# Patent

## Title
Carbohydrate based anti-bacterials

## Abstract

A method of inhibiting bacterial growth by contacting a bacteria with at least one disaccharide compound of General Formula I,

## Background
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This application is the US national phase of international application PCT/AU2003/001377 filed 16 Oct. 2003, which designated the U.S. and claims benefit of AU 2002952121, dated 17 Oct. 2002, the entire contents of each of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
The invention relates to disaccharide compositions that have antibacterial properties.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Bacteria have a great ability to generate resistance to drugs through lateral gene transfer, mutation of enzymes, or by expressing enzymes which actively pump out the drug or break it down. Over the past 10 years resistance to existing drugs has become a significant problem in many countries. No new antibacterial drugs have been developed over the past 15 years. Vancomycin is currently the drug of last resort to combat the multidrug resistant Gram-positive bacteria In many places vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococci (VRE) have been discovered. There is thus a desperate need for a new antibacterial drug to replace the drug of last resort.
There are a host of cytoplasmic targets for the development of new antibacterials, such as gyrase inhibitors, protein synthesis inhibitors, muramyl cascade inhibitors and many more. The major hurdle in designing such drugs is that in addition to enzyme based activity these drugs need to cross the bacterial cell wall to exert their antibacterial effect. On the other hand, enzymes involved in the stage III synthesis of the bacterial cell wall exist on the cell wall exterior, and therefore drugs inhibiting these enzymes can exert their bactericidal or bacteriostatic effect without having to cross the cell wall. Penicillin, cephalosporin and vancomycin are drugs that act on the transpeptidase enzymes which control the final steps in the peptidoglycan biosynthesis. Moenomycin is known to act on the transglycosylase enzymes, which are similarly involved in the polymerization of disaccharide precursors. Moenomycin displays very high potency at MIC level, and is used in animal feed as a growth promoter.
Moenomycin is a lipid-linked pentasaccharide. Through extensive SAR experiments it was realised that smaller fragments of moenomycin were capable of exerting antibacterial activity. Trisaccharide fragments of moenomycin still display antibacterial activity, but are not sufficiently stable to be useful drugs. On the basis of this, Sofia and coworkers discovered a new series of disaccharides, carrying aromatic substituents in well defined positions around the disaccharide, which displayed significant MIC activity [WO0064915 and WO9926596].
A further class of disaccharide molecules, based on a sub-structure of vancomycin was shown to have antibacterial activity against vancomycin resistant bacteria. This class of molecules was subsequently demonstrated to contain transglycosylase inhibitors, and were not transpeptidase inhibitors as is vancomycin itself [WO9853813].
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is directed to antibacterial compositions and is especially directed to a method of reducing bacterial growth by contacting bacteria with particular disaccharide like moieties.
The present invention may also be directed to an antibacterial pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a therapeutically effective amount of at least one particular disaccharide like moiety.
The present invention may also be directed to a method of screening such compounds for anti-bacterial activity by contacting the compounds with a Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria and monitoring the growth or growth inhibition of the bacteria.
In a first aspect, the invention provides a method of inhibiting bacterial growth by contacting a bacteria with at least one disaccharide compound of General Formula I,




Wherein the pyranose rings may be of any configuration,

    T is either R or —XR, where X is defined as oxygen, sulphur, NHC(O)—, and wherein R is selected from the non-limiting set comprised of H, or an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl or heteroarylalkyl of 1 to 20 atoms which is optionally substituted, and can be branched or linear. Typical substituents include but are not limited to OH, NO, NO2, NH2, N3, halogen, CF3, CHF2, CH2F, nitrile, alkoxy, aryloxy, amidine, guanidiniums, carboxylic acid, carboxylic acid ester, carboxylic acid amide, aryl cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, aminoalkyl aminodialkyl, aminotrialkyl, aminoacyl, carbonyl, substituted or unsubstituted imine, sulfate, sulfonamide, phosphate, phosphoramide, hydrazide, hydroxamate, hydroxamic acid, heteroaryloxy, aminoalkyl aminoaryl aminoheteroaryl, thioalkyl thioaryl or thioheteroaryl, which may optionally be further substituted,
    U and Z independently selected from OR, NHR, NR(R) (where R may be the same or different), or the following non-limiting set,






    R1 and R2 are independently selected from H, CH3, CH2X, and C(O)NH,
    R3 and R4 are independently selected from H, OH, OR, NHCOR, and
    W is independently selected from ORL, NHRL, NRLR, or the following the following non-limiting set,






Wherein RL is a substituted or unsubstituted, linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated C3 to C55 alkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkylaryl chain. Substituents may include but are not limited to acidic groups such as carboxylic acids, sulfonic acids, phosphoric acids, tetrazoles, or other carboxylic acid mimetics or basic groups such as amines, guanidines, amidines, imidazoles or other amine mimetics.

In a further aspect, the invention provides a method of inhibiting bacterial growth by contacting a bacteria with at least one disaccharide compound of General Formula II,




Wherein the disaccharide linkage is alpha or beta,

    A is defined as hydrogen, OR or SR, and
    R, U, W, Z and R4 are defined as in General Formula I.

In a more preferred aspect, the invention provides a method of inhibiting bacterial growth by contacting a bacteria with at least one disaccharide compound of General Formula III,







Wherein A is defined as in General Formula I, and

    U, Z, RL and R4 are defined as in General Formula I.


The bacterial may be Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria. The bacteria may comprise an E-coli bacteria, a Staphylococci Bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, or other bacteria such as Micrococcus luteus (ATCC272), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC29213), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC43300) MRSA, Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC29212), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC51299) Vancomycin resistant and Streptococcus pyogenes (ATCC8668).
The method may comprise administering an effective amount of a compound of the first aspect, to a subject in need of such treatment. The subject may be a human, or may be a domestic, companion or zoo animal.
In another form, the invention may reside in an antibacterial composition comprising at least one compound as described above. The composition may comprise a pharmaceutical composition.
The compounds of the invention may be mixed with a pharmaceutical acceptable carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle which may comprise a-toxic carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle that may be administered to a patient, together with a compound of this invention, and which does not destroy the pharmacological activity thereof.
The pharmaceutical derivative may comprise a salt, ester, sit of an ester or other derivative of a compound of this invention which, upon administration to a recipient, is capable of providing, either directly or indirectly, a compound of this invention, although no limitation is meant thereby.
Compounds of the invention may be administered orally such as by means of a tabled, powder, liquid, emulsion, dispersion and the like; by inhalation; topically such as by means of a cream, ointment, salve etc; and as a suppository, although no limitation is meant thereby.
Methods and pharmaceutical carriers for preparation of pharmaceutical compositions are well known in the art, as set out in textbooks such as Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 19th Edition, Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa., USA.
It will be clearly understood that, if a prior art publication is referred to herein, this reference does not constitute an admission that the publication forms part of the common general-knowledge in the art in Australia or in any other country.
Best Mode
MIC Testing:
The broth microdilution format of the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) approved standard for susceptibility tests as outlined in M7-A4 “methods for dillution Antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically; approved standard—fifth edition”, January 2000 was utilized for minimum inhibitory concentration testing in Mueller-Hinton broth. The broth for Streptococcus pyogenes testing was supplemented with 2% laked horse blood. A positive result in initial testing was determined by complete inhibition of macroscopic bacterial growth at a concentration of 128 micrograms per mL after incubation for 16 to 24 hours at 37 degrees C. In the case of Micrococcus luteus, incubation was at 30 degrees C.


EXAMPLE 1
















 














Comp. No.
R1
R2
Mass
Rf
SA24
SA48
EC24





1
A5
A9
679
4.62
+
n.d.
−









In all examples, + indicates an MIC value of less than 128 micrograms per mL, − indicates an MIC of greater then 128 micrograms per mL and n.d. indicates not determined.

Bacterial Types Are:

    SA24 S. aureus after 24 hours exposure
    SA48 S. aureus after 48 hours exposure
    EC24 E. coli after 24 hours exposure


EXAMPLE 2
















 

















Comp. No.
n
X
Y
R2
R3
MS
Rf
SA24
SA48
EC24





2
1
A1
A10
A11
A7
875
n.d
+
+
−


3
1
A1
A10
A4
A9
831
n.d
+
+
−


4
0
A1
A10
A12
A9
800
5.1 
+
n.d
−


5
0
A1
A10
A5
A7
862
4.92
+
+
−


6
0
A1
A10
A5
A9
851
5.36
+
n.d
n.d.


7
1
A10
A1
A5
A7
876
5.01
+
+
−









EXAMPLE 3
















 














Comp. No.
R2
R3
MW
Rf
SA24
SA48
EC24





8
A5
A7
824
4.72
+
+
−


9
A5
A9
813
5.56
+
n.d.
n.d.









EXAMPLE 4
















 
















Comp.











No.
X
Y
R2
R3
MW
Rf
SA24
SA48
EC24





10
A1
A10
A12
A7
875
n.d.
+
+
−


11
A1
A10
A4
A9
831
5.18
+
+
+


12
A1
A10
A4
A7
843
4.65
+
+
+


13
A1
A10
A4
A1
663
3.2
+
n.d.
n.d.


14
A1
A10
A5
A9
864
5.27
+
+
−


15
A1
A10
A19
A9
863
4.85
+
+
+


16
A1
A10
A19
A7
875
4.23
+
+
+


19
A1
A10
A19
A25
849
4.8
+
+
+


20
A1
A10
A19
A22
861
3.49
+
+
+


21
A1
A10
A19
A16
889
3.57
+
+
+


22
A1
A10
A19
A23
930
5.1
+
+
+


23
A1
A10
A19
A26
831
3.56
+
+
+


24
A1
A10
A19
A27
899
4.22
+
+
+


25
A1
A10
A19
A28
904
3.3
+
+
+


26
A1
A10
A19
A29
918
3.5
+
+
+


27
A14
A1
A2
A9
800
5.01
+
n.d.
+


28
A14
A1
A3
A9
762
4.81
+
n.d.
+


29
A14
A1
A12
A9
764
4.92
+
n.d.
+


30
A14
A1
A4
A9
782
4.9
+
n.d.
+


31
A14
A1
A15
A9
765
5.4
+
n.d.
+









EXAMPLE 5
















 
















Comp.











No.
X
Y
R2
R3
MW
Rf
SA24
SA48
EC24





36
A10
A1
A17
A7
919
n.d.
+
+
n.d.


37
A10
A1
A5
A7
898
4.99
+
+
−


38
A1
A13
A2
A9
818
5.56
+
n.d.
n.d.


39
A1
A13
A5
A7
844
4.72
+
+
−


40
A1
A13
A5
A9
833
5.63
+
n.d.
−









EXAMPLE 6
















 















Comp.
R1
R2
R3
MW
Rf
SA24
SA48
EC24





42
A20
A20
A8
963
n.d.
+
n.d.
n.d.


43
A5
A1
A7
690
n.d.
+
n.d.
n.d.


44
A5
A3
A7
824
n.d.
+
+
n.d.


45
A5
A3
A1
644
3.82
+

n.d.


46
A5
A21
A7
822
4.73
n.d.
+
−


47
A5
A21
A1
642
3.39
+
n.d.
n.d.


48
A5
A17
A7
898
n.d.
+
+
−


49
A5
A4
A7
844
4.9
n.d.
+
−


50
A5
A4
A1
664
3.8
+
n.d.
n.d.


51
A5
A4
A9

n.d.
n.d.
n.d.
n.d.


52
A5
A44
A7
823
3.98
n.d.
+
−


55
A5
A5
A25
851
5.47
+
+
n.d.


56
A5
A5
C10H21
837
5.38
+
+
n.d.


57
A5
A5
A39
857
4.9
+
+
n.d.


58
A5
A5
A40
861
5.01
+
+
n.d.


59
A5
A5
A22

n.d.
+
+
−


60
A5
A5
bis-pentyl
837
4.9
+
+
n.d.


61
A5
A5
A32
851
5.56
+
+
n.d.


62
A5
A5
A31
837
5.08
+
+
n.d.


63
A5
A5
A30
823
5.1
+
+
n.d.


64
A5
A5
A33
929
5.82
+
+
n.d.


65
A5
A5
A34
942
5.17
+
+
n.d.


66
A5
A5
A41
938
4.81
−
n.d.
n.d.


67
A5
A5
A42
952
4.89
−
n.d.
n.d.


68
A5
A5
A32
901
5.36
−
n.d.
n.d.


69
A5
A5
A36
901
5.45
+
n.d.
n.d.


70
A5
A5
A37
795
4.62
−
n.d.
n.d.


71
A5
A5
A46
880
4.62
−
n.d.
n.d.


72
A5
A5
A47
880
4.81
−
n.d.
n.d.


73
A5
A5
A6
893
5.1
+
n.d.
n.d.


74
A5
A5
A7
877
4.99
+
n.d.
n.d.


75
A5
A5
A23
932
5.63
+
n.d.
n.d.


76
A5
A5
A8
893
6.09
+
n.d.
n.d.


77
A5
A5
A9
865
5.63
+
+
−


78
A5
A3
A9
813
5.45
+
n.d.
n.d.


79
A5
A4
A9
833
5.73
+
n.d.
n.d.


80
A18
A4
A9
744
n.d.
+
n.d.
n.d.









The following compounds were tested against additional organisims with the following results.

    
    
        1. Micrococcus luteus (ATCC272)
        2. Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC29213)
        3. Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC43300) MRSA
        4. Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC29212)
        5. Enterococcus faecalis (ATCCS 1299) Vancomycin resistant
        6. Streptococcus pyrogenes (ATCC8668)
    
    
















Compound















1
2
3
4
5
6

















76
+
+
+
+
+
+


42
+
+
+
+
+
+


75
+
+
+
+
+
+


68
+
+
−
+
−
+


65
+
−
−
+
−
+


69
+
+
+
+
−
+


70
+
−
−
+
−
+


73
+
+
+
+
+
+


74
+
+
+
+
+
+


66
−
−
−
−
−
+


67
+
+
+
+
+
+


77
+
+
+
+
+
+


51
+
+
+
+
+
+


56
+
+
+
+
+
+
















TABLE 1





Side Arms













 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 








 















Throughout the specification and the claims unless the context requires otherwise, the term “comprise”, or variations such as “comprises” or “comprising”, will be understood to apply the inclusion of the stated integer or group of integers but not the exclusion of any other integer or group of integers.
It should be appreciated that various other changes and modifications can be made to any embodiment described without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

## Claims

1. A method of inhibiting bacterial growth comprising contacting a bacteria with at least one disaccharide compound of




wherein
U and Z are independently selected from the group consisting of —OR, —NHR, —NR(R),





wherein R may be the same or different, R is a moiety of not more than 20 carbon atoms independently selected from the group consisting of; alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl and heteroarylalkyl;
W is independently selected from the group consisting of —ORL, —NHRL, —NRLR,





wherein RL is a substituted or unsubstituted, linear or branched moiety of between 3 and 55 carbon atoms selected from the group consisting of: alkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, and alkylaryl chain.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein RL is substituted by a moiety selected from the group consisting of: carboxylic acids, sulfonic acids, phosphoric acids, tetrazoles, amines, guanidiniums, amidines, imidazoles, and oxazoles.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein one or more R groups is substituted by a moiety selected from the group consisting of: —OH, —NO, —NO2, —NH2, —N3, halogen, —CF3, —CHF2, —CH2F, nitrile, alkoxy, aryloxy, amidine, guanidiniums, carboxylic acid, carboxylic acid ester, carboxylic acid amide, aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, aminoalkyl, aminodialkyl, aminotrialkyl, aminoacyl, carbonyl, substituted or unsubstituted imine, sulfate, sulfonamide, phosphate, phosphoramide, hydrazide, hydroxamate, hydroxamic acid, heteroaryloxy, carbamoyl, aminoaryl, aminoheteroaryl, thioalkyl, thioaryl and thioheteroaryl.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound is of

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the bacteria is a Gram+bacteria.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein the bacteria is a Gram−bacteria.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein the bacteria is selected from the group consisting of an Escherichia coli (E. coli), Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aurcus (MRSA), Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecalis Vancomycin resistant and Streptococcus pyogenes.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein the bacteria is Staphylococcus aureus and the compound is

9. The method of claim 1, wherein the bacteria is Staphylococcus aureus and the compound is




wherein:














n
X
Y
R2
R3







1
H
CF3










 


1
H
CF3










 


0
H
CF3










 


0
H
CF3










 


0
H
CF3










 


1
CF3
H

10. The method of claim 1, wherein the bacteria is Staphylococcus aureus and the compound is




wherein:











R2
R3

11. The method of claim 1, wherein the bacteria is Staphylococcus aureus and the compound is




wherein:













X
Y
R2
R3







H
CF3










 


H
CF3










 


H
CF3










 


H
CF3




H


 


H
CF3










 


H
CF3










 


H
CF3










 


H
CF3










 


H
CF3










 


H
CF3










 


H
CF3










 


H
CF3










 


H
CF3










 


H
CF3










 


H
CF3










 


F
H










 


F
H










 


F
H










 


F
H










 


F
H

12. The method of claim 1, wherein the bacteria is Staphylococcus aureus and the compound is




wherein:













X
Y
R2
R3







CF3
H










 


CF3
H










 


H
CH3










 


H
CH3










 


H
CH3

13. The method of claim 1, wherein the bacteria is Staphylococcus aureus and the compound is selected from the group consisting of:




wherein












R1
R2
R3





















 






H






 
















 










H


 
















 










H


 
















 
















 










H


 
















 
















 










n-decyl


 
















 
















 
















 
















 
















 
















 
















 
















 
















 
















 
















 
















 
















 
















 
















 
















 
























and

14. The method of claim 1, wherein the bacteria is E. coli and the compound is




wherein:













X
Y
R2
R3







H
CF3










 


H
CF3










 


H
CF3










 


H
CF3










 


H
CF3










 


H
CF3










 


H
CF3










 


H
CF3










 


H
CF3










 


H
CF3










 


H
CF3










 


H
CF3










 


H
CF3










 


H
CF3










 


H
CF3










 


H
CF3










 


H
CF3

15. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound is




wherein:













Compound
R1
R2
R3







42














 


51














 


56








n-decyl


 


65














 


67














 


68














 


69














 


70














 


73














 


74














 


75














 


76














 


77





















and the bacteria is Micrococcus luteus.

16. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound is




wherein:













Compound
R1
R2
R3







42














 


51














 


56








n-decyl


 


65














 


67














 


68














 


69














 


70














 


73














 


74














 


75














 


76














 


77





















and the bacteria is Staphylococcus aureus.

17. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound is




wherein:













Compound
R1
R2
R3







42














 


51














 


56








n-decyl


 


67














 


68














 


69














 


73














 


74














 


75














 


76














 


77





















and wherein the bacteria is Staphylococcus aureus MRSA.

18. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound is




wherein:













Compound
R1
R2
R3







42














 


51














 


56








n-decyl


 


65














 


67














 


68














 


69














 


70














 


73














 


74














 


75














 


76














 


77





















and the bacteria is Enterococcus faecalis.

19. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound is




wherein













Compound
R1
R2
R3







42














 


51














 


56








n-decyl


 


65














 


67














 


68














 


69














 


70














 


73














 


74














 


75














 


76














 


77





















and wherein the bacteria is Enterococcus faecalis Vancomycin resistant.

20. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound is




wherein:













Compound
R1
R2
R3







42














 


51














 


56








n-decyl


 


65














 


67














 


68














 


69














 


70














 


73














 


74














 


75














 


76














 


77





















and the bacteria is Streptococcus pyogenes.

21. A method of inhibiting a bacterial infection in a mammal comprising administering to said mammal an effective amount of a compound of General Formula (I),




wherein
U and Z are independently selected from the group consisting of: —OR, —NHR, and —NR(R),





wherein R may be the same or different, R is a moiety of not more than 20 carbon atoms independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl and heteroarylalkyl;
W is independently selected from the group consisting of —ORL, —NHRL, —NRLR,





wherein RL is a substituted or unsubstituted, linear or branched moiety of between 3 and 55 carbon atoms selected from the group consisting of: alkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, and alkylaryl chain.

22. The method of claim 1, wherein the bacterium is a resistant or susceptible strain of a Micrococcus, Streptococcus, Enterococcus or Staphylococcus.