# Patent

## Title
Cable for stringed musical instruments

## Abstract

A center conductor having an effective outer diameter; a dielectric material around the center conductor, a semi-conductive layer around the dielectric material, an outer conductor, or shield, around the dielectric material; the shield having an effective inner diameter; wherein the center conductor has a cross-sectional area of 3.141×10−4 in2 or less; wherein the cable has a capacitance of about 15 pF/ft or less; wherein the cable maintains electrical continuity under a tensile force of 25 lbf or greater; wherein the cable has a flex life of greater than about 30,000 cycles; and wherein the cable is a musical instrument cable.

## Background
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
The present application is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/028,923 filed Feb. 11, 2008 now abandoned; and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/889,347 filed on Feb. 12, 2007.


FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to an improved cable for stringed musical instruments, and more particularly, to an improved cable for stringed musical instruments with low capacitance.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Guitars and other stringed instruments are often amplified by attaching a passive magnetic pickup in close proximity to the vibrating metallic strings and connecting this pickup to an amplifier and speaker using a cable. The vibrating string changes the magnetic flux within the core of the pickup. This flux change induces a voltage change in the outer coils of the pickup, thus completing the translation of mechanical vibration to electrical signal. This signal is transmitted through the cable to the amplifier.
The cable connecting the pickup to the amplifier is typically between 5 and 30 feet in length to allow the musician adequate mobility while playing. For increased mobility, some musicians use wireless transmitters which allow substantially greater distances between the guitar and amplifier, however, the vast majority of musicians don't require the additional distance and prefer to use the less expensive cable connection.
In addition to the electrical requirements of a guitar cable, the guitar cable must have a combination of mechanical attributes. Guitar cables need to withstand tensile forces when extracting them from the jacks in guitars and amplifiers. Cables require adequate flexibility to not inhibit movement by the player and need to be robust enough to endure the random flexing exerted by players through constant movement. They also need to withstand the forces of coiling and uncoiling associated with storage when not in use.
Coaxial cable, where the signal is surrounded by a 360 degree metallic wire shield, is the most common connection between the electric guitar and the amplifier. The coaxial structure offers several advantages over other cable designs. The outer shield protects the low voltage signals traveling inside the cable's core from radio frequency interference (RFI) which is important since the guitar signal, along with any RFI noise, is significantly amplified prior to the speaker. The coax structure offers the minimum size for a shielded cable for a given capacitance. The round structure allows for maximum flexibility in all directions. This is important during use as well as when winding the cable up for storage.
Electrical models have been created for the circuit of a passive guitar pickup connected to an amplifier using a cable (see for example the Instruction Manual for the Lemme Pickup Analyzer). The circuit shown in FIG. 1 is modeled as a pickup, cable and amplifier. The cable, when used for audio frequencies at lengths up to 500 feet can be viewed as a series resistor, equivalent to the total resistance of the signal path, and a parallel capacitor, whose value equals the lumped capacitance of the signal path. The amplifier input circuit is very high impedance, typically 500,000 Ohms to 1,000,000 Ohms. Given the voltage divider circuit between the cable resistance and amplifier input resistance, the signal transmission of the circuit is relatively insensitive to cable resistance below 50-100 ohms. Instrument cables have resistance values well below this range.
The frequency response of the circuit is dependent on the interaction of the pickup inductance and cable capacitance. A resonant frequency is created where the reactance of the cable capacitance and pickup inductance are equivalent in amplitude. The resonant frequency of the circuit in FIG. 1 is calculated by:




  
    f
    r
  
  =
  
    1
    
      2
      ⁢
      
        
      
      ⁢
      π
      ⁢
      
        LC
      
    
  




Where L is the fixed pickup inductance and C is the lumped cable capacitance, which is determined by the cable design and length. The resonant frequency is inversely proportional to cable capacitance. As cable capacitance is decreased the resonant frequency is increased.

Using a Lemme Pickup Analyzer the response of a 2005 Fender American Series Stratocaster bridge pickup was measured in series with various lengths of cable to achieve desired capacitance values (see FIG. 2). The response curves were also simulated using SPICE software.
The circuit simulation along with measurements in FIG. 2 also show that the amplitude of the resonant frequency is decreased as the cable capacitance is decreased creating a flatter response in the guitar's midrange frequencies. The −3 dB roll-off frequency of the circuit response is also proportional to the cable capacitance. For a given pickup inductance, as the cable capacitance decreases, the −3 dB roll-off frequency will increase. This allows a wider range of audio frequencies to be transmitted and heard.
Shifts towards a wider range of audio frequencies above −3 dB, and a less emphasized resonant frequency, are readily perceived by guitar players as tonal shifts towards increased clarity and brightness. For a guitarist that would like this effect using an instrument with a passive magnetic pickup, it is necessary to minimize cable capacitance.
The coaxial cable capacitance (C) in picofarads per foot (pF/ft) is given by:



  
    Equation
    ⁢
    
      
    
    ⁢
    1
    ⁢
    
      :
    
    ⁢
    
      
        
      
      ⁢
      
        
      
    
    ⁢
    Coaxial
    ⁢
    
      
    
    ⁢
    Cable
    ⁢
    
      
    
    ⁢
    Capacitance
  




  
    C
    =
    
      
        7.36
        ⁢
        
          
        
        ⁢
        
          ɛ
          r
        
      
      
        log
        ⁡
        
          (
          
            
              D
              e
            
            
              d
              e
            
          
          )
        
      
    
  



    
    
        Where:
        
            ∈r=Relative dielectric constant
            De=Effective inner diameter of the outer shield
            de=Effective outer diameter of the center conductor
        
        
    
    


The effective diameter is the electrical equivalent diameter of multiple conductor geometry. It takes into account the gaps between wires in specific constructions.
The effective diameters (De) of shields are calculated by:

De=D, for a round tube or foil wrap

De=D+1.5dw, for a braided shield

De=D+0.8dw, for a served shield

    
    
        Where:
        D=the geometrical outer diameter of an insulation component contacting the inner diameter of a shield construction
        dw=geometrical diameter of shield component wire
    
    


The effective diameters (de) of concentric stranded center conductors are calculated using:

de=d, for a single wire

de=2.84d, for n=7

de=3.99d, for n=12

de=4.90d, for n=19

de=6.86d, for n=37

    
    
        Where:
        d=geometrical diameter of a center conductor component wire
        n=number of component wires
    
    


While there are several ways to reduce cable capacitance, each has a distinct disadvantage:

    
    
        Reducing the relative dielectric constant of the material between the center conductor and shield: Several inexpensive materials, such as polyethylene, can have gas injected into them during processing to reduce the dielectric constant to approximately 1.5. To achieve dielectric constants below this requires more expensive processes and lower dielectric materials such as fluoropolymers.
        Increasing the effective inner diameter of the outer shield: This option is bounded by the cost of adding material and the practical limits of the cable diameter that will fit into connector sizes.
        Reducing the effective outer diameter of the center conductor: Typical commercially available cables use 18-22 AWG copper center conductors. This range of wire gage represents conductors with an outer diameter ranging from approximately 0.0500 to 0.0253 inches respectively. The conductor can be a solid conductor or multiple conductors to achieve the proper size. Some multiple conductor examples can be found down to 26 AWG copper, which has an outer diameter of approximately 0.0200 inches. Component wire diameters (d) in these multiple configurations can be found down to 0.002 inches. To reduce the effective diameter of the center conductor, the component wire (d) and number of strands should be decreased as shown under Equation 1. As the component wire diameter (d) and number of strands is decreased, the total cross-sectional area of the center conductor wires is decreased. A smaller cross-sectional area results in a lower tensile force at failure for a given material. This compromises both flex life and tensile strength of the cable.

What is needed to improve signal fidelity of instrument cables is a cable that has low capacitance while maintaining strength, durability, connector compatibility, and cost effectiveness.

    
    


SUMMARY OF INVENTION
The present invention provides cable with a center conductor having an effective outer diameter; a dielectric material around the center conductor, a semi-conductive layer around the dielectric material an outer conductor, or shield, around the dielectric material; the shield having an effective inner diameter; wherein the center conductor has a cross-sectional area of 3.141×10−4 in2 or less; wherein the cable has a capacitance of about 15 pF/ft or less; wherein the cable maintains electrical continuity under a tensile force of 25 lbf or greater; wherein the cable has a flex life of greater than about 30,000 cycles; and wherein the cable is a musical instrument cable. Preferably, the center conductor has a cross-sectional area of 1.767×10−4 in2 or less, and comprises copper with a tensile strengths greater than about 35 ksi. More preferably, the center conductor comprises an alloy, which is preferably an alloy of beryllium and copper. The center conductor preferably has a reinforcement layer around it, preferably made of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE). Alternatively, the reinforcement layer comprises fluoropolymers, thermosetting or thermoplastic polymers, cellulose-based materials or metallic foils.
Also preferably, the shield is a braid where the strands are at an angle less than 40 degrees from the axis of the braid. A ratio of the shield effective inner diameter to the center conductor effective outer diameter is greater than about 8, preferably greater than about 10, and most preferably greater than about 12. The capacitance is preferably about 12 pF/ft or less, and more preferably about 10 pF/ft or less. The cable maintains electrical continuity under a tensile force of about 50 lbf or greater and under a tensile force of about 100 lbf or greater. Preferably, the flex life is greater than about 150,000 cycles, and more preferably, about 275,000 cycles. The musical instrument is preferably a stringed instrument that incorporates a passive magnetic pickup.
In another aspect, the invention provides an article comprising the inventive cable in combination with a stringed instrument that incorporates a passive magnetic pick-up.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a schematic circuit model of a passive guitar pickup, cable, and amplifier.
FIG. 2 is a graph of simulated and measured frequency response of a passive system per cable capacitance.
FIG. 3 is a schematic side view of a braided shield according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a schematic view of a flex test set-up.
FIG. 5 is a stress-strain graph for cables according to exemplary embodiments of the present invention.
FIG. 6 is a force-extension graph for cables according to exemplary embodiments of the present invention.
FIG. 7 is a perspective drawing of one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 8 is a perspective drawing of a tape reinforced center conductor.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
1. Description of the Preferred Embodiments
The present invention will now be described in connection with the preferred embodiment illustrated in FIG. 7. As shown in FIG. 7, the inventive instrument cable comprises a center conductor 11, dielectric 12, semi-conductive layer 13, shield 14, optional binder 15, and jacket 16.
Dielectric 12 around center conductor 11 is preferably foamed polyethylene. As discussed above, minimizing the effective outer diameter of center conductor 11 reduces capacitance. Although it might alternatively be possible to use a larger center conductor 11 and reduce capacitance by increasing the effective inner diameter of the shield 14, such a solution is not practical with an instrument cable which has specific requirements for the ultimate cable outer diameter (preferably less than 0.375 inches). Accordingly, applicants have discovered that in conjunction with reducing the effective outer diameter of center conductor 11, it is necessary to ensure that the ratio of the effective inner diameter of the shield 14 to the effective outer diameter of center conductor 11 is greater than about 8.
Because of the necessity to reduce charge buildup between dielectric 12 and outer shield 14, a semi-conductive layer 13 is preferably disposed between dielectric 12 and shield 14. Semi-conductive layer 13 is preferably formed of a semi-conductive solid polyethylene and serves to minimize the triboelectric effect and associated electrical noise produced as shield 14 moves in relation to dielectric 12.
A jacket 16, preferably PVC with TPE additive is disposed around shield 14. A binder 15 is optionally disposed between jacket 16 and shield 14. If used, binder 15, is preferably made of 0.002 inch thick ePTFE. Alternatively, materials such as fluoropolymers, thermosetting or thermoplastic polymers, cellulose-based materials, or metallic foils can also be used as the binder 15 in this construction.
Center conductor 11 in the preferred embodiment is an alloy of beryllium and copper. Such an alloy wire is available from IWG High Performance Conductors, Inc. An alloy is preferred for center conductor 11 because alloys typically have better tensile strength and flex life than non-alloys, as illustrated in the examples below. Other copper alloys may be used in the present invention as will be recognized by those skilled in the art. In a further alternative embodiment, center conductor 11 is reinforced with a wrapped expanded PTFE (ePTFE) tape 111 as shown in FIG. 8. With this alternative embodiment, as illustrated in the examples below, the tensile strength and flex life of the center conductor 11 is maximized. Because reinforcing center conductor 11 with an ePTFE tape so greatly enhances the tensile strength and flex life, it is also contemplated as a further alternative of the embodiment to use a copper center conductor, rather than an alloy, in combination with the ePTFE tape wrap for center conductor 11. Alternatively, materials such as fluoropolymers, thermosetting or thermoplastic polymers, cellulose-based materials, or metallic foils, can also be used as the reinforcement in this construction.
In order to minimize capacitance, and thereby increase the clarity and brightness of the audio signal, the relative dielectric constant of dielectric 12 should be low. A dielectric constant less than 2.0 is preferred, and a constant of less than 1.5 is most preferred. The ratio of the shield effective inner diameter (De) to center conductor effective outer diameter (de) also can be increased to minimize capacitance.
An effective diameter ratio greater than 8 is preferred, and a ratio of 12 is most preferred. A shield effective inner diameter of greater than 0.120 inches is preferred and an effective diameter of greater than 0.160 inches is most preferred. The center conductor 11 is preferably made of a very small wire to achieve low capacitance while maintaining an acceptable shield diameter.
For center conductors with only one wire, the effective diameter is the same as the geometrical diameter of the conductor (See equation 1). However, single conductors do not perform as well in flexure. The center conductor is preferably made of multiple conductors to improve flexibility. A center conductor effective outer diameter of less than 0.020 inches is preferred, and a diameter of 0.015 inches is most preferred. Since a total geometrical diameter of multiple conductors is difficult to measure, the total cross-sectional area is used to define the center conductor. It is also a useful value in determining tensile strength. A center conductor with total cross-sectional area of less than 3.141×10−4 in2 is preferred, and an area of less than 1.767×10−4 in2 is most preferred. Using such a fine center conductor 11 in combination with the low dielectric material and effective diameter ratio provides the low capacitance required for the optimum performance of instrument cable 10. Preferably, as illustrated in the examples below, the cable capacitance is less than 15 pF/ft, and most preferably about 10 pF/ft. Because minimizing the center conductor 11 size has the collateral effect of weakening center conductor 11, applicants have discovered that the decrease in mechanical properties can be solved by either using an alloy for center conductor 11, wrapping semi-conductor 11 with an ePTFE tape, or both. In addition, as discussed below, applicants have discovered further cable strength-enhancing features that produce the inventive instrument cable 10.
Applicants have discovered that certain center conductor constructions produce surprisingly good tensile strength and flex life performance results. The tests, results, and conclusions are presented in the Examples section below.
Referring back to FIG. 7, shield 14 is disposed around dielectric 12. Shield 14 is preferably a braided construction, shown in FIG. 3, having a geometrical inner diameter (at the point where the braid contacts the outer diameter of an insulation component) “D” (34) of about 0.165 inches, comprised of 38 AWG-copper strands measuring about 0.004 inches in diameter “dw” (33) braided with 24 carriers _“E”_(32) with 8 ends (or “wires” (31)) per carrier “E” (32), with a braid angle “α” (37) of approximately 22 degrees in the illustrated embodiment. The point “P” (35) at which braid wires from one carrier cross another is called a “pick.” The preferred number of picks per inch is about 9.
Applicants have discovered that shield 14 is preferably a braided construction that supports the center conductor and maximizes the tensile strength of instrument cable 10. The preferred braid angle “α” (37) for the shield 14 is less than 40 degrees from the longitudinal axis of the cable. Additionally, at any braid angle or shield construction (e.g., serve wire shield), alternative strength members, such as polymer tapes, metal foils, and fibers, may be incorporated to reinforce the center conductor. The fiber may be one or multiple parts of a multi-conductor configuration. Additionally, the fiber may run parallel to the longitudinal axis of the cable.
The braid angle is calculated according to the following Equation 2:



  
    Equation
    ⁢
    
      
    
    ⁢
    2
    ⁢
    
      :
    
    ⁢
    
      
    
    ⁢
    Braid
    ⁢
    
      
    
    ⁢
    Angle
  




  
    α
    =
    
      
        tan
        
          -
          1
        
      
      ⁡
      
        (
        
          
            2
            ⁢
            
              
            
            ⁢
            Q
            ⁢
            
              
            
            ⁢
            π
            ⁢
            
              
            
            ⁢
            
              D
              ave
            
          
          m
        
        )
      
    
  



    
    
        Where:
        
            α=braid angle (37)
            Q=number of picks “P” (35) per inch
            m=number of carriers (32)
        
        
        Dave=average braid diameter calculated by:

Dave=D(34)+2dw (33)

    
    


Changing the braid parameters for a given cable construction will alter how the cable behaves under tensile stress. Modifying braid parameters will determine how well the cable's composite structure protects the center conductor from high tensile stresses and ultimately failure. Adding braid metal by increasing the diameter of the braid strands or increasing the total number of wires in the braid will improve the overall strength of the cable. Other strength enhancing components will also improve the overall strength of the cable. However, the a small center conductor can break before this ultimate strength is realized. In combination with strength, the tensile stiffness of the cable needs to be high enough to protect the smaller center conductor components from failing at lower forces.
Applicants use the braids described herein in combination with the center conductors described herein to form the inventive cable. Cable stiffness is one parameter used to characterize the inventive cables. Cable stiffness is measured using the chord modulus of the cable. This chord modulus is defined by the slope of a chord on the stress-strain curve between an initial 2.0 lbf pre-load point and the point at which the electrical continuity of the cable is lost (see Equation 3 below).



  
    Equation
    ⁢
    
      
    
    ⁢
    3
    ⁢
    
      :
    
    ⁢
    
      
    
    ⁢
    Cable
    ⁢
    
      
    
    ⁢
    Chord
    ⁢
    
      
    
    ⁢
    Modulus
  




  
    
      Cable
      ⁢
      
        
      
      ⁢
      Chord
      ⁢
      
        
      
      ⁢
      Modulus
    
    =
    
      
        Δ
        ⁢
        
          
        
        ⁢
        
          σ
          r
        
      
      ɛ
    
  



Where,
Δσr=the change in relative stress of the center conductor
∈=cable strain
A relative stress is used in the stress-strain relationship to characterize the center conductor in the construction. The relative stress is calculated using the cable force as it relates to the cross-sectional area of the center conductor in the cable being tested (see Equation 4 below).



  
    Equation
    ⁢
    
      
    
    ⁢
    4
    ⁢
    
      :
    
    ⁢
    
      
    
    ⁢
    Relative
    ⁢
    
      
    
    ⁢
    Stress
  




  
    
      σ
      r
    
    =
    
      
        Cable
        ⁢
        
          
        
        ⁢
        Force
        ⁢
        
          
        
        ⁢
        
          (
          lbf
          )
        
      
      
        Center
        ⁢
        
          
        
        ⁢
        Conductor
        ⁢
        
          
        
        ⁢
        Area
        ⁢
        
          
        
        ⁢
        
          (
          
            in
            2
          
          )
        
      
    
  



Although this is not the total cross-sectional area in tensile, it provides a relative value of cable stiffness per center conductor material and size. The braid angle can be used to control this chord modulus. Braid angle is defined as the angle between the longitudinal axis of the cable and the braid strand. A low braid angle indicates the braid strands are aligned more with the longitudinal axis of the cable. At a low braid angle very little extension is needed before the strands begin to contribute to the tensile strength of the cable structure. This produces a higher chord modulus. At a high braid angle the braid strands are aligned more perpendicular to the longitudinal axis and require greater extension before contributing to the tensile strength of the cable. This produces a lower chord modulus. For these small center conductors, required for low capacitance, it is important that the conductor is supported by a member that will increase the tensile stiffness of the cable. If the stiffness is too low, the center conductor will break in tensile before the rest of the cable construction properly shares the load.
Applicants have produced several samples demonstrating braid characteristics for the inventive cable. The details of the tests, the results, and the conclusions regarding these samples are presented in the Examples section below.
Examples of various embodiments of the present invention are presented hereafter. Associated tests used in the examples are presented immediately below. The examples are intended to illustrate the invention, but they are not intended to limit the invention to any particular embodiment. Rather, the applicants intend that the invention be given its full scope as defined in the appended claims.
II. Test Methods
A. Center Conductor Tensile Strength
Center conductor samples were tensile tested using an Instron 5565 tester equipped with Instron 2714-006 Cord & Yarn Grips. Samples where mounted with a gage length of 15 inches and pulled at a rate of 7.874 inch/min with a pre-load of 0.5 lbf.
B. Center Conductor Life
Center conductor flex life was measured using a modified ASTM. B470-02 test. The test setup is illustrated in FIG. 4, where a load is applied to a sample (41) by attaching a weight (43) of mass “M” (49). The sample (41) is fed through two mandrels of diameter “D” (47) spaced apart by a gap “G” (48). The mandrels are set at a length “L2” (46) from the weight (43). A sample (41) is mounted in the clamp (42) at a length “L1” (45) from the mandrel gap “G” (48). The sample (41) is flexed above the mandrel gap “G” (48) at an angle “A” (44). One full flex cycle is counted after the sample has returned to the starting position. For +/−60 degrees, the sample travels 120 degrees in one direction and 120 degrees in the opposite direction before a full cycle is counted. The samples are flexed at a rate “R.” Table 1 below sets forth the test parameters used in this setup.







TABLE 1.0







Center Conductor Flex Test Parameters











Parameter
Symbol
Value















Rate (cycles/min)
R
36



Angle (deg)
A (44)
+/−60



Fixed Length (in)
L1 (45)
4.5



Free Length (in)
L2 (46)
16



Mandrel Diameter (in)
D (47)
0.0625/0.09375/





0.12501



Mandrel Gap (in)
G (48)
0.0235/0.03125/





0.03701



Mass (lb)
M (49)
0.88







1Values represent test conditions for AWG 28 (7/36 and 19/40), AWG 24 (7/32), and AWG 22 (19/34) respectively.






Conductor samples were mounted in the setup and flexed until mechanical failure of the conductor.
C. Cable Tensile Test
Samples were tested using an Instron 5565 Tester equipped with Qualitest THS185-50 Rope Grips. Samples where mounted with a gage length of 10 inches and pulled at a rate of 5.0 inch/min with a pre-load of 2.0 lbf. The center conductor continuity of each cable was monitored during testing and the force and extension at failure were noted. This allowed for comparison of braid failure versus center conductor failure. Tensile failure was determined to be the point where electrical continuity was lost.
D. Cable Capacitance Test
Cable capacitance was determined by measuring the overall cable assembly capacitance with a BK Precision 875B LCR Meter and test leads with alligator clips. Clips were attached to the center conductor and shield wires of the cable and capacitance for the entire cable was measured. This value was then divided by the cable length in feet to obtain a unit length capacitance of pF/ft.
E. Cable Flex Life
Cable flex life was measured using the same setup shown in FIG. 4, but with the following parameters:










Cable Flex Test Parameters











Parameter
Symbol
Value















Rate (cycles/min)
R
40



Angle (deg)
A (44)
+/−90



Fixed Length (in)
L1 (45)
6.5



Free Length (in)
L2 (46)
19.7



Mandrel Diameter (in)
D (47)
1.5



Mandrel Gap (in)
G (48)
Cable Diameter + .04



Mass (lb)
M (49)
3.0










Cable samples (41) were mounted in the setup and flexed until mechanical failure of the conductor or shield. Mechanical failure was determined by a 0.5 ohm increase in resistance across the conductor or shield.
III. Examples
A. Center Conductor Samples
Using the test methods described above for Center Conductor Tensile Strength and Center Conductor Flex Life, applicants measured the performance of a plurality of center conductors. The construction details of each center conductor and the test results are tabulated below in Table 1.







TABLE 1







Center Conductor Tensile Strength and Flex Life



















Conductor






Average





Cross-



Average

Tensile
Flex Life




sectional



Peak
Average
Sample
(Cycles
Flex




Area


Re-
Force
Elongation
Size -
to
Sample


Sample
AWG
(10−4 in2)
Material
Manufacturer
inforcment
(lbf)
(%)
n1
Failure)
Size - n2




















1
 22 (19/34)
5.923
Silver Plated
IWG High
N/A
20.5
24.3
3
141
7





Copper,
Performance





Soft Temper
Conductors,






Inc.


2
24 (7/32)
3.475
Silver Plated
IWG High
N/A
12.3
23.9
3
83
3





Copper,
Performance





Soft Temper
Conductors,






Inc.


3
28 (7/36)
1.374
Silver Plated
IWG High
N/A
5.0
21.3
3
21
9





Copper,
Performance





Soft Temper
Conductors,






Inc.


4
 28 (19/40)
1.471
Silver Plated
IWG High
N/A
4.9
23.7
3
20
6





Copper,
Performance





Soft Temper
Conductors,






Inc.


5
28 (7/36)
1.374
Alloy 135
IWG High
N/A
9.3
8.4
3
74
12





Tensile Flex ®,
Performance





High Strength
Conductors,





BeCu Copper
Inc.





Alloy,





Soft Temper


6
 28 (19/40)
1.471
Alloy 135
IWG High
N/A
9.0
10.7
3
99
6





Tensile Flex ®,
Performance





High Strength
Conductors,





BeCu Copper
Inc.





Alloy,





Soft Temper


7
28 (7/36)
1.374
CS95,
IWG High
N/A
15.0
9.4
3
413
6





High Strength
Performance





BeCu Copper
Conductors,





Alloy,
Inc.





Soft Temper


8
28 (7/36)
1.374
HS95,
Fisk Alloy
N/A
14.5
7.9
9
400
6





High Strength
Conductor,





BeCu Copper
Inc.





Alloy,





Soft Temper


9
28 (7/36)
1.374
Alloy 135
IWG High
ePTFE
14.5
6.7
6
293
6





Tensile Flex ®,
Performance
Tape 1, 1





High Strength
Conductors,
Layer





BeCu Copper
Inc.





Alloy,





Soft Temper


10
28 (7/36)
1.374
Alloy 135
IWG High
ePTFE
19.2
15.7
6
1427
7





Tensile Flex ®,
Performance
Tape 1, 2





High Strength
Conductors,
Layer





BeCu Copper
Inc.





Alloy,





Soft Temper


11
28 (7/36)
1.374
Alloy 135
IWG High
ePTFE
21.2
15.9
6
819
6





Tensile Flex ®,
Performance
Tape 2, 2





High Strength
Conductors,
Layer





BeCu Copper
Inc.





Alloy,





Soft Temper


12
28 (7/36)
1.374
Alloy 135
IWG High
ePTFE
20.3
22.6
6
1754
6





Tensile Flex ®,
Performance
Tape 3, 2





High Strength
Conductors,
Layer





BeCu Copper
Inc.





Alloy,





Soft Temper


13
28 (7/36)
1.374
HS95,
Fisk Alloy
ePTFE
24.2
16.0
6
2046
6





High Strength
Conductor,
Tape 1, 2





BeCu Copper
Inc.
Layer





Alloy,





Soft Temper


14
A28 (7/36) 
1.374
HS95,
Fisk Alloy
ePTFE
26.2
14.6
6
2269
6





High Strength
Conductor,
Tape 2, 2





BeCu Copper
Inc.
Layer





Alloy,





Soft Temper


15
28 (7/36)
1.374
HS95,
Fisk Alloy
ePTFE
26.4
17.3
6
3747
6





High Strength
Conductor,
Tape 3, 2





BeCu Copper
Inc.
Layer





Alloy,





Soft Temper









The 22 AWG copper conductor (sample 1) tested is representative of a typical conductor type found in commercially available cables. Its peak force was observed to be 20.5 lb with 24% elongation. The 28 AWG copper conductor (sample 3) had a peak force of 5.0 lb with 21.3% elongation. The copper conductors have an ultimate tensile stress of about 30-35 ksi. The Alloy 135 is an alloy of beryllium and copper with an ultimate tensile stress of about 60 ksi (approximately twice that of the copper). The 28 AWG Alloy 135 samples increased the average peak force to 9.0-9.3 lbf with 8.4-10.7% elongation (samples 5 and 6). The HS95 and CS95 are similar alloys of beryllium and copper with ultimate tensile stress of about 90 ksi (approximately triple that of copper). HS95 and CS95 increased the peak force to 14.5-15.0 lb with 7.9-9.4% elongation (samples 7 and 8). The higher strength alloys (samples 5-8) have about 40% less elongation to failure than copper. By adding tape reinforcement to the high strength alloy conductors, tensile strength could be increased by an additional 10 lb. and elongation could be increased by 100% compared to the raw alloy (samples 9-15).
The 22 AWG copper conductor (sample 1) average flex life was observed to be 141 cycles. The 28 AWG copper conductor (sample 3) had an average flex life of 21 cycles. By using 28 AWG 60 ksi and 90 ksi alloy conductors, average flex life increased to 74-99 and 400-413 cycles respectively (samples 5-8). The 28 AWG 90 ksi alloy conductors (samples 7 and 8) exhibit an average flex life about 20 times that of 28 AWG copper (samples 3 and 4) almost 3 times that of 22 AWG copper (sample 1), and almost 5 times that of 24 AWG copper (sample 2). By adding various forms of tape reinforcement to the 28 AWG 90 ksi alloy conductor (samples 13-15) average flex life could be further increased to 2046-3747 cycles or about 97 to 178 times that of 28 AWG copper conductor (sample 3).
B. Braid Samples
Cables were constructed having varying braid angles. Table 2 below sets forth the cable construction. These cable parameters were held constant while the braid angle was varied. The cables were tested for tensile properties according to the tensile test set forth above. The results of the tests are also set forth in Table 3.







TABLE 2







Braid Example Cable Definitions














Semi-







Con-


Center

ductive


Conductor
Dielectric
Layer
Shield
Binder
Jacket





AWG
Foamed
PE,
AWG 38 (1)
0.002′′ Nom.
0.065′′


28 (7/36)
PE,
Diameter:
TPC Braid,
Wall
Nom.


Bare
Diameter:
0.165′′
16 Carrier, 8
Conductive
Wall


Copper
0.161′′
Nom.
Ends, (see
ePTFE
PVC


Soft
Nom.

Table 5.1 for


temper


angle)
















TABLE 3







Braid Example Tensile Results















Center

Relative
Cable

Cable




Conductor

Stress
Strain

Force



Cross-
Braid
at
at
Chord
at


Sample
sectional Area
Angle
Failure
Failure
Modulus
Failure
Failure


Number
(10−4 in2)
(Degrees)
(ksi)
(%)
(ksi)
(lbf)
Mode

















3580_2_S1
1.374
38.8
157
18.7
763
21.6
Center









Conductor


3580_2_S2
1.374
20.8
584
48.0
1,187
80.3
Center









Conductor


3580_2_S3
1.374
9.6
615
44.9
1,339
84.6
Shield









Table 3 shows the cable force and extension where continuity was lost for the three different braid angles. Also noted on this chart is the failure mode which describes the first mechanical component of the system to experience tensile failure. The center conductor in Sample 3580—2_S1 fails at a significantly lower force and extension than the braid. This translates into a significantly lower force at failure compared to the other two samples. As the braid angle is decreased in samples 2 and 3 respectively, the relative stress increases and the chord modulus increases as the braid contributes tensile strength at a faster rate as a function of strain (FIG. 5). This preserves the center conductor and results in a higher cable force at failure (FIG. 6). This learning can be translated to other cable constructions by controlling braid angle.
C. Working Examples of the Inventive Cable
Cables according to the present invention were made with various constructions as shown in Table 4 below. The dielectric, semi-conductive layer and jacket were held constant and are the same as defined in Table 2. For each construction, the shield (14) is a braid made with AWG 38(1) tin-plated copper wire. An average braid diameter (Dave) of approximately 0.173 inches was constructed for each example. The shield effective inner diameter for each example is approximately 0.171 inches. All of the center conductors are AWG 28( 7/36), having an effective outer diameter of approximately 0.0142 inches to achieve low capacitance values.







TABLE 4







Working Examples Description










Braided Shield Parameters (FIG. 3)















Center

Ends (E)
Picks per Inch
Angle



Example
Conductor
Carriers (m)
(total in braid)
(Q)
(α)
Binder
















8730_19
Silver-Plated
24
 8
19
41°
None



HS95 Soft

(192)



Temper


8730_12
Silver-Plated
24
 8
12
29°
None



HS95 Soft

(192)



Temper


8730_9
Silver-Plated
24
 8
9
22°
None



HS95 Soft

(192)



Temper


3580_3
Silver-Plated
16
 8
9
31°
0.002′′ Nom.



CS95 Soft

(128)


Wall



Temper




Conductive








ePTFE


3590_1
Bare Copper
16
 8
9
31°
0.002′′ Nom.



Soft Temper

(128)


Wall








Conductive








ePTFE


3591_1
Silver-Plated
24
 8
9
22°
0.002′′ Nom.



CS95 Soft

(192)


Wall



Temper




Conductive








ePTFE


3592_1
Silver-Plated
24
 8
6
15°
0.002′′ Nom.



CS95 Soft

(192)


Wall



Temper




Conductive








ePTFE


3593_1
Silver-Plated
24
 8
4
10°
0.002′′ Nom.



CS95 Soft

(192)


Wall



Temper




Conductive








ePTFE









All cable constructions outlined in Table 4 were tested for capacitance according to the procedure set forth above. For comparison, the following commercially available cables were also tested: PlanetWavesTM PW-AG-15, ProCo SEG-10, Monster® Cables Monster RockTM, Horizon HCS-25. All of the results are presented below in Table 5.







TABLE 5







Cable Capacitance Values











Measured




Capacitance



Model
(pF/ft)







8730_19
10.1



8730_12
10.1



8730_9
10.1



3580_3
10.0



3590_1
10.0



3591_1
10.0



3592_1
10.0



3593_1
10.0



PW-AG-15
18.0



SEG-10
36.1



Monster Rock
41.9



HCS-25
24.5










Capacitance results for cable show all exemplary embodiments have capacitances less than or equal to 10.1 pF/ft. This was achieved by an effective diameter ratio of approximately 12 and a foamed PE dielectric of about 1.5. The closest commercially available option tested, the PW-AG-15, had a capacitance of 18 pF/ft. The other cables ranged from 24.6 (HCS-25) to 42.6 (Monster Rock) pF/ft. Because the capacitance of the inventive cables is so low, the resulting tone quality is far superior to that of the comparative samples.
Next, all the exemplary cables and the comparative cables were tested for tensile strength and cable flex life according to the procedures outlined above. The center conductor cross-sectional area (A) was measured for each sample. Relative stress at failure (B) and chord modulus (D) was calculated based upon the measured values for cable strain at failure (C) and cable force at failure (E). For some of the models, three samples were tested for cable flex life (F). The results are shown in Table 6.1.







TABLE 6.1







Cable Tensile and Flex Results

















(B)
(C)

(E)
(F)




(A)
Relative
Cable
(D)
Cable
Cable Flex




Center Conductor
Stress at
Strain at
Chord
Force at
Life


Sample

Cross-sectional Area
Failure
Failure
Modulus
Failure
(Cycles to


Number
Model Number
(10−4 in2)
(ksi)
(%)
(ksi)
(lbf)
Failure)

















1
8730_19
1.374
471
33.4
1,368
64.8
N/A


2
8730_12
1.374
716
32.7
2,144
98.4
N/A


3
8730_9
1.374
776
29.4
2,591
106.7
N/A


4
CXN3580_3
1.374
594
31.4
1,847
81.7
>333,912









166,681









>333,912


5
CXN3590_1
1.374
596
53.5
1,087
81.9
1,961









1,838









1,716


6
CXN3591_1
1.374
839
31.9
2,580
115.3
>218,512









>218,512









>218,512


7
CXN3592_1
1.374
878
26.1
3,304
120.7
40,913









59,787









38,697


8
CXN3593_1
1.374
891
28.9
3,031
122.4
41,500









31,156









45,144


9
Planet Waves PW-AG-15
3.470
269
47.4
555
93.3
21,880









30,630









35,950


10
ProCo StageMaster SEG-10
3.181
212
41.0
503
67.5
40,500









26,500









28,500


11
Monster Rock
10.238
102
63.3
158
104.5
N/A


12
Horizon HCS-25
3.438
188
64.7
282
64.8
N/A









Of particular note, are samples 4 and 5. These two samples have identical construction except for the use of a copper center conductor in sample and an alloy center conductor in sample 4. Both cables exhibit peak forces of around 80 lbs, indicating that the braid construction is supporting the center conductors. The cable made with the lower elongation copper alloy center conductor produces a cable with lower strain at failure. This requires a higher chord modulus to maintain the same peak force of the cable made with the same size copper center conductor. The commercial comparisons incorporate larger center conductors which can achieve a higher peak force at a lower chord modulus. The chord modulus for the commercial comparisons is lower due to the increased cross-sectional area of the larger center conductors (more than twice that of the AWG 28( 7/36) conductor). The larger center conductors provide more strength and require less support from the rest of the cable to achieve higher peak forces. However, these larger center conductors produce cables with higher capacitance based upon shield diameters and dielectric materials commonly used for instrument cables.
All of the low capacitance examples meet or exceed the tensile strength of the commercial cables tested despite the significant reduction in center conductor size.
Examining flex life shows that the standard copper center conductor of sample 5 lasted only 1,838 cycles in flex while sample 4 lasted a minimum of 166,681 cycles with two samples never failing within the 333,912 cycle duration of the test. Sample 6 with alloy center conductor was also removed at end of test (218,512 cycles) before a failure was detected.
All the cables with alloy center conductors exceeded in average flex performance compared to the commercially available cables tested.
While the present invention has been illustrated with reference to certain preferred embodiments, it is not intended to be limited thereto. Rather, the invention is to be given the full scope of the appended claims.

## Claims

1. A cable comprising
(a) a center conductor having an effective outer diameter;
(b) a dielectric material around said center conductor;
(c) an outer conductor, or shield, around said dielectric material; said shield having an effective inner diameter;
(d) wherein said center conductor has a cross-sectional area of 3.141×10−4 in2 or less;
(e) wherein the cable has a capacitance of about 15 pF/ft or less;
(f) wherein the cable maintains electrical continuity under a tensile force of 25 lbf or greater;
(g) wherein the cable has a flex life of greater than about 30,000 cycles; and
(h) wherein said cable is a musical instrument cable.

2. A cable as defined in claim 1 wherein said center conductor has a cross-sectional area of 1.767×10−4 in2 or less.

3. A cable as defined in claim 1 wherein said center conductor comprises copper.

4. A cable as defined in claim 1 wherein said center conductor comprises copper that has tensile strengths greater than about 35 ksi.

5. A cable as defined in claim 1 wherein said center conductor comprises an alloy.

6. A cable as defined in claim 1 wherein said center conductor comprises an alloy of beryllium and copper.

7. A cable as defined in claim 1 wherein said shield is a braid where the strands are at an angle less than 40 degrees from the axis of the braid.

8. A cable as defined in claim 1 wherein a ratio of said shield effective inner diameter to said center conductor effective outer diameter is greater than about 8.

9. A cable as defined in claim 1 wherein a ratio of said shield effective inner diameter to said center conductor effective outer diameter is greater than about 10.

10. A cable as defined in claim 1 wherein a ratio of said shield effective inner diameter to said center conductor effective outer diameter is greater than about 12.

11. A cable as defined in claim 1 wherein said capacitance is about 12 pF/ft or less.

12. A cable as defined in claim 1 wherein said capacitance is about 10 pF/ft or less.

13. A cable as defined in claim 1 wherein cable maintains electrical continuity under a tensile force of about 50 lbf or greater.

14. A cable as defined in claim 1 wherein cable maintains electrical continuity under a tensile force of about 100 lbf or greater.

15. A cable as defined in claim 1 wherein said flex life is greater than about 150,000 cycles.

16. A cable as defined in claim 1 wherein said flex life is about 275,000 cycles.

17. A cable as defined in claim 1 wherein said musical instrument comprises a passive magnetic pickup.

18. A cable as defined in claim 17 wherein said musical instrument is a stringed instrument.

19. A cable as defined in claim 18 wherein said center conductor comprises an alloy of beryllium and copper and has a cross-sectional area of 1.767×10−4 in2 or less; a ratio of said shield effective inner diameter to said center conductor effective outer diameter is greater than about 8; said capacitance is about 10 pF/ft; said tensile strength is about 100 lbf; and said flex life is about 275,000 cycles.

20. An article comprising the cable of claim 19 in combination with a passive magnetic pick-up.

21. An article as defined in claim 20 further comprising a stringed musical instrument comprising said passive magnetic pickup.

22. An article comprising the cable of claim 1 in combination with a passive magnetic pick-up.

23. An article as defined in claim 22 further comprising a stringed musical instrument comprising said passive magnetic pickup.

24. A cable comprising:
(a) a center conductor having an outer effective diameter;
(b) a reinforcement layer around said center conductor;
(c) a dielectric material around said polymer reinforcement;
(d) an outer conductor, or shield, around said dielectric material; said shield having an inner effective diameter;
(e) wherein said center conductor has a cross-sectional area of 3.141×10−4 in2 or less;
(f) wherein the cable has a capacitance of about 15 pF/ft or less;
(g) wherein the cable maintains electrical continuity under a tensile force of 25 lbf or greater.
(h) wherein the cable has a flex life of greater than about 30,000 cycles; and
(i) wherein said cable is a musical instrument cable.

25. A cable as defined in claim 24 wherein said reinforcement layer comprises ePTFE.

26. A cable as defined in claim 24 wherein said reinforcement layer is selected from the group consisting of fluoropolymers, thermosetting or thermoplastic polymers, cellulose-based materials or metallic foils.

27. A cable comprising
(a) a center conductor;
(b) a non-metallic strength fiber contacting said center conductor;
(c) a dielectric material around said center conductor;
(d) an outer conductor, or shield, around said dielectric material; wherein said center conductor has a cross-sectional area of 3.141×10−4 in2 or less;
(e) wherein the cable has a capacitance of about 15 pF/ft or less;
(f) wherein the cable maintains electrical continuity under a tensile force of 25 lbf or greater;
(g) wherein the cable has a flex life of greater than about 30,000 cycles; and
(h) wherein said cable is a musical instrument cable.

28. A cable comprising
(a) a center conductor;
(b) a strength fiber not contacting said center conductor;
(c) a dielectric material around said center conductor;
(d) an outer conductor, or shield, around said dielectric material; wherein said center conductor has a cross-sectional area of 3.141×10−4 in2 or less;
(e) wherein the cable has a capacitance of about 15 pF/ft or less;
(f) wherein the cable maintains electrical continuity under a tensile force of 25 lbf or greater;
(g) wherein the cable has a flex life of greater than about 30,000 cycles; and
(h) wherein said cable is a musical instrument cable.