# Patent

## Title
Reducing maximum programming voltage in memory programming operations

## Abstract

Described are systems and methods for reducing maximum programming voltage in memory programming operations. An example memory device comprises: a memory array comprising a plurality of memory cells electrically coupled to a plurality of wordlines and a plurality of bitlines; and a controller coupled to the memory array, the controller to perform operations comprising: identifying one or more memory cells for performing a memory programming operation, wherein the memory cells are electrically coupled to a target wordline and one or more target bitlines; causing drain-side select gates and source-side select gates of the memory array to be turned off; causing unselected wordlines of the memory array to discharge to a predefined voltage level; and causing one or more programming voltage pulses to be applied to the target wordline.

## Background
TECHNICAL FIELD
Embodiments of the disclosure relate generally to memory sub-systems, and more specifically, to reducing maximum programming voltage in memory programming operations.
BACKGROUND
A memory sub-system can include one or more memory devices that store data. The memory devices can be, for example, non-volatile memory devices and volatile memory devices. In general, a host system can utilize a memory sub-system to store data at the memory devices and to retrieve data from the memory devices.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The present disclosure will be understood more fully from the detailed description given below and from the accompanying drawings of various embodiments of the disclosure.
FIG. 1 illustrates an example computing system that includes a memory sub-system in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a memory device in communication with a memory sub-system controller of a memory sub-system, according to an embodiment.
FIG. 3A schematically illustrates a set of memory cells as arranged in a memory device.
FIG. 3B schematically illustrates schematically dependence of the source-drain current on the control gate voltage for two memory cells.
FIG. 3C schematically illustrates an example distribution of threshold control gate voltages for a memory cell.
FIG. 4 schematically illustrates an example memory array.
FIG. 5 schematically illustrates an example memory device operating in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
FIG. 6 illustrates a fragment of an example memory array of a memory device operating in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
FIG. 7 illustrates example voltage waveforms applied to various portions of a memory array during execution of programming operations by systems and methods of the present disclosure.
FIG. 8 is a flow diagram of an example method of performing a memory programming operation, in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure.
FIG. 9 is a block diagram of an example computer system in which embodiments of the present disclosure can operate.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Aspects of the present disclosure are directed to reducing maximum programming voltage in memory programming operations. One or more memory devices can be a part of a memory sub-system, which can be a storage device, a memory module, or a hybrid of a storage device and memory module. Examples of storage devices and memory modules are described below in conjunction with FIG. 1. In general, a host system can utilize a memory sub-system that includes one or more components, such as memory devices that store data. The host system can provide data to be stored at the memory sub-system and can request data to be retrieved from the memory sub-system.
A memory sub-system can include high density non-volatile memory devices where retention of data is desired when no power is supplied to the memory device. One example of non-volatile memory devices is a negative-and (NAND) memory device. Other examples of non-volatile memory devices are described below in conjunction with FIG. 1. A non-volatile memory device is a package of one or more dies. Each die can include one or more planes. For some types of non-volatile memory devices (e.g., NAND devices), each plane includes a set of physical blocks. In some implementations, each block can include multiple sub-blocks. Each sub-block includes a set of memory cells (“cells”). A memory cell is an electronic circuit that stores information. Depending on the cell type, a memory cell can store one or more bits of information, and its charge levels can define various logic states that correlate to the number of bits being stored. The logic states can be represented by binary values, such as “0” and “1”, or combinations of such values. Each block and sub-block can be selectively accessed by memory access operations (e.g., read, write, erase operations).
Memory cells can be formed on a silicon wafer in an array of columns (also hereinafter referred to as “bit lines”) and rows (also hereinafter referred to as wordlines). A wordline refers to one or more rows of memory cells of a memory device that are used with one or more bit lines to generate the address of each of the memory cells. The intersection of a bit line and wordline defines the address of the memory cell.
A block refers to a unit of the memory device used to store data and can include a group of memory cells, a word line group, a word line, or individual memory cells. Each block can include a number of sub-blocks, where each sub-block is defined by at least one associated pillar (e.g., a vertical conductive trace) extending from a shared bit line. Memory pages (also referred to herein as “pages”) store one or more bits of binary data corresponding to data received from the host system. To achieve high density, a string of memory cells in a non-volatile memory device can be constructed to include a number of memory cells at least partially surrounding a pillar of poly-silicon channel material (i.e., a channel region). The memory cells can be coupled to access lines (i.e., wordlines) so as to form an array of strings in a block of memory (e.g., a memory array). The compact nature of certain non-volatile memory devices, such as 3D flash NAND memory, means that word lines are common to many memory cells within a block of memory. Some memory devices use certain types of memory cells, such as triple-level cell (TLC) memory cells, which store three bits of data in each memory cell, which make it affordable to move more applications from legacy hard disk drives to newer memory sub-systems, such as NAND solid-state drives (SSDs).
Memory access operations (e.g., a programming (write) operation, an erase operation, etc.) can be executed with respect to the memory cells by applying a wordline bias voltage to wordlines to which memory cells of a selected (target) sub-block are connected. For example, a programming operation, which can be performed in response to receiving a write command from the host, can involve sequentially applying programming voltage pulses to a selected (target) wordline. In some implementations, the programming pulse voltage can be sequentially ramped up from the initial voltage value (e.g., 0V) to the final voltage value (e.g., VPGM MAX).
In one approach, an Incremental Step Pulse Programming (ISPP) process or scheme can be employed to maintain a tight cell threshold voltage distribution for higher data reliability. In ISPP, a series of high-amplitude pulses of voltage levels having an increasing magnitude (e.g., by a predefined pulse step height) are applied to wordlines to which one or more memory cells are connected to gradually raise the voltage level of the memory cells to above a wordline voltage level corresponding to the memory access operation (e.g., a target program level). Application of the uniformly increasing pulses by a wordline driver of the memory device enables the selected wordline to be ramped or increased to a desired wordline voltage level (Vwl) for a programming operation. Similarly, a series of voltage pulses having a uniformly increasing voltage level can be applied to the wordline to ramp the wordline to the corresponding wordline voltage level during the execution of an erase operation.
The series of incrementing voltage programming pulses are applied to the selected wordline to increase a charge level, and thereby a threshold voltage, of each memory cell connected to that wordline. After each programming pulse, or after a number of programming pulses, a program verify operation can be performed to determine if the threshold voltage of the one or more memory cells has increased to a desired programming level.
Since the programming voltage is generated by an on-die charge pump, reducing the maximum programming voltage would allow reducing both the die size and the manufacturing costs. Systems and methods of the present disclosure reduce the maximum programming voltage while maintaining the same programming stress on the memory cell, by applying a negative voltage to the pillar of a memory cell string.
Accordingly, performing a programming operation may involve floating the pillars of both selected sub-block and unselected sub-blocks by turning off both the select gate drain (SGD) and select gate source (SGS) signals that control the respective drain side and source side select transistors coupled to each string of memory cells. Once the pillars are floated, the unselected wordlines can be discharged to a predefined potential, thus boosting down the potential at the pillar of the selected sub-block to a corresponding negative potential. As a result, the programming voltage pulses, which can be sequentially applied to the target (selected) wordline, can be reduced by the value of the negative potential of the pillar while maintaining the same level of programming stress and the program inhibit stress as the level which would be achieved without applying the negative potential to the pillar, as described in more detail herein below.
Thus, advantages of this approach include, but are not limited to, improved die size and energy per bit by reducing the maximum programming voltage.
FIG. 1 illustrates an example computing system 100 that includes a memory sub-system 110 in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. The memory sub-system 110 can include media, such as one or more volatile memory devices (e.g., memory device 140), one or more non-volatile memory devices (e.g., memory device 130), or a combination of such.
A memory sub-system 110 can be a storage device, a memory module, or a hybrid of a storage device and memory module. Examples of a storage device include a solid-state drive (SSD), a flash drive, a universal serial bus (USB) flash drive, an embedded Multi-Media Controller (eMMC) drive, a Universal Flash Storage (UFS) drive, a secure digital (SD) and a hard disk drive (HDD). Examples of memory modules include a dual in-line memory module (DIMM), a small outline DIMM (SO-DIMM), and various types of non-volatile dual in-line memory module (NVDIMM).
The computing system 100 can be a computing device such as a desktop computer, laptop computer, network server, mobile device, a vehicle (e.g., airplane, drone, train, automobile, or other conveyance), Internet of Things (IoT) enabled device, embedded computer (e.g., one included in a vehicle, industrial equipment, or a networked commercial device), or such computing device that includes memory and a processing device.
The computing system 100 can include a host system 120 that is coupled to one or more memory sub-systems 110. In some embodiments, the host system 120 is coupled to different types of memory sub-system 110. FIG. 1 illustrates one example of a host system 120 coupled to one memory sub-system 110. As used herein, “coupled to” or “coupled with” generally refers to a connection between components, which can be an indirect communicative connection or direct communicative connection (e.g., without intervening components), whether wired or wireless, including connections such as electrical, optical, magnetic, etc.
The host system 120 can include a processor chipset and a software stack executed by the processor chipset. The processor chipset can include one or more cores, one or more caches, a memory controller (e.g., NVDIMM controller), and a storage protocol controller (e.g., PCIe controller, SATA controller). The host system 120 uses the memory sub-system 110, for example, to write data to the memory sub-system 110 and read data from the memory sub-system 110.
The host system 120 can be coupled to the memory sub-system 110 via a physical host interface. Examples of a physical host interface include, but are not limited to, a serial advanced technology attachment (SATA) interface, a peripheral component interconnect express (PCIe) interface, universal serial bus (USB) interface, Fibre Channel, Serial Attached SCSI (SAS), a double data rate (DDR) memory bus, Small Computer System Interface (SCSI), a dual in-line memory module (DIMM) interface (e.g., DIMM socket interface that supports Double Data Rate (DDR)), etc. The physical host interface can be used to transmit data between the host system 120 and the memory sub-system 110. The host system 120 can further utilize an NVM Express (NVMe) interface to access components (e.g., memory devices 130) when the memory sub-system 110 is coupled with the host system 120 by the physical host interface (e.g., PCIe bus). The physical host interface can provide an interface for passing control, address, data, and other signals between the memory sub-system 110 and the host system 120. FIG. 1 illustrates a memory sub-system 110 as an example. In general, the host system 120 can access multiple memory sub-systems via a same communication connection, multiple separate communication connections, and/or a combination of communication connections.
The memory devices 130,140 can include any combination of the different types of non-volatile memory devices and/or volatile memory devices. The volatile memory devices (e.g., memory device 140) can be, but are not limited to, random access memory (RAM), such as dynamic random access memory (DRAM) and synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM).
Some examples of non-volatile memory devices (e.g., memory device 130) include negative-and (NAND) type flash memory and write-in-place memory, such as a three-dimensional cross-point (“3D cross-point”) memory device, which is a cross-point array of non-volatile memory cells. A cross-point array of non-volatile memory can perform bit storage based on a change of bulk resistance, in conjunction with a stackable cross-gridded data access array. Additionally, in contrast to many flash-based memories, cross-point non-volatile memory can perform a write in-place operation, where a non-volatile memory cell can be programmed without the non-volatile memory cell being previously erased. NAND type flash memory includes, for example, two-dimensional NAND (2D NAND) and three-dimensional NAND (3D NAND).
Each of the memory devices 130 can include one or more arrays of memory cells. One type of memory cell, for example, single level cells (SLC) can store one bit per cell. Other types of memory cells, such as multi-level cells (MLCs), triple level cells (TLCs), quad-level cells (QLCs), and penta-level cells (PLCs) can store multiple bits per cell. In some embodiments, each of the memory devices 130 can include one or more arrays of memory cells such as SLCs, MLCs, TLCs, QLCs, or any combination of such. In some embodiments, a particular memory device can include an SLC portion, and an MLC portion, a TLC portion, a QLC portion, or a PLC portion of memory cells. The memory cells of the memory devices 130 can be grouped as pages that can refer to a logical unit of the memory device used to store data. With some types of memory (e.g., NAND), pages can be grouped to form blocks.
Although non-volatile memory components such as 3D cross-point array of non-volatile memory cells and NAND type flash memory (e.g., 2D NAND, 3D NAND) are described, the memory device 130 can be based on any other type of non-volatile memory, such as read-only memory (ROM), phase change memory (PCM), self-selecting memory, other chalcogenide based memories, ferroelectric transistor random-access memory (FeTRAM), ferroelectric random access memory (FeRAM), magneto random access memory (MRAM), Spin Transfer Torque (STT)-MRAM, conductive bridging RAM (CBRAM), resistive random access memory (RRAM), oxide based RRAM (OxRAM), negative-or (NOR) flash memory, and electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM).
A memory sub-system controller 115 (or controller 115 for simplicity) can communicate with the memory devices 130 to perform operations such as reading data, writing data, or erasing data at the memory devices 130 and other such operations. The memory sub-system controller 115 can include hardware such as one or more integrated circuits and/or discrete components, a buffer memory, or a combination thereof. The hardware can include a digital circuitry with dedicated (i.e., hard-coded) logic to perform the operations described herein. The memory sub-system controller 115 can be a microcontroller, special purpose logic circuitry (e.g., a field programmable gate array (FPGA), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), etc.), or other suitable processor.
The memory sub-system controller 115 can be a processing device, which includes one or more processors (e.g., processor 117), configured to execute instructions stored in a local memory 119. In the illustrated example, the local memory 119 of the memory sub-system controller 115 includes an embedded memory configured to store instructions for performing various processes, operations, logic flows, and routines that control operation of the memory sub-system 110, including handling communications between the memory sub-system 110 and the host system 120.
In some embodiments, the local memory 119 can include memory registers storing memory pointers, fetched data, etc. The local memory 119 can also include read-only memory (ROM) for storing micro-code. While the example memory sub-system 110 in FIG. 1 has been illustrated as including the memory sub-system controller 115, in another embodiment of the present disclosure, a memory sub-system 110 does not include a memory sub-system controller 115, and can instead rely upon external control (e.g., provided by an external host, or by a processor or controller separate from the memory sub-system).
In general, the memory sub-system controller 115 can receive commands or operations from the host system 120 and can convert the commands or operations into instructions or appropriate commands to achieve the desired access to the memory devices 130. The memory sub-system controller 115 can be responsible for other operations such as wear leveling operations, garbage collection operations, error detection and error-correcting code (ECC) operations, encryption operations, caching operations, and address translations between a logical address (e.g., logical block address (LBA), namespace) and a physical address (e.g., physical block address) that are associated with the memory devices 130. The memory sub-system controller 115 can further include host interface circuitry to communicate with the host system 120 via the physical host interface. The host interface circuitry can convert the commands received from the host system into command instructions to access the memory devices 130 as well as convert responses associated with the memory devices 130 into information for the host system 120.
The memory sub-system 110 can also include additional circuitry or components that are not illustrated. In some embodiments, the memory sub-system 110 can include a cache or buffer (e.g., DRAM) and address circuitry (e.g., a row decoder and a column decoder) that can receive an address from the memory sub-system controller 115 and decode the address to access the memory devices 130.
In some embodiments, the memory devices 130 include local media controllers 135 that operate in conjunction with memory sub-system controller 115 to execute operations on one or more memory cells of the memory devices 130. An external controller (e.g., memory sub-system controller 115) can externally manage the memory device 130 (e.g., perform media management operations on the memory device 130). In some embodiments, memory sub-system 110 is a managed memory device, which includes a raw memory device 130 having control logic (e.g., local media controller 135) on the die and a controller (e.g., memory sub-system controller 115) for media management within the same memory device package. An example of a managed memory device is a managed NAND (MNAND) device.
In one embodiment, the memory sub-system 110 includes a memory interface component 113. Memory interface component 113 is responsible for handling interactions of memory sub-system controller 115 with the memory devices of memory sub-system 110, such as memory device 130. For example, memory interface component 113 can send memory access commands corresponding to requests received from host system 120 to memory device 130, such as program commands, read commands, or other commands. In addition, memory interface component 113 can receive data from memory device 130, such as data retrieved in response to a read command or a confirmation that a program command was successfully performed. For example, the memory sub-system controller 115 can include a processor 117 (processing device) configured to execute instructions stored in local memory 119 for performing the operations described herein.
In one embodiment, memory device 130 includes a program manager 134 configured to carry out corresponding memory access operations, in response to receiving the memory access commands from memory interface 113. In some embodiments, local media controller 135 includes at least a portion of program manager 134 and is configured to perform the functionality described herein. In some embodiments, program manager 134 is implemented on memory device 130 using firmware, hardware components, or a combination of the above. In one embodiment, program manager 134 receives, from a requestor, such as memory interface 113, a request to program data to a memory array of memory device 130. The memory array can include an array of memory cells formed at the intersections of wordlines and bitlines. In one embodiment, the memory cells are grouped in to blocks, which can be further divided into sub-blocks, where a given wordline is shared across a number of sub-blocks, for example. In one embodiment, each sub-block corresponds to a separate plane in the memory array. The group of memory cells associated with a wordline within a sub-block is referred to as a physical page. In one embodiment, there can be multiple portions of the memory array, such as a first portion where the sub-blocks are configured as SLC memory and a second portion where the sub-blocks are configured as multi-level cell (MLC) memory (i.e., including memory cells that can store two or more bits of information per cell). For example, the second portion of the memory array can be configured as TLC memory. The voltage levels of the memory cells in TLC memory form a set of 8 programming distributions representing the 8 different combinations of the three bits stored in each memory cell. Depending on how they are configured, each physical page in one of the sub-blocks can include multiple page types. For example, a physical page formed from single level cells (SLCs) has a single page type referred to as a lower logical page (LP). Multi-level cell (MLC) physical page types can include LPs and upper logical pages (UPs), TLC physical page types are LPs, UPs, and extra logical pages (XPs), and QLC physical page types are LPs, UPs, XPs and top logical pages (TPs). For example, a physical page formed from memory cells of the QLC memory type can have a total of four logical pages, where each logical page can store data distinct from the data stored in the other logical pages associated with that physical page.
In one embodiment, program manager 134 can receive data to be programmed to the memory device 130 (e.g., a TLC memory device). Accordingly, program manager 134 can perform a programming operation to program each memory cell to a desired programming level. In one embodiment, program manager 134 can float the pillars of both a selected sub-block and unselected sub-blocks by turning off both the select gate drain (SGD) and select gate source (SGS) signals that control the respective drain side and source side select transistors coupled to each string of memory cells. Once the pillars are floated, the unselected wordlines can be discharged to a predefined potential, thus boosting down the potential at the pillar of the selected sub-block to a corresponding negative potential. As a result, the programming voltage pulses, which can be sequentially applied to the target (selected) wordline, can be reduced by the value of the negative potential of the pillar while maintaining the same level of programming stress and the program inhibit stress as the level which would be achieved without applying the negative potential to the pillar, as described in more detail herein below.
FIG. 2 is a simplified block diagram of a first apparatus, in the form of a memory device 130, in communication with a second apparatus, in the form of a memory sub-system controller 115 of a memory sub-system (e.g., memory sub-system 110 of FIG. 1), according to an embodiment. Some examples of electronic systems include personal computers, personal digital assistants (PDAs), digital cameras, digital media players, digital recorders, games, appliances, vehicles, wireless devices, mobile telephones and the like. The memory sub-system controller 115 (e.g., a controller external to the memory device 130), may be a memory controller or other external host device.
Memory device 130 includes an array of memory cells 104 logically arranged in rows and columns. Memory cells of a logical row are typically connected to the same access line (e.g., a wordline) while memory cells of a logical column are typically selectively connected to the same data line (e.g., a bit line). A single access line may be associated with more than one logical row of memory cells and a single data line may be associated with more than one logical column. Memory cells (not shown in FIG. 2) of at least a portion of array of memory cells 104 are capable of being programmed to one of at least two target data states.
Row decode circuitry 108 and column decode circuitry 111 are provided to decode address signals. Address signals are received and decoded to access the array of memory cells 204. Memory device 130 also includes input/output (I/O) control circuitry 112 to manage input of commands, addresses and data to the memory device 130 as well as output of data and status information from the memory device 130. An address register 114 is in communication with I/O control circuitry 112 and row decode circuitry 108 and column decode circuitry 111 to latch the address signals prior to decoding. A command register 124 is in communication with I/O control circuitry 112 and local media controller 135 to latch incoming commands.
A controller (e.g., the local media controller 135 internal to the memory device 130) controls access to the array of memory cells 104 in response to the commands and generates status information for the external memory sub-system controller 115, i.e., the local media controller 135 is configured to perform access operations (e.g., read operations, programming operations and/or erase operations) on the array of memory cells 204. The local media controller 135 is in communication with row decode circuitry 108 and column decode circuitry 111 to control the row decode circuitry 108 and column decode circuitry 111 in response to the addresses. In one embodiment, local media controller 135 includes programming manager 134, which can implement the memory programming operations with respect to memory device 130, as described herein.
The local media controller 135 is also in communication with a cache register 218. Cache register 118 latches data, either incoming or outgoing, as directed by the local media controller 135 to temporarily store data while the array of memory cells 104 is busy writing or reading, respectively, other data. During a programming operation (e.g., a write operation), data may be passed from the cache register 118 to the data register 121 for transfer to the array of memory cells 204; then new data may be latched in the cache register 118 from the I/O control circuitry 212. During a read operation, data may be passed from the cache register 118 to the I/O control circuitry 112 for output to the memory sub-system controller 115; then new data may be passed from the data register 121 to the cache register 218. The cache register 118 and/or the data register 121 may form (e.g., may form a portion of) a page buffer of the memory device 130. A page buffer may further include sensing devices (not shown in FIG. 2) to sense a data state of a memory cell of the array of memory cells 204, e.g., by sensing a state of a data line connected to that memory cell. A status register 122 may be in communication with I/O control circuitry 112 and the local memory controller 135 to latch the status information for output to the memory sub-system controller 115.
Memory device 130 receives control signals at the memory sub-system controller 115 from the local media controller 135 over a control link 132. For example, the control signals can include a chip enable signal CE #, a command latch enable signal CLE, an address latch enable signal ALE, a write enable signal WE #, a read enable signal RE #, and a write protect signal WP #. Additional or alternative control signals (not shown) may be further received over control link 132 depending upon the nature of the memory device 130. In one embodiment, memory device 130 receives command signals (which represent commands), address signals (which represent addresses), and data signals (which represent data) from the memory sub-system controller 115 over a multiplexed input/output (I/O) bus 136 and outputs data to the memory sub-system controller 115 over I/O bus 136.
For example, the commands may be received over input/output (I/O) pins [7:0] of I/O bus 136 at I/O control circuitry 112 and may then be written into command register 224. The addresses may be received over input/output (I/O) pins [7:0] of I/O bus 136 at I/O control circuitry 112 and may then be written into address register 214. The data may be received over input/output (I/O) pins [7:0] for an 8-bit device or input/output (I/O) pins [15:0] for a 16-bit device at I/O control circuitry 112 and then may be written into cache register 218. The data may be subsequently written into data register 121 for programming the array of memory cells 204.
In an embodiment, cache register 118 may be omitted, and the data may be written directly into data register 220. Data may also be output over input/output (I/O) pins [7:0] for an 8-bit device or input/output (I/O) pins [15:0] for a 16-bit device. Although reference may be made to I/O pins, they may include any conductive node providing for electrical connection to the memory device 130 by an external device (e.g., the memory sub-system controller 115), such as conductive pads or conductive bumps as are commonly used.
In some implementations, additional circuitry and signals can be provided, and that the memory device 130 of FIG. 2 has been simplified. It should be recognized that the functionality of the various block components described with reference to FIG. 2 may not necessarily be segregated to distinct components or component portions of an integrated circuit device. For example, a single component or component portion of an integrated circuit device could be adapted to perform the functionality of more than one block component of FIG. 2. Alternatively, one or more components or component portions of an integrated circuit device could be combined to perform the functionality of a single block component of FIG. 2. Additionally, while specific I/O pins are described in accordance with popular conventions for receipt and output of the various signals, it is noted that other combinations or numbers of I/O pins (or other I/O node structures) may be used in the various embodiments.
One or more memory devices of the memory sub-system 100 can be represented, e.g., by NAND memory devices that utilize transistor arrays built on semiconductor chips. As illustrated schematically in FIG. 3A, a memory cell of a memory device can be a transistor, such as metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET), having a source (S) electrode and a drain (D) electrode to pass electric current there through. The source and drain electrodes can be connected to a conductive bitline (BL), which can be shared by multiple memory cells. A memory device can include an array or memory cells that are connected to a plurality of wordlines (WL) and a plurality of bitlines (BL), as schematically illustrated by FIG. 4. A memory device can further include circuitry for selectively coupling WLs and BLs to voltage sources providing control gate and source-drain signals, which is omitted from FIG. 4 for clarity and conciseness.
Referring again to FIG. 3A, memory cells 302 and 304 can be connected to the same bitline N and two different conductive wordlines, M and M+1, respectively. A memory cell can further have a control gate (CG) electrode to receive a voltage signal VCG to control the magnitude of electric current flowing between the source electrode and the drain electrode. More specifically, there can be a threshold control gate voltage VT (herein also referred to as “threshold voltage” or simply as “threshold”) such that for VCG<VT, the source-drain electric current can be low, but can increase substantially once the control gate voltage has exceeded the threshold voltage, VCG>VT. Transistors of the same memory device can be characterized by a distribution of their threshold voltages, P(VT)=dW/dVT, so that dW=P(VT)dVT represents the probability that any given transistor has its threshold voltage within the interval [VT, VT+dVT]. For example, FIG. 3B illustrates schematically dependence of the source-drain current ISD on the control gate voltage for two memory cells, e.g. memory cell 302 (solid line) and memory cell 304 (dashed line), having different threshold control gate voltages.
To make a memory cell non-volatile, the cell can be further equipped with a conducting island—a charge storage node—that can be electrically isolated from the control gate, the source electrode, and the drain electrode by insulating layers (depicted in FIG. 3A as the dotted region). In response to an appropriately chosen positive (in relation to the source potential) control gate voltage VCG, the charge storage node (FG) can receive an electric charge Q, which can be permanently stored thereon even after the power to the memory cell—and, consequently, the source-drain current—is ceased. The charge Q can affect the distribution of threshold voltages P(VT,Q). Generally, the presence of the electric charge Q shifts the distribution of threshold voltages towards higher voltages, compared with the distribution P(VT) for an uncharged charge storage node. This happens because a stronger positive control gate voltage VCG can be needed to overcome a negative potential of the charge storage node charge Q. If any charge of a sequence Qk of charges with 1≤k≤2N can be selectively programmed (and later detected during a read operation) into a memory cell, the memory cell can function as an N-bit storage unit. The charges Qk are preferably selected to be sufficiently different from each other, so that any two adjacent voltage distributions P(VT, Qk) and P(VT, Qk+1) do not overlap being separated by a valley margin, so that 2N distributions P(VT, Qk) are interspaced with 2N−1 valley margins.
FIG. 3C illustrates schematically a distribution of threshold control gate voltages for a memory cell capable of storing three bits of data by programming the memory cell into any one of at least eight charge states that differ by the amount of charge on the cell's charge storage node. FIG. 3C shows distributions of threshold voltages P(VT, Qk) for 2N=8 different charge states of a tri-level cell (TLC) separated with 23−1=7 valley margins VMk. Accordingly, a memory cell programmed into a charge state k-th (i.e., having the charge Qk deposited on its charge storage node) can be storing a particular combination of N bits (e.g., 0110, for N=4). This charge state Qk can be determined during a readout operation by detecting that a control gate voltage VCG within the valley margin VMk is sufficient to open the cell to the source-drain current whereas a control gate voltage within the preceding valley margin VMk—1 is not.
Memory devices can be classified by the number of bits stored by each cell of the memory. For example, a single-level cell (SLC) memory has cells that can each store one bit of data (N=1). A multi-level cell (MLC) memory has cells that can each store up to two bits of data (N=2), a tri-level cell (TLC) memory has cells that can each store up to three bits of data (N=3), and a quad-level cell (QLC) memory has cells that can each store up to four bits of data (N=4). In general, the operations described herein can be applied to memory devices having N-bit memory cells, where N>1.
For example, a TLC can be capable of being in one of eight charging states Qk (where the first state is an uncharged state Q1=0) whose threshold voltage distributions are separated by valley margins VMk that can be used to read out the data stored in the memory cells. For example, if it is determined during a read operation that a read threshold voltage falls within a particular valley margin of 2N−1 valley margins, it can then be determined that the memory cell is in a particular charge state out of 2N possible charge states. By identifying the right valley margin of the cell, it can be determined what values all of its N bits have. The identifiers of valley margins (such as their coordinates, e.g., location of centers and widths) can be stored in a read level threshold register of the memory controller 215.
As noted herein above, the memory controller 215 can program a state of the memory cell and then read can read this state by comparing a read threshold voltage VT of the memory cell against one or more read level thresholds. The read operation can be performed after a memory cell is placed in one of its charged states by a previous origramming operation, which can include one or more programming passes. Each programming pass would apply appropriate programming voltages to a given wordline in order place appropriate charges on the charge storage nodes of the memory cells that are connected to the wordline.
A programming operation involves a sequence of programming voltage pulses that are applied to a selected wordline. Referring again to FIG. 3A, the source (S) and drain (D) electrodes of a memory cell can be connected to a conductive bitline shared by multiple memory cells. A programming operation would apply a sequence of programming voltage pulses to the control gate (CG) via a corresponding wordline (WL). Each programming voltage pulse would induce an electric field that would pull the electrons onto the charge storage node. After each programming pulse is applied to the selected wordline, a verify operation can be performed by reading the memory cell in order to determine whether the threshold voltage VT of the memory cell has reached a desired value (voltage verify level). If the threshold voltage VT of the memory cell has reached the verify voltage associated with the desired state, the bitline to which the memory cell is connected can be biased at the program inhibit voltage, thus inhibiting the memory cells that are coupled to the bitline from being further programmed, i.e., to prevent the threshold voltate VT of the memory cells from shifting further upward in response to subsequent programming pulses applied to the selected wordline.
FIG. 5 schematically illustrates a three-dimensional structure of an example memory device operating in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 5, an example memory device can include a memory cell string 500 comprising multiple memory cells 505 sharing a common pillar 540, dielectric layer 550, and storage layer 560. The memory cells can be electrically coupled to wordlines, including dummy wordlines 520 and active wordlines 530. “Dummy wordline” herein refers to a wordline that has certain manufacturing defects that would prevent the wordline from controlling multiple level cells (including MLC and TLC). Accordingly, in some implementations, dummy wordlines can be used to control single-level cells. Select gates 510 can control coupling of the pillar 540 to respective bitlines.
FIG. 6 illustrates a fragment of an example memory array of a memory device operating in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 6, the memory array 606 may include multiple memory cells of the selected sub-block that are arranged in rows (each corresponding to a conductive wordline 625) and columns (each corresponding to a conductive bitline 620). While FIG. 6 illustrates a two-dimensional structure, memory arrays having various three-dimensional structures can also be utilized for implementing the systems and methods of the present disclosure. In one embodiment, an example three-dimensional structure includes multiple plains, such that each plain has the two-dimensional structure shown in FIG. 6.
Each column of the array 606 may include a string of memory cells that are selectively connected to a common voltage source (SRC) 620. The common voltage source can be coupled to a reference voltage (e.g., the “ground” (Gnd) or a power supply which can be selectively configured to a desired voltage level). The string of memory cells may be connected in series between the corresponding source-side select transistor 630A-630N controlled by the source select gate (SGS) signal 640 and the corresponding drain-side select transistor 612A-612N controlled by drain select gate (SGD) signal 615. In particular, the example memory array 606 includes the selected wordline 625A and the unselected wordline 625M (other wordlines are omitted from FIG. 6). The example memory array 606 further includes a set of bitlines 620A-620N (other bitlines are omitted from FIG. 6) that can be coupled to the corresponding pillars 605A-605N via respective select transistors 612A-612N controlled by the select gate (SGD) signal 615.
FIG. 7 illustrates example voltage waveforms applied to various portions of a memory array during execution of programming operations by systems and methods of the present disclosure. In an illustrative example, the memory device controller identifies one or more memory cells at the intersection of the target (selected) wordline WLn and the selected bitline(s)) to be programmed by a programming operation.
The programming operation may involve turning on both the drain-side and the source-side select gates, which are controlled by SGD and SGS signals 615 and 640 of FIG. 6, as schematically shown by the waveform 730. The unselected wordlines 625M of FIG. 6 are driven to a predefined voltage level VUNSEL_WL1, as schematically shown by the waveform 730.
Then the pillars 605 of both selected and unselected sub-blocks are floated by turning off both the SGD and SGS signals, as schematically shown by waveforms 715 and 730.
Once the pillars are floated, the unselected wordlines 625M and/or selected wordlines 625A of FIG. 6 can be discharged to a predefined voltage level VUNSEL_WL2, thus causing a corresponding negative potential to appear on the selected sub-block's pillar 605A of FIG. 6, as schematically shown by waveform 735.
In some implementations, a seed voltage (e.g., VDD) can be applied to increase the potential of the pillars 605N of the unselected sub-blocks, thus reducing the level of the program inhibit stress for the unselected pillars, which is equal to VPGM−VUNSEL_PILLAR, as schematically illustrated by the waveform 725.
Once the pillars are floated, one or more programming voltage pulses at the voltage level VPGM can be applied to the selected wordline 625A of FIG. 6, as schematically shown by waveform 740. Thus, the voltage level VPGM of one or more programming voltage pulses, which is applied to the selected wordline 625, is effectively reduced by the value of the negative potential of the selected sub-block pillar VSEL_PILLAR, while maintaining the same level of programming stress equal to VPGM−VSEL_PILLAR and the program inhibit stress equal to VPGM−VUNSEL_PILLAR for unselected pillars and VPGM−VSEL_PILLAR for selected pillars, as schematically shown by waveforms 720-740.
In some implementations, in order to cut off the negative pillar potential, dummy wordlines can be programmed to a high threshold voltage, e.g., during the final stage of the manufacturing workflow of the memory device and/or after performing an erase operation on the memory device.
In some implementations, a program verify operation can be performed after applying one or more programing voltage pulses. The program verify operation can involve reading one or more memory cells to which the programming pulse has been applied, in order to determine whether the threshold voltage VT of the memory cells has reached a desired value.
While the above-described examples are directed to TLC programming algorithms, the systems and methods of the present disclosure can be similarly applied to MLC, QLC, and other algorithms utilized for programming memory cells that are capable of storing one or more data bits.
FIG. 8 is a flow diagram of an example method of performing a memory programming operation, in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. The method 800 can be performed by processing logic that can include hardware (e.g., processing device, circuitry, dedicated logic, programmable logic, microcode, hardware of a device, integrated circuit, etc.), software (e.g., instructions run or executed on a processing device), or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the method 800 is performed by the memory sub-system controller 115 and/or the local media controller 135 of FIG. 1. Although shown in a particular sequence or order, unless otherwise specified, the order of the operations can be modified. Thus, the illustrated embodiments should be understood only as examples, and the illustrated operations can be performed in a different order, and some operations can be performed in parallel. Additionally, one or more operations can be omitted in various embodiments. Thus, not all operations are required in every embodiment.
At operation 810, the controller implementing the method identifies one or more a memory cells to be programmed. In an illustrative example, the program manager 134 implemented by the local media controller 135 of FIG. 1 can receive, from the memory interface 113 of the memory sub-system controller 115, a request to perform a memory access operation on a specified memory device. In one embodiment, the memory access operation involves a programming operation to program the identified memory cells to a specified logical level. In one embodiment, the request to perform the memory access operations may identify one or more memory cells by specifying the wordline and one or more bitlines, as described in more detail herein above.
At operation 820, the controller causes the drain-side and the source-side select gates, which are controlled by SGD and SGS signals, to be turned on, as described in more detail herein above.
At operation 830, the controller causes the unselected wordlines to be driven to a first predefined voltage level, as described in more detail herein above.
At operation 840, the controller causes the drain-side and the source-side select gates, which are controlled by SGD and SGS signals, to be turned off, thus cauing the pillars of selected and unselected sub-blocks to float, as described in more detail herein above.
At operation 850, the controller causes the unselected wordlines to discharge to a second predefined voltage level, thus causing a corresponding negative potential to appear on the selected sub-block's pillar, as described in more detail herein above.
At operation 860, the controller causes a seed voltage (e.g., VDD) to be applied to the pillars of the unselected sub-blocks, thus reducing the level of the program inhibit stress for the unselected pillars, as described in more detail herein above.
At operation 870, the controller causes one or more programming voltage pulses to be applied to the selected wordline, as described in more detail herein above.
At operation 880, the controller performs a program verify operation by reading one or more memory cells to which the programming pulse has been applied, in order to determine whether the threshold voltage VT of the memory cells has reached a desired value, as described in more detail herein above.
FIG. 9 illustrates an example machine of a computer system 900 within which a set of instructions, for causing the machine to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein, can be executed. In some embodiments, the computer system 900 can correspond to a host system (e.g., the host system 120 of FIG. 1) that includes, is coupled to, or utilizes a memory sub-system (e.g., the memory sub-system 110 of FIG. 1) or can be used to perform the operations of a controller (e.g., to execute an operating system to perform operations corresponding to programming manager 134 of FIG. 1). In alternative embodiments, the machine can be connected (e.g., networked) to other machines in a LAN, an intranet, an extranet, and/or the Internet. The machine can operate in the capacity of a server or a client machine in client-server network environment, as a peer machine in a peer-to-peer (or distributed) network environment, or as a server or a client machine in a cloud computing infrastructure or environment.
The machine can be a personal computer (PC), a tablet PC, a set-top box (STB), a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), a cellular telephone, a web appliance, a server, a network router, a switch or bridge, or any machine capable of executing a set of instructions (sequential or otherwise) that specify actions to be taken by that machine. Further, while a single machine is illustrated, the term “machine” shall also be taken to include any collection of machines that individually or jointly execute a set (or multiple sets) of instructions to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein.
The example computer system 900 includes a processing device 902, a main memory 904 (e.g., read-only memory (ROM), flash memory, dynamic random access memory (DRAM) such as synchronous DRAM (SDRAM) or Rambus DRAM (RDRAM), etc.), a static memory 906 (e.g., flash memory, static random access memory (SRAM), etc.), and a data storage system 918, which communicate with each other via a bus 930.
Processing device 902 represents one or more general-purpose processing devices such as a microprocessor, a central processing unit, or the like. More particularly, the processing device can be a complex instruction set computing (CISC) microprocessor, reduced instruction set computing (RISC) microprocessor, very long instruction word (VLIW) microprocessor, or a processor implementing other instruction sets, or processors implementing a combination of instruction sets. Processing device 902 can also be one or more special-purpose processing devices such as an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA), a digital signal processor (DSP), network processor, or the like. The processing device 902 is configured to execute instructions 926 for performing the operations and steps discussed herein. The computer system 900 can further include a network interface device 908 to communicate over the network 920.
The data storage system 918 can include a machine-readable storage medium 1 94 (also known as a computer-readable medium, such as a non-transitory computer-readable medium) on which is stored one or more sets of instructions 926 or software embodying any one or more of the methodologies or functions described herein. The instructions 926 can also reside, completely or at least partially, within the main memory 904 and/or within the processing device 902 during execution thereof by the computer system 900, the main memory 904 and the processing device 902 also constituting machine-readable storage media. The machine-readable storage medium 924, data storage system 918, and/or main memory 904 can correspond to the memory sub-system 110 of FIG. 1.
In one embodiment, the instructions 926 include instructions to implement functionality corresponding to programming manager 134 of FIG. 1). While the machine-readable storage medium 924 is shown in an example embodiment to be a single medium, the term “machine-readable storage medium” should be taken to include a single medium or multiple media that store the one or more sets of instructions. The term “machine-readable storage medium” shall also be taken to include any medium that is capable of storing or encoding a set of instructions for execution by the machine and that cause the machine to perform any one or more of the methodologies of the present disclosure. The term “machine-readable storage medium” shall accordingly be taken to include, but not be limited to, solid-state memories, optical media, and magnetic media.
Some portions of the preceding detailed descriptions have been presented in terms of algorithms and symbolic representations of operations on data bits within a computer memory. These algorithmic descriptions and representations are the ways used by those skilled in the data processing arts to most effectively convey the substance of their work to others skilled in the art. An algorithm is here, and generally, conceived to be a self-consistent sequence of operations leading to a desired result. The operations are those requiring physical manipulations of physical quantities. Usually, though not necessarily, these quantities take the form of electrical or magnetic signals capable of being stored, combined, compared, and otherwise manipulated. It has proven convenient at times, principally for reasons of common usage, to refer to these signals as bits, values, elements, symbols, characters, terms, numbers, or the like.
It should be borne in mind, however, that all of these and similar terms are to be associated with the appropriate physical quantities and are merely convenient labels applied to these quantities. The present disclosure can refer to the action and processes of a computer system, or similar electronic computing device, that manipulates and transforms data represented as physical (electronic) quantities within the computer system's registers and memories into other data similarly represented as physical quantities within the computer system memories or registers or other such information storage systems.
The present disclosure also relates to an apparatus for performing the operations herein. This apparatus can be specially constructed for the intended purposes, or it can include a general purpose computer selectively activated or reconfigured by a computer program stored in the computer. Such a computer program can be stored in a computer readable storage medium, such as, but not limited to, any type of disk including floppy disks, optical disks, CD-ROMs, and magnetic-optical disks, read-only memories (ROMs), random access memories (RAMs), EPROMs, EEPROMs, magnetic or optical cards, or any type of media suitable for storing electronic instructions, each coupled to a computer system bus.
The algorithms and displays presented herein are not inherently related to any particular computer or other apparatus. Various general purpose systems can be used with programs in accordance with the teachings herein, or it can prove convenient to construct a more specialized apparatus to perform the method. The structure for a variety of these systems will appear as set forth in the description below. In addition, the present disclosure is not described with reference to any particular programming language. It will be appreciated that a variety of programming languages can be used to implement the teachings of the disclosure as described herein.
The present disclosure can be provided as a computer program product, or software, that can include a machine-readable medium having stored thereon instructions, which can be used to program a computer system (or other electronic devices) to perform a process according to the present disclosure. A machine-readable medium includes any mechanism for storing information in a form readable by a machine (e.g., a computer). In some embodiments, a machine-readable (e.g., computer-readable) medium includes a machine (e.g., a computer) readable storage medium such as a read only memory (“ROM”), random access memory (“RAM”), magnetic disk storage media, optical storage media, flash memory components, etc.
In the foregoing specification, embodiments of the disclosure have been described with reference to specific example embodiments thereof. It will be evident that various modifications can be made thereto without departing from the broader spirit and scope of embodiments of the disclosure as set forth in the following claims. The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative sense rather than a restrictive sense.

## Claims

1. A memory device, comprising:
a memory array comprising a plurality of memory cells electrically coupled to a plurality of wordlines and a plurality of bitlines; and
a controller coupled to the memory array, the controller to perform operations comprising:
identifying one or more memory cells for performing a memory programming operation, wherein the memory cells are electrically coupled to a target wordline and one or more target bitlines;
causing drain-side select gates and source-side select gates of the memory array to be turned off, wherein a negative potential is caused to appear on a selected pillar of the memory array in response to causing unselected wordlines of the memory array to discharge to a predefined voltage level;
causing dummy wordlines of the memory array to be charged to a predefined threshold voltage; and
causing one or more programming voltage pulses to be applied to the target wordline.

2. The memory device of claim 1, wherein the operations further comprise:
performing a program verify operation with respect to the one or more memory cells.

3. The memory device of claim 1, wherein causing drain-side select gates and source-side select gates of the memory array to be turned off causes pillars of the memory array to float.

4. The memory device of claim 1, wherein the operations further comprise:
causing a seed voltage to be applied to unselected sub-blocks of the memory array.

5. The memory device of claim 1, wherein the one or more programming voltage pulses are performed at increasing programming voltage levels.

6. A computer-readable non-transitory storage medium comprising executable instructions that, when executed by a controller managing a memory array comprising a plurality of memory cells, cause the controller to:
identify one or more memory cells for performing a memory programming operation, wherein the memory cells are electrically coupled to a target wordline and one or more target bitlines;
cause drain-side select gates and source-side select gates of the memory array to be turned off, wherein a negative potential is caused to appear on a selected pillar of the memory array in response to causing unselected wordlines of the memory array to discharge to a predefined voltage level;
cause dummy wordlines of the memory array to be charged to a predefined threshold voltage; and
cause one or more programming voltage pulses to be applied to the target wordline.

7. The computer-readable non-transitory storage medium of claim 6, further comprising executable instructions that, when executed by the controller, cause the controller to:
perform a program verify operation with respect to the one or more memory cells.

8. The computer-readable non-transitory storage medium of claim 6, wherein causing drain-side select gates and source-side select gates of the memory array to be turned off causes pillars of the memory array to float.

9. The computer-readable non-transitory storage medium of claim 6, further comprising executable instructions that, when executed by the controller, cause the controller to:
cause a seed voltage to be applied to unselected sub-blocks of the memory array.

10. The computer-readable non-transitory storage medium of claim 6, wherein the one or more programming voltage pulses are performed at increasing programming voltage levels.

11. A method, comprising:
identifying, by a controller managing a memory array comprising a plurality of memory cells, one or more memory cells for performing a memory programming operation, wherein the memory cells are electrically coupled to a target wordline and one or more target bitlines;
causing drain-side select gates and source-side select gates of the memory array to be turned off, wherein a negative potential is caused to appear on a selected pillar of the memory array in response to causing unselected wordlines of the memory array to discharge to a predefined voltage level;
causing dummy wordlines of the memory array to be charged to a predefined threshold voltage; and
causing one or more programming voltage pulses to be applied to the target wordline.

12. The method of claim 11, further comprising:
performing a program verify operation with respect to the one or more memory cells.

13. The method of claim 11, wherein causing drain-side select gates and source-side select gates of the memory array to be turned off causes pillars of the memory array to float.

14. The method of claim 11, further comprising:
causing a seed voltage to be applied to unselected sub-blocks of the memory array.