[DO NOT PUBLISH]

In the

United States Court of Appeals

For the Eleventh Circuit

____________________

No. 23-11754

Non-Argument Calendar

____________________

SAUL OTONIEL GASPAR-GASPAR, 

EDGAR GASPER-JUAN, 

Petitioners,

versus

U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL, 

Respondent.

____________________

Petition for Review of a Decision of the

Board of Immigration Appeals

Agency No. A208-893-010

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____________________

Before JILL PRYOR, NEWSOM, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

Saul Gaspar-Gaspar and his minor child, Edgar Gaspar-Juan,

petition for review of a decision from the Board of Immigration 

Appeals affirming an immigration judge’s denial of Gaspar-Gaspar’s application for asylum and withholding of removal. In the petition, Gaspar-Gaspar and his son argue that substantial evidence 

does not support the Board’s denial of the asylum claim and that 

the Board used the wrong standard to evaluate the withholding-ofremoval claim. After careful review, we deny the petition.

I.

Gaspar-Gaspar and Edgar are citizens of Guatemala who entered the United States in 2016. After entering the country, GasparGaspar and his son were charged with being removable as noncitizens present in the United States without having been admitted or 

paroled. See 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(6)(A)(i). In immigration proceedings, they conceded removability.

Gaspar-Gaspar applied for asylum and withholding of removal. Edgar was a derivative beneficiary of his father’s asylum application. See id. § 1158(b)(3)(A) (providing that a child of an applicant “who is granted asylum . . . may . . . be granted the same status 

as the [parent]”). 

In his application, Gaspar-Gaspar alleged that he suffered 

past persecution and had a well-founded fear of future persecution

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in Guatemala on account of his race, as an indigenous Mayan, and

his membership in a particular social group. Gaspar-Gaspar asserted that he was a member of the following social groups:

(1) Guatemalan young men who were subjected to recruitment efforts by the Mara-18 gang butrejected or resisted gang membership 

because of their opposition to the gang’s values and activities,

(2) indigenous Guatemalan Mayans who were targets of discrimination and aggression from gang members, (3) young Guatemalans who were actively recruited by gangs but refused to join, and 

(4) indigenous men from Guatemala who were beaten and threatened with death for being a minority and refusing to join the Mara18 gang. 

The immigration judge held a hearing on Gaspar-Gaspar’s 

application. Gaspar-Gaspar testified at the hearing. He told the immigration judge that before he left Guatemala, the Mara-18 gang 

had threatened and harmed him because of his Mayan race. He was 

afraid that if he returned to Guatemala the gang would kill him or 

his family.

Gaspar-Gaspar described how gang members targeted and 

harassed members of the indigenous community where he grew

up. According to Gaspar-Gaspar, gang members would come to his

village every few weeks to “extort people” and sometimes “would 

burn people.” AR at 134.1 Beginning in April 2010, when GasparGaspar was 16 years old, gang members sought him out when they 

1 “AR” refers to the administrative record.

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visited the village. On at least three occasions over the next two 

years, gang members threatened to kill Gaspar-Gaspar or his family 

if he did not join the gang. On the last occasion when gang members visited Gaspar-Gaspar in the village, they demanded that he 

pay them 60,000 quetzals.

In 2012, fearing for his safety, Gaspar-Gaspar fled from his 

village to Guatemala City. Approximately 20 days later, gang members tracked him down in Guatemala City and attacked him. They

pinned him against a wall and stabbed him in the leg with a knife. 

Although he was in severe pain and barely able to walk, he did not 

go to a hospital because he could not afford to pay for medical care. 

Instead, he wrapped his leg and let the wound heal on its own.

Over the next few years, gang members threatened GasparGaspar several more times. During one confrontation, armed gang 

members struck him in the head with a pistol. Eventually he and 

his son, Edgar, fled Guatemala and came to the United States. 

At his immigration hearing, Gaspar-Gaspar was asked why 

the Mara-18 gang had targeted him. He answered that it was because he was a young man and they wanted him to join the gang. 

He also said that it was because he was an “indigenous Mayan” and 

they wanted him “to join them.” Id. at 131.

The record before the immigration judge primarily consisted of Gaspar-Gaspar’s testimony. The immigration judge also 

considered the Department of State country reports for Guatemala. These reports noted that the “[s]ignificant human rights issues in Guatemala” included “crimes involving violence or threats 

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of violence targeting . . . members of indigenous groups.” Id. at 24–

25. The immigration judge also found that there was a “very high 

level of criminality” in Guatemala. Id. at 88.

At the conclusion of the hearing, the immigration judge denied Gaspar-Gaspar’s application for asylum and withholding of removal. To be entitled to asylum, the immigration judge stated, 

Gaspar-Gaspar had to show that he either had suffered past persecution or had a well-founded fear of future persecution. She explained that he also had to establish a nexus by proving that a protected ground, such as race or membership in a particular social 

group, was “one central reason” for the past persecution he experienced or future persecution he feared. Id. at 87.

The immigration judge concluded that Gaspar-Gaspar was 

not entitled to asylum. She considered his claim that he was entitled to asylum based on his membership in a particular social 

group. She concluded that none of Gaspar-Gaspar’s proposed

groups qualified as a particular social group, stating, “[r]esistance 

to gang recruitment is not a particular social group as defined by 

case law,” and “victims of gang violence are not considered to be 

members of a particular social group pursuant to case law.” Id. at 

88.

The immigration judge also addressed whether Gaspar-Gaspar was entitled to asylum based on his allegation that he had been 

or would be persecuted because of his race. Because there was no 

evidence “that the gangs targeted him because he was Mayan,” she 

concluded that he failed to establish that his “Mayan ethnicity was 

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the basis for the threats and the harm he received from the gangs.”

Id. at 89. Thus, Gaspar-Gaspar failed to establish that “his race was 

central to” the past persecution he suffered or the future persecution he feared. Id.

The immigration judge also rejected Gaspar-Gaspar’s application for withholding of removal. She explained that to be entitled 

to withholding of removal, he had to show that his “life or freedom” would be threatened in Guatemala “on account of” a protected ground such as race or membership in a particular social 

group. Id. at 87. The immigration judge explained that Gaspar-Gaspar had to establish “a clear probability of persecution” based on a 

protected ground. Id. She concluded that because he had “not met 

the lower burden” for his asylum claim, he also had “not met the 

higher burden under withholding of removal.” Id. at 89.

Gaspar-Gaspar and Edgar appealed to the Board of Immigration Appeals. They argued that the immigration judge erred in 

denying asylum and withholding of removal because the record 

showed that Gaspar-Gaspar had suffered persecution in Guatemala 

“on the account of being an indigenous person.” Id. at 15. In their 

appellate brief, they acknowledged that both asylum and withholding of removal “share[d] a core requirement,” which was “a nexus 

between the persecution and a protected ground.” Id. at 16. They 

stated that it was “well-settled” that an applicant established the 

“required nexus” when he demonstrated that a protected ground 

“was or will be a central reason for” persecution. Id. at 17 (emphasis 

added) (internal quotation marks omitted). Nowhere in their brief 

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to the Board did they argue that a different, less-demanding nexus 

standard applied to a withholding-of-removal claim. 

The Board affirmed the immigration judge’s determination 

that Gaspar-Gaspar was not eligible for asylum or withholding of 

removal. It stated that to be entitled to either asylum or withholding of removal, Gaspar-Gaspar had to establish, among other 

things, a “nexus” between the harm that he experienced or feared 

and a protected ground. Id. at 4. To establish the requisite nexus 

for both the asylum and withholding-of-removal claims, the Board 

explained, Gaspar-Gaspar had to show that a protected ground was 

“a central reason” for the claimed past or future harm. Id. (internal 

quotation marks omitted).

The Board concluded that the immigration judge’s finding

that Gaspar-Gaspar had failed to establish a nexus was not clearly 

erroneous. Because he had not established a “nexus between the 

harm he experienced and fears and a protected ground,” the Board 

concluded that he was not entitled to asylum or withholding of removal. Id. at 5. 

Gaspar-Gaspar and Edgar now petition this Court for review. 

II.

“We review the decision of the Board.” Kazemzadeh v. U.S. 

Att’y Gen., 577 F.3d 1341, 1350 (11th Cir. 2009) (internal quotation 

marks omitted). We review the decision of the immigration judge 

“to the extent that the Board expressly adopted” the immigration 

judge’s opinion. Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). We review 

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de novo the Board’s conclusions of law. Id. And we review its factual 

determinations under a substantial evidence standard, which requires us to “view the record evidence in the light most favorable 

to the agency’s decision and draw all reasonable inferences in favor 

of that decision.” Adefemi v. Ashcroft, 386 F.3d 1022, 1026–27 (11th 

Cir. 2004) (en banc). Findings of fact may be reversed “only when 

the record compels a reversal.” Id. at 1027. “[T]he mere fact that

the record may support a contrary conclusion is not enough to justify a reversal of the administrative findings.” Id.

III.

On appeal, Gaspar-Gaspar and Edgar challenge the Board’s 

decision denying the application for asylum and withholding of removal. Regarding asylum, they argue that the record “compel[led]

a finding” that Gaspar-Gaspar’s past persecution and fear of future 

persecution was on account of “his indigenous Mayan race or ethnicity.” Petitioners’ Br. 12–13. And as to withholding of removal, 

they say that the Board erred because it applied the wrong standard 

to evaluate whether there was a sufficient nexus between GasparGaspar’s protected characteristics and the threats he faced if removed to Guatemala. We address each issue in turn.

A.

We begin with the challenge to the denial of the asylum application. Under the Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”), an 

undocumented immigrant who is present in the United States may 

apply for asylum. 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(1). The government has the 

discretion to grant asylum if an applicant establishes that he is a 

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“refugee.” Id. § 1158(b)(1)(A). A refugee is a person “who is unable 

or unwilling to return to” his country of nationality “because of 

persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of 

race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, 

or political opinion.” Id. § 1101(a)(42)(A).

To be eligible for asylum, an applicant must, “with specific 

and credible evidence,” show “(1) past persecution on account of a 

statutorily listed factor” or “(2) a well-founded fear that the statutorily listed factor will cause future persecution.” Ruiz v. U.S. Att’y 

Gen., 440 F.3d 1247, 1257 (11th Cir. 2006) (internal quotation marks 

omitted). Persecution is an “extreme concept, requiring more than 

a few isolated incidents of verbal harassment or intimidation.” 

Sepulveda v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 401 F.3d 1226, 1231 (11th Cir. 2005) (alteration adopted) (internal quotation marks omitted).

We have described the requirement that an applicant must 

show that any past or future persecution was, or would be, “on 

account of a protected basis” as a “nexus” requirement. PerezSanchez v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 935 F.3d 1148, 1158 (11th Cir. 2019) (internal quotation marks omitted). To satisfy the nexus requirement, 

an applicant must show that a protected characteristic—for example, his race or membership in a particular social group—“was or is

‘at least one central reason’ for his persecution.” Id. (quoting 

8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(i)). A central reason is one that “is essential 

to the motivation of the persecutor.” Sanchez-Castro v. U.S. Att’y 

Gen., 998 F.3d 1281, 1286 (11th Cir. 2021) (internal quotation marks 

omitted). “In other words, the protected ground cannot play a 

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minor role in the [applicant’s] past mistreatment or fears of future 

mistreatment. That is, it cannot be incidental, tangential, superficial, or subordinate to another reason for harm.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). Evidence showing the applicant was the victim of criminal activity or acts of private violence does not establish 

persecution based on a statutorily protected ground. Ruiz, 440 F.3d 

at 1258.

Gaspar-Gaspar and Edgar challenge the Board’s determination that Gaspar-Gaspar failed to satisfy the nexus standard for the 

asylum claim. They argue that the record established that GasparGaspar’s status as an indigenous Mayan was one central reason for 

his persecution in Guatemala. We disagree. 

We cannot say that this record compels a conclusion that 

Gaspar-Gaspar’s Mayan race played a central role in the gang’s decision to target him. The record before us shows that (1) GasparGaspar is an indigenous Mayan person, (2) he was harmed by members of the Mara-18 gang in Guatemala, and (3) some criminals in 

Guatemala target indigenous Mayan people. The only evidence 

showing that Gaspar-Gaspar was targeted because he was Mayan 

was his testimony that he believed the gang members had targeted 

him because of his race. Even assuming a factfinder could conclude

based on this record that there was a nexus, “the mere fact that the 

record may support a contrary conclusion is not enough to justify 

a reversal of the administrative findings.” Adefemi, 386 F.3d at 1027. 

We simply cannot say that the record required the agency to conclude that when the gang targeted Gaspar-Gaspar it was motivated 

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by his race. We thus conclude that substantial evidence supported 

the Board’s decision.

B.

We now turn to the challenge to the denial of Gaspar-Gaspar’s application for withholding of removal. The INA prohibits the 

government from removing a noncitizen in the United States to a 

country where his “life or freedom would be threatened . . . because of [his] race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular 

social group, or political opinion.” 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(A). To be 

entitled to withholding of removal, an applicant must show that it 

is more likely than not that he would be persecuted or tortured 

upon his return to the country in question. Sanchez v. U.S. Att’y 

Gen., 392 F.3d 434, 437 (11th Cir. 2004). We have recognized that 

to be entitled to withholding of removal, an applicant must meet a 

nexus requirement. See Perez-Sanchez, 935 F.3d at 1158.

In their petition, Gaspar-Gaspar and Edgar argue that the 

Board applied too demanding a nexus standard when evaluating 

the withholding-of-removal claim. They say that to be eligible for 

withholding of removal, Gaspar-Gaspar needed to show only that 

his race would be “a reason,” as opposed to “one central reason,” 

for the threat he would face if returned to Guatemala. Petitioners’

Br. 19. They acknowledge that this Court in a published opinion 

adopted the “one central reason” standard to evaluate nexus for a 

withholding-of-removal claim. But they urge us to reject the reasoning of our precedent, saying that we overlooked that the nexus 

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requirement for withholding-of-removal claims is “distinct” from 

the nexus requirement for asylum claims. Id. at 20.

Before we reach the merits of this challenge, we must consider whether Gaspar-Gaspar and Edgar exhausted their administrative remedies.2 The INA provides, in relevant part, that a “court 

may review a final order of removal only if” the noncitizen “has 

exhausted all administrative remedies available . . . as of right.” 

8 U.S.C. § 1252(d)(1). This exhaustion requirement is satisfied 

when a noncitizen “previously argued the core issue now on appeal 

before the” Board. Indrawati v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 779 F.3d 1284, 1297 

(11th Cir. 2015) (internal quotation marks omitted). “Requiring exhaustion allows the [Board] to consider the niceties and contours 

of the relevant arguments, thereby fully considering the petitioner’s claims and compiling a record which is adequate for judicial review.” Amaya-Artunduaga v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 463 F.3d 1247, 

1250 (11th Cir. 2006) (alterations adopted) (internal quotation 

marks omitted).

We cannot reach the merits of Gaspar-Gaspar and Edgar’s 

challenge regarding the nexus requirement that applies to withholding-of-removal claims because they failed to exhaust administrative remedies. Although they now argue that an applicant for 

2 We previously treated the INA’s exhaustion requirement as a jurisdictional 

bar. But the Supreme Court recently held that this exhaustion requirement is 

not jurisdictional but,rather, a claim-processing rule. Santos-Zacaria v. Garland, 

598 U.S. 411, 419 (2023). Because it is a claim-processing rule, we must enforce 

the exhaustion requirement where, as here, the government properly asserts 

it. See Kemokai v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 83 F.4th 886, 891 (11th Cir. 2023).

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withholding of removal establishes the requisite nexus if he shows 

that a protected ground would be a reason—as opposed to a central 

reason—for any threats he would face if removed, they did not 

raise this argument to the Board. Instead, they told the Board that

it was “well-settled” that the “one central reason” standard applied

to withholding-of-removal claims. AR at 17 (internal quotation 

marks omitted). Because they did not raise this ”core issue” in their 

petition before the Board, we conclude that they failed to exhaust 

administrative remedies. See Indrawati, 779 F.3d at 1297 (internal 

quotation marks omitted); see also Murugan v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 

10 F.4th 1185, 1196 n.8 (11th Cir. 2021) (concluding that petitioner 

failed to exhaust argument about the proper nexus standard when 

petitioner failed to raise the argument before the Board).

But even if Gaspar-Gaspar and Edgar had adequately raised 

this issue before the Board and exhausted administrative remedies, 

we would have to deny their petition. As they acknowledge, we 

previously adopted the “one central reason” standard to evaluate

whether an applicant established a sufficient nexus for a withholding-of-removal claim. See Sanchez-Castro, 998 F.3d at 1286. GasparGaspar and Edgar argue that the reasoning in Sanchez-Castro is

flawed because the panel overlooked an argument about why a less 

stringent nexus standard should apply in the withholding-of-removal context. But under our prior panel precedent rule, we are 

bound by Sanchez-Castro. See Smith v. GTE Corp., 236 F.3d 1292, 

1303 (11th Cir. 2001) (“[W]e categorically reject any exception to 

the prior panel precedent rule based upon a perceived defect in the 

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prior panel’s reasoning or analysis as it relates to the law in existence at that time.”).

PETITION DENIED. 

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