2020 IL App (4th) 170732-U 

NO. 4-17-0732 

IN THE APPELLATE COURT

OF ILLINOIS

FOURTH DISTRICT

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, 

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v. 

ENDYR QUINONES, 

Defendant-Appellant. 

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Appeal from the

Circuit Court of 

Livingston County 

No. 16CF42 

Honorable 

Robert M. Travers, 

Judge Presiding. 

 

 JUSTICE DeARMOND delivered the judgment of the court.

 Justices Knecht and Harris concurred in the judgment. 

ORDER

¶ 1 Held: The appellate court affirmed, holding (1) the evidence presented at trial was 

sufficient to prove defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt and (2) although 

the trial court erred by failing to comply with Supreme Court Rule 431(b) (eff. 

July 1, 2012), the error did not rise to the level of plain error, as the evidence was 

not closely balanced. 

¶ 2 In February 2016, the State charged defendant, Endyr Quinones, by information 

with one count of aggravated resisting a correctional officer (720 ILCS 5/31-1(a), (a-7) (West 

2014)). In May 2017, a jury found defendant guilty and in September 2017, the trial court 

sentenced defendant to four years’ imprisonment. 

¶ 3 Defendant appeals, arguing (1) the State failed to prove him guilty beyond a 

reasonable doubt and (2) the trial court erred by failing to comply with Illinois Supreme Court 

Rule 431(b) (eff. July 1, 2012) during voir dire. We affirm.

FILED

January 16, 2020

Carla Bender

4th District Appellate

Court, IL

NOTICE

This order was filed under Supreme 

Court Rule 23 and may not be cited 

as precedent by any party except in 

the limited circumstances allowed 

under Rule 23(e)(1). 
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¶ 4 I. BACKGROUND

¶ 5 A. Defendant’s Charge 

¶ 6 In February 2016, the State charged defendant by information with one count of 

aggravated resisting a correctional officer (720 ILCS 5/31-1(a), (a-7) (West 2014)), in that 

defendant knowingly resisted the performance of correctional officer William Zimmerman of an 

authorized act within his official capacity and defendant’s actions were the proximate cause of a 

foot injury sustained by Zimmerman.

¶ 7 B. Voir Dire

¶ 8 In May 2017, the trial court commenced voir dire of the prospective jurors. The 

court, without objection from defendant, informed the first group of potential jurors as follows:

 “I’m going to start by asking all of you as a group about 

four principles of law and whether you accept those principles. 

I’m going to recite the principles, and then I’m going to ask each 

one of you individually if you agree to accept those principles. 

So, the first principle is that the defendant is presumed 

innocent of the charge against him. The second principal [sic] is, 

that before the defendant can be convicted, the State must prove 

the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. The third 

principal [sic] is that the defendant is not required to offer any 

evidence on his own behalf. And the fourth and last principal [sic] 

is that the defendant is not, excuse me, if the defendant does not 

testify, it cannot be held against him.” 
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Following these admonitions to the entire venire, the trial court asked each potential juror, “[D]o 

you accept those four principles?” Each panelist answered affirmatively. 

¶ 9 For the second panel of potential jurors and without objection from defendant, the 

trial court gave the following instruction:

 “So, let me ask you, do you understand and accept the 

following principles: First, that the defendant is presumed innocent 

of the charge against him; second, that before the defendant can be 

convicted, the State must prove the defendant guilty beyond a 

reasonable doubt; third, that the defendant is not required to offer 

any evidence on his own behalf; and, fourth, that if the defendant 

does not testify, it cannot be held against him.” 

The court again asked each potential juror, “[D]o you agree with those principles?” Each 

panelist answered affirmatively. 

¶ 10 C. Trial

¶ 11 1. Video Footage

¶ 12 During defendant’s jury trial, the State offered video footage of the alleged crime 

and, without objection from defendant, the trial court admitted the video into evidence. The

parties played the video for the jury throughout the trial. At the outset, the footage showed

defendant aggressively pulling away from an officer. Defendant is then grabbed by the collar, 

pushed back against a cell, and promptly taken to the ground by several officers. Defendant is 

then brought to his feet and walked backwards down a narrow cellblock by two officers, with

one additional officer following. The video footage next shows one of the officers escorting 

defendant being pushed and dragged against the cell frames while defendant stiffens and pushes 
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back toward the trailing officer. Officers lead defendant down several flights of stairs and 

toward a holding cell. As officers attempt to place defendant inside the cell, defendant pulls 

away and struggles with the officers. After defendant is secured, one of the officers escorting 

defendant is seen walking away from the holding area favoring one leg. 

¶ 13 2. Glendal French

¶ 14 The State’s first witness, Glendal French, testified he was employed as a major

with the Illinois Department of Corrections (IDOC). On April 23, 2013, accompanied by several 

other uniformed correctional officers, French supervised “multiple inmates going out to yard” in 

the “North Cell House” at the Pontiac Correctional Center. During that time, French saw 

defendant “standing in the middle of the gallery waiting to be strip-searched to go to yard.” 

French explained that due to the narrow width of the gallery, if an inmate is standing in the 

middle, “staff can’t pass up and down the gallery without coming either in contact with the 

inmate or real close contact.” French testified he instructed defendant to stand on the outside of 

the gallery like the other inmates were doing. Defendant initially complied, but as French

walked by, defendant asked if French’s brother worked at Big Muddy Correctional Facility and 

“said something to the effect of, am I going to have to treat you like I treated him.” As French 

passed, defendant stepped back out into the gallery and was told again to step back or he would 

be secured in his cell. Defendant refused to comply. 

¶ 15 According to French, after telling defendant to stand on the outside of the gallery, 

defendant began “to pull on the officer that was holding the D ring.” French described how 

inmates are cuffed behind their backs and a “D” shaped ring is attached to the handcuffs, like a 

handle to assist the officer with maintaining control of the inmate during transport. He further 

explained the purpose of these rings is so staff can control an inmate who becomes combative 
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and stated they were used every time an inmate is escorted anywhere. As defendant became 

“more agitated,” French put his hands out to stop defendant, believing defendant was attempting 

to headbutt him or get close to him. French then placed defendant against a cell door in an effort 

to secure him, whereupon other officers became involved. French stated defendant was 

combative and attempting to be aggressive as he was taken to the ground. Defendant resisted the 

officers as they put leg irons on him. After placing defendant in leg restraints, officers lifted 

defendant off the ground and escorted him to a holding cell. According to French, in a normal 

situation, one guard can escort a cooperative inmate. Defendant required three officers to 

remove him from the gallery. After the incident with defendant, French testified one officer, 

William Zimmerman, came to him indicating something happened to his foot. French instructed 

Zimmerman to go to the healthcare unit. 

¶ 16 On cross-examination, French was questioned about his testimony in relation to a 

handwritten statement, or “434”, he wrote shortly after the incident and the fact it did not contain 

a reference to comments made by defendant. On redirect, he was asked to review his statement 

given to an internal affairs investigator wherein the conversation was referenced. Although he 

acknowledged he did not include defendant’s comment to him in the informal statement, French 

reiterated the 434 contained accurate and detailed information regarding the incident and told the 

investigator the substance of the comment when questioned about it. 

¶ 17 3. William Zimmerman

¶ 18 Lieutenant William Zimmerman testified he was employed as a correctional 

officer with IDOC and had been employed in that capacity since 2003. Zimmerman stated that 

on April 23, 2013, he was conducting cell searches in “7 Gallery” as inmates waited to be moved 

to the yard. Zimmerman observed defendant aggressively step toward French and away from the 
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handrail he was supposed to be up against. Zimmerman said defendant had turned his body, 

positioning himself toward Lieutenant French and defendant was speaking aggressively. French 

was telling defendant to step back against the rail so staff could pass. According to Zimmerman, 

defendant took up much of the gallery and disobeyed French’s verbal commands to step back. 

Zimmerman and other officers responded by placing defendant on the ground and applying leg 

restraints. 

¶ 19 Zimmerman also acknowledged escorting a cooperative inmate normally required 

only one officer; however, leading defendant off the gallery in this instance required three. 

While escorting defendant, he would not respond to verbal commands, continued being 

aggressive, and yelled threats toward Lieutenant French. When asked how defendant was being 

aggressive as the officers escorted him, Zimmerman said defendant was “just very off balance. I 

mean, he obviously did not want to go where we were instructing him to go; so, we were 

forcefully leading him down the gallery.” Zimmerman testified as they were doing so, he was

thrown into a cell front and fell to his knee. After placing defendant in a holding cell, 

Zimmerman felt pain in his right foot, reported it to French, and went to the healthcare unit. An

X-ray of Zimmerman’s foot showed a fracture. Prior to the incident with defendant, Zimmerman 

had no problems with his foot and no prior injury. 

¶ 20 While the video footage played, Zimmerman identified himself as the uniformed 

officer closest to the cellblocks being pushed into the cells while escorting defendant down the 

narrow gallery. Zimmerman testified he fell to his knee somewhere in the area of the security 

camera’s blind spot and indicated defendant continued to struggle while being escorted 

downstairs to a holding cell. Zimmerman identified himself as the officer leaving the holding 

area with a “limp.” 
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¶ 21 4. Defendant

¶ 22 Defendant testified on his own behalf, stating, while waiting to go to yard on 

April 23, 2013, French told him to stand by the rail line. After French passed by, defendant 

stated he returned to his original spot on the gallery and French grabbed him. Defendant stated 

he “turned around” and told French “don’t grab me like that.” When footage of the event was 

played again for the jury, defendant reiterated French pushed him toward a cell door, he was

brought to the ground, and he was placed in leg restraints. Defendant denied resisting as officers 

escorted him off the gallery, stating the officers had “[his] arms twisted backwards” and he was 

“not able to keep [his] balance.” 

¶ 23 On cross-examination, defendant admitted being previously convicted of armed 

robbery in 2011 and aggravated battery in 2013. Defendant further admitted being familiar with 

the procedures correctional officers follow when moving inmates to yard time from their cells. 

¶ 24 The jury found defendant guilty and the trial court sentenced him to four years’ 

imprisonment, noting defendant’s prior criminal history as being “surprisingly, surprisingly 

bad.” 

¶ 25 This appeal followed.

¶ 26 II. ANALYSIS

¶ 27 A. Sufficiency of the Evidence 

¶ 28 On appeal, defendant argues the State failed to prove him guilty beyond a 

reasonable doubt. We disagree.

¶ 29 “ ‘When reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence in a criminal 

case, the relevant inquiry is whether, when viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to 

the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime 
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beyond a reasonable doubt.’ ” People v. Ngo, 388 Ill. App. 3d 1048, 1052, 904 N.E.2d 98, 102 

(2008) (quoting People v. Singleton, 367 Ill. App. 3d 182, 187, 854 N.E.2d 326, 331 (2006)). 

The trier of fact has the responsibility to determine the credibility of witnesses and the weight 

given to their testimony, to resolve conflicts in the evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences 

from that evidence. People v. Jackson, 232 Ill. 2d 246, 280-81, 903 N.E.2d 388, 406 (2009). 

When considering the sufficiency of the State’s evidence, the reviewing court does not retry the 

defendant. People v. Beauchamp, 241 Ill. 2d 1, 8, 944 N.E.2d 319, 322 (2011). Instead, “[a] 

conviction will be reversed only where the evidence is so unreasonable, improbable, or 

unsatisfactory that it justifies a reasonable doubt of the defendant’s guilt.” People v. Belknap, 

2014 IL 117094, ¶ 67, 23 N.E.3d 325. 

¶ 30 To sustain defendant’s conviction for aggravated resisting a correctional officer, 

the State must prove (1) defendant knowingly resisted or obstructed an authorized act (2) by 

someone known to be a correctional officer, and (3) defendant’s actions were the proximate 

cause of the officer’s injury. See 720 ILCS 5/31-1(a), (a-7) (West 2014). Proximate cause 

includes both cause in fact and legal cause. People v. Johnson, 392 Ill. App. 3d 127, 131, 924 

N.E.2d 1019, 1022 (2009). Cause in fact is established where a reasonable certainty is shown 

that a defendant’s acts caused the injury, and legal cause is established where an injury was 

foreseeable as to the type of harm that a reasonable person would expect to see as a likely result 

of his conduct. Johnson, 392 Ill. App. 3d at 131. Defendant first argues the record lacks 

evidence of any specific act of resistance. 

¶ 31 Our supreme court expounded upon the meanings of the terms “resistance” and 

“obstructs,” as used in section 31-1(a), as follows:
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 “[T]he statutory terms convey commonly recognized 

meanings. ‘Resisting’ or ‘resistance’ means ‘withstanding the 

force or effect of’ or the ‘exertion of oneself to counteract or 

defeat’. ‘Obstruct’ means ‘to be or come in the way of’. These 

terms are alike in that they imply some physical act or exertion. 

Given a reasonable and natural construction, these terms *** 

proscribe only some physical act which imposes an obstacle which 

may impede, hinder, interrupt, prevent or delay the performance of 

the officer’s duties, such as going limp, forcefully resisting arrest 

or physically aiding a third party to avoid arrest.” (Internal 

quotation marks omitted.) People v. Raby, 40 Ill. 2d 392, 398-99, 

240 N.E.2d 595, 599 (1968).

In People v. Crawford, 152 Ill. App. 3d 992, 994, 505 N.E.2d 394, 395 (1987), this court found 

attempts to pull away, struggle, and cause officers to use physical force were sufficient to uphold 

a conviction for resisting a peace officer. 

¶ 32 Here, both officers French and Zimmerman testified to multiple acts of resistance 

by defendant. French testified defendant aggressively pulled away from the officer holding his 

D ring, had to be forcefully taken to the ground, and attempted to resist officers placing leg 

restraints on him. Zimmerman testified he, and other officers, had to forcefully escort defendant 

out as “he obviously did not want to go where we were instructing him to go.” Defendant 

struggled with the officers as they took him downstairs to a holding cell. Further, video evidence 

showed defendant pulling away from the officer holding him, being forcefully taken to the 

ground, and subsequently being escorted to a holding cell by other uniformed officers. Upon 
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entering the holding area, the footage clearly shows defendant pulling away in the opposite 

direction from the officers attempting to put him in the cell. While defendant’s testimony

contradicted much of the officers’ testimony, “it is the function of the trier of fact to weigh the 

credibility of witnesses and to resolve conflicts or inconsistencies in their testimony.” People v. 

Digirolamo, 179 Ill. 2d 24, 46, 688 N.E.2d 116, 126 (1997). After viewing the evidence in the 

light most favorable to the prosecution, we conclude the evidence was sufficient to allow a 

rational trier of fact to find defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. 

¶ 33 Likewise, we disagree with defendant’s second contention that the State failed to 

show defendant’s actions were the proximate cause of Zimmerman’s injury. Based on the 

evidence and testimony presented at trial, we conclude a reasonable jury could find defendant’s 

acts of resistance were the proximate cause of Zimmerman’s injury.

¶ 34 The jury was in the best position to determine the credibility of the witnesses and

draw reasonable inferences from the evidence. French testified to defendant’s combativeness 

and was present while officers placed defendant in leg restraints and escorted him off the narrow 

gallery. Following the incident, Zimmerman came to French complaining of pain in his foot. 

Zimmerman testified he had no problems with his foot and no injuries prior to struggling with 

defendant. Although Zimmerman could not pinpoint exactly where he was injured, he testified 

he was thrown into a cell front and fell to his knee “[t]owards the middle, the high end of 7 

Gallery” while removing defendant from the gallery. Furthermore, video footage of the event 

showed officers struggling to restrain defendant. The footage clearly shows Zimmerman being 

pushed into and dragged along the cell fronts as defendant stiffened and struggled with the 

officers escorting him down the corridor. Thus, we conclude the foregoing testimony and video 
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evidence support the jury’s finding that defendant’s struggling with officers was the proximate 

cause of Zimmerman’s injuries.

¶ 35 B. Voir Dire Admonishments 

¶ 36 Defendant next argues his conviction must be reversed because the trial court 

failed to fully comply with Illinois Supreme Court Rule 431(b) (eff. July 1, 2012). Defendant 

concedes he forfeited this issue by failing to raise a contemporaneous objection at trial. See 

People v. Enoch, 122 Ill. 2d 176, 186, 522 N.E.2d 1124, 1130 (1988) (holding that to preserve a 

claim for review, a defendant must both object at trial and include the error in a posttrial motion). 

Despite his forfeiture, defendant claims the issue may be reviewed here, as the court committed 

plain error in that “the evidence was so closely balanced that the error threatened to tip the scales 

of justice against the defendant.” The State concedes the court erred by failing to properly ask 

prospective jurors whether they understood the principles as mandated in Rule 431(b) but 

contends the error did not constitute plain error and defendant was not deprived of a fair trial.

¶ 37 Rule 431(b) provides: 

 “The court shall ask each potential juror, individually, or in 

a group, whether that juror understands and accepts the following 

principles: (1) that the defendant is presumed innocent of the 

charge(s) against him or her; (2) that before a defendant can be 

convicted the State must prove the defendant guilty beyond a 

reasonable doubt; (3) that the defendant is not required to offer any 

evidence on his or her own behalf; and (4) that if a defendant does 

not testify it cannot be held against him or her; however, no 

inquiry of a prospective juror shall be made into the defendant’s 
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decision not to testify when the defendant objects.” Ill. S. Ct. R. 

431(b) (eff. July 1, 2012). 

¶ 38 “The language of Rule 431(b) is clear and unambiguous” and mandates “a 

specific question and response process.” People v. Thompson, 238 Ill. 2d 598, 607, 939 N.E.2d 

403, 409 (2010). The trial court “must ask each potential juror whether he or she understands 

and accepts each of the principles in the rule.” Thompson, 238 Ill. 2d at 607. Furthermore, “the 

rule requires an opportunity for a response from each prospective juror on their understanding 

and acceptance of those principles.” Thompson, 238 Ill. 2d at 607. “We review de novo whether 

the trial court followed Rule 431(b).” People v. Stevens, 2018 IL App (4th) 160138, ¶ 22, 115 

N.E.3d 1207. Here, although the trial court properly inquired of the first panel whether they 

accepted the four Zehr principles, the court failed to ask whether they understood them. It was 

error for the trial court to omit asking the jurors in the first panel whether they understood each 

of the principles. 

¶ 39 “In Illinois, there are two categories of plain error: prejudicial errors—errors that 

may have affected the outcome in a closely balanced case—and presumptively prejudicial 

errors—errors that may not have affected the outcome, but must still be remedied.” People v. 

Herron, 215 Ill. 2d 167, 185, 830 N.E.2d 467, 478-79 (2005). 

“[T]he plain-error doctrine bypasses normal forfeiture 

principles and allows a reviewing court to consider unpreserved 

error when either (1) the evidence is close, regardless of the 

seriousness of the error, or (2) the error is serious, regardless of the 

closeness of the evidence. In the first instance, the defendant must 

prove ‘prejudicial error.’ That is, the defendant must show both 
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that there was plain error and that the evidence was so closely 

balanced that the error alone severely threatened to tip the scales of 

justice against him. The State, of course, can respond by arguing 

that the evidence was not closely balanced, but rather strongly 

weighted against the defendant. In the second instance, the 

defendant must prove there was plain error and that the error was 

so serious that it affected the fairness of the defendant’s trial and 

challenged the integrity of the judicial process.” Herron, 215 Ill. 

2d at 186-87. 

¶ 40 Defendant argues his contention is cognizable under the first prong. “Under the 

first prong of plain-error analysis, ‘[w]hat makes an error prejudicial is the fact that it occurred in 

a close case where its impact on the result was potentially dispositive.’ ” Stevens, 2018 IL App 

(4th) 160138, ¶ 71 (quoting People v. Sebby, 2017 IL 119445, ¶ 68, 89 N.E.3d 675). “Thus, for 

purposes of the first prong, the claimed error—substantial or not—has to be of such a nature that 

it might have tipped the scales against the defendant.” (Emphasis in original.) People v. Ely, 

2018 IL App (4th) 150906, ¶ 18, 99 N.E.3d 566. “Whereas prejudice is presumed for purposes 

of the second prong of plain error, it must be proved for purposes of the first prong.” (Emphasis 

in original.) Ely, 2018 IL 150906, ¶ 18. “In both instances, the burden of persuasion remains 

with the defendant.” Herron, 215 Ill. 2d at 187. “In determining whether the evidence adduced 

at trial was close, a reviewing court must evaluate the totality of the evidence and conduct a 

qualitative, commonsense assessment of it within the context of the case.” Sebby, 2017 IL 

119445, ¶ 53. “A reviewing court’s inquiry involves an assessment of the evidence on the 
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elements of the charged offense or offenses, along with any evidence regarding the witnesses’ 

credibility.” Sebby, 2017 IL 119445, ¶ 53. 

¶ 41 Defendant relies heavily on Sebby in support of his contention under the closely 

balanced prong. In Sebby, our supreme court determined the evidence was closely balanced 

where “[t]he deputies’ testimony was largely consistent, but so was the testimony of the 

defendant and his witnesses.” Sebby, 2017 IL 119445, ¶ 61. The supreme court stated the 

outcome of the case turned on how the fact finder resolved a “contest of credibility.” Sebby, 

2017 IL 119445, ¶ 63 (quoting People v. Naylor, 229 Ill. 2d 584, 606-07, 893 N.E.2d 653, 667 

(2008)). The supreme court concluded the evidence was closely balanced because neither party 

presented extrinsic evidence to corroborate or contradict either version and because both versions 

were credible. Sebby, 2017 IL 119445, ¶ 63 (quoting Naylor, 229 Ill. 2d at 606-07).

¶ 42 Here, the evidence presented was not closely balanced. The jury heard testimony 

from both French and Zimmerman describing defendant’s actions on the gallery. Both officers 

testified to defendant’s combativeness as officers tried to secure him. The jury was in the best 

position to assess French’s credibility when he referenced both his handwritten statement and his 

statement to an internal investigator, corroborating his testimony about the incident and the 

exchange with defendant on the gallery which precipitated it. No other witnesses testified on 

defendant’s behalf. While defendant gave a contrasting version of events, defendant testified he 

was familiar with procedures officers followed when moving inmates out to yard and admitted 

his prior criminal convictions, which the jury was permitted to consider when assessing his 

credibility. See People v. Raney, 2014 IL App (4th) 130551, ¶ 24, 8 N.E.3d 633 (“[A] defendant 

who testifies may be impeached by proof of a prior conviction.”). Unlike Sebby, this case did 

not boil down to a credibility contest between conflicting, credible accounts of the alleged crime. 
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In addition to the officers’ testimony, the jury watched video footage of the event to aid in their 

deliberations. Introduction of this footage allowed the jury to watch the event as it happened and 

consider the credibility of the witnesses at trial. The footage showed defendant being wrestled to 

the ground after pulling away from the officer holding him and struggling with officers as they 

attempt to secure him. Further, the footage showed defendant again pulling away from officers 

as they attempt to place him in a holding cell. Despite defendant’s assertions otherwise, 

evidence of his guilt was strong and not closely balanced. “[D]efendant must meet his burden to 

show that the error was prejudicial—in other words, he must show that the quantum of evidence 

presented by the State against the defendant rendered the evidence ‘closely balanced.’ ” People 

v. Piatkowski, 225 Ill. 2d 551, 566, 870 N.E.2d 403, 411 (2007) (quoting Herron, 215 Ill. 2d at 

193). Thus, defendant cannot establish the evidence, as he alleges, was so closely balanced that 

the error threatened to tip the scales of justice against him.

¶ 43 III. CONCLUSION

¶ 44 For the reasons stated, we affirm the trial court’s judgment. 

¶ 45 Affirmed.