IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

DIVISION ONE

In the Matter of the Marriage of

VIKRAM KUMAR,

Appellant,

and

SMITHA NAIR SHIVSHANKARAN,

Respondent.

) No. 78622-9-1

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) UNPUBLISHED OPINION

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) FILED: September 16, 2019

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VERELLEN, J. — Vikram Kumar appeals the trial court's CR 60(b) order

partially vacating the decree of dissolution with his former spouse, Smitha

Shivshankaran. The court set aside the parties' division of Kumar's 401K

retirement accounts and ordered that the distribution of those assets be resolved

at trial. Kumar contends the court abused its discretion. But finding no such

abuse, we affirm.

FACTS 

Kumar and Shivshankaran married in 1999. During their marriage, Kumar

worked and handled the family's finances, while Shivshankaran managed the

household and raised their two children.
No. 78622-9-1/2

The parties separated in May 2016 and jointly petitioned for dissolution in

August 2016. In April 2017, the parties negotiated via e-mail and entered several

agreed final orders.1 Only the parties' negotiations regarding the division of their

retirement accounts are relevant to this appeal.

Initially, Kumar proposed that he receive two accounts, his "Fidelity 401K

(6305)" and "Fidelity Brokerage Account."2 Shivshankaran countered and

requested "40 [percent] of the Fidelity retirement funds."3 Kumar agreed to this

split.4 Shivshankaran then sent Kumar a proposed decree that awarded him the

Fidelity Brokerage Account and the Fidelity 401K (6305) subject to her being

awarded "40 [percent] of Fidelity 401K in [Kumar]'s name as of 5-5-2016."5

After reaching agreement on other issues, Kumar sent Shivshankaran a

second proposed decree indicating that any changes were "highlighted in green."6

Though neither highlighted nor mentioned, Kumar's proposal changed the account

numbers assigned to the previously identified Fidelity retirement accounts and

1 During negotiations, Shivshankaran was represented by counsel but

Kumar was not. Clerk's Papers (CP) at 23-24. In all, they entered a dissolution

decree, child support order, findings and conclusions, and parenting plan. CP at

363, 370, 385, 392.

2 CP at 28-29.

3 CP at 38-39.

4 CP at 38.

5 CP at 47-48.

6 CP at 58-59. While the parties highlighted their changes to the proposed

decree in various colors, those colors are not preserved in the record on appeal.

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No. 78622-9-1/3

inserted an additional account that he was to be awarded.7 Thus, according to the

second proposed decree, Kumar would receive "Fidelity 401K (9766)," "Fidelity

Brokerage Account (3919)," and "Fidelity BrokerageLink (6305)" while

Shivshankaran would receive 40 percent of the "Fidelity 401K."8

Later, Kumar sent Shivshankaran a third proposed decree and again stated

that he highlighted any changes in green.9 But, without any highlighting or

mention, Kumar added a number to the account from which Shivshankaran's

portion of retirement funds would be taken such take the proposal stated she

would receive 40 percent of "Fidelity 401K (9766)."1° The parties then executed

and filed the decree.11

In October 2017, during postdissolution contempt proceedings, Kumar

declared that as of May 25, 2016, the Fidelity BrokerageLink (6305) account

contained $160,639.37 and the Fidelity 401K (9766) account contained $7,201.24

and that Shivshankaran was aware of these amounts before agreeing to the

dissolution decree.12 Shivshankaran disagreed, stating that Kumar had only

7 CP at 65-66. Kumar recalls highlighting all changes made to the

proposals but acknowledges such highlights may not have been saved due to user

error or an inadvertent computer error. CP at 114.

8 CP at 65-66.

9 CP at 72.

19 CP at 80-81.

11 CP at 87, 91-92, 363.

12 CP at 414-17.

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disclosed a January 2017 401K statement indicating a balance of $179,000 and

that

[i]t was agreed that I would receive 40 [percent] of the value of the

401K account. There was never a mention of multiple accounts and

never a discussion of splitting some accounts to one person and

some to the other. . . . The exact account number was never verified

by my then lawyer and it was assumed that I would receive 40

[percent] of the account 401K [sic] statement that was provided

during our discovery. . . . I only received a single statement for a

single account with a single total amount and we used this as the

basis for our final decree following a lengthy process of

negotiation.[13]

In February 2018, Shivshankaran moved to clarify or vacate the dissolution

decree as to the parties' distribution of the Fidelity retirement accounts.14 She

sought relief under CR 60(b)(1) (mistake), (b)(4)(fraud), and (b)(11)(any other

reason justifying relief from the operation of the judgment).15 The trial court denied

the motion to clarify, found insufficient evidence to vacate the decree based on

fraud, and requested supplemental briefing on the issue of mistake.16 After

considering the parties' additional briefing, the trial court vacated the decree "as it

related to the division of the total Fidelity 401(k) accounts totaling $178,870.71 on

January 31, 2017 (#6305, #9766, #3919) and Roth IRA, acct. #3321."17

Kumar appeals.

13 CF at 472-74.

14 CF at 1,7-15.

15 CF at 7-15.

16 Report of Proceedings (RP) (May 3, 2018) at 19-21; CF at 183.

17 CF at 525-26. The parties agreed that Kumar's Roth individual

retirement account (IRA) be held in common. CF at 1, 6-7, 98.

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ANALYSIS 

Kumar's multiple assignments of error can be reduced to four basic issues,

including claims that the trial court (1) failed to articulate grounds for vacating the

decree, (2) lacked authority to partially vacate the decree, (3) erred "by not

upholding the consent decree," and (4) improperly considered extrinsic evidence

to vacate the decree.18

Vacation of a judgment under CR 60(b) is within the trial court's discretion.19

We will affirm the trial court's ruling if it is "based upon tenable grounds and is

within the bounds of reasonableness,"2° but will reverse it if "there is a clear

showing that the exercise of discretion was manifestly unreasonable, based on

untenable grounds, or based on untenable reasons."21 The trial court did not

abuse its discretion here.

I. Lack of CR 60(b) Findings or Conclusions

Kumar argues that the trial court abused its discretion by omitting

necessary findings of fact and conclusions of law to support its decision to vacate

the decree.22 We disagree. Though the trial court did not make formal findings or

18 Appellant's Br. at 8-12.

19 Lindgren v. Lindgren,58 Wn. App. 558, 595, 794 P.2d 526 (1990).

2° Id. at 595.

21 Moreman v. Butcher, 126 Wn.2d 36, 40, 891 P.2d 725 (1995)

22 Appellant's Br. at 15. Kumar cites Scanlon v. Witrak, 110 Wn. App. 682,

686, 42 P.3d 447 (2002), for this proposition, but Scanlon does not address a

purported requirement to support a CR 60(b) order with findings and conclusions.

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conclusions when it ruled on Shivshankaran's CR 60(b) motion, it was not required

to do so.23

Here, the basis of the court's ruling is clear from the record. Shivshankaran

moved to vacate the decree on three grounds, including CR 60(b)(1), (b)(4), and

(b)(11). The court denied her CR 60(b)(4) fraud argument.24 The court was silent

about her CR 60(b)(11) "any other reason" argument. Thus, the sole ground

remaining for the court to resolve, and the only one for which it sought

supplemental briefing, was mistake under CR 60(b)(1).25

II. Partial Vacation of a Dissolution Decree

Kumar contends the trial court lacked authority for, and therefore abused its

discretion, by vacating only the retirement distribution portion of the parties'

decree.26 He is incorrect. Ample authority exists for a trial court to vacate only a

portion of a dissolution decree.27 Vacation proceedings are equitable in nature

and trial courts should exercise their authority liberally "to preserve substantial

23 In re Marriage of Hammack,114 Wn. App. 805, 811-12, 60 P.3d 663

(2003) (noting that there is no authority requiring courts to make findings and

conclusions pursuant to CR 60(b)); see also CR 52(a)(5)(B) (findings and

conclusions are not necessary on "decisions of motions under rules 12 or 56 or

any other motion).

24 RP (via-y- 3, 2018) at 19-21.

25 Id. at 20.

26 Appellant's Br. at 15-18, 21-22; Appellant's Reply Br. at 10-12.

27 See, e.g., Rock v. Rock,62 Wn.2d 706, 707-10, 384 P.2d 347 (1963); In

re Marriage of Powell,84 Wn. App. 432, 438, 927 P.2d 1154 (1996); In re

Marriage of Thurston,92 Wn. App. 494, 502-04, 963 P.2d 947 (1998); In re

Marriage of Akon,160 Wn. App. 48, 62, 248 P.3d 94 (2011).

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rights and do justice between the parties."28 Here, the court was not required to

vacate the parties' entire decree when vacating distribution of their retirement

funds, which was the only relief sought in Shivshankaran's CR 60(b) motion.

Of course, the overall distribution of property must be "just and equitable."29

The trial court implicitly concluded that vacating only the distribution of the

retirement accounts would be adequate to accomplish an overall just and

equitable property distribution on remand. The parties do not argue otherwise.3°

Ill. Grounds Supporting Partial Vacation

Next, Kumar contends there was no mistake in the parties' division of the

retirement funds. He argues that the parties explicitly agreed to this distribution,

Shivshankaran should have read the decree more thoroughly before signing it,

and, therefore, the trial court had no grounds to partially vacate an agreed,

unambiguous decree.31 We disagree.

A decree entered into by consent, such as the dissolution decree at issue

here, is contractual in nature.32 "A party to a contract is entitled to reformation of

the contract if either there has been a mutual mistake or one party is mistaken and

28 Haller v. Wallis, 89 Wn.2d 539, 543, 573 P.2d 1302 (1978).

29 RCW 26.09.080.

39 For their own reasons, both parties invite this court to remand the entirety

of their property distribution for retrial. But we decline to grant relief beyond that

sought from and granted by the trial court.

31 Appellant's Br. at 19-22.

32 Haller, 89 Wn.2d at 544.

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the other party engaged in fraud or inequitable conduct."33 Here, the record

supports either kind of mistake.

"A mutual mistake has occurred when the parties, although sharing an

identical intent when they formed a written document, did not express that intent in

the document."34 Here, during their negotiations, the record shows that Kumar

and Shivshankaran clearly intended to split the retirement account in an agreed

fashion. Despite their intentions, both parties were unaware that 401K account

9766 had not been explicitly identified in the retirement portfolio prior to entering

the final decree.35 The evidence leaves no doubt that Shivshankaran would not

have agreed to split 40 percent of account (9766) had she known the amount of

funds it contained.36 Based on the parties' misunderstandings as to scope of the

retirement account to be divided, the trial court could vacate this portion of the

decree for mutual mistake.

Alternatively, under the "snap up" doctrine "a court may decide not to

enforce a contract where a party made a unilateral mistake in entering the contract

33 Wash. Mut. Say. Bank v. Hedreen, 125 Wn.2d 521, 525, 886 P.2d 1121

(1994).

34 Halbert v. Forney,88 Wn. App. 669, 674, 945 P.2d 1137 (1997); see also

Bennett v. Shinoda Floral, Inc., 108 Wn.2d 386, 396, 739 P.2d 648 (1987) ("A

contract is voidable on grounds of mutual mistake when both parties

independently make a mistake at the time the contract is made as to a basic

assumption of the contract, unless the party seeking avoidance bears the risk of

the mistake.").

35 CP at 111-12, 133-34.

36 CP at 118, 133.

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and the other party knew of the other party's mistake at the time of acceptance

and unfairly exploited the mistaken party's error."37 Spouses have a fiduciary duty

to disclose all community assets and separate property prior to dissolution.38

Accordingly, Kumar was obligated to fully disclose information about all of the

Fidelity retirement accounts to Shivshankaran prior to entering the dissolution

decree. By changing the account names and account numbers in successive

drafts without fully disclosing the amounts contained in those accounts, Kumar

unfairly exploited Shivshankaran's mistaken belief that she was receiving 40% of

the largest account.

On appeal, Kumar acknowledges that he did not explicitly disclose the

smaller retirement account to Shivshankaran:

Here the account number 6305 was known to Ms. Shivshankaran

from the financial statements that were filed with the court in

February 2017 and is the bigger account awarded to the Petitioner.

The smaller account (9766) was not explicitly mentioned in the 

financial statements filed with the court but was still known to Ms.

Shivshankaran (definitely before the signing of the decree).[391

Though he claims Shivshankaran was aware of the smaller retirement

account prior to executing the decree, Kumar does not cite the record to support

37 Lietz v. Hansen Law Offices, P.S.C., 166 Wn. App. 571, 579 n.10, 271

P.3d 899 (2012).

38 See Seals v. Seals,22 Wn. App. 652, 655-56, 590 P.2d 1301 (1979) ("A

fiduciary duty does not cease upon contemplation of the dissolution of a

marriage."); In re Marriage of Sievers,78 Wn. App. 287, 311, 897 P.2d 388 (1995)

("We hold that a party to a property settlement agreement owes a fiduciary

obligation and a duty of good faith and fair dealing to attempt to draft formal

contract language that will honor that agreement.").

39 Appellant's Br. at 19 (emphasis added).

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this claim.40 Kumar's "unfairly exploiting" Shivshankaran's lack of knowledge

regarding the full scope of retirement accounts supports vacation of that portion of

the decree. Thus, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in doing so.41

IV. Consideration of Extrinsic Evidence

Lastly, Kumar contends the trial court improperly considered extrinsic

evidence in determining whether the parties' made a mistake in their decree.42 He

is incorrect because "[a]lthough extrinsic evidence is generally not admissible to

show intent contrary to the provisions of a written contract, it is admissible to show

mutual mistake."43 Because the trial court reviewed extrinsic evidence to render a

decision on Shivshankaran's CR 60(b)(1) claim of mistake, the trial court did not

err.

V. Attorney Fees

Both parties request fees under RAP 18.1. Shivshankaran also seeks fees

under RCW 26.09.14044 In awarding fees on appeal, we examine "the arguable

40 See Appellant's Br. at 19-22. Nor does our independent review of the

record reveal any support for this proposition.

41 Kumar argues that Shivshankaran is bound by the decree because she

had an obligation to read the decree before signing it. See Appellant's Br. at 19-

20. His argument is misplaced. "Any deliberate effort to draft language intended

to subvert [a settlement] agreement," as alleged by Shivshankaran "is a breach of

the fiduciary obligations of marriage." Sievers,78 Wn. App. at 311.

42 Appellant's Br. at 22-24.

43 In re Marriage of Schweitzer, 132 Wn.2d 318, 327, 937 P.2d 1062 (1997).

44 RCW 26.09.140 states: "Upon any appeal, the appellate court may, in its

discretion, order a party to pay for the cost of the other party of maintaining the

appeal and attorneys' fees in addition to statutory costs."

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merit of the issues on appeal and the financial resources of the respective

parties."45

Shivshankaran has demonstrated that Kumar has greater financial ability to

bear the costs of the appeal. And the issues raised by Kumar on appeal lack

merit. We award Shivshankaran her reasonable fees and costs on appeal.

Accordingly, we affirm.46

WE CONCUR:

oiAdiA4 -

45 In re Custody of Thompson,34 Wn. App. 643, 648, 663 P.2d 164 (1983).

46 As a final matter, Shivshankaran argues that Kumar's "reply brief makes

numerous factual representations without a single citation to the record" and

requests that we strike his reply brief as violating RAP 10.3(a)(5). See Motion to

Strike at 1-2. This rule requires that the statement of the case be "[a] fair

statement of the facts and procedure relevant to the issues presented for review,

without argument." RAP 10.3(a)(5). Because we confine our review of Kumar's

reply arguments to those articulated in its argument section, we deny

Shivshankaran's motion to strike.

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