SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY APPELLATE DIVISION DOCKET NO . A

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JOAO FLORES , Plaintiff

- Respondent ,

v. EILEEN FLORES , Defendant

- Appellant.

__________________________

Argued January 16, 2019

– Decided February 14 , 2019 Before Judges Koblitz, Currier, and Mayer. On appeal from Superior Cou rt of New Jersey, Chancery Division , Family Part, Union County, Docket No. FM

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. Susan J. McCue argued the cause for appellant (Central Jersey Legal Services , Inc., attorneys; Susan J. McCue , on the briefs). Michael J. Evans arg ued the cause for respondent (Previte Nachlinger, PC, attorneys; Anthony W. Dunleavy , on the brief).
PER CURIAM NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the internet , this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36

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Defendant appeals from an April 20, 2018 order granting custody of Chris 1 to plaintiff . She also appeals from a June 22, 2018 order denying he r motion for reconsideration. For the reasons that follow, we reverse and remand to the Family Part for proceedings consistent w ith this opinion. On February 29, 2016, the parties divorced in New Jersey by way of a default final judgment of divorce (FJOD ) . As part of the FJOD , the parties executed an interspousal agreement , also dated February 29, 2016, resolving all issues related to dissolution of the marriage, including cu stody and parenting time. T he judge who granted the divorce "found as a fact that the parties knowingly, willing and voluntarily entered into the . . . interspousal agreement

. " The interspousal agreement provided defendant had sole residential custody of the parties' children. However, the interspousal agreement did not designate the home state of the children for f uture custody determin ations

. Nor did it include
a consent

- to

- jurisdiction clause. On the date the FJOD was entered, p laintiff resided in New Jersey and d efendant resided in Pennsylvania. Subsequent t o the entry of the FJOD, the children resided in Pennsylvania with defendant. Plaintiff, who lived and worked in New Jersey, saw the children

1 We use a pseudonym to identify the child in accordance with R ule 1:38

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periodically. Sometimes, plaintiff visited the children in Pennsylvania. Other times, the children visited plai ntiff in New Jersey. In March 2018, defendant was hospitalized in Pennsylvania for an overdose of prescription medication. T he Pennsylvania State P olice contacted plaintiff regarding defendant's hospitalization. P laintiff drove to Pennsylvania on March 13, 2018 and brought the children to New Jersey.
O n March 28, 2018, p laintiff fi led an ex parte " order to show cause with emergent relief , " requesting custody of the children

. On that date, the F amily
P art judge granted temporary sole physical custody o f the children to plaintiff and scheduled April 13, 2018 for the return of plaintiff's order to show cause. On April 13, 2018, defendant appeared before the court without counsel. The judge contacted the local legal services office on defendant's behalf and adjourned the hearing for one week to allow her to consult with counsel

. A week later , both parties appeared with counsel. T he judge entertained counsel s' arguments regarding custody of Chris but did not take testimony from the parties

. 2 Def

endant's counsel argued New Jersey lacked jurisdiction to make a custody determination b ecause Chris resided with defendant in Pennsylvania

2 Prior to the hearing, the parties reached a resolution as to custody of the children except for the custody of Chris.4 A

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since 2009 and New Jersey was not the child's home state under the Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction Enforcement Ac t (UCCJEA), N.J.S.A. 2A:34

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. The judge reserved decision as to custody of Chris, indicating he w ould review the UCCJEA before rendering a de cision . Without s etting forth findings of fact or conclusions of law, the judge entered an order, dated A pril 20, 2018, determining "New Jersey has jurisdiction over [Chris]" and awarded sole physical custody of Chris to plaintiff

. Defendant filed a motion for reconsideration, claiming New Jersey lacked jurisdiction to enter a custody order because Chris never lived in New Jersey and New Jersey did not have exclusive , continuing jurisdiction

. Alternatively, defendant requested a plenary hearing to determine c ustody. The judge denied defendant's motion for reconsideration , finding initial custody jurisdic tion was established by the FJOD

. A s a result, the judge concluded New Jersey had exclusive , continuing jurisdiction to modify custody

. Defendant appeals, asserting New Jersey lacked jurisdiction to decide custody of Chris

. In the alternative, defendant argues a plenary hearing should have been conducted prior to awarding custody of C hris to plaintiff

. Defendant also argues the April 20 and June 22, 2018 orders were entered without the requisite findings of fact or conclusions of law.5 A

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We affo rd deference to the factual findings of the family court. Thieme v. Aucoin

- Thieme , 227 N.J. 269, 282 (2016). Such deference is based on "the family courts' special jurisdiction and expertise in family matters . . . ." Cesare v. Cesare , 154 N.J. 394, 413 (1998). " [ A ] reviewing court should uphold the factual findings undergirding the trial court's decision if they are supported by adequate, substantial and credible evidence on the record." MacKinnon v. MacKinnon , 191 N.J. 240, 2 5 3

– 54 (2007) (quoting N.J. Div. of Youth & Family
Servs. v. M.M. , 189 N.J. 261, 279 (2007)).
A decision related to custody is within the sound discretion of the family court judge. Radazzo v. Randazzo , 184 N.J. 101, 113 (2005). However, w e accord less deference when review ing a custody order entered without a plenary hearing. See N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. G.M. , 198 N.J. 382 , 396 (2009) ( "when no hearing takes place, no evidence is admitted, and no findings of fact are made, different principles apply. On those rare occasions, appellate courts need not afford deference to the conclusions of the trial court." ). A plenary hearing is required for a change in custody absent exigent circumstances. Faucett v. Vasquez , 411 N.J. Super. 108, 119 (App. Div. 2009) (holdi ng "[a]bsent exigent circumstances, changes in custody should not be ordered without a full plenary hearing " and stressing the need for a plenary6 A

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hearing even for a temporary modification of custody ). When presented with "conflicting factual averments mat erial to the issues before it," a court "ordinarily may not resolve those issues without a plenary hearing." K.A.F. v.
D.L.M. , 437 N.J. Super. 123, 137

- 38 (App. Div . 2014)

. A Family P art judge is also obligated to state f a ct

- findings and apply those finding s in rendering legal conclusions. R. 1:7

- 4. See also Avelino

Catabran v. Catabran , 445 N.J. Super. 574, 594

- 95 (App. Div. 2016) (citing
Monte v. Monte , 212 N.J. Super. 557, 565 (App. Div. 1986)). The failure to advance reasons in support of a jud icial decision results in our speculating as to the trial court's thinking. See Salch v. Salch , 240 N.J. Super. 441, 443 (App. Div. 1990). "Neither the parties nor the appellate court is 'well

- served by an opinion devoid of analysis or citation to even a single case.'" Allstate Ins. Co. v. Fisher , 408 N.J. Super. 289, 300 (App. Div. 2009) (quoting Great Atl

. & Pac

. Tea Co. v. Checchio , 335 N.J. Super. 495, 498 (App. Div. 2000)). The first question to be resolved i s whether New Jersey has "exclusive,

co ntinuing jurisdiction" regarding custody of Chris

. See N.J.S.A. 2A:34

- 66(a). New Jersey acquires "exclusive, continuing jurisdiction" when a New Jersey court makes an initial custody determination , such as the entry of a final7 A

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judgment of divorce that in cludes custody

. See Gri f fith v. Tressel , 394 N.J. Super. 128, 140 (App. Div. 2007).
Here , the judge determined New Jersey had exclusive, continuing jurisdiction based on the FJOD. However, the interspousal agreement incorporated into the FJOD failed to include a provision that the parties
consent ed to New Jersey continuing jurisdiction over c ustody disputes

. Even if the interspousal agreement pr ovide d consent to the jurisdiction of New Jersey for resolving custody matters , there is no bright

- line rule u nder the UCCJEA establishing the length of time such an agreement is binding on the parties. See Peregoy v. Peregoy , 358 N.J. Super. 179, 184, 193 (App. Div. 2003). "[C]onsent is only one factor to be weighed in the decision whether to exercise jurisdict ion
. . . ." I d

. at 184. Other factors to be considered in determining which state shall exercise jurisdiction include the strength of the child's connections to this State and the place with the most evidence relevant to the child. Id. at 197. The ex istence of an agreement consenting to jurisdiction for purposes of determining custody "does not preclude acquisition of concurrent jurisdiction in another state . . . ." Id. at 196. "[T]he lack of a pending action in . . . [another] state hardly signifies that New Jersey must or should exercise jurisdiction." Id. 197. E ven assuming8 A

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the parties consented to New Jersey's jurisdiction to resolve custody matters, t he Family Pa rt judge was required to determine which state had the "more significant, more recent, and more substantial connections" to the child pursuant
to , N.J.S.A. 2A:34

- 66 of the UCCJEA

. Id. at 202. N.J.S.A. 2A:34

- 66 provides : a court of this State that has ma de a child custody determination

. . . has exclusive, continuing jurisdiction over the determination until: (1) a court of this State determines that neither the child, the child and one parent, . . . have a significant connection with this State and tha t substantial evidence is no longer available in this State concerning the child's care, protection, trai ning, and personal relationships ; A "child custody determination" under the UCCJEA includes any "judgment, decree, or other order of a court providi ng for the legal custody, physical custody or visitation with respect to a child." N.J.S.A. 2A:34

- 54. "A parental agreement about custody or parenting time incorporated in a judgment or order is a custody determination, and a motion to modify that determ ination is a custody proceeding within the meaning of N.J.S.A. 2A:34

- 54." Griffith , 394 N.J. Super.
at 137

- 38. If New Jersey acquired "exclusive, continuing jurisdiction," the Family Part judge was compelled to determine whether, since the entry of the Ne w9 A

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Jersey custody order and plaintiff's filing of a motion to modify custody, circumstances changed so as to divest this State of jurisdiction. Ibid. Resolving this question required the Family Part judge to apply the two

- prong analysis set forth in N.J.S.A. 2A:34

- 66(a)(1). See also Griffith , 394 N.J. Super. at 142.
T he judge made no fact

- findings in support of New Jersey retaining "exclusive, continuing jurisdiction" other than finding the FJOD was entered in New Jersey. The judge also failed to engage in the requisite two

- part analysis to determine New Jersey had jurisdiction to resolve custody of Chris because this State ha s a "significant connection" to the child or there was "substantial evidence" in this S tate concerning the child

. Even assuming exclusive, continuing jurisdiction was proper in this case, the judge failed to consider whether New Jersey should have declined to exercise jurisdiction because this State "is an inconvenient forum under the circumstances and that a court of another state is a more appropriate forum."
N.J.S.A. 2A:34

- 71. See also Griffith , 394 N.J. Super. at 148

- 49. The Family
Court may decline to exercise its jurisdiction at any time if it

determines that it is an inconvenient forum under the circumstance s and that a court of another state is a more appropriate forum. The issue of inconvenient forum may be raised upon the court's own motion, request of another court or motion of a party.10 A

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- 71(a). ] In considering whether New Jersey is an inconvenient forum, a court "shall allow the parties to submit information and shall consider all relevant factors , " including the following : the length of time the child has resided in a state other than New Jersey; the distance between the New Jersey cou rt and the court in the state that would assume jurisdiction , the financial circumstances of the parties; any agreement between the parties as to which state should assume jurisdiction; and the nature and location of evidence to resolve the custody issue.
See N.J.S.A. 2A:34

- 71(b).
T he judge mistakenly failed to garner testimony from the parties to determine custody of Chris

. No facts were adduced regarding Chris' state of residence since the FJOD. No information was provided to the court to conclude th at New Jersey, as opposed to Pennsylvania, had more substantial evidence or a more significant connection regarding Chris

. I n their certifications, the parties expressed a serious c oncern regarding Chris' welfare if the other parent w as awarded custody

. The facts set forth in the parties' certifications were conflicting and un substantiated

. Many of plaintiff's allegations regarding defendant's inability to care for Chris were based

on hearsay information rather than his personal knowledge. T he par ents were11 A

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not g iven an opportunity to present testimony to the court and cross - examine the other parent for the judge to assess credibility

. "[S]o drastic a decision as a change in child custody cannot be made on the basis of conflicted certifications
. . . ." Peregoy , 358 N.J. Super. at 206. Based on the absence of an evidentiary record to render a custody determination, defendant's request for a plenary hea ring should have been granted to determine whether New Jersey has jurisdiction to determine custody

o f Chris and, if so, whether New Jersey should exercise jurisdiction. See Ganz
v. Rust , 299 N.J. Super. 324, 336 (App. Div. 1997).
T he judge was required to state his findings of fact and legal reasons in support of his determinations as to jurisdiction and custody

. W e are unable to review arguments related to custody of Chris w ithout the judge explaining his reasoning

. As a result , we are constrained to reverse and remand the matter to the F amily P art for further proceedings. We reverse and remand the matter to the Family Part to schedule a plenary hearing within forty

- five days. The parenting time order dated August 2, 2018, entered on partial remand from this court , is continued until modified. Reversed and remanded for further proceeding s consistent with this opinion . We do not retain jurisdiction.