J-S13038-15

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37 COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA Appellee

v. JODY ANDREW BOYER Appellant No. 1531 WDA 2014 Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence entered Septem ber 11, 2014

In the Court of Common Pleas of Fayette County Criminal Division at No: CP-26-CR-0000069-2014
BEFORE: BENDER, P.J.E., MUNDY, and STABILE, JJ. MEMORANDUM BY STABILE, J.: FILED JUNE 3, 2015 Appellant Jody Andrew Boyer appeals from the judgm ent of sentence entered in the Court of Common Pleas of Fayette Cou nty (“trial court”), following his jury conviction for resisting arrest under Section 5104 of the Crimes Code (Code), 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 5104. 1 Upon review, we affirm. The facts and procedural history underlying this c ase are uncontroverted. As summarized by the trial court:

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1 Section 5104 of the Code provides: A person commits a misdemeanor of the second degree if, with the intent of preventing a public servant from effe cting a lawful arrest or discharging any other duty, the person cr eates a substantial risk of bodily injury to the public ser vant or anyone else, or employs means justifying or requiring subs tantial force to overcome the resistance. 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 5104.J-S13038-15

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1) On December 4, 2013, at approximately 11:00 a.m. , South Connellsville Borough Police Officer, Russell Paul Miller, Jr., was dispatched to 1511 Hyndman Street, following a phon e call advising that someone was occupying an abandoned tr ailer located thereon. 2) Officer Miller arrived at the reported location, operating his patrol vehicle and dressed in uniform. Officer Mil ler exited his patrol vehicle and approached a single-wide trailer marked as “condemned”. Through the front trailer window, Off icer Miller observed a female occupant inside the trailer. 3) While continuing his approach to conduct his inv estigation, Officer heard a door slam open, and out of the corn er of his eye he observed [Appellant], dressed in a white shirt a nd blue jeans, running away from the back of the trailer. Officer Miller observed [Appellant] carrying a grey, Wal-Mart shop ping bag as [Appellant] ran from the property. 4) Officer Miller yelled to [Appellant], “police, s top, drop the bag, show me your hands.” When [Appellant] did not comp ly, Officer Miller engaged in a foot pursuit. 5) Officer Miller continued his pursuit until such time as he observed [Appellant] reach a down-hill embankment l ocated on Hyndman Street, at which time Officer Miller gave a second verbal command. [Appellant] stopped and looked bac k toward Officer Miller before entering the roadway, causing two vehicles traveling [in] opposite directions to swerve to avo id contact. Officer Miller noted [Appellant’s] actions almost c aused a vehicle collision. 6) [Appellant] then crossed over the guard rail and entered into an active train yard, maneuvering between moving tr ain cars. Officer Miller stopped his foot pursuit for officer safety. 7) [Appellant] was charged with [r]esisting [a]rres t and [d]isorderly [c]onduct. He filed an [o]mnibus [p]r etrial [m]otion with [a]rgument on May 9, 2014 which was denied by [the trial court] following argument on May 30, 2014. Followi ng a jury trial on September 8, 2014, [Appellant] was convict ed of [r]esisting [a]rrest and found not guilty of [d]iso rderly [c]onduct. [Appellant] was sentenced to not less t han 6 months nor longer than 24 months incarceration on Septembe r 11, 2014. Trial Court Opinion, 11/17/14, at 1-3. On appeal, Appellant essentially raises two issues for our review. First, Appellant argues the Commonwealth did not pr esent sufficientJ-S13038-15

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evidence to support his conviction for resisting ar rest, because it failed to establish the “lawful arrest” and “substantial risk of bodily injury” elements under Section 5104. 2 Second, Appellant argues Officer Miller’s in-cour t identification of Appellant was unreliable because “[Officer Miller] did not know the individual’s identity at the time of the i ncident.” Appellant’s Brief
at 15. 3 “A claim challenging the sufficiency of the evidenc e is a question of law.” Commonwealth v. Widmer , 744 A.2d 745, 751 (Pa. 2000).

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2 To the extent Appellant argues the Commonwealth fa iled to establish a prima facie case, we reject such argument as meritless. Appel lant here was convicted in a jury trial. See Commonwealth v. McCullough , 461 A.2d 1229, 1231 (Pa. 1983) (concluding the fact that the Commonwealth did not establish a prima facie case of robbery at the defendant’s preliminary hearing was immaterial where the Commonwealth met i ts burden of proving the underlying offense at trial beyond a reasonable doubt). Moreover, as the Commonwealth notes, Appellant does not state in his brief what, if any, statements he seeks to suppress.

3 Appellant failed to provide the facts of this case in the “statement of the case” section of his brief. Instead, he provided a six-sentence summary of procedural history irrelevant to the issues raised. Appellant’s brief violates Rule 2117(a)(4), which requires an appellant to set forth “[a] closely condensed chronological statement, in narrative for m, of all the facts which are necessary to be known in order to determi ne the points in controversy, with an appropriate reference in each i nstance to the place in the record where the evidence substantiati ng the fact relied on may be found .” Pa.R.A.P. 2117(a)(4) (emphasis added); see also Commonwealth v. Maris , 629 A.2d 1014, 1016 (Pa. Super. 1993) (quashing appeal because, among other reasons, appe llant’s statement of the case “only attempts to provide some minimal inf ormation regarding the procedural and factual history of the case”). Neve rtheless, we decline to find waiver on this basis.J-S13038-15

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The standard we apply in reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence is whether viewing all the evidence admitt ed at trial in the light most favorable to the verdict winner, the re is sufficient evidence to enable the fact-finder to find every el ement of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. In applying the a bove test, we may not weigh the evidence and substitute our ju dgment for the fact-finder. In addition, we note that the fac ts and circumstances established by the Commonwealth need not preclude every possibility of innocence. Any doubt s regarding a defendant’s guilt may be resolved by the fact-finde r unless the evidence is so weak and inconclusive that as a matt er of law no probability of fact may be drawn from the combined circumstances. The Commonwealth may sustain its bu rden of proving every element of the crime beyond a reasona ble doubt by means of wholly circumstantial evidence . Moreover, in applying the above test, the entire record must be evaluated and all evidence actually received must be considered. Finally, the finder of fact while passing upon the credibility o f witnesses and the weight of the evidence produced, is free to bel ieve all, part or none of the evidence. Commonwealth v. Antidormi , 84 A.3d 736, 756 (Pa. Super. 2014) (emphasis added), appeal denied , 95 A.3d 275 (Pa. 2014). We first address Appellant’s argument that the und erlying arrest was unlawful. In this regard, Appellant points out “th e Commonwealth never demonstrated that the property was actually abandon ed or posted. Further, Officer Miller never observed [Appellant] actually inside the trailer. He only saw [Appellant] run behind the trailer.” Appellant ’s Brief at 11. Thus, given the totality of the circumstances, Appellant argues , “the officer’s attempt to make an arrest was not supported by probable cause. ” Id. We disagree. When we are asked to determine whether probable cau se exists to arrest an appellant, we are called upon to render a legal determination, “for which our scope of review is plenary and our standa rd of review de novo .” Commonwealth v. Jackson , 924 A.2d 618, 620 (Pa. 2007).J-S13038-15

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A defendant may be convicted of resisting arrest if he, “with the intent of preventing a public servant from effecting a lawful arrest or discharging any other duty , . . . creates a substantial risk of bodily injury to the public servant or anyone else , or employs means justifying or requiring substantial force to overcome the resi stance.” 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 5104 (emphasis added). “[T]o be convicted of resisting arrest, the underl ying arrest must be lawful.” Jackson , 924 A.2d at 620 (citation omitted). In other wor ds, “the lawfulness of an arrest depends on the existence of probable cause to arrest the defendant.” Id. As we recently explained:
Probable cause to effectuate an arrest exists when the facts and circumstances within the knowledge of the arresting officer are reasonably trustworthy and sufficient to justify a person of reasonable caution in believing that the arrestee h as committed an offense. In addressing the existence of probabl e cause, courts must focus on the circumstances as seen thro ugh the eyes of the trained police officer, taking into con sideration that probable cause does not involve certainties, but ra ther the factual and practical considerations of everyday li fe on which reasonable and prudent men act. Commonwealth v. Thompson , 93 A.3d 478, 486 (Pa. Super. 2014) (quotation omitted). Instantly, we find no basis upon which to disagree with the trial court’s conclusion that the underlying arrest was lawful, i.e. , supported by probable cause. As the trial court found: Officer Miller . . . was dispatched to the location , having received a phone call regarding the occupation of an “abando ned” and “posted” property. Upon arrival, Officer Miller ap proached a single-wide trailer located on the property and thr ough theJ-S13038-15

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window observed a female inside the trailer. Soon thereafter, Officer Miller heard a door slam open and out of th e corner of his eye, he saw [Appellant] running from the property c arrying a bag. Officer Miller testified that [Appellant] ign ored two separate verbal commands to stop, and continued to flee.
Trial Court Opinion, 11/17/14, at 5. 4 Based on these findings, the trial court concluded:

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4 At trial, Officer Miller testified: I received a telephone call stating that there were people occupying a trailer that was posted “Not For Occupa ncy. . . . I went to the residence to investigate it. I was in full patrol uniform . . . . Duty boots, pants, shirt, patches, tie, [and] badge. . . . I took our Crown Victoria[.]

. . . . I approached through an alley. The trailer was the last residence on the alley on the left-hand side. It w as a singlewide trailer. I parked in the alley directly in fr ont of the trailer, the short ways, not the longways, so that I could s ee both the front and the back on my approach. . . . As I exit ed my vehicle, there was a female in the window. . . . I observed the trailer. I could see down both axes of the trailer both sides, the front and the back. On the front there was a porch, and on t he back there was just a yard.

. . . . I was heading towards the front because I heard ver bal notification that someone was there. As I was turn ing to go that way, I observed a male making landfall from the upp er door of the trailer and running down the yard.

. . . . It was a white male wearing a white T-shirt, blue j eans, and had what appeared to be a gray Walmart bag, hugging it as though you would hold a football.

. . . . I turned and began to pursue. I made a verbal noti fication, “Stop, drop the bag, police, keep your hands where I can see [them].” The individual did not stop. . . . He ra n, he jumped (Footnote Continued Next Page)J-S13038-15

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looking at the totality of the circumstances, the i nformation provided to Officer Miller regarding the occupation of the abandoned property, together with the Officer’s per sonal observations of the female occupant within the prop erty, as well as [Appellant] existing the property, carrying a ba g and hastily fleeing on foot, constitutes a reasonable belief th at [Appellant] had committed or was in the process of committing a crime.

Id. 5-6. 5 Although the Commonwealth and the trial court do not identify per se the crime providing Officer Miller with probable cause to arrest, the record, as recited above, makes clear that the offe nse was a trespass. Officer Miller received a phone call about individu als occupying a trailer posted for non-occupancy and, upon his arrival at t he scene, he observed a female through a window and then saw Appellant runn ing away from the (Footnote Continued) _______________________ down the embankment, I pursued him. I slid down th e embankment. I announced again, “Please stop, drop the bag, get your hands where I can see [them].” He stopped in the middle of the intersection, turned to face me to se e how far I was. Two vehicles swerved and nearly cause a vehic le collision. He immediately began running again, went over a gua rdrail into the train yard, where he went between two moving tr ain cars. At that time I broke pursuit, because I did not wan t to risk injury. N.T. Trial, 9/8/14, at 17-22.

5 The trial court also noted: Additionally, [Section 5104] requires that there be a “discharge of any other duty” within the meaning of the statut e. In the instant case, Officer Miller, a public servant, was dispatched in response to a telephone call reporting the occupati on of a posted abandoned property. [The trial court] finds that t he act of investigating such an unlawful occupation within th e locale of South Connellsville Borough, to be legitimate withi n the purview of the discharge of duties of a Borough Police Offi cer such as Office Miller. Trial Court Opinion, 11/17/14, at 6.J-S13038-15

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trailer. Based on these facts, we believe Officer Miller had probable cause to arrest Appellant. Next, we address Appellant’s argument that the Com monwealth failed to provide sufficient evidence to establish that Ap pellant’s conduct created a substantial risk of bodily injury to the Officer Mi ller. Thus, Appellant argues “Officer Miller was not exposed to substantial dang er during the December 4, 2013, foot pursuit. Officer Miller never came in c ontact with the individual he later identified as [Appellant] and he suffered no injuries as a result of the chase that day.” Appellant’s Brief at 12 (emph asis added). It is well-settled that “it is not criminal merely to flee arrest. However, where the circumstances of the flight expose the pu rsuing officers to substantial danger a conviction for resisting arres t is proper.” Commonwealth v. Miller , 475 A.2d 145, 146 (Pa. Super. 1984). Section 5104 “does not require serious bodily injury. Nor does it require actual injury to the arresting officer. Rather, sufficien t resistance is established if the arrestee’s actions created a substantial risk o f bodily injury to the arresting officer.” Commonwealth v. Lyons , 555 A.2d 920, 925 (Pa. Super. 1989). Instantly, we agree with the trial court’s conclus ion that the Commonwealth provided sufficient evidence to establ ish the element of substantial risk of bodily injury under Section 510 4. The record in this case reveals Appellant subjected Officer Miller to subst antial danger, requiring Officer Miller to discontinue the foot pursuit. Si milarly, Appellant also putJ-S13038-15

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himself and motorists in danger. As the trial cour t found, “[Appellant ran] down an embankment, before entering into a roadway in which vehicles coming in two different directions had to swerve to avoid contact, nearly avoiding a collision. Thereafter, . . . [Appellant ] cross[ed] the guard rail and enter[ed] an active train yard, maneuvering between moving train cars.” Trial Court Opinion, 11/17/14, at 6. Based on our review of the entire record and viewi ng the evidence in the light favorable to the Commonwealth, thereby gi ving it the benefit of the reasonable inferences derived therefrom, we conclud e that the Commonwealth presented sufficient evidence to susta in Appellant’s conviction for resisting arrest. Accordingly, give n the evidence and the circumstances following Appellant’s flight from the abandoned trailer, the jury could, and did, reasonably infer that Appellan t resisted a lawful arrest and subjected Officer Miller and motorists to subst antial risk of bodily injury. Appellant next argues Officer Miller’s in-court id entification of Appellant was unreliable because Officer Miller did not know Appellant personally at the time of the incident. 6 Before addressing the merits of Appellant’s claim, we must determine whether Appellant properly has preserved the issue for our consideration.

____________________________________________ 6 Appellant fails to identify the place in the recor d where this issue is preserved, as is required in our Rules of Appellate Procedure. See R.A.P. 2117(c), 2119(e).J-S13038-15

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With respect to preserving challenges to the admiss ion or exclusion of evidence, the Pennsylvania Rule of Evidence 103 pro vides in relevant part: (a) Preserving a Claim of Error. A party may claim error in a ruling to admit or exclude evidence only: (1) if the ruling admits evidence, a party, on the record: (A) makes a timely objection, motion to strike, or motion in limine ; and (B) states the specific ground, unless it was appar ent from the context[.]
Pa.R.E. 103(a)(1). In Pennsylvania, it is well-set tled that a party must make a timely and specific objection at trial in order t o preserve an issue for appellate review. See Pa.R.A.P. 302(a); see also Commonwealth v. Montalvo , 641 A.2d 1176, 1185 (Pa. Super. 1994) (citation o mitted) (“In order to preserve an issue for review, a party must make a timely and specific objection at trial.”). Failure to do so r esults in waiver of that issue on appeal. See Pa.R.A.P. 302(a); see also Commonwealth v. Schoff , 911 A.2d 147, 158 (Pa. Super. 2006). Instantly, the trial transcript reveals that Appell ant’s counsel failed to object to Appellant’s in-court identification by Of ficer Miller. Q. Okay. And were you able to view this individua l? A. I was. Q. The individual that you observed on the roadway on the date in question that we’re speaking of, is that individ ual present in the courtroom today? A. Yes, ma’am. He’s the individual in the purple shirt, seated right there. [The Commonwealth:] Your Honor, I would ask that t he record reflect that Officer Miller has identified [Appella nt] in this matter.J-S13038-15

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The [trial court]: The record will so reflect. N.T. Trial, 9/8/14, at 22-23. Accordingly, we conc lude Appellant has waived his evidentiary argument. See Commonwealth v. Ballard , 80 A.3d 380, 400 (Pa. 2013), (holding appellant’s arguments were waived because appellant failed to object at trial), cert. denied , 134 S. Ct. 2842 (2014); see also Pa.R.E. 103(a). Judgment of sentence affirmed. Judge Mundy joins the memorandum. President Judge Emeritus Bender files a dissenting statement.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq. Prothonotary

Date: 6/3/2015