. Interim Decision #1422 

Man= or Russo 

In. Visa Petition. Proceedings 

A-12354818 

Decided by Board January 8, 1965 

Sinen.g United States citizen who voted in a municipal election in Italy on 

March 30, 1946, has the burden of proving duress by a preponderence of the 

evidence (section 349(e), Immigration and•Nationality Act, as amended; 

-17.8.0. 1481(c)), and petitioner tailed to carry her burden, her voluntary 

voting in said municipal "election resulted in expatriation under section 

401(e), Nationality Aet of 1940. 

The District Director, New York District, certified to ns his order 

denying petitioner's application to have her married daughter, an 

Italian national, given the preference available to the daughter of a: 

United States citizen under the quota; the District Director held that 

the petitioner had lost United States citizenship when she voted in 

Italy in 1946. Petitioner claims that she did not lode her citizenship 

because her voting was under duress and was without knowledge of 

her United States eitizpivtliip No change will be made in the District Director's order. 

Petitioner, born in the United States on June 4, 1908, was a citizen 

of both the United States and Italy at birth. After the death of her 

father in 1910 her mother took her to Italy where she resided until 

May 8, 1961 when she entered the United States as an alien for permanent residence. Petitioner married in Italy in 1932, the beneficiary was born the following year. • 

The evidence as to voting in Italy is based primarily upon admissions made at various times by the petitioner. The earliest admissions—in a questionnaire the petitioner completed on January 22, 

1054 before a vice consul of the United States at Naples, Italy to 

obtain a United States passport—revealed that she voted in municipal elections on March .30, •1946 and May 25, 1952, in national elections on June 2, 1946, April 18, 1948 and June 7, 1953, and that she 

voted without knowing that she should not vote. The vice consul 

executed a Certificate of Loss of Nationality on February 3, 1954 

stating.that petitioner had lost United States nationality by voting 

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Interim Decision #1422 

in a political election in Italy on March 80, 1946 (section 401(e), 

Nationality Act of 1940; 54 Stet. 1168). 

Other admissions were made at a hearing before a naturalization 

examiner on May 18, 1963. Petitioner testified she had furnished 

truthful information concerning voting to the American consul in 

Naples (pp. 6-8), that she then could recall the dates of voting but 

cannot now (pp. 7-8, 11) and that she does not remember whether 

she voted in 1946. Somewhat inconsistent with the testimony that 

she cannot recall the dates of voting, she testified that she voted on 

the dates shown in the questionnaire (pp. 6-8, 15). She stated she 

was not permitted to read the questionnaire before she signed it (pp. 

6-7). The Service officer in charge at Naples, Italy has furnished 

the information that evidence of voting which was available when 

petitioner made her statement to the vice consul, has been destroyed. 

The fact that the petitioner voted at the times shown, in the ques - 

tionnaire is deemed established by the admissions in the questionnaire, her present admission that she voted and that she told the vice 

consul the facts about her voting, the certificate of loss of citizenship 

executed by the vice consul and the presumption of official regularity 

existing in connection with its execution (Vaeoctro v. Bentsen, 267 

F.2d 265 (5th Cir., 1959) ). 

Petitioner claims she was forced to vote. She explained her statement of 1954 (about voting without knowing she should not vote) 

meant that she did not want to vote, but that she did because she was 

told to vote to help democracy in Italy (pp. 7,11-13). She said that 

before she voted in 1948, a high church official, stating that he had 

received a telegram from the American consul urging all American 

people to vote, told the congregation of which she V751-4 a part to vats 

in order to prevent the Communists from gaining power and taking 

away their children; the church official threatened those who did not 

. vote witli excommunication (pp. 13-14). She stated that after she 

voted in one election the pastor of the church suggested that she vote 

in tie other? (p. 6). Petitioner submitted a letter dated January 25, 

1962 from a church official who stated that in 1948, he "insisted" that 

the petitioner' vote ,becauie it was her moral responsibility. Petitioner testified' that in municipal elections there was no pressure to 

participate (pp. 14-15). 

The contention that duress was present in the petitioner's voting 

cannot IA considered a defense as to any voting after December 24, 

1952 (she voted on June 7, 1953) ; the provisions of section 349 (b) 

of the Act, 8 1481 (b) (as the hearing officer has fully pointed 

out) raise a conclusive presumption in circumstances such as exist 

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Interim Decision #1422 

here that expatriation occurred as of June 7, 1953 (Matter of C—, 9 

I. & N. Dec. 41; Matter of C—S—, 9 I. & N. Dec. 670). 

If it were necessary to consider petitioner's acts of voting prior to 

• December 24, 1959 the conclusive presumption would not apply. Ac 

to voting prior to December 24, 1952 the rule as to duress depends 

upon whether the issue as to loss of citizenship was raised before or 

after September 26, 1961. In this proceeding, the issue was raised 

after September 26, 1961 by the filing of the visa petition on October 

16, 1961; the governing rule is that the person claiming duress has 

the burden of•proving the claim by a preponderance of the evidence 

(section 349 (0) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1461(u)). Petitioner failed to 

carry her burden: voting in a municipal election is expatriatory (Bisereglia v. Acheson, 196 F.2d 865 (D.C. Cit.:, 1952)) and by her own 

admission her voting in the municipal elections was voluntary, and 

in this case, expatriation occurred in 1946 under section 401(e) of the 

Nationality Act when the first expatriative act occurred. 

The petitioner's claim that when she voted she did not know she 

was a United States citizen need not be considered for loss of United 

States citizenship is conclusively establisiled by reason of her voting 

in 1953. Moreover she voted in 1952 and in 1953 after. she had 

learned she was a citizen of the United States and before she had 

been informed that she had lost United States citizenship. The voting in 1952 was in a local election where duress was not involved; the 

voting in 1953 was in an election where duress cannot be offered as a 

defense. It is not necessary to discuss the contention further- .Roger 

v. Patokoski, 271 F.2d 858 (9th Cir., 1959) which concerned the commission of acts of expatriation by a. person who at the time had not 

known that he had a. right to United States citizenship is therefois 

not pertinent. We may add for the record that it is our belief that, 

even prior to 1950, the petitioner must have known she was a United 

States citizen. She wanted to come to the United States but gave as 

reasons only the fact that she had no money or that her birth mad-. 

cate was not available—documentary grounds were not advanced; 

furthermore, even before 1940, there was a question in her mind as to 

whether or not she was entitled to a United States passport (pp. 

2-10. 

The fact that petitioner did not intend to lose United States citixessip by voting does not save her from the consequences of voting 

(Peires v. Brownell, 356 U.S. 44 (1958) ; Acheson v. Marilee SuniyukV,190 F.2d 897 (9th Cir., 1951), certiorari denied. 342 U.S. 942). 

ORDER: It is ordered that no change be made in the order of the 

District Director. 

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