THIRD DIVISION

MCFADDEN, C. J.,

DOYLE, P. J., and HODGES, J.

NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be

physically received in our clerk’s office within ten

days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.

https://www.gaappeals.us/rules

DEADLINES ARE NO LONGER TOLLED IN THIS

COURT. ALL FILINGS MUST BE SUBMITTED WITHIN

THE TIMES SET BY OUR COURT RULES.

January 7, 2021

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia

A20A1728. POTEET v. THE STATE.

HODGES, Judge.

A jury convicted Mari Wilene Poteet of possession of methamphetamine

(OCGA § 16-13-30 (a)). Poteet appeals, contending that the evidence against her is

insufficient to sustain her conviction and that her trial counsel was ineffective. For

the reasons that follow, we agree that the evidence is insufficient and we reverse her

conviction.

“On appeal from a criminal conviction, a defendant no longer enjoys the

presumption of innocence, and the evidence is viewed in the light most favorable to

the guilty verdict.” (Citation omitted.) Walker v. State, 349 Ga. App. 188 (825 SE2d

578) (2019).
So viewed, the evidence shows that, following a controlled buy of

methamphetamine fromDouglasCathey by a confidential informant, police executed

a search warrant for Cathey’s home. Poteet was inside Cathey’s home at the time.

During the search of the home, police located a glass pipe inside a flower pot. The

pipe tested positive for methamphetamine. The pipe also had a red tint on it that

looked to the police officerslike residue from red or purple lipstick. Both Cathey and

Poteet denied ownership of the pipe. When police and a parole officer at the scene

asked Poteet if she would pass a drug test for methamphetamine, she responded that

she did not know if she would. Specifically, Poteet told them that she used

methamphetamine approximately three days prior. 

Importantly, no evidence was introduced that the pipe had been tested for

finger prints or DNA, or that the reddish substance on the pipe was tested to confirm

if it was lipstick. There was also not evidence that Poteet owned any lipstick, nor that

any lipstick was found in the search of Cathey’s home. Lastly, there was no evidence

that the pipe had been recently smoked.

Poteet was arrested and indicted for possession of methamphetamine.

Following a jury trial, she was convicted. The trial court denied Poteet’s motion for

new trial, as amended, and she now appeals. 

2
1. Poteet contends the evidence against her is insufficient to sustain her

conviction.

1

 We agree.

It is well-settled that

[w]hen an appellant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to

support [her] conviction, the relevant question is whether, after viewing

the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational

trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond

a reasonable doubt. The appellant no longer enjoys a presumption of

innocence, and an appellate court determines only the legal sufficiency

of the evidence and does not weigh the evidence or assessthe credibility

of the witnesses.

(Citations and punctuation omitted.) Armstrong v. State, 298 Ga. App. 855, 856 (1)

(681 SE2d 662) (2009). However, even under this forgiving standard, “the State is

required to produce evidence of some meaningful connection between the defendant

and the contraband.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Brown v. State, 285 Ga.

App. 330, 331 (646 SE2d 273) (2007).

1 We note that counsel for Poteet failed to cite any case law whatsoever in

support of this enumeration. Accordingly, we could deem the enumeration

abandoned. See, e.g., Smith v. State, 214 Ga. App. 631, 633 (4) (448 SE2d 906)

(1994); Court of Appeals Rule 25 (c). In the interest of justice, however, we will

exercise our discretion to address the enumeration.

3
Poteet was convicted for possession of methamphetamine as a result of the pipe

with drug residue being found in the flower pot in Cathey’s residence. 

A person who knowingly has direct physical control over a thing at a

given time is in actual possession of it. A person who, though not in

actual possession, knowingly has both the power and intention at a

given time to exercise dominion or control over a thing is then in

constructive possession of it. The law recognizesthat possession may be

sole or joint. If one person alone has actual or constructive possession

of a thing, possession is sole. If two or more persons shared actual or

constructive possession of a thing, possession is joint.

(Citation and punctuation omitted.) Blount v. State, 181 Ga. App. 330, 332 (2) (352

SE2d 220 (1986). Under Georgia law, although

[p]ossession [of drugs] may be constructive, . . . spatial proximity alone

is insufficient to prove constructive possession of contraband. Mere

presence, without proof of participation, is insufficient to support a

conviction. Rather, the State mustshow that [Poteet] had the power and

intent to exercise control over the [drugs].

(Citations and punctuation omitted.) Brown, 285 Ga. App. at 331. Indeed,

[a] connection can be made between a defendant and contraband found

in [her] presence by evidence which shows that the contraband was

discovered on premises occupied and controlled by the defendant with

no right of equal access and control in others. Such occupation and

4
control may be inferred when the accused is the owner or tenant of the

premises upon which the illicit drugs are discovered. However, a mere

occupant, as distinguished froma resident, does not necessarily have the

requisite control over the premises to authorize the inference that [she]

possesses all property found thereon. If such were the case, a person’s

mere presence at the scene of the discovery of illegal drugs would

authorize [her] conviction, and that plainly is not the law.

(Citation omitted.) Id. at 331-332.

As no direct evidence connects [Poteet] to the [pipe with

methamphetamine residue] found in the [flower pot in Cathey’s

residence], if [her] conviction for possession of [methamphetamine] is

to be sustained it must be based upon circumstantial evidence. When a

conviction depends entirely on circumstantial evidence, however, the

circumstantial evidence must be consistent with the hypothesis of guilt

and must exclude every other reasonable hypothesis.

Morrison v. State, 220 Ga. App. 151, 153 (1) (a) (469 SE2d 686) (1996).

Here, it is undisputed that Poteet was not in actual possession of the drugs,

which were found inside of a flower pot in a residence which is neither owned nor

occupied by Poteet. The evidence relied upon by the State to connect Poteet to the

drugs on the pipe, other than her presence in the residence where it waslocated, isthe

presence of a substance which may or may not be lipstick residue on the pipe,

5
Poteet’s gender, and Poteet’s admission that she smoked methamphetamine recently

enough that she might fail a drug screen. That is all. 

There is no evidence that the residue on the pipe is actually lipstick. Even if we

assume the residue is lipstick, there is no evidence that Poteet owned any lipstick, let

alone the particular lipstick found on the pipe. The mere presence of a pipe with

lipstick on it in the vicinity of a female does not constitute direct evidence of

possession by that female, as the State essentially argues. Likewise, nor does the

presence of lipstick on a pipe definitively eliminate the possibility that the drugs on

the pipe are possessed by a male, particularly when that male is the owner of the

residence, as the State essentially argues.

2 Moreover, there is no evidence as to when

the pipe was last smoked, let alone that it was smoked during the time Poteet was at

Cathey’s house. There is also no DNA or fingerprint evidence linking Poteet to the

drug-laced pipe. Indeed, the totality of the evidence against Poteet is that she is a

female drug user in the vicinity of a pipe in someone else’s house that had drug, and

2

Indeed, in support of its exoneration of Cathey as the owner of the pipe due

to the presence of lipstick on it, the State asked the following questions: “Detective,

based upon your observations and what you saw of Mr. Cathey, the fact that he was

in [a] relationship with Ms. Poteet, did he appear to be a heterosexual male?” and

“Based upon your observations of him, did you have any concern that he would be

any different than a typical male in the northern parts of Georgia?” The reliance upon

gender stereotypes only highlights the deficiencies in the evidence in this case.

6
potentially lipstick, residue on it. Thisisinsufficient circumstantial evidence to prove

Poteet’s possession of the drugs, as it does not exclude every other reasonable

hypothesis – such as that the methamphetamine on the pipe was solely possessed by

Cathey, the actual owner of the residence, or that it had been possessed by a different

person who was a prior guest in Cathy’s home. See Morrison, 220 Ga. App. at 152

(1) (a) (“When the circumstantial evidence supports more than one theory, one

consistent with guilt and another with innocence, it does not exclude every other

reasonable hypothesis except guilt and is notsufficient to prove the defendant’s guilt

beyond a reasonable doubt. While the determination of whether the circumstances are

sufficient to exclude every reasonable hypothesis except that of defendant’s guilt is

usually made by the jury and while we must view the evidence in the light most

favorable to the jury verdict, we must not be blinded by that verdict when a

reasonable hypothesis of innocence appears from the evidence or lack thereof, and

may declare such as a matter of law.”) (citations and punctuation omitted).

Accordingly, Poteet’s conviction must be reversed. See, e.g., Brown, 285 Ga.

App. at 331-333 (holding that evidence was insufficient to support conviction of

known drug dealer for trafficking who was standing in front of a home with drugs

inside, even though he fled the scene, when there was nothing connecting the

7
defendant to the contents of the house); Stevens v. State, 245 Ga. App. 237, 239 (1)

(537 SE2d 688) (2000) (holding that evidence wasinsufficient to support conviction

when defendant was present in a different room of a house from where drugs were

located and nothing connected the defendant to the contents of the house); Morrison,

220 Ga. App. at 152-153 (1) (a) (holding that evidence was insufficient to support

conviction related to large amount of drugs located behind a refrigerator when

defendant did not reside in the house, was one of multiple adults in the house at the

time police arrived, and nothing connected the defendant to the drugs); Blount, 181

Ga. App. at 332-333 (2) (holding that evidence was insufficient to sustain conviction

of defendant who was present at the time a search warrant was executed because

nothing connected him to the drugs in the house or in his wife’s car; the fact that

men’s clothing was in his wife’s trunk where the drugs were located did not connect

the defendant because there was no evidence regarding to whom the clothes

belonged).

2. In light of our decision in Division 1, we need not address Poteet’s other

enumeration of error.

Judgment reversed. McFadden, C. J., and Doyle, P. J., concur.

8