United States Court of Appeals

For the Eighth Circuit

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No. 20-2646

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United States of America

lllllllllllllllllllllPlaintiff - Appellee

v.

Donarius Kincaid

lllllllllllllllllllllDefendant - Appellant

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Appeal from United States District Court 

for the Northern District of Iowa - Western

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Submitted: September 20, 2021

Filed: November 15, 2021

[Unpublished] 

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Before SHEPHERD, WOLLMAN, and KOBES, Circuit Judges. 

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PER CURIAM.

The district court1 revoked Donarius Kincaid’s supervised release after

concluding that he had committed a domestic assault causing strangulation in

1

 The Honorable C.J. Williams, United States District Judge for the Northern

District of Iowa.
violation of Iowa law. Kincaid was sentenced to 24 months’ imprisonment and one

year of supervised release. He appeals, arguing that the district court violated his due

process rights by improperly relying on recorded statements of the victim’s minor

son, who—despite being subpoenaed by the government—did not appear at the

revocation hearing for cross-examination. We affirm.

On July 3, 2020, police responded to a domestic violence call at the Waterloo,

Iowa, apartment where Kincaid resided with his girlfriend, K.M., and her minor

children. The incident led to Kincaid’s arrest for domestic assault causing

strangulation. Kincaid’s federal probation officer thereafter filed an amended petition

to revoke his supervised release, alleging, as relevant here, a new law violation for

the domestic assault offense.

The police’s response to the incident was captured on responding officer

Alexander Bovy’s body camera and was admitted into evidence at the revocation

hearing. The footage shows several officers arriving at the apartment as shouting

emanated from the interior. It also shows Kincaid and C.S., K.M.’s minor son,

engaged in an apparent physical altercation, with officers separating the two. Shortly

thereafter, Officer Bovy began interviewing C.S. in the apartment’s hallway, while

Kincaid and K.M. were separated and placed in other rooms. C.S. told Officer Bovy

that Kincaid was upset at K.M. because she had been absent from the house for longer

than he had expected. He stated that Kincaid and K.M. began fighting, and that

Kincaid began “choking her on the couch” in the living room. C.S. reported that he

witnessed Kincaid choking K.M. against a wall with his hands around her neck and

biting K.M.’s finger when she attempted to break free. 

The body camera footage then shows Officer Bovy’s conversation with K.M. 

K.M. stated that Kincaid was “very aggressive” the night of the altercation and that

he had choked her while the two were fighting. She showed Officer Bovy a small

scratch on her jaw line that she alleged was inflicted by Kincaid. K.M. told Officer

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Bovy that Kincaid had choked her to the point that she could not breath while the two

were on the couch. She displayed her neck as if to show marks from the

strangulation, but the police incident report does not mention any physical evidence

of strangulation other than the scratch mark. 

The government called K.M. to testify at the hearing, during which she

contradicted the statements she had made to Officer Bovy at the scene. She initially

testified that she could not recall if Kincaid had strangled her, because her memory

of the incident was clouded by her anger with Kincaid and the chaos surrounding

their altercation. During cross-examination, however, she unequivocally stated that

Kincaid had not put his hands around her neck at any point during the fight. 

The government had subpoenaed C.S. to testify, but he failed to appear at the

hearing. K.M. testified that C.S. did not want to participate in the hearing because

his ADHD makes him feel uncomfortable in “huge atmospheres.” Sentencing Tr. 33. 

When asked by the government why C.S. did not appear, despite the subpoena, K.M.

responded:

[H]e is 14 years old. He is still a minor. So if my son tells me, with his

condition, that he does not feel comfortable, then I will not go ahead and

put him into something he does not feel comfortable being a part of, so

I will take full responsibility for him. 

Id. at 34.

The district court determined that K.M.’s statements to Officer Bovy at the

scene were credible and that she was “not telling the truth” in her hearing testimony.

Id. at 52. Over Kincaid’s objection, the district court also considered C.S.’s recorded

statements, finding that they corroborated K.M.’s statements to Officer Bovy. The

court discredited K.M.’s explanation that C.S. did not appear because of his ADHD,

finding instead that C.S. “did not appear because [K.M.] told him not to appear, and

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[K.M.] is trying to protect the defendant.” Id. at 54. Ultimately, the district court

concluded that Kincaid’s “due process rights have been observed” and that he had

committed domestic assault causing strangulation. Id. 

Kincaid argues that the presentation of C.S.’s recorded statements at the

revocation hearing violated his constitutional right to due process. “A revocation

hearing is not a criminal trial, and a defendant on supervised release is not entitled to

the full panoply of protections afforded by the rules of evidence.” United States v.

Timmons, 950 F.3d 1047, 1049–50 (8th Cir. 2020) (quoting United States v. Sutton,

916 F.3d 1134, 1138 (8th Cir. 2019)). Defendants are, however, entitled to receive

“certain ‘minimum requirements of due process’” in revocation proceedings. Id. at

1050 (quoting Morrissey v. Brewer, 408 U.S. 471, 488–89 (1972)). One such

requirement “is the right to ‘confront and cross examine adverse witnesses,’” unless

the district court “specifically finds good cause for not allowing confrontation[.]” Id.

(quoting Morrissey, 408 U.S. at 489). To determine whether good cause exists, “[a]

district court must balance the interest in confrontation ‘against the grounds asserted

by the government for not requiring confrontation.’” United States v. Busey, 11 F.4th

664, 666 (8th Cir. 2021) (quoting United States v. Bell, 785 F.2d 640, 642 (8th Cir.

1986)).

As grounds for not requiring confrontation, the government asserted only that

K.M. did not bring C.S. to court to testify. We have not previously considered

whether a mother’s decision to forego bringing her minor child to court pursuant to

a subpoena constitutes “good cause for not allowing confrontation” at a revocation

hearing. See Timmons, 950 F.3d at 1050 (quoting Morrissey, 408 U.S. at 489). We

need not decide the issue here, either, because any error in considering C.S.’s

recorded statements was harmless. See United States v. Martin, 382 F.3d 840, 846

(8th Cir. 2004) (“In effect, the district court’s failure to engage in the Bell balancing

analysis on the record was harmless error in the present case.”). 

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The government presented compelling evidence, “apart from the hearsay

statements, to prove by a preponderance of the evidence” that Kincaid had committed

the assault. See Timmons, 950 F.3d at 1051–52 (quoting United States v. Black Bear,

542 F.3d 249, 256 (8th Cir. 2008)). Specifically, the government presented the body

camera footage of K.M. telling Officer Bovy that Kincaid had strangled her. The

district court found that K.M.’s statements to Officer Bovy carried “inherent

reliability” because she was in an excited state and likely did not “have the

wherewithal to be thinking about what [she was] going to say and what the

ramifications are[.]” Sentencing Tr. 53. According to the district court, in the video,

“[K.M.] says what’s on her mind, what is true, and that is, the defendant assaulted her

and choked her.” Id. The district court was of the opinion that K.M.’s hearing

testimony was motivated by her desire to “protect her boyfriend” by “l[ying] under

oath.” Id. at 52. It found credible K.M.’s recorded statements that Kincaid had

strangled her. Kincaid has offered us no reason to question that credibility

determination, which is “virtually unreviewable on appeal.” United States v. Holly,

983 F.3d 361, 363–64 (8th Cir. 2020) (quoting United States v. Heath, 58 F.3d 1271,

1275 (8th Cir. 1995)). 

The judgment is affirmed.

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