent's determination that petitioner is not entitled to deduct for 1989 the meal expenses at issue.

To reflect the foregoing and petitioner's concessions,

Decision will be entered for

respondent.