UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

____________________________________

)

PUBLIC EMPLOYEES FOR )

ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSIBILITY, )

)

Plaintiff, )

)

v. ) Civil Action No. 12-1293 (ABJ)

)

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, )

NATIONAL OCEANIC AND )

ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION, )

NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES )

SERVICE, )

)

Defendant. )

____________________________________)

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Plaintiff Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility (“PEER”) brings this lawsuit

against defendant United States Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric 

Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service (“NMFS”), alleging that NMFS violated the 

Freedom of Information Act (“FOIA”), 5 U.S.C. § 552 (2006), by improperly denying PEER’s 

request for a fee waiver. Compl. ¶ 31. PEER seeks an injunction compelling NMFS to grant the 

fee-waiver request and release the documents sought. Compl. at 9. The parties have crossmoved for summary judgment. See Def.’s Mot. for Summ. J. [Dkt. # 12] (“Def.’s Mot.”); Pl.’s 

Mot. for Summ. J. [Dkt. #13] (“Pl.’s Mot.”). The Court will grant summary judgment in favor of 

NMFS because, although PEER has standing to bring this claim, the Court finds on the merits 

that NMFS’s denial of the fee-waiver request was proper because there is no sufficient public 

interest in disclosure of the requested information.
2

I. BACKGROUND

A. Factual Background

PEER is a non-profit, public-interest organization that focuses on public policy issues 

related to the environment, public lands, and natural resources management. Compl. ¶ 12. On 

December 14, 2004, PEER electronically submitted a request under FOIA (FOIA Request No. 

2012–00249) and the Privacy Act to NMFS, seeking documents related to a former observer for 

the NMFS observer program, Jonathan Lee Combs.1 See AR 00001–08; Compl. ¶ 21. The 

Complaint alleges that between 2006 and 2011, Combs was contracted as a “Fisheries Observer” 

for the NMFS Pelagic Observers Program (“POP”). Compl. ¶ 15. On July 29, 2011, Combs was 

informed by e-mail that NMFS would no longer be using his services because “of difficulties in 

working with him.” Compl. ¶ 17. The termination e-mail Combs received referenced a prior email that Combs had sent to an NMFS program manager regarding what Combs saw as potential 

legal violations committed by NMFS. Compl. ¶ 17. PEER claims that, prior to sending the

termination e-mail, NMFS did not advise Combs that his performance was not adequate or warn 

Combs that he would be terminated, which violates POP’s performance evaluation protocols for

terminating an observer. See Compl. ¶¶ 18–20.

The FOIA request sought: (1) all evaluation, incidents or other files on Combs 

maintained within NMFS; (2) all communications with observer contractors or other third parties 

that mention Combs; and (3) any documents or instructions that reference Combs. AR 00002; 

Compl. ¶ 21. Attached to the request was a sworn declaration signed by Combs that authorized 

the release to PEER of any information responsive to the FOIA request that concerned Combs. 

AR 00006. Combs’s declaration stated that PEER had filed the FOIA request “on my behalf.” 

 

1 Though PEER’s original request was made pursuant to FOIA as well as the Privacy Act, see

Compl. ¶ 3, PEER’s complaint in this action does not allege that defendant violated the Privacy Act. 
3

Id. The request itself stated that PEER, “on behalf of Dr. Charles Monnett (see attached Privacy 

Act statement and authorization to release information to PEER from Mr. Jonathan Lee Combs),

is requesting information related to [Combs’] assignments, evaluation and other pertinent 

matters.” AR 00002.2 The request was signed by PEER Executive Director Jeff Ruch and was 

sent from Ruch’s official PEER e-mail address directly to NMFS FOIA Officer Michael Justen. 

AR 00001. PEER also sought a fee waiver and provided the following justification for its feewaiver request: 

PEER requests that all fees be waived because disclosure of the information is in 

the public interest . . . and is not primarily in the commercial interest of the 

requester:

1. The records concern the operations and activities of the Government.

The FOIA request is, by its terms, limited to identifiable activities of NMFS 

employees, contractors and subcontractors.

2. The disclosure of the requested records is likely to contribute to public 

understanding of these operations and activities.

The requested material concerns how agency evaluation of fishing fleet observer 

performance as well as whether there has been retaliation against an observer for 

raising potential violations of law or regulation [sic]. Our FOIA request . . . will 

generate the paper trail enabling the general public to understand precisely how 

NMFS operates its observer program.

3. The release of these requested records will contribute significantly to public 

understanding of the governmental activities.

While it is difficult to warrant in advance to seeing it just how [sic] significant the 

information will be to the general public, the nature of the information should 

shed direct light on how well the NMFS observer program works in 

accomplishing its central resource protection mission.

While a certain segment of the population has a keen interest in the sustainability 

of fishing harvests . . . as well as the negative impacts of fishing practices . . . the 

broader public interest served by this request concerns whether the NMFS fishing 

observer program is being mismanaged.

 

2 Another copy of the request letter, which is attached to PEER’s appeal of defendant’s

initial denial of its request for fees, states that PEER “on behalf of Mr. Jonathan Lee Combs (see 

attached Privacy Act statement and authorization to release information to PEER), is requesting”

the information. AR 00012 (emphasis added).
4

In addition, the general public has a keen interest in whether observers are being 

pressured to overlook violations or are punished if they report [the] same...

PEER intends to provide the requested information to members of Congress and 

its relevant committees. We also intend to disseminate it to the general public 

though [sic] – Release to the news media; Posting on the PEER webpage which 

draws between 1,000 and 10,000 viewers per day; and Publication in the PEER 

newsletter which has a circulation of approximately 20,000....

AR 00013–14 (citations and formatting omitted).

NMFS timely acknowledged receipt of plaintiff’s FOIA request, including the fee-waiver 

request. AR 00015. NMFS denied PEER’s fee-waiver request in a letter dated April 4, 2012. 

This letter was addressed to PEER Executive Director and, other than a passing reference to the 

documents themselves, did not mention Combs or address him as the party requesting the 

documents. AR 00007–08; Compl. ¶ 23. NMFS denied the fee waiver because it “[found] it 

unlikely that records related to a single observer would significantly contribute to the public’s 

understanding of the larger observer program.” AR 00008; Compl. ¶ 23.

NMFS sent PEER a fee estimate letter, which was dated April 25, 2012. Ex. 1 to Rilling 

Decl. [Dkt. # 12-3]. In this letter and in all communications between NMFS and PEER that 

occurred prior to this lawsuit and that are included in the administrative record, NMFS 

acknowledged PEER as the party requesting the documents. AR 00007–11, 00015, 00027–28; 

Ex. 1 to Rilling Decl. On November 6, 2012, as part of the pleadings in this lawsuit, a 

representative of NMFS stated that “[t]he letter dated April 25, 2012 [sic] providing Plaintiff 

with a fee estimate misidentified the requester as PEER. The actual requester is the individual 

on whose behalf PEER filed the request, Jonathan Lee Combs.” Rilling Decl. ¶ 6.
5

B. Procedural Background

On April 19, 2012, PEER filed a timely administrative appeal of NMFS’s denial of the 

fee-waiver request, stating that the records would be “extremely helpful in providing the general 

public with in-depth understanding of important aspects of the observer program at large.” 

AR 00010. In a letter dated May 30, 2012, NMFS acknowledged receipt of PEER’s appeal and 

upheld its prior decision to deny the fee waiver. AR 00027–28. NMFS upheld the denial on the 

grounds that the information sought, which related to a single observer, was unlikely to provide 

the public insight into the observer program as a whole. Id. The letter further stated that, even if 

the documentation was to provide such insight, this information would not “significantly 

contribute to the public understanding of specific government operations.” Id. The letter also 

informed PEER of its right, as the party requesting the documents, to obtain judicial review of 

the denial of the fee-waiver request. Id.

PEER has now fully exhausted its administrative remedies under FOIA and has filed a 

complaint in this Court seeking judicial review of NMFS’s decision to deny its fee-waiver 

request. Compl. ¶ 29. On November 8, 2012, NMFS moved for summary judgment, arguing 

that PEER lacked standing to bring suit and that PEER failed to demonstrate that NMFS’s denial 

of the fee-waiver request was improper as a matter of law. Def.’s Mem. at 1–2. In support of its 

motion, NMFS submitted affidavits by NOAA FOIA Officer Wendy Schumacher and NMFS 

National Observer Program Manager and Science and Technology FOIA Coordinator Gene 

Christopher Rilling, as well as attachments to the affidavits, including an administrative record.

[Dkts. # 12-1, 12-2, 12-3]. On December 7, 2012, PEER responded and cross-moved for 

summary judgment, arguing that PEER did have standing to bring the action because it was the 
6

original FOIA requester and that NMFS, as a matter of law, improperly denied the fee-waiver 

request. Pl.’s Mem. at 1–2.

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

Summary judgment is appropriate “if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute 

as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 

56(a). The party seeking summary judgment bears the “initial responsibility of informing the 

district court of the basis for its motion, and identifying those portions of the pleadings, 

depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if 

any, which it believes demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact.” Celotex 

Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986) (internal quotation marks omitted). To defeat 

summary judgment, the non-moving party must “designate specific facts showing that there is a 

genuine issue for trial.” Id. at 324 (internal quotation marks omitted). The existence of a factual 

dispute is insufficient to preclude summary judgment. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 

242, 247–48 (1986). A dispute is “genuine” only if a reasonable fact-finder could find for the 

non-moving party; a fact is only “material” if it is capable of affecting the outcome of the 

litigation. Id. at 248; Laningham v. U.S. Navy, 813 F.2d 1236, 1241 (D.C. Cir. 1987). In 

assessing a party’s motion, the court must “view the facts and draw reasonable inferences ‘in the 

light most favorable to the party opposing the summary judgment motion.’” Scott v. Harris, 550 

U.S. 372, 378 (2007) (alterations omitted), quoting United States v. Diebold, Inc., 369 U.S. 654, 

655 (1962) (per curiam).

“The rule governing cross-motions for summary judgment . . . is that neither party 

waives the right to a full trial on the merits by filing its own motion; each side concedes that no 

material facts are at issue only for the purposes of its own motion.” Sherwood v. Washington 
7

Post, 871 F.2d 1144, 1148 n.4 (D.C. Cir. 1989), quoting McKenzie v. Sawyer, 684 F.2d 62, 68 

n.3 (D.C. Cir. 1982). In assessing each party’s motion, “[a]ll underlying facts and inferences are 

analyzed in the light most favorable to the non-moving party.” N.S. ex rel. Stein v. District of 

Columbia, 709 F. Supp. 2d 57, 65 (D.D.C. 2010), citing Anderson, 477 U.S. at 247. On judicial 

review, “FOIA cases are typically and appropriately decided on motions for summary 

judgment.” Moore v. Bush, 601 F. Supp. 2d 6, 12 (D.D.C. 2009).

III. ANALYSIS

When a court is faced with challenges to subject matter jurisdiction and the merits of a 

claim, it must address the jurisdictional question before addressing the merits. National Sec. 

Counselors v. CIA, 898 F. Supp. 2d 233, 253 (D.D.C. 2012), citing Steel Co. v. Citizens for a 

Better Env’t, 523 U.S. 83, 101 (1998). The Court will therefore first address PEER’s standing to 

bring its claim.

A. PEER has standing to challenge NMFS’s denial of the fee-waiver request. 

PEER has standing to challenge the NMFS’s decision to deny the request for a fee waiver 

because PEER made the original FOIA request and is therefore a real party-in-interest to the feewaiver dispute before the Court. The purpose of FOIA is to require the release of government 

records upon request and to “ensure an informed citizenry, vital to the functioning of a 

democratic society, needed to check against corruption and to hold the governors accountable to 

the governed.” NLRB v. Robbins Tire & Rubber Co., 437 U.S. 214, 242 (1978); see also Ctr. for 

Nat’l Sec. Studies v. DOJ, 331 F.3d 918, 925 (D.C. Cir. 2003) (“FOIA represents a balance 

struck by Congress between the public’s right to know and the government’s legitimate interest 

in keeping certain information confidential.”). FOIA requires that, barring certain exemptions, 

“each agency, upon any request for records which (i) reasonably describes such records and (ii) 
8

is made in accordance with published rules stating the time, place, fees (if any), and procedures 

to be followed, shall make the records promptly available to any person.” 5 U.S.C. § 552 (3)(A) 

(emphasis added). The term “any person . . . includes individuals, partnerships, corporations, 

associations and foreign and domestic governments.” MAXXAM, Inc. v. F.D.I.C., 1999 WL 

33912624, at *2 n.1 (D.D.C. Jan. 29, 1999). “[A]ny person who submits a [FOIA] request may 

obtain access to governmental records regardless of whether they have a personal stake in the 

information sought.” McDonnell v. United States, 4 F.3d 1227, 1237 (3d Cir. 1993) (finding that 

legislative history demonstrates that Congress intended FOIA requests to be made by anyone but 

that a person unnamed in a particular FOIA request who does not pursue an appeal of agency 

action has no right to receive documents and no standing to sue). A party submitting a FOIA 

request is therefore not required to explain the reason behind its request. Nat’l Archives &

Records Admin. v. Favish, 541 U.S. 157, 172 (2004). FOIA also requires that any administrative 

fees be waived or reduced if disclosure of the requested information is likely to contribute

significantly to public understanding of the operations or activities of the government and is not

primarily in the commercial interest of the requester. See 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(A)(iii).

In an action challenging an agency’s response to a FOIA request, the party making the 

FOIA request is a real party-in-interest and, as a result of the legal right created by the statute,

has standing to bring an action against the agency. Burka v. U.S. Dep't of Health & Human 

Servs., 142 F.3d 1286, 1288 (D.C. Cir. 1998) (indicating that a pro se attorney litigant who 

brought suit on behalf of an undisclosed client had standing to challenge agency’s denial of his 

FOIA request and was not required to demonstrate his particular need for the information). It is 

well understood that, when Congress enacts a statute like FOIA that creates legal rights, “the 

invasion of [the legal rights] creates standing, even though no injury would exist without the 
9

statute.” Zivotovsky ex rel. Ari Z. v. Sec’y of State, 444 F.3d 614, 617 (D.C. Cir. 2006), citing 

Linda R.S. v. Richard D., 410 U.S. 614, 617 n.3 (1973). “Although it is natural to think of an 

injury in terms of some economic, physical, or psychological damage, a concrete and particular 

injury for standing purposes can also consist of the violation of an individual right conferred on a

person by statute. Such an injury is concrete because it is of a form traditionally capable of 

judicial resolution, and it is particular because, as the violation of an individual right, it affects 

the plaintiff in a personal and individual way.” Id. at 619 (internal citations omitted). “The 

requester is injured-in-fact . . . because he did not get what the statute entitled him to receive.” 

Nat’l Sec. Counselors, 898 F. Supp. 2d at 254. Just as a party is not required to have a personal 

stake in agency information in order to request the information, the party is not required to have 

such a stake in order to challenge the agency’s denial of the request. See Zivotovsky, 444 F.3d at 

617 (stating that “the requester’s circumstances—why he wants the information, what he plans to 

do with it, what harm he suffered from the failure to disclose . . . are irrelevant to standing.”).

When faced with a FOIA request filed by one party but concerning another, a court will 

consider various factors in order to determine which of the two parties is actually the “FOIA 

requester.” See Dale v. IRS, 238 F. Supp. 2d 99, 102–03 (D.D.C. 2002). In Dale, the plaintiff,

Dale, filed a FOIA request with the IRS without a request for a fee waiver. Id. at 101. The 

request was on letterhead from Judicial Watch – a third-party advocate group. Id. at 101–102. 

Judicial Watch was not a signatory to the request. Id. One year after filing the request, Dale 

requested a fee waiver on behalf of Judicial Watch. Id. The IRS denied the request for fee 

waiver. Id. In reviewing that decision, the court held that Dale was the FOIA requester because 

he had signed the request, filled out and signed the IRS FOIA forms, and was previously 

referenced by the IRS as the requester. Id. at 106–07.
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Here, PEER has standing to challenge the NMFS’s denial of the fee-waiver request

because PEER is the FOIA requester. Several uncontested facts support this determination.

First, the FOIA request was signed by a PEER executive. Second, it was sent from an official 

PEER e-mail account. And third, NMFS acknowledged PEER as the person making the request,

or the “FOIA requester,” in every communication that it had with PEER before this litigation 

commenced. Though not dispositive, the Court finds it instructive that NMFS sent its initial 

response to the request to PEER, not to Combs. See 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(6)(A)(i) ( “Each 

agency . . . shall determine within 20 days . . . after the receipt of such request whether to 

comply . . . and shall immediately notify the person making such request of such 

determination.”) (emphasis added). NMFS also informed PEER, not Combs, about the right to 

appeal the determination. Id. (stating that the agency shall also “notify the person making such 

request . . . of [his] right . . . to appeal to the head of the agency any adverse determination.”)

(emphasis added). NMFS’s apparent understanding that PEER was the FOIA requester at all 

times until PEER filed this lawsuit undercuts its assertion now that Combs is actually the FOIA 

requester. See Rilling Decl. ¶ 6. (stating that “[the April 25, 2012 fee-estimate letter]

misidentified the requester as PEER . . . [but the] actual requester is the individual on whose 

behalf PEER filed the request, Jonathan Lee Combs.”). On the basis of these facts, the Court is 

satisfied that PEER is a FOIA requester for purposes of its standing to challenge the agency’s 

denial of its fee-waiver request. 
11

While NMFS presents a number of cases that deal with the issue of party standing in 

FOIA cases, none of these cases address the issue before the Court.3 See Def.’s Mem. at 5–6, 

citing Burka, 142 F.3d 1286, 1291; Three Forks Ranch v. Bureau of Land Mgmt., Little Snake 

Field Office, 358 F. Supp. 2d 1, 2 (D.D.C. 2005); MAXXAM, 1999 WL 33912624 at *7 n.2. The 

common issue in all three of these cases was not whether the party who filed the FOIA request 

had standing, which is the issue before this Court, but rather whether the party on whose behalf

the request was being made had standing to challenge the agency’s decision. Here, there is no 

dispute that PEER made the request on Comb’s behalf. The question of whether some party 

other than the FOIA requester has standing is not before this Court, and these cases do not shed 

any light on the question that is. In fact, MAXXAM and Burka actually support the Court’s 

determination that PEER does have standing, since it was taken by the courts as given that the 

original requester, akin to PEER in this case, had standing.

NMFS argues that courts should only look to the language of the FOIA request and are

not required to look beyond the “four corners of the request,” in order to ascertain the real partyin-interest. Def.’s Mem. at 5 n.4. According to NMFS, given that the requested information 

pertains to Combs, Combs is the real party-in-interest, not PEER. Id. While the Court agrees 

with the legal proposition that the requesting parting is the individual named in the request, it

does not agree with NMFS’s application of this proposition. The plain language here,

 

3 NMFS also contends that, under Murray v. BOP, 741 F. Supp. 2d 156, 161 (D.D.C. 

2010), the fact that the FOIA request was also brought under the Privacy Act further 

demonstrates that Combs was the requester and real party-in-interest because the Privacy Act 

only allows individuals to request records. Def.’s Mem. at 6–7 n.5. However, simply because 

PEER decided to request information under the Privacy Act does not demonstrate that PEER was 

not submitting the FOIA request under its own name. Furthermore, the issue of whether or not 

PEER had authority under the Privacy Act to request records is irrelevant, given that PEER does 

not claim that NMFS violated the Privacy Act.
12

specifically the appearance of the signature of a PEER executive director and the text justifying 

the fee waiver from the perspective of PEER as the requester, plainly indicates that PEER is the 

real party-in-interest. The fact that the requested information pertains to a third-party individual

does not deprive the requesting party of standing to challenge the agency action. 

B. PEER fails to demonstrate that NMFS improperly denied the fee-waiver 

request. 

On the merits, however, the Court finds that NMFS’s denial of the fee-waiver request 

was proper because there is no sufficient public interest in disclosure of the requested 

information. Under FOIA, agencies can typically impose a fee on the requester, which offsets 

the agency’s costs of searching for and providing the documents. See 5 U.S.C. § 552(4)(A)(i). 

However, FOIA requires that agencies waive this fee “if disclosure of the information is in the 

public interest because it is likely to contribute significantly to public understanding of the 

operations or activities of the government and is not primarily in the commercial interest of the 

requester.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(4)(A)(iii). FOIA allows each agency, in order to implement this 

general provision, to promulgate its own procedures and guidelines for determining when a 

waiver is warranted. See 5 U.S.C. § 552(4)(A)(i). A court must consider both the FOIA statute 

as well as the agency regulations when determining whether an agency improperly denied a feewaiver request. Judicial Watch, Inc. v. Rossotti, 326 F.3d 1309, 1313 (D.C. Cir. 2003). A court, 

however, is not bound by the agency guidelines. Id. (determining that the court owes “no 

particular deference” to IRS interpretation of the FOIA fee-waiver provision).

Pursuant to its FOIA authority, the Department of Commerce established a two-prong 

test for determining whether a particular FOIA request merits a fee waiver that parallels the 

statutory requirement. 15 C.F.R. § 4.11(k) (2001). The Department of Commerce regulations

state that the party seeking the waiver must demonstrate that disclosure of the requested 
13

information is (a) “in the public interest because it is likely to contribute significantly to public 

understanding of the operations or activities of the Government” and (b) “is not primarily in the 

commercial interest of the requester.” 15 C.F.R. § 4.11(k)(1). To determine whether prong (a) 

has been met, Department of Commerce components “shall” consider the following factors:

(i) The subject of the request: whether the subject of the requested records 

concerns the operations or activities of the Government. The subject of the 

requested records must concern identifiable operations or activities of the Federal 

Government, with a connection that is direct and clear, not remote or attenuated.

(ii) The informative value of the information to be disclosed: whether the 

disclosure is “likely to contribute” to an understanding of Government operations 

or activities. The disclosable portions of the requested records must be 

meaningfully informative about Government operations or activities in order to be 

“likely to contribute” to an increased public understanding of those operations or 

activities. The disclosure of information that already is in the public domain, in 

either a duplicative or a substantially identical form, would not be likely to 

contribute to such understanding.

(iii) The contribution to an understanding of the subject by the public likely to 

result from disclosure: whether disclosure of the requested information will 

contribute to the understanding of a reasonably broad audience of persons 

interested in the subject, as opposed to the individual understanding of the 

requester. A requester's expertise in the subject area and ability and intention to 

effectively convey information to the public shall be considered. It shall be 

presumed that a representative of the news media satisfies this consideration. 

Merely providing information to media sources is insufficient to satisfy this 

consideration.

(iv) The significance of the contribution to public understanding: whether the 

disclosure is likely to contribute “significantly” to public understanding of 

Government operations or activities. The public’s understanding of the subject in 

question prior to the disclosure must be significantly enhanced by the disclosure.

15 C.F.R. § 4.11(k)(2). 

The requester carries the burden of demonstrating that the disclosure of the information is 

in the public interest, see Larson v. CIA, 843 F.2d 1481, 1483 (D.C. Cir. 1988) (per curiam), and,

though not bound by the agency guidelines, a court may apply the agency factors in order to 

determine if the requester has met its burden. Id. The requester must meet its burden with 
14

“reasonable specificity” rather than mere conclusory allegations. Id., quoting McClellan 

Ecological Seepage Situation v. Carlucci, 835 F.2d 1282, 1285 (9th Cir. 1987). Judicial review 

of a fee-waiver decision is de novo and limited to the record that was before the agency.4 5

U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(A)(vii); Larson, 843 F.2d at 1483. A court may only consider only the

arguments and justifications of the parties that appear in the administrative record and may not

consider any arguments that appear for the first time in pleadings. See Bensman v. National Park 

Service, 806 F.Supp.2d 31, 37 (D.D.C. 2011); Judicial Watch v. General Services 

Administration, 2000 WL 35538030 at *4.5

1. The Fee-Waiver Analysis: The Commercial-Interest Prong

The parties here agree that PEER’s request for a fee waiver satisfies the commercialinterest prong of the fee-waiver analysis. PEER stated, in the request itself, that “[d]isclosure is 

in no way connected with any commercial interest of the requesters in that PEER is a nonprofit, 

nonpartisan public interest organization concerned with upholding the public trust through 

responsible management of our nation’s resources and with supporting professional integrity 

within public land management and pollution control agencies.” AR 00014. NMFS does not

 

4 Congress amended the FOIA fee-waiver provision in 1987, changing the standard of 

judicial review from arbitrary and capricious to de novo. See Larson, 843 F.2d at 1483.

Congress amended the fee-waiver provision in FOIA to ensure that it be “liberally construed . . . 

for non-commercial requesters.” McClellan, 835 F.2d at 1284, quoting 132 Cong. Rec. 13,298 

(1986) (Sen. Leahy).

5 The parties generally dispute how narrowly the Court should interpret the FOIA 

provision that states that judicial review of a fee-waiver denial is “limited to the record before the 

agency.” See 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(A)(vii). They agree that the scope of judicial review is 

squarely limited to those justifications put forth by either party that appear in the administrative 

record but disagree about what exactly constitutes a “justification.” While styled as a principled 

dispute, in practice the parties really only disagree about whether the Court can consider one 

argument made by NMFS – that PEER’s assertion that the requested documents relate to the 

observer program was “nothing more than speculation.” See Pl.’s Mem. at 16. Because the 

Court will not base its decision in this case on that particular argument, it need not decide 

whether it was raised below or not.
15

contend, in either its original denial letter or its subsequent appeal-denial letter, that the 

information requested was sought primarily for PEER’s commercial interest. As a result, and as 

NMFS concedes, NMFS is barred from asserting now that PEER has a commercial interest in the 

information. See Def.’s Reply at 16. The Court thus finds it undisputed that the disclosure of the 

information was not primarily in the commercial interest of PEER and therefore that PEER has 

met its burden of demonstrating this prong of the two-pronged fee-waiver analysis. 

2. The Fee-Waiver Analysis: The Public-Interest Prong

Since it is undisputed that PEER has satisfied its burden in relation to the commercial 

interest prong, the Court’s determination on the merits turns solely on the remaining prong of the 

fee-waiver analysis, the public-interest prong. PEER must demonstrate with “reasonable 

specificity” that the requested information is likely to contribute significantly to public 

understanding of government operations and activities. See Larson, 843 F.2d at 1483. Although 

the Court is not required to base its analysis on the agency’s implementing regulations, it finds 

them to be a useful guide. See Larson, 843 F.2d at 1483 (determining that the requester’s 

inability to satisfy one of the four factors was “alone . . . a sufficient basis for denying the feewaiver request.”); Judicial Watch, Inc. v. DOJ, 365 F.3d 1108, 1126 (D.C. Cir. 2004) (stating 

that the plaintiff must satisfy all four criteria); Rossotti, 326 F.3d at 1313 (“Because the 

government has organized its brief around these factors, we will organize our analysis around 

them as well. In doing so, however, we emphasize that we owe no particular deference to the 

IRS’s interpretation of FOIA.”). Under those regulations, the Court considers (1) the substance 

of the request, (2) the informative value of the information, (3) the requester’s ability to 

disseminate the information, and (4) the likelihood that the information will contribute 

significantly to the public understanding. See supra Part III, quoting Agency Guidelines, 15
16

C.F.R. § 4.11(k)(2). Neither party addresses these factors very comprehensively, see AR 00013–

14 (PEER); AR 00017–18 (NMRS). Nonetheless, the Court finds that PEER meets its burden in 

relation to the first and third factors of the public interest inquiry, but because PEER fails to 

satisfy the second and fourth factors, NMFS’s denial of PEER’s fee-waiver request was proper. 

a) Factors 1 and 3: The relation of the request to government operations and activities 

and the requester’s ability to disseminate to a reasonably broad public audience.

The Court first finds that PEER has met its burden in relation to the first and third factors, 

but barely so. In regards to the first factor, PEER has adequately demonstrated that the subject 

of the request sufficiently relates to government operations and activities because it concerns 

routine administrative communications about a former contractor for a federal agency. See

Citizens for Responsibility & Ethics in Washington (CREW) v. U.S. Dep’t. of Health & Human 

Servs. 481 F. Supp. 2d 99, 107 (D.D.C. 2006) (finding that a request for contracts and records of 

contacts between HHS and media firms, which concerned routine administrative activities at a 

federal agency, related to government operations and activities); Klein v. Toupin, No. CIV 05–

647(GK), 2006 WL 1442611, at *4 (D.D.C. May 24, 2006) (determining that a request to the 

U.S. Patent Trademark Office for documents related to an individual’s suspension did relate to 

government operations and activities but did not meet what is required under the remaining 

factors to merit a fee waiver). Still, PEER’s showing is thin. It is generally not enough that the 

information requested be a product of routine administrative agency activities. See Jarvik v. 

CIA, 495 F. Supp. 2d 67, 73 (D.D.C. 2007) (finding that the mere fact that a federal agency

created the report sought by the FOIA request did not alone demonstrate that the disclosure of 

the report would increase understanding of federal government operations and activities because 

the requester failed to articulate how the subject of the request related to United States 

operations). Here, PEER requests routine agency communications about a single individual in 
17

the observer program and does not articulate exactly how these communications relate to the 

general agency operations or the observer program as a whole. Furthermore, the subject of the 

request, Combs, was a contractor with the observer program, not even an employee. But, largely

because NMFS has not contested NMFS’s satisfaction of this factor,6 the Court will find that the 

request does concern government operations and activities.

In relation to the third factor, PEER again barely meets its burden. PEER specifically 

articulates how and to whom it will disseminate the requested information. PEER’s request 

states that it intends to disseminate the information “to members of Congress and its relevant 

committees,” by “[r]elease to the news media,” by “[p]osting on the PEER webpage which draws 

between 1,000 and 10,000 viewers per day,” and through “[p]ublication in the PEER newsletter 

which has a circulation of approximately 20,000, including 1,500 environmental journalists.” 

AR 00014. The D.C. Circuit has found this showing alone to be sufficient to demonstrate that 

disclosure of the information would reach a reasonably broad public audience. See Rossotti, 326 

F.3d at 1314 (the requester met his burden by specifying in the request nine ways in which it

would disseminate information and by including the approximate viewership numbers for each 

means of dissemination). Accordingly, the Court finds that PEER satisfied this factor.

b) Factor 2: The informative value of the information sought

PEER, however, fails to demonstrate that the requested information has informative 

value; i.e. that it is “likely to contribute” to public understanding of government operations or 

activities. 15 C.F.R. § 4.11(k)(2)(ii). In particular, PEER fails to articulate how the information 

 

6 NMFS also did not argue that PEER’s request failed to concern government activities or 

operations in correspondence prior to this lawsuit contained in the administrative record. 
18

sought, which concerns one former contract worker in the NMFS observer program, will 

increase public understanding of government functions.

The informative value of requested information depends on “the requesting party having

explained with reasonable specificity how those documents would increase public knowledge of 

the functions of government.” CREW v. U.S. Dep’t of Health & Human Servs., 481 F. Supp. 2d 

99, 109 (D.D.C. 2006). Information related to one individual, such as the requested information 

at issue here, is not likely to clear that bar. See Ortloff v. DOJ, No. 02–5170, 2002 WL 

31777630, at *1 (D.C. Cir. Dec. 11, 2002) (per curiam). In Ortloff, a federal prisoner filed an 

application for fee waiver for his FOIA request to the Department of Justice, which sought

disclosure of his own criminal records. Id. The waiver was denied. Id. The D.C. Circuit upheld 

the agency’s denial of the fee waiver because the requester did not demonstrate a public interest.

Id. The court stated that “[i]nsofar as [the requester] seeks information to facilitate a challenge 

to his conviction, the court considers disclosure less likely to contribute to public 

understanding.” Id. Similarly here, the information sought by PEER concerns only one 

individual. The only materials sought in the FOIA request are files about Mr. Combs,

communications that mention Mr. Combs, and any other documents or instructions that reference 

Mr. Combs. AR 00002.

PEER asserts that the “[t]he requested material concerns agency evaluation of fishing 

fleet observer performance” and that “evaluations, communications and all other documents 

concerning Mr. Combs will generate the paper trail enabling the general public to understand 

precisely how NMFS operates its observer program.” AR 00013. However, the requested 

documents do not concern NMFS’s operation of its observer program; they concern NMFS’s 

evaluations of, files on, and communications with one individual contractor. PEER also argues 
19

that the documents have the potential to reveal widespread misconduct occurring in the NMFS 

observer program, including the violation of environmental protection laws, and the sanctioning 

of such misconduct by the observer program leaders. Pl.’s Mem. at 18–19. But the scope of 

PEER’s actual document request to NMFS is narrow and does not seek information on these 

topics. The request does not seek information about reports of misconduct made by observers in 

the NMFS program or about the agency’s response to any such reports; rather, it seeks only 

documents that reference Combs. Cf. Prison Legal News v. Lappin, 436 F. Supp. 2d 17, 26 

(D.D.C. 2006) (finding informative value in requested information because the request sought 

information “regarding specific events that occurred within BOP facilities that will provide 

insight to the public about how its federal prisons are being managed and operated, and how its 

tax dollars are being expended”). Accordingly, the Court finds PEER’s descriptions of the 

informative value that the requested documents will have for increasing public knowledge of the 

functions of government is too attenuated. See Larson, 843 F.2d at 1483 (“An agency may infer 

a lack of substantial public interest when a public interest is asserted by not identified with 

reasonable specificity, and circumstances do not clarify the point of the requests.”). 

Moreover, even though information about the conduct of one individual might in some 

circumstances be likely to shed light on the functions of government, those circumstances are not 

present in this case. In Judicial Watch v. Rossotti, the plaintiff sought information about a

conflicts-of-interest waiver executed by the Department Treasury Secretary for IRS 

Commissioner Charles O. Rossotti, the Commissioner’s relationship with a private company 

doing business with the IRS, and decisions by the IRS involving the private company. 326 F.3d 

1309, 1313 (D.C. Cir. 2003). The D.C. Circuit found informative value in this information for

increasing the public’s understanding of IRS operations because the disclosure of the documents 
20

was “likely” relevant to whether a commissioner of the IRS awarded a government contract to a 

company he co-founded and in which he held stock. Id. (“[T]he question here is not whether 

Rossotti had such a conflict, but whether disclosure of the requested documents is likely to 

contribute to public understanding of IRS operations – a goal that disclosure will promote 

regardless of what the documents reveal.”). The court acknowledged the plaintiff’s justification

that “[t]he American people should be made aware of, among other things, reports, 

investigations, decisions, waivers and findings of fact concerning conflicts-of-interest by high 

government officials and heads of various agencies and departments, in this case, IRS 

Commissioner Charles O. Rossotti.” Id. This case is distinguishable from Rossotti because 

PEER’s request is not tailored to produce information about government misconduct, so the 

documents that will be produced are not “likely” relevant to important ethical or legal 

considerations of which the public should be aware. Moreover, PEER’s request does not 

concern any “high level official” or head of an agency or department.

Citing CREW v. United States Department of Health and Human Services (“CREW”),

PEER argues that the Court cannot deny PEER’s fee-waiver request simply because it is unlikely 

that the requested documents will reveal misconduct. Pl.’s Mem. at 16–17, citing CREW, 481 F.

Supp. 2d at 108–09. The Court does not dispute that “the informative value of a request depends 

not on there being certainty of what the documents will reveal.” CREW, 481 F. Supp. 2d at 109.

However, the problem with PEER’s assertions of informative value here is not that PEER has 

failed to provide evidence that NMFS engaged in misconduct, it is that the documents PEER 

requested do not concern misconduct. Thus, even if the Court were to assume that NMFS is 

guilty of all of the legal and ethical violations that PEER and Combs allege, the requested 

documents are still not likely to increase public understanding about the functions of the 
21

government. At the very most, the documents would shed light only on a personnel issue 

concerning one individual.

Since PEER has not shown that the documents it requested are likely to contribute to 

public understanding of the functions of government, it cannot find that PEER has satisfied its 

burden of proving that its request is made in the public’s interest.

c) Factor 4: The significance of the potential contribution to public understanding

PEER also fails to satisfy its burden with respect to the fourth factor of the NMFS’s 

public interest test because it does not demonstrate that the potential contribution of the 

requested information to the public understanding of the functions of government is significant.

Satisfaction of this factor turns on how much the disclosure of the particular information 

requested will enhance the public’s understanding of the subject in question. 15 C.F.R. 

§ 4.11(k)(2)(iv).

Even if the Court were to find that the disclosure of personnel information related to 

Combs is relevant to increasing the public understanding of some element of agency operations –

which it does not – the Court cannot find that the impact of the information would be at all

significant because, at most, the information would shed light only on the agency’s interaction 

with one contract worker.7 PEER claims that responsive information concerning the agency’s 

communications surrounding Comb’s termination will demonstrate agency “mismanagement.”

AR 00013. Even if the documents do reveal mismanagement, however, the information 

 

7 NMFS noted this in its denial when it stated the following: “[t]o the extent that some of 

the information requested may provide some insight into the observer program, you have failed 

to show that the information will, beyond what is already available on the observer program, 

significantly contribute to an understanding of the specific government operations or activities by 

the public at large.” AR 00028, citing Judicial Watch, Inc. v. DOJ, 366 F.3d 1108, 1127 (D.C. 

Cir. 2004).
22

responsive to PEER’s request can only potentially reveal mismanagement of one contract 

worker, which would not provide any “significant” window into the agency’s operations on the 

whole. As the Court has already described, PEER’s request is not tailored to reveal pervasive 

mismanagement or a pattern of mismanagement; rather it is limited to the agency’s dealings with 

one individual.8

PEER’s strongest argument is that the information responsive to its request might reveal at 

least one case in which NMFS “downgraded performance evaluations, limited assignments, 

blackballed from future assignments or condoned any or all of the above” in retaliation for an 

observer’s complaints of legal violations. AR 00013–14. However, even if the information has 

the potential to show that the NMFS retaliated against Combs, the Court cannot find that such 

information would contribute significantly to the public’s understanding of how its government 

operates. The information would be of greater significance to Combs personally for the purpose 

of pursuing legal recourse against the agency.

PEER also claims that disclosure of the information will contribute significantly to public 

understanding because it is uncontested that the internal NMFS documentation sought here is not 

already in the public domain. Pl.’s Mem. at 23–24. The Court does not dispute that one reason a 

court might find that a requester has not satisfied this factor is that the public domain is already 

saturated with information about the topic that the requested documents will illuminate. See,

e.g., Monroe-Bey v. FBI, 890 F. Supp. 2d 92, 97 (D.D.C. 2012) (holding that the requester had 

not satisfied this factor because the requested information had been previously provided pursuant 

 

8 PEER also asserts that the public has a keen interest in the “sustainability of fishing 

harvests” and “the negative impacts of fishing practices on federally listed threatened and 

endangered species,” AR 00013, but still fails to explain how release of information related 

solely to observer Combs illuminates either of these areas of public interest.
23

to prior FOIA requests and was therefore already in the public domain); Campbell v. DOJ, 164 

F.3d 20, 36 (D.C. Cir. 1998) (“[The] mere fact that material is in the public domain does not 

justify denying a fee waiver; only material that has met the threshold level of public 

dissemination will not further public understanding.”). However, the mere fact that PEER’s

request seeks information that is not already in the public domain is not sufficient to show that 

release of the requested information would affirmatively make a significant contribution to 

public understanding of how the government operates. See, e.g., VoteHemp, Inc. v. DEA, 237 F.

Supp. 2d 55 (D.D.C. 2002) (determining that the release of internal DEA reports concerning the 

agency’s industrial hemp policy, which were not already part of the public domain, would not 

contribute significantly to public understanding because the only justification provided by the 

requester, that the documents “will contribute significantly to public understanding of DEA 

operations,” was too “lofty” and did not “provide specific information” regarding the 

significance of the release). Here, PEER fails to meet its burden because the scope of its request 

is too narrow to reveal documents that will make any significant contribution to public 

understanding of the agency’s operations. 

Because PEER fails to demonstrate that the information it has requested from NMFS is 

likely to contribute in any significant way to public understanding of government operations or 

activities, the Court will uphold the agency’s decision to deny PEER’s fee-waiver request. 
24

CONCLUSION

Accordingly, the Court will grant defendant NMFS’s motion for summary judgment and 

deny plaintiff PEER’s cross-motion. A separate order will issue.

AMY BERMAN JACKSON

United States District Judge

DATE: September 11, 2013