IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT JACKSON

Assigned on Briefs March 6, 2007

STATE OF TENNESSEE v. EDWARD CHARLES TENNIAL

Appeal from the Criminal Court for Shelby County

No. 04-06229 Paula Skahan, Judge

No. W2006-00999-CCA-R3-CD - Filed October 9, 2007

Appellant, Edward Charles Tennial, was indicted with two counts of first degree murder, two counts

of aggravated burglary and one count of theft over $10,000. A jury convicted Appellant of two

counts of second degree murder, two counts of aggravated trespass and one count of theft over

$10,000. The trial court merged the second degree murder convictions into one and the aggravated

trespass convictions into one. After holding a sentencing hearing, the trial court sentenced Appellant

to twenty-one years for the murder conviction as a Range I violent offender, with release eligibility

at 100%, three yearsfor the theft over $10,000 as a Range I standard offender with release eligibility

of 30%, and eleven months and twenty-nine days for the aggravated trespass in the workhouse. The

trial court ordered all sentences to be served consecutively. Appellant argues on appeal that the trial

court improperly considered the four enhancement factors to his second degree murder sentence.

We conclude that the trial court incorrectly considered two of the four enhancement factors, but the

remaining two enhancement factors support the trial court’s enhancement of Appellant’s sentence.

Therefore, we affirm the judgments of the trial court.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Criminal Court is Affirmed.

JERRY L. SMITH, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which DAVID G. HAYES, and ALAN E.

GLENN, JJ., joined. 

Marvin E. Ballin, Memphis, Tennessee, for the appellant, Edward Charles Tennial.

Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; David H. Findley, Assistant Attorney General;

William L. Gibbons, District Attorney General; and Paul Goodman and Chris West, Assistant

District Attorneys General,for the appellee, State of Tennessee.
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OPINION

Factual Background

For a little over a year prior to the date in question, Appellant, who was eighteen years old,

had been dating Kristy Callaway, who was sixteen years old. Immediately before the date in

question, Ms. Callaway ended her relationship with Appellant. On August 26, 2003, Appellant

entered his ex-girlfriend’s house through her unlocked bedroom window around 11:00 a.m. He had

brought a hammer and screwdriver with him. He intended to either scare Kristy or talk to her about

their break-up. He set off an alarm in the house and went to the attic. He stayed there for about

thirty minutes. He took off his shirt while he was in the attic because he was hot. After leaving the

attic, he wandered around the house. Kristy’s mother, the victim, came home. Appellant approached

her while she was in the kitchen. Appellant stabbed the victim multiple times with his pocket knife,

which had a five-inch long blade. After he stabbed the victim, Appellant grabbed the victim’s car

keys and took her car. He later abandoned it.

The victim’s twelve-year-old son returned home from school and found his mother lying in

a pool of blood on the kitchen floor. He called the police. The police found a screwdriver and a

hammer in Kristy’s room. They also found a shirt in the attic. The shirt was stained with

Appellant’s blood. The police found no sign of forced entry into the victim’s house. Another officer

found the victim’s car when she responded to an abandoned vehicle call. She ran the tags and

discovered that the owner of the vehicle was the victim of a murder. The officer secured the car.

On August 31, 2003, Appellant and his mother came to the homicide division where he

turned himself in for the victim’s murder. Appellant gave a statement to the police during which he

admitted to the murder of the victim, but stated that he had not intended to kill her.

The Shelby County Grand Jury indicted Appellant with two counts of first degree murder,

two counts of aggravated burglary, and one count of theft over $10,000. A jury convicted Appellant

of two counts of second degree murder, two counts of aggravated trespass, and one count of theft.

The trial court merged the murder convictions into one conviction and the aggravated trespass

convictions into one conviction.

The trial court sentenced Appellant to twenty-one years for the murder conviction, three years

for the theft conviction, and eleven months, twenty-nine days for the aggravated criminal trespass

conviction. The trial court determined that Appellant was a violent offender for purposes of his

murder conviction and a standard offender for his theft conviction. All sentences were ordered to

be served consecutively to each other.

Appellant filed a timely notice of appeal.
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ANALYSIS

Appellant’s sole issue on appeal relating to his conviction for second degree murder is that

the trial court erroneously applied enhancement factors to enhance Appellant’s sentence from the

minimum. We begin our analysis with a brief discussion of recent changes in Tennessee’s

sentencing statutes. In response to the United States Supreme Court’s decision in Blakely v.

Washington, 542 U.S. 296 (2004), the Tennessee General Assembly amended T.C.A. § 40-35-210

so that all felonies now have a presumptive sentence beginning at the minimum sentence within the

sentencing range. Compare T.C.A. § 40-35-210(c) (2003) with T.C.A. § 40-35-210(c) (2006); see

also 2005 Tenn. Pub. Act ch. 353, § 18. This amendment became effective on June 7, 2005. The

General Assembly also provided that this amendment would apply to defendants who committed a

criminal offense on or after June 7, 2005. 2005 Tenn. Pub. Acts ch. 353, § 18. In addition, the

legislation provides that a criminal defendant who committed a criminal offense on or after July 1,

1982, but is not sentenced until after June 7, 2005, may elect to be sentenced under these provisions

by executing a waiver of their ex post facto protections. Id. In the case sub judice, Appellant signed

such a waiver and, therefore, the new act applies in our review of his sentencing. 

At the outset it should also be noted that the 2005 amendments to our sentencing laws

curtailed to some degree the grounds that may form the basis of an appeal of a sentencing decision.

Compare T.C.A. § 40-35-401 (2003) with T.C.A. § 40-35-401 (2006). The amended T.C.A. § 40-

35-401(b) (2006) differs on one key point:

(b) An appeal from a sentence may be on one (1) or more of the following grounds:

(1) The sentence was not imposed in accordance with this chapter;

(2) The sentence is excessive under the sentencing considerations set out in §§ 40-35-

103 and 40-35-210; or

(3) The sentence is inconsistent with the purposes of sentencing set out in §§ 40-35-

102 and 40-35-103.

Prior to 2005, T.C.A. § 40-35-401(b) (2003) stated, “An appeal from a sentence may be on one (1)

or more of the following grounds: (1) The sentence was not imposed in accordance with this chapter;

or (2) The enhancement and mitigating factors were not weighed properly, and the sentence is

excessive under the sentencing considerations set out in § 40-35-103.” T.C.A. § 40-35-401(b)

(2003) (emphasis added). 

We now analyze the amended statute to determine on what grounds a criminal defendant may

seek relief from the sentence imposed by the trial court. Generally, when construing a statute, every

word within the statute is presumed to “have meaning and purpose and should be given full effect.”

State v. Odom, 928 S.W.2d 18, 29-30 (Tenn. 1996) (quoting Marsh v. Henderson, 424 S.W.2d 193,

196 (Tenn. 1968)). This Court’s primary duty in construing a statute is “to ascertain and give effect

to the legislative intent without unduly restricting or expanding a statute’s coverage beyond its
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intended scope.” Owens v. State, 908 S.W.2d 923, 926 (Tenn. 1995); see also State v. Davis, 940

S.W.2d 558, 561 (Tenn. 1997). Legislative intent should be gleaned from the “natural and ordinary

meaning of the language used, without a forced or subtle construction that would limit or extend the

meaning of the language.” Carter v. State, 952 S.W.2d 417, 419 (Tenn. 1997). Furthermore, this

Court should construe a statute so that its component parts are consistent and reasonable, and

inconsistent parts should be harmonized, where possible. Odom, 928 S.W.2d at 30. When the

General Assembly has amended a statute, “[i]t is a proper method to determine what the intention

of the Legislature was for us to look at prior acts . . . .” State v. Davidson County, 277 S.W.2d 396,

401 (Tenn. 1955). In addition, “[w]hen the legislature makes a change in the language of a statute,

we must assume that it was deliberate.” State v. Turner, 193 S.W.3d 522, 527 (Tenn. 2006). 

The fact that the General Assembly deleted the language regarding the weighing of

enhancement and mitigating factors demonstrates that the General Assembly intended that a

defendant may no longer allege as grounds for relief on appeal that the sentencing court erroneously

weighed sentencing enhancement factors. 

“When reviewing sentencing issues . . . , the appellate court shall conduct a de novo review

on the record of the issues. The review shall be conducted with a presumption that the

determinations made by the court from which the appeal is taken are correct.” T.C.A. §

40-35-401(d). This presumption will be virtually irrebuttable if there is a factual basis for the

consideration of the enhancement factor, the enhancement factor considered is not an element of the

offense and, in addition, the consideration of the factor is not inconsistent with the purposes of

sentencing considerations set out in T.C.A. §§ 40-35-103 and -210.

In making its sentencing determination, the trial court, at the conclusion of the sentencing

hearing, first determines the range of sentence and then determines the specific sentence and the

appropriate combination of sentencing alternatives by considering: (1) the evidence, if any, received

at the trial and the sentencing hearing; (2) the presentence report; (3) the principles of sentencing and

arguments as to sentencing alternatives; (4) the nature and characteristics of the criminal conduct

involved; (5) evidence and information offered by the parties on the enhancement and mitigating

factors; (6) any statistical information provided by the administrative office of the courts regarding

sentences for similar offenses; (7) any statements the defendant wishes to make in the defendant’s

behalf about sentencing; and (8) the potential for rehabilitation or treatment. T.C.A. §§ 40-35-

210(a), (b), -103(5); State v. Williams, 920 S.W.2d 247, 258 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995). 

When imposing the sentence within the appropriate sentencing range for the defendant:

[T]he court shall consider, but is not bound by, the following advisory sentencing

guidelines: 

(1) The minimum sentence within the range of punishment is the sentence that should

be imposed, because the general assembly set the minimum length of sentence for

each felony class to reflect the relative seriousness of each criminal offense in the

felony classifications; and 
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(2) The sentence length within the range should be adjusted, as appropriate, by the

presence or absence of mitigating and enhancement factors set out in §§ 40-35-113

and 40-35-114.

T.C.A. § 40-35-210(c) (2006) (emphasis added). With this background in mind, we turn to the

propriety of Appellant’s sentences in this case.

At the sentencing hearing, the trial court found that there was ample factual support for the

consideration of the following enhancement factors: (5) the defendant treated or allowed the victim

in this case to be treated with exceptional cruelty; (6) the personal injuries inflicted upon the victim

were particularly great; (9) the defendant possessed or employed a deadly weapon; (10) the defendant

had no hesitation about committing a crime when the risk to human life was high. See T.C.A. § 40-

35-114. Appellant argues that each of these enhancement factors are elements of second degree

murder, therefore, their usage constitutes double enhancement. After a review of the record, we

conclude that the trial court incorrectly considered enhancement factors (6) and (10), but correctly

considered factors (5) and (9).

In conducting our review of the trial court’s sentencing determinations, we must consider the

appellant’s potential for rehabilitation, the trial and sentencing hearing evidence, the pre-sentence

report, the sentencing principles, sentencing alternative arguments, the nature and character of the

offense, the enhancing and mitigating factors, any statistical information presented by the

administrative office of the courts regarding sentencing practices for similar offenses in the state, and

the defendant’s statements. T.C.A. §§ 40-35-103(5), -210(b) (2006).

The trial court considered enhancement factor (6), the personal injuries inflicted upon the

victim were particularly great. Appellant correctly argues that this enhancement factor is an element

of the offense. The courts of this State have held on several occasions that this enhancement factor

is not applicable to offenses where death is an element of the offense because injuries sustained by

a homicide victim are by definition “particularly great.” See State v. Williamson, 919 S.W.2d 69,

82 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995); State v. Lambert, 741 S.W.2d 127, 134 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1987). This

analysis has been specifically applied to second degree murder cases. See State v. Michael Scott

Brogan, No. E2001-00712-CCA-R3-CD, 2002 WL 1723702, at * 5 (Tenn. Crim. App., at Knoxville,

July 25, 2002), perm. app. denied, (Tenn. Dec. 2, 2002); State v. Luke B. Cole, No. W2000-01530-

CCA-R3-CD, 2001 WL 912802, at *5 (Tenn. Crim. App., at Jackson, Aug. 10, 2001), perm. app.

denied, (Tenn. Dec. 31, 2001); State v. James Henry Davis, No. M1999-02467-CCA-R3-CD, 2000

WL 1130139, at *3 (Tenn. Crim. App., at Nashville, Aug. 2, 2000), perm. app. denied, (Tenn. Feb.

12, 2001). Clearly, enhancement factor (6) was improperly considered by the trial court because it

is an element of the offense and its consideration constitutes double enhancement.

The trial court also considered enhancement factor (10), the defendant had no hesitation

about committing a crime when the risk to human life was high. This factor is not necessarily

inherent to a homicide offense. It has been applied when there have been other individuals present
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who were put in danger by the actions of the defendant. See Williamson, 919 S.W.2d at 83; State

v. Makoka, 885 S.W.2d 366, 373 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1994); Lambert, 741 S.W.2d at 134. However,

the victim and Appellant were the only people present at the time of the incident. The only human

life at risk was that of the victim, therefore, this enhancement factor is an element of the offense in

this particular factual situation, and its consideration would also constitute double enhancement.

Enhancement factor (5), treating the victim with exceptional cruelty, is not considered an

element of second degree murder. In State v. Gray, 960 S.W.2d 598 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1997), the

application of this enhancement factor for a sentence for second degree murder was upheld by this

Court. 960 S.W.2d at 611. However, “[i]t is well established that proper application of

enhancement factor (5) requires a finding of cruelty under the statute “over and above” what is

required to sustain a conviction for an offense. . . . In other words, such evidence must ‘denote[ ]

the infliction of pain or suffering inflicted as the means of accomplishing the crime charged.’” State

v. Arnett, 49 S.W.3d 250, 258 (Tenn. 2001) (quoting State v. Kelly Haynes, No. W1999-01485-

CCA-R3-CD, 2000 WL 298744, at *3 (Tenn. Crim. App., at Jackson, Mar. 14, 2000)).

In the case sub judice, Appellant surprised the unarmed victim in her own home. The

forensic pathologist, who completed the autopsy on the victim, testified that she identified eleven

to twelve stab wounds, but only one of the eleven to twelve wounds would have caused immediate

death. One wound was to the chest and pierced the heart which caused internal bleeding, as well as,

impeding the heart’s ability to pump blood to the rest of the victim’s body. Therefore, there were

ten to eleven wounds in addition to the one that was the proximate cause of the victim’s death. The

wounds other than that which caused the victim’s death are “over and above” that needed to sustain

Appellant’s conviction for second degree murder. These facts are sufficient to support the trial

court’s consideration of enhancement factor (5).

We now turn to the trial court’s consideration of enhancement factor (9), the defendant

employed a deadly weapon. This Court has held that this enhancement factor is not an element of

the offense. State v. Butler, 900 S.W.2d 305, 312-13 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1994). In Butler, the

defendant used a firearm to kill the victim resulting in the defendant’s conviction for second degree

murder. Id. This Court stated that the use of a firearm is not an element of the offense of second

degree murder. Id. The same is true of the use of a knife. Therefore, the trial court properly

considered this enhancement factor when determining Appellant’s sentence.

The trial court sentenced Appellant to twenty-one years. The sentencing range for second

degree murder, a Class A felony, as a Range I offender is fifteen to twenty-five years. We have

concluded that the trial court erroneously considered two of the four enhancement factors when

determining Appellant’s sentence. However, we conclude that the two properly considered

enhancement factors amply support the trial court’s imposition of an increase of the minimum

sentence by six years to twenty-one.
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CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm judgments of the trial court.

___________________________________ 

JERRY L. SMITH, JUDGE