T h ere h as b een un derst andab l e co n f

us i o n o v er t h e pro cedural

po s t ure o f

t h i s cas e. 1 H ow e v e r , b e c a

u s e w e h e r e d e te rm

i n e th at th i s i s a

d i r e c t a p p e a l f r om a f i n a l j u d g me n t of c on v i c ti on th at h a s n ot b e e n

c h a ll e ng e d

i n c oll ate r a l p r oc e e d i ng s , w e a s k

th e C l e rk of C ourt to co n f o rm t h e ca pt i o n o f t h i s appea l

t o t h at o f t h e ca pt i o n o f t h e o ri gi n al di s t ri ct co urt cas e i

n whi ch t h e f i n al j udgmen t co n s i dered i

n t h i s appea l

was en t ered. 1 0 7 -3 5 4 6 -cr U n ite d S ta te s v . G

jid ija 

### UNI TED S TATES COURT OF APPEALS

F O R T H E SE C O N D C IR C U IT 

## SU M M A R Y O R D ER

RUL I NG S BY S UM M A RY O RDE R DO NO T H A V E PRE CE DE NT I A L E FFE CT . C I T A T I O N T O ASU M M A RY O RDE R FI L E D A FT E R J A NUA RY 1, 2007, IS PE RM I T T E D A ND I S G O V E RNE D BY F EDER A L RU L E O F A P P ELLA TE P ROCED UR E 3 2 .1 A ND T H I S C O URT ’ S L OCA L RULE 32.1. 1. W H E N CI T I NG A SU M M A RY O RDE R I N A DO CUM E NT FI L E D W I T H T H I S C O URT , AP A RTY MUST C ITE EIT HER TH E F EDER A L A P P END IXOF A N ELECTR ONIC DAT A B A SE ( W

I T H T H E NO T A T I O N “ SU MMA RY ORDER ” ). AP A R TY C ITI N G A SU MMARY OR D ER MU ST SE R V E A C OP Y OF IT ON A N Y P A R TY N OT REP RESEN TED B Y C OUNS EL .

At a s t at ed t er m of t he U ni t ed S t at es C our t of Appea l s f

or t he S econd Ci r cui t , hel d at t he D ani el P . M o yni han U ni t ed S t at es C our t hous e, 500 Pear l S t r eet , i n t he C i t y of N ew Y or k , on t he 15 day of M ar ch, t w o t hous and and t en. th P R E SE N T : P I E R R E N . LE V AL,

P E T E R W . H ALL, GE RA RD E . L YNC H,

C ircu it Ju d g es.

--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- -x U ni t ed S t at es of

Amer i ca, Appel l ee ,

- v . - N o. 07- 3546- cr N aim G ji d ij a, 1 D e fen d a n t-Ap

p e lla n t.

--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- -x A p p e a rin g fo r A p p e llan t: M ALV IN A N A T HA NS ON , N e w Y o rk, N e w Y o rk. Appea r i ng f

or Appel l ee: M I C HA EL L U E BY ( K at her i ne Pol kFai l l a, E li za b eth F . M aringer, on t he br i ef ) , As s i s t ant2 U ni t ed S t at es At t or ney, f or Pr eetB har ar a, U ni t ed S t at es At t or ney f or t he S out her n D i s t r i ct o f N ew Y o rk , N ew Y o rk , N ew Y o rk . A p p e a l f r om a j u d g me n t of th e Uni te d S tate s D i s tr i c t C ourt f

orth e S outh e rn

D i s tr i c t of N e wY o rk

( Ke e nan, J. ). U P OND U E C ON SI D E R A T I ON , it is h e r e b y ORDE RE D, ADJUDGE D, AND DEC RE ED t h at t h e deci si o n o f t h e di st r i ct co ur t i s AF F I RM ED AS M ODI F I ED . N a i m G j i d i j a a p p e a l s f r o m a j u d g me nt o f

c o nvi c t i o n e nt e r e d

o n J u l y 1 6 , 2 0 0 7 , s e nt e nc i

ng h i m to 1 3 2 mon

th s i m p r i s on me n t an d or d e r i ng h i m to p ay $ 8 4 1 , 8 9 0 i

n r e s ti tuti on u p on a p l e a of g u i l t y t o m u l t i p l e c o unt s o f

r o bbe ry and bur g l ary , o ne c o unt o f

f e l o n i n p o s s e s s i o n o f

a f i r e arm , and o n e c o un t o f ma il fr a

u d . G jid ija a s s e rt s t h at t h e o r d e r

o f r e s t it ut io n

mu s t b e v a c at e d

b e c a u s e it f ail ed t o i den

t i f y t h e am o un t s o f l o s s at t ri b ut ab l e t o eac h

i n di v i dual v i ct i m as presc ri

b ed b y 18 U . S . C . § 3 6 6 4 ( f

) ( 1 ) ( A) . G

j i d i j a a l s o ar g u e s t hat hi s c o uns e l p r o vi d e d c o ns t i t ut i o na ll y i ne f f e c t i ve l egal repr es en t at i o n i n f aili ng t o o b j ectt o t h e o rdero f

rest i t ut i o n duri ng s en t enci ng. W e c o n s t ru e G

jid ija ’ s a p p e a l t o t h is c o urt a s a

d ir e c t a p p e a l o f t h e s e n

t e n c e imp o s e d

in h is cri m i n al cas e, despi

t e a c o m pli cat ed pro cedural

pat h . Gj i di

j a wa s s en

t enced o n Oct o b er 13, 2004, and t he d i s t r i c t c o urt e nt e r e d t he j u d g me nt t he f

o ll o w i ng d ay . G

j i d i j a s o u g ht t o a

p p e a l o n t he gro un d t h at t h e t o t al

do ll ar am

o un t o f rest i t ut i o n was m i s calcul at ed b y

t h e di s t ri ct co urt . He ar g u e d th at a l th ou g h h i s p l e a a g r e e me n

t s ti p u l ate d th at h e w ou l d

n ot a p p e a l th e s e n te n c e , i t d i d n ot so co n st r i ct h i

m as t o an ap p ea l

o f t h e amo un

t o f r est i t ut i o n . T o p ur su e t h ese cl aim s, Gj i d i j a’s appell at e co un s el , wh o was al s o h i s t ri al co un s el , f

i l ed a t i mel y n o t i ce o f appea l o n Oct o b er 26, 2004. So o n

t h ereaf t er Gj i di j a’ s co un s el

was arr es t ed and i

n di ct ed o n

ch arges o f

racket eeri

ng, c o ns p i r a c y t o c o m m i t m ur d e r , and

o bs t ru c t i o n o f

j u s t i c e . G

j i d i j a ’s c o uns e l

ne g l e c t e d

t o p e r f e c t t he3

appea l . T h i s co urt i s s ued a m andat e o n Oct o b er 18, 2005 di s m

i s s i ng t h e appe al . On

J un e 16, 2 0 0 6 , c i ti ng 2 8 U . S . C . § 2 2 5 5 , G

j i d i j a mov e d b e f or e th e d i s tr i c t c ourt to v a c ate h i s c on v i c ti on on t h e gro un ds t h at h e rece i

v ed co n s t i

t ut i o n all y i n ef f ect i v e co un s el

wh en h i s appell at e co un s el

f ail ed t o p e r f e c t hi s a p p e a l . T he g o ve rnme nt a g r e e d t hat G j i d i j a ’s c o uns e l

w a s i ne f f e c t i ve and a s k e d t he di s t ri ct co urt t o v aca

t e t h e s en t ence a n d t o re- en

t er j udgmen

t s o as t o all o w Gj idi

j a t o pursue a d i re c t a p p e a l o n t h e qu e s t i o n

o f re s t i t ut i o n . Th e g o v e rn

me n t a l s o re qu e s t e d

t h at t h e d i s t ri c t c o urt a p p oi n t c oun s e l f or G j i d i j a un d e rth e C r i

m i n a l J u s ti c e A c t ( “ C JA ” ) , 1 8 U . S . C . § 3 0 0 6 A ( b ) , to as s i s t h i m wi t h t h e appe al . On

J ul y 16, 2007 t h e di s t ri ct co urt gran t ed Gj i di j a’ s mo t i o n , v acat ed t h e O c t o b e r 2 0 0 4 s e n

t e n c e an d e n t e re d a n e wj u d g me n

t i m p o s i ng t h e i d e n

t i c a l s e n t e n c e . Th e c o urt al so o r der ed t h at CJA

co un sel b e app o i n t ed t o r epr esen

t Gj i di j a. W e assume t h e par t i es’ f am i li ari t y wi t h t h e underl

y i ng f act s , t h e pro cedural

h i s t o ry , and t h e i s s ues prese n t ed f o r r evi ew. G j i d i j a a s s e rt s t h at p urs u an

t t o t h e M an d at o ry

V i c t i m R e s t i t ut i o n A c t (“ M V R

A ” ), 1 8 U . S . C . § 3 6 6 3 A, t he r e s t i t ut i o n o r d e re nt e r e d

by t he d i s t r i c t c o urt w a s r e qu i r e d t o i t e m iz e t he r e s t it ut io n

o w e d t o e a c h ind iv id u a l v ic t im, s p e c ifyi

ng t h e e x a c t amo un

t o f r e s t it ut io n

e a c h v ic t im i s d u e . G j i d i j a a s s e rt s t hat t he d i s t r i c t c o urt e nt e r e d a “bl ank e t ” o r d e ro f

r e s t i t ut i o n aw ar d i

ng t he n ame d v i c ti m s a tot a l of $ 8 4 1 , 8 9 0 i

n r e s ti tuti on , b ut w i

th out i d e n

ti f y i ng th e l os s amoun

ts at t r i but a bl e t o e a c h vi c t i

m . B e c a u s e G j i d i j a d i d no t o bj e c t t o t he o r d e ro f r e s t i t ut i o n d ur i ng t he s e n t e n c i ng p roce e d i

ng s w e re v i e wt h i s arg ume n t f o r p l a i n e rror. See Fe d

R. Cr i m . P . 5 2 ( b) ; United States v. B oyd, 2 2 2 F. 3 d

4 7 , 4 9 ( 2 d

Cir . 2 0 0 0 ) ; cf

. United States v. Helms ley , 941 F . 2d 71, 98 (2d C ir . 1 9 9 1 ) ( “ [ I ] f ad e fe n d an t fa ils t o o b

je c t t o c e rt a in

in fo rmat io n

in t h e p r e s e n

t e n c e r e p o rt , [ h e ] is b arr ed f ro m co n t es t i ng t h e s en

t enci ng co urt ’ s rel i ance o n

t h at i n f o rmat i o n , unl es s s uch

rel i ance w as p l a i n e rr o r . ” ) . “A f

i nd i ng o f p l a i n e rr o rr e qu i

r e s ‘( 1 ) e rr o r , ( 2 ) t hat i s p l a i n, and ( 3 ) t hat a f

f e c t s t heT he P S R s p e c i f i e d a l o s s amo unt o f

$ 4 2 5 , 0 0 0 f

r o m an i ns ur anc e s c he me p e r

p e t r at e d by 2 Gj i di j a, $407, 000 t h at resul

t ed f ro m a j ewe l ry s t o re r o bb ery , $4, 890 at t ri b ut ed t o an

A pri l , 1997 ro bb ery , and $5, 000 t h at was n o t at t ri b ut ed t o a s peci f

i c o f f en s e. 4 def endan t ’ s s ub s t an

t i al ri gh t s . ’ ” U n ite d S ta te s v . G o m e z , 5 8 0 F. 3 d

9 4 , 1 0 0 ( 2 d

C i r . 2 0 0 9 ) ( qu o t i

ng U n ite d S ta te s v . C a r te r , 4 8 9 F . 3 d

5 2 8 , 5 3 7 ( 2 d

C ir . 2 0 0 7 ) ) . I f t h e fir s t t h r e e c r it e r ia

ar e me t , t h is c o urt w i ll e xe r c i s e i t s d i s c r e t i o n t o r e me dy

t he e rr o r“p r o vi d e d

t hat t he e rr o rs e r i o u s l

y a f f e c t s t he f ai rn es s , i n t egri t y , o r pub li c reput at i o n

o f j udi ci al pro cee di ngs . ” C a r te r , 489 F . 3d at 537. Gi

v en t he t e rm s o f

t he r e s t i t ut i o n o r d e rand

t he f a c t t hat i t i s g r o und e d

o n i nf o rmat i o n s e t o ut i

n t he prese n t ence repo rt (“ PSR”), t h ere i s n o pl ai n err o r t o b e rev i ewe d. T h e di s t ri ct co urt o rder ed res t i t ut i o n i n t h e am o un t o f $841, 890, s peci f

y i ng t h at “ [e] ach [ r e s t it ut io n ] p ayme n

t ma d e b y t h e d e fe n d an

t s h a ll b e d iv id e d

amo ng s t t h e p e r s o n s n ame d in p r o p o rt i o n t o t he i

rc o m p e ns a bl e i nj ur i e s . ” T he t o t a l

amo unt o f

r e s t i t ut i o n r e c o m

me nd e d i n t he P S R w a s $ 8 4 1 , 8 9 0 . T h at to ta l r e p r e s e n ts th e s um

of th e d oll ar - s p e c i f

i c l os s e s attr i

b ute d to s p e c ific v ic t ims a s p r e s e n

t e d in t h e P S R . I t w a s p e rmis s ib le fo rt h e c o urt t o r e ly u p o n t h e P S R in 2 a p p orti oni ng th e r e s ti

tuti on aw ar d . T h e M V R

A s ti p u l ate s th at to d e te rm

i n e an a c c ur ate f

i g ur e of rest i t ut i o n “ t h e co urt s h all

o rdert h e pro b at i o n

o f f i cer t o o b t ai

n and i n cl ude i n i t s prese n t ence r e p ort . . . i

n f ormati on s u f f i c i e n t f orth e c ourt to e x e r c i s e i

ts d i s c r e ti on

i n f a s h i oni ng a r e s ti tuti on o rder . ” 18 U.S. C. § 3664( a). “A f t er r evi ewi

ng t h e repo rt o f

t h e pro b at i o n

o f f i cer, t h e co urt may r e qu i r e a d d i ti on a l d oc ume n tati on or h e arte s ti mon y . ” 1 8 U . S . C . § 3 6 6 4 ( d ) ( 4 ) . “A n y d i s p ute a s to t he p r o p e ramo unt o rt y

p e o f r e s t i t ut i o n s ha ll

be r e s o l ve d by t he c o urt by

t he p r e p o nd e r anc e o f

t he e vi d e nc e . T he bur d e n o f

d e mo ns t r at i

ng t he amo unt o f

l o s s . . . s ha ll

be o n t he at t o rne y

f o rt he Go v ern men t . ” 18 U.S. C. § 3664( e). Gi v en t h e t erm s o f

t h e res t i t ut i o n o rderand i

t s do ll ar cal cul at i o n

an d r epay

men t di st r i b ut i o n b y r ef er en ce t o t h e i

n di v i du al l o sses set o ut i

n t h e P S R,5

G jid ija ’ s c la im t h at t h e d is t r ic t c o urt o r d e r e d an imp e rmis s ib le ‘ b lan

k e t ’ r e s t it ut io n

aw ar d is w i th out me r i

t. In t h e al t ern at i v e, Gj i di j a as s ert s t h e di s t ri ct co urt err ed b y rel y i ng upo n a PSR t h at l acke d s u f f i c i e n t d oc ume n

tati on to s u p p ort th e l os s amoun

ts c a lc u l ate d

th e r e i n . A p p l y i ng th e p l a i

n e rr or s t and ar d , w e ho l d

t hat t hi s c l a i

m a l s o f a i l s a s G j i d i j a ha s p r o f f e r e d no a f f i rmat i ve e vi d e nc e s ho w i

ng t h at t h e am

o un t s o f rest i t ut i o n calcul at ed b y

t h e Go v ern

men t and ado pt ed b y

t h e di s t ri ct co urt do n o t re p re s e n

t t h e l o s s e s s u f

f e re d b y t h e v i c t i m s . S e eU n ite d S ta te s v . H a r r is, 302 F . 3d 72, 75 (2d C i r . 2 0 0 2 ) ( “ W

h e n r e s ti tuti on i s man d atory , th e amoun t of r e s ti tuti on c an onl y b e c h a ll e ng e d

on t he g r o und

t hat i t d o e s no t r e f

l e c t t he l o s s e s t o vi c t i

m s . ” ) ( c i t i ng 1 8 U . S . C . § 3 6 6 4 ( f

) ( 1 ) ( A) ) . We as s ume ar guendo t hat t he r e li a

bi li t y o f t he l o s s am

o unt s c a l c u l at e d

i n t he P S R w o u l d have b e n e f i tte d f r om s u p p l e me n ta l d oc ume n tati on , an d

w e f urth e r a s s ume th at s u c h

d oc ume n tati on s h o ul d b e readil

y av ail ab l e f

ro m v i ct i m s o f ro bb ery and b urgl ary . No n et h el es s , Gj i di j a s t i ll h as f ail ed t o make a

n y af f i rmat i v e s h o wi ng t h at wo ul d all o w t h i s co urt t o co n cl ude t h at t h e di s t ri ct c o urt ’s r e s t i

t ut i o n aw ar d

d o e s no t r e p r e s e nt t he vi c t i m ’s l o s s e s . Fo rt ho s e r e a s o ns w e c anno t f i nd t h at an y err o r i n t h e PSR lo s s calcul at i o n

was “pl ai n ” and “ af

f ect ed [Gj i di

j a’ s ] sub s t an

t i al ri gh t s . ” G o m e z , 580 F . 3d at 100. As e vi d e nc e o f

p l a i n e rr o rG j i d i j a r e li e s u p o n t he g o ve rnme nt ’s c o nc e s s i o n t hat o f t he $ 8 4 1 , 8 9 0 i

n r e s t i t ut i o n r e c o m

me nd e d i n t he P S R , $ 5 , 0 0 0 o f

t hat s um i s unat t r i but a bl e t o any v i c t i m . G i v e n t h at c o n c e s s i o n , w e a g re e t h at t h e PS R , i n t h i s li m i t e d re s p e c t , i s d e f

i c i e n t . A cco rdi ngl y , we m o di f y t h e aw ard t o reduce i

t t o $836, 890. 28 U.S . C. § 2106. W e dec li n e, h ow e v e r , to e qu ate an

e rr orth at amoun

ts to l e s s th an

on e on e - h

un dr e dth of th e tota l r e s ti tuti on6

aw ar d w i th ‘ p l a i n e rr or ’ i n th e c a l c u l ati on

of th at aw ar d

a s a wh ol e . T h e aw ar d

of r e s ti tuti on o rd e re d b y t h e d i s t ri c t c o urt i s a f

f i rme d a s mo d i f i e d b y t h i s o rd e r. Gj i di j a al s o cl ai

m s t h at h i s t ri al

at t o rn ey was co n s t i

t ut i o n all y i n ef f ect i v e i n f aili ng t o o b j ect t o t he o r d e ro f

r e s t i t ut i o n d ur i ng s e nt e nc i

ng . T hi s c o urt ha s “a

ba s e li ne ave r s i o n t o r e s o l

vi ng i n ef f ect i v en es s cl ai

m s o n di rect rev i ew.” U

n ite d S ta te s v . Mo r r is, 350 F . 3d 32, 39 (2d Ci r. 2003 ) (quo t i ng United States v. Salameh , 1 5 2 F .3 d 8 8 , 1 6 1 (2 d

C i r. 1 9 9 8 )). Th e Su

p re me C o urt p re f

e rs th at i n e f f e c ti v e a s s i s tan c e of

c oun s e l c l a i m s b e r e s ol

v e d un d e r2 8 U . S . C . § 2 2 5 5 , r ath e rth an on d i re c t a p p e a l . See Mass aro v. United States , 5 3 8 U . S . 5 0 0 , 5 0 4 ( 2 0 0 3 ) . D e fe rr ing t o t h is g u id an c e , w e d e c lin e t o c o n s id e rt h e me r it s o f G jid ija ’ s in e ffe c t iv e a s s is t an c e o f c o un s e l c la im. We t ak e t hi s o p p o rt uni

t y t o c l ar i f y t hat G j i d i j a i s no t f o r e c l o s e d by t he Ant i t e rr o r i s m and E f f e c ti v e D e ath P e n a l ty A c t ( “AE D P A ” ) f

r om f i li ng a p e ti ti on f orh a b e a s c or p u s s e e k i ng r e v i e wof t h e j u d g me n

t a f f i rme d i n t h i s a p p e a l . S e eS te w a r t v . Ma rti n e

z-V illa re a l, 523 U.S . 637, 641 (1998) ( “ I n AE D P A , C ong r e s s e s ta

b li s h e d a ‘ g ate k e e p i

ng ’ me c h ani s m

f orth e c on s i d e r ati on

of ‘ s e c on d or s u c c e s s i ve ha be a s c o r p u s a p p li c at i o ns ’ i

n t he f e d e r a l c o urt s . An i

nd i vi d u a l s e e k i ng t o f i l e a ‘s e c o nd o rs u c c e s s i

ve ’ ap p li c at i o n m

u s t mo ve i

n t he a p p r o p r i at e c o urt o f

a p p e a l s f o ran o r d e rd i

r e c t i ng t he di s t ri ct co urt t o co n s i der t h e appli cat i o n . ”) ( i n t ern al ci t at i o n o m i t t ed). T h e di s t ri ct co urt ’ s J ul y 16, 2007 di s po s i

t i o n o f Gj i di j a’ s mo t i o n

f o r h ab eas co rpus reli ef

was t o v acat e i

t s No v em b er 2004 o rderand en

t er an i den t i cal n ew o rders o as t o perm

i t t h i s appea l

t o b e rei n s t at ed. Gj i di

j a, t h e re f o re , h a s ye t t o at t a c k

c o ll at e ra ll

y t h e f i n a l j u d g m e n t t h at w e h av e n o wa f

f i rme d . See V

as quez v . Par rott , 3 1 8 F .3 d

3 8 7 , 3 9 1 (2 d

C i r. 2 0 0 3 ) (“ [A ] h a

b e a s p e t i t i o n t h at a s k s t h e c o urt t o re e n t e r a j udgmen t s o as t o gi

v e a pri s o n er wh o h as m

i s s ed t h e dea dli

n e f o r f i li ng an appea l a ren ewe d7

o p p o rt unit y t o a

p p e a l . . . d o e s n o t c o un

t fo rt h e p ur

p o s e s o f t h e s e c o n d

o rs u c c e s s iv e p e t it io n

ru le b e c a u s e i t d o e s n o t at t a c k

t h e j u d g me n

t .” ). T h e j u d g me n

t of th e d i s tr i c t c ourt i s AF F I RM E D e x c e p t to th e e xte n t th at th e aw ar d

of re s t i t ut i o n i s M O D IF IED i

n a c c o rd an c e w i

t h t h i s o rd e r.

F O R TH E C O U RT: C at h e ri n e O ’ H a g an

W o l f e , C l e rk