[DO NOT PUBLISH]

In the

United States Court of Appeals

For the Eleventh Circuit

____________________

No. 22-11664

Non-Argument Calendar

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ROSANA BOULHOSA NASSAR, 

Plaintiff-Appellant,

versus

EDUARDO BOULHOSA NASSAR, 

Defendant- Appellee.

____________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Southern District of Florida

D.C. Docket No. 2:20-cv-14033-RLR

____________________

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2 Opinion of the Court 22-11664

Before GRANT, LAGOA, and BRASHER, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

Rosana Nassar, proceeding pro se, appeals the grant of summary judgment for Eduardo Nassar on her complaint alleging malicious prosecution.1 She argues that the district court erred in ruling that Eduardo had probable cause to institute a 2012 lawsuit 

against Rosana alleging defamation and intentional infliction of 

emotional distress. She also argues that the district court erred in 

ruling that Eduardo’s dismissal of the lawsuit did not constitute a 

bona fide termination in her favor. Because the district court correctly found that there are no genuine issues of fact regarding

whether Eduardo had probable cause to institute the lawsuit, we 

need not reach the question of whether the lawsuit ended in a bona 

fide termination in Rosana’s favor. Accordingly, we affirm. 

I. 

In July 2012, Eduardo sued Rosana alleging defamation and 

intentional infliction of emotional distress in Florida state court. 

The suit was based on Rosana’s public allegations that Eduardo had 

sexually assaulted her during their childhood. Rosana responded 

with a counterclaim as a defense, and the parties litigated for two 

and a half years. On December 5, 2014, Eduardo filed a voluntary 

1 Because the parties have the same last name, we refer to them by their first 

names for the sake of clarity.

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22-11664 Opinion of the Court 3

notice of dismissal. In November 2018, Rosana, filed a complaint in 

the Circuit Court of the Nineteenth Judicial Circuit in and for St. 

Lucie County, Florida, against Eduardo.

Rosana’s complaint alleged malicious prosecution under 

Florida law. In relevant part, Rosana claimed that Eduardo had 

“acted without probable cause in instituting or continuing the proceeding against [Rosana] when the circumstances were insufficient 

and not reasonably justified,” and that Eduardo “could not prove 

the truthfulness of his claim.” Rosana also attached Eduardo’s 2012 

complaint as an exhibit.

On January 30, 2020, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1441 and 1446, 

Eduardo filed a notice of removal in the United States District 

Court for the Southern District of Florida, alleging federal jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332. 

Following discovery, Eduardo moved for summary judgment, arguing that Rosana could not establish the elements required to succeed on a claim of malicious prosecution. He contended that he had probable cause to institute the defamation proceeding because, as detailed in his complaint, Rosana had posted 

defamatory remarks about him online to ruin his personal and professional reputation. He pointed out that his complaint had identified several websites where Rosana had published the statements 

and the various legal actions that he had taken in Brazil to stop their 

publication. In support of his motion for summary judgment, Eduardo attached a copy of his notarized affidavit asserting the following facts.

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Rosana opposed Eduardo’s motion for summary judgment 

and filed a statement of disputed facts. In relevant part, Rosana argued that the mere fact that Eduardo filed the complaint in order 

to have the posts removed did not establish that he had probable 

cause. However, Rosana’s response in opposition does not include 

an affidavit, deposition, or any other sworn documentary evidence 

averring that the statements she made about Eduardo were true. 

The district court granted Eduardo’s motion for summary 

judgment. It noted that Rosana had satisfied the first two elements 

of her malicious prosecution claim because the parties did not dispute that Eduardo had commenced a civil lawsuit against her. 

However, the court found that Rosana failed to satisfy the third and 

fourth elements of her malicious prosecution claim because (1) Eduardo had probable cause to institute the proceeding, and (2) there 

had not been a bona fide termination of the proceeding in Rosana’s 

favor. 

Rosana timely appealed. Although Rosana also filed a motion for summary judgment, she does not challenge the district 

court’s denial of her motion for summary judgment on appeal. Accordingly, we address only the district court’s rulings on Eduardo’s 

motion.

II. 

We review a grant of summary judgment de novo, applying 

the same legal standards as the district court. Yarbrough v. Decatur 

Hous. Auth., 941 F.3d 1022, 1026 (11th Cir. 2019). “When 

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considering a motion for summary judgment, . . . courts must construe the facts and draw all inferences in the light most favorable to 

the nonmoving party and when conflicts arise between the facts 

evidenced by the parties, they must credit the nonmoving party’s 

version.” Feliciano v. City of Miami Beach, 707 F.3d 1244, 1252 

(11th Cir. 2013) (cleaned up). At the same time, factual disputes

must be genuine, “that is, if the evidence is such that a reasonable 

jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.” Anderson v. 

Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). 

III. 

To succeed on a malicious prosecution claim under Florida 

law, a plaintiff must establish (1) there was an original judicial proceeding against the present plaintiff; (2) “the present defendant was 

the legal cause of the original proceeding against the present plaintiff as the defendant in the original proceeding”; (3) there was a 

bona fide termination of that proceeding in favor of the present 

plaintiff; (4) the original proceeding lacked probable cause; (5) malice; and (6) damages from the original proceeding. Debrincat v. 

Fischer, 217 So. 3d 68, 70 (Fla. 2017) (quoting Alamo Rent-A-Car, 

Inc. v. Mancusi, 632 So. 2d 1352, 1355 (Fla. 1994)). Rosana’s inability to prove any one of these elements defeats her claim. See Mancusi, 632 So. 2d at 1355. The district court concluded Rosana could 

not establish the original proceeding lacked probable cause. We 

agree. Accordingly, we need not reach the issue of whether the 

lawsuit ended in a bona fide termination for Rosana. 

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A malicious prosecution plaintiff may establish that the instigator of a prior suit lacked probable cause by proving that the 

instigator lacked “a reasonable belief, based on facts and circumstances know to him, in the validity of the claim.” Wright v. Yurko, 

446 So. 2d 1162, 1166 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1984). In other words, the 

instigator must have had “[a] reasonable ground of suspicion, supported by circumstances sufficiently strong in themselves to warrant a cautious man in the belief that the person accused is guilty 

of the offense with which he is charged.” Goldstein v. Sabella, 88 

So. 2d 910, 911 (Fla. 1956) (quoting Dunnavant v. State, 46 So. 2d 

871, 874 (Fla. 1950)). “Probable cause in the context of a civil suit is 

measured by a lesser standard than in a criminal suit.” Wright, 446 

So. 2d at 1166. 

The district court cited Eduardo’s affidavit for the proposition that Rosana “admit[ed] to posting negative information 

against [Eduardo] on the internet.” The court reasoned that because Rosana failed to refute Eduardo’s allegations that she posted 

negative content about him, she could not rebut Eduardo’s assertion that the original suit lacked probable cause. 

Rosana claims she refuted this allegation in her pleadings to 

the district court. In her pleadings, Rosana noted that if her statements were “perceived as negative, it is because of the negative aspect of the[] events . . . which refer to the pain and suffering of the 

plaintiff as a consequence of Eduardo’s acts against her.” Accordingly, Rosana argued, the “facts narrated in [her] book can be interpreted as negative, but not defamatory.” Further, Rosana denied 

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that any defamatory posts were made and pointed out that the only 

evidence supporting Eduardo’s assertions about probable cause 

was his affidavit.

However, absent from Rosana’s statement of facts is a citation to any affidavit or sworn declaration supporting her assertions 

that she had posted negative but truthful information online. Unsworn statements cannot be considered by a district court at the

summary judgment stage. Carr v. Tatangelo, 338 F.3d 1259, 1273 

n.26 (11th Cir. 2003). As such, Rosana’s unsworn statements are

“incompetent to raise a fact issue precluding summary judgment.” 

Roy v. Ivy, 53 F.4th 1338, 1347 (11th Cir. 2022). Accordingly, the 

district court did not err in concluding that Rosana failed to dispute

Eduardo’s sworn affidavit and granting summary judgment in his 

favor.

IV. 

Affirmed. 

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