# Patent

## Title
Compositions and methods for enhancing the immunogenicity of antigens

## Abstract

The present invention includes compositions, methods and kits for enhancing the immunogenicity of an antigen via fusion to a Listerial protein. The present invention further encompasses Listeria vaccine strains for enhancing the immunogenicity of an antigen.

## Background
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a Divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/835,662, filed Apr. 30, 2004, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,588,930 which is a Continuation-in-Part of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/239,703, filed Aug. 7, 2003, which is a National Phase Application of PCT International Application No. PCT/US01/09736, International Filing Date Mar. 26, 2001, now expired, which corresponds to (a) U.S. application Ser. No. 09/735,450, filed Dec. 13, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,767,542; and (b) U.S. application Ser. No. 09/537,642, filed Mar. 29, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,855,320. These applications are hereby incorporated in their entirety by reference herein.


GOVERNMENT INTERESTS
This invention was supported in part by funds from the U.S. government (National Cancer Institute Grant No. CA69632). The U.S. Government may have certain rights in this invention.


BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Stimulation of an immune response is dependent upon the presence of antigens recognized as foreign by the host immune system. Bacterial antigens such as Salmonella enterica and Mycobacterium bovis BCG remain in the phagosome and stimulate CD4 T-cells via antigen presentation through major histocompatibility class II molecules. In contrast, bacterial antigens such as Listeria monocytogenes exit the phagosome into the cytoplasm. The phagolysosomal escape of L. monocytogenes is a unique mechanism which facilitates major histocompatibility class I antigen presentation of listerial antigens. This escape is dependent upon the pore-forming sulfhydryl-activated cytolysin, listeriolysin O (LLO).
The ability of L. monocytogenes to break down the vacuole within a host cell and enter the cytoplasm has led to its use as a recombinant vaccine. U.S. Pat. No. 5,830,702 describes vaccines comprising attenuated mutants of Listeria spp. genetically engineered to express foreign antigens in the cytoplasm of infected macrophages and other cells. Several approaches for expressing the antigen in Listeria spp. are described including generation of a fusion protein of a selected foreign antigen and a listerial protein, preferably an enzyme involved in lysis of host vacuoles. In particular, a fusion protein encoding the hly promoter and the first 416 amino acids of LLO fused in-frame to the entire coding sequence of the NP antigen was constructed in E. coli and on transformation to Listeria monocytogenes secreted a 105 kDA protein that reacts with antiserum to LLO and NP (col. 24 of '702 patent). Recombinant L. monocytogenes secreting a fusion protein comprising listeriolysin O and NP (LLO-NP) was demonstrated to target infected cells for lysis by NP-specific class I-restricted cytotoxic T cells. In contrast, a hemolysin-negative L. monocytogenes strain expressing LLO-NP presented the antigen in a class II restricted manner (Ikonimidis et al., J. Exp. Med. 1994 180: 2209-2218). Thus, from these studies it was surmised that hemolysin-dependent bacterial escape from the vacuole is necessary for class I presentation in vitro.
The escape function of L. monocytogenes has also been transferred to Bacillus subtilis and attenuated Salmonella sp. strains (Bielecki et al. Nature 1990 354: 175-176, Gentschev et al. Infect. Immun. 1995 63: 4202-4205). S. enteric and M. bovis BCG vaccine carriers which secrete listeriolysin O have also been constructed (Kaufman, S. H. and Hess, J. Immunol. Lett. January 1999 65: 81-84). These constructs are taught to be capable of introducing antigens into the MHC class II and MHC class I pathway, resulting in stimulation of both CD4 and CD8 T-cells. Comparison of S. enterica vaccines which display the same listerial antigen in secreted and somatic form showed the secreted antigen display to be superior to the somatic antigen display (Kaufman, S. H. and Hess, J. Immunol. Lett. January 1999 65(1-2):81-4).
International Publication No. WO 99/10496 discloses recombinant BCG strains secreting hemolytically active hly with an improved MHC class I-restricted immune response for use as a vaccine against tuberculosis.
Administration of purified listeriolysin O encapsulated in liposomes has also been reported to be effective in the induction of antigen-specific Th1-dependent protective immunity to various kinds of intracellular parasitic bacteria in vivo (Tanabe et al. Infect. Immun. February 1999 67: 568-75).
PEST sequences in eukaryotic proteins have long been identified. It has been taught that proteins containing amino acid sequences that are rich in prolines (P), glutamic acids (E), serines (S) and threonines (T), generally, but not always, flanked by clusters containing several positively charged amino acids, have rapid intracellular half-lives (Rogers et al., 1986, Science 234:364-369). Further, it has been shown that these sequences target the protein to the ubiquitin-proteosome pathway for degradation (Rechsteiner and Rogers TIBS 1996 21:267-271). This pathway is also used by eukaryotic cells to generate immunogenic peptides that bind to MHC class I and it has been hypothesized that PEST sequences are abundant among eukaryotic proteins that give rise to immunogenic peptides (Realini et al. FEBS Lett. 1994 348:109-113). Prokaryotic proteins do not normally contain PEST sequences because they do not have this enzymatic pathway. However, a PEST-like sequence rich in the amino acids proline (P), glutamic acid (E), serine (S) and threonine (T) was recently identified at the amino terminus of LLO and demonstrated to be essential for L. monocytogenes pathogenicity (Decatur, A. L. and Portnoy, D. A. Science 2000 290:992-995). Decatur and Portnoy teach that the presence of this PEST-like sequence in LLO targets the protein for destruction by proteolytic machinery of the host cell so that once the LLO has served its function and facilitated the escape of L. monocytogenes from the phagolysosomal vacuole, it is destroyed before it can damage the cells.
It has now been found that the immune response to an antigen can be enhanced by fusion of the antigen to a non-hemolytic truncated form of listeriolysin O (.DELTA.LLO). It is believed that the observed enhanced cell mediated immunity and anti-tumor immunity of the fusion protein results from the PEST-like sequence present in LLO which targets the antigen for processing.
Another Listerial protein, ActA, comprises PEST and PEST-like sequences. ActA is a surface-associated protein, and acts as a scaffold in infected host cells to facilitate the polymerization, assembly and activation of host actin polymers in order to propel the Listeria organism through the cytoplasm. Shortly after entry into the mammalian cell cytosol, L. monocytogenes induces the polymerization of host actin filaments and uses the force generated by actin polymerization to move, first intracellularly and then from cell to cell. A single bacterial protein, ActA is responsible for mediating actin nucleation and actin-based motility. The ActA protein provides multiple binding sites for host cytoskeletal components, thereby acting as a scaffold to assemble the cellular actin polymerization machinery. The NH.sub.2 terminus of ActA binds to monomeric actin and acts as a constitutively active nucleation promoting factor by stimulating the intrinsic actin nucleation activity. ActA and hly are both members of the 10-kb gene cluster regulated by the transcriptional activator PrfA, and is upregulated approximately 226-fold in the mammalian cytosol.
There exists a long-felt need to develop compositions and methods to enhance the immunogenicity of antigens, especially antigens useful in the prevention and treatment of tumors and intracellular pathogens. The present invention meets this need.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention includes a method for enhancing the immunogenicity of an antigen comprising fusing to the antigen a truncated ActA protein, or a fragment thereof.
In one aspect of the present invention, the truncated ActA protein is at least 95% homologous to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:23.
In another aspect of the present invention, the truncated ActA protein, or fragment thereof, comprises the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:23.
In still another aspect of the present invention, the truncated ActA protein consists of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:23.
The present invention further includes a vector comprising an isolated nucleic acid encoding a truncated ActA protein, or a fragment thereof, and an isolated nucleic acid encoding an antigen, wherein the isolated nucleic acid encoding a truncated ActA protein has 95% identity to the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:24, and further wherein when the isolated nucleic acid encoding a truncated ActA and the isolated nucleic acid encoding an antigen are expressed in a cell, the isolated nucleic acid encoding a truncated ActA and the isolated nucleic acid encoding an antigen are expressed as a fusion protein.
In one aspect of the present invention, the isolated nucleic acid encoding a truncated ActA protein, or fragment thereof, comprises the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:24.
In another aspect of the present invention, the isolated nucleic acid encoding a truncated ActA protein, or fragment thereof, consists of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:24.
The present invention further includes a Listeria vaccine strain comprising an antigen fused to a truncated ActA protein, or fragment thereof.
In one aspect of the present invention, the truncated ActA protein is at least 95% homologous to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:23.
In another aspect of the present invention, the truncated ActA protein, or fragment thereof, comprises the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:23.
In one aspect of the present invention, the truncated ActA protein consists of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:23.
In still another aspect of the present invention, the antigen and the truncated ActA protein, or fragment thereof, are encoded by a vector.
In another aspect of the present invention, the Listeria vaccine strain is the species Listeria monocytogenes. 
The present invention further includes a method of eliciting an enhanced immune response to an antigen, the method comprising administering to a mammal an effective amount of a composition comprising a Listeria vaccine strain, wherein the Listeria vaccine strain comprises an antigen fused to a truncated ActA protein, or a fragment thereof.
In one aspect of the present invention, the mammal is a human.
In still another aspect of the present invention, the truncated ActA protein is at least 95% homologous to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:23.
In one aspect of the present invention, the truncated ActA protein, or fragment thereof, comprises the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:23.
In another aspect of the present invention, the truncated ActA protein consists of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:23.
In still another aspect of the present invention, the composition is suspended in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
The present invention further includes a kit for eliciting an enhanced immune response to an antigen, the kit comprising a Listeria vaccine strain, wherein the Listeria vaccine strain comprises an antigen fused to a truncated ActA protein, or fragment thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, said kit further comprising an applicator, and an instructional material for use thereof.
The present invention further includes a kit for eliciting an enhanced immune response to an antigen, the kit comprising an antigen fused to a truncated ActA protein, or fragment thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, said kit further comprising an applicator, and an instructional material for use thereof.
The present invention further includes an isolated nucleic acid encoding a truncated ActA protein, or a fragment thereof, and an antigen, wherein said isolated nucleic acid encoding the truncated ActA protein has 95% identity to the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:24.
In one aspect of the present invention, the truncated ActA protein, or fragment thereof, comprises the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:24.
In another aspect of the present invention, the truncated ActA protein consists of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:24.
The present invention further includes an isolated fusion protein comprising a truncated ActA protein, or a fragment thereof, and an antigen, wherein said isolated fusion protein comprises a truncated ActA protein having 95% identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:23.
In one aspect of the present invention, the truncated ActA protein, or fragment thereof, comprises the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:23.
In still another aspect of the present invention, the truncated ActA protein consists of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:23.
In another aspect of the present invention, the fusion protein is suspended in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
In one aspect of the present invention, the fusion protein is suspended in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
In another aspect of the present invention, the fusion protein is suspended in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
For the purpose of illustrating the invention, there are depicted in the drawings certain embodiments of the invention. However, the invention is not limited to the precise arrangements and instrumentalities of the embodiments depicted in the drawings.
FIG. 1 is a diagram of an HPV-E7 chromosomal expression system constructed by integrating an E7 gene into the Listeria chromosome.
FIG. 2 is a diagram of a preferred multi-copy plasmid containing prfA and E7 fused to a truncated form of the hly gene (.DELTA.hly) that produced .DELTA.LLO.
FIG. 3 is a graph showing tumor immunotherapeutic efficacy of E7 antigen expressed in L. monocytogenes. Tumor size in millimeters in mice is shown at 7, 14, 21, 28 and 56 days post tumor-inoculation. Naive mice are depicted by an open-circle; mice administered Lm-LLO-E7 are depicted by a filled circle; mice administered Lm-E7 are depicted by a square; mice administered Lm-Gag are depicted by an open diamond; and mice administered Lm-LLO-NP are depicted by a filled triangle.
FIG. 4 is a graph showing tumor immunotherapeutic efficacy of NP antigen expressed in L. monocytogenes. Tumor size in millimeters in mice is shown at 10, 17, 24, and 38 days post tumor-inoculation. Naive mice are depicted by an X; mice administered Lm-LLO-NP are depicted by a filled diamond; mice administered Lm-NP are depicted by a square; and mice administered Lm-Gag are depicted by an open circle.
FIG. 5 is a diagram of various Vaccinia virus constructs expressing different forms of HPV16E7 protein.
FIG. 6 is a graph showing tumor immunotherapeutic efficacy of antigens expressed by Vaccinia. Tumor size in millimeters in mice is shown at 7, 14, 26, 34, 44, 55 and 65 days post tumor-inoculation. Naive mice are depicted by a filled triangle; mice administered Vac-LLO-E7 are depicted by an open circle; mice administered Vac-SigE7L are depicted by an X; and mice administered Vac-E7 are depicted by an open diamond.
FIG. 7 depicts a schematic representation of the pActA-E7 expression system used to express and secrete E7 from recombinant Listeria bacteria. The hly promoter (pHLY) drives expression, the prfA gene is used to select retention of the plasmid by recombinant Listeria in vivo.
FIG. 8 depicts a Western blot demonstrating that Lm-ActA-E7 secretes E7. Lane 1 depicts Lm-LLO-E7, lane 2 depicts Lm-ActA-E7.001, lane 3 depicts Lm-ActA-E7-2.5.3, lane 4 depicts Lm-ActA-E7-2.5.4.
FIG. 9 is a graph depicting tumor size in mice administered Lm-ActA-E7 (rectangles), Lm-E7 (ovals), Lm-LLO-E7 (X), and naive mice (non-vaccinated; solid triangles).
FIG. 10 is a graph depicting the induction of E7 specific IFN-gamma secreting CD8.sup.+T cells in the spleens and tumors of mice administered TC-1 tumor cells and subsequently administered Lm-E7, Lm-LLO-E7, Lm-ActA-E7 or no vaccine (naive).
FIG. 11 is a graph depicting the induction and penetration of E7 specific CD8.sup.+cells in the spleens and tumors of mice administered TC-1 cells and subsequently administered a recombinant Listeria vaccine (naive, Lm-LLO-E7, Lm-E7, Lm-ActA-E7).



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a method for enhancing the immunogenicity of a selected antigen by fusion of the selected antigen to a non-hemolytic truncated form of listeriolysin O. It has now been found that fusion of an antigen to a non-hemolytic truncated form of listeriolysin O results in an antigen with enhanced immunogenicity as compared to an antigen alone. The truncated form of listeriolysin O fused to an antigen better enables cell mediated immunity and anti-tumor immunity as compared to antigen alone. Further, these fusion proteins need not be expressed by L. monocytogenes, but rather can be expressed and isolated from other vectors and cell systems routinely used for protein expression and isolation.
The present invention further comprises a recombinant Listeria vaccine strain including, inter alia, a fusion protein comprising an ActA protein, or fragment thereof, fused to an antigen. As demonstrated by the data disclosed herein, a recombinant Listeria vaccine strain comprising a fusion protein comprising ActA and an antigen, when administered to an animal, results in the destruction of existing tumors and the induction of antigen specific lymphocytes capable of infiltrating tumors and other diseases where a cellular immune response is beneficial. The present invention also encompasses a method for eliciting an enhanced immune response to an antigen by administering a composition comprising a Listeria vaccine strain comprising, inter alia, an antigen fused to an ActA protein, or fragment thereof. This is because, as demonstrated by the data disclosed herein, administering such a composition to an animal results in, among other things, a clearing of tumors, and the superior induction of lymphocytes specific for tumor antigens when compared to the administration of antigen that is not fused to an ActA protein, or fragment thereof. Further, the present invention comprises a method for enhancing the immunogenicity of an antigen. That is, as demonstrated by the data disclosed herein, fusing an ActA protein, or fragment thereof, to an antigen, results in, among other things, an improved clearance of tumors in animals and an enhanced antigen-specific immune response.
Definitions
As used herein, each of the following terms has the meaning associated with it in this section.
The articles “a” and “an” are used herein to refer to one or to more than one (i.e., to at least one) of the grammatical object of the article. By way of example, “an element” means one element or more than one element.
“ActA protein” is used herein to refer to the Listeria monocytogenes surface protein responsible for actin polymerization in infected cells. A “truncated ActA protein” is used herein to refer to an ActA protein missing one or more amino acids from the primary amino acid sequence of the native ActA protein. A “truncated ActA protein” comprises 390 amino acids (SEQ ID NO:23) encoded by 1170 nucleotides (SEQ ID NO:24).
“Antigen” is used herein to refer to a substance that when placed in contact with an organism, results in a detectable immune response. An antigen may be a lipid, peptide, protein, carbohydrate, nucleic acid, or combinations and variations thereof.
“Antisense” refers particularly to the nucleic acid sequence of the non-coding strand of a double stranded DNA molecule encoding a protein, or to a sequence which is substantially homologous to the non-coding strand. As defined herein, an antisense sequence is complementary to the sequence of a double stranded DNA molecule encoding a protein. It is not necessary that the antisense sequence be complementary solely to the coding portion of the coding strand of the DNA molecule. The antisense sequence may be complementary to regulatory sequences specified on the coding strand of a DNA molecule encoding a protein, which regulatory sequences control expression of the coding sequences.
The terms “complementary” and “antisense” as used herein, are not entirely synonymous. “Antisense” refers particularly to the nucleic acid sequence of the non-coding strand of a double stranded DNA molecule encoding a protein, or to a sequence which is substantially homologous to the non-coding strand.
By the term “applicator” as the term is used herein, is meant any device including, but not limited to, a hypodermic syringe, a pipette, and the like, for administering the proteins and Listeria strains of the invention to a mammal.
“Complementary” as used herein refers to the broad concept of subunit sequence complementarity between two nucleic acids, e.g., two DNA molecules. When a nucleotide position in both of the molecules is occupied by nucleotides normally capable of base pairing with each other, then the nucleic acids are considered to be complementary to each other at this position. Thus, two nucleic acids are complementary to each other when a substantial number (at least 50%) of corresponding positions in each of the molecules are occupied by nucleotides which normally base pair with each other (e.g., A:T and G:C nucleotide pairs). As defined herein, an antisense sequence is complementary to the sequence of a double stranded DNA molecule encoding a protein. It is not necessary that the antisense sequence be complementary solely to the coding portion of the coding strand of the DNA molecule. The antisense sequence may be complementary to regulatory sequences specified on the coding strand of a DNA molecule encoding a protein, which regulatory sequences control expression of the coding sequences.
A “coding region” of a gene consists of the nucleotide residues of the coding strand of the gene and the nucleotides of the non-coding strand of the gene which are homologous with or complementary to, respectively, the coding region of an mRNA molecule which is produced by transcription of the gene.
A “coding region” of an mRNA molecule also consists of the nucleotide residues of the mRNA molecule which are matched with an anticodon region of a transfer RNA molecule during translation of the mRNA molecule or which encode a stop codon. The coding region may thus include nucleotide residues corresponding to amino acid residues which are not present in the mature protein encoded by the mRNA molecule (e.g., amino acid residues in a protein export signal sequence).
“Encoding” refers to the inherent property of specific sequences of nucleotides in a polynucleotide, such as a gene, a cDNA, or an mRNA, to serve as templates for synthesis of other polymers and macromolecules in biological processes having either a defined sequence of nucleotides (i.e., rRNA, tRNA and mRNA) or a defined sequence of amino acids and the biological properties resulting therefrom. Thus, a gene encodes a protein if transcription and translation of mRNA corresponding to that gene produces the protein in a cell or other biological system. Both the coding strand, the nucleotide sequence of which is identical to the mRNA sequence and is usually provided in sequence listings, and the non-coding strand, used as the template for transcription of a gene or cDNA, can be referred to as encoding the protein or other product of that gene or cDNA.
Unless otherwise specified, a “nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence” includes all nucleotide sequences that are degenerate versions of each other and that encode the same amino acid sequence. Nucleotide sequences that encode proteins and RNA may include introns.
“Expression vector” refers to a vector comprising a recombinant polynucleotide comprising expression control sequences operatively linked to a nucleotide sequence to be expressed. An expression vector comprises sufficient cis-acting elements for expression; other elements for expression can be supplied by the host cell or in an in vitro expression system. Expression vectors include all those known in the art, such as cosmids, plasmids (e.g., naked or contained in liposomes) and viruses (e.g., retroviruses, adenoviruses, and adeno-associated viruses) that incorporate the recombinant polynucleotide.
A “fusion protein” as used herein refers to a protein wherein the protein comprises two or more proteins linked together by peptide bonds or other chemical bonds. The proteins can be linked together directly by a peptide or other chemical bond, or with one or more amino acids between the two or more proteins, referred to herein as a spacer.
“Fragment” is used herein to refer to a protein, peptide, or nucleic acid that is shorter or comprises fewer amino acids or nucleotides than the full length protein, peptide, or nucleic acid. By way of example, a fragment of a protein comprises less than the full length protein.
A “genomic DNA” is a DNA strand which has a nucleotide sequence homologous with a gene. By way of example, both a fragment of a chromosome and a cDNA derived by reverse transcription of a mammalian mRNA are genomic DNAs.
“Homologous” as used herein, refers to the subunit sequence similarity between two polymeric molecules, e.g., between two nucleic acid molecules, e.g., two DNA molecules or two RNA molecules, or between two polypeptide molecules. When a subunit position in both of the two molecules is occupied by the same monomeric subunit, e.g., if a position in each of two DNA molecules is occupied by adenine, then they are homologous at that position. The homology between two sequences is a direct function of the number of matching or homologous positions, e.g., if half (e.g., five positions in a polymer ten subunits in length) of the positions in two compound sequences are homologous then the two sequences are 50% homologous, if 90% of the positions, e.g., 9 of 10, are matched or homologous, the two sequences share 90% homology. By way of example, the DNA sequences 3′ATTGCC5′ and 3′TATGGC share 50% homology.
As used herein, “homology” is used synonymously with “identity.”
In addition, when the terms “homology” or “identity” are used herein to refer to the nucleic acids and proteins, it should be construed to be applied to homology or identity at both the nucleic acid and the amino acid sequence levels.
As used herein, the terms “gene” and “recombinant gene” refer to nucleic acid molecules comprising an open reading frame encoding a polypeptide of the invention. Such natural allelic variations can typically result in 1-5% variance in the nucleotide sequence of a given gene. Alternative alleles can be identified by sequencing the gene of interest in a number of different individuals or organisms. This can be readily carried out by using hybridization probes to identify the same genetic locus in a variety of individuals or organisms. Any and all such nucleotide variations and resulting amino acid polymorphisms or variations that are the result of natural allelic variation and that do not alter the functional activity are intended to be within the scope of the invention.
“Immunogenicity”′ is used herein to refer to the innate ability of an antigen or organism to elicit an immune response in an animal when the antigen or organism is administered to the animal. Thus, “enhancing the immunogenicity” refers to increasing the ability of an antigen or organism to elicit an immune response in an animal when the antigen or organism is administered to an animal. The increased ability of an antigen or organism to elicit an immune response can be measured by, among other things, a greater number of antibodies to an antigen or organism, a greater diversity of antibodies to an antigen or organism, a greater number of T-cells specific for an antigen or organism, a greater cytotoxic or helper T-cell response to an antigen or organism, and the like.
As used herein, an “instructional material” includes a publication, a recording, a diagram, or any other medium of expression which can be used to communicate the usefulness of the composition of the invention for its designated use. The instructional material of the kit of the invention may, for example, be affixed to a container which contains the composition or be shipped together with a container which contains the composition. Alternatively, the instructional material may be shipped separately from the container with the intention that the instructional material and the composition be used cooperatively by the recipient.
An “isolated nucleic acid” refers to a nucleic acid segment or fragment which has been separated from sequences which flank it in a naturally occurring state, e.g., a DNA fragment which has been removed from the sequences which are normally adjacent to the fragment, e.g., the sequences adjacent to the fragment in a genome in which it naturally occurs. The term also applies to nucleic acids which have been substantially purified from other components which naturally accompany the nucleic acid, e.g., RNA or DNA or proteins, which naturally accompany it in the cell. The term therefore includes, for example, a recombinant DNA which is incorporated into a vector, into an autonomously replicating plasmid or virus, or into the genomic DNA of a prokaryote or eukaryote, or which exists as a separate molecule (e.g., as a cDNA or a genomic or cDNA fragment produced by PCR or restriction enzyme digestion) independent of other sequences. It also includes a recombinant DNA which is part of a hybrid gene encoding additional polypeptide sequence.
In the context of the present invention, the following abbreviations for the commonly occurring nucleic acid bases are used. “A” refers to adenosine, “C” refers to cytidine, “G” refers to guanosine, “T” refers to thymidine, and “U” refers to uridine.
A “Listeria vaccine strain” is used herein to refer to a recombinant Listeria organism that expresses a heterologous antigen.
By describing two polynucleotides as “operably linked” is meant that a single-stranded or double-stranded nucleic acid moiety comprises the two polynucleotides arranged within the nucleic acid moiety in such a manner that at least one of the two polynucleotides is able to exert a physiological effect by which it is characterized upon the other. By way of example, a promoter operably linked to the coding region of a gene is able to promote transcription of the coding region.
Preferably, when the nucleic acid encoding the desired protein further comprises a promoter/regulatory sequence, the promoter/regulatory is positioned at the 5′ end of the desired protein coding sequence such that it drives expression of the desired protein in a cell. Together, the nucleic acid encoding the desired protein and its promoter/regulatory sequence comprise a “transgene.”
As used herein, the term “promoter/regulatory sequence” means a nucleic acid sequence which is required for expression of a gene product operably linked to the promoter/regulatory sequence. In some instances, this sequence may be the core promoter sequence and in other instances, this sequence may also include an enhancer sequence and other regulatory elements which are required for expression of the gene product. The promoter/regulatory sequence may, for example, be one which expresses the gene product in a tissue specific manner.
A “constitutive” promoter is a nucleotide sequence which, when operably linked with a polynucleotide which encodes or specifies a gene product, causes the gene product to be produced in a living human cell under most or all physiological conditions of the cell.
An “inducible” promoter is a nucleotide sequence which, when operably linked with a polynucleotide which encodes or specifies a gene product, causes the gene product to be produced in a living cell substantially only when an inducer which corresponds to the promoter is present in the cell.
A “tissue-specific” promoter is a nucleotide sequence which, when operably linked with a polynucleotide which encodes or specifies a gene product, causes the gene product to be produced in a living human cell substantially only if the cell is a cell of the tissue type corresponding to the promoter.
A “polyadenylation sequence” is a polynucleotide sequence which directs the addition of a poly A tail onto a transcribed messenger RNA sequence.
A “polynucleotide” means a single strand or parallel and anti-parallel strands of a nucleic acid. Thus, a polynucleotide may be either a single-stranded or a double-stranded nucleic acid.
The term “nucleic acid” typically refers to large polynucleotides.
The term “oligonucleotide” typically refers to short polynucleotides, generally, no greater than about 50 nucleotides. It will be understood that when a nucleotide sequence is represented by a DNA sequence (i.e., A, T, G, C), this also includes an RNA sequence (i.e., A, U, G, C) in which “U” replaces “T.”
Conventional notation is used herein to describe polynucleotide sequences: the left-hand end of a single-stranded polynucleotide sequence is the 5′-end; the left-hand direction of a double-stranded polynucleotide sequence is referred to as the 5′-direction.
The direction of 5′ to 3′ addition of nucleotides to nascent RNA transcripts is referred to as the transcription direction. The DNA strand having the same sequence as an mRNA is referred to as the “coding strand”; sequences on the DNA strand which are located 5′ to a reference point on the DNA are referred to as “upstream sequences”; sequences on the DNA strand which are 3′ to a reference point on the DNA are referred to as “downstream sequences.”
A “portion” of a polynucleotide means at least at least about twenty sequential nucleotide residues of the polynucleotide. It is understood that a portion of a polynucleotide may include every nucleotide residue of the polynucleotide.
“Primer” refers to a polynucleotide that is capable of specifically hybridizing to a designated polynucleotide template and providing a point of initiation for synthesis of a complementary polynucleotide. Such synthesis occurs when the polynucleotide primer is placed under conditions in which synthesis is induced, i.e., in the presence of nucleotides, a complementary polynucleotide template, and an agent for polymerization such as DNA polymerase. A primer is typically single-stranded, but may be double-stranded. Primers are typically deoxyribonucleic acids, but a wide variety of synthetic and naturally occurring primers are useful for many applications. A primer is complementary to the template to which it is designed to hybridize to serve as a site for the initiation of synthesis, but need not reflect the exact sequence of the template. In such a case, specific hybridization of the primer to the template depends on the stringency of the hybridization conditions. Primers can be labeled with, e.g., chromogenic, radioactive, or fluorescent moieties and used as detectable moieties.
“Recombinant polynucleotide” refers to a polynucleotide having sequences that are not naturally joined together. An amplified or assembled recombinant polynucleotide may be included in a suitable vector, and the vector can be used to transform a suitable host cell.
A recombinant polynucleotide may serve a non-coding function (e.g., promoter, origin of replication, ribosome-binding site, etc.) as well.
A “recombinant polypeptide” is one which is produced upon expression of a recombinant polynucleotide.
“Polypeptide” refers to a polymer composed of amino acid residues, related naturally occurring structural variants, and synthetic non-naturally occurring analogs thereof linked via peptide bonds, related naturally occurring structural variants, and synthetic non-naturally occurring analogs thereof. Synthetic polypeptides can be synthesized, for example, using an automated polypeptide synthesizer.
The term “protein” typically refers to large polypeptides.
The term “peptide” typically refers to short polypeptides.
Conventional notation is used herein to portray polypeptide sequences: the left-hand end of a polypeptide sequence is the amino-terminus; the right-hand end of a polypeptide sequence is the carboxyl-terminus.
“Transform”, “transforming”, and “transformation” is used herein to refer to a process of introducing an isolated nucleic acid into the interior of an organism.
Methods and Compositions
Listeriolysin O (LLO) binds to cholesterol-containing membranes wherein it oligomerizes to form pores. The oligomerization is dependent on the presence of a reduced cystine residue at position 484 in the sequence that is required for oligomerization. The hly gene encodes a proprotein of 529 residues (GenBank Accession No. P13128), the first 25 amino acids are the signal sequence and are cleaved from LLO when it is secreted by the bacterium. Thus, the full length active LLO protein is approximately 504 residues. For purposes of the present invention, by “truncated LLO or .DELTA.LLO” it is meant a fragment of LLO which does not contain the activation domain at the amino terminus and does not include cystine 484.
The present invention also relates to methods and compositions for enhancing cell mediated or anti-tumor immunity of a selected antigen by fusion of the selected antigen to a PEST-like amino acid sequence derived from a prokaryotic organism. For purposes of the present invention, by “PEST-like amino acid sequence” it is meant a peptide rich in the amino acids proline (P), glutamic acid (E), serine (S) and threonine (T). In a preferred embodiment the PEST-like amino acid sequence is derived from the amino acid terminus of Listeriolysin O (LLO), a hemolytic virulence factor of L. monocytogenes. In a more preferred embodiment, the PEST-like amino acid sequence comprises KENSISSMAPPASPPASPKTPIEKKHADEIDK (SEQ ID NO:1).
Enhanced cell mediated immunity was demonstrated for fusion proteins comprising an antigen and truncated LLO containing the PEST-like amino acid sequence, SEQ ID NO: 1. The .DELTA.LLO used in these experiments was 416 amino acids long as 88 residues from the amino terminus which is inclusive of the activation domain containing cystine 484 were truncated. However, it is believed that other .DELTA.LLOs without the activation domain, and in particular cystine 484, will also be effective. More particularly, it is believed that fusion of an antigen to any .DELTA.LLO including the PEST-like amino acid sequence, SEQ ID NO: 1, can enhance cell mediated and anti-tumor immunity of the antigen.
Enhanced immunogenicity of an antigen following fusion to a non-hemolytic truncated form of listeriolysin O was demonstrated. Specifically, experiments have been performed demonstrating that an L. monocytogenes vector that expresses and secretes a fusion product of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) strain 16 E7 and listeriolysin, which comprises the PEST-like amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:1, is a much more potent cancer immunotherapeutic for HPV immortalized tumors than a strain of L. monocytogenes that secretes the E7 protein alone. Experiments were also performed demonstrating that a recombinant vaccinia virus that carries the gene for the fusion protein LLO-E7 which contains the PEST-like amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 is a much more potent cancer immunotherapeutic for HPV immortalized tumors than an isogenic strain of vaccinia that carries the gene for E7 protein alone. In comparison, a short fusion protein Lm-AZ/-E7 comprising the E7 antigen fused to the promoter, signal sequence and the first 7 amino acid residues of LLO was an ineffective anti-tumor immunotherapeutic. This short fusion protein terminates directly before the PEST-like sequence and does not contain it.
The present invention comprises an antigen fused to a truncated ActA protein, or fragment thereof. This is because, as demonstrated by the data disclosed herein, an antigen fused to a truncated ActA protein, or fragment thereof, when administered to an animal results in, among other things, clearing of existing tumors, and the induction of antigen specific CD8.sup.+cells capable of infiltrating infected or tumor cells. Therefore, as demonstrated by the data disclosed herein, ActA has the function or activity of enhancing the immunogenicity of an antigen. Thus the present invention includes a fusion protein comprising an antigen fused to a truncated ActA protein, or fragment thereof. Fusion proteins comprising an antigen may be prepared by any suitable method, including, for example, cloning and restriction of appropriate sequences or direct chemical synthesis by methods discussed below. Alternatively, subsequences may be cloned and the appropriate subsequences cleaved using appropriate restriction enzymes. The fragments may then be ligated to produce the desired DNA sequence. Preferably, DNA encoding the antigen can be produced using DNA amplification methods, for example polymerase chain reaction (PCR). First, the segments of the native DNA on either side of the new terminus are amplified separately. The 5′ end of the one amplified sequence encodes the peptide linker, while the 3′ end of the other amplified sequence also encodes the peptide linker. Since the 5′ end of the first fragment is complementary to the 3′ end of the second fragment, the two fragments (after partial purification, e.g. on LMP agarose) can be used as an overlapping template in a third PCR reaction. The amplified sequence will contain codons, the segment on the carboxy side of the opening site (now forming the amino sequence), the linker, and the sequence on the amino side of the opening site (now forming the carboxyl sequence). The antigen can then be ligated into a plasmid.
The truncated ActA protein, or fragment thereof, and the antigen can be conjugated by any of a number of means well known to those of skill in the art. Typically the antigen is conjugated, either directly or through a linker (spacer), to the ActA protein. However, where both the antigen and the ActA protein are polypeptides it is preferable to recombinantly express the chimeric molecule as a single-chain fusion protein.
Where the ActA protein and/or the antigen is relatively short (i.e., less than about 50 amino acids) they may be synthesized using standard chemical peptide synthesis techniques. Where both molecules are relatively short the chimeric molecule may be synthesized as a single contiguous polypeptide. Alternatively the ActA protein and the antigen may be synthesized separately and then fused by condensation of the amino terminus of one molecule with the carboxyl terminus of the other molecule thereby forming a peptide bond. Alternatively, the ActA protein and antigen can each be condensed with one end of a peptide spacer molecule thereby forming a contiguous fusion protein.
The peptides and proteins (i.e. truncated ActA and an antigen) of the present invention may be readily prepared by standard, well-established solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) as described by Stewart et al. in Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis, 2nd Edition, 1984, Pierce Chemical Company, Rockford, Ill.; and as described by Bodanszky and Bodanszky (The Practice of Peptide Synthesis, 1984, Springer-Verlag, New York). At the outset, a suitably protected amino acid residue is attached through its carboxyl group to a derivatized, insoluble polymeric support, such as cross-linked polystyrene or polyamide resin. “Suitably protected” refers to the presence of protecting groups on both the alpha-amino group of the amino acid, and on any side chain functional groups. Side chain protecting groups are generally stable to the solvents, reagents and reaction conditions used throughout the synthesis, and are removable under conditions which will not affect the final peptide product. Stepwise synthesis of the oligopeptide is carried out by the removal of the N-protecting group from the initial amino acid, and couple thereto of the carboxyl end of the next amino acid in the sequence of the desired peptide. This amino acid is also suitably protected. The carboxyl of the incoming amino acid can be activated to react with the N-terminus of the support-bound amino acid by formation into a reactive group such as formation into a carbodiimide, a symmetric acid anhydride or an “active ester” group such as hydroxybenzotriazole or pentafluorophenyl esters.
Examples of solid phase peptide synthesis methods include the BOC method which utilized tert-butyloxcarbonyl as the alpha-amino protecting group, and the FMOC method which utilizes 9-fluorenylmethyloxcarbonyl to protect the alpha-amino of the amino acid residues, both methods of which are well-known by those of skill in the art.
Incorporation of N- and/or C-blocking groups can also be achieved using protocols conventional to solid phase peptide synthesis methods. For incorporation of C-terminal blocking groups, for example, synthesis of the desired peptide is typically performed using, as solid phase, a supporting resin that has been chemically modified so that cleavage from the resin results in a peptide having the desired C-terminal blocking group. To provide peptides in which the C-terminus bears a primary amino blocking group, for instance, synthesis is performed using a p-methylbenzhydrylamine (MBHA) resin so that, when peptide synthesis is completed, treatment with hydrofluoric acid releases the desired C-terminally amidated peptide. Similarly, incorporation of an N-methylamine blocking group at the C-terminus is achieved using N-methylaminoethyl-derivatized DVB, resin, which upon HF treatment releases a peptide bearing an N-methylamidated C-terminus. Blockage of the C-terminus by esterification can also be achieved using conventional procedures. This entails use of resin/blocking group combination that permits release of side-chain peptide from the resin, to allow for subsequent reaction with the desired alcohol, to form the ester function. FMOC protecting group, in combination with DVB resin derivatized with methoxyalkoxybenzyl alcohol or equivalent linker, can be used for this purpose, with cleavage from the support being effected by TFA in dichloromethane. Esterification of the suitably activated carboxyl function e.g. with DCC, can then proceed by addition of the desired alcohol, followed by deprotection and isolation of the esterified peptide product.
Incorporation of N-terminal blocking groups can be achieved while the synthesized peptide is still attached to the resin, for instance by treatment with a suitable anhydride and nitrile. To incorporate an acetyl blocking group at the N-terminus, for instance, the resin coupled peptide can be treated with 20% acetic anhydride in acetonitrile. The N-blocked peptide product can then be cleaved from the resin, deprotected and subsequently isolated.
To ensure that the peptide obtained from either chemical or biological synthetic techniques is the desired peptide, analysis of the peptide composition should be conducted. Such amino acid composition analysis may be conducted using high resolution mass spectrometry to determine the molecular weight of the peptide. Alternatively, or additionally, the amino acid content of the peptide can be confirmed by hydrolyzing the peptide in aqueous acid, and separating, identifying and quantifying the components of the mixture using HPLC, or an amino acid analyzer. Protein sequencers, which sequentially degrade the peptide and identify the amino acids in order, may also be used to determine definitely the sequence of the peptide.
Prior to its use, the peptide is purified to remove contaminants. In this regard, it will be appreciated that the peptide will be purified so as to meet the standards set out by the appropriate regulatory agencies and guidelines. Any one of a number of a conventional purification procedures may be used to attain the required level of purity including, for example, reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) using an alkylated silica column such as C.sub.4-, C.sub.8- or C.sub.18-silica. A gradient mobile phase of increasing organic content is generally used to achieve purification, for example, acetonitrile in an aqueous buffer, usually containing a small amount of trifluoroacetic acid. Ion-exchange chromatography can be also used to separate peptides based on their charge.
Solid phase synthesis in which the C-terminal amino acid of the sequence is attached to an insoluble support followed by sequential addition of the remaining amino acids in the sequence is the preferred method for the chemical synthesis of the polypeptides of this invention. Techniques for solid phase synthesis are described by Barany and Merrifield in Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis; pp. 3-284 in The Peptides: Analysis, Synthesis, Biology. Vol. 2: Special Methods in Peptide Synthesis, Part A., Merrifield, et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 85: 2149-2156 (1963), and Stewart et al., Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis, 2nd ed. Pierce Chem. Co., Rockford, Ill. (1984).
Further, the chimeric fusion proteins of the present invention can be synthesized using recombinant DNA methodology. Generally this involves creating a DNA sequence that encodes the fusion protein, placing the DNA in an expression cassette, such as the plasmid of the present invention, under the control of a particular promoter/regulatory element, and expressing the protein.
DNA encoding the fusion protein (e.g. truncated ActA/antigen) of the present invention may be prepared by any suitable method, including, for example, cloning and restriction of appropriate sequences or direct chemical synthesis by methods such as the phosphotriester method of Narang et al. (1979, Meth. Enzymol. 68: 90-99); the phosphodiester method of Brown et al. (1979, Meth. Enzymol 68: 109-151); the diethylphosphoramidite method of Beaucage et al. (1981, Tetra. Lett., 22: 1859-1862); and the solid support method of U.S. Pat. No. 4,458,066.
Chemical synthesis produces a single stranded oligonucleotide. This may be converted into double stranded DNA by hybridization with a complementary sequence, or by polymerization with a DNA polymerase using the single strand as a template. One of skill in the art would recognize that while chemical synthesis of DNA is limited to sequences of about 100 bases, longer sequences may be obtained by the ligation of shorter sequences.
Alternatively, subsequences may be cloned and the appropriate subsequences cleaved using appropriate restriction enzymes. The fragments may then be ligated to produce the desired DNA sequence.
The present invention includes an isolated nucleic acid encoding a truncated ActA molecule, or a fragment thereof, fused to an antigen, wherein the nucleic acid is at least about 80% homologous, more preferably at least about 90% homologous with a nucleic acid having the sequence of SEQ ID NO:24. Preferably, the nucleic acid is at least about 95% homologous, more preferably at least about 96% homologous with a nucleic acid having the sequence of SEQ ID NO:24, more preferably at least about 97% homologous with a nucleic acid having the sequence of SEQ ID NO:24, more preferably at least about 98% homologous with a nucleic acid having the sequence of SEQ ID NO:24, more preferably at least about 99% homologous with a nucleic acid having the sequence of SEQ ID NO:24, most preferably, about 99.9% homologous to SEQ ID NO:24, disclosed herein. Even more preferably, the nucleic acid is SEQ ID NO:24. The isolated nucleic acid of the invention should be construed to include an RNA or a DNA sequence encoding an ActA protein of the invention, and any modified forms thereof, including chemical modifications of the DNA or RNA which render the nucleotide sequence more stable when it is cell free or when it is associated with a cell. Chemical modifications of nucleotides may also be used to enhance the efficiency with which a nucleotide sequence is taken up by a cell or the efficiency with which it is expressed in a cell. Such modifications are detailed elsewhere herein. Any and all combinations of modifications of the nucleotide sequences are contemplated in the present invention.
In other related aspects, the invention includes an isolated nucleic acid encoding a truncated ActA protein and an isolated nucleic acid encoding an antigen operably linked to a nucleic acid comprising a promoter/regulatory sequence such that the nucleic acid is preferably capable of directing expression of the protein encoded by the nucleic acid. Thus, the invention encompasses expression vectors and methods for the introduction of exogenous DNA into cells with concomitant expression of the exogenous DNA in the cells such as those described, for example, in Sambrook et al. (1989, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York), and in Ausubel et al. (1997, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, New York).
Expression of a truncated ActA protein and an antigen, either alone or fused to a detectable tag polypeptide in a cell or mammal may be accomplished by generating a plasmid, viral, or other type of vector comprising the desired nucleic acid operably linked to a promoter/regulatory sequence which serves to drive expression of the protein, with or without tag, in cells in which the vector is introduced. Many promoter/regulatory sequences useful for driving constitutive expression of a gene are available in the art and include, but are not limited to, for example, the cytomegalovirus immediate early promoter enhancer sequence, the SV40 early promoter, both of which were used in the experiments disclosed herein, as well as the Rous sarcoma virus promoter, and the like. Moreover, inducible and tissue specific expression of the nucleic acid encoding a truncated ActA protein and an antigen may be accomplished by placing the nucleic acid encoding a truncated ActA protein and an antigen, with or without a tag, under the control of an inducible or tissue specific promoter/regulatory sequence. Examples of tissue specific or inducible promoter/regulatory sequences which are useful for his purpose include, but are not limited to the MMTV LTR inducible promoter, and the SV40 late enhancer/promoter. In addition, promoters which are well known in the art which are induced in response to inducing agents such as metals, glucocorticoids, and the like, are also contemplated in the invention. Thus, it will be appreciated that the invention includes the use of any promoter/regulatory sequence, which is either known or unknown, and which is capable of driving expression of the desired protein operably linked thereto.
Expressing a truncated ActA protein and an antigen using a vector allows the isolation of large amounts of recombinantly produced protein. Selection of any particular plasmid vector or other DNA vector is not a limiting factor in this invention and a wide plethora of vectors are well-known in the art. Further, it is well within the skill of the artisan to choose particular promoter/regulatory sequences and operably link those promoter/regulatory sequences to a DNA sequence encoding a desired polypeptide. Such technology is well known in the art and is described, for example, in Sambrook et al. (1989, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York), and in Ausubel et al. (1997, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, New York).
The invention thus includes a vector comprising an isolated nucleic acid encoding a truncated ActA protein and an antigen. The incorporation of a desired nucleic acid into a vector and the choice of vectors is well-known in the art as described in, for example, Sambrook et al. (1989, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York), and in Ausubel et al. (1997, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, New York).
The invention also includes cells, viruses, proviruses, and the like, containing such vectors. Methods for producing cells comprising vectors and/or exogenous nucleic acids are well-known in the art. See, for example, Sambrook et al. (1989, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York), and in Ausubel et al. (1997, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, New York).
The nucleic acids encoding a truncated ActA protein and an antigen may be cloned into various plasmid vectors. However, the present invention should not be construed to be limited to plasmids or to any particular vector. Instead, the present invention should be construed to encompass a wide plethora of vectors which are readily available and/or well-known in the art.
The present invention further includes a truncated ActA polypeptide, or a fragment thereof, fused to an antigen, wherein the polypeptide is at least about 80% homologous, more preferably at least about 90% homologous with a polypeptide sequence having the sequence of SEQ ID NO:23. Preferably, the polypeptide is at least about 95% homologous, more preferably at least about 96% homologous with a polypeptide having the sequence of SEQ ID NO:23, more preferably at least about 97% homologous with a polypeptide having the sequence of SEQ ID NO:23, more preferably at least about 98% homologous with a polypeptide having the sequence of SEQ ID NO:23, more preferably at least about 99% homologous with a polypeptide having the sequence of SEQ ID NO:23, most preferably, about 99.9% homologous to SEQ ID NO:23, disclosed herein. Even more preferably, the polypeptide is SEQ ID NO:23.
The present invention should not be construed as being limited solely to the nucleic and amino acid sequences disclosed herein. Once armed with the present invention, it is readily apparent to one skilled in the art that other nucleic acids encoding an ActA protein fused to an antigen can be obtained by following the procedures described herein in the experimental details section for the generation of other ActA/antigen fusion proteins as disclosed herein (e.g., site-directed mutagenesis, frame shift mutations, and the like), and procedures that are well-known in the art or to be developed.
Further, any other number of procedures may be used for the generation of derivative or variant forms of an ActA/antigen fusion protein using recombinant DNA methodology well known in the art such as, for example, that described in Sambrook et al. (1989, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York) and Ausubel et al. (1997, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Green & Wiley, New York), and elsewhere herein.
Procedures for the introduction of amino acid changes in a protein or polypeptide by altering the DNA sequence encoding the polypeptide are well known in the art and are also described in Sambrook et al. (1989, supra); Ausubel et al. (1997, supra).
The invention includes a nucleic acid encoding an ActA/antigen fusion protein wherein a nucleic acid encoding a tag polypeptide is covalently linked thereto. That is, the invention encompasses a chimeric nucleic acid wherein the nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag polypeptide is covalently linked to the nucleic acid encoding an ActA/antigen fusion protein. Such tag polypeptides are well known in the art and include, for instance, green fluorescent protein (GFP), myc, myc-pyruvate kinase (myc-PK), His.sub.6, maltose biding protein (MBP), an influenza virus hemagglutinin tag polypeptide, a flag tag polypeptide (FLAG), and a glutathione-S-transferase (GST) tag polypeptide. However, the invention should in no way be construed to be limited to the nucleic acids encoding the above-listed tag polypeptides. Rather, any nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide which may function in a manner substantially similar to these tag polypeptides should be construed to be included in the present invention.
The nucleic acid comprising a nucleic acid encoding a tag polypeptide can be used to localize an ActA/antigen fusion protein within a cell, a tissue, and/or a whole organism (e.g., a mammalian embryo), detect an ActA/antigen fusion protein secreted from a cell, and to study the role(s) of an ActA/antigen fusion protein in a cell. Further, addition of a tag polypeptide facilitates isolation and purification of the “tagged” protein such that the proteins of the invention can be produced and purified readily.
As an example, DNA encoding the fusion protein of the present invention may be cloned using DNA amplification methods such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Thus, the gene for truncated ActA is PCR amplified, using a sense primer comprising a suitable restriction site and an antisense primer comprising another restriction site, preferably a non-identical restriction site to facilitate cloning. The same is repeated for the isolated nucleic acid encoding an antigen. Ligation of the truncated ActA and antigen sequences and insertion into a plasmid or vector produces a vector encoding truncated ActA joined to a terminus of the antigen. The two molecules are joined either directly or by a short spacer introduced by the restriction site.
While the two molecules are preferably essentially directly joined together, one of skill will appreciate that the molecules may be separated by a peptide spacer consisting of one or more amino acids. Generally the spacer will have no specific biological activity other than to join the proteins or to preserve some minimum distance or other spatial relationship between them. However, the constituent amino acids of the spacer may be selected to influence some property of the molecule such as the folding, net charge, or hydrophobicity.
The present invention comprises a truncated ActA protein, or fragment thereof, fused to an antigen. Methods for the fusion of an antigen to an ActA protein are disclosed elsewhere herein. The truncated ActA protein, or fragment thereof, of the present invention comprises the ActA amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:23. The skilled artisan will recognize that the ActA protein of the present invention need not be that which is set forth exactly in SEQ ID NO:23, but rather that other alterations, modifications, or changes can be made that retain the functional characteristics of an ActA protein fused to an antigen as set forth elsewhere herein.
It will be appreciated, of course, that the peptides may incorporate amino acid residues which are modified without affecting activity. For example, the termini may be derivatized to include blocking groups, i.e. chemical substituents suitable to protect and/or stabilize the N- and C-termini from “undesirable degradation”, a term meant to encompass any type of enzymatic, chemical or biochemical breakdown of the compound at its termini which is likely to affect the function of the compound, i.e. sequential degradation of the compound at a terminal end thereof.
Blocking groups include protecting groups conventionally used in the art of peptide chemistry which will not adversely affect the in vivo activities of the peptide. For example, suitable N-terminal blocking groups can be introduced by alkylation or acylation of the N-terminus. Examples of suitable N-terminal blocking groups include C.sub.1-C.sub.5 branched or unbranched alkyl groups, acyl groups such as formyl and acetyl groups, as well as substituted forms thereof, such as the acetamidomethyl (Acm) group. Desamino analogs of amino acids are also useful N-terminal blocking groups, and can either be coupled to the N-terminus of the peptide or used in place of the N-terminal reside. Suitable C-terminal blocking groups, in which the carboxyl group of the C-terminus is either incorporated or not, include esters, ketones or amides. Ester or ketone-forming alkyl groups, particularly lower alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl and propyl, and amide-forming amino groups such as primary amines (—NH.sub.2), and mono- and di-alkyl amino groups such as methyl amino, ethylamino, dimethylamino, diethylamino, methylethylamino and the like are examples of C-terminal blocking groups. Descarboxylated amino acid analogues such as agmatine are also useful C-terminal blocking groups and can be either coupled to the peptide's C-terminal residue or used in place of it. Further, it will be appreciated that the free amino and carboxyl groups at the termini can be removed altogether from the peptide to yield desamino and descarboxylated forms thereof without affect on peptide activity.
Other modifications can also be incorporated without adversely affecting the activity and these include, but are not limited to, substitution of one or more of the amino acids in the natural L-isomeric form with amino acids in the D-isomeric form. Thus, the peptide may include one or more D-amino acid resides, or may comprise amino acids which are all in the D-form. Retro-inverso forms of peptides in accordance with the present invention are also contemplated, for example, inverted peptides in which all amino acids are substituted with D-amino acid forms.
Acid addition salts of the present invention are also contemplated as functional equivalents. Thus, a peptide in accordance with the present invention treated with an inorganic acid such as hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, nitric, phosphoric, and the like, or an organic acid such as an acetic, propionic, glycolic, pyruvic, oxalic, malic, malonic, succinic, maleic, fumaric, tartaric, citric, benzoic, cinnamic, mandelic, methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, p-toluenesulfonic, salicyclic and the like, to provide a water soluble salt of the peptide is suitable for use in the invention.
The present invention also provides for analogs of truncated ActA, or fragments thereof, proteins or peptides. Analogs can differ from naturally occurring proteins or peptides by conservative amino acid sequence differences or by modifications which do not affect sequence, or by both.
For example, conservative amino acid changes may be made, which although they alter the primary sequence of the protein or peptide, do not normally alter its function. Conservative amino acid substitutions typically include substitutions within the following groups:
glycine, alanine;
valine, isoleucine, leucine;
aspartic acid, glutamic acid;
asparagine, glutamine;
serine, threonine;
lysine, arginine;
phenylalanine, tyrosine.
Modifications (which do not normally alter primary sequence) include in vivo, or in vitro chemical derivatization of polypeptides, e.g., acetylation, or carboxylation. Also included are modifications of glycosylation, e.g., those made by modifying the glycosylation patterns of a polypeptide during its synthesis and processing or in further processing steps; e.g., by exposing the polypeptide to enzymes which affect glycosylation, e.g., mammalian glycosylating or deglycosylating enzymes. Also embraced are sequences which have phosphorylated amino acid residues, e.g., phosphotyrosine, phosphoserine, or phosphothreonine.
Also included are polypeptides which have been modified using ordinary molecular biological techniques so as to improve their resistance to proteolytic degradation or to optimize solubility properties or to render them more suitable as a therapeutic agent. Analogs of such polypeptides include those containing residues other than naturally occurring L-amino acids, e.g., D-amino acids or non-naturally occurring synthetic amino acids. The peptides of the invention are not limited to products of any of the specific exemplary processes listed herein.
The present invention further comprises an antigen with enhanced immunogenicity. That is, as the data disclosed herein demonstrate, an antigen fused to a truncated ActA protein, or fragment thereof, when administered to an animal, results in a clearance of existing tumors and the induction of antigen specific cytotoxic lymphocytes capable of infiltrating tumor or infected cells. When armed with the present disclosure, and the methods and compositions disclosed herein, the skilled artisan will readily realize that the present invention in amenable to treatment and/or prevention of a multitude of diseases.
The antigen fused to the truncated ActA protein, or fragment thereof is preferably an antigen derived from a tumor or an infectious organism, including, but not limited to fungal pathogens, bacteria, parasites, helminths, viruses, and the like. An antigen comprising the fusion protein of the present invention includes but is not limited to, tetanus toxoid, hemagglutinin molecules from influenza virus, diphtheria toxoid, HIV gp120, HIV gag protein, IgA protease, insulin peptide B, Spongospora subterranea antigen, vibriose antigens, Salmonella antigens, pneumococcus antigens, respiratory syncytial virus antigens, Haemophilus influenza outer membrane proteins, Helicobacter pylori urease, Neisseria meningitidis pilins, N. gonorrhoeae pilins, the melanoma-associated antigens (TRP-2, MAGE-1, MAGE-3, gp-100, tyrosinase, MART-1, HSP-70, beta-HCG), human papilloma virus antigens E1, E2, E6 and E7 from type HPV-16, -18, -31, -33, -35 or 45 human papilloma viruses, the tumor antigens CEA, the ras protein, mutated or otherwise, the p53 protein, mutated or otherwise, Muc1, pSA, the antigens well known in the art from the following diseases; cholera, diphtheria, Haemophilus, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, influenza, measles, meningitis, mumps, pertussis, small pox, pneumococcal pneumonia, polio, rabies, rubella, tetanus, tuberculosis, typhoid, Varicella-zoster, whooping cough, yellow fever, the immunogens and antigens from Addison's disease, allergies, anaphylaxis, Bruton's syndrome, cancer, including solid and blood borne tumors, eczema, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, polymyositis, dermatomyositis, type I diabetes mellitus, acquired immune deficiency syndrome, transplant rejection, such as kidney, heart, pancreas, lung, bone, and liver transplants, Graves' disease, polyendocrine autoimmune disease, hepatitis, microscopic polyarteritis, polyarteritis nodosa, pemphigus, primary biliary cirrhosis, pernicious anemia, coeliac disease, antibody-mediated nephritis, glomerulonephritis, rheumatic diseases, systemic lupus erthematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, seronegative spondylarthritides, rhinitis, sjogren's syndrome, systemic sclerosis, sclerosing cholangitis, Wegener's granulomatosis, dermatitis herpetiformis, psoriasis, vitiligo, multiple sclerosis, encephalomyelitis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, myasthenia gravis, Lambert-Eaton syndrome, sclera, episclera, uveitis, chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, urticaria, transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy, myeloma, X-linked hyper IgM syndrome, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, ataxia telangiectasia, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, autoimmune thrombocytopenia, autoimmune neutropenia, Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia, amyloidosis, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, malarial circumsporozite protein, microbial antigens, viral antigens, autoantigens, and lesteriosis.
Tumor antigens contemplated in the present invention include, but are not limited to, any of the various MAGEs (Melanoma-Associated Antigen E), including MAGE 1 (e.g., GenBank Accession No. M77481), MAGE 2 (e.g., GenBank Accession No. U03735), MAGE 3, MAGE 4, etc.; any of the various tyrosinases; mutant ras; mutant p53 (e.g., GenBank Accession No. X54156 and AA494311); and p97 melanoma antigen (e.g., GenBank Accession No. M12154). Other tumor-specific antigens include the Ras peptide and p53 peptide associated with advanced cancers, the HPV 16/18 and E6/E7 antigens associated with cervical cancers, MUC 1-KLH antigen associated with breast carcinoma (e.g., GenBank Accession No. J0365 1), CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen) associated with colorectal cancer (e.g., GenBank Accession No. X983 11), gp100 (e.g., GenBank Accession No. S73003) or MART1 antigens associated with melanoma, and the PSA antigen associated with prostate cancer (e.g., GenBank Accession No. X14810). The p53 gene sequence is known (See e.g., Harris et al. (1986) Mol. Cell. Biol., 6:4650-4656) and is deposited with GenBank under Accession No. M14694. Tumor antigens encompassed by the present invention further include, but are not limited to, Her-2/Neu (e.g. GenBank Accession Nos. M16789.1, M16790.1, M16791.1, M16792.1), NY-ESO-1 (e.g. GenBank Accession No. U87459), hTERT (aka telomerase) (GenBank Accession. Nos. NM003219 (variant 1), NM198255 (variant 2), NM 198253 (variant 3), and NM 198254 (variant 4), proteinase 3 (e.g. GenBank Accession Nos. M29142, M75154, M96839, X55668, NM 00277, M96628 and X56606) HPV E6 and E7 (e.g. GenBank Accession No. NC 001526) and WT-1 (e.g. GenBank Accession Nos. NM000378 (variant A), NM024424 (variant B), NM 024425 (variant C), and NM024426 (variant D)). Thus, the present invention can be used as immunotherapeutics for cancers including, but not limited to, cervical, breast, colorectal, prostate, lung cancers, and for melanomas.
The present invention further includes, but is not limited to the antigens from the following infectious diseases; measles, mumps, rubella, poliomyelitis, hepatitis A, B (e.g., GenBank Accession No. E02707), and C (e.g., GenBank Accession No. E06890), as well as other hepatitis viruses, influenza, adenovirus (e.g., types 4 and 7), rabies (e.g., GenBank Accession No. M34678), yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis (e.g., GenBank Accession No. E07883), dengue (e.g., GenBank Accession No. M24444), hantavirus, and HIV (e.g., GenBank Accession No. U18552). Bacterial and parasitic antigens will be derived from known causative agents responsible for diseases including, but not limited to, diphtheria, pertussis (e.g., GenBank Accession No. M35274), tetanus (e.g., GenBank Accession No. M64353), tuberculosis, bacterial and fungal pneumonias (e.g., Haemophilus influenzae, Pneumocystis carinii, etc.), cholera, typhoid, plague, shigellosis, salmonellosis (e.g., GenBank Accession No. L03833), Legionnaire's Disease, Lyme disease (e.g., GenBank Accession No. U59487), malaria (e.g., GenBank Accession No. X53832), hookworm, onchocerciasis (e.g., GenBank Accession No. M27807), schistosomiasis (e.g., GenBank Accession No. L08198), trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, giardiasis (e.g., GenBank Accession No. M33641), amoebiasis, filariasis (e.g., GenBank Accession No. J03266), borreliosis, and trichinosis.
The antigens of these and other diseases are well known in the art, and the skilled artisan, when equipped with the present disclosure and the methods and techniques described herein will readily be able to construct a fusion protein comprising a truncated ActA protein and an antigen for use in the present invention.
The skilled artisan, when armed with the present disclosure and the data herein, will readily appreciate that a truncated ActA protein, or fragments thereof, can be fused to the antigens enumerated herein, and others well known in the art. While not wishing to be bound by any particular theory, the data disclosed herein demonstrate that an antigen fused to an ActA protein, or fragment thereof, is processed in the cellular cytoplasm and presented in the context of the major histocompatibility complex to effector lymphocytes. Therefore, as is well known by those having knowledge of the fundamental tenets of immunology, an antigen fused to an ActA protein, or fragment thereof, will be degraded through well-known cellular pathways and be displayed on the cell surface for recognition by effector and helper lymphocytes. As is well known in the art, the degradation process results in short peptide sequences presented in the context of the major histocompatibility complex that are subsequently recognized by T-cells, resulting in effector or helper functions. Thus, the secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures of the antigen fused to a truncated ActA protein, or fragment thereof are not necessarily material to the present invention. However the primary amino acid sequence of the antigen is material to the methods and compositions presented herein. As demonstrated by the data disclosed herein, the antigen is recognized by lymphocytes according to short T cell epitopes, the structure of which is not modified, altered, or otherwise changed by fusion to another protein. Thus, while the present invention is described in reference to certain antigens, the skilled artisan will readily appreciate that the present invention is amendable to any antigen disclosed herein or otherwise well known in the art.
In a first set of experiments, the HPV-E7 antigen was expressed in L. monocytogenes. An L. monocytogenes recombinant that expressed E7 was made by chromosomal integration of the E7 gene under the control of the hly promoter and with the inclusion of the hly signal sequence to ensure secretion of the gene product. The site of integration into the chromosome by homologous recombination was into a region that is non-essential for Lm virulence. The scheme for this is depicted in FIG. 1. The expression and secretion of the antigen from the resulting recombinants, Lm-E7, was verified by Western Blot. In addition, therapeutic effects of Lm-E7 were optimized. For example, it was found that the best results were achieved delivering the vaccine orally as compared to parenterally and in a combined protection and regression mode that requires priming with Lm-E7 before tumor challenge and then administering Lm-E7 therapeutically after tumor challenge. Table 1 provides more details for optimized anti-tumor effects observed in this model in three different tumor cell lines, TC-1, C3 and EL-4/E7. Bacteria were delivered orally 14 and 7 days prior to tumor challenge and days 7 and 14 following tumor challenge. Delivery of 10.sup.6 bacteria intraperitoneally in a similar protocol provided no long-term protection. However, better protection was observed when Lm-E7 was delivered orally. More specifically, with this regimen approximately 50% of the animals remained tumor free in perpetuity and immunization seriously retarded tumor growth in all animals.







TABLE 1







Treatment with Lm-E7









Number of tumor free animals versus



total in study (number survived)











105 TC-1 on Day
106 C3 on Day
5 × 105 EL-4/E7, Day


Treatment
60
42
40





108 Lm-E7
3/8 (5)
4/8 (8)
4/8 (6)


108 Lm-Gag
2/8 (2)
0/8 (0)
2/8 (0)


(ZY-


Naive
0/8 (0)
0/8 (0)
1/8 (0)









Animals administered TC-I or EL-4/E7 tumor cells that were tumor free were re-challenged on day 60 with TC-1 or day 40 EL-4/E7, respectively. The two animals in each group that had been immunized with Lm-Gag grew tumors whereas the animals immunized with Lm-E7 remained tumor free until termination of the experiment (day 124 in the case of TC-I and day 54 for EL-4/E7).
Compared to results previously disclosed with Lm-NP and the RENCA, CT-26 and B16F10-NP models (Pan et al., 1995, Cancer Res. 55:4776-4779), the Lm-E7 was less effective than expected. Accordingly, an Lm-E7 construct was prepared in accordance with the method taught for preparation of the Lm-NP construct of Pan et al. (Pan et al., 1995, Cancer Res. 1995 55:4776-4779).
Specifically, a second L. monocytogenes vaccine that expresses a E7 fusion protein, referred to as Lm-LLO-E7, was prepared by complementing a prfA-deletion mutant with a plasmid containing a copy of the prfA gene and a copy of the E7 gene fused to a form of the hly gene truncated to eliminate the hemolytic activity of the enzyme, .DELTA.LLO (see FIG. 2). Functional LLO is maintained by the organism via the endogenous chromosomal copy of hly. The expression and secretion of the fusion protein was verified by Western blot.
The ability of the Lm-LLO-E7 and Lm-E7 vaccine to induce anti-tumor immunity was then compared in a regression model. As shown in Table 2, Lm-LLO-E7 was found to be more effective than Lm-E7. This difference in efficacy is believed to be due to the presence of the PEST-like sequence, SEQ ID NO:1, in Lm-LLO-E7.







TABLE 2







Number of mice cured of TC-1 tumor at conclusion of experiment











Mice TC-1 free at Day
Mice alive at day
Mice alive at day


Treatment
45
45
134





Naive
0/8
0/8
0/8


Lm-LL0-
4/8
8/8
4/8


E7


Lm-E7
0/8
7/8
0/8









Thus, expression of the foreign gene as a fusion protein with .DELTA.LLO enhances the immunogenicity of the antigen.
Additional experiments were performed to compare the ability of Lm-E7 with Lm-LLO-E7 to induce the regression of established sub-cutaneous HPV-16 immortalized tumors from C57B1/6 mice. Results from these experiments are depicted in FIG. 3. In these experiments, mice were immunized i.p. with 0.1 LD.sup.50 with one of four constructs, Lm-E7, Lm-Gag (isogenic with Lm-E7 except for the antigen expressed), Lm-LLO-E7 or Lm-LLO-NP. Lm-LLO-NP is isogenic with Lm-LLO-E7 but expresses influenza antigen. A second immunization was performed on day 14. As can be seen in FIG. 3, 6 of 8 mice immunized with Lm-LLO-E7 were cured of their tumors and remained tumor free. None of the other animals demonstrated any regression of the established tumors. Similar results have been achieved for Lm-LLO-E7 under different immunization protocols. Further, just one immunization has been demonstrated to cure mice of established TC-1 of 5 mm diameter. In order to confirm the generality of the finding that fusing LLO to an antigen confers enhanced immunity, a version of Lm-NP similar to Lm-E7 was constructed. This recombinant was prepared as depicted in FIG. 1 except that influenza nucleoprotein replaced E7 as the antigen. The ability of the new Lm-NP was compared with Lm-LLO-NP (described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,830,702 and prepared as depicted in FIG. 2). Results from these experiments are depicted in FIG. 4. In these experiments, 32 BALB/c mice were inoculated with 5.times.10.sup.5 RENCA-NP tumor cells. RENCA-NP is a renal cell carcinoma retrovirally transduced with influenza nucleoprotein NP (described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,830,702). After palpable macroscopic tumors had grown on day 10, eight animals in each group were immunized i.p. with 0.1 LD.sub.50 with one of three constructs, Lm-NP, Lm-Gag (isogenic with Lm-NP except for the antigen expressed) and Lm-LLO-NP. The animals received a second immunization one week later. Eight animals were left untreated. At the end of the experiment on day 40, all the mice in the naive group had large tumors or had died. Only one mouse in the group that received Lm-Gag and two mice in the group that received Lm-NP were tumor free. This experiment demonstrates that fusing an antigen to LLO is not restricted to E7 and suggests that the form of the antigen is not important.
Additional experiments were performed to confirm the enhanced therapeutic efficacy of a fusion protein comprising the E7 antigen and a truncated form of listeriolysin O. In these experiments a vaccinia vector that expresses E7 as a fusion protein with a non-hemolytic truncated form of listeriolysin O was constructed. The WR strain of vaccinia was used as the recipient and the fusion gene was excised from the listerial plasmid and inserted into pSC11 under the control of the p75 promoter. This vector was chosen because it is the transfer vector used for the vaccinia constructs Vac-SigE7Lamp and Vac-E7 and would therefore allow direct comparison with Vac-LLO-E7. In this way all three vaccinia recombinants would be expressed under control of the same early/late compound promoter p7.5. In addition SC11 allows the selection of recombinant viral plaques to TK selection and beta-galactosidase screening.
FIG. 5 depicts the various vaccinia constructs used in these experiments. Vac-SigE7Lamp is a recombinant vaccinia virus that expressed the E7 protein fused between lysosomal associated membrane protein (LAMP-1) signal sequence and sequence from the cytoplasmic tail of LAMP-1 (Lin et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1995 92:11671-5; Wu et al. Cancer Res. 1996 56:21-6). It was designed to facilitate the targeting of the antigen to the MHC class II pathway.
The following modifications were made to allow expression of the gene product by vaccinia: (a) the T5XT sequence that prevents early transcription by vaccinia was removed from the 5′ portion of the LLO-E7 sequence by PCR; and (b) an additional XmaI restriction site was introduced by PCR to allow the final insertion of LLO-E7 into SC11. Successful introduction of these changes (without loss of the original sequence that encodes for LLO-E7) was verified by sequencing. The resultant pSC1 1-E7 construct was used to transfect the TK-ve cell line CV1 that had been infected with the wildtype vaccinia strain, WR. Cell lysates obtained from this co-infection/transfection step contain vaccinia recombinants that were plaque purified 3 times. Expression of the LLO-E7 fusion product by plaque purified vaccinia was verified by Western blot using an antibody directed against the LLO protein sequence. In addition, the ability of Vac-LLO-E7 to produce CD8.sup.+T cells specific to LLO and E7 was determined using the LLO (91-99) and E7 (49-57) epitopes of Balb/c and C57/BL6 mice, respectively. Results were confirmed in a chromium release assay.
Tumor rejection studies were performed with TC-1 following the same protocol as described herein. Two experiments were performed with differing delays before treatment was started. In one experiment, treatments were initiated when the tumors were about 3 mm in diameter (see FIG. 6). As of day 76, 50% of the Vac-LLO-E7 treated mice are tumor free and 25% of the Vac-SigE7Lamp mice are tumor free.
In a second experiment, TC-1 tumors were grown to a larger size (5 to 6 mm). The LLO-E7 fusion protein based vectors were then compared against a larger number of vectors. Although some of the vaccine groups showed significant temporary regression of TC-1, by day 65 the data demonstrates that Lm-LLO-E7 and Vac-LLO-E7 were the most effective vaccines with respect to the ability to permanently induce the regression of established TC-1. Only 12% of the Vac-SigE7Lamp treated mice were tumor free while 37% of the Vac-LLO-E7 and Lm-LLO-E7 mice were tumor free. All other mice were dead.
Thus, expression of the antigen as a fusion protein with a non-hemolytic truncated form of listeriolysin O in host cell systems in listeria and host cell systems other than listeria results in enhanced immunogenicity of the antigen. While comparative experiments were performed with vaccinia, a multitude of other plasmids and expression systems which can be used to express these fusion proteins are known. For example, bacterial vectors useful in the present invention include, but are not limited to Salmonella sp., Shigella sp., BCG, L. monocytogenes and S. gordonii. In addition the fusion proteins can be delivered by recombinant bacterial vectors modified to escape phagolysosomal fusion and live in the cytoplasm of the cell. Viral vectors useful in the present invention include, but are not limited to, Vaccinia, Avipox, Adenovirus, AAV, Vaccinia virus NYVAC, Modified vaccinia strain Ankara (MVA), Semliki Forest virus, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, herpes viruses, and retroviruses. Naked DNA vectors can also be used.
As a non-limiting example, a commercially available plasmid can be used in the present invention. Such plasmids are available from a variety of sources, for example, Invitrogen (La Jolla, Calif.), Stratagene (La Jolla, Calif.), Clontech (Palo Alto, Calif.), or can be constructed using methods well known in the art. A commercially available plasmid such as pCR2.1 (Invitrogen, La Jolla, Calif.), which is a prokaryotic expression vector with an prokaryotic origin of replication and promoter/regulatory elements to facilitate expression in a prokaryotic organism.
The present invention further comprises transforming such a Listeria strain with a plasmid comprising, inter alia, an isolated nucleic acid encoding a truncated ActA protein, or fragment thereof, and an antigen. As a non-limiting example, if an L. monocytogenes vaccine strain comprises a deletion in the prfA gene or the actA gene, the plasmid can comprise a prfA or actA gene in order to complement the mutation, thereby restoring function to the L. monocytogenes vaccine strain. As described elsewhere herein, methods for transforming bacteria are well known in the art, and include calcium-chloride competent cell-based methods, electroporation methods, bacteriophage-mediated transduction, chemical, and physical transformation techniques (de Boer et al, 1989, Cell 56:641-649; Miller et al, 1995, FASEB J., 9:190-199; Sambrook et al. 1989, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York; Ausubel et al., 1997, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, New York; Gerhardt et al., eds., 1994, Methods for General and Molecular Bacteriology, American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.; Miller, 1992, A Short Course in Bacterial Genetics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.).
The plasmid of the present invention comprises a promoter/regulatory sequence operably linked to a gene encoding a fusion protein, antigen, amino acid metabolism gene, or combinations thereof.
Plasmids and other expression vectors useful in the present invention are described elsewhere herein, and can include such features as a promoter/regulatory sequence, an origin of replication for gram negative and/or gram positive bacteria, and an isolated nucleic acid encoding a fusion protein. Further, the isolated nucleic acid encoding a fusion protein will have its own promoter suitable for driving expression of such an isolated nucleic acid. Promoters useful for driving expression in a bacterial system are well known in the art, and include bacteriophage lambda, the bla promoter of the beta-lactamase gene of pBR322, and the CAT promoter of the chloramphenicol acetyl transferase gene of pBR325. Further examples of prokaryotic promoters include the major right and left promoters of bacteriophage lambda (P.sub.L and P.sub.R), the trp, recA, lacZ, lacd, and gal promoters of E. coli, the alpha-amylase (Ulmanen et al, 1985. J. Bacteriol. 162:176-182) and the S28-specific promoters of B. subtilis (Gilman et al, 1984 Gene 32:11-20), the promoters of the bacteriophages of Bacillus (Gryczan, 1982, In: The Molecular Biology of the Bacilli, Academic Press, Inc., New York), and Streptomyces promoters (Ward et al, 1986, Mol. Gen. Genet. 203:468-478). Additional prokaryotic promoters contemplated in the present invention are reviewed in, for example, Glick (1987, J. Ind. Microbiol. 1:277-282); Cenatiempo, (1986, Biochimie, 68:505-516); and Gottesman, (1984, Ann. Rev. Genet. 18:415-442). Further examples of promoter/regulatory elements contemplated in the present invention include, but are not limited to the Listerial prfA promoter (GenBank Acc. No. Y07639), the Listerial hly promoter (GenBank Acc. No. X15127), and the Listerial p60 promoter (GenBank Acc. No. AY126342), or fragments thereof.
Proper expression in a prokaryotic cell also requires the presence of a ribosome binding site upstream of the gene-encoding sequence. Such ribosome binding sites are disclosed, for example, by Gold, L., et al (1981, Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 35:365-404).
Accordingly, the present invention provides methods for enhancing the immunogenicity of an antigen via fusion of the antigen to a non-hemolytic truncated form of listeriolysin O or .DELTA.LLO. In one embodiment, the antigen is fused to the PEST-like amino acid sequence, SEQ ID NO:1, of LLO. The present invention further provides methods and compositions for enhancing the immunogenicity of an antigen by fusing the antigen to a truncated ActA protein, or fragment thereof. This is because, as demonstrated by the data disclosed herein, an antigen fused to an ActA protein, when administered to an animal, results in, among other things, an immune response that clears existing tumors and results in the induction of antigen specific cytotoxic lymphocytes.
The present invention also provides methods for enhancing cell mediated and anti-tumor immunity and compositions with enhanced immunogenicity which comprise a PEST-like amino acid sequence derived from a prokaryotic organism fused to or embedded within an antigen. The PEST-like sequence can be fused to either the amino terminus or the carboxy terminus of the antigen. As demonstrated herein, fusion of an antigen to the PEST-like sequence of L. monocytogenes enhanced cell mediated and anti-tumor immunity of the antigen. It is believed that fusion of an antigen to other PEST-like sequences derived from other prokaryotic organisms will also enhance immunogenicity of the antigen. PEST-like sequence of other prokaryotic organism can be identified routinely in accordance with methods such as described by, for example Rechsteiner and Rogers (1996, Trends Biochem. Sci. 21:267-271) for L. monocytogenes. Alternatively, PEST-like amino acid sequences from other prokaryotic organisms can also be identified based by this method. Other prokaryotic organisms wherein PEST-like amino acid sequences would be expected to include, but are not limited to, other Listeria species. For example, the L. monocytogenes protein ActA contains four such sequences. These are KTEEQPSEVNTGPR (SEQ ID NO:2), KASVTDTSEGDLDSSMQSADEST PQPLK (SEQ ID NO:3), KNEEVNASDFPPPPTDEELR (SEQ ID NO:4), and RGGIPTSEEFSSLNSGDFTDDENSETTEEEIDR (SEQ ID NO:5). Also Streptolysin O from Streptococcus sp. contain a PEST-LIKE sequence. For example, Streptococcus pyogenes Streptolysin O comprises the PEST-like sequence KQNTASTETTINEQPK (SEQ ID NO:6) at amino acids 35-51 and Streptococcus equisimilis Streptolysin O comprises the PEST-like sequence KQNTANTETTTTNEQPK (SEQ ID NO:7) at amino acids 38-54. Further, the PEST-like sequence can be embedded within the antigenic protein. Thus, for purposes of the present invention, by “fusion” it is meant that the antigenic protein comprises both the antigen and the PEST-like amino acid sequence either linked at one end of the antigen or embedded within the antigen.
In a preferred embodiment, fusion proteins of the present invention are produced recombinantly via a plasmid which encodes either a truncated form of the listeriolysin O comprising the PEST-like amino acid sequence of L. monocytogenes or a PEST-like amino acid sequence derived from another prokaryotic organism and the antigen. However, the antigen may also be chemically conjugated to the truncated form of listeriolysin O comprising the PEST-like amino acid sequence of L. monocytogenes or a PEST-like amino acid sequence derived from another prokaryotic organism. For purposes of the present invention, by “antigen” it is meant to include the native antigen gene or gene product or truncated versions of these that include identified T cell epitopes. These fusion proteins can then be incorporated into vaccines for administration to animals, preferably humans, to invoke an enhanced immune response against the antigen of the fusion protein. In one embodiment, the fusion proteins of the present invention are delivered as DNA vaccines, RNA vaccines or replicating RNA vaccines. As will be obvious to those of skill in the art upon this disclosure, vaccines comprising the fusion proteins of the present invention are particularly useful in the prevention and treatment of infectious and neoplastic diseases.
These vaccines may further comprise adjuvants. Examples of adjuvants useful in these vaccines include, but are not limited to, unmethylated CpG, quill glycosides, CFA, QS21, monophosphoryl lipid A, liposomes, and bacterial mitogens and toxins.
The present invention further comprises administering to an animal, preferably a mammal, even more preferably a human, an effective amount of a composition comprising a Listeria vaccine strain. The construction of such strains is detailed elsewhere herein. The composition comprises, among other things, a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. That is, as detailed herein, the composition includes a Listeria vaccine strain comprising a truncated ActA protein, or fragment thereof, fused to an antigen, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers that are useful include, but are not limited to, glycerol, water, saline, ethanol and other pharmaceutically acceptable salt solutions such as phosphates and salts of organic acids. Examples of these and other pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are described in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (1991, Mack Publication Co., New Jersey), the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein.
The pharmaceutical compositions may be prepared, packaged, or sold in the form of a sterile injectable aqueous or oily suspension or solution. This suspension or solution may be formulated according to the known art, and may comprise, in addition to the active ingredient, additional ingredients such as the dispersing agents, wetting agents, or suspending agents described herein. Such sterile injectable formulations may be prepared using a non-toxic parenterally-acceptable diluent or solvent, such as water or 1,3-butane diol, for example. Other acceptable diluents and solvents include, but are not limited to, Ringer's solution, isotonic sodium chloride solution, and fixed oils such as synthetic mono- or di-glycerides.
Pharmaceutical compositions that are useful in the methods of the invention may be administered, prepared, packaged, and/or sold in formulations suitable for oral, rectal, vaginal, parenteral, topical, pulmonary, intranasal, buccal, ophthalmic, or another route of administration. Other contemplated formulations include projected nanoparticles, liposomal preparations, resealed erythrocytes containing the active ingredient, and immunologically-based formulations.
The compositions of the invention may be administered via numerous routes, including, but not limited to, oral, rectal, vaginal, parenteral, topical, pulmonary, intranasal, buccal, or ophthalmic administration routes. The route(s) of administration will be readily apparent to the skilled artisan and will depend upon any number of factors including the type and severity of the disease being treated or prevented, the type and age of the veterinary or human patient being treated, and the like.
Pharmaceutical compositions that are useful in the methods of the invention may be administered systemically in oral solid formulations, ophthalmic, suppository, aerosol, topical or other similar formulations. In addition to the compound such as heparan sulfate, or a biological equivalent thereof, such pharmaceutical compositions may contain pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers and other ingredients known to enhance and facilitate drug administration. Other possible formulations, such as nanoparticles, liposomes, resealed erythrocytes, and immunologically based systems may also be used to administer the receptor protein and/or a nucleic acid encoding the same according to the methods of the invention.
Compounds which are identified using any of the methods described herein may be formulated and administered to a mammal for treatment of infectious diseases and cancers, are now described.
The invention encompasses the preparation and use of pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound useful for treatment of a wide variety of disorders such as lymphomas, myelomas, carcinomas, melanomas, gliomas, infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders, and the like.
Such a pharmaceutical composition can consist of the active ingredient alone, in a form suitable for administration to a subject, or the pharmaceutical composition may comprise the active ingredient and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, one or more additional ingredients, or some combination of these. The active ingredient may be present in the pharmaceutical composition in the form of a physiologically acceptable ester or salt, such as in combination with a physiologically acceptable cation or anion, as is well known in the art.
As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” means a chemical composition with which the active ingredient may be combined and which, following the combination, can be used to administer the active ingredient to a subject.
As used herein, the term “physiologically acceptable” ester or salt means an ester or salt form of the active ingredient which is compatible with any other ingredients of the pharmaceutical composition, which is not deleterious to the subject to which the composition is to be administered.
The formulations of the pharmaceutical compositions described herein may be prepared by any method known or hereafter developed in the art of pharmacology. In general, such preparatory methods include the step of bringing the active ingredient into association with a carrier or one or more other accessory ingredients, and then, if necessary or desirable, shaping or packaging the product into a desired single- or multi-dose unit.
Although the descriptions of pharmaceutical compositions provided herein are principally directed to pharmaceutical compositions that are suitable for ethical administration to humans, it will be understood by the skilled artisan that such compositions are generally suitable for administration to animals of all sorts. Modification of pharmaceutical compositions suitable for administration to humans in order to render the compositions suitable for administration to various animals is well understood, and the ordinarily skilled veterinary pharmacologist can design and perform such modification with merely ordinary, if any, experimentation. Subjects to which administration of the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention is contemplated include, but are not limited to, humans and other primates, mammals including commercially relevant mammals such as cattle, pigs, horses, sheep, cats, and dogs.
Pharmaceutical compositions that are useful in the methods of the invention may be prepared, packaged, or sold in formulations suitable for oral, rectal, vaginal, parenteral, topical, pulmonary, intranasal, buccal, ophthalmic, intrathecal or another route of administration. Other contemplated formulations include projected nanoparticles, liposomal preparations, resealed erythrocytes containing the active ingredient, and immunologically-based formulations.
A pharmaceutical composition of the invention may be prepared, packaged, or sold in bulk, as a single unit dose, or as a plurality of single unit doses. As used herein, a “unit dose” is discrete amount of the pharmaceutical composition comprising a predetermined amount of the active ingredient. The amount of the active ingredient is generally equal to the dosage of the active ingredient which would be administered to a subject or a convenient fraction of such a dosage such as, for example, one-half or one-third of such a dosage.
The relative amounts of the active ingredient, the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and any additional ingredients in a pharmaceutical composition of the invention will vary, depending upon the identity, size, and condition of the subject treated and further depending upon the route by which the composition is to be administered. By way of example, the composition may comprise between 0.1% and 100% (w/w) active ingredient.
In addition to the active ingredient, a pharmaceutical composition of the invention may further comprise one or more additional pharmaceutically active agents. Particularly contemplated additional agents include anti-emetics and scavengers such as cyanide and cyanate scavengers.
Controlled- or sustained-release formulations of a pharmaceutical composition of the invention may be made using conventional technology.
A formulation of a pharmaceutical composition of the invention suitable for oral administration may be prepared, packaged, or sold in the form of a discrete solid dose unit including, but not limited to, a tablet, a hard or soft capsule, a cachet, a troche, or a lozenge, each containing a predetermined amount of the active ingredient. Other formulations suitable for oral administration include, but are not limited to, a powdered or granular formulation, an aqueous or oily suspension, an aqueous or oily solution, or an emulsion.
As used herein, an “oily” liquid is one which comprises a carbon-containing liquid molecule and which exhibits a less polar character than water.
A tablet comprising the active ingredient may, for example, be made by compressing or molding the active ingredient, optionally with one or more additional ingredients. Compressed tablets may be prepared by compressing, in a suitable device, the active ingredient in a free-flowing form such as a powder or granular preparation, optionally mixed with one or more of a binder, a lubricant, an excipient, a surface active agent, and a dispersing agent. Molded tablets may be made by molding, in a suitable device, a mixture of the active ingredient, a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and at least sufficient liquid to moisten the mixture. Pharmaceutically acceptable excipients used in the manufacture of tablets include, but are not limited to, inert diluents, granulating and disintegrating agents, binding agents, and lubricating agents. Known dispersing agents include, but are not limited to, potato starch and sodium starch glycollate. Known surface active agents include, but are not limited to, sodium lauryl sulphate. Known diluents include, but are not limited to, calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, lactose, microcrystalline cellulose, calcium phosphate, calcium hydrogen phosphate, and sodium phosphate. Known granulating and disintegrating agents include, but are not limited to, corn starch and alginic acid. Known binding agents include, but are not limited to, gelatin, acacia, pre-gelatinized maize starch, polyvinylpyrrolidone, and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose. Known lubricating agents include, but are not limited to, magnesium stearate, stearic acid, silica, and talc.
Tablets may be non-coated or they may be coated using known methods to achieve delayed disintegration in the gastrointestinal tract of a subject, thereby providing sustained release and absorption of the active ingredient. By way of example, a material such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate may be used to coat tablets. Further by way of example, tablets may be coated using methods described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,256,108; 4,160,452; and 4,265,874 to form osmotically-controlled release tablets. Tablets may further comprise a sweetening agent, a flavoring agent, a coloring agent, a preservative, or some combination of these in order to provide pharmaceutically elegant and palatable preparation.
Hard capsules comprising the active ingredient may be made using a physiologically degradable composition, such as gelatin. Such hard capsules comprise the active ingredient, and may further comprise additional ingredients including, for example, an inert solid diluent such as calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, or kaolin.
Soft gelatin capsules comprising the active ingredient may be made using a physiologically degradable composition, such as gelatin. Such soft capsules comprise the active ingredient, which may be mixed with water or an oil medium such as peanut oil, liquid paraffin, or olive oil.
Liquid formulations of a pharmaceutical composition of the invention which are suitable for oral administration may be prepared, packaged, and sold either in liquid form or in the form of a dry product intended for reconstitution with water or another suitable vehicle prior to use.
Liquid suspensions may be prepared using conventional methods to achieve suspension of the active ingredient in an aqueous or oily vehicle. Aqueous vehicles include, for example, water and isotonic saline. Oily vehicles include, for example, almond oil, oily esters, ethyl alcohol, vegetable oils such as arachis, olive, sesame, or coconut oil, fractionated vegetable oils, and mineral oils such as liquid paraffin. Liquid suspensions may further comprise one or more additional ingredients including, but not limited to, suspending agents, dispersing or wetting agents, emulsifying agents, demulcents, preservatives, buffers, salts, flavorings, coloring agents, and sweetening agents. Oily suspensions may further comprise a thickening agent. Known suspending agents include, but are not limited to, sorbitol syrup, hydrogenated edible fats, sodium alginate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, gum tragacanth, gum acacia, and cellulose derivatives such as sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose. Known dispersing or wetting agents include, but are not limited to, naturally-occurring phosphatides such as lecithin, condensation products of an alkylene oxide with a fatty acid, with a long chain aliphatic alcohol, with a partial ester derived from a fatty acid and a hexitol, or with a partial ester derived from a fatty acid and a hexitol anhydride (e.g., polyoxyethylene stearate, heptadecaethyleneoxycetanol, polyoxyethylene sorbitol monooleate, and polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate, respectively). Known emulsifying agents include, but are not limited to, lecithin and acacia. Known preservatives include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, or n-propyl-para-hydroxybenzoates, ascorbic acid, and sorbic acid. Known sweetening agents include, for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, sorbitol, sucrose, and saccharin. Known thickening agents for oily suspensions include, for example, beeswax, hard paraffin, and cetyl alcohol.
Liquid solutions of the active ingredient in aqueous or oily solvents may be prepared in substantially the same manner as liquid suspensions, the primary difference being that the active ingredient is dissolved, rather than suspended in the solvent. Liquid solutions of the pharmaceutical composition of the invention may comprise each of the components described with regard to liquid suspensions, it being understood that suspending agents will not necessarily aid dissolution of the active ingredient in the solvent. Aqueous solvents include, for example, water and isotonic saline. Oily solvents include, for example, almond oil, oily esters, ethyl alcohol, vegetable oils such as arachis, olive, sesame, or coconut oil, fractionated vegetable oils, and mineral oils such as liquid paraffin.
A pharmaceutical composition of the invention may also be prepared, packaged, or sold in the form of oil-in-water emulsion or a water-in-oil emulsion. The oily phase may be a vegetable oil such as olive or arachis oil, a mineral oil such as liquid paraffin, or a combination of these. Such compositions may further comprise one or more emulsifying agents such as naturally occurring gums such as gum acacia or gum tragacanth, naturally-occurring phosphatides such as soybean or lecithin phosphatide, esters or partial esters derived from combinations of fatty acids and hexitol anhydrides such as sorbitan monooleate, and condensation products of such partial esters with ethylene oxide such as polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate. These emulsions may also contain additional ingredients including, for example, sweetening or flavoring agents.
As used herein, “parenteral administration” of a pharmaceutical composition includes any route of administration characterized by physical breaching of a tissue of a subject and administration of the pharmaceutical composition through the breach in the tissue. Parenteral administration thus includes, but is not limited to, administration of a pharmaceutical composition by injection of the composition, by application of the composition through a surgical incision, by application of the composition through a tissue-penetrating non-surgical wound, and the like. In particular, parenteral administration is contemplated to include, but is not limited to, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intrasternal injection, and kidney dialytic infusion techniques.
Formulations of a pharmaceutical composition suitable for parenteral administration comprise the active ingredient combined with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, such as sterile water or sterile isotonic saline. Such formulations may be prepared, packaged, or sold in a form suitable for bolus administration or for continuous administration. Injectable formulations may be prepared, packaged, or sold in unit dosage form, such as in ampules or in multi-dose containers containing a preservative. Formulations for parenteral administration include, but are not limited to, suspensions, solutions, emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, pastes, and implantable sustained-release or biodegradable formulations. Such formulations may further comprise one or more additional ingredients including, but not limited to, suspending, stabilizing, or dispersing agents. In one embodiment of a formulation for parenteral administration, the active ingredient is provided in dry (i.e., powder or granular) form for reconstitution with a suitable vehicle (e.g., sterile pyrogen-free water) prior to parenteral administration of the reconstituted composition.
The pharmaceutical compositions may be prepared, packaged, or sold in the form of a sterile injectable aqueous or oily suspension or solution. This suspension or solution may be formulated according to the known art, and may comprise, in addition to the active ingredient, additional ingredients such as the dispersing agents, wetting agents, or suspending agents described herein. Such sterile injectable formulations may be prepared using a non-toxic parenterally-acceptable diluent or solvent, such as water or 1,3-butane diol, for example. Other acceptable diluents and solvents include, but are not limited to, Ringer's solution, isotonic sodium chloride solution, and fixed oils such as synthetic mono- or di-glycerides. Other parentally-administrable formulations which are useful include those which comprise the active ingredient in microcrystalline form, in a liposomal preparation, or as a component of a biodegradable polymer systems. Compositions for sustained release or implantation may comprise pharmaceutically acceptable polymeric or hydrophobic materials such as an emulsion, an ion exchange resin, a sparingly soluble polymer, or a sparingly soluble salt.
As used herein, “additional ingredients” include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following: excipients; surface active agents; dispersing agents; inert diluents; granulating and disintegrating agents; binding agents; lubricating agents; sweetening agents; flavoring agents; coloring agents; preservatives; physiologically degradable compositions such as gelatin; aqueous vehicles and solvents; oily vehicles and solvents; suspending agents; dispersing or wetting agents; emulsifying agents, demulcents; buffers; salts; thickening agents; fillers; emulsifying agents; antioxidants; antibiotics; antifungal agents; stabilizing agents; and pharmaceutically acceptable polymeric or hydrophobic materials. Other “additional ingredients” which may be included in the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention are known in the art and described, for example in Genaro, ed. (1985, Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa.), which is incorporated herein by reference.
Typically, dosages of the compound of the invention which may be administered to an animal, preferably a human, will vary depending upon any number of factors, including but not limited to, the type of animal and type of disease state being treated, the age of the animal and the route of administration.
The compound can be administered to an animal as frequently as several times daily, or it may be administered less frequently, such as once a day, once a week, once every two weeks, once a month, or even less frequently, such as once every several months or even once a year or less. The frequency of the dose will be readily apparent to the skilled artisan and will depend upon any number of factors, such as, but not limited to, the type and severity of the disease being treated, the type and age of the animal, and the like. Preferably, the compound is, but need not be, administered as a bolus injection that provides lasting effects for at least one day following injection. The bolus injection can be provided intraperitoneally.
The present invention encompasses various kits which comprise a compound, including a Listeria vaccine strain comprising an antigen fused to a truncated ActA protein, or a fragment thereof, an antigen fused to a truncated ActA protein, or a fragment thereof, an applicator, and an instructional material which describes use of the compound to perform the methods of the invention. Although model kits are described below, the contents of other useful kits will be apparent to the skilled artisan in light of the present disclosure. Each of these kits is contemplated within the present invention.
In one aspect, the invention includes a kit for eliciting an enhanced immune response to an antigen. The kit is used in the same manner as the methods disclosed herein for the present invention. Briefly, the kit may be used to administer an Listeria vaccine strain comprising an antigen fused to a truncated ActA protein. Additionally, the kit comprises an applicator and an instructional material for the use of the kit. These instructions simply embody the examples provided herein.
The kit further includes a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier. The composition is provided in an appropriate amount as set forth elsewhere herein. Further, the route of administration and the frequency of administration are as previously set forth elsewhere herein.
In another aspect, the invention includes a kit for eliciting an enhanced immune response to an antigen. The kit is used in the same manner as the methods disclosed herein for the present invention. Briefly, the kit may be used to administer an antigen fused to a truncated ActA protein. Additionally, the kit comprises an applicator and an instructional material for the use of the kit. These instructions simply embody the examples provided herein.
The kit further includes a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier. The composition is provided in an appropriate amount as set forth elsewhere herein. Further, the route of administration and the frequency of administration are as previously set forth elsewhere herein.
EXPERIMENTAL EXAMPLES
The invention is now described with reference to the following Examples. These Examples are provided for the purpose of illustration only and the invention should in no way be construed as being limited to these Examples, but rather should be construed to encompass any and all variations which become evident as a result of the teaching provided herein. Sewell et al. (2004, Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg., 130: 92-97) is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety herein.
Example 1
Tumor Cell Lines
TC-1 is a lung epithelial cell from C57BL/6 mice immortalized by HPV-16 E6 and E7 and transformed by pVEJB expressing activated human c-HA-ras. C3 is a mouse embryo cell frp, C57BL/6 mice immortalized with the complete genome of HPV 16 and transformed with pEJ-ras. EL-4/E7 is the thymoma EL-4 retrovirally transduced with E7.
Example 2
Comparison of Efficacy of Lm-GG/E7, Lm-AZ/E7 and Vac-SigE7Lamp
TC-1 (1.times.10.sup.5) or C-3 (5.times.10.sup.5) tumor cells were implanted subcutaneously in mice and allowed to grow for 7 to 9 days by which time they were palpable (about 5 mm in size). Mice were then immunized i.p. with one of three constructs, Vac-SigE7Lamp (10.sup.7 PFU), Lm-E7 (10.sup.6 CFU) or Lm-LLO-E7 (10.sup.7 CFU). Animals received Lm-LLO-E7 and LM-E7 on days 7 and 14. Surviving mice were re-challenged with 105 TC-1 on day 43.
Example 3
Comparison of Efficacy of Vac-LLO-E7, Vac-E7 and Vac-SigE7Lamp
Four groups of 8 mice were implanted with 10.sup.5 cells of TC-1. After 7 days the tumors were approximately 4 mm in size. One group of mice was untreated. Each of the other groups received 10.sup.7 PFU of either Vac-E7, Vac-LLO-E7 or Vac-Sig-E7-lamp 7. A booster dose was administered on day 14.
Example 4
Comparison of Efficacy of Vac-LLO-E7 and Lm-LLO-E7 with Various Other Vectors
TC-1 tumor cells (2.times.10.sup.5) were implanted s.c. on the left flank in 96 C57BL/6 mice and allowed to grow for 7 days. The mice were divided into groups of 8 mice and each group was treated with one of the following vaccine: naive (no vaccine); Vac SigE7Lamp, 10.sup.7 PFU, i.p.; Vac-LLO-E7, 10.sup.7 PFU, i.p.; or Lm-LLO-E7, 10.sup.7 PFU, i.p. The animals received a booster immunization one week later. Tumor growth was followed every two days by caliper measurement and recorded as the average of the narrowest and longest surface length. Immune parameters were also determined.
Example 5
Construction of Lm-LLOPEST-E7
The LLO-PEST-E7 fragment can be constructed via SOEing PCR. In Step 1 of this method, PCR reaction 1 uses primer pair GG-36/GG-78 or GG-77/AZ-9 with pGG-55 for the template. PCR reaction 2 uses LLO-PEST and E7 products from the first reaction as templates and the primers GG-36 and AZ-9.










GG-36:
5′-GCTAGCCCTCCTTTGATTAGTATATT
(SEQ ID NO:8)




C-3′,


 


GG-77:
5′-GCGGATGAAATCGATAAGCATGGAG-
(SEQ ID NO:9)



ATACACCTACA-3′,


 


GG-78:
3′-CGCCTACTTTAGCTATTCGTACCTCT
(SEQ ID NO:10)



ATGTGGATGT-5′


 


AZ-9:
3′-GAGTCTTTGGTATTGGGCCC-5′.
(SEQ ID NO:11)






In step 2, the final SOEing PCR product of 0.7 Kb is ligated into the TA vector pCR2.1.
In step 3, the LLO-PEST-E7 is digested from the plasmid with the enzyme NheI for 2 hours followed by ethanol precipitation and the enzyme XmaI overnight. The prfA fragment from pGG-49 is digested with the enzyme SalI for 2 hours followed by ethanol precipitation and XmaI overnight. pDP-2028 is digested with SalI and XbaI for 2 hours followed by ethanol precipitation and resuspension in Tris:EDTA (TE). The fragment can be stored overnight at 4.degree. C.
In step 4, the 0.7 Kb LLO-PEST-E7, 1.0 Kb prfA and the 9.7 Kb plasmid are ligated. This plasmid is then used to transform XFL-7. Secretion of a 15 Kb fragment can be verified via Western blot. Efficacy is verified against TC-1 tumors.
Alternatively, a chromosomal integrant can be generated by amplifying the LLO-PEST-E7 fragment using the primer AZ-B (5′-GCTCTAGATTATGGTTTCT GAG-3′; SEQ ID NO:12) to install a 3′ XbaI site and primer ZY-3 (5′-GGGGTACCCT CCTTTGATTAGTATAT-3′; SEQ ID NO:13) to install a 5′ KpnI site. pZY-37 and the LLO-PEST-E7 fragment are digested with KpnI and XbaI separately or in NEB buffer 2+BSA overnight. The fragment is ligated into pZY-37 and the following protocol for chromosomal integration is followed. Secretion and efficacy are verified as described above.
Example 6
Construction of Lm-actA-E7
Lm-actA-E7 was generated by introducing a plasmid vector pDD-1 constructed by modifying pDP-2028 (Ikonomidis et al., 1994, Exp. Med. 180:2209-2218) into L. monocytogenes. The pDD-1 plasmid comprises an expression cassette expressing a copy of the 310 bp hly promoter and the hly signal sequence (ss), (this gene drives the expression and secretion of the actA-E7 gene product), 1170 bp of the actA gene that comprises four PEST sequences (the truncated ActA polypeptide consists of the first 390 amino acids of the molecule), a copy of the 300 bp E7 gene (HPV tumor protein), a copy of the 1019 bp prfA gene (controls expression of the virulence genes) and a copy of the CAT gene (chloramphenicol resistance gene) for selection of transformed bacteria clones (FIG. 7).
Lm-actA-E7 was generated by introducing a plasmid vector pDD-1 constructed by modifying pDP-2028 (Ikonomidis et al., 1994, J. Exp. Med. 180:2209-2218) into L. monocytogenes. The pDD-1 plasmid comprises an expression cassette expressing a copy of the 310 bp hly promoter and the hly signal sequence (ss), (this gene drives the expression and secretion of the actA-E7 gene product), 1170 bp of the actA gene that comprises four PEST sequences (SEQ ID NO:24) (the truncated ActA polypeptide consists of the first 390 amino acids of the molecule, SEQ ID NO:23), a copy of the 300 bp E7 gene (HPV tumor protein), a copy of the 1019 bp prfA gene (controls expression of the virulence genes) and a copy of the CAT gene (chloramphenicol resistance gene) for selection of transformed bacteria clones. (FIG. 7).
The hly promoter (pHly) and gene fragment were PCR amplified from pGG55 (pLLO-E7, Gunn et al., 2001, J. Immunol. 167:6471-6479) using primer 5′-GGGGTCTAGACCTCCTTTGATTAGTATATTC-3′ (Xba I site is underlined) (SEQ ID NO:14) and primer 5′-ATCTTCGCTATCTGTCGCCGCGGCGCGTGCTTCAGTTTGTTGCGC-′3 (Not I site is underlined. The first 18 nucleotides are the ActA gene overlap). (SEQ (SEQ ID NO:15). The actA gene was PCR amplified from the Listeria monocytogenes 10403s wildtype genome using primer 5′-GCGCAACAAA CTGAAGCAGCGGCCGCGGCGACAGATAGCGAAGAT-3′(SEQ ID NO:16) and primer 5′-TGTAGGTGTATCTCCATGCTCGAGAGCTAGGCGATCAATTTC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 17). The E7 gene was PCR amplified from pGG55 (pLLO-E7) using primer 5′-GGAATTGATCGCCTAGCTCTCGAGCATGGAGATACACCTACA-3′ (SEQ ID NO:18) and primer 5′-AAACGGATTTATTTAGATCCCGGGTTATG GTTTCTGAGAACA-3′ (SEQ ID NO:19). The prfA gene was PCR amplified from the Listeria monocytogenes 10403s wildtype genome using primer 5′-TGTTCTCA GAAACCATAACCCGGGATCTAAATAAATCCGT-TT-3′ (SEQ ID NO:20) and primer 5′-GGGGGTCGACCAGCTCTTCTTGGTGAAG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:21). The hly promoter was fused to the actA gene (pHly-actA) was PCR generated and amplified from purified pHly DNA and purified actA DNA using the pHly primer (upstream) 5′-GGGGTCTAGACCTCCTTTGATTAGTATATTC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:14) and acta primer (downstream) 5′-TGTAGGTGTATCTCCATGCTCGAGAG-CTAGGCGATCAATTTC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:17).
The E7 gene fused to the prfA gene (E7-prfA) was PCR generated and amplified from purified E7 DNA and purified prfA DNA using the E7 primer (upstream) GGAATTGATCGCCTAGCTCTCGAGCATGGAGATACACCTACA-3′ (SEQ ID NO:18) and prfA gene primer (downstream) 5′-GGGGGTCGACCAGCTCTTCTTG GTGAAG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:21).
The pHly-actA fusion product fused to the E7-prfA fusion product is PCR generated and amplified from purified fused pHly-actA DNA product and purified fused E7-prfA DNA product using the pHly primer (upstream) 5′-GGGGTCTAGACCTCCTT TGATTAGTATATTC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:14) and prfA gene primer (downstream) 5′-GGGGGTCGACCAGCTCTTCTTGGTGAAG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:21) and ligated into pCRII (Invitrogen, La Jolla, Calif.). Competent E. coli (TOP10′F, Invitrogen, La Jolla, Calif.) were transformed with pCRII-ActAE7. After lysis and isolation, the plasmid was screened by restriction analysis using BamHI (expected fragment sizes 770 bp and 6400 bp (or when the insert was reversed into the vector: 2500 bp and 4100 bp)) and BstXI (expected fragment sizes 2800 bp and 3900 bp) and also screened with PCR analysis using the pHly primer (upstream) 5′-GGGGTCTAGACCTCCTTTGATTAGTATATTC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:14) and the prfA gene primer (downstream) 5′-GGGGGTCGACCAGC TCTTCTTGGTGAAG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:21).
The pHly-ActA-E7-PrfA DNA insert was excised from pCRII by double digestion with Xba I and Sal I and ligated into pDP-2028 also digested with Xba I and Sal I. After transforming TOP10′F competent E. coli (Invitrogen, La Jolla, Calif.) with expression system pActAE7, chloramphenicol resistant clones were screened by PCR analysis using the pHly primer (upstream) 5′-GGGGTCTAGACCTCCTTTGATT AGTATATTC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:14) and the prfa gene primer (downstream) 5′-GGGGGTCGACCAGCTCTTCTTGGTG-AAG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:21). A clone comprising pActAE7 was grown in brain heart infusion medium (with chloramphenicol (20 .mu.g/ml), Difco, Detroit, Mich.) and pActAE7 was isolated from the bacteria cell using a midiprep DNA purification system kit (Promega, Madison, Wis.). A prfA-negative strain of penicillin-treated Listeria (strain XFL-7) was transformed with expression system pActAE7, as described in Ikonomidis et al. (1994, J. Exp. Med. 180: 2209-2218) and clones were selected for the retention of the plasmid in vivo. Clones were grown in brain heart infusion with chloramphenicol (20 .mu.g/ml) at 37.degree. C. Bacteria were frozen in aliquots at −80.degree. C.
Example 7
Immunoblot Verification of Antigen Expression
In order to verify that Lm-ActA-E7 secretes a fusion protein of the correct molecular weight (about 64 kD), recombinant bacteria were grown overnight at 37.degree. C. in Luria-Bertoni broth and pelleted. About 18 milliliters of supernatant from each culture was TCA precipitated and E7 expression was analyzed by Western blot. Specifically, clones 0.001'2.5.3 and 2.5.4 were grown in Luria-Bertoni medium (Difco, Detroit, Mich.) at 37.degree. C. Supernatants were TCA precipitated and resuspended in 1.times. sample buffer with 0.1N NaOH. Identical amounts of each TCA precipitated supernatant were loaded on 4-20% Tris-glycine SDS-PAGE gel (NOVEX, San Diego, Calif.). The gel was transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride membrane and probed with anti-E7 mAb at a dilution of 1:2500 (Zymed Laboratories, South San Francisco, Calif.). The secondary Ab was HRP-conjugated anti-mouse IgG, diluted 1:5000 (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Little Chalfont, U.K.). Blots were developed with Amersham ECL detection reagents and exposed to Hyperfilm (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) (FIG. 8).
Example 8
Anti-Tumor Immunity of Lm-ActA-E7
To compare the anti-tumor immunity induced by Lm-ActA-E7 versus Lm-LLO-E7 and Lm-E7, 2.times.10.sup.5 TC-1 tumor cells were implanted subcutaneously in mice and allowed to grow for 7 days by which time they were palpable (approximately 5 millimeters in size). Mice were then immunized intraperitoneally with one LD.sub.50 of either Lm-ActA-E7 (5.times.10.sup.8 CFU), Lm-LLO-E7 (10.sup.8 CFU) or Lm-E7 (10.sup.6 CFU) on days 7 and 14 following TC-1 cell implantation. Tumor growth was measured periodically with calipers. By day 26 all of the animals in the Lm-LLO-E7 and Lm-ActA-E7 were tumor free and remained so whereas all of the nave animals and the animals that were immunized with Lm-E7 grew large tumors (FIG. 9).
Example 9
Ability of Lm-ActA-E7 to Enhance E7 Specific Immunity
To analyze the ability of Lm-ActA-E7 to enhance antigen specific immunity, 500 .mu.l of MATRIGELTM, comprising 100 .mu.l of 2.times.10.sup.5 TC-1 tumor cells in phosphate buffered saline plus 400 .mu.l of MATRIGELTM (BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, N.J.) were implanted subcutaneously on the left flank of 12 C57BL/6 mice. The mice were divided into 4 groups, 3 mice per group. On day 7, 14 and 21 each group of mice was administered (intraperitoneally) either naive (untreated), Lm-LLO-E7 (1.times.10.sup.7 CFU), Lm-E7 (1.times.10.sup.6 CFU), or Lm ActA E7 (2.times.10.sup.8 CFU). Spleens and tumors were harvested 7 days following the last immunization on day 21. Tumor MATRIGELs were removed from the mice and placed in tubes containing 2 milliliters of RP 10 medium on ice and incubated at 4.degree. C. overnight. The tumors were then minced with forceps, cut into 2 millimeter blocks and treated with 3 ml of enzyme mixture (0.2 mg/ml collagenase-P, 1 mg/ml DNAse-1 in PBS) and incubated at 37.degree. C. for 1 hour. The tissue suspension was then filtered through nylon mesh, washed with 5% fetal bovine serum+0.05% of NaN.sub.3 in PBS for tetramer and IFN-gamma staining.
Splenocytes and tumor cells were incubated with 1 .mu.m E7 peptide for 5 hours in the presence of the Golgi transport inhibitor brefeldin A at a density of 10.sup.7 cells/ml. Cells were washed twice and incubated in 50 .mu.l of anti-mouse Fc receptor supernatant (2.4 G2) for 1 hour or overnight at 4.degree. C. Cells were stained for surface molecules CD8 and CD62L, permeabilized, fixed using the permeabilization kit Golgi-stop or Golgi-Plug (Pharmingen, San Diego, Calif.) and then stained for IFN-gamma. Typically, 500,000 events were acquired using two-laser flow cytometer FACS Calibur and analyzed using Cellquest Software (Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, N.J.). The percentage of IFN-gamma secreting cells within the activated (CD62L low) CD8.sup.+T cells was calculated. CD8.sup.+T cells secreting IFN-gamma infiltrate the tumors of mice administered Lm-LLO-E7 and Lm-ActA-E7 to a much greater degree than in mice administered Lm-E7 or naive mice (FIG. 10).
For tetramer staining, H-2D.sup.b tetramer was loaded with phycoerythrin (PE) conjugated E7 peptide (RAHYNIVTF, SEQ ID NO:22) and stained at room temperature for 1 hour and then stained with anti-allophycocyanin (APC) conjugated MEL-14 (CD62L) and FITC-conjugated CD8.beta. on ice for 30 min. Cells were analyzed comparing tetramer+CD8.sup.+CD62L.sup.low cells generated by the different recombinant Listeria in the spleen and in the tumor. Lm-ActA-E7 immunized mice produce a greater number of tumor-infiltrating E7 tetramer specific CD8.sup.+cells than mice administered Lm-LLO-E7, and a far greater number of tumor-infiltrating E7 tetramer specific CD8.sup.+cells than mice administered Lm-E7 and naive mice (FIG. 11).
The data disclosed herein demonstrate a distinct correlation between the numbers of CD8.sup.+T cells infiltrating the tumors and the ability of the constructs to kill the tumor. Thus, Lm-LLO-E7 and Lm-ActA-E7 are equally effective at inducing the regression of TC-1 and also induce the largest number of infiltrating CD8.sup.+T cells measured as E7 specific IFN-gamma secreting cells or as E7 specific tetramer positive cells.
The disclosures of each and every patent, patent application, and publication cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
While this invention has been disclosed with reference to specific embodiments, it is apparent that other embodiments and variations of this invention may be devised by others skilled in the art without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention. The appended claims are intended to be construed to include all such embodiments and equivalent variations.

## Claims

1. A vector comprising an isolated nucleic acid sequence encoding a fusion protein comprising a truncated ActA protein and a tumor antigen, wherein said nucleic acid sequence encoding said truncated ActA protein consists of nucleic acids 1-1170 that encode the N-terminal first 390 amino acids of a Listeria monocytogenes ActA protein.

2. The vector of claim 1, wherein said isolated nucleic acid sequence encoding said truncated ActA protein, consists of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 24.

3. The vector of claim 1, wherein said Listeria monocytogenes is the 10403s strain.

4. The vector of claim 1, wherein said truncated ActA protein comprises one or more PEST-containing sequences set forth in SEQ ID No: 2-5.

5. The vector of claim 1, wherein said tumor antigen is human papilloma virus (HPV) E6, or HPV E7.

6. The vector of claim 1, wherein said tumor antigen is Her-2/Neu, NY-ESO-1, human telomerase, WT-1, proteinase 3, TRP-2, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), or PSA antigen.

7. An isolated nucleic acid encoding a fusion protein comprising a truncated ActA protein and a tumor antigen, wherein said nucleic acid encoding said truncated ActA protein consists of nucleic acids 1-1170 that encode the N-terminal first 390 amino acids of a Listeria monocytogenes ActA protein.

8. The isolated nucleic acid of claim 7, wherein said nucleic acid encoding said truncated ActA protein consists of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 24.

9. The isolated nucleic acid of claim 7, wherein said Listeria monocytogenes is the 10403s strain.

10. The isolated nucleic acid of claim 7, wherein said truncated ActA protein comprises one or more PEST-containing sequences set forth in SEQ ID No: 2-5.

11. The isolated nucleic acid of claim 7, wherein said tumor antigen is (HPV) E6, or HPV E7.

12. The isolated nucleic acid of claim 7, wherein said tumor antigen is Her-2/Neu, NY-ESO-1, human telomerase, WT-1, proteinase 3, TRP-2, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), or PSA antigen.

13. A vector comprising an isolated nucleic acid sequence encoding a fusion protein comprising a truncated ActA protein and a tumor antigen, wherein said truncated ActA comprises a PEST-like sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2; and wherein said isolated nucleic acid sequence encoding said truncated ActA protein consists of nucleic acids 1-1170 that encode the N-terminal first 390 amino acids of a Listeria monocytogenes ActA protein.

14. The vector of claim 13, wherein said isolated nucleic acid sequence encoding said truncated ActA protein, consists of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 24.

15. The vector of claim 13, wherein said Listeria monocytogenes is the 10403s strain.

16. The vector of claim 13, wherein said truncated ActA protein further comprises one or more PEST-containing sequences as set forth in SEQ ID No: 3-5.

17. The vector of claim 13, wherein said tumor antigen is (HPV) E6, or HPV E7.

18. The vector of claim 13, wherein said tumor antigen is Her-2/Neu, NY-ESO-1, human telomerase, WT-1, proteinase 3, TRP-2, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), or PSA antigen.

19. An isolated nucleic acid encoding a fusion protein comprising a truncated ActA protein and a tumor antigen, wherein said truncated ActA comprises a PEST-like sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2; wherein said nucleic acid encoding said truncated ActA protein consists of nucleic acids 1-1170 that encode the N-terminal first 390 amino acids of a Listeria monocytogenes ActA protein.

20. The isolated nucleic acid of claim 19, wherein said nucleic acid encoding said truncated ActA protein consists of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 24.

21. The isolated nucleic acid of claim 19, wherein said Listeria monocytogenes is the 10403s strain.

22. The isolated nucleic acid of claim 19, wherein said truncated ActA protein further comprises one or more PEST-containing sequences as set forth in SEQ ID No: 3-5.

23. The isolated nucleic acid of claim 19, wherein said tumor antigen is (HPV) E6, or HPV E7.

24. The isolated nucleic acid of claim 19, wherein said tumor antigen is Her-2/Neu, NY-ESO-1, human telomerase, WT-1, proteinase 3, TRP-2, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), or PSA antigen.

25. A vector comprising an isolated nucleic acid sequence encoding a PEST-like sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 2-5 and a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tumor antigen, wherein said nucleic acid sequence encoding a PEST-like sequence and said nucleic acid sequence encoding said tumor antigen is expressed in a cell as a fusion protein.

26. The vector of claim 25, wherein said tumor antigen is (HPV) E6, or HPV E7.

27. The vector of claim 25, wherein said tumor antigen is Her-2/Neu, NY-ESO-1, human telomerase, WT-1, proteinase 3, TRP-2, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), or PSA antigen.

28. An isolated nucleic acid encoding a fusion protein, wherein said nucleic acid encodes a PEST-like sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 2-5 and a tumor antigen, wherein said nucleic acid encoding said PEST-like sequence and said tumor antigen is expressed in a cell.

29. The isolated nucleic acid of claim 28, wherein said tumor antigen is (HPV) E6, or HPV E7.

30. The isolated nucleic acid of claim 28, wherein said tumor antigen is Her-2/neu, NY-ESO-1, human telomerase, WT-1, proteinase 3, TRP-2, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), or PSA antigen.