1

Missouri Court of Appeals

Southern District

Division One

JOHN DOE, a minor, by and through )

his Natural Mother, MOTHER DOE, )

)

Plaintiff-Appellant, )

)

vs. ) No. SD35573

)

OZARK CHRISTIAN COLLEGE, ) Filed April 5, 2019

)

Defendant-Respondent. )

APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF JASPER COUNTY

Honorable Dean G. Dankelson

Before Burrell, P.J., Rahmeyer and Lynch, J.J.

AFFIRMED

PER CURIAM. John Doe (“Plaintiff”) filed a negligence action against Ozark Christian 

College (“OCC”) claiming that OCC negligently recommended a prospective employee 

(“Employee”) to the employer church (“Employer”), as a direct result of which, two years after 

he was hired, Employee injured Plaintiff.

1

 The trial court entered summary judgment in favor of 

 1 Plaintiff’s second amended petition contained the following six counts against OCC: “Negligent Failure to 

Supervise Students/Ministers” (count 1), “Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress” (count 2), “Negligence Per 

Se” (count 3), “Negligent Misrepresentation Regarding [Employee]” (count 4), “Negligence” (count 5), and 

“Intentional Misrepresentation Regarding [Employee]” (count 6). On appeal, Plaintiff abandons counts 1–4 and 6 

by limiting his arguments in his points relied on, reply brief, and oral argument to his common-law negligence claim 

in count 5 of his petition. 
2

OCC, concluding that Missouri has not defined or recognized a “duty to not make a negligent 

recommendation to a prospective employer.” Because Plaintiff has failed to demonstrate the 

existence of such a duty, we affirm the trial court’s judgment. 

Standard of Review

“Summary judgment is designed to permit the trial court to enter judgment, without 

delay, where the moving party has demonstrated, on the basis of facts as to which there is no 

dispute, a right to judgment as a matter of law. Rule 74.04.” ITT Commercial Fin. Corp. v. 

Mid–Am. Marine Supply Corp., 854 S.W.2d 371, 376 (Mo. banc 1993). 

The summary judgment movant has the burden to establish a right to judgment as a 

matter of law “flowing from facts about which there is no genuine dispute.” Id. at 378. When 

the party moving for summary judgment is a defending party, as is the case here, the movant’s 

right to summary judgment can be established by showing one of the following:

(1) facts that negate any one of the claimant’s elements facts, (2) that the nonmovant, after an adequate period of discovery, has not been able to produce, and 

will not be able to produce, evidence sufficient to allow the trier of fact to find the 

existence of any one of the claimant’s elements, or (3) that there is no genuine 

dispute as to the existence of each of the facts necessary to support the movant’s 

properly-pleaded affirmative defense. 

Id. at 381. 

Factual and Procedural Background

The facts set out in the parties’ statements of uncontroverted material facts2 establish that 

OCC is an independent college that prepares students for ministry and that Employee was a 

student there from 1982 to 1989. On occasion, individual churches that need to fill open 

positions, such as and including Employer, contact OCC for recommendations. However, the 

 2 Rule 74.04(c)(2) provides that a response to a motion for summary judgment “may also set forth additional 

material facts that remain in dispute[.]” (Emphasis added). Instead, Plaintiff chose to set forth in his response a

“statement of additional uncontroverted material facts.” (Emphasis added). Plaintiff offers no explanation as to

how such a statement complies with the Rule 74.04 mandated summary judgment process.
3

individual churches, and not OCC, make the ultimate hiring decisions. OCC and Employer are 

separate entities. In his second amended petition (“petition”), Plaintiff alleges that, based upon

OCC’s positive recommendation, Employer hired Employee in 2004. Plaintiff further alleged 

that, as a result of that employment, Employee sexually abused Plaintiff from 2006 through 

2010. 

OCC filed a motion for summary judgment. In that motion, OCC contended that 

assuming all factual allegations in Plaintiff’s petition are true, Plaintiff’s negligence claim 

nevertheless failed as a matter of law because, in giving an employment recommendation to 

Employer, OCC owed no duty to Plaintiff.3

 The trial court agreed with OCC and entered 

judgment in its favor, concluding that: 

The first question is what duty was owed by OCC to [Employer]? Is there a duty 

to not make a negligent recommendation to a prospective employer, whether it 

come[s] from another employer or an education institution? Plaintiff admits that 

[he] cannot find a Missouri case that holds such a duty exists. There are other 

states that have reached that conclusion, California, New Mexico and Texas, but 

the Missouri legislature has not defined such a cause of action and the Missouri 

Courts have not recognized one. This court declines to create such a cause of 

action now.

Plaintiff timely appeals the trial court’s judgment. 

Discussion

No Existing Common Law Duty Identified by Plaintiff

“In any action for negligence, a plaintiff must establish the defendant owed a duty of care 

to the plaintiff, the defendant breached that duty, and the defendant’s breach proximately caused

the plaintiff’s injury.” Wieland v. Owner-Operator Servs., Inc., 540 S.W.3d 845, 848 (Mo. banc 

2018). 

 3 OCC also contended that assuming those same facts and further assuming a duty did exist, Plaintiff’s negligence 

claim still failed because Employee’s criminal acts were the intervening and superseding cause of Plaintiff’s 

injuries. We do not reach this issue.
4

“‘Whether a duty exists is purely a question of law.’” Hoffman v. Union Elec. Co., 176 

S.W.3d 706, 708 (Mo. banc 2005) (quoting Lopez v. Three Rivers Elec. Coop., Inc., 26 S.W.3d 

151, 155 (Mo. banc 2000)). “A duty to exercise care can be imposed by a controlling statute or 

ordinance, assumed by contract, or imposed by common law under the circumstances of a given 

case.” Bowan ex rel. Bowan v. Express Med. Transporters, Inc., 135 S.W.3d 452, 457 

(Mo.App. 2004) (citing Scheibel v. Hillis, 531 S.W.2d 285, 288 (Mo. banc 1976)). Plaintiff 

proffers no statutory, ordinal, or contractual basis bearing upon the facts here supporting the 

existence of a duty upon OCC toward Plaintiff in making its employment recommendation of 

Employee to Employer. 

Rather, conceding that OCC had no duty to provide an employment recommendation in

the first instance, Plaintiff claims that

[c]onsistent with existing Missouri law and cases from other states, Missouri 

should recognize that once a defendant undertakes to provide a recommendation 

to a perspective [sic] employer, the defendant has a duty to provide a nonnegligent recommendation if the defendant knows or has reason to know that a 

negligent recommendation involves an unreasonable risk of injury to the 

perspective [sic] employer or third-parties. 

(Emphasis added). More precisely, Plaintiff claims that Missouri’s common law has 

always imposed this duty upon anyone who makes an employment recommendation and 

that all that remains is for this court to simply “recognize” that existing duty. 

In resolving this claim, we initially note that the Missouri Court of Appeals is an errorcorrecting court, whereas the Supreme Court of Missouri is a law-declaring court. State v. 

Freeman, 269 S.W.3d 422, 429 (Mo. banc 2008) (Wolff, J., concurring). Accordingly, if a trial 

court erroneously fails to apply an existing common-law duty, it is within the purview of our 

court to correct that error. The declaration of a new common-law duty, however, is not within 
5

our purview but, rather, lies squarely within the law-declaring function of our supreme court. 

See id. at 429-30.

Plaintiff’s argument implicitly concedes that no Missouri case has addressed or 

recognized a common-law duty of care upon a person or entity to either a prospective employer 

or a third party in making an employment recommendation. Rather, in the absence of such 

authority, Plaintiff offers four reasons as to why that common-law duty exists in Missouri’s 

common law waiting only for recognition:

• OCC assumed the duty and “[s]uch duty is reflected in the language of section 

324A of the Restatement (Second) of Torts.”

• Section 311 of the Restatement (Second) of Torts imposes a duty and liability on 

OCC under the facts of this case for negligent misrepresentation involving risk of 

physical harm.

• Other states have recognized a duty in their common law to not provide a 

negligent recommendation.

• Public policy factors “support imposition of a duty on OCC not to provide an 

inaccurate and incomplete recommendation in this case.”

None of these reasons support the existence of a duty, but rather contemplate the declaration of a 

new common-law duty. Such a declaration is not within our power.

Section 324A of the Restatement (Second) of Torts (“section 324A”)

Plaintiff concedes that “[OCC] did not have any duty to provide [Employee’s] name to 

[Employer] or to provide a recommendation regarding [Employee] when asked by [Employer].” 

Rather, Plaintiff asserts that OCC’s gratuitous provision of an employment recommendation to 

Employer was an assumption of a duty to him to exercise reasonable care in doing so.
6

As Plaintiff asserts, “Missouri courts have recognized that a duty may be assumed or 

undertaken, and when so assumed, a defendant must exercise reasonable care in carrying out the 

duty. Such a duty is reflected in the language of [section 324A].” Bowman v. McDonald’s 

Corp., 916 S.W.2d 270, 287 (Mo.App. 1995) (overruled on other grounds by Richardson v. 

QuikTrip Corp., 81 S.W.3d 54, 63 n.9 (Mo.App. 2002)) (internal citations omitted). “We look 

to . . . [section 324A] as the touchstone for whether a defendant has assumed a duty toward a 

third person.” Berliner v. Milwaukee Elec. Tool Corp., 501 S.W.3d 59, 67 (Mo.App. 2016). 

Section 324A provides:

One who undertakes, gratuitously or for consideration, to render services to 

another which he should recognize as necessary for the protection of a third 

person or his things, is subject to liability to the third person for physical harm 

resulting from his failure to exercise reasonable care to protect his undertaking, if

(a) his failure to exercise reasonable care increases the risk of such harm, or

(b) he has undertaken to perform a duty owed by the other to the third person, or

(c) the harm is suffered because of reliance of the other or the third person upon 

the undertaking.

Restatement (Second) of Torts § 324A (1965).

The threshold application issue of section 324A is whether the defendant is “[o]ne who 

undertakes . . . to render services to another.” Thus, whether OCC assumed an obligation or 

intended to render services for the benefit of Employer is an elemental fact (“threshold elemental

fact”) that Plaintiff must plead and prove in order to cross the threshold for establishing OCC’s

section 324A duty of care to Plaintiff. See Smith v. Allendale Mut. Ins. Co., 303 N.W.2d 702, 

710 (Mich. 1981) (absent evidence supporting a conclusion that the actor agreed or intended to 

provide services for the employer’s benefit, the threshold element of duty which in a case based 

upon §324A flows from an undertaking to render services to another is lacking); Brown v. 
7

Michigan Millers Mut. Ins. Co., Inc., 665 S.W.2d 630, 633 (Mo.App. 1983); Wurst v. Nat'l Oil 

& Supply Co., Inc., 780 S.W.2d 97, 102 (Mo.App. 1989); Bowman, 916 S.W.2d at 287.

Here, however, Plaintiff did not plead this threshold elemental fact in his petition, which 

is fatal to his section 324A claim.

4

 See, e.g., Wurst, 780 S.W.2d at 102. Indeed, the only 

somewhat related factual allegation made by Plaintiff in his petition is that “[a]fter graduation, 

[OCC’s] placement program assisted and guided [Employee] in his employment at various 

churches throughout the United States during years 1990-2004.” This allegation, if true, 

supports the reasonable inference that OCC’s recommendation to Employer was made to benefit 

its self-interests or those of its former student. It does not support an inference that OCC 

assumed an obligation or intended to benefit Employer when it gave that recommendation.

Section 311 of the Restatement (Second) of Torts (“section 311”)5

Plaintiff next asserts that OCC’s duty in his negligence claim is imposed by section 311 

and cites Davis v. Bd. of Cnty. Comm’rs of Doña Ana Cnty., 987 P.2d 1172, 1179 (N.M. App. 

1999), in support of its application.6 Plaintiff fails, however, to cite any Missouri case that has 

 4 Because Plaintiff’s omission of the threshold elemental fact defeats his section 324A claim, we do not address 

whether the facts of this case satisfy any other section 324A elemental facts.

5 Section 311 entitled “Negligent Misrepresentation Involving Risk of Physical Harm” provides:

(1) One who negligently gives false information to another is subject to liability for physical harm 

caused by action taken by the other in reasonable reliance upon such information, where such 

harm results

(a) to the other, or

(b) to such third persons as the actor should expect to be put in peril by the action taken.

(2) Such negligence may consist of failure to exercise reasonable care

(a) in ascertaining the accuracy of the information, or

(b) in the manner in which it is communicated.

Restatement (Second) of Torts § 311 (1965). 6 Davis sued the county for negligent misrepresentation. Davis, 987 P.2d at 1176. Nothing in Davis suggests that its 

acceptance of section 311 to impose a duty in a negligent misrepresentation action upon a previous employer in 

making employment references has any applicability to a negligence claim, as Plaintiff is asserting on appeal here. 

See footnote 1. Moreover, while Davis recognized a negligent misrepresentation cause of action in this context on 

the basis of section 311 in New Mexico, the Kentucky Court of Appeals refused to recognize it in its state because 

“there is no support for this cause of action in the employee reference context in existing Kentucky case law. As 

aforestated, we decline to expand our existing law on negligent misrepresentation to encompass references given by 

former employers where there has . . . not previously been a cause of action in this context.” Johnson, 326 S.W.3d 

at 817.
8

adopted and applied the section 311 duty regarding negligent misrepresentations to impose a 

duty upon a defendant in a negligence action. In the absence of that authority, Plaintiff has failed

to identify that such a section 311 duty exists in Missouri common law for his negligence claim.

Cases from Other States

Plaintiff next purports to identify an existing duty in Missouri’s common law for his 

negligence claim by asserting that other states have recognized in their common law “a duty to 

not provide a negligent recommendation.” In addition to Davis, supra, Plaintiff cites us to 

Golden Spread Council, Inc. No. 562 of Boy Scouts of Am. v. Akins, 926 S.W.2d 287 (Tex. 

1996), and Randi W. v. Muroc Joint Unified Sch. Dist., 929 P.2d 582 (Cal. 1997), in support of 

what he generalizes as a “duty not to provide a negligent recommendation.”7 

Plaintiff has completely omitted, however, any citation to cases from other states 

rejecting the existence of such a duty. See, e.g., Passmore v. Multi-Mgmt. Servs., Inc., 810 

N.E.2d 1022, 1028 (Ind. 2004) (adopting Section 310 of the Restatement (Second) of Torts for 

conscious misrepresentations in employment references, as adopted and applied in Randi W., but 

declining to adopt section 311 for negligent misrepresentations in employment references); 

Johnson v. United Parcel Serv., Inc., 326 S.W.3d 812, 817 (Ky. Ct. App. 2010) (finding that 

former employer’s recommendation of employee to prospective employer was not an 

undertaking to render “services” (as the term is contemplated by the Restatement (Second) of 

Torts ) and declining to expand existing law on negligent misrepresentation to encompass 

references given by former employers); Richland Sch. Dist. v. Mabton Sch. Dist., 45 P.3d 580, 

587 (Wash. Ct. App. 2002) (declining to adopt section 311 as a basis for negligent 

 7 As previously noted in footnote 6, Plaintiff conflates the duty in a negligence claim with the duty in a negligent 

misrepresentation claim, and he does so here in his cited cases without any explanation or citation to authority that 

they are equivalent duties. 
9

misrepresentation because Washington had never adopted it and no published case had discussed 

its applicability to Washington common law and declining to follow Davis and Randi W.);

Neptuno Treuhand-Und Verwaltungsgesellschaft Mbh v. Arbor, 692 N.E.2d 812, 820 (Ill. App. 

Ct. 1998) (holding that Illinois has not recognized a cause of action for “negligent referral” and 

declining to follow Golden Spread and Randi W.); Cohen v. Wales, 518 N.Y.S.2d 633 (N.Y. 

App. Div. 1987) (“The mere recommendation of a person for potential employment is not a 

proper basis for asserting a claim of negligence where another party is responsible for the actual 

hiring[.]”).

In light of these contrary cases from Indiana, Kentucky, Washington, Illinois, and New 

York, Plaintiff’s mere citation to supporting cases from New Mexico, Texas, and California fails 

to analytically support or persuade us that such a duty, as Plaintiff suggests, exists in Missouri’s 

common law.

Public Policy Factors

Plaintiff’s remaining argument is that public policy factors “support a finding that [OCC] 

had a duty not to provide a negligent recommendation regarding [Employee].” Plaintiff relies 

upon Hoover's Dairy, Inc. v. Mid-Am. Dairymen, Inc./Special Products, Inc., 700 S.W.2d 426

(Mo. banc 1985), for two propositions. First, “[i]t is generally stated that foreseeability that 

some injury might result from the act complained of normally serves as the paramount factor in 

determining the existence of a duty.” Id. at 431. Second,

[t]he judicial determination of the existence of a duty rests on sound public policy 

as derived from a calculus of factors: among them, the social consensus that the 

interest is worthy of protection; the foreseeability of harm and the degree of 

certainty that the protected person suffered injury; moral blame society attaches to 

the conduct; the prevention of future harm; consideration of cost and ability to 

spread the risk of loss; the economic burden upon the actor and the community—

the others.
10

Id. at 432. We have no quarrel with either proposition, nor with our supreme court, in its “lawdeclaring” function, see Freeman, 269 S.W.3d at 429, considering, analyzing, and weighing

these public policy factors or any other policy factors it deems appropriate to declare the 

existence of a duty heretofore not found in Missouri’s common law. Plaintiff has failed to direct 

us to any case, and our research has found none, where our supreme court has declared the 

existence of any duty arising from making an employment recommendation. In the absence of 

such a declaration, considering and weighing various public policy factors, standing alone, offers 

this “error-correcting court,” see Freeman, 269 S.W.3d at 429, no rationale upon which to find

trial court error in granting summary judgment on the basis that such a duty does not currently 

exist in Missouri’s common law. 

Conclusion as to Existence of a Duty

As in the trial court, based upon the summary judgment record, Plaintiff has failed to 

demonstrate the existence of a duty owed by OCC to Plaintiff under Missouri’s common law

and, therefore, the trial court’s entry of summary judgment in favor of OCC on that basis was not 

erroneous. Plaintiff’s first point is denied.

Causation Challenge is Moot

Plaintiff’s second and final point contends that the trial court erred in granting summary 

judgment “on the basis that [Employee]’s actions were an intervening and superseding cause of 

Plaintiff’s injuries[.]” Having concluded that Plaintiff has failed to demonstrate that OCC owed 

him a duty of care in making the employment recommendation, a necessary element to sustain 

Plaintiff’s negligence claim, we need not review whether summary judgment was also 

appropriate as to the causation element of such a claim. See State v. Kinkead, 983 S.W.2d 518, 

520 (Mo. banc 1998) (“Issues that are not essential to a disposition of the case should not be 

addressed.”).
11

Decision

The trial court’s judgment is affirmed.
1

Missouri Court of Appeals

Southern District

Division One

JOHN DOE, a minor, by and through )

his Natural Mother, MOTHER DOE, )

)

Plaintiff-Appellant, )

)

vs. ) No. SD35573

)

OZARK CHRISTIAN COLLEGE, ) Filed April 5, 2019

)

Defendant-Respondent. )

APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF JASPER COUNTY

Honorable Dean G. Dankelson

CONCURRING OPINION

I concur in the principal opinion but write separately to express my analysis of the 

threshold application element of a section 324A claim.

While section 324A “has enjoyed widespread acceptance by courts[,]” Restatement

(Third) of Torts: Phys. & Emot. Harm § 43 Comment c. (2012), Plaintiff has failed to cite us to 

any case from any court in the nation that has addressed or considered, much less applied, 

section 324A to impose a duty of care to a third party upon a person or entity making an 

employment recommendation to a prospective employer. Given the large quantity of 

employment recommendations made daily in every state in our country, this total nationwide 

silence about a section 324A duty in that context strongly suggests that Plaintiff is laboring under 
2

a misapprehension as to its application to the facts here to impose a duty upon OCC. That 

misapprehension is found at the threshold of section 324A. 

Section 324A provides:

One who undertakes, gratuitously or for consideration, to render services to 

another which he should recognize as necessary for the protection of a third 

person or his things, is subject to liability to the third person for physical harm 

resulting from his failure to exercise reasonable care to protect his undertaking, if

(a) his failure to exercise reasonable care increases the risk of such harm, or

(b) he has undertaken to perform a duty owed by the other to the third person, or

(c) the harm is suffered because of reliance of the other or the third person upon 

the undertaking.

Restatement (Second) of Torts § 324A (1965).

The threshold application issue of section 324A is whether the defendant is “[o]ne who 

undertakes . . . to render services to another.” As observed in Brown v. Michigan Millers Mut. 

Ins. Co., Inc., 665 S.W.2d 630, 633 (Mo.App. 1983), the first Missouri case to discuss and apply 

section 324A, that section and its application were extensively discussed by the Michigan 

Supreme Court in Smith v. Allendale Mut. Ins. Co., 303 N.W.2d 702 (Mich. 1981).

The question presented in Smith concerned “the liability of a fire insurer to employees of 

its insured for injuries sustained as a result of fire hazards not detected and brought to the 

insured’s attention as a result of the insurer’s inspections of the insured’s premises. Id. at 705. 

Although that question was not concerned with an employment recommendation, its resolution is 

nevertheless instructive about the general applicability of section 324A. 

In Smith, the plaintiffs maintained “that by inspecting the [insured’s property] for fire 

hazards, the insurers . . . embarked upon gratuitous undertakings within the ambit of [section] 

324A.” Id. at 710. The court rejected this augment because
3

[i]n our view, plaintiffs misconceive the sweep of the section’s principles. The 

illustrations given in the official comments to [section] 324A and the cases cited 

by way of example in the Reporter’s Notes involve either a contractual 

undertaking by a defendant to render particular services, an undertaking by an 

agent or employee to render services to his employer as part of the agency or 

employment, or an undertaking whose unambiguous object is to benefit another 

and which would not have been performed primarily for the actor’s purposes.

Id. at 710–11 (emphasis added). The court added that “[i]t is not enough that the insurer acted. 

It must have undertaken to render services to another. Its acts do not constitute such an 

undertaking unless it agreed or intended to benefit the insured or its employees by the 

inspections.” Id. at 711. Only where an insurer has engaged in conduct evidencing an 

agreement or intent to benefit others by the inspection 

has the insurer acknowledged the propriety of judging the competence of its 

inspection by a standard which measures its potential effect on others. This 

concept of acknowledged obligation to an other [sic] is comprehended by 

[section] 324A’s threshold description of “(o)ne who undertakes * * * to render 

services to another”; the rule stated in [section] 324A by its terms does not apply 

to an actor following a self-serving course of conduct.

Id. Whether gratuitous or contractual, for an undertaking to give rise to liability under section 

324A,

the evidence must show that the actor assumed an obligation or intended to render 

services for the benefit of another. Evidence demonstrating merely that a benefit 

was conferred upon another is not sufficient to establish an undertaking which 

betokens duty. Persons pursuing their own interests often benefit others in the 

process. Accordingly, where a plaintiff seeks to prove an undertaking by conduct 

which benefits another and that conduct is consistent with a primary purpose on 

the part of the actor to benefit himself, the plaintiff must offer additional evidence 

to create a jury question whether there was an undertaking to render services and 

hence a duty to one who might foreseeably be injured by the actor’s failure to 

perform the undertaking with reasonable care.

Id. at 712. Smith held, “[a]bsent evidence supporting a conclusion that the insurers agreed or 

intended to provide inspection services for the employers’ benefit, the threshold element of duty 

which in a case based upon [section] 324A flows from an undertaking to render services to 

another is lacking.” Id. at 710.
4

The Smith analysis has been applied in two Missouri cases where it was claimed that an 

insurer had breached its section 324A duty to a third-party plaintiff by its negligent inspection of 

the insured’s property: Brown, supra, and Wurst v. Nat'l Oil & Supply Co., Inc., 780 S.W.2d 

97 (Mo.App. 1989). In Brown, the Western District of our court affirmed the jury’s verdict 

finding the insurer liable under section 324A because evidence consisting of insurer’s 

advertisements and its letter to the insured offering insurance coverage was substantial evidence 

supporting the jury’s factual determination that the insurer undertook its inspections for the 

benefit of the insured. Brown, 665 S.W.2d at 634. On the other hand, our Eastern District 

colleagues, in affirming the trial court’s judgment in insurer’s favor notwithstanding the verdict, 

determined in Wurst that

[u]nlike Brown, the record in this case is devoid of any such evidence 

demonstrating [insurer’s] intent to benefit the [insured] through its loss control 

surveys. There was testimony in the present case that following its loss control 

surveys, [insurer] would customarily make recommendations for improvements to 

an insured. The loss control survey and recommendations undoubtedly benefited 

and assisted the [insured]; because in seeking to contain its own losses, [insurer] 

necessarily reduced the [insured’s] losses as well. See Smith, 303 N.W.2d at 713.

Wurst, 780 S.W.2d at 102.

Rather than engage in a Smith analysis of the threshold applicability of section 324A 

here, however, Plaintiff has engaged in the same faulty analysis used by the plaintiff in Bowman, 

supra. In that case, Bowman, a customer who was criminally assaulted at a restaurant, claimed 

that his petition set forth a cause of action under section 324A against McDonald’s Corporation, 

the restaurant’s franchisor, that his proposed Instruction F accurately presented that claim, and 

that the trial court erred in refusing to submit that instruction to the jury. Bowman, 916 S.W.2d 

at 286. Instruction F read:

Your verdict must be for plaintiff and against defendant McDonald’s Corporation 

if you believe:
5

First, defendant McDonald’s Corporation undertook to have and [sic] effective 

security program at all McDonald’s Restaurants, including the property located at 

8304 Hickman Mills Drive; and

Second, defendant McDonald’s Corporation on August 23, 1991, failed to have an 

armed security guard during the nighttime hours of operation on the Restaurant’s 

parking lot; and

Third, defendant McDonald’s Corporation was thereby negligent; and

Fourth, as a direct result of such negligence, plaintiff sustained damage.

Id. 286-287. The Bowman court determined that the first element of this instruction did not 

accurately reflect the law based on section 324A, stating that “[p]roposed Instruction F does not 

require a finding that McDonald’s assumed a duty to protect appellant; instead, it assumes that 

undertaking to have an effective security program at all McDonald’s restaurants is equivalent to

the assumption of such a duty, a position unsupported by Missouri case law.” Id. at 287. 

Here, Plaintiff similarly presumes that OCC’s act of giving an employment 

recommendation is equivalent to OCC’s assumption of a duty to protect Plaintiff. As identified 

in Smith and applied in Missouri in Brown, Wurst, and Bowman, Plaintiff’s presumption does 

not accurately reflect the law based on section 324A. 

GARY W. LYNCH, J. – CONCURRING OPINION AUTHOR