Opinion filed June 15, 2023

In The

Eleventh Court of Appeals __________

No. 11-23-00010-CV

__________

IN THE INTEREST OF J.S., A CHILD

On Appeal from the 91st District Court

Eastland County, Texas

Trial Court Cause No. CV2146081

M E M O R A N D U M O P I N I O N

This is an appeal from an order in which the trial court terminated the parental 

rights of the mother to her two-year-old son, J.S.1

 On appeal, Appellant presents 

five issues in which she challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support the 

trial court’s findings. We affirm the trial court’s order of termination.

1 The trial court also terminated the parental rights of the unknown father of the child. No appeal 

has been filed on behalf of the unknown father. 
2

Termination Findings and Standards

The termination of parental rights must be supported by clear and convincing 

evidence. TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(b) (West 2022). To terminate parental 

rights, it must be shown by clear and convincing evidence that the parent has 

committed one of the acts listed in Section 161.001(b)(1)(A)–(U) and that 

termination is in the best interest of the child. Id. 

In this case, the trial court found that Appellant had committed four of the acts 

listed in Section 161.001(b)(1)—those found in subsections (D), (E), (O), and (P). 

Specifically, the trial court found that Appellant had (1) knowingly placed or 

knowingly allowed the child to remain in conditions or surroundings that endangered 

the child’s physical or emotional well-being, (2) engaged in conduct or knowingly 

placed the child with persons who engaged in conduct that endangered the child’s

physical or emotional well-being, (3) failed to comply with the provisions of a court 

order that specifically established the actions necessary for Appellant to obtain the 

return of the child, who had been in the managing conservatorship of the Department 

of Family and Protective Services for not less than nine months as a result of the 

child’s removal for abuse or neglect, and (4) used a controlled substance in a manner 

that endangered the child and either failed to complete a substance abuse treatment 

program or abused a controlled substance after completing such a program. The trial 

court also found, pursuant to Section 161.001(b)(2), that termination of Appellant’s 

parental rights would be in the best interest of the child.

In her appellate brief, Appellant challenges both the legal and factual 

sufficiency of the evidence. To determine if the evidence is legally sufficient in a 

parental termination case, we review all of the evidence in the light most favorable 

to the finding and determine whether a rational trier of fact could have formed a firm 
3

belief or conviction that its finding was true. In re J.P.B., 180 S.W.3d 570, 573 (Tex. 

2005). To determine if the evidence is factually sufficient, we give due deference to 

the finding and determine whether, on the entire record, a factfinder could reasonably 

form a firm belief or conviction about the truth of the allegations against the parent. 

In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 25–26 (Tex. 2002). We note that the trial court is the sole 

arbiter of the credibility and demeanor of witnesses. In re A.B., 437 S.W.3d 498, 

503 (Tex. 2014) (citing In re J.L., 163 S.W.3d 79, 86–87 (Tex. 2005)). 

With respect to the best interest of a child, no unique set of factors need be 

proved. In re C.J.O., 325 S.W.3d 261, 266 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2010, pet. denied). 

But courts may use the non-exhaustive Holley factors to shape their analysis. 

Holley v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367, 371–72 (Tex. 1976). These include, but are not 

limited to, (1) the desires of the child, (2) the emotional and physical needs of the 

child now and in the future, (3) the emotional and physical danger to the child now 

and in the future, (4) the parental abilities of the individuals seeking custody, (5) the 

programs available to assist these individuals to promote the best interest of the 

child, (6) the plans for the child by these individuals or by the agency seeking 

custody, (7) the stability of the home or proposed placement, (8) the acts or 

omissions of the parent that may indicate that the existing parent–child relationship 

is not a proper one, and (9) any excuse for the acts or omissions of the parent. Id. 

Additionally, evidence that proves one or more statutory grounds for termination 

may also constitute evidence illustrating that termination is in the child’s best 

interest. C.J.O., 325 S.W.3d at 266. 

Evidence Presented at Trial

The record shows that the Department of Family and Protective Services 

became involved with J.S. and his mother in the summer of 2021 as result of drug 
4

use by Appellant. Appellant testified that she was using methamphetamine and 

marihuana at the time. She testified that both she and J.S., who was approximately 

fifteen months old at the time, both tested positive for methamphetamine. Appellant

was not aware of how J.S. was exposed to methamphetamine. A hair follicle test for 

Appellant taken in September 2021 indicated that she was positive for amphetamine 

(2,220 pg/mg), methamphetamine (14,724 pg/mg), and marihuana. Appellant

testified that this test result was the result of her relapsing. 

After completing some of her required services, the trial court granted a 

monitored return to Appellant in March 2022 after J.S.’s second birthday. J.S. 

remained with Appellant until July 2022, living in Abilene in a trailer that was only 

occupied by Appellant and J.S. Drug tests conducted on both J.S. and Appellant on 

July 11, 2022 revealed that both of them testified positive for methamphetamine

again. The hair follicle test for Appellant indicated that she was positive for 

amphetamine (639 pg/mg) and methamphetamine (4,567 pg/mg). The hair follicle 

test for J.S. indicated that he was positive for methamphetamine (32,783 pg/mg). 

Appellant denied using drugs at this time and she had no idea why she and J.S. tested 

positive. She opined that maybe her sister had sabotaged her and J.S. because she 

wanted custody of J.S. Appellant also noted that J.S. was around her family quite a 

bit during the monitored return. Hair follicle tests collected in November 2022 

revealed that J.S. was negative for methamphetamine, but that Appellant continued 

to test positive. 

Appellant testified that J.S. “means everything” to her, and she did not want 

her parental rights to be terminated. She also noted that she had a good job now, a 

new house, and a new car. Appellant further testified that she worries about her son 
5

because she cannot protect him if he is not in her care. In this regard, she worries 

about him being in the care of her sister and her husband.

Chelle Whisenhunt-Jordan is a case manager at 2INgage that was assigned to 

the case in July 2021. She testified that J.S. was removed from the monitored return 

in July 2022 as a result of the positive drug tests. Whisenhunt-Jordan also testified 

that, during the Department’s involvement with the family, Appellant has had 

multiple boyfriends, one of which tested positive for methamphetamine. J.S. was 

placed with a maternal aunt and her husband. Whisenhunt-Jordan testified that J.S. 

is doing well in their care and that she has no concerns with this placement. Long 

term, the maternal aunt and her husband would like to adopt J.S. Whisenhunt-Jordan 

testified that she believes that termination of Appellant’s parental rights is in the best 

interest of the child because of Appellant’s inability to maintain sobriety.

The Department asked the trial court to terminate Appellant’s parental rights, 

and to name the Department as the managing conservator of the child while it looked 

for an adoptive permanent placement. The trial court agreed, noting that “[a] child 

deserves to reside in a home that’s drug free.” 

Analysis

In her first and second issues, Appellant challenges the sufficiency of the 

evidence to prove grounds (D) and (E). Under subsection (E), the relevant inquiry 

is whether evidence exists that the endangerment of the child’s well-being was the 

direct result of the parent’s conduct, including acts, omissions, or failures to act. In 

re D.O., 338 S.W.3d 29, 34 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2011, no pet.). Additionally, 

termination under subsection (E) must be based on more than a single act or 

omission; a voluntary, deliberate, and conscious course of conduct by the parent is 

required. In re D.T., 34 S.W.3d 625, 634 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2000, pet. denied); 
6

In re K.M.M., 993 S.W.2d 225, 228 (Tex. App.—Eastland 1999, no pet.). The 

offending conduct need not be directed at the child, nor does the child actually have 

to suffer an injury. In re J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d 336, 345 (Tex. 2009). Drug use may 

constitute evidence of endangerment. Id. A parent’s drug addiction and its effect on 

the parent’s life and ability to parent a child may establish an endangering course of 

conduct. In re J.T.G., 121 S.W.3d 117, 125–26 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2003, no 

pet.) (citing Dupree v. Tex. Dep’t of Protective & Regulatory Servs., 907 S.W.2d 81, 

84 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1995, no writ)).

Based upon evidence of Appellant’s use of illegal drugs, including multiple 

positive tests for herself and her two-year-child, the trial court could have found by 

clear and convincing evidence that Appellant had engaged in conduct or knowingly 

placed J.S. with persons who engaged in conduct that endangered the child’s 

physical or emotional well-being. In addition to affecting her ability to care for J.S., 

the fact that J.S. also tested positive for methamphetamine is significant because it 

indicated that it had a direct impact on his life. We hold that the evidence is legally 

and factually sufficient to uphold the trial court’s finding as to Appellant under 

subsection (E). Because only one statutory ground is necessary to support 

termination and because we have upheld the trial court’s finding as to subsection (E), 

we need not reach Appellant’s first issue—her challenge to the finding under 

subsection (D). See FAM. § 161.001(b)(1); In re N.G., 577 S.W.3d 230, 234–35 (Tex. 

2019); see also TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1. For the same reason, we need not consider her 

third and fourth issues challenging the trial court’s findings as to subsections (O) and 

(P). We overrule Appellant’s second issue. 

In her fifth issue, Appellant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to 

support the trial court’s finding that termination of her parental rights would be in 
7

the best interest of J.S. She asserts that the evidence was insufficient to overcome 

the presumption that it is in a child’s best interest to be raised by a parent. She points 

out the heavy burden on the Department, the loving relationship that she and J.S.

have, the new home, new car, and good job that she has obtained, that she is 

continuing to work her family service plan, and that she completed numerous 

parenting classes and courses. Appellant also asserts that the Department presented 

little to no evidence that termination of her parental rights would be in J.S.’s best 

interest.

While the record does show that Appellant and J.S. had a close relationship, 

it also shows that the child tested positive for methamphetamine, the second 

occasion occurring during a monitored return to Appellant’s care. See In re J.F.-G, 

627 S.W.3d 304, 316–17 (Tex. 2021) (a parent’s short-term positive behavior “does 

not nullify earlier endangering conduct such that the trier of fact must set the earlier 

conduct aside.”); In re J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d at 346 (evidence of positive conduct “does 

not conclusively negate the probative value of a long history of drug use and 

irresponsible choices.”). While Appellant denied using drugs during the monitored 

return, the second positive test for her and J.S. shows that, at a minimum, J.S. was 

in an environment where methamphetamine was present. J.S. had been placed with

his maternal aunt and her husband and he was doing very well there. 

The trial court, as the trier of fact, is the sole judge of the witnesses’ credibility.

A.B., 437 S.W.3d at 503. The trial court stated as follows at the conclusion of trial: 

“This child needs a safe, appropriate, drug-free, safe home environment and 

[Appellant] is unable to demonstrate to this Court that she can provide that.” Giving 

due deference to the trial court, we hold that, based on the evidence presented at trial 

and the Holley factors, the trial court could reasonably have formed a firm belief or 
8

conviction that termination of Appellant’s parental rights would be in J.S.’s best 

interest. See Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 371–72. Upon considering the record as it relates 

to the child’s desires (K.S. was too young to express any desire), the emotional and 

physical needs of the child now and in the future, the emotional and physical danger 

to the child now and in the future, the parental abilities of those involved, the plans 

for the child by the Department, Appellant’s use of methamphetamine, and the 

stability of the placement, we hold that the evidence is legally and factually sufficient 

to support the finding that termination of Appellant’s parental rights is in the best 

interest of the child. See id. We cannot hold that the finding as to best interest is not 

supported by clear and convincing evidence. We overrule Appellant’s fifth issue.

This Court’s Ruling

We affirm the order of the trial court. 

JOHN M. BAILEY

CHIEF JUSTICE

June 15, 2023

Panel consists of: Bailey, C.J.,

Trotter, J., and Williams, J.