RENDERED: NOVEMBER 6, 2020; 10:00 A.M.

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

Commonwealth of Kentucky

Court of Appeals

NO. 2019-CA-1518-MR

BRYAN W. DAVIS APPELLANT

APPEAL FROM WARREN CIRCUIT COURT

v. HONORABLE DAVID A. LANPHEAR, JUDGE

ACTION NO. 06-J-00521

LORA L. BRADY, THROUGH THE 

COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY, CABINET FOR

HEALTH AND FAMILY SERVICES, ON BEHALF 

OF THE MINOR CHILD APPELLEE

OPINION

REVERSING AND REMANDING

**   **  **

BEFORE: CALDWELL, MAZE, AND MCNEILL, JUDGES.

MAZE, JUDGE: Appellant, Bryan W. Davis, pro se, appeals the Warren Circuit 

Court’s order denying his motion to modify his child support obligation, which he 

argues should be reduced due to his incarceration. For the following reasons, we

agree and, therefore, reverse and remand.
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BACKGROUND

Davis is the father of a minor child, born in 2004. In 2006, he was 

ordered to pay child support. In 2009, Davis was incarcerated on criminal charges

and the court reduced his child support obligation to the statutory minimum of 

$60.00 per month. At that time, the court held that Davis’s child support 

obligation would continue to accrue during his incarceration at the statutory 

minimum and, when released from prison, would resume at $150.00 per month. 

In 2014, after Davis was conditionally released from prison, the 

Cabinet moved to modify Davis’s child support obligation to $220.00 per month 

plus $37.50 per month in arrearage payments. Davis agreed to this modification,

and the trial court entered an order to that effect. 

Five years later, in June 2019, Davis filed a self-help motion to reduce

his child support obligation because he was to be incarcerated for the next three 

years and would be unable to pay the current amount. On July 2, 2019, the trial 

court held a hearing on Davis’s motion.

1

 Both Davis and Lora Brady, the mother 

of the minor child, were present pro se. While Davis argued that his child support 

obligation should be reduced during his incarceration, Brady argued that their child 

 

1 The video record from the July 2, 2019 hearing was not made part of the record on appeal, so 

the Court did not have the opportunity to review that record, if it exists. However, neither side 

disputes the trial court’s factual findings, so we accept them as undisputed. “It is incumbent 

upon Appellant to present the Court with a complete record for review. When the record is 

incomplete, this Court must assume that the omitted record supports the trial court.” Chestnut v. 

Commonwealth, 250 S.W.3d 288, 303 (Ky. 2008) (citations omitted).
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was doing without because of the circumstances that Davis brought on himself 

resulting in his incarceration. 

After the hearing, in a September 17, 2019 order, the trial court denied 

Davis’s motion to modify and made the following findings:

Mr. Davis is an inmate in the Warren County Regional 

Jail, where he was booked on May 13, 2019. In 2009, 

Mr. Davis pled guilty to a felony sexual offense that 

required registration, and in 2017,[2] he was released on a 

five-year sex offender conditional discharge. Mr. Davis 

testified his conviction resulted from relations he had 

with an underage female. As a condition of release, Mr. 

Davis was not supposed to have contact with this female. 

Nevertheless, while on release, he pursued a relationship 

with the girl with whom he got in trouble in the first 

place. In other words, Mr. Davis had contact with the 

victim in his underlying felony case, who now, is not 

underage, and she may be pregnant with his child.

Mr. Davis was on conditional discharge 

approximately two (2) years when he violated its terms 

by having contact with the victim; therefore, he has three 

years to serve for this violation. Mr. Davis advised he 

cannot obtain work release while in jail.

In its holding, the trial court recognized that Kentucky’s legislature recently 

amended Kentucky Revised Statutes (KRS) 403.212(2)(d) to put an incarcerated 

parent in the same shoes as a parent who is “physically or mentally incapacitated”

or “caring for a very young child[.]” Thus, the court acknowledged that it could

 

2 Davis was released in 2014, but violated his parole in 2016 and was then released again in 

2017.
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not impute a “potential income” to Davis as an incarcerated parent. Nevertheless, 

the trial court denied Davis’s motion to modify by finding that one of the criteria in 

KRS 403.211 applied, which made application of the child support guidelines 

“unjust or inappropriate.” Specifically, the trial court held that “the circumstances 

in this case fit under subsection (g)” of KRS 403.211(3) and ordered that Davis’s

child support obligation should not change. This appeal followed.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

The trial court enjoys broad discretion in modifying a parent’s child 

support obligation. Bell v. Bell, 423 S.W.3d 219, 222 (Ky. 2014). Accordingly, 

we review the trial court’s decision for an abuse of discretion. Id. “An abuse of 

discretion will only be found when a trial court’s decision is arbitrary, 

unreasonable, unfair, or unsupported by sound legal principles.” Id. (citation 

omitted). And, statutory interpretation is a question of law for the Court to review 

de novo. Id. 

ANALYSIS

As stated, Davis contends that the trial court abused its discretion in 

refusing to modify his child support obligation due to his incarceration. 

Specifically, Davis argues that he meets the statutory requirements to modify his 

child support and he is being discriminated against because of the nature of his 

crime. He alleges that he has always worked and paid his child support and, while 
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he would like to be providing for his child right now, he cannot. So, he claims the 

court should have reduced his child support obligation during his incarceration. 

Davis further argues that the court granted his motion to modify child support to 

$60.00 per month in 2009 and, thus, his 2019 motion should have been similarly 

granted. Finally, he argues the trial court erred in applying KRS 403.211(3)(g) to 

deny his motion because his situation is not of an “extraordinary nature” to “make

application of the guidelines inappropriate.”

Given the recent amendment of KRS 403.212(2)(d) to provide an 

exception for incarcerated parents, resolution of this case requires analysis of the 

legislative intent behind KRS 403.212, as well as pre-existing Kentucky caselaw 

with respect to the effect of incarceration on a parent’s child support obligation. 

We begin with Kentucky’s child support statutes.

The General Assembly established the child support guidelines and 

calculation tables by enacting KRS 403.212. In relevant part, KRS 403.212 states:

(2) For the purposes of the child support guidelines:

(a) “Income” means actual gross income of the parent if 

employed to full capacity or potential income if 

unemployed or underemployed.

. . . .

(d) If a parent is voluntarily unemployed or 

underemployed, child support shall be calculated based 

on a determination of potential income, except that a 

determination of potential income shall not be made for a 
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parent who is incarcerated, physically or mentally 

incapacitated, or is caring for a very young child. . . . 

(e) “Imputed child support obligation” means the amount 

of child support the parent would be required to pay from 

application of the child support guidelines.

As stated, this statute was amended, effective on June 27, 2019, to add the word 

“incarcerated” in subsection (2)(d). Based on this addition, an incarcerated parent 

cannot have a “potential income” imputed to them because they cannot be 

considered “voluntarily unemployed or underemployed.” 

Based on the child support statute in KRS 403.212, Davis has no 

“income” because he is not “employed to full capacity” under subsection (2)(a). 

And, Davis has no “potential income” because he cannot be considered 

“voluntarily unemployed or underemployed” under subsection (2)(d). Thus, 

Davis’s child support obligation should be imputed to him under subsection (2)(e)

based on an income of zero dollars while incarcerated at the Warren Regional 

County Jail. According to the child support guidelines and tables, an income of 

zero dollars equates to a child support obligation of $60.00 per month. 

However, the trial court refused to modify Davis’s obligation and kept 

it at its current level by finding that application of the child support guidelines

would be “unjust or inappropriate” because one of the criteria in KRS 403.211 

applied. We now examine that statute and the criteria contained therein.

In relevant part, KRS 403.211(2) states:
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. . . in any proceeding to modify a support order, the child 

support guidelines in KRS 403.212 shall serve as a 

rebuttable presumption for the establishment or 

modification of the amount of child support. Courts may 

deviate from the guidelines where their application would 

be unjust or inappropriate. Any deviation shall be 

accompanied by a written finding or specific finding on 

the record by the court, specifying the reason for the 

deviation.

Accordingly, the child support guidelines apply unless the court determines it 

would be “unjust or inappropriate” to apply them. If the court decides not to apply

the guidelines, it must provide a written or specific finding for doing so and base 

its decision on one of seven criteria under KRS 403.211(3): 

(3) A written finding or specific finding on the record 

that the application of the guidelines would be unjust or 

inappropriate in a particular case shall be sufficient to 

rebut the presumption and allow for an appropriate 

adjustment of the guideline award if based upon one (1) 

or more of the following criteria: 

(a) A child’s extraordinary medical or dental needs;

(b) A child’s extraordinary educational, job training, or 

special needs;

(c) Either parent’s own extraordinary needs, such as 

medical expenses; 

(d) The independent financial resources, if any, of the 

child or children;

(e) Combined monthly adjusted parental gross income in 

excess of the Kentucky child support guidelines;
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(f) The parents of the child, having demonstrated 

knowledge of the amount of child support established by 

the Kentucky child support guidelines, have agreed to 

child support different from the guideline amount. . . . ; 

and

(g) Any similar factor of an extraordinary nature 

specifically identified by the court which would make 

application of the guidelines inappropriate.

In this case, the trial court refused to modify Davis’s obligation and apply the 

guidelines to give him a statutory minimum obligation of $60.00 per month by 

finding criteria (g) applied. Criteria (g) appears to be a catch-all provision

allowing the court to identify a factor of an “extraordinary” nature and then deviate

from the guidelines at its discretion. See KRS 403.211(4) (stating that 

“extraordinary” “shall be determined by the court in its discretion”). Based on the 

recent addition of the word “incarcerated” to KRS 403.212(2)(d), we must 

determine whether this change affects the trial court’s discretion to deviate from 

the child support guidelines when dealing with an incarcerated parent, like Davis.

When this Court engages in statutory interpretation, our main goal is 

“to give effect to the intent of the General Assembly.” Bell, 423 S.W.3d at 223

(quoting Shawnee Telecom Resources, Inc. v. Brown, 354 S.W.3d 542, 551 (Ky. 

2011)). The clearest indicator of that intent is the “language the General Assembly 

chose, either as defined by the General Assembly or as generally understood in the 

context of the matter under consideration.” Id. (citation omitted). And “[w]here 
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the words used in a statute are clear and unambiguous and express the legislative 

intent, there is no room for construction and the statute must be accepted as 

written.” Id. (quoting Griffin v. City of Bowling Green, 458 S.W.2d 456, 457 (Ky. 

1970)). 

Here, adding the word “incarcerated” to KRS 403.212(2)(d) is clear 

and unambiguous. The General Assembly chose to place an incarcerated parent in 

the same position as a parent who is “physically or mentally incapacitated” or 

“caring for a very young child” and not impute a potential income to those parents. 

Because the language is clear and unambiguous, we examine the intent of the 

General Assembly in adding the word “incarcerated” to KRS 403.212(2)(d). 

Although Kentucky’s legislative history does not explain its intent, the federal

legislative history for the child support guidelines is informative.3 

On December 20, 2016, President Barack Obama issued an Executive 

Order to modify the guidelines for setting child support orders under the Child 

Support Enforcement Program. See Flexibility, Efficiency, and Modernization in 

Child Support Enforcement Programs, 81 Fed. Reg. 93,492, 93,497 (Dec. 20, 

2016). Under this Executive Order, which was eventually codified in the federal 

 

3 Federal law outlines certain child support standards for the states to follow through the Child 

Support Enforcement program, which is a federal-state program (Title IV-D of the Social 

Security Act, P.L. 93-647), to help strengthen families by securing support for children from 

their noncustodial parent on a consistent and continuing basis.
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regulations at 42 C.F.R. § 433 & 45 C.F.R. §§ 301-09, states are prohibited from 

treating incarcerated parents as voluntarily unemployed when establishing or 

modifying child support orders. 45 C.F.R. § 302.56(c)(3). The reasoning behind 

this Executive Order was explained in a 2019 law review article:

The ultimate goal of President Obama’s executive order 

is to “increase regular child support payments to 

families” by eliminating the daunting, unrealistic 

arrearages that loom over these parents. Large child 

support arrearages result in lower employment and less 

support paid. By providing incarcerated parents the 

ability to maintain manageable child support arrears, the 

executive order encourages continued payment of child 

support upon release from incarceration. Not only does 

the order seek to encourage payment, but it is also 

expected to reduce prison populations and decrease the 

likelihood that noncustodial parents will go to jail for 

failure to make payments.

Substantial accumulation of child support arrears 

discourages noncustodial parents from being present in 

their children’s lives. The presence of both parents is 

“emotionally, psychologically, and socially beneficial” to 

children. Since it is generally fathers who are the 

noncustodial parents of their children, it stands to reason 

that fathers are generally the ones most susceptible to 

falling into massive child support debt and becoming 

unavailable to their children. Children with present 

fathers experience better educational outcomes, more 

emotional security, better social connections, and more 

independence. The executive order can help 

noncustodial fathers who have been released from 

incarceration attain these outcomes for children by 

removing the financial incentive for these fathers to 

disappear in fear that they will be arrested for 

nonpayment.
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Cory Holifield Bennett, Executive Order 13563 Creates Access to Affordable Child

Support Orders for Incarcerated Parents, 5 TEX. A&M J. PROP. L. 201, 221-22

(2019) (citations omitted). In sum, the revised child support guidelines prohibit 

states from treating incarceration as voluntary to encourage payment of child 

support upon release and help the noncustodial parent stay present in their 

children’s lives instead of disappearing in fear that they will be arrested for 

nonpayment or seeking underground, under-the-radar employment upon release.

In Kentucky, before the 2019 amendment to KRS 403.212(2)(d), our 

courts treated incarcerated parents as “voluntarily unemployed,” which is exactly 

what the Executive Order now prohibits. For instance, in Commonwealth ex rel. 

Marshall v. Marshall, 15 S.W.3d 396 (Ky. App. 2000), a father requested that his 

child support be abated or modified during his incarceration. The Court discussed 

the divergence of opinions among jurisdictions regarding whether a parent’s 

incarceration is a sufficient basis to modify child support. While recognizing the

economic reality that an incarcerated parent is unable to secure employment, the 

Court noted that, if support is abated or diminished, the child will suffer from not 

only the parent’s physical separation, but a reduced standard of living. Id. at 399-

400. Relying on Redmon v. Redmon, 823 S.W.2d 463 (Ky. App. 1992), 
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superseded by statute,

4

the Court held that incarceration alone is not a basis on 

which to modify a parent’s child support obligation.

Criminal conduct of any nature cannot excuse the 

obligation to pay support. We see no reason to offer 

criminals a reprieve from their child support obligations 

when we would not do the same for an obligor who 

voluntarily walks away from his job. Unlike the obligor 

who is unemployed or faced with a reduction in pay 

through no fault of his own, the incarcerated person has 

control over his actions and should be held to the 

consequences. . . . A person who has a support 

obligation should not profit from his criminal conduct, 

particularly at his children’s expense. We recognize that 

an individual in father’s situation—assuming that he is 

genuinely indigent and unable to pay—cannot be found 

in contempt for not paying support while incarcerated. 

However, this is not a contempt proceeding; it is simply a 

modification proceeding. Father should not be able to 

escape his financial obligation to his children simply 

because his misdeeds have placed him behind bars. The 

meter should continue to run.

Redmon, 823 S.W.2d at 466 (quoting Willis v. Willis, 820 P.2d 858 (Or. Ct. App. 

1991), reversed in Willis v. Willis, 840 P.2d 697 (Or. 1992)). 

Then, in the unpublished decision of Herrell v. Commonwealth ex rel. 

Gray, No. 2008-CA-001052-ME, 2009 WL 961134 (Ky. App. Apr. 10, 2009), this 

Court examined whether a parent’s incarceration was a basis for modifying child 

support after the legislature amended KRS 403.212(2)(d) in 1994 to eliminate the 

 

4

In 1994, the legislature amended KRS 403.212(2)(d) to eliminate the requirement that a parent 

act in bad faith or, in other words, intend to avoid their support obligation through their 

unemployment, to be considered voluntarily unemployed. 
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bad-faith requirement.

5

 After discussing Marshall, supra, the Court held that 

“incarcerated parents are not among those excluded from [KRS 403.212(2)(d)’s]

scope[.]” Id. at *2. So, the Court once again held that incarceration alone is not 

sufficient to support a motion for modification of child support. 

Now, under the 2019 amendment of KRS 403.212(2)(d), incarcerated 

parents are among those specifically excluded from the statute’s scope. Thus, 

incarcerated parents are in the same position as a parent who is “physically or 

mentally incapacitated” or “caring for a very young child[.]” KRS 403.212(2)(d). 

As such, the trial court is not authorized to determine an incarcerated parent’s 

potential income. See, e.g., Jarboe v. Reynolds, 541 S.W.3d 515, 516 (Ky. App. 

2018) (holding a trial court is not authorized to determine a physically 

incapacitated parent’s potential income pursuant to KRS 403.212(2)(d)). The 

question then becomes, given the recent amendment, can the trial court use its 

discretion and refuse to modify a parent’s child support obligation based on the 

parent’s incarceration alone? 

We conclude that the answer is no. While a trial court may still 

exercise its discretion and refuse to modify an incarcerated parent’s child support 

obligation, pursuant to KRS 403.211, the court must make a specific finding for 

doing so and that finding must fit one of the criteria outlined in KRS 

 

5

See footnote 4.
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403.211(3)(a)-(g). Criminal conduct is not one of the criteria outlined in KRS 

403.211(3).

Because the trial court found that “the circumstances in this case fit 

under subsection (g),” but offered no specific finding for why or how the 

circumstances of this case were “extraordinary” other than setting forth the nature 

of Davis’s crime, we reverse. The criteria under KRS 403.211(3) envision a child 

with extraordinary medical needs, a child with extraordinary educational needs, or 

some other financial circumstance making application of the guidelines “unjust or 

inappropriate.” None of those circumstances is present in this case and the trial 

court may not make this case fit within those criteria by simply stating that the 

catch-all provision of subsection (g) applies. Without setting forth a specific 

finding not based on Davis’s criminal conduct, we conclude that the trial court 

abused its discretion in refusing to modify Davis’s child support obligation.

On remand, the trial court must make specific findings to explain why 

application of the guidelines is “unjust or inappropriate” based on the criteria of 

KRS 403.211(3)(a)-(g). For instance, maybe the incarcerated parent has assets that 

will cover the current child support obligation during his incarceration, which 

would make application of the guidelines “unjust or inappropriate.” Or, if the

parent can earn income during his incarceration through a work release program 

that will cover the current child support obligation, then the court may refuse to 
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modify. Without a specific finding not based on a parent’s criminal conduct and 

incarceration alone, however, the guidelines presumptively apply and the trial 

court must modify the child support obligation accordingly. To be clear, a parent’s 

child support obligation is not suspended entirely while the parent is incarcerated. 

The obligation will continue during incarceration. Furthermore, the trial court may 

prospectively order that the child support obligation resume at the previous rate 

once the parent is released from prison. 

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the trial court’s order denying 

Davis’s motion to modify and remand for further specific findings. If the trial 

court cannot set forth specific findings that application of the child support 

guidelines would be unjust or inappropriate based on one or more of the criteria in 

KRS 403.211(3)(a)-(g), then the guidelines presumptively apply and Davis’s child 

support obligation must be set at $60.00 per month for an imputed income of zero 

dollars during his incarceration.

ALL CONCUR. 

BRIEF FOR APPELLANT:

Bryan W. Davis, pro se

Bowling Green, Kentucky

NO BRIEF FOR APPELLEE