# U ni te d S ta te s Co ur t of A pp ea ls For the Eig hth Circu it

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No. 1 5- 13 46

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Uni te d S ta te s o f Am eri ca

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Pla in ti

ff - App el le e

v.

Reyes O. Cam

po s

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Defe nd

an t - Ap pe ll an t

__ __ __ __ __ __ App eal fro m

Uni te d S ta te s Di st ric t Co ur t fo r th e Weste rn Dis tri ct of M is so ur i - Kan sa s C it y

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Su bm it te d: Feb ru ary 8, 2 01 6 Fil ed : M arch 22 , 20 16

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Befo re RI LEY, Chi ef J ud ge , LOKE N and BENTON, Circu it Ju dg es

.

__ __ __ __ __ __ RILEY, Chi ef J ud ge

.

Thre e Kan sa s Ci ty, Mi ss ou ri, po li ce of fic ers en co un te red Reyes Cam po s aft er th ey rece iv ed a rep or t t ha t a m an m ig ht ne ed m ed ic al at te nt io n. The of fic ers fo un d
Cam po s lying on th e si de walk ne xt to a fal le n bi cy cl e. Cam p o s w a s act in g in co he ren tl y

. W he n an offi cer rig ht ed Cam po s’s bic y cl e, an un zi pp ed ba g att ach ed

to th e ha nd le ba rs cam e op en , rev eal in g two fir earm s an d dr ug pa rap he rn al ia

. The
of fic ers as cert ai ne d th at Cam po s was a co nv ic te d fel on an d arre st ed hi m fo r be in g afel on in po ss es si on of a fir ea r m, s e e 18 U.S.C. §§ 92 2( g) (1 ), 92 4( a)(2 ). Cam po s

un su cces sf

ul ly m ov ed to su pp res s th e fir earm an d dr ug ev id en c e

. C a mp os

co nd it io na ll y

pl ed gu il ty an d was sen te nc ed to 10 0 m on th s i m pr is on m en t an d t hr ee

y ears su pe rv is ed rel eas e.

Cam po s ch al le ng es th e di st ric t co ur t’s de ni al of hi s m ot io n to su p p r e s s th e

ev id en ce fo un d in th e ba g an d it s im po si ti on of a co nd it io n on Cam po s’s su pe rv is ed
rel eas e th at he ob ta in no ad di ti on al ta tt oo s. Hav in g juri sd ic ti on pu rs ua nt to 28 U.S.C. § 12 91
, we affi rm th e di st ric t co ur t’s d e n i a l of Cam po s’s su pp res si on m ot io n an d
affi rm as m od ifi ed th e ta tt oo co nd it io n o f hi s s up erv is ed rel eas e.

I. BACKGRO UND 1

On Mar ch 6, 20 13 , Ka ns as Ci ty Po li ce Offi cers Ph el p s, Gad dy, an d W he el er

res po nd ed to a cal l “ to in ve st ig at e th e ne ed fo r an am bu la nc e.” Offi cer Ph el ps arri ve d

on th e sc en e fir st , whe re h e f o u n d C am

po s lying on th e si de walk ne xt to a fal le n bi cy cl e wit h a ba g at ta ch ed to it

. Two wom en were st an di ng ne arb y

. Offi cer Ph el ps
ap pr oa ch ed Cam

po s to de te rm in e if he ne ed ed as si st an ce. Cam po s st at ed he di d no t

ne ed m ed ic al at te n ti on , bu t he was be ha vi ng in co he ren tl y an d Offi cer Ph el ps

su sp ect ed he was un de r th e in flu en ce of dr ug s. Cam po s st at ed hi s na m e was Mi ch ael

, bu t co ul d no t or wou ld no t pr ov id e an y ad di ti on al id en ti fy in g in fo rm at io n. Bel ie vi ng Cam po s was un de r th e in flu en ce of s o me n arco ti c an d ne ed ed m ed ic al at te nt io n, Offi cer Ph el ps ha nd cu ffed Cam po s an d fri sk ed hi m

. No weap on s or co nt rab an d were fo un d. Offi cers Gadd y

an d Whee le r arri ve d.

Cam po s’s bi cy cl e was lying “ on a si de walk in a res id en ti al ne ig hb or ho od ”
whe re “ walk ers an d jog ge rs ” were pr es e n t

. Offi cer Ph el ps ne ed ed to m ov e th e

Cam po s h as no t o bjec te d t o t he di st ric t co ur t’s fa ct ua l fi nd in gs , so we reci te 1

t h e f act s as fo un d by th e di st ric t co ur t. See, e.g ., Uni te d St at es v. Ro dr ig ue z , 4 8 4 F.3 d 1 00 6, 1 01 0- 11 (8t h C ir. 2 00 7)

.
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-bi cy cl e “ be cau se it was im pe di ng pe de st ria n tra ffi c,” an d if Cam po s were ta ke n to th e ho sp i t al

, th e of

fic ers wou ld “ ta ke cu st od y of [Cam po s’s] bi cy cl e.” Offi cer Ph el ps
to ld Cam po s, “ I’m go in g to go ch eck y ou r ba g, ok ? ” A c c o r d i n g to Offi cer Ph el ps , he ho pe d t o l oc at e Cam

po s’s i de nt ifi cat io n.

As Offi cer Ph el ps rig ht ed th e bi cy c l e , th e un zi pp ed ba g at ta ch ed to th e ha nd le ba rs fel l o pe n. On ce t he ba g was op en , Offi cer P he lp s, wi th ou t t ou ch in g t he
ba g, co ul d se e th ere was a gu n in si de

. Upo n r em ov in g th e gu n, Offi cer Ph el ps di sc ov ered an ot he r gu n un de rn eat h it

. Ben eat h th e se co nd gu n was a “ di gi ta l sc al e wit h re si du e an d a syrin ge co nt ai ni ng res id ue an d b lo od .”

Mea nwh il e, Cam

po s fin al ly to ld Offi cer Gad dy hi s na m e an d da te of bi rth

. The
of fic ers “ ran th is i n f

o r mati on th ro ug h di sp at ch ” whe reu po n th ey were ad vi se d
Cam po s “ was on su pe rv is i o n f o r a se xu al of

fen se .” Onc e th e of

fic ers co nf

irmed
Cam po s was a co nv ic te d fel on , th ey arre st ed hi m

. Cam po s th en st at ed he was in pa in

an d ne ed ed to go to th e ho sp it al

. At th e ho sp it al

, a nu r s e f o u nd a su bs ta nc e la te r de te rm in ed to be m et ha m ph et am in e in Cam

po s’s pa nt s an d tu rn ed it ov er to Offi cer Gad dy.

Cam po s was in di ct ed on on e co un t of be in g a fel on in po ss es si on of a fir earm ,

se e 18 U.S.C. §§ 92 2( g) (1 ), 92 4( a)(2 ). Cam po s th en m ov ed “ to su pp res s al l ev id en ce

an d te st im on y rel at in g to su ch ev id en ce th at was ob ta in ed in vi ol at io n of [h is ] rig ht s

un de r th e Fo ur th an d Fo ur te en th Am en dm en ts to th e U.S. Co ns ti tu ti on

. ” C a m po s
arg ue d th e ev id en ce was ob ta in ed un la wfu ll y be cau se “ [t]he of fi c ers ha d no

re a s o n ab le su sp ic io n th at [h e] was en ga ge d in cri m in al act iv it y .” Cam po s as se rte d
Offi cer Ph el ps co nd uc te d an “ un reas on ab le se arch ” by m ov in g hi s bi cy cl e “ [b ]ecaus e th is type of ph ys i cal m an ip ul at io n of on e’s pe rs on al effe ct s is ai m ed pr eci se ly at
di sc ern in g wh at on e h as att em pt ed to pre se rv e as pri va te .”

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-In th e di st ric t cou rt’s vi ew, du rin g Office r Ph el ps ’s in te ract io n with Cam po s,

“ fact s be cam e kn own to Offi cer Ph el ps th at pr ov id ed hi m wit h a reas on ab le

, art ic ul ab le su sp ic io n th at

. . . Cam po s m ay ha ve be en en ga ge d in cri m in al act iv it y ,” jus ti fy in g a se arch o f C a mp os ’s pe rs on

. See Terry v. Ohi o, 39 2 U.S. 1, 27 (1 96 8) ; Kan sa s Ci ty, Mo

. Co de o f O r di na nc es §§ 70 -3 02 (a), 70 -6 87 (p ro hi bi ti ng th e
op erat io n of a ve hi cl e, in cl ud in g a bi cy cl e, whi le un de r th e in flu en ce of dr ug s)

. The
di st ric t co ur t fu rth er co nc lu de d Offi cer Ph el ps di d no t “ se arch ” Cam po s’s ba g— on ce Offi cer Ph el ps m ov ed th e bi cy cl e, th e ba g op en ed

, an d th e fir st gu n was in pl ai n vi ew in a pu bl ic area

. See Payton v. New Yor k, 44 5 U.S. 57 3, 58 7 (1 98 0)

. The di st ric t

co ur t ex pl ai ne d, “ th e in cri m in at in g ch arac te r of a g u n in th e un zi pp ed ba g of an in di vi du al be li ev ed to be hi gh on so m e type of na rco ti c was im m ed ia te ly ap pa ren t to
Offi cer Ph el ps an d

. . . Offi cer Ph el ps ha d a la wfu l rig ht to acce ss th e gu n an d m ak e it saf e.” (Fo ot no te s o m it te d)

.

The di st ric t co ur t al so no te d Offi cer Ph el ps ne ed ed to m ov e Cam po s’s bi cy cl e

“ be cau se it was im

pe di ng pe de st ria n tra ffi c.” See K a n s a s C i ty, Mo

. Co de of
Ord in an ces § 70

- 6 96 (b ) (“ A bi cy cl e pa rk ed on a si de walk sh al l no t
im pe de

. . . pe de st ria n

. . . tra ffi c.”). Obs erv in g e v e n if th e bi cy cl e ha d no t be en bl oc ki ng th e si de walk

, th e of fic ers wo u ld ha ve ha d to m ov e th e bi cy cl e up on
tra ns po rti ng Cam

po s to t h e ho sp it al

, th e di st ric t co ur t de ni ed Cam po s’s m ot io n to

su pp res s.

Sev eral m on th s la te r Cam po s co nd it io na ll y pl ed gu il ty to be in g a fel on in

po ss es s i on of a fir earm in vi ol at io n of 18 U.S.C. § 92 2( g) (1 ), pr es erv in g hi s

su pp res si on is su e. The di st ric t co ur t se nt en ced Cam po s to 10 0 m on th s im

pr is on m en t

an d th ree y ears of su pe rv is ed rel eas e. One co nd it io n of Cam po s’s su pe rv is ed rel eas e

was th at he “ no t ob ta in ad di ti on al ta tt oo s whi le in carc erat ed o r o n s u pe rv is ed
rel eas e.” Cam

po s ap pe al s th e di st ric t co ur t’s de ni al of hi s m ot io n to su pp res s an d th e im po si ti on of t he sp eci al co nd it io n p ro hi bi ti ng tat to os

.

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-II

. DISCUSS IO N

A. Supp res si on Mot io n W e re v i e w th e di st ric t co ur t’s de ni al of a m ot io n to su pp res s de no vo

. See
Uni te d S ta te s v . W he at , 27 8 F .3d 72 2, 7 25 (8t h C ir. 2 00 1)

.

Cam po s a r g u es th e di st ric t co ur t erre d by de nyin g hi s su pp res si on m ot io n be cau se th e of

fic ers lo cat ed hi s weap on s, dr ug s, an d pa rap he rn al ia aft er co nd uc ti ng

a se arch “ in vi ol at io n o f th e Fo ur th Am en dm en t o f th e Uni te d S ta te s C on st it ut io n.”
Acco rd in g to Cam

po s, “ [t]he reas on Offi cer Ph el ps was ab le to se e th e co nt en ts of th e ba g was be cau se he m an ip ul at ed th e ba g whi le i t w a s o n th e bi ke ,” whi ch Cam po s

as se rts “ co ns ti tu te d an un reas on ab le se arch of hi s pe rs on al effe ct s.” Ci ti ng Ariz on a

v. Gan t, 55 6 U.S. 33 2, 33 5 (2 00 9)

, Cam po s an al og iz es hi s si tu at io n to th at of a m ot or

ve hi cl e se arch

, st at in g th e “ [o ]fficer s la ck e d reas on ab le su sp ic io n to co nd uc t an in ve st ig at or y se a r c h of [h is ] ba g aft er he was ha nd cu ffed an d away fro m th e ba g”
be cau se “ th e Co ns ti tu ti on do es no t au th or iz e a ve hi cl e se arch in ci de nt to arre st aft er th e arr es te e h as be en sec ur ed an d c an no t ac ces s t he in te rio r of th e v eh ic le .”

W e ag ree wit h th e go ve rn m en t th at Offi cer Ph el ps ’s m ov em en t of th e bi cy cl e

un de r th e u ni qu e ci rcu m st an ces of t hi s ca se di d n ot co ns ti tu te a se arch an d th us di d

no t im pl ic at e Cam

po s’s Fo ur th Am en dm en t rig ht s. As th e go ve rn m en t ex pl ai ns ,

“ Cam po s’s ap pe al on th is po in t bo il s do wn to th e di sc r e t e i s s u e of whe th er th e

m ov em en t of hi s bi cy cl e by po li ce, in an d of it se lf, v i ol at ed Cam po s’s Fo ur th
Am en dm en t rig ht s.” As th e di st ric t co ur t ex pl ai ne d, Offi cer Ph el ps ne ed ed to m ov e Cam po s’s bi cy cl e be cau se it was im pe di ng pe de st ria n tra ffi c, i n v i o l at io n of ci ty

or di na nc e. See Kan sa s Ci ty, Mo

. Co de of Ord in an ces § 70 -6 96 (b ). Alt ho ug h Offi cer Ph el ps in ci d e n t a l l y cau se d th e ba g to m ov e by pi ck in g up th e bi cy cl e, th e di st ric t

co ur t di d n o t f

in d th at Offi cer Ph el ps di rect ly m an ip ul at ed th e ba g ph y si cal ly by

op en in g it

, sq ue ezi ng it

, or to uc hi ng it in an y way

. Onc e th e bi cy cl e was rig ht ed an d
th e un zi pp ed ba g c am e o pe n, Ca m po s’s fi rear m

was i n p la in vi ew. “ The se iz ur e of

pr op ert y in pl ai n vi ew in vo lv es no in va si on of pr iv acy an d is pr es um pt iv el y

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-reas on ab le

, as su m in g th at th er e i s p r o b ab le cau se to as so ci at e th e pr op ert y wit h

cri m in al act iv it y .” Payton
, 44 5 U.S. at 58 7. Bec au se Offi cer Ph el ps di d no t co nd uc t

a se arch , b ut rat he r sa w C am po s’s fir earm in pl ai n vi ew in a pu bl ic area , w e a f f irm
th e d is tri ct co ur t’s d en ia l o f Cam po s’s s up pr es si on m ot io n.

B. Con di tio ns of S uper vi se d Rel ea se W e rev ie w th e im

po si ti on of con di ti on s up on su pe rv is ed rel eas e fo r ab us e o f
di sc ret io n. Se e Uni te d S ta te s v . Sim on s, 6 14 F.3d 47 5, 4 78 (8t h C ir. 2 01 0)

.

D i s t ric t co ur ts ha ve “ wid e di sc ret io n” to im po se co nd it io ns o f

su pe rv is ed rel eas e so lo ng as th ey are “ reas on ab ly rel at ed ” to (1 ) t h e

na tu re an d ci rcu m st an ces of th e of fen se ; (2 ) th e de fen da nt ’s hi st or y an d ch arac te ris ti cs ; (3 ) th e de te rren ce of cri m in al co nd uc t; (4 ) th e pr ot ect io n of th e pu bl ic fro m fu rth er cri m es of th e de f en da nt ; an d (5 ) th e de fen da nt ’s ed uc at io na l, vo cat io na l, m ed i c in al

, or ot he r co rrec ti on al

ne ed s.

Uni te d St at es v. Mu hl en br uc h, 68 2 F.3 d 10 96
, 11 02 (8 th Ci r. 20 12 ) (in te rn al ci ta ti on s

om it te d) (q uo ti ng Un i t e d St at es v. Ri ch art , 66 2 F.3 d 10 37
, 10 56 (8 th Ci r. 20 11 )).
Co nd it io ns of su pe rv is ed rel eas e m us t “ in vo lv e[] no gr eat e r de pr iv at io n of li be rty
th an reas on ab ly ne ces sa ry fo r th e pu rp os es se t f o r t h i n § 35 53 (a)” an d m us t be

“ co ns is te nt wit h an y pe rti ne n t p o l i cy st at em en ts is su ed by th e Uni te d St at es S e n t e n c i n g Co m

m is si on .” Uni te d St at es v. Mef fo rd

, 71 1 F.3 d 92 3, 92 6 (8 th Ci r

. 20 13 ); see al so 18 U.S.C. § 35 53 (a) (l is ti ng “ [f]acto rs to be co ns id ered in im po si ng

a se nt en ce”)

.

Cam po s arg ue s th e di st ric t co ur t’s pr oh ib it io n on ne w ta tt oo s is no t reas on ab ly
rel at ed to hi s of

fen se of be in g a fel on in po ss es si on of a fir earm , th e de te rren c e o f
cri m in al co nd uc t, t he pro te ct io n o f th e pu bl ic

, or th e fu rth eran ce o f hi s co rrec ti on al

ne ed s. Cam

po s al so de cl ares “ hi s rig ht to ge t an d ke ep t a t t o o s sh ou ld be pr ot ect ed by the Fir st Am en dm en t.”

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-Th e go ve rn m en t rep li es th at “ an y ad di ti on al ta tt oo s, du e in pa rt to t h e i r

ex ces si ve co st , wou ld pr ov id e a hi nd ran ce to Cam po s’s so ci et al reh ab il it at io n ”
be cau se th e co st of th e ta tt oo s co ul d in te rfer e wit h hi s ab il it y to pa y fo r co ur t-o rd ered

“ su bs ta nc e ab us e an d m en ta l he al th co un se li ng pr og ram s.” The go ve rn m en t as se rts
th e co nd it io n “ in vo lv es no gr eat er de pr iv at io n of li be rty th an reas on ab ly ne ces sa ry ”
be cau se “ Cam

po s ne ed on ly refr ai n fro m acq ui rin g ta tt oo s fo r a pe rio d of th ree y ears aft er re le as e fro m

pri so n.”

W e di sa gr ee. Th e pr oh ib it io n on th is on e pa rti cu la r ex pe nd it ur e ha rd ly is
rel at ed to Ca

m pos’ s “ ed uc at ion al

, vo cat io na l, m ed ic in al

, or ot he r co rrec ti on al ne ed s,”

an d ha s no co nn ect io n to th e ot he r § 35 53 (a) se nt en ci ng fact or s. Mu hl en br uc h, 68 2 2

F.3 d at 11 02

. W e th eref

or e m od ify co nd it io n se ve n of th e “ Add it io na l Co nd it io ns of
Su pe rv is ed Rel eas e” t o re m ov e th e wor ds “ or on su pe rv is ed rel eas e.” 3

II I. CONCLUSI ON
The di st ric t co ur t’s de ni al of Cam po s’s m ot io n to s u pp res s is affi rm ed

. W e affi rm th e d is tri ct co ur t’s t at to o c on di ti on as m od ifi ed

.

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Bec au se we co nc lu de th is co nd it io n on Cam po s’s su pe rv is ed rel eas e do es no t 2

co m po rt wit h th e “ pu rp os es se t fo rth in § 35 53 (a),” we ne ed no t co ns id er Cam po s’s
arg um en t th at th e co nd it io n vi ol at es hi s rig ht s un de r th e Fi rs t Am en dm en t. See, e.g ., Bu eh rle v. Ci ty of Key W es t,

__ _ F.3 d

__ _,

__ _, No. 14 -1 53 54
, 20 15 W L 94 87 71 6,
at *2 -3 (1 1t h Ci r. 20 15 ) (ch arac te riz in g ta tt oo s as art is ti c ex pr es si on pr ot ect ed by th e Fi rs t Am en dm en t).

W e affi rm th e co nd it io n th at Cam po s no t ge t an y ne w ta tt oo s whi le in pr is on 3 be cau se Bu reau of Pri so ns reg ul at io ns pr ev en t Cam po s fro m ob ta in in g ta tt oo s whi le in carc erat ed

. See 28 C.F.R. § 54 1.3 (a)( 22 8) ; cf. Thu nd erb ird v. Lam pe rt, 74 F. App ’x 8 3 5, 83 5 (9 th Ci r. 20 03 ) (u ph ol di ng reg ul at io n be cau se “ an y in fri ng em en t on Thu nd erb ird ’s sp eech an d ex pr es si on cau se d by th e pr is on ’s reg ul at io n of

. . . bo ok s

co nt ai ni ng tra ns fera bl e ta tt oo s, was reas on a b l y rel at ed to le gi ti m at e pe no lo gi cal in te res ts ”).

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