J. S76017/16

 2016 PA Super 304

D.R.M., : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

APPELLANT : PENNSYLVANIA

:

v. :

:

N.K.M. :

:

:

: No. 1100 EDA 2016

Appeal from the Order March 31, 2016

In the Court of Common Pleas of Delaware County 

Civil Division at No(s): 2010-8597

BEFORE: STABILE, J., DUBOW, J., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*

OPINION BY DUBOW, J.: FILED DECEMBER 23, 2016

Appellant, D.R.M. (“Mother”), appeals from the March 31, 2016 Order 

denying her Application for Leave to Proceed In Forma Pauperis (“IFP 

Petition”) that Mother filed in conjunction with numerous appeals she has 

filed in an acrimonious custody dispute between Mother and Appellee, 

N.K.M. (“Father”). After careful review, we affirm the trial court’s denial of 

Mother’s IFP status and find, inter alia, that the trial court did not abuse its 

discretion when it included income from tax credits and refunds in its 

calculation of income for purposes of IFP eligibililty.

A detailed recitation of the custody dispute between Mother and Father 

is not necessary to our disposition of the IFP Petition. In sum, Mother 

 

*

Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
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initiated a custody dispute in 2009 regarding Mother and Father’s two 

children and the dispute continues until today. 

On February 23, 2016, the trial court found Mother in contempt of the 

existing Custody Order. Order, 2/23/16. On March 2, 2016, the trial court 

ordered, among other things, that the parties’ two minor children attend 

counseling sessions. Order, 3/2/16. Mother, in contemplation of appealing 

those two orders, filed the instant IFP Petition. After a hearing, the trial 

court denied the IFP Petition on March 31, 2016. 

Mother timely appealed, and both Mother and the trial court complied 

with Pa.R.A.P. 1925.

Mother raises the following issues on appeal:

1. Whether the Lower Court erred as a matter of law, and 

therefore abused its discretion, when it failed to provide a 

brief statement of its reason for denying [Mother]’s IFP 

[P]etition thereby denying [Mother] the ability to cure any 

defects.

2. Whether the Lower Court erred as a matter of law, and 

therefore abused its discretion, when it failed to disclose 

during the evidentiary hearing why it was “inclin[ed] not to 

grant” [Mother]’s IFP [P]etition, thereby preventing her from 

presenting testimony that would have addressed the court’s 

concerns.

3. Whether the Lower Court erred as a matter of law, and 

therefore abused its discretion, when it failed to disclose the 

standard and/or guideline it used to determine IFP eligibility 

where Pa.R.C.P. 240 and Delaware County Local Rules are 

silent on providing such disclosures.

4. Whether the Lower Court erred as a matter of law, and 

therefore abused its discretion, when it included Appellant’s 

2015 federal Earned Income Credit (EIC) and Child Tax Credit 
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(CTC) as income for IFP eligibility purposes, when such 

amounts are “benefits” awarded by the Internal Revenue 

Service and as such are not included as income of indigent 

persons seeking assistance from federal and/or federally 

funded programs.

5. Whether the Lower Court erred as a matter of law, and 

therefore abused its discretion, when it considered [Mother]’s 

gross income and not net income in determining IFP eligibility 

and “financial resources.”

6. Whether the Lower Court erred as a matter of law, and 

therefore abused its discretion, when it sought and considered 

testimony regarding [Mother]’s “unusual expenses” instead of 

ordinary expenses during the evidentiary hearing.

7. Whether the Lower Court erred as a matter of law, and 

therefore abused its discretion, when it considered [Mother]’s 

wage income projected for the remainder of 2016, since those 

projected wages were not currently available to Appellant.

8. Whether the Lower Court erred as a matter of law, and 

therefore abused its discretion, when it failed to consider 

[Mother]’s lack of income during part of the 12 month period 

prior to filing her IFP petition.

9. To the extent its denial was based upon it, whether the Lower 

Court erred as a matter of law when it failed to require 

counsel for [Mother] to file a Pa.R.C.P. 240(d)(1) affidavit of 

free legal services.1

Mother’s Brief at 1-3 (reordered for ease of disposition). 

We first note that these issues are properly before us as our Supreme 

Court has held that “an order denying in forma pauperis status is a final, 

appealable order.” Grant v. Blaine, 868 A.2d 400, 402 (Pa. 2005). 

 

1

In her Brief, Mother abandoned this claim of error stating: “Mother 

withdraws her Rule 240(d)(1) affidavit statement of error since the lower 

court did not rely upon it in denying Mother’s IFP Application.” Mother’s 

Brief at 20 (capitalization omitted). Accordingly, we do not address it.
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Furthermore, “[i]n reviewing a trial court's resolution of an application to 

proceed in forma pauperis, we reverse only if the court abused its discretion 

or committed an error of law.” Amrhein v. Amrhein, 903 A.2d 17, 19 (Pa. 

Super. 2006). An abuse of discretion is not merely an error in judgment but 

requires a finding of bias, partiality, prejudice, ill will, manifest 

unreasonableness, or misapplication of law. Commonwealth v. Tickel, 2 

A.3d 1229, 1233 (Pa. Super. 2010). The trial court “has considerable 

discretion in determining whether a person is indigent for purposes of an 

application to proceed in forma pauperis.” Amrhein, supra at 20. 

Mother’s first two issues on appeal allege that the trial court failed to 

provide the Mother with the opportunity to address the trial court’s concerns 

about her IFP Petition and supplement the record to address those concerns. 

Pa.R.C.P. 240 (“Rule 240”) governs the filing of IFP Petitions generally 

and provides that if “the petition is denied, in whole or in part, the court 

shall briefly state its reasons.” Pa.R.C.P. 240(c)(3). This Court has 

instructed, if “the trial court is inclined to deny . . . IFP applications after 

conducting the appropriate evidentiary hearing(s), the trial court must place 

a brief statement of its reasons on the record and/or in its order(s).” 

Goldstein v. Haband Co., 814 A.2d 1214, 1218 (Pa. Super. 2002). 

Further, “[t]he benefit of a brief, contemporaneous statement is to allow a 

litigant claiming IFP status, either pro se or with counsel, to correct any 

technical or other mistakes in the petition . . . ” Id. 
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A review of the record reveals that the trial court did, in fact, inform 

Mother of its concerns and then allowed the parties to supplement the record 

after the hearing with additional information and case law. Therefore, issues 

one and two lack merit. 

Mother’s third argument on appeal is that the trial court failed to 

disclose the standard and guidelines for denying the IFP Petition. There is 

no merit to this claim as well. 

A trial court has considerable discretion in determining whether a 

person is indigent for purposes of IFP status. Amrhein, supra, at 20. In 

this case, the trial court properly considered Mother’s financial resources as 

well as “expenses and the realities of life.” Trial Ct. Op. at 8. In particular, 

the court reviewed Mother’s most recent paystub and determined that her 

average monthly net income was $2,067.14 ($2,328.93 average monthly 

gross income less $261.79 average monthly taxes deducted per paystub). 

Id. at 4. 

The trial court then added in her tax credits and refunds as well as 

child support payments and determined that “[Mother] has available to her, 

for the support of herself and her two children $3,358.22 per month.” Id. 

The trial court then considered monthly living expenses, including rent, car 

payment, car insurance, and cell phone. Id.

The trial court also evaluated Mother’s tax situation and found that at 

“the time of the hearing Counsel did not specify those taxes Mother did not
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have refunded.” Id. at 3 (emphasis in original). The trial court totaled 

Mother’s tax credits and refunds and “estimated that approximately $6,000 

of that total should be added to Mother’s income.” Id. at 3.

Based on this information, the trial court concluded that Mother could 

afford the cost of filing the numerous appeals from the custody dispute:

Based on the above, Mother has fixed monthly expenses of 

$954. Mother also testified that she had costs for groceries, 

personal care products, gas, clothing and haircuts. Mother did 

not specify the amounts spend on these items. 

The [c]ourt is aware of the realities of life which dictate that 

Mother would have expenses for food, clothing, haircuts, and 

personal care products for herself and the two children. This 

[c]ourt believes that there is sufficient income left after payment 

of the fixed expenses to wit, $2,404.22 per month to pay for the 

expenses of food, clothing, personal care products, haircuts for 

[Mother] and the children and bear the cost of litigation. 

Id. at 5 (emphasis in original). Because the trial court provided a reasoned 

and logical explanation for the denial of IPF Petition, we find that the trial 

court did not abuse its discretion in denying the IFP Petition. Mother’s third 

issue on appeal also fails.

Mother’s fourth issue on appeal is that the trial court erred in 

including in its calculation of income Mother’s Earned Income Tax Credit 

(“EIC”) and Child Tax Credit (“CTC”) for 2015. Mother argues that since the 

federal government does not consider the income from such tax benefits its 

determination of eligibility for federally funded programs, the trial court 

should not consider such income when determining IFP status.
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Rule 240(h) specifically addresses, inter alia, income from government 

benefit programs when determining a IFP Petitioner’s “income.” Included in 

the categories are social security benefits, support payments, disability 

payments, unemployment compensation and supplemental benefits, 

workman’s compensation, public assistance, and “other.” Pa.R.C.P. 240(h) 

(emphasis added).

The trial court relied upon the category of “other” when it concluded 

that Mother’s income from EIC and CTC should be included in its calculation 

of income for purposes of an IFP Petition. We agree. Since the income from 

the ETC and CTC are analogous to the other government benefits set forth in 

Rule 240(h), the trial court did not abuse its discretion in including them in 

its calculation of Mother’s income. 

Mother argues that the trial court erred because the federal 

government does not include such credits to determine eligibility for certain 

federal programs. Mother, however, fails to cite any case law or authority 

that would support the assertion that Rule 240 should be read in conjunction 

with the eligibility requirements for other government benefit programs. To 

the contrary, Rule 240 clearly requires that benefits from other government 

programs be included in the calculation for IFP purposes. See id.

 Mother next avers that the trial court erred in considering Mother’s 

gross income rather than net income in determining Mother’s IFP eligibility. 

Mother’s Brief at 2. A review of the record belies this claim, and reveals that 
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the trial court did briefly mention gross income on the record during the 

hearing, N.T. at 17, but clearly used net income in its final IFP 

determination. Accordingly, this claim fails.

Mother’s sixth issue on appeal is whether the trial court abused its 

discretion when it sought and considered testimony regarding Mother’s 

unusual expenses instead of ordinary expenses during the evidentiary 

hearing. Mother’s Brief at 1. This issue lacks merit.

Here, the trial court heard testimony regarding Mother’s monthly 

expenses, including, inter alia, rent, car payment, car insurance, cell phone 

bill, and “everyday living expenses” for herself and her two children. N.T. at 

25-26. The trial court then inquired if Mother had any unusual expenses she 

would like the court to consider. Id. at 31. Contrary to Mother’s assertion, 

the trial court considered both ordinary and unusual expenses in its 

determination of Mother’s IPF eligibility. Therefore, this claim also fails. 

Mother’s seventh claim of error avers that the trial court erred when it 

considered Mother’s projected wages for 2016 because those wages “were 

not currently available to Appellant.” Mother’s Brief at 2. The trial court 

calls this argument “nonsensical” because the trial court did not consider 

Mother’s eligibility based on potential future earnings. Trial Ct. Op. at 5. 

Rather, the trial court relied upon Mother’s year-to-date paystub from her 

current employer. Id. at 4-5. 
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Moreover, the trial court properly found that Mother did not present 

evidence that her employment was discontinued. In fact, the opposite was 

true. Mother testified at the hearing telephonically because attending the 

hearing in person would have conflicted with her job responsibilities. Id. at 

5. Thus, we find no abuse of discretion. 

Mother’s final issue on appeal is that the trial court erred when it failed 

to consider Mother’s past unemployment. Mother’s Brief at 2. The trial 

court stated that it “did consider Mother’s testimony that for some period in 

2015 she was unemployed.” Trial Ct. Op. at 6. Mother, however, did not 

present any testimony about how that period of unemployment impacted her 

current income and expenses. Id. 

We agree with the trial court that since Mother failed to present any 

evidence of the manner in which the period of unemployment affected her 

financially, the trial court did not reduce Mother’s current income to reflect 

her prior unemployment. Accordingly, we find this issue meritless.
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In sum, we find no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s denial of IFP 

status.2 

Order affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 12/23/2016

 

2

Father’s unsupported request for attorney’s fees summarily asserted at the 

end of his Brief is denied.