# Patent

## Title
Method of transmitting preamble for synchronization in a MIMO-OFDM communication system

## Abstract

A method and apparatus for transmitting a preamble for frame synchronization and channel estimation in a MIMO-OFDM communication system are provided. An OFDM communication system using Q transmit antennas generates a base preamble sequence including a CP and an orthogonal sequence. If Q≦ a predetermined number M, a preamble sequence for a kth antenna is S(t−(k−1)T/M). If Q>M and k≦M the preamble sequence transmitted for the kth antenna is S(t−(k−1)T/M). If Q>M and k>M, the preamble sequence for the kth antenna is (−1)(PS−1)S(t−(k−M−1)T/M). Here, S(t) is the orthogonal sequence, T is the period of the orthogonal sequence, and PS is an index indicating a transmission period of the preamble sequence. The preamble sequences are at least twice transmitted from the Q transmit antennas.

## Background
PRIORITY
This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119 to an application entitled “Method of Transmitting Preamble for Synchronization in a MIMO-OFDM Communication System” filed in the Korean Intellectual Property Office on Oct. 16, 2003 and assigned Serial No. 2003-72176, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to a multi-input multi-output-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) communication system, and in particular, to a method and apparatus for transmitting a preamble for frame synchronization.
2. Description of the Related Art
OFDM is widely considered an essential transmission scheme for next-generation wireless communications for its simple implementation, robustness against multi-channel fading, and its capability of increasing the data rate through parallel transmission of data signals at frequencies called sub-carriers. The sub-carriers are mutually orthogonal to avoid inter-carrier interference. Their spectrums are overlapped so that the sub-carriers are spaced from each other with a minimum gap.
An OFDM system is sensitive to errors or offsets including a frequency offset, timing errors in a frame or a symbol, and non-linearity caused by a high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR). Some OFDM systems utilize a coherent detection rather than differential modulation and demodulation in order to achieve an additional signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) gain of about 3 dB. Their performance depends considerably on whether or not channel state information (CSI) is available.
The use of multiple transmit/receive antennas further improves communication quality and throughput in an OFDM system. This OFDM system is called a MIMO-OFDM system which is distinguished from a single-input single-output (SISO)-OFDM system.
The MIMO-OFDM system can simultaneously transmit data on a plurality of sub-channels in the space domain irrespective of whether or not a transmitter requires the CSI. The sub-channels refer to radio paths from a plurality of transmit antennas to a plurality of receive antennas. Thus, the MIMO-OFDM system offers a higher data rate than the SISO-OFDM system.
Typically, the MIMO/SISO-OFDM system requires frame synchronization in both time and frequency and estimation of channel parameters and noise changes. For the synchronization and estimation, a preamble sequence (i.e. training symbols or a training sequence) is used.
FIG. 1 illustrates the structure of an OFDM frame including a preamble sequence in a typical OFDM communication system. Referring to FIG. 1, the preamble sequence consists of special symbols added as a prefix to the OFDM frame. In general, the structure and contents of the preamble are known between a transmitter and a receiver. The preamble is so configured as to have a relatively low complexity and offer a maximum performance in the synchronization and estimation process.
An ideal preamble configuration satisfies the following requirements:
(1) Excellent compensation for timing synchronization;
(2) Low PAPR for high-power transmission;
(3) Feasibility for channel estimation;
(4) Feasibility for frequency offset estimation over a wide range; and
(5) Low computation complexity, low overhead and high accuracy.
A description will be made below of conventional preamble structures for MIMO-OFDM frame synchronization and channel estimation.
A first known preamble transmitting/receiving scheme for MIMO-OFDM frame synchronization transmits the same information sequence through all transmit antennas.
The MIMO-OFDM system must have excellent properties in time-domain periodic auto-correlation of sequences as well as in cross-correlation of sequences transmitted from different transmit antennas. Ideal auto-correlation and cross-correlation properties are determined by Equation (1) and Equation (2), respectively:




  
    
      
        
          φ
          ⁡
          
            (
            k
            )
          
        
        =
        
          
            
              ∑
              
                n
                =
                0
              
              
                N
                -
                1
              
            
            ⁢
            
              
                s
                
                  q
                  ,
                  n
                
                *
              
              ·
              
                s
                
                  q
                  ,
                  
                    
                      (
                      
                        n
                        +
                        k
                      
                      )
                    
                    N
                  
                
              
            
          
          =
          
            {
            
              
                
                  1
                
                
                  
                    k
                    =
                    0
                  
                
              
              
                
                  0
                
                
                  
                    k
                    ≠
                    0
                  
                
              
            
          
        
      
    
    
      
        (
        1
        )
      
    
  
  
    
      
        
          
            Ψ
            ⁡
            
              (
              k
              )
            
          
          =
          
            
              
                ∑
                
                  n
                  =
                  0
                
                
                  N
                  -
                  1
                
              
              ⁢
              
                
                  s
                  
                    q
                    ,
                    n
                  
                  *
                
                ·
                
                  s
                  
                    
                      q
                      ′
                    
                    ,
                    
                      
                        (
                        
                          n
                          +
                          k
                        
                        )
                      
                      N
                    
                  
                
              
            
            =
            
              0
              ⁢
              
                
              
              ⁢
              for
              ⁢
              
                
              
              ⁢
              all
              ⁢
              
                
              
              ⁢
              k
            
          
        
        ,
        
          q
          ≠
          
            q
            ′
          
        
      
    
    
      
        (
        2
        )
      
    
  




where superscript * denotes a conjugate operator, N denotes the length of sequences, q and q′ denote indexes of transmit antennas, and sq,n denotes an nth data symbol in a sequence of length N transmitted from a qth transmit antenna. A sequence that satisfies Equation (1) is an orthogonal sequence. Here, subscript N denotes the period of the sequence.

In an ideal situation a space-time matrix for sequences transmitted from N transmit antennas is a unit matrix. However, this is impossible in its application because the number of the transmit antennas must be equal to the length of the sequences.
In the first preamble transmitting/receiving scheme, a preamble sequence is designed for frame synchronization by copying a predetermined orthogonal sequence designated for a first antenna to be used for the other antennas, and is represented by

sq,n=sn for all q  (3)

A distinctive shortcoming of the above scheme is that SNR may be very low in the case of a correlated channel. For a 2×2 MIMO system using two transmit antennas and two receive antennas, for instance, a received signal is expressed as




  
    
      
        
          
            r
            j
          
          ⁡
          
            [
            
              n
              ,
              k
            
            ]
          
        
        =
        
          
            
              ∑
              i
            
            ⁢
            
              
                
                  H
                  ij
                
                ⁡
                
                  [
                  
                    n
                    ,
                    k
                  
                  ]
                
              
              ⁢
              
                S
                ⁡
                
                  [
                  
                    n
                    ,
                    k
                  
                  ]
                
              
            
          
          +
          
            
              n
              j
            
            ⁡
            
              [
              
                n
                ,
                k
              
              ]
            
          
        
      
    
    
      
        (
        4
        )
      
    
  




where rj[n, k] denotes a frequency-domain signal received at a jth receive antenna, nj[n, k] denotes white Gaussian noise, Hij denotes a channel response from an ith transmit antenna to a jth receive antenna, and S [n, k] denotes an nth symbol in a k-th sub-carrier. As noted from Equation (4), if H1j is approximately equal to −H2j, the SNR of the received signal is very low.

Another conventional preamble transmitting/receiving scheme for MIMO-OFDM frame synchronization utilizes a direct modulated orthogonal poly-phase sequence.
A direct modulated orthogonal poly-phase sequence is a chirp-like sequence used to form a preamble sequence. If P is a prime number, the direct modulated orthogonal poly-phase sequence is comprised of (P−1) orthogonal sequences. Its excellent cross-correlation property is given as




  
    
      
        
          
            Φ
            ⁡
            
              (
              k
              )
            
          
          =
          
            
              
                ∑
                
                  n
                  =
                  0
                
                
                  
                    p
                    2
                  
                  -
                  1
                
              
              ⁢
              
                
                  s
                  
                    q
                    ,
                    n
                  
                  *
                
                ·
                
                  s
                  
                    
                      q
                      ′
                    
                    ,
                    
                      
                        (
                        
                          n
                          +
                          k
                        
                        )
                      
                      
                        p
                        2
                      
                    
                  
                
              
            
            ≤
            
              
                1
                
                  p
                  2
                
              
              ⁢
              
                
              
              ⁢
              for
              ⁢
              
                
              
              ⁢
              all
              ⁢
              
                
              
              ⁢
              k
            
          
        
        ,
        
          q
          ≠
          
            q
            ′
          
        
      
    
    
      
        (
        5
        )
      
    
  




According to the second preamble transmitting/receiving scheme, the transmit antennas transmit the same preamble sequence having (P−1) orthogonal sequences. This scheme faces the following problems:
(1) Although the length of the direct modulated orthogonal poly-phase sequence is the square of a prime number, the length of an OFDM frame must generally be a power of 2, for example, 64, 128, 256, . . . ; and
(2) While an ideal frame must be acquired at each point, it is impossible to reduce the complex multiplications required and thus considerably greater computation is required.
Now, known preamble transmitting/receiving schemes for MIMO-OFDM channel estimation will be described below.
A first preamble transmitting/receiving scheme for MIMO-OFDM channel estimation is Geoffrey Li's single-symbol optimal training technique. FIG. 2 illustrates a preamble structure according to the first preamble transmitting/receiving scheme for MIMO-OFDM channel estimation.
Referring to FIG. 2, given Q transmit antennas, a first antenna transmits a preamble sequence S(t), and each of the other antenna transmits a preamble sequence S(t−T/Q), . . . , or S{t−(Q−1)T/Q} produced by rotating a preamble sequence for the previous antenna a predetermined number of symbols, that is, T/Q symbols. Q=Floor(N/L0) in which N is the number of sub-carriers and L0 is the maximum time delay spread of a sub-channel. Floor( ) is a function of obtaining an integer and T is the period of the preamble sequence. T is the product of the number of symbols included in the preamble sequence, N, and a symbol period Ts.
A received signal at the jth receive antenna is determined by




  
    
      
        
          
            r
            j
          
          ⁡
          
            [
            
              n
              ,
              k
            
            ]
          
        
        =
        
          
            
              ∑
              i
            
            ⁢
            
              
                
                  H
                  ij
                
                ⁡
                
                  [
                  
                    n
                    ,
                    k
                  
                  ]
                
              
              ⁢
              
                S
                ⁡
                
                  [
                  
                    n
                    ,
                    k
                  
                  ]
                
              
              ⁢
              
                W
                N
                
                  k
                  ·
                  
                    L
                    0
                  
                
              
            
          
          +
          
            
              n
              j
            
            ⁡
            
              [
              
                n
                ,
                k
              
              ]
            
          
        
      
    
    
      
        (
        6
        )
      
    
  




where WN represents an N-point fast Fourier transform (FFT). If p[n, k]=r[n, k]*S*[n, k], Equation (6) is expressed as





  
    
      
        
          
            P
            j
          
          ⁡
          
            [
            
              n
              ,
              k
            
            ]
          
        
        =
        
          
            
              ∑
              i
            
            ⁢
            
              
                
                  H
                  ij
                
                ⁡
                
                  [
                  
                    n
                    ,
                    k
                  
                  ]
                
              
              ⁢
              
                W
                N
                
                  
                    -
                    k
                  
                  ·
                  
                    L
                    0
                  
                
              
            
          
          +
          
            
              
                n
                j
              
              ⁡
              
                [
                
                  n
                  ,
                  k
                
                ]
              
            
            ·
            
              
                S
                *
              
              ⁡
              
                [
                
                  n
                  ,
                  k
                
                ]
              
            
          
        
      
    
    
      
        (
        7
        )
      
    
  




FIG. 3 illustrates an example of the time-domain channel response characteristics of Pj[n, k]. Referring to FIG. 3, h0j is a channel response characteristic from a first transmit antenna to a receiver, h1j is a channel response characteristic from a second transmit antenna to the receiver, h2j is a channel response characteristic from a third transmit antenna to the receiver, and h3j is a channel response characteristic from a fourth transmit antenna to the receiver. Preamble sequences transmitted from the transmit antennas experience channels having different characteristics. The time-domain size T/Q of the channels varies with the number of the transmit antennas Q.
A mean square error (MSE) in the single-symbol optimal training technique is calculated by




  
    
      
        MSE
        =
        
          
            
              L
              0
            
            N
          
          ·
          
            σ
            n
            2
          
        
      
    
    
      
        (
        8
        )
      
    
  




wherein, σn·−σn indicates a noise power.

In accordance with the first preamble transmitting/receiving scheme for MIMO-OFDM channel estimation, although a preamble sequence is transmitted on all sub-carriers, only one training sequence structure suffices. However, due to the rotation of a training sequence by a predetermined number of symbols for each transmit antenna, the number of transmit antennas is limited by the number of the rotated symbols and the length of the training sequence.
A second preamble transmitting/receiving scheme for MIMO-OFDM channel estimation utilizes Cordon L. Stuber and Apurva N. Mody's space-time coding. In this scheme, known symbols are orthogonally transmitted in the space domain through inversion and conjugation according to time and space, namely according to transmit antennas. A preamble sequence for a 2×2 system using two transmit antennas and two receive antennas is formed by




  
    
      
        [
        
          
            
              
                S
                1
              
            
            
              
                S
                2
              
            
          
          
            
              
                -
                
                  S
                  2
                  *
                
              
            
            
              
                S
                1
                *
              
            
          
        
        ]
      
    
    
      
        (
        9
        )
      
    
  




The above matrix means that symbols S1 and S2 are sequentially transmitted from a first transmit antenna and symbols −S2* and S1* are sequentially transmitted from a second transmit antenna.
For a 4×4 system, a preamble sequence can be formed by




  
    
      
        [
        
          
            
              
                S
                1
              
            
            
              
                S
                1
              
            
            
              
                S
                1
              
            
            
              
                S
                1
              
            
          
          
            
              
                -
                
                  S
                  2
                
              
            
            
              
                S
                1
              
            
            
              
                -
                
                  S
                  4
                
              
            
            
              
                S
                3
              
            
          
          
            
              
                -
                
                  S
                  3
                
              
            
            
              
                S
                4
              
            
            
              
                S
                1
              
            
            
              
                -
                
                  S
                  2
                
              
            
          
          
            
              
                -
                
                  S
                  4
                
              
            
            
              
                -
                
                  S
                  3
                
              
            
            
              
                S
                2
              
            
            
              
                S
                1
              
            
          
        
        ]
      
    
    
      
        (
        10
        )
      
    
  




FIG. 4 illustrates transmission/reception of a preamble sequence according to the second preamble transmitting/receiving scheme for MIMO-OFDM channel estimation.
Referring to FIG. 4, Q preamble sequences, each having Q symbols are provided to Q transmit antennas from time t to time t+(Q−1)Ts through Q OFDM modulators. Ts is a symbol duration. The preamble sequences arrive at L receive antennas on Q×L sub-channels having channel response characteristics h11 to hQL. L OFDM demodulators collect signals R1 to RQL received at the L receive antennas from time t to time t+(T−1)Ts and form a Q×L received signal matrix.
In the second preamble transmitting/receiving scheme, the minimum number of training symbols needed for each transmit antenna is equal to the number of transmit antennas. As more training symbols are used, the preamble sequences are longer. This is not feasible for burst or high-mobility communications.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
An object of the present invention is to substantially solve at least the above problems and/or disadvantages and to provide at least the advantages below. Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide an effective preamble sequence structure and an effective preamble sequence transmitting method in a MIMO-OFDM system.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a method and apparatus for generating a preamble of a multi-symbol space-time structure in a MIMO-OFDM system.
The above objects are achieved by a method and apparatus for transmitting a preamble for frame synchronization and channel estimation in a MIMO-OFDM communication system. An OFDM communication system using Q transmit antennas generates a base preamble sequence including a cyclic prefix (CP) and an orthogonal sequence, generates a preamble sequence for each of the Q transmit antennas by rotating the orthogonal sequence by a predetermined number of symbols, and at least twice transmits the generated preamble sequences from the Q transmit antennas.
If Q≦a predetermined number M, a preamble sequence for a kth antenna is S(t−(k−1)T/M). If Q>M and k≦M, the preamble sequence transmitted for the kth antenna is S(t−(k−1)T/M). If Q>M and k>M, the preamble sequence for the kth antenna is (−1)(PS−1)S(t−(k−M−1)T/M). Here, S(t) is the orthogonal sequence, T is the period of the orthogonal sequence, and PS is an index indicating a transmission period of the preamble sequence.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The above and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 illustrates the structure of an OFDM frame including a preamble sequence in a typical OFDM communication system;
FIG. 2 illustrates the structure of a preamble according to a conventional preamble transmitting/receiving scheme for MIMO-OFDM channel estimation;
FIG. 3 illustrates an example of time-domain channel response characteristics of Pj[n, k];
FIG. 4 illustrates transmission/reception of a preamble sequence according to another conventional preamble transmitting/receiving scheme for MIMO-OFDM channel estimation;
FIG. 5 is a simplified block diagram of a typical MIMO system;
FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a transmitter in a MIMO-OFDM system to which the present invention is applied;
FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a receiver in the MIMO-OFDM system to which the present invention is applied;
FIG. 8 illustrates an embodiment of a preamble structure according to the present invention;
FIG. 9 illustrates the transmission of preambles illustrated in FIG. 8;
FIG. 10 illustrates the results of frame synchronization according to the present invention;
FIG. 11 illustrates an embodiment of a preamble structure for a 4×4 MIMO system according to the present invention;
FIG. 12 illustrates an embodiment of a preamble structure for a 6×6 MIMO system according to the present invention;
FIG. 13 illustrates preambles illustrated in FIG. 12 in matrix blocks; and
FIG. 14 is a graph illustrating channel estimation gain with respect to MSE in a multi-channel WLAN (Wireless Local Access Network) system using the preamble structure of the present invention.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described herein below with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the following description, well-known functions or constructions are not described in detail since they would obscure the invention in unnecessary detail.
A MIMO-OFDM system to which the present invention is applied will first be described below.
FIG. 5 is a simplified block diagram of a typical MIMO system. Referring to FIG. 5, Q×L sub-channels 30 are defined between a transmitter 10 having Q transmit antennas and a receiver 20 having L receive antennas. The sub-channels 30 each have a unique channel response characteristic hql and these characteristics are expressed as a Q×L channel matrix HQL.
FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a transmitter in a MIMO-OFDM system to which the present invention is applied. The transmitter transmits the same user information through a plurality of transmit antennas to achieve an antenna diversity gain.
Referring to FIG. 6, an encoder (ENC) 102 generates a coded sequence by encoding an information sequence S(t) at a predetermined code rate. A demultiplexer (DEMUX) 104 distributes the coded sequence to a plurality of interleavers (INTs) 106 to 114 corresponding to transmit antennas 112 to 120. The interleavers 106 to 114 each interleave the input bits. Mappers (MAPs) 108 to 116 each map the interleaved bits to modulation symbols according to a mapping rule, for example, PSK (Phase Shift Keying) or QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation).
OFDM modulators (MODs) 110 to 118 each generate an OFDM symbol by inserting a pilot symbol for every predetermined number of modulation symbols, generate an OFDM frame by adding a preamble sequence having known symbols at the start of a predetermined number of OFDM symbols, and inverse-fast-Fourier-transform (FfFT) the OFDM frame. The IFFT OFDM frames are transmitted through their corresponding transmit antennas 112 to 120 through an RF (Radio Frequency) module (not shown).
FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a receiver in the MIMO-OFDM system to which the present invention is applied. The receiver is a counterpart to the transmitter illustrated in FIG. 6.
Referring to FIG. 7, signals received at receive antennas 202 to 216 are applied to the inputs of OFDM demodulators (DEMODs) 204 to 218 through an RF module (not shown). The OFDM demodulators 204 to 218 each distinguish a preamble from OFDM symbols on a frame-by-frame basis, accurately acquire frame synchronization by detecting the preamble, and generate a plurality of modulation symbols by fast-Fourier-transforming the signal. While not shown, the detected preamble is used in a channel estimator that estimates channel response characteristics from the transmitter to the receiver.
Demappers (DEMAPs) 206 to 216 each demap received modulation symbols according to a demapping rule corresponding to the mapping rule used in the transmitter. Deinterleavers (DEINTs) 208 to 216 each deinterleave demapped bits according to a deinterleaving rule corresponding to the interleaving rule used in the transmitter. A multiplexer (MUX) 212 multiplexes the deinterleaved bits and a decoder 210 recovers the information sequence S(t) by decoding the multiplexed bits at the code rate used in the transmitter.
In the MIMO-OFDM system having the above configuration, a preamble sequence consists of special symbols generated by an OFDM modulator and attached to an OFDM frame to indicate the start of the OFDM frame. A mobile station must synchronize to the start point of the data to receive the data. For this purpose, the mobile station acquires a preamble sequence commonly used in the entire system before receiving the data.
The preamble sequence is used for frame synchronization, frequency synchronization (i.e. frequency offset estimation), and channel estimation. The OFDM communication system estimates time/frequency/channel information using the preamble sequence at the start of each frame or data burst, and updates the time/frequency/channel information using a cyclic prefix (CP), inserted to avoid inter-symbol interference, and pilot symbols inserted between modulation symbols.
As known, frame synchronization is performed in two stages: coarse frame synchronization and fine frame synchronization.
The coarse frame synchronization is the process of detecting the start point of an OFDM frame by sampling in an approximate range. The correlation peak of a CP is used for the coarse frame synchronization. The following equation represents a metric for the coarse frame synchronization




  
    
      
        
          φ
          n
        
        =
        
          
            
            
              
                ∑
                
                  k
                  =
                  0
                
                
                  G
                  -
                  1
                
              
              ⁢
              
                (
                
                  
                    r
                    
                      j
                      ,
                      
                        n
                        +
                        k
                      
                    
                    *
                  
                  ·
                  
                    r
                    
                      j
                      ,
                      
                        n
                        +
                        k
                        +
                        N
                      
                    
                  
                
                )
              
            
            
          
          2
        
      
    
    
      
        (
        11
        )
      
    
  




where G denotes the window size of the frame synchronization, rj, x denotes an xth signal in a sequence received at a jth receive antenna, and N denotes the length of the sequence. Thus, a coarse frame start point is a time index n that maximizes φn.

The coarse frame synchronization reduces the range of fine frame synchronization. The computation range of Equation (12) is narrow compared to that of Equation (2), in calculating the cross-correlation property for the fine frame synchronization




  
    
      
        
          
            φ
            ⁡
            
              (
              k
              )
            
          
          =
          
            
              
                ∑
                
                  n
                  =
                  0
                
                
                  N
                  -
                  1
                
              
              ⁢
              
                
                  s
                  
                    q
                    ,
                    n
                  
                  *
                
                ·
                
                  s
                  
                    
                      q
                      ′
                    
                    ,
                    
                      
                        (
                        
                          n
                          +
                          k
                        
                        )
                      
                      N
                    
                  
                
              
            
            =
            
              
                0
                ⁢
                
                  
                
                ⁢
                for
                ⁢
                
                  
                
                ⁢
                all
                ⁢
                
                  
                
                ⁢
                k
              
              ∈
              
                K
                catch
              
            
          
        
        ,
        
          q
          ≠
          
            q
            ′
          
        
      
    
    
      
        (
        12
        )
      
    
  




where sq, n denotes an nth data symbol in a sequence transmitted from a qth transmit antenna and Kcatch denotes the range of the fine frame synchronization. Thus, the frame start point is a time index k that makes the fine frame synchronization metric ø (k) zero.

An embodiment of a preamble sequence structure design in a multi-channel WLAN system according to the present invention will now be described.
Let a root mean square (RMS) delay be equal to 50 ns, a sampling time be equal to 25 ns, a CP length be equal to 32 points, and the total length of data be equal to 128 points. The length of valid data in the data is 112 points, and the DC (Direct Current) and edge components in a signal frequency band are nulls. Here, a 2×2 MIMO system using two transmit antennas and two receive antennas is used as an example. A point refers to the position of a sub-carrier subject to N-point FFT. For example, if a CP is 32 points long, this implies that the CP is transmitted on 32 sub-carriers.
First of all, orthogonal sequences are generated using an extended CAZAC (Constant Amplitude Zero Auto-Correlation) sequence.
For example, a base CAZAC sequence is

1, 1, 1, 1, 1, j, −1, −j, 1, −1, 1, −1, 1, −j, −1, j  (13)

By inserting three zeroes between every adjacent pair of elements in the base CAZAC sequence, the following sequence is generated

1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, j, 0, 0, 0, −1, 0, 0, 0, −j, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, −1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, −1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, −j, 0, 0, 0, −1, 0, 0, 0, j  (14)

The peak-to-average power ratio of the above extended CAZAC sequence is 6 dB.

The above orthogonal sequence is converted to the frequency domain, for spectrum shaping. The resulting new sequence is again converted to the time domain, to thereby create a preamble sequence.
Thus, the preamble structure according to the present invention is given as illustrated in Table 1 below.












TABLE 1









CP0
S64[1:64]
S64[1:64]
Antenna 0



CP1
S64[33:64]
S64[33:64]
Antenna 1




S64[1:32]
S64[1:32]










FIG. 8 illustrates the preamble structure according to an embodiment of the present invention, and FIG. 9 illustrates transmission of preambles illustrated in FIG. 8. As stated earlier, the illustrated preamble structure is for the 2×2 MIMO system.
Referring to FIG. 8, a first antenna (antenna 1) transmits a sequence of 64 bits, S[1:64] for a first transmission period and a second antenna (antenna 2) transmits a 32-bit rotated version of the sequence, S[33:64]S[1:32]. 32 bits is the quotient of dividing the sequence length, 64, by the number of the transmit antennas, 2. These sequences are repeatedly transmitted for a second transmission period. Transmission of a 64-bit sequence is equivalent to the use of 64 sub-carriers. Therefore, as illustrated in FIG. 9, the first antenna transmits the input sequence on sub-carriers #0 to #63, while the second antenna transmits the input sequence on sub-carriers #32 to #31.
Then, the receiver cross-correlates the extended CAZAC sequence with received complex symbols, thereby performing the fine frame synchronization by




  
    
      
        
          
            
              
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where N is the length of the preamble sequence according to the present invention, Q is the number of the transmit antennas, sq, k is a kth symbol in a preamble sequence transmitted from a qth transmit antenna, and rj, n+k is an (n+k)th signal in a preamble sequence received at a jth receive antenna.

Similarly, the start point of the frame is determined as a time point n where Φn=0.
Since time index n in the fine frame synchronization indicates an FFT point, full complex multiplications will increase complexity considerably. However, with the use of the CAZAC sequence of a simple structure according to the present invention, only addition and switching will suffice.
With the sequence rotation of the present invention, a received signal is determined by

rj(k)=H0j(k)S(k)+H1j(k)·(−1)kS(k)+nj(k)  (16)

Even if channels are correlated, it is impossible to reduce SNR in the system. Yet, simulation results reveal that the present invention is robust compared to the conventional technology in which the same sequence is applied to all antennas.
FIG. 10 illustrates the results of frame synchronization according to the present invention. Changes over time in coarse and fine frame synchronization metrics are illustrated. In FIG. 10, time points having the highest metric values are conspicuous in the fine frame synchronization.
While each transmit antenna transmits the same preamble sequence for two transmission periods as illustrated in FIG. 8 according to the embodiment of the present invention, it can be further contemplated as another embodiment that each transmit antenna transmits the same sequence for more than two transmission periods to allow more stable frame synchronization and more accurate channel estimation.
FIG. 11 illustrates an embodiment of a preamble structure for a 4×4 MIMO system according to the present invention.
Referring to FIG. 11, for a first transmission period, a first antenna (antenna 0) transmits an extended CAZAC sequence S(t) and a second antenna (antenna 1) transmits a T/4-symbol rotated version of S(t), S(t−T/4). T denotes the period of the sequence. In the same manner, third and fourth antennas (antenna 2 and antenna 3) transmit T/2-symbol and 3T/4-symbol rotated versions of S(t), S(t−T/2) and S(t−3T/4), respectively. Each transmit antenna repeatedly transmits the same sequence for two or more transmission periods.
In general, a preamble structure for Q transmit antennas is given as illustrated in Table 2. In Table 2, PS denotes the index of a transmission period for the preamble sequence.












TABLE 2







PS
1
2
. . .









Antenna 1
S(t)
S(t)
. . .



Antenna 2
S(t − T/Q)
S(t − T/Q)
. . .



. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .



Antenna k
S(t − (k − 1)T/Q)
S(t − (k − 1)T/Q)
. . .



. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .



Antenna Q
S(t − (Q − 1)T/Q)
S(t − (Q − 1)T/Q)
. . .










Meanwhile, if Q is greater than a predetermined number M, an (M+1)th to the last antenna cyclically transmits the sequences set for the first to Mth antennas. The preamble structure is created by repeating those sequences set for the first to Mth antennas in the space domain.
The CP length is determined by the range of frame synchronization. Thus, the maximum available number of transmit antennas, M is floor (N/L0). L0 is the maximum time delay spread of a sub-channel. If Q is greater than M, a preamble structure is created by repeating those sequences set for the first to Mth antennas in the space domain and an (M+1)th to the last antenna cyclically transmits the sequences set for first to Mth antennas. Also, to ensure robust channel estimation, the preamble structure is orthogonally designed in the time domain.
For example, if M=4 and Q=6, a preamble structure is given as illustrated in Table 3.













TABLE 3







PS
1
2
3
. . .









Antenna 1
S(t)
S(t)
S(t)
. . .



Antenna 2
S(t − T/4)
S(t − T/4)
S(t − T/4)
. . .



Antenna 3
S(t − T/2)
S(t − T/2)
S(t − T/2)
. . .



Antenna 4
S(t − 3T/4)
S(t − 3T/4)
S(t − 3T/4)
. . .



Antenna 5
S(t)
−S(t)
S(t)
. . .



Antenna 6
S(t − T/4)
−S(t − T/4)
S(t − T/4)
. . .










FIG. 12 illustrates a preamble structure for a 6×6 MIMO system according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Referring to FIG. 12, for a first transmission period, a first antenna (antenna 0) transmits the extended CAZAC sequence S(t). Second, third and fourth antennas (antenna 1, antenna 2 and antenna 3) respectively transmit S(t−T/4), S(t−T/2) and S(t−3T/4) produced by rotating S(t) by T/4, T/2 and 3T/4, respectively. Fifth and sixth antennas (antenna 4 and antenna 5) transmit the sequences S(t) and S(t−T/4), respectively, starting from S(t) again. For second, third and fourth transmission periods, each antenna repeatedly transmits the same sequence except that the fifth and sixth antennas transmit inverse sequences −S(t) and −S(t−T/4), respectively, for the second and fourth transmission periods in order to ensure orthogonality in the time domain.
In the above case, a matrix block




   
  
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ensures the time-domain orthogonality. The rows of the matrix block represent antenna groups each having M transmit antennas and the columns represent sequence periods. Therefore, for M=4, one element. A can accommodate up to four antennas. This preamble structure can support up to eight transmit antennas when M=4.

FIG. 13 illustrates preambles illustrated in FIG. 12 in matrix blocks. Referring to FIG. 13, an element A in a matrix block for the 6×6 MIMO system is




  
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Each antenna repeats a corresponding row of the element A or −A in the time domain. In this case, despite increased complexity, the accuracy of frame synchronization and channel estimation is improved.
To generalize, given Q transmit antennas (Q>M), antennas in different antenna groups transmit different preamble sequences. A kth antenna (k≦M) in a first antenna group having first to Mth antennas transmits a preamble sequence S(t−(k−1)T/M), whereas a kth antenna (k>M) in a second antenna group having (M+1)th to the last antennas transmits a preamble sequence (−1)(PS−1) S(t−(k−M−1)T/M). Each antenna transmits the same preamble sequence repeatedly for two or more transmission periods.
FIG. 14 is a graph illustrating channel estimation gain with respect to MSE in a multi-channel WLAN system using the preamble structure of the present invention. * denotes MSE versus SNR in a conventional preamble structure and + denotes MSE versus SNR in the inventive preamble structure. As noted from FIG. 14, the inventive preamble structure offers less MSEs over all SNRs.
As described above, the preamble structure of the present invention flexibly controls the length of a preamble. Therefore, it is feasible for burst and high-mobility communications. Also, repetition of sequences in the time domain leads to a very excellent performance for frame synchronization and clock offset synchronization.
While the invention has been shown and described with reference to certain preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

## Claims

1. A method of transmitting a preamble in an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) communication system using Q transmit antennas, comprising the steps of:
(1) generating a base preamble sequence including a cyclic prefix (CP) and an orthogonal sequence; and
(2) generating a preamble sequence for each of the Q transmit antennas from the base preamble sequence by rotating the orthogonal sequence of the base preamble sequence by a different predetermined number of symbols, and at least twice transmitting the generated preamble sequences from the Q transmit antennas, such that the preamble sequence transmitted from a kth antenna is (−1)(PS−1)S(t−(k−M−1)T/M), where M is a predetermined number, k is greater than M, S(t) is the orthogonal sequence, T is the period of the orthogonal sequence, and PS is an index indicating a transmission period of the preamble sequence.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein step (2) comprises the step of, if Q is less than or equal to the predetermined number M, generating a preamble sequence for each of the transmit antennas such that a preamble sequence transmitted from the kth antenna is S(t−(k−1)T/M), where S(t) is the orthogonal sequence and T is the period of the orthogonal sequence.

3. A method of transmitting a preamble in an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) communication system using Q transmit antennas, comprising the steps of:
(1) generating a base preamble sequence including a cyclic prefix (CP) and an orthogonal sequence; and
(2) generating a preamble sequence for each of the Q transmit antennas from the base preamble sequence by rotating the orthogonal sequence of the base preamble sequence by a different predetermined number of symbols, and at least twice transmitting the generated preamble sequences from the Q transmit antennas, wherein step (2) comprises the step of, if Q is greater than M, generating a preamble sequence for each of the transmit antennas such that if k is less than or equal to M, the preamble sequence transmitted from the kth antenna is S(t−(k−1) T/M), and if k is greater than M, the preamble sequence transmitted from the kth antenna is (−1)(PS−1)S(t−(k−M−1)T/M), where S(t) is the orthogonal sequence, T is the period of the orthogonal sequence, and PS is an index indicating a transmission period of the preamble sequence.

4. The method of claim 2, wherein M is an integer part of the quotient calculated by dividing the length N of the preamble sequence by a maximum delay spread L0 of a sub-channel.

5. The method of claim 3, wherein M is an integer part of the quotient calculated by dividing the length N of the preamble sequence by a maximum delay spread L0 of a sub-channel.

6. The method of claim 2, wherein M is 4.

7. The method of claim 3, wherein M is 4.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein the orthogonal sequence is an extended CAZAC (Constant Amplitude Zero Auto-Correlation) sequence.

9. A method of transmitting a preamble in an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) communication system using Q transmit antennas, comprising the steps of:
(1) generating a base preamble sequence including a cyclic prefix (CP) and an orthogonal sequence; and
(2) generating a preamble sequence for each of the Q transmit antennas from the base preamble sequence by rotating the orthogonal sequence of the base preamble sequence by a different predetermined number of symbols, and at least twice transmitting the generated preamble sequences from the Q transmit antennas, wherein the orthogonal sequence is an extended CAZAC (Constant Amplitude Zero Auto-Correlation) sequence and the extended CAZAC sequence is 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, j, 0, 0, 0, −1, 0, 0, 0, −j, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, −1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, −1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, −j,0, 0, 0, −1, 0, 0, 0, j.

10. A method of transmitting a preamble in an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) communication system using a plurality of transmit antennas, comprising the steps of:
generating a preamble sequence having a cyclic prefix (CP) and an orthogonal sequence S(t) of period T;
transmitting through a first transmit antenna a first preamble sequence having the OP and the S(t) and transmitting through a second transmit antenna a second preamble sequence having the CP and a S(t−T/2), for a first sequence transmission period; and
transmitting through the first transmit antenna the first preamble sequence and transmitting through the second transmit antenna the second preamble sequence, for a second sequence transmission period, such that the preamble sequence transmitted from a kth antenna is (−1)(PS−1)S(t−(k−M−1)T/M), where M is a predetermined number, k is greater than M, S(t) is the orthogonal sequence, T is the period of the orthogonal sequence, and PS is an index indicating a transmission period of the preamble sequence.

11. A method of transmitting a preamble in an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) communication system using a plurality of transmit antennas, comprising the steps of:
generating a preamble sequence having a cyclic prefix (CP) and an orthogonal sequence S(t) of period T;
transmitting through a first transmit antenna a first preamble sequence having the CP and the S(t), transmitting through a second transmit antenna a second preamble sequence having the CP and a S(t−T/4), transmitting through a third transmit antenna a third preamble sequence having the CP and a S(t−T/2), and transmitting through a fourth transmit antenna a fourth preamble sequence having the CP and a S(t−3T/4), for a first sequence transmission period; and
transmitting the first to fourth preamble sequences through the first to fourth transmit antennas, respectively, for a second sequence transmission period, such that the preamble sequence transmitted from a kth antenna is (−1)(PS−1)S(t−(k−M−1)T/M), where M is a predetermined number, k is greater than M, S(t) is the orthogonal sequence, T is the period of the orthogonal sequence, and PS is an index indicating a transmission period of the preamble sequence.

12. A method of transmitting a preamble in an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) communication system using six transmit antennas, comprising the steps of:
generating a preamble sequence having a cyclic prefix (OP) and an orthogonal sequence S(t) of period T;
transmitting through a first transmit antenna a first preamble sequence having the CP and the S(t), transmitting through a second transmit antenna a second preamble sequence having the CP and a S(t−T/4), transmitting through a third transmit antenna a third preamble sequence having the CP and a S(t−T/2), transmitting through a fourth transmit antenna a fourth preamble sequence having the CP and a S(t−3T/4), transmitting through a fifth transmit antenna the first preamble sequence, and transmitting through a sixth transmit antenna the second preamble sequence, for a first sequence transmission period; and
transmitting through the first transmit antenna the first preamble sequence, transmitting through the second transmit antenna the second preamble sequence, transmitting through the third transmit antenna the third preamble sequence, transmitting through the fourth transmit antenna the fourth preamble sequence, transmitting through the fifth transmit antenna a fifth preamble sequence having the CP and a −S(t), and transmitting through the sixth transmit antenna a sixth preamble sequence having the CP and a −S(t−T/4), for a second sequence transmission period.

13. The method of claim 10, wherein the second sequence transmission period is a next sequence transmission period following the first sequence transmission period.

14. The method of claim 11, wherein the second sequence transmission period is a next sequence transmission period following the first sequence transmission period.