[Cite as In re V.H., 2022-Ohio-3432.]

COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA

IN RE V.H. :

: No. 111186

A Minor Child :

JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION

JUDGMENT: AFFIRMED

RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: September 29, 2022

Civil Appeal from the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas

Juvenile Court Division

Case No. DL21102351

Appearances:

Michael C. O’Malley, Cuyahoga County Prosecuting 

Attorney, and Sarah E. Hutnik, Assistant Prosecuting 

Attorney, for appellee. 

Rachel A. Kopec, for appellant. 

CORNELIUS J. O’SULLIVAN, JR., J.:

V.H. (“appellant”) appeals from the trial court’s October 2021 judgment 

adjudicating him delinquent for acts constituting rape (three counts) and gross 

sexual imposition (one count) against a four-year old girl (“victim”). After a 

thorough review of the facts and pertinent law, we affirm.

Procedural and Factual History
In March 2021, appellant was charged in juvenile court in a four-count 

complaint with rape and gross sexual imposition he allegedly committed when he 

was 14 years old against the four-year old victim. The trial court held a hearing on 

the competency of the child victim and found the victim not competent to testify. 

Appellee the state of Ohio (“appellee”) filed a notice of introduction of child victim 

statements pursuant to Evid.R. 807; the trial court held a hearing on the state’s 

notice. The state presented three witness at the hearing: (1) the sexual assault nurse 

examiner (“SANE nurse”) who examined the victim; (2) the Cuyahoga County 

Department of Children and Family Services case worker (“case worker”) assigned 

to the case, and (3) the victim’s mother. After the hearing, the trial court found that 

the state failed to meet its burden under Evid.R. 807 and, therefore, that the victim’s 

statements to those witnesses would be prohibited under the rule. 

The case went to a bench trial in October 2021, at which the following 

testimony was elicited. In March 2020, the victim stayed for several days at her 

godmother’s house in Maple Heights, Ohio. The godmother was a close friend of the 

victim’s mother. Appellant and his mother were also staying at the godmother’s 

house during the same time the victim was there.

The victim’s mother testified that when she went to pick up the victim 

from the godmother’s house, appellant and the godmother’s daughter brought the 

victim to her. The victim’s mother did not know appellant — she had never seen him

before. According to the victim’s mother, the victim “did not seem pleased.” Once 

they arrived at home, the mother asked the victim if anyone had touched her and 
the victim gave her “a look.” The mother testified that she was “very concerned” and 

she went to the godmother’s house to confront her. After confronting the 

godmother, the mother took the victim to the hospital. 

At the hospital, the SANE nurse interviewed and examined the victim

“head to toe.” The nurse noted that the victim had an abrasion on her upper right 

arm as well as on her lower left arm. The victim told the nurse that she did not know 

how she got those injuries. 

During the examination, the victim told the nurse that her cheek was 

hurting. The nurse found no injury to the victim’s cheek. The nurse used the victim’s 

declaration of a hurt body part as a segue into questioning the victim if any other 

body parts were hurt. The victim told the nurse that her genital area — which she 

described as her “ta-ta” — hurt. The nurse explained that because “children and 

adults use different names for various parts of their body” it is her practice to “show 

a child a diagram and ask them to put a mark on a diagram of what area they’re 

talking about so there is no confusion as to what part of the body the child is referring 

to.” Here, the victim pointed to her vaginal area and called it her ta-ta.

She told the nurse that a person “poked” her ta-ta “faster and harder.” 

The victim told the SANE nurse that the person also put his “thingy” on her tongue 

and told her to close her mouth. Further, the person put his hand in her ta-ta area. 

The victim also said that the person scratched her breasts under her clothes and it 

tickled. The victim told the nurse that this happened while she was in the basement 
looking for her socks. She told the nurse the name of the person who hurt her and 

that the name began with the letter “B.”

The SANE nurse performed a genital examination and found 

generalized redness and a potential abrasion to the hymen. She testified that the 

hymen is very sensitive in prepubescent girls and when a prepubescent girl 

complains of pain to the area it generally indicates that the hymen has been touch 

or penetrated in some way. The nurse took swabs from the victim’s external 

genitalia and perianal area, underwear, inner thigh, and breast area for the sexual 

assault kit. 

Meanwhile, law enforcement officials were at the godmother’s house 

speaking with her, appellant, and appellant’s mother. They learned that the 

godmother, appellant, and appellant’s mother were the only residents of the home 

during the time in question. There is no indication in the record that any other males 

resided at the home during the relevant time frame. There is also no indication in 

the record of visitors to the home during the relevant time. 

After obtaining consent from appellant and his mother, the police 

obtained a buccal swab from appellant.

A representative from the Ohio Bureau of Criminal Investigations 

(“BCI”) testified as to the results of the scientific testing performed in this case. The 

BCI representative testified that swabs from the victim’s external genitalia and 

perianal area did not reveal foreign DNA. A swab taken from the inside of the 

victim’s underwear revealed a mixture of DNA of which the victim’s DNA was the 
major contributor. Male DNA was found in that swab but it was not enough to make 

a comparison to appellant’s DNA. Male DNA was also found on skin swabs taken 

from the victim’s inner thighs and breast area, but also was not enough to make a 

comparison to appellant’s DNA. BCI also performed a Y-STR DNA analysis, which 

is a specific analysis that tests for male DNA. The testing revealed that the swabs 

from the victim’s external genitalia, inner thighs, and breast area had male DNA but

not enough to make comparisons.

The case worker interviewed the victim and the victim’s mother. 

During the interview with the victim, the case worker engaged in “break the ice” 

conversation to build rapport with her. For example, the case worker had the victim 

recite the alphabet. The case worker noted that during her recitation, the victim 

confused the letter “V” as being “B.” 

The victim told the case worker that her body had been hurt by a 

specific person; she told the case worker the same name, beginning with the letter 

“B,” as she told the SANE nurse was the person who hurt her body.1 The victim told 

the case worker that the person who hurt her “pointed at her ta-ta with his ta-ta”

and that she sat on the person’s lap. 

The police showed a photo of appellant to the victim and asked her if 

he was the person who hurt her; the victim “shook her head yes.” 

1 If the letter “V” is substituted for the letter “B” in the name the victim gave, the 

names sound similar and the “V” name is a diminutive or nickname of appellant’s name.
The victim’s mother testified that she has noticed a “tremendous 

behavior change” in the victim since the incident. She testified that victim has 

trouble sleeping, talks about what happened to her, and “thinks she could have 

babies.” The SANE nurse testified that a child of the victim’s age “does not have the 

capacity to always tell what is bothering them, and so a change in behavior is an 

indicator that something could have happened to a child.” 

On this evidence, the trial court found appellant delinquent on all four 

counts and imposed a three-year suspended commitment to the Department of 

Youth Services, two years of community control sanctions, and sex offender 

treatment. Appellant appeals, raising the following two assignments of error for our 

review:

I. The trial court erred as a matter of law in finding the Appellant 

delinquent when there was not sufficient evidence to support the 

convictions.

II. The manifest weight of the evidence did not support the 

convictions. 

Law and Analysis

In reviewing a sufficiency challenge to a juvenile’s adjudication of 

delinquency, this court applies the same standard of review applicable to criminal 

convictions. In re L.R.F., 2012-Ohio-4284, 977 N.E.2d 138, ¶ 12 (8th Dist.), citing 

In re Watson, 47 Ohio St.3d 86, 91, 548 N.E.2d 210 (1989). This court also applies 

the same standard of review applicable to criminal convictions in determining 

whether a juvenile’s adjudication of delinquency is against the manifest weight of 
the evidence. In re B.J., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 110223, 2021-Ohio-3926, ¶ 36, 

citing In re M.P., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 93152, 2010-Ohio-2216, ¶ 22.

Sufficiency of Evidence

In his first assignment of error, appellant contends that the evidence 

was not sufficient to support the delinquency adjudications. 

The test for sufficiency requires a determination of whether the 

prosecution met its burden of production at trial. State v. Bowden, 8th Dist. 

Cuyahoga No. 92266, 2009-Ohio-3598, ¶ 12. The relevant inquiry is whether, after 

viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier 

of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime proven beyond a 

reasonable doubt. State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 386, 678 N.E.2d 541 

(1997). “On review for sufficiency, courts are to assess not whether the State’s 

evidence is to be believed, but whether, if believed, the evidence against a defendant 

would support a conviction.” State v. Dyer, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 88202, 2007-

Ohio-1704, ¶ 24, citing Thompkins at 390. 

Appellant contends that “the only testimony, outside of statements 

made by the child to other individuals[,] was DNA evidence that did not match 

[him].” According to appellant, the hearsay statements of the SANE nurse and case 

worker were improperly allowed at trial because the court previously ruled that they 

were prohibited under Evid.R. 807.

Our standard of review on the admission of evidence is whether the 

trial court abused its discretion. State v. Sage, 31 Ohio St.3d 173, 510 N.E.2d 343 
(1987). An abuse of discretion means more than an error of law or judgment. 

Rather, an abuse of discretion implies that the court’s decision was unreasonable, 

arbitrary, or unconscionable. Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d 217, 219, 450 

N.E.2d 1140 (1983).

The trial court did not abuse its discretion by admitting the victim’s 

statements to the SANE nurse and case worker. The fact that a child has been 

deemed incompetent to testify does not necessarily prohibit the admission of the 

child’s statements at a trial or adjudicatory hearing. Under Evid.R. 807, the state 

may offer a child’s out-of-court statement as evidence if the child is under 12, the 

statement describes a sexual act, and the state satisfies the four additional elements 

contained within the rule. State v. Meyerson, 9th Dist. Summit No. 28549, 2017-

Ohio-8726, ¶ 19.

The four additional requirements the state must show under 

Evid.R. 807 are that (1) “the totality of the circumstances surrounding the making 

of the statement provides particularized guarantees of trustworthiness * * *”; (2) the 

child’s testimony “is not reasonably obtainable”; (3) there exists “independent proof 

of the sexual act * * *”; and (4) the defendant was given notice, at least ten days 

before trial or hearing, of the content of the statement and the circumstances 

surrounding it. Id.; Evid.R. 807(A)(1)-(4). The rule “contemplates that a pretrial 

hearing will be conducted at which time * * * an initial determination as to the 

admissibility of the child’s statements should be made.” (Emphasis added.) State 

v. Storch, 66 Ohio St.3d 280, 612 N.E.2d 305 (1993), paragraph two of the syllabus.
After a hearing, the trial court here found that the state had only 

demonstrated the fourth requirement under Evid.R. 807(A) — the notice 

requirement. In regard to the other requirements, the trial court was “not able to 

find” that the victim’s statements to the SANE nurse and case worker “provide 

particularized guarantees of trustworthiness and reliability.” The court further 

found, in contravention of the state’s position, that its declaration that the victim 

was incompetent to testify was “insufficient to satisfy the unavailability requirement 

of Evid.R. 807(A)(2).” Under the third requirement of Evid.R. 807(A), the trial court 

found that the state failed to show independent proof of the sexual act. Thus, the 

trial court ruled that the victim’s statements were prohibited under Evid.R. 807.

However, “[t]he State need not satisfy the rigors of Evid.R. 807(A) if 

[a] child’s statement can be admitted through a different hearsay exception.” State 

v. Lortz, 9th Dist. Summit No. 23762, 2008-Ohio-3108, ¶ 20. For example, and 

relevant to this case, Evid.R. 803(4), permits the introduction of

[s]tatements made for purposes of medical diagnosis or treatment and 

describing medical history, or past or present symptoms, pain, or 

sensations, or the inception or general character of the cause or 

external source thereof insofar as reasonably pertinent to diagnosis or 

treatment.

Evid.R. 803(4). 
In State v. Chappell, 97 Ohio App.3d 515, 646 N.E.2d 1191 (8th 

Dist.1994), this court held:

We would not adopt a rigid rule as to what constitutes “diagnosis 

and treatment” or limit diagnosis and treatment to licensed physicians, 

as such a narrow holding would undercut the function of nurses, 

psychiatrists, therapists, and various individuals who treat victims of 

sexual abuse. We are equally not prepared to hold that a social worker, 

by merely being a social worker, is automatically included in the 

category of individuals who can render treatment or diagnose sex abuse 

victims. The inclusion of a social worker into this select group of care 

providers must depend on her [or his] function. Where a social 

worker’s function does not include diagnosis or treatment (whether it 

be mental or physical treatment of a child sex abuse victim), any 

statement made to the social worker cannot be admissible under the 

exception to the hearsay rule in Evid.R. 803(4).

Id. at 531.

The SANE nurse testified that she had to learn what happened to the 

victim so that she could appropriately examine and treat her. The case worker’s 

function was both to determine whether sexual abuse had been indicated and to then 

follow up on referring the family for appropriate care. As such, we conclude that the 

victim’s statements to both the SANE nurse and the case worker were within the 

realm of diagnosis and treatment and were therefore properly admissible under 

Evid.R. 803(4).2

2 Because we find that the victim’s statements were admissible under Evid.R. 

803(4), we need not delve into the trial court’s ruling on the admissibility of the 

statements under Evid.R. 807. Nonetheless, we do note that the other three requirements 

of Evid.R. 807 — a particularized guarantee of trustworthiness, the victim’s testimony was

not reasonably obtainable, and there was independent proof of the sexual acts — appear 

to have been met in this case. 
Appellant also contends that law enforcement’s testimony about the 

victim’s photo identification of appellant was improper because the court found the 

child incompetent to testify.

This court has previously held that 

because an incompetency ruling is a declaration that the witness is 

incapable of understanding an oath, or liable to give an incoherent 

statement as to the subject and cannot properly communicate to the 

[factfinder], it does not make for a conclusion that all out-of-court 

statements are per se inadmissible when a witness is declared 

incompetent. 

(Internal citations omitted.) State v. Rogers, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 63979, 1993 

Ohio App. LEXIS 5880, *17 (Dec. 9, 1993). 

This may be especially true in the case of young children. Simply 

because a child is deemed incompetent for purposes of testifying does 

not make the child’s statements per se inadmissible. Where the totality 

of the circumstances fail to demonstrate a lack of reliability or 

trustworthiness, the statements should be admitted if they fall within 

the hearsay exception. The credibility of the statements may then be 

evaluated by the trier of fact.

In re D.L., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 84643, 2005-Ohio-2320, ¶ 28, citing State v. 

Dever, 64 Ohio St.3d 401, 410, 596 N.E.2d 436 (1992).

Admittedly the statements in Rogers, In re D.L., and Dever are 

relative to hearsay for treatment or diagnosis under Evid.R. 803(4). However, the 

same logic can be extended to a victim’s pretrial identification. We recognize that 

the method of obtaining the photo identification in this case was unconventional but 

under the totality of circumstances, we find no abuse of discretion by the trial court 

in admitting it.
Having found that there was no abuse of discretion by the trial court 

in admitting the victim’s statements to the SANE nurse and case worker, as well as 

the victim’s pretrial identification of appellant, we now consider whether the 

evidence was sufficient to support the delinquency adjudications.

Appellant was found delinquent on three counts of rape in violation of 

R.C. 2907.02(A)(1)(b), which provides that “[n]o person shall engage in sexual 

conduct with another” when the other person is less than 13 years old. Appellant 

was also found delinquent on one count of gross sexual imposition in violation of 

R.C. 2907.05(A)(4), which provides that “[n]o person shall have sexual contact with 

another” when the other person is less than 13 years old.

The state presented evidence that, if believed, supported a count of 

vaginal rape — the victim’s statement to the SANE nurse that the person “poked” 

her ta-ta “faster and harder,” as well as her statement to the case worker that the 

person “pointed at her ta-ta with his ta-ta.” The state presented sufficient evidence 

that, if believed, supported a count of oral rape — the victim’s statement to the nurse 

that the person put his “thingy” on her tongue and told her to close her mouth. The 

state presented sufficient evidence that, if believed, supported a count of digital rape 

— the victim’s statement to the nurse that the person put his hand in her ta-ta area. 

The state presented sufficient evidence that, if believed, supported a count of gross 

sexual imposition — the victim’s statement to the nurse that the person scratched 

her breasts under her clothes and it tickled.
Other evidence presented by the state is sufficient to support the 

delinquency adjudications. Namely, (1) the SANE nurse’s testimony that the hymen 

is very sensitive in prepubescent girls and when a prepubescent girl complains of 

pain to the area it generally indicates that the hymen has been touch or penetrated 

in some way; (2) the nurse’s testimony that the victim’s hymen area had generalized 

redness; (3) the presence of male DNA on the swabs from the victim’s underwear, 

external genitalia, inner thighs, and breast area; (4) after accounting for the victim’s 

confusion of the letter “V” for “B,” the similarity of the name she gave as her offender 

to the diminutive of appellant’s name; (5) appellant’s opportunity to commit the 

crimes as he was staying at the godmother’s house at the same time as the victim 

was, and (6) the victim’s photo identification of appellant as the person who hurt 

her.

We further note that appellant’s claim that the DNA recovered from 

the victim did not match his DNA is misleading. The testimony was not that his 

DNA was excluded, rather it was that the DNA swabs were insufficient for 

comparison purposes.

The evidence was sufficient to support the delinquency adjudications

and the first assignment of error is overruled.

Manifest Weight of the Evidence

A manifest weight challenge questions whether the state met its 

burden of persuasion. Bowden, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 92266, 2009-Ohio-3598, at 

¶ 12. A reviewing court “‘weighs the evidence and all reasonable inferences, 
considers the credibility of witnesses and determines whether in resolving conflicts 

in the evidence, the [trier of fact] clearly lost its way and created such a manifest 

miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be reversed and a new trial ordered.’” 

Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d at 387, 678 N.E.2d 541, quoting State v. Martin, 20 Ohio 

App.3d 172, 175, 485 N.E.2d 717 (1st Dist.1983). A conviction should be reversed as 

against the manifest weight of the evidence only in the most “exceptional case in 

which the evidence weighs heavily against the conviction.” Id.

The allegations in this case came to light immediately after the victim 

stayed overnight for a number of days in the same house as appellant. She was 

examined in close proximity to the commission of the acts, and she told the SANE 

nurse of the acts committed against her. Upon examination, the nurse found that 

the victim’s hymen area had generalized redness, a condition indicative in a child 

the victim’s age that the hymen had been touch or penetrated in some way. Further, 

testing of swabs from the victim’s underwear, external genitalia, inner thighs, and 

breast area revealed the presence of male DNA. There is no indication in the record 

that any male other than appellant was at the godmother’s house during the time in 

question. 

The victim named her offender to both the SANE Nurse and the case 

worker — a name beginning with the letter “B.” The evidence showed that the victim 

generally confuses the letter “V” as “B.” If the letter “V” is substituted for the letter 

“B” in the name the victim gave, the names sound similar, and the “V” name is a 

diminutive or nickname of appellant’s name. 
After weighing the evidence, all reasonable inferences, and the 

credibility of the witness, we find that the trial court did not lose its way in rendering 

the delinquency adjudications against appellant in this case. There is no manifest 

miscarriage of justice and this case is not an exceptional case requiring a new trial. 

The second assignment of error is therefore overruled.

Judgment affirmed.

It is ordered that appellee recover from appellant costs herein taxed.

The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

It is ordered that a special mandate be sent to the common pleas court, 

juvenile division, to carry this judgment into execution.

A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 

of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.

______________________________

CORNELIUS J. O’SULLIVAN, JR., JUDGE

SEAN C. GALLAGHER, A.J., and

MARY J. BOYLE, J., CONCUR