National Ocean Service Surveying and Mapping Projects in U.S. Waters for

Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement Coastal and Marine Data Acquisition

APPENDIX E: TECHNICAL ACOUSTIC ANALYSIS OF OCEANOGRAPHIC 

SURVEYS FOR THE NATIONAL OCEAN SERVICE
Technical Acoustic Analysis of 

Oceanographic Surveys for the National 

Ocean Service

Underwater Acoustic and Exposure Modeling of 

Oceanographic Survey Sounds 

Submitted to:

Solv, LLC 

Authors:

Samuel Denes

Michelle Weirathmueller

Karlee Zammit

David Zeddies

Dana Cusano 

Katy Limpert

Klaus Lucke

October 2022

P001444-001

Document 002082

Version 3.1 

JASCO Applied Sciences (USA) Inc.

8701 Georgia Ave., Suite 410

Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA

Tel: +1-301-565-3500

www.jasco.com
Denes, S., Zammit, K., Cusano, D., Weirathmueller, M., Limpert, K., Lucke, K., and D. Zeddies 2022. Technical Acoustic 

Analysis of Oceanographic Surveys for the National Ocean Service, Document 02082, Version 3.1. Technical Report 

by JASCO Applied Sciences for Solv, LLC 

Disclaimer: 

The results presented herein are relevant within the specific context described in this report. They could be 

misinterpreted if not considered in the light of all the information contained in this report. Accordingly, if information 

from this report is used in documents released to the public or to regulatory bodies, such documents must clearly 

cite the original report, which shall be made readily available to the recipients in integral and unedited form.
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Contents

INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................... 1

METHODS........................................................................................................................................... 1

Source Characteristics................................................................................................................ 1

Propagation ................................................................................................................................ 7

Geometric Spreading Model............................................................................................... 7

3D Acoustic Modeling with Fixed Source/Receiver Accumulation..................................... 7

Cumulative Grid .................................................................................................................. 9

Animal Movement Modeling ..................................................................................................... 9

Exposure Range Estimation .............................................................................................. 10

Density Estimation.................................................................................................................... 10

Proposed Alternative Exposure Calculations........................................................................... 30

RESULTS ........................................................................................................................................... 30

Geometric Spreading Loss Model ............................................................................................ 30

3D Cumulative Acoustic Modeling ........................................................................................... 33

Animal Movement Modeling ................................................................................................... 38

Annual Exposure Estimates...................................................................................................... 58

Injury Exposures................................................................................................................ 59

Behavioral Disruption Exposures...................................................................................... 68

Daily Exposure Estimates ......................................................................................................... 79

LITERATURE CITED.............................................................................................................................. 93

APPENDIX A. ACOUSTICS ............................................................................................................... 105

APPENDIX B. MARINE MAMMAL IMPACT CRITERIA ............................................................................ 112

APPENDIX C. ACOUSTIC MODELS.................................................................................................... 118

APPENDIX D. ACOUSTIC SOURCES ................................................................................................... 219

APPENDIX E. ANIMAL MOVEMENT MODELING RESULTS ..................................................................... 242
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Figures

Figure 1. Vertical slice for the Modelled beam pattern for a multibeam system with 191 individual 

2ox2o beams, making a 150o swath perpendicular to the vessel track; (a) along- and (b) acrosstrack direction.......................................................................................................................................... 7

Figure 2. Overview of acoustic modeling locations throughout U.S. waters................................................ 9

Figure 3. Example distribution of animat closest points of approach (CPAs)............................................. 10

Figure 4. Knudsen 320 B/R 3.5 kHz sound exposure level at the Atlantic (24.821°N, -79.9265°E) acrosstrack modeling site in deep water. a) Unweighted b) LF weighted c) MF weighted d) HF weighted 

e) OPW weighted f) PPW weighted g) SI weighted. .............................................................................. 34

Figure 5. Kongsberg EM710 at 70 kHz sound exposure level at the Atlantic (24.821°N, -79.9265°E) 

across-track modeling site in deep water. a) Unweighted b) LF weighted c) MF weighted d) HF 

weighted e) OPW weighted f) PPW weighted g) SI weighted............................................................... 35

Figure 6. Knudsen 320 B/R 3.5 kHz sound exposure level at the Atlantic (24.5390°N, -80.7623°E) 

across-track modeling site in mid-depth water. a) Unweighted b) LF weighted c) MF weighted d) 

HF weighted e) OPW weighted f) PPW weighted g) SI weighted.......................................................... 36

Figure 7. Kongsberg EM710 at 70 kHz sound exposure level at the Atlantic (24.5390°N, -80.7623°E) 

across-track modeling site in mid-depth water. a) Unweighted b) LF weighted c) MF weighted d) 

HF weighted e) OPW weighted f) PPW weighted g) SI weighted.......................................................... 37

APPENDIX FIGURES

Figure A-1. A cosine wave with a peak value (i.e., amplitude) of 1, peak-to-peak value of 2, rms value 

of 0.71, period of 0.33 s, and frequency of 3 Hz. ................................................................................ 105

Figure A-2. The rms90 value is computed using the rms square pressure over T90, the period between 

the time of 5% and 95% of the cumulative square pressure .............................................................. 106

Figure A-3. Decidecade frequency bands (vertical lines) shown on a linear frequency scale and a 

logarithmic scale.................................................................................................................................. 110

Figure A-4. Sound pressure spectral density levels and the corresponding decidecade band sound 

pressure levels of example ambient noise shown on a logarithmic frequency scale ......................... 111

Figure B-1. Auditory weighting functions for the functional marine mammal hearing groups as 

recommended by Southall et al. (2007) .............................................................................................. 114

Figure B-2. Auditory weighting functions for the low-, mid-, and high-frequency cetacean hearing 

groups as recommended by Southall et al. (2007).............................................................................. 115

Figure B-3. Auditory weighting functions for the low-, mid-, and high-frequency cetacean and sirenian 

hearing groups as recommended by NMFS (2018). Sirenian weighting function is from Blackstock 

et al. (2017).......................................................................................................................................... 116

Figure C-1. Correction for calculating out-of-beam source level (i.e., in the horizontal direction) from 

in-beam source level, as a function of source beamwidth.................................................................. 120

Figure C-2. Modeled three-dimensional sound field (N×2-D method) and maximum-over-depth 

modeling approach. Sampling locations are shown as blue dots on both figures. On the right panel, 

the pink dot represents the sampling location where the sound level is maximum over the water 

column. This maximum-over-depth level is used in calculating distances to sound level thresholds 

for some marine animals..................................................................................................................... 122
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Figure C-3. Example animat seeding and source tracks for the Mid-Atlantic region. Atlantic spotted 

dolphin................................................................................................................................................. 132

Figure C-4. Graphic of animats in a moving sound field. Example animat (red) shown moving with 

each time step. The acoustic exposure of each animat is determined by where it is in the sound 

field, and its exposure history is accumulated as the simulation steps through time........................ 132

Tables 

Table 1. Active acoustic equipment source and operational parameters as provided by NOS 

supplemented with manufacturer data and field measurements (Crocker and Fratantonio 2016), 

when necessary. ...................................................................................................................................... 3

Table 2. Depth ranges for numerical acoustic propagation models............................................................. 8

Table 3. Acoustic parameters for detailed range dependent, 3D propagation modeling............................ 8

Table 4. Estimated density of marine mammal species populations grouped by NOS operational 

region..................................................................................................................................................... 12

Table 5. Proposed linear nautical miles of survey effort by alternative for the NOS program offices 

that reported different levels of effort for active acoustic equipment use between the 

alternatives. Percentages of miles relative to Alternative A are provided in parentheses................... 30

Table 6. Range to NMFS 2018 technical guidance inury thresholds based on a geometric spreading 

loss model.............................................................................................................................................. 31

Table 7. Distance (Range) to Injury and Behavioral Exposure results for animal movement simulations 

in Alaskan waters................................................................................................................................... 38

Table 8. Distance (Range) to Injury and Behavioral Exposure results for animal movement simulations 

off the East Coast of the U.S.................................................................................................................. 41

Table 9. Distance (Range) to Injury and Behavioral Exposure results for animal movement simulations 

in the Gulf of Mexico. ............................................................................................................................ 46

Table 10. Exposure results for animal movement simulations off Hawaii. Percent of the simulated 

individuals and ranges to exposure for each species and source type for injury and behavioral 

criteria are presented. ........................................................................................................................... 49

Table 11. Exposure results for animal movement simulations off the West Coast of the US. Percent 

of the simulated individuals and ranges to exposure for each species and source type for injury 

and behavioral criteria are presented. .................................................................................................. 53

Table 12. Injury exposures for each year of active acoustic surveys for activities associated with 

proposed Alternative A summed over all simulated regions. ............................................................... 59

Table 13. Injury exposures for each year of active acoustic surveys for activities associated with 

proposed Alternative B summed over all simulated regions. ............................................................... 62

Table 14. Injury exposures for each year of active acoustic surveys for activities associated with 

proposed Alternative C summed over all simulated regions. ............................................................... 65

Table 15. Behavioral disruption exposures for each year of active acoustic surveys for activities 

associated with proposed Alternative A summed over all simulated regions. ..................................... 68

Table 16. Behavioral disruption exposures for each year of active acoustic surveys for activities 

associated with proposed Alternative B summed over all simulated regions. ..................................... 72
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Table 17. Behavioral disruption exposures for each year of active acoustic surveys for activities 

associated with proposed Alternative C summed over all simulated regions. ..................................... 75

Table 18. Daily behavioral disruption exposures for active acoustic sources............................................ 79

Table E-1. Injurious exposures for each year broken down into two categories of active acoustic 

surveys for activities associated with proposed Alternative A summed over all simulated regions. . 242

Table E-2. Injurious exposures for each year broken down into two categories of active acoustic 

surveys for activities associated with proposed Alternative B summed over all simulated regions. . 246

Table E-3. Injurious exposures for each year broken down into two categories of active acoustic 

surveys for activities associated with proposed Alternative C summed over all simulated regions. . 251

Table E-4. Behavioral disruption exposures for each year broken down into two categories of active 

acoustic surveys for activities associated with proposed Alternative A summed over all simulated 

regions. ................................................................................................................................................ 256

Table E-5. Behavioral disruption exposures for each year broken down into two categories of active 

acoustic surveys for activities associated with proposed Alternative B summed over all simulated 

regions. ................................................................................................................................................ 260

Table E-6. Behavioral disruption exposures for each year broken down into two categories of active 

acoustic surveys for activities associated with proposed Alternative C summed over all simulated 

regions. ................................................................................................................................................ 264

APPENDIX TABLES

Table B-1. Summary of relevant acoustic terminology used by US regulators ........................................ 112

Table B-2. Marine mammal hearing groups............................................................................................. 113

Table B-3. Parameters for the auditory weighting functions recommended by Southall et al. (2007). .. 114

Table B-4. Parameters for the auditory weighting functions recommended by NMFS (2018)................ 115

Table B-5. Summary of relevant injury onset acoustic thresholds (NMFS 2018). .................................... 116

Table C-1. Parameters for the modeled environments and source locations for each of the 

operational regions.............................................................................................................................. 124

Table C-2. Atlantic spotted dolphins: Data values and references input in JASMINE to create diving 

behavior(number values represent means [standard deviations] unless otherwise indicated)......... 133

Table C-3. Atlantic white-sided dolphin: Data values and references input in JASMINE to create diving 

behavior(number values represent means [standard deviations] unless otherwise indicated)......... 134

Table C-4. Beluga whale: Data values and references input in JASMINE to create diving behavior 

(number values represent means [standard deviations] unless otherwise indicated)....................... 136

Table C-5. Blainville’s beaked whale: Data values and references input in JASMINE to create diving 

behavior (number values represent means [standard deviations] unless otherwise indicated)........ 137

Table C-6. Blue whale: Data values and references input in JASMINE to create diving behavior 

(number values represent means [standard deviations] unless otherwise indicated)....................... 139

Table C-7. Bottlenose dolphin: Data values and references input in JASMINE to create diving 

behavior(number values represent means [standard deviations] unless otherwise indicated)......... 142

Table C-8. Bryde's whale: Data values and references input in JASMINE to create diving behavior 

(number values represent means [standard deviations] unless otherwise indicated)....................... 146
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Table C-9. Cuvier’s beaked whale: Data values and references input in JASMINE to create diving 

behavior(number values represent means [standard deviations] unless otherwise indicated)......... 148

Table C-10. Manatee: Data values and references input in JASMINE to create diving behavior (number 

values represent means [standard deviations] unless otherwise indicated)...................................... 150

Table C-11. Dwarf sperm whale: Data values and references input in JASMINE to create diving 

behavior (number values represent means [standard deviations] unless otherwise indicated)........ 152

Table C-12. False killer whale: Data values and references input in JASMINE to create diving behavior 

(number values represent means [standard deviations] unless otherwise indicated)....................... 154

Table C-13. Fin whale: Data values and references input in JASMINE to create diving behavior 

(number values represent means [standard deviations] unless otherwise indicated)....................... 156

Table C-14. Fraser's dolphin: Data values and references input in JASMINE to create diving behavior 

(number values represent means [standard deviations] unless otherwise indicated)....................... 160

Table C-15. Gervais' beaked whale: Data values and references input in JASMINE to create diving 

behavior (number values represent means [standard deviations] unless otherwise indicated)........ 162

Table C-16. Gray seal: Data values and references input in JASMINE to create diving behavior(number 

values represent means [standard deviations] unless otherwise indicated)...................................... 164

Table C-17. Harbor porpoise: Data values and references input in JASMINE to create diving 

behavior(number values represent means [standard deviations] unless otherwise indicated)......... 167

Table C-18. Harbor seal: Data values and references input in JASMINE to create diving 

behavior(number values represent means [standard deviations] unless otherwise indicated)......... 169

Table C-19. Harp seal: Data values and references input in JASMINE to create diving behavior 

(number values represent means [standard deviations] unless otherwise indicated)....................... 174

Table C-20. Humpback whale: Data values and references input in JASMINE to create diving behavior 

(number values represent means [standard deviations] unless otherwise indicated)....................... 176

Table C-21. Killer whale: Data values and references input in JASMINE to create diving 

behavior(number values represent means [standard deviations] unless otherwise indicated)......... 178

Table C-22. Long-finned pilot whale: Data values and references input in JASMINE to create diving 

behavior (number values represent means [standard deviations] unless otherwise indicated)........ 180

Table C-23. Melon-headed whale: Data values and references input in JASMINE to create diving 

behavior (number values represent means [standard deviations] unless otherwise indicated)........ 182

Table C-24. Mesoplodont beaked whales: Data values and references input in JASMINE to create 

diving behavior (number values represent means [standard deviations] unless otherwise 

indicated)............................................................................................................................................. 184

Table C-25. Minke whale: Data values and references input in JASMINE to create diving behavior 

(number values represent means [standard deviations] unless otherwise indicated)....................... 186

Table C-26. North Atlantic right whale: Data values and references input in JASMINE to create diving 

behavior (number values represent means [standard deviations] unless otherwise indicated)........ 190

Table C-27. Pantropical spotted dolphin: Data values and references input in JASMINE to create diving 

behavior (number values represent means [standard deviations] unless otherwise indicated)........ 193

Table C-28. Pygmy killer whale: Data values and references input in JASMINE to create diving 

behavior (number values represent means [standard deviations] unless otherwise indicated)........ 195

Table C-29. Pygmy sperm whale: Data values and references input in JASMINE to create diving 

behavior (number values represent means [standard deviations] unless otherwise indicated)........ 197
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Table C-30. Risso’s dolphin: Data values and references input in JASMINE to create diving 

behavior(number values represent means [standard deviations] unless otherwise indicated)......... 198

Table C-31. Rough-toothed dolphin: Data values and references input in JASMINE to create diving 

behavior (number values represent means [standard deviations] unless otherwise indicated)........ 200

Table C-32. Sea otter: Data values and references input in JASMINE to create diving behavior (number 

values represent means [standard deviations] unless otherwise indicated)...................................... 202

Table C-33. Short-finned pilot whale: Data values and references input in JASMINE to create diving 

behavior (number values represent means [standard deviations] unless otherwise indicated)........ 204

Table C-34. Short-beaked common dolphin: Data values and references input in JASMINE to create 

diving behavior (number values represent means [standard deviations] unless otherwise 

indicated)............................................................................................................................................. 206

Table C-35. Sperm whale: Data values and references input in JASMINE to create diving behavior 

(number values represent means [standard deviations] unless otherwise indicated)....................... 208

Table C-36. Spinner dolphin: Data values and references input in JASMINE to create diving behavior 

(number values represent means [standard deviations] unless otherwise indicated)....................... 213

Table C-37. Striped dolphin: Data values and references input in JASMINE to create diving behavior 

(number values represent means [standard deviations] unless otherwise indicated)....................... 215

Table C-38. Walrus: Data values and references input in JASMINE to create diving behavior (number 

values represent means [standard deviations] unless otherwise indicated)...................................... 217

Table D-1. Acoustic sources and parameters provided by NOS operators............................................... 219
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Introduction 

The National Ocean Service (NOS) uses many different sound-producing sources when conducting 

oceanographic surveys. As a practical approach in evaluating the potential impacts of the sounds on 

marine species near the survey, a series of acoustic modeling steps ranging from simple to sophisticated 

were performed to support the NOS Programmatic Environment Impact Statement (PEIS) for Surveying 

and Mapping Projects in U.S. Waters for Coastal and Marine Data Acquisition. An escalating approach was 

taken because the potential impacts from many of the sources were expected to be negligible, which 

could be shown using simple models. After evaluating all the sources using the simple modeling approach, 

sources with the potential for greater impacts were then evaluated with a more sophisticated acoustic 

model and by considering the behavior of the marine species. 

Criteria must be established to gauge the potential for sound to affect marine species. The National 

Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has published technical guidance for received sound 

levels that may result in injury (Level A, NMFS 2018) and received levels that may results in behavioral 

disruption (Level B, NOAA 2019) (see Appendix B). Based on the acoustic frequency of the signal, each 

source was categorized as belonging to one of four frequency categories: 1) less than 30 kHz, 2) between 

30 and 70 kHz, 3) between 70 and 200 kHz, and 4) above 200 kHz. Sources operating above 200 kHz were 

not analyzed in this work as they are unlikely to cause behavioral or physiological impacts if animals are 

unlikely to perceive them. For each source, the distance at which injury could occur was first estimated 

using the far-field source level and a simple geometric spreading model. If the distance for potential injury 

was <10 m, then the source was categorized as having a low (negligible) potential for impact and was not 

considered in additional modeling. The 10 m criteria, roughly approximated from the survey platform 

vessel sizes, was chosen as encounters at shorter ranges are precluded by the physical presence of the 

vessel hull. Furthermore, the source level calculated from far-field measurements over estimates the 

received levels at short ranges (in the near field) before beams from the array have fully formed. If the 

predicted range to injury was >10 m, then a more accurate propagation model was used to refine the 

injury range estimate (3D Cumulative Acoustic Modeling ). If the refined range was <10 m then the source 

was again categorized as low impact and not considered in additional modeling. If the refined range was 

still >10 m, then the sound field of a conservatively-chosen representative sound source in each frequency 

band (<30 kHz, 30-70 kHz, and 70-200 kHz) was used in simulations that considered species-specific 

behaviors controlling the movement of simulated animals (

Animal Movement Modeling). These simulations estimated the number of animals that could exceed 

injury threshold during the representative surveys. Annual injury and behavioral disruption estimates for 

species were then calculated using the survey level of effort in each region (Annual Exposure Estimates).

Methods 

Source Characteristics 

The sound a source produces is characterized in time, spectral content, and space. As sound travels away 

from a source, it is shaped by interactions with the environment in which it propagates. For this reason, 

the sound field produced by a source is specific to the source and the location. Understanding the 

potential for sound exposure to impact animals requires an understanding of the sound field to which 

they could be exposed. 

The sound sources of potential concern during active acoustic surveys are the moving Sound Navigation 

and Ranging (SONAR) sources. The equipment used during any individual survey depends on the final 

survey design, vessel availability, site conditions, and data needs. A selection of equipment was used in 
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this assessment to estimate potential horizontal impact distances to regulatory defined injury and 

behavioral harassment thresholds (described in Appendix B): 

• For equipment not measured in Crocker and Fratantonio (2016) manufacturer specifications, 

personal communications with manufacturers were used. Manufacturer specifications typically 

represent the maximum output of a source and do not always represent the most likely 

operational settings. Use of the manufacture’s specifications generally overestimates the

potential impact for that equipment and is therefore conservative. 

• For equipment that was not measured in Crocker and Fratantonio (2016) and where manufacturer 

specifications were not available or did not contain the required information, a similar source 

measured in Crocker and Fratantonio (2016) was used as a proxy. 

Table 1 identifies the proposed survey equipment expected to operate at, or below, 200 kHz, and lists the 

relevant acoustic parameters of each of these sources. Equipment that will be operated at frequencies 

higher than 200 kHz (e.g., some multibeam echosounders and side scan sonars) are not included in this 

analysis as they operate at frequencies above the hearing range of marine mammals. A full list of the 

active acoustic equipment that NOS expects to utilize can be found in Appendix D. 
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Table 1. Active acoustic equipment source and operational parameters as provided by NOS supplemented with manufacturer data and field 

measurements (Crocker and Fratantonio 2016), when necessary.

Type* Manufacturer Model

Source 

Level 

(SPLrms, 

dB re 1 

μPa m)

Pulse 

length 

(ms)

Minimum 

frequency 

(kHz)

Maximum 

frequency 

(kHz)

Predominant 

beam width 

(deg)

Repitition rate 

(Hz)

ADCP Teledyne RDI Ocean Surveyor 213 22 75 75 180 0.75

ADCP TRDI Workhorse/Sentinel 213 22 75 75 20 0.75

ADCP Teledyne Ocean Surveyor 220 22 150 150 180 1.5

ADCP TRDI Workhorse/Sentinel 233 11.5 150 150 20 0.75

ALT 1007- 200 m altimeter 204 0.45 120 120 180 20

Comm Nortek AWAC 184 1 26 26 180 0.5

Comm Nortek AWAC 180 1.8 25 25 180 1 

Comm Edgetech Offshore 4410C 

Trackpoint II 193 15 4.5 4.5 180 1 

Comm LinkQuest TN1505b transponder 185 15 31 31 180 1 

Comm Teledyne ORE Trackpoint III 190 15 8 8 180 0.5

Comm Tracklink 5000 USBL 190 0.1 14.2 14.2 120 0.5

Comm Tracklink 1500 HA System 190 15 31 31 180 1 

Comm Tracklink 5000 MA 190 0.1 14.2 14.2 180 1 
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Type* Manufacturer Model

Source 

Level 

(SPLrms, 

dB re 1 

μPa m)

Pulse 

length 

(ms)

Minimum 

frequency 

(kHz)

Maximum 

frequency 

(kHz)

Predominant 

beam width 

(deg)

Repitition rate 

(Hz)

Comm ORE

Offshore 4377A 

transponder with depth 

telemetry

197 1.3 23 23 180 0.01

Comm Benthos UAT-376 transponders 180 5 25 25 180 4 

MBES Kongsberg EM710 Mk1 0.5x1 229 2 70 70 140 20

MBES Kongsberg EM710 Mk2 0.5x1 231 2 40 40 140 20

MBES Kongsberg EM710 231 2 70 70 140 20

MBES Seabeam

3012 Phase 1 hybrid 12 

kHz multibeam sonar 

bathymetric mapping 

system 

247 20 12 12 180 4 

MBES Simrad EM302 214 5 30 30 180 10

MBES Reson 7125 220 0.3 40 40 180 50

MBES Simrad ME70 225 5 70 70 180 10

MBES Simrad EM710 231 2 100 100 180 20

MBES Teledyne 

Odom

MB1 234 0.01 170 170 120 60

MBES Kongsberg EM124 242 0.015 12.5 12.5 150 0.17
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Type* Manufacturer Model

Source 

Level 

(SPLrms, 

dB re 1 

μPa m)

Pulse 

length 

(ms)

Minimum 

frequency 

(kHz)

Maximum 

frequency 

(kHz)

Predominant 

beam width 

(deg)

Repitition rate 

(Hz)

SAS Kongsberg HISAS 1032 234 0.01 60 60 180 20

SBES Teledyne 

Odom

CV100 229 0.04 100 100 20 20

SBES Teledyne 

Odom

CV200 229 2 24 24 20 20

SBES Teledyne 

Odom

CV200 229 2 50 50 20 20

SBES Kongsberg EA 60 234 1 12 12 16 20

SBES Simrad ES60 234 1 12 12 180 20

SBES Kongsberg EA 60 234 1 38 38 7 20

SBP EdgeTech 3200-XS w/ SB-0512i 212 5 0.5 0.5 41 10

SBP Knudsen 320 B/R 222 0.01 3.5 3.5 28 5 

SBP Edgetech CHIRP 234 1 4 4 180 5 

SES Simrad EK60 234 2 38 38 180 20

Source Teledyne Benthos 177 4 25 25 180 2 

Source Datasonics DPL-275 180 5 25 25 180 50
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Type* Manufacturer Model

Source 

Level 

(SPLrms, 

dB re 1 

μPa m)

Pulse 

length 

(ms)

Minimum 

frequency 

(kHz)

Maximum 

frequency 

(kHz)

Predominant 

beam width 

(deg)

Repitition rate 

(Hz)

Source Applied 

Acoustics 

Engineering

1300A Series Micro 

Beacon 183 15 21.5 21.5 180 0.5

SSS Klein 3000 234 0.4 120 120 180 10

*ADCP = Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler; ALT = Altimeter; Comm = Acoustic Communication System; MBES = Multibeam Echosounder; SAS = 

Synthetic Aperture Sonar; SBES = Single Beam Echosounder; SBP = Sub Bottom Profiler; SES = Scientific Echosounder; Source = Beacon/pinger; SSS 

= Side Scan Sonar
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Propagation 

Geometric Spreading Model 

A geometric spreading loss model based on guidance from National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) was 

used to estimate horizontal distances to the NMFS injury criteria for each of the NOS sources and each of 

the marine mammal hearing groups (Appendix B). Detailed methods used to implement this simplified 

model are presented in Appendix C. This analysis revealed many sources which had a less than 10 m range 

to injury impact, making the likelihood of quantifiable exposures highly unlikely and the potential impacts 

negligible. NMFS provides a spreadsheet to calculate these distances, but it is not designed for highresolution geophysical survey sources and does not consider seawater absorption or beam patterns, both 

of which can substantially influence received sound levels, and as such, the remaining sources (Table 3) 

not eliminated as negligible were carried forward for more detailed, 3D Acoustic Modeling.

3D Acoustic Modeling with Fixed Source/Receiver Accumulation 

Using JASCO’s Marine Operations Noise Model (MONM, described in Appendix C), sound fields were 

predicted by combining models of main- and side-lobe fields. Sources were modeled according to the 

parameterized beam patterns in Table 1. Sources were divided into three categories based on their beam 

patterns: omni-directional, conical, and fan. Omnidirectional sources only have a main lobe with equal 

energy produced in all directions. Conical sources have azimuthally symmetric main lobes, generally 

pointing downwards from platforms, and lower energy at elevation angles outside of the main cone. Fantype sources are defined by a large difference between along- and across-track beampatterns. Fan-type 

sources generally have an across-track beamwidth on the order of 90° and an along-track beamwidth on 

the order of 1° (Figure 1). Propagation loss was modeled separately for the main- and side-lobe portions 

of the different beam patterns. The source levels were defined independently for the main- and sidelobes, with the beamwidth correction being applied to the side lobe according to the equations provided 

in Appendix C. 

Figure 1. Vertical slice for the Modelled beam pattern for a multibeam system with 191 individual 2ox2o 

beams, making a 150o swath perpendicular to the vessel track; (a) along- and (b) across-track direction.
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Acoustic propagation was modeled for these sources at 57 locations throughout United States (U.S.)

waters (Figure 2). Locations were selected within the operational regions to represent different depth 

regimes defined in Table 2. For regions where manatees are present, a limit of 10 m was set for the limit 

between shallow and mid-depth regimes. As manatees are more likely to remain exclusively in very 

shallow waters, where ranges to impact are short relative to deeper water, assessing impacts only at these 

depths was necessary for this species, while the impacts for other coastal species could be assessed in the 

mid-depth regime as well.

As indicated above, a subset of the operational sources within the NOS fleet was modeled (Table 3). These 

sources were selected as those with the largest ranges to injurious exposures of similar source types 

(beam pattern, frequency, type). Table 3 describes most acoustic characteristics of the sources used in 3D 

models.

Table 2. Depth ranges for numerical acoustic propagation models.

Depth Class Depth Range (m)

Shallow < 40

< 10*

Mid-depth 40 – 200

10 – 200*

Deep 200 – 1000

Very deep > 1000

* A 10 m limit for the shallow and mid-depth classes was used in regions where manatees are present.

Table 3. Acoustic parameters for detailed range dependent, 3D propagation modeling.

Manufacturer Model

SL

(dB re 1 μPa)

Frequency

(kHz)

Signal duration

(ms)

Ping rate

(Hz)

Knudsen 320 B/R 222 3.5 10 5 

Simrad ES60 225 12 1 20

Kongsberg EM124 242 12.5 15 0.17

Teledyne Odom CV200 229 24 2 20

Simrad EM302 214 30 5 10

Kongsberg EM710 231 40 2 20

Teledyne Odom CV200 229 50 2 20

Kongsberg EM710 231 70 2 20

Klein 3000 234 100 0.4 10
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Figure 2. Overview of acoustic modeling locations throughout U.S. waters.

Cumulative Grid 

The 3D sound fields generated using MONM with beampatterns represent point-in-time sound fields. The 

sound sources are most often moving. However, to represent the sound field over the course of a 24-hour

period of surveying, a cumulative sound field was calculated by adding the sound field to itself, with an 

offset of the source position determined by general vessel speeds as provided by operators in Appendix 

D. These sound fields represent the exposure estimates from a survey assuming that a receiver (e.g., 

marine mammal) is fixed in place for the duration of the survey and located at the depth with greatest 

acoustic energy. (The movement and distribution of animal receivers is addressed in the next step in the 

exposure modeling process, described in the next section). Most of the biotic receivers with which we are 

concerned will not be in the same location for a 24-hour period, nor would it be at the same – loudest – 

depth for that duration. Ranges to cumulative threshold criteria isopleths – regions within which a metric 

is above threshold - were calculated as the normal distance (right angle) from the track. 

Animal Movement Modeling 

Simulations of active acoustic survey activities and animal movement modeling were run within five

different regions (Figure 2). Regions were selected to represent larger geographic areas for proposed 

activity and provide realistic bathymetric approximations and presence of species groups. Conservative 

representatives of active acoustic sources in different frequency bands were used as proxy sources for all 
Version 4.0 10

active acoustic sources within the frequency bands (<30 kHz, 30-70 kHz, 70-200 kHz). Simulations duration 

was four days, with three days of active acoustic surveys within the simulation. 

Simulation results were analyzed for both injury and behavioral exposures (Appendix B) and average 

exposures per 24 hours of survey activity for each simulation. Results were then scaled by the expected 

linear nautical miles in each region, depth regime, and frequency band for each of the alternatives and 

species modeled. A detailed description of the modeling can be found in Appendix C. 

Exposure Range Estimation 

Animal movement and exposure modeling can be used to estimate radial distances to cumulative sound 

exposure level (SEL) impact thresholds as an alternative to single pulse acoustic propagation ranges. The 

range to the closest point of approach (CPA) for each of the species-specific animats (simulated animals) 

is recorded. The ER95% (95% Exposure Range) is the horizontal range that includes 95% of animat CPAs 

that exceed a given impact threshold (Figure 3). ER95% is reported for marine mammals for SEL injury 

threshold. 

Figure 3. Example distribution of animat closest points of approach (CPAs). Panel (a) shows the 

horizontal distribution of animats near a sound source. Panel (b) shows the distribution of ranges to 

animat CPAs. The 95% and 99% Exposure Ranges (ER95% and ER99%) are indicated in both panels. 

Density Estimation 

Species density estimates (animals/km2) were derived from the best available data sources for each 

species and region. For the east coast of the US and the Gulf of Mexico, densities were obtained using the 

Duke University Marine Geospatial Ecology Laboratory model results (Roberts et al. 2016a, 2016b, 2017, 

2018, 2021a, 2021b). Densities for each species were extracted using the zonal average within each of the 

NOS operational areas.

For the Alaska and Pacific regions, species abundance and distribution were obtained from the NOAA 

Stock Assessment Reports (SARs) for cetaceans and pinnipeds (Muto et al. 2022, Carretta et al. 2022), and 

from the most recent SARs from USFWS for the species under their jurisdiction (USFWS 2014d, 2014c, 

2014b, 2014a, 2017, 2018, Regehr et al. 2018, Collazo et al. 2019, Jeffries et al. 2019, Atwood et al. 2020). 

Species densities within the NOS operational areas were estimated by distributing their abundance over 

the operational area that fell within the species’ habitat preference and associated depth category. 
Version 4.0 11

The Navy Marine Species Database was considered for use in the Pacific Ocean and Gulf of Alaska (DoN 

2017, 2018, 2019). The coverage of this database, however, is less than the extents of the NOS operational 

areas, meaning SAR data would still have been needed to fill in large data gaps. While density estimates 

from SAR abundance may have lower spatial resolution than the Navy Marine Species Database, use of 

the SAR data is appropriate because they are broadly accurate over the operational area and surveys may 

occur anywhere within those operational areas. 

Table 4 provides a list of densities for each species and each NOS operational area along with the data 

source for each case.
Version 4.0 12

Table 4. Estimated density of marine mammal species populations grouped by NOS operational region. Density source information from NOAA 

Stock Assessment Reports (SAR) or Roberts et al. 2018.

Species Regions Source Density (animals/km2) 

Atlantic spotted dolphin

Gulf of Maine Roberts 5.231E-05

Georges Bank Roberts 0.0038

New England Roberts 0.0034

Northeast OCS Roberts 0.0538

Mid-Atlantic Bight Roberts 0.0132

Gulf of Mexico Roberts 0.0696

Southeast Continental Shelf Roberts 0.0322

Southeast OCS Roberts 0.0148

Atlantic Roberts 0.0013

Atlantic white-sided dolphin

Gulf of Maine Roberts 0.1184

Georges Bank Roberts 0.0750

New England Roberts 0.0374

Northeast OCS Roberts 0.0125

Mid-Atlantic Bight Roberts 0.0196

Southeast Continental Shelf Roberts 0 

Southeast OCS Roberts 0.0009

Atlantic Roberts 0 

Baird's beaked whale Southern California Bight, Southwest Continental Shelf, 

Northwest Continental Shelf SAR 0.0022

Bearded seal Bering SAR 0.1918

Beluga whale

Beaufort SAR 0.6623

Chukchi SAR 0.0546
Version 4.0 13

Species Regions Source Density (animals/km2) 

Bering SAR 0.0117

Gulf of Alaska (Cook Inlet) SAR 0.0035

Blainville’s beaked whale

Gulf of Maine Roberts 0 

Georges Bank Roberts 0.0004

New England Roberts 0.0003

Northeast OCS Roberts 0.0105

Mid-Atlantic Bight Roberts 0.0006

Gulf of Mexico Roberts 0.0042

Southeast Continental Shelf Roberts 0.0002

Southeast OCS Roberts 0.0098

Atlantic Roberts 0.0001

Hawaiian Archipelago SAR 0.0005

Blue whale

Gulf of Maine, Georges Bank, New England, Northeast OCS, MidAtlantic Bight, Southeast Continental Shelf, Southeast OCS, 

Atlantic

Roberts 9.181E-06 

Southern California Bight, Southwest Continental Shelf, 

Northwest Continental Shelf SAR 0.0031

Hawaiian Archipelago SAR 0.0001

Bowhead whale Bering, Chukchi, Beaufort SAR 0.0193

Bryde's whale

Gulf of Maine, Georges Bank, New England Roberts 0 

Southeast Continental Shelf, Atlantic Roberts 1.442E-05

Northeast OCS Roberts 1.052E-07

Mid-Atlantic Bight Roberts 2.797E-07

Southeast OCS Roberts 1.294E-05

Hawaiian Archipelago SAR 0.0002
Version 4.0 14

Species Regions Source Density (animals/km2) 

California sea lion Southern California Bight SAR 21.0738

Clymene dolphin

Gulf of Maine Roberts 0 

Georges Bank Roberts 7.747E-08

New England Roberts 1.189E-05

Northeast OCS Roberts 0.0048

Mid-Atlantic Bight Roberts 0.0005

Gulf of Mexico Roberts 0.0157

Southeast Continental Shelf Roberts 7.523E-05

Southeast OCS Roberts 0.0176

Atlantic Roberts 5.080E-13

Common bottlenose dolphin

Gulf of Maine Roberts 0.0011

Georges Bank Roberts 0.0222

New England Roberts 0.0485

Northeast OCS Roberts 0.0467

Mid-Atlantic Bight Roberts 0.1855

Gulf of Mexico Roberts 0.2015

Southeast Continental Shelf Roberts 0.1613

Southeast OCS Roberts 0.0218

Atlantic Roberts 0.0127

Southern California Bight, Southwest Continental Shelf, 

Northwest Continental Shelf SAR 0.0593

Hawaiian Archipelago SAR 0.0093

Common minke whale

Gulf of Maine Roberts 0.0036

Georges Bank Roberts 0.0033
Version 4.0 15

Species Regions Source Density (animals/km2) 

New England, Mid-Atlantic Bight Roberts 0.0014

Northeast OCS Roberts 0.0002

Southeast Continental Shelf Roberts 0.0003

Southeast OCS Roberts 0.0005

Atlantic Roberts 0.0006

Gulf of Alaska, Aleutians SAR 0.0059

Southern California Bight, Southwest Continental Shelf, 

Northwest Continental Shelf SAR 0.0071

Bering SAR 0.0026

Cuvier's beaked whale

Gulf of Maine Roberts 3.777E-05

Georges Bank Roberts 0.0013

New England Roberts 0.0007

Northeast OCS Roberts 0.0177

Mid-Atlantic Bight Roberts 0.0015

Gulf of Mexico Roberts 0.0042

Southeast OCS Roberts 0.0124

Atlantic, Southeast Continental Shelf Roberts 0.0002

Southern California Bight, Southwest Continental Shelf, 

Northwest Continental Shelf SAR 0.0061

Hawaiian Archipelago SAR 0.0019

Dall's porpoise

SE Alaska, Gulf of Alaska, Aleutians, Bering SAR 0.0216

Southern California Bight, Southwest Continental Shelf, 

Northwest Continental Shelf SAR 0.0027

Dwarf sperm whale

Gulf of Maine Roberts 0 

Georges Bank Roberts 6.150E-05
Version 4.0 16

Species Regions Source Density (animals/km2) 

New England Roberts 2.691E-05

Northeast OCS Roberts 0.0110

Mid-Atlantic Bight Roberts 5.325E-05

Gulf of Mexico Roberts 0.0031

Southeast Continental Shelf Roberts 0.0005

Southeast OCS Roberts 0.0123

Atlantic Roberts 2.482E-07

False killer whale

Gulf of Maine, Georges Bank, New England, Northeast OCS, MidAtlantic Bight, Southeast Continental Shelf, Southeast OCS, 

Atlantic

Roberts 7.786E-05

Gulf of Mexico Roberts 0.0045

Central/Western Pacific SAR 0.7380

Hawaiian Archipelago SAR 0.0367

American Samoa SAR 1.2313

Fin whale

Gulf of Maine Roberts 0.0060

Georges Bank Roberts 0.0071

New England Roberts 0.0046

Northeast OCS Roberts 0.0008

Mid-Atlantic Bight Roberts 0.0044

Gulf of Mexico Roberts 1.222E-05

Southeast Continental Shelf Roberts 3.583E-05

Southeast OCS Roberts 0.0001

Atlantic Roberts 3.610E-05

Southern California Bight, Southwest Continental Shelf, 

Northwest Continental Shelf SAR 0.0041
Version 4.0 17

Species Regions Source Density (animals/km2) 

Gulf of Alaska SAR 0.0021

Bering SAR 0.0021

Hawaiian Archipelago SAR 0.0001

Fraser's dolphin

Gulf of Maine, Georges Bank, New England Roberts 0 

Northeast OCS Roberts 0.0002

Mid-Atlantic Bight Roberts 1.654E-05

Gulf of Mexico Roberts 0.0023

Southeast Continental Shelf Roberts 0.0006

Southeast OCS Roberts 0.0010

Atlantic Roberts 0.0009

Hawaiian Archipelago SAR 1.1226

Gervais’ beaked whale

Gulf of Maine Roberts 0 

Georges Bank Roberts 0.0004

New England Roberts 0.0003

Northeast OCS Roberts 0.0105

Mid-Atlantic Bight Roberts 0.0006

Gulf of Mexico Roberts 0.0042

Southeast Continental Shelf Roberts 0.0002

Southeast OCS Roberts 0.0098

Atlantic Roberts 0.0001

Gray whale

Southern California Bight, Southwest Continental Shelf, 

Northwest Continental Shelf SAR 0.0205

SE Alaska, Gulf of Alaska, Bering, Chukchi, Beaufort SAR 0.0001

Aleutians SAR 4.6947E-05
Version 4.0 18

Species Regions Source Density (animals/km2) 

Gray seal

Gulf of Maine Roberts 0.0534

Georges Bank Roberts 0.0082

New England Roberts 0.0404

Northeast OCS Roberts 4.634E-06

Mid-Atlantic Bight Roberts 0.0085

Southeast Continental Shelf Roberts 6.042E-08

Southeast OCS Roberts 6.243E-07

Atlantic Roberts 0 

Guadalupe fur seal Southern California Bight, Southwest Continental Shelf, 

Northwest Continental Shelf SAR 0.0104 

Harbor porpoise

Gulf of Maine Roberts 0.1058

Georges Bank Roberts 0.0402

New England Roberts 0.0276

Northeast OCS Roberts 0.0100

Mid-Atlantic Bight Roberts 0.0103

Southeast Continental Shelf Roberts 0.0001

Southeast OCS Roberts 0.0002

Atlantic Roberts 1.827E-06

Southwest Continental Shelf SAR 0.0211

Gulf of Alaska SAR 0.0138

Northwest Continental Shelf SAR 0.0096

SE Alaska SAR 0.0038

Aleutians, Bering SAR 0.0015

Harbor seal Gulf of Maine Roberts 0.0534
Version 4.0 19

Species Regions Source Density (animals/km2) 

Georges Bank Roberts 0.0082

New England Roberts 0.0404

Northeast OCS Roberts 4.634E-06

Mid-Atlantic Bight Roberts 0.0085

Southeast Continental Shelf Roberts 6.042E-08

Southeast OCS Roberts 6.243E-07

Atlantic Roberts 0 

SE Alaska SAR 0.7421

Gulf of Alaska SAR 0.6731

Southern California Bight, Southwest Continental Shelf SAR 0.2158

Aleutians SAR 0.0217

Bering SAR 0.0286

Harp seal

Gulf of Maine Roberts 0.0534

Georges Bank Roberts 0.0082

New England Roberts 0.0404

Northeast OCS Roberts 4.634E-06

Mid-Atlantic Bight Roberts 0.0085

Southeast Continental Shelf Roberts 6.042E-08

Southeast OCS Roberts 6.243E-07

Atlantic Roberts 0 

Hawaiian monk seal Hawaiian Archipelago SAR 0.1264

Hooded seal

Gulf of Maine Roberts 0.0534

Georges Bank Roberts 0.0082

New England Roberts 0.0404
Version 4.0 20

Species Regions Source Density (animals/km2) 

Northeast OCS Roberts 4.634E-06

Mid-Atlantic Bight Roberts 0.0085

Southeast Continental Shelf Roberts 6.042E-08

Southeast OCS Roberts 6.243E-07

Atlantic Roberts 0 

Humpback whale

Gulf of Maine Roberts 0.0038

Georges Bank Roberts 0.0034

New England, Mid-Atlantic Bight Roberts 0.0017

Northeast OCS Roberts 7.286E-05

Southeast Continental Shelf Roberts 2.048E-05

Southeast OCS Roberts 1.020E-05

Atlantic Roberts 6.757E-06

SE Alaska, Gulf of Alaska, Bering, Aleutians, Hawaiian 

Archipelago (Central North Pacific) SAR 0.0019

SE Alaska, Gulf of Alaska, Bering, Aleutians, Hawaiian 

Archipelago (Western North Pacific) SAR 0.0002

American Samoa (Western North Pacific) SAR 0.0004

Southern California Bight, Southwest Continental Shelf, 

Northwest Continental Shelf (CA/OR/WA) SAR 0.0019

Long-beaked common 

dolphin

Southern California Bight, Southwest Continental Shelf, 

Northwest Continental Shelf SAR 0.6482

Longman's (Indo-Pacific) 

beaked whale

Hawaiian Archipelago SAR 0.0011

Manatee

Gulf of Mexico, Atlantic SAR 0.0552

Caribbean SAR 0.0958
Version 4.0 21

Species Regions Source Density (animals/km2) 

Melon-headed whale

Gulf of Maine, Georges Bank, New England Roberts 0 

Northeast OCS Roberts 0.0006 

Mid-Atlantic Bight Roberts 2.973E-05

Southeast Continental Shelf Roberts 0.0014

Gulf of Mexico Roberts 0.0097

Southeast OCS, Atlantic Roberts 0.0023

Hawaiian Archipelago SAR 0.0171

Mesoplodont beaked whales 

(all)

Gulf of Maine Roberts 0 

Georges Bank Roberts 0.0004

New England Roberts 0.0003

Northeast OCS Roberts 0.0105

Mid-Atlantic Bight Roberts 0.0006

Gulf of Mexico Roberts 0.0042

Southeast Continental Shelf Roberts 0.0002

Southeast OCS Roberts 0.0098

Atlantic Roberts 0.0001

Southern California Bight, Southwest Continental Shelf, 

Northwest Continental Shelf SAR 0.0050

North Atlantic right whale

Gulf of Maine Roberts 0.0010

Georges Bank Roberts 0.0004

New England Roberts 0.0013

Northeast OCS Roberts 3.343E-07

Mid-Atlantic Bight Roberts 0.0007

Southeast Continental Shelf Roberts 3.275E-05
Version 4.0 22

Species Regions Source Density (animals/km2) 

Southeast OCS Roberts 8.160E-08

Atlantic Roberts 6.450E-06

North Pacific right whale Aleutians, Bering SAR 4.6716E-05

Northern bottlenose whale

Gulf of Maine, Southeast Continental Shelf, Atlantic Roberts 0 

Georges Bank Roberts 1.776E-05

New England Roberts 1.750E-05

Northeast OCS Roberts 0.0004

Mid-Atlantic Bight Roberts 2.149E-05

Southeast OCS Roberts 4.123E-05

Northern elephant seal Southern California Bight, Southwest Continental Shelf, 

Northwest Continental Shelf, SE Alaska, Gulf of Alaska, Aleutians SAR 0.2369

Northern fur seal SE Alaska, Gulf of Alaska, Aleutians, Bering SAR 1.8907

Southern California Bight, Southwest Continental Shelf SAR 1.6530

Northern right whale dolphin Southern California Bight, Southwest Continental Shelf, 

Northwest Continental Shelf SAR 0.4998

Killer whale, offshore Southern California Bight, Southwest Continental Shelf, 

Northwest Continental Shelf SAR 0.0005

Pacific white-sided dolphin

Southern California Bight, Southwest Continental Shelf, 

Northwest Continental Shelf SAR 0.2721

SE Alaska, Gulf of Alaska, Aleutians SAR 0.1007

Pantropical spotted dolphin

Gulf of Maine Roberts 3.190E-09

Georges Bank Roberts 6.439E-06

New England Roberts 6.948E-06

Northeast OCS Roberts 0.0005

Mid-Atlantic Bight Roberts 4.113E-05
Version 4.0 23

Species Regions Source Density (animals/km2) 

Gulf Of Mexico Roberts 0.1147

Southeast Continental Shelf Roberts 0.0025

Southeast OCS Roberts 0.0045

Atlantic Roberts 0.0022

Hawaiian Archipelago SAR 1.0908

Pilot whale, long finned

Gulf of Maine Roberts 0.0046

Georges Bank Roberts 0.0239

New England Roberts 0.0234

Northeast OCS Roberts 0.0302

Mid-Atlantic Bight Roberts 0.0252

Gulf Of Mexico Roberts 0.0027

Southeast Continental Shelf Roberts 0.0067

Southeast OCS Roberts 0.0135

Atlantic Roberts 0.0191

Pilot whale, short finned

Gulf of Maine Roberts 0.0046

Georges Bank Roberts 0.0239

New England Roberts 0.0234

Northeast OCS Roberts 0.0302

Mid-Atlantic Bight Roberts 0.0252

Gulf Of Mexico Roberts 0.0027

Southeast Continental Shelf Roberts 0.0067

Southeast OCS Roberts 0.0135

Atlantic Roberts 0.0191
Version 4.0 24

Species Regions Source Density (animals/km2) 

Southern California Bight, Southwest Continental Shelf, 

Northwest Continental Shelf SAR 0.0013

Hawaiian Archipelago SAR 0.0052

Polar bear

Bering, Chukchi SAR 0.0075

Beaufort SAR 0.0134

Pygmy killer whale

Gulf of Mexico Roberts 0.0030

Hawaiian Archipelago SAR 0.1819

Pygmy sperm whale

Gulf of Maine Roberts 0 

Georges Bank Roberts 6.150E-05

New England Roberts 2.691E-05

Northeast OCS Roberts 0.0110

Mid-Atlantic Bight Roberts 5.325E-05

Gulf Of Mexico Roberts 0.0031

Southeast Continental Shelf Roberts 0.0005

Southeast OCS Roberts 0.0123

Atlantic Roberts 2.482E-07

Hawaiian Archipelago SAR 0.7410

Southern California Bight, Southwest Continental Shelf, 

Northwest Continental Shelf SAR 0.0320

Killer whale, resident

SE Alaska SAR 0.0023

Gulf of Alaska SAR 0.0036

Bering SAR 0.0021

Aleutians SAR 0.0008

Northwest Continental Shelf, Southern California Bight, 

Southwest Continental Shelf SAR 0.0001
Version 4.0 25

Species Regions Source Density (animals/km2) 

Hawaiian Archipelago SAR 0.0001

Ribbon seal Gulf of Alaska, Aleutians, Bering, Chukchi, Beaufort SAR 0.0797

Rice’s whale Gulf of Mexico Roberts 6.453E-05

Ringed seal Bering, Chukchi SAR 0.0859

Risso's dolphin

Gulf of Maine Roberts 0.0007

Georges Bank Roberts 0.0134

New England Roberts 0.0216

Northeast OCS Roberts 0.0226

Mid-Atlantic Bight Roberts 0.0094

Gulf of Mexico Roberts 0.0044

Southeast Continental Shelf Roberts 0.0042

Southeast OCS Roberts 0.0049

Atlantic Roberts 0.0001

Southern California Bight, Southwest Continental Shelf, 

Northwest Continental Shelf SAR 0.0095

Hawaiian Archipelago SAR 0.0030

Rough-toothed dolphin

Gulf of Maine Roberts 5.703E-05

Georges Bank Roberts 0.0001

New England Roberts 0.0002

Northeast OCS Roberts 0.0010

Mid-Atlantic Bight Roberts 0.0003

Gulf of Mexico Roberts 0.0069

Southeast Continental Shelf Roberts 0.0020

Southeast OCS Roberts 0.0024
Version 4.0 26

Species Regions Source Density (animals/km2) 

Atlantic Roberts 0.0021

Hawaiian Archipelago SAR 1.3448

Sea otter

Northwest Continental Shelf (WA/OR) SAR 0.0412

Southwest Continental Shelf (CA) SAR 0.0877

SE Alaska SAR 0.0746

Aleutians (SW Alaska) SAR 0.0425

Gulf of Alaska (SC Alaska) SAR 0.0326

Sei whale

Gulf of Maine Roberts 0.0011

Georges Bank Roberts 0.0008

New England, Mid-Atlantic Bight Roberts 0.0003

Northeast OCS Roberts 0.0004

Southeast Continental Shelf Roberts 3.772E-05

Southeast OCS Roberts 0.0001

Atlantic Roberts 6.363E-05

Southern California Bight, Southwest Continental Shelf, 

Northwest Continental Shelf SAR 0.0008

Hawaiian Archipelago SAR 0.0002

Short-beaked common 

dolphin

Gulf of Maine Roberts 0.0185

Georges Bank Roberts 0.2215

New England Roberts 0.2575

Northeast OCS Roberts 0.0699

Mid-Atlantic Bight Roberts 0.1880

Southeast Continental Shelf Roberts 0.0008

Southeast OCS Roberts 0.0080
Version 4.0 27

Species Regions Source Density (animals/km2) 

Atlantic Roberts 0.0005

Southern California Bight, Southwest Continental Shelf, 

Northwest Continental Shelf SAR 0.8821

Sowerby's beaked whale

Gulf of Maine Roberts 0 

Georges Bank Roberts 0.0004

New England Roberts 0.0003

Northeast OCS Roberts 0.0105

Mid-Atlantic Bight Roberts 0.0006

Gulf of Mexico Roberts 0.0042

Southeast Continental Shelf Roberts 0.0002

Southeast OCS Roberts 0.0098

Atlantic Roberts 0.0001

Sperm whale

Gulf of Maine Roberts 8.513E-05

Georges Bank Roberts 0.0012

New England Roberts 0.0011

Northeast OCS Roberts 0.0090

Mid-Atlantic Bight Roberts 0.0007

Gulf of Mexico Roberts 0.0030

Southeast Continental Shelf Roberts 0.0005

Southeast OCS Roberts 0.0055

Atlantic Roberts 3.881E-05

SE Alaska, Gulf of Alaska, Aleutians, Bering, Chukchi, Beaufort SAR 0.0002

Southern California Bight, Southwest Continental Shelf, 

Northwest Continental Shelf SAR 0.0033

Hawaiian Archipelago SAR 0.0024
Version 4.0 28

Species Regions Source Density (animals/km2) 

Spinner dolphin

Gulf of Maine Roberts 0 

Georges Bank Roberts 5.083E-05

New England Roberts 5.967E-05

Northeast OCS, Southeast OCS, Atlantic Roberts 0.0004

Mid-Atlantic Bight Roberts 4.280E-05

Gulf of Mexico Roberts 0.0199

Southeast Continental Shelf Roberts 0.0002

Hawaiian Archipelago SAR 0.0182

Spotted seal Aleutians, Bering, Chukchi, Beaufort SAR 1.0466

Steller sea lion Northwest Continental Shelf SAR 0.3796

SE Alaska, Gulf of Alaska, Aleutians, Bering SAR 0.0251

Striped dolphin

Gulf of Maine Roberts 3.828E-05

Georges Bank Roberts 0.0093

New England Roberts 0.0124

Northeast OCS Roberts 0.3297

Mid-Atlantic Bight Roberts 0.0091

Gulf of Mexico Roberts 0.0070

Southeast Continental Shelf Roberts 7.452E-05

Southeast OCS Roberts 0.0209

Atlantic Roberts 8.165E-06

Hawaiian Archipelago SAR 0.9642

Southern California Bight, Southwest Continental Shelf, 

Northwest Continental Shelf SAR 0.4281

Gulf of Maine Roberts 0 
Version 4.0 29

Species Regions Source Density (animals/km2) 

Killer whale, transient

Georges Bank, New England, Northeast OCS, Mid-Atlantic Bight, 

Southeast Continental Shelf, Southeast OCS, Atlantic Roberts 8.954E-06

Gulf of Mexico Roberts 0.0003

Northwest Continental Shelf, SE Alaska SAR 0.0010

Aleutians SAR 0.0004

Gulf of Alaska SAR 0.0002

Hawaiian Archipelago SAR 0.0001

True's beaked whale

Gulf of Maine Roberts 0 

Georges Bank Roberts 0.0004

New England Roberts 0.0003

Northeast OCS Roberts 0.0105

Mid-Atlantic Bight Roberts 0.0006

Gulf of Mexico Roberts 0.0042

Southeast Continental Shelf Roberts 0.0002

Southeast OCS Roberts 0.0098

Atlantic Roberts 0.0001

Walrus Aleutians, Bering, Chukchi SAR 0.0612

White-beaked dolphin

Gulf of Maine, New England Roberts 8.411E-05

Georges Bank Roberts 8.365E-05

Northeast OCS Roberts 3.068E-06

Mid-Atlantic Bight Roberts 8.247E-05

Southeast Continental Shelf, Atlantic Roberts 0 

Southeast OCS Roberts 5.813E-07
Version 4.0 30

Proposed Alternative Exposure Calculations 

The different levels of survey effort for the three alternatives evaluated in the PEIS (described in Sections 

2.4, 2.5, and 2.6 of the PEIS) affect the numbers of estimated exposures for each alternative. While NOS 

did not provide region specific differences in the nautical miles that would be surveyed between the 

different alternatives, they did provide the total number of nautical miles surveyed under each of the 

alternatives for each NOS program office by region and depth. It was assumed that the change in survey 

effort between alternatives would be distributed uniformly across the geographic regions. Only three

offices estimated that levels of effort for active acoustic equipment use would be different between the 

alternatives: Office of Coast Survey (OCS), National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science (NCCOS), and Office 

of Response and Restoration (ORR). ORR only uses active acoustic equipment operating at frequencies 

above 200 kHz, so the variation in their survey effort was not included in this analysis. The estimated 

nautical miles surveyed for OCS and NCCOS in each region for Alternatives B and C were scaled by the

percent change in survey effort miles relative to Alternative A for each equipment type used (Table 5). 

Table 5. Proposed linear nautical miles of survey effort by alternative for the NOS program offices that 

reported different levels of effort for active acoustic equipment use between the alternatives. 

Percentages of miles relative to Alternative A are provided in parentheses.

Category Alternative A Alternative B Alternative C

< 30 kHz 391,623 489,462 587,300

30 – 200 kHz 734,920 885,692 1,036,464

The changes in OCS and NCCOS single beam and multibeam echosounder effort were used to scale the 

effects of all NOS program office hydroacoustic surveying due to their use of active acoustic sources with 

operational frequencies between 30 and 200 kHz. The increased nautical miles for the sub-bottom profiler 

effort in the different alternatives was applied to the acoustic equipment operating below 30 kHz. As can 

be seen in Table 5, OCS single beam and multibeam effort accounts for the greatest overall effort 

compared to other equipment or offices. The changes in effort between the alternatives, and therefore 

exposures, is most heavily influenced by the OCS single beam and multibeam estimates.

Results 

Geometric Spreading Loss Model 

Ranges to threshold for injurious exposure for each of the marine mammal hearing groups were calculated 

for each of the sources using the simplified acoustic propagation model of geometric spreading loss

(described in Appendix C) (Table 6). Many of the ranges to threshold are negligible (<1 m), and it was 

determined that further modeling was unnecessary. Sources were considered de minimis if the largest 

range to impact was less than 10 m. The impact of any source with such short ranges to acoustic criteria 

thresholds would be related to its presence as either a stationary object or the platform from which it 

operates, both of which are outside the scope of this analysis. A subset of sources, with operational 

characteristics representing the full range of frequencies, with ranges >10 m were further analyzed using 

more sophisticated modeling approaches; see next sections. 
Version 4.0 31

Table 6. Range to NMFS 2018 technical guidance injury thresholds based on a geometric spreading loss model.

Type** Manufacturer Model LFC* MFC* HFC* PPW* OPW* SI*

de minimis 

Impact

ADCP Teledyne RDI Ocean Surveyor <1 m <1 m 92 <1 m <1 m <1 m NO

ADCP TRDI Ocean Surveyor <1 m 1 136 <1 m <1 m <1 m NO

ADCP Teledyne Workhorse/Sentinel <1 m <1 m 5 <1 m <1 m <1 m YES

ALT 1007- 200m altimeter <1 m <1 m 8 <1 m <1 m <1 m YES

Comm Nortek AWAC <1 m <1 m <1 m <1 m <1 m <1 m YES

Comm Edgetech Offshore 4410C Trackpoint 

II

<1 m <1 m <1 m <1 m <1 m <1 m YES

Comm LinkQuest TN1505b transponder <1 m <1 m <1 m <1 m <1 m <1 m YES

Comm Teledyne Ore Trackpoint III <1 m <1 m <1 m <1 m <1 m <1 m YES

Comm Tracklink 5000 USBL <1 m <1 m <1 m <1 m <1 m <1 m YES

Comm Tracklink TrackLink 1500 HA System <1 m <1 m 1 <1 m <1 m <1 m YES

Comm Tracklink 5000 MA <1 m <1 m <1 m <1 m <1 m <1 m YES

Comm ORE ORE Offshore 4377A <1 m <1 m <1 m <1 m <1 m <1 m YES

Comm Benthos UAT-376 transponders <1 m <1 m <1 m <1 m <1 m <1 m YES

MBES Kongsberg EM124 43 70 3039 45 <1 m 17 NO

MBES Kongsberg EM710 Mk1 0.5x1 <1 m 38 549 1 <1 m <1 m NO

MBES Kongsberg EM710 Mk2 0.5x1 4 85 1131 10 <1 m 3 NO

MBES Kongsberg EM710 <1 m 53 610 2 <1 m <1 m NO

MBES Simrad EM302 <1 m 3 383 <1 m <1 m <1 m NO

MBES Reson 7125 <1 m 4 341 <1 m <1 m <1 m NO
Version 4.0 32

Type** Manufacturer Model LFC* MFC* HFC* PPW* OPW* SI*

de minimis 

Impact

MBES Simrad ME70 <1 m 22 460 <1 m <1 m <1 m NO

MBES Simrad EM710 <1 m 33 440 <1 m <1 m <1 m NO

MBES Teledyne Odom MB1 <1 m <1 m 82 <1 m <1 m <1 m NO

SAS Kongsberg HISAS 1032 <1 m 1 141 <1 m <1 m <1 m NO

SBES Teledyne Odom CV100 <1 m <1 m 6 <1 m <1 m <1 m NO

SBES Teledyne Odom CV200 <1 m 2 169 <1 m <1 m <1 m NO

SBES Kongsberg EA 60 1 2 174 1 <1 m <1 m NO

SBES Simrad ES60 55 83 3301 57 <1 m 21 NO

SBES Kongsberg EA 60 <1 m <1 m 52 <1 m <1 m <1 m NO

SBP EdgeTech 3200-XS w/ SB-0512i <1 m <1 m <1 m <1 m <1 m <1 m YES

SBP Edgetech Chirp <1 m <1 m 5 <1 m <1 m 6 YES

SBP Knudsen 320 B/R <1 m <1 m 6 <1 m <1 m <1 m NO

SES Simrad EK60 9 143 1411 21 <1 m 7 NO

Source Teledyne Benthos <1 m <1 m <1 m <1 m <1 m <1 m YES

Source Datasonics DPL-275 <1 m <1 m 2 <1 m <1 m <1 m YES

Source Applied 

Acoustics 

Engineering

1300A Series Micro Beacon <1 m <1 m <1 m <1 m <1 m <1 m YES

SSS Klein 3000 <1 m 9 292 <1 m <1 m <1 m NO

*LFC = Low Frequency Cetaceans; MFC = Mid Frequency Cetaceans; HFC = High Frequency Cetaceans; PPW = Phocid Pinnipeds in Water; OPW = National Centers 

for Coastal Ocean Science Otariid Pinnipeds in Water; SI = Sirenians

**ADCP = Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler; ALT = Altimeter; Comm = Acoustic Communication System; MBES = Multibeam Echosounder; SAS = Synthetic 

Aperture Sonar; SBES = Single Beam Echosounder; SBP = Sub Bottom Profiler; SES = Scientific Echosounder; Source = Beacon/pinger; SSS = Side Scan Sonar
Version 4.0 33

3D Cumulative Acoustic Modeling 

After eliminating the de minimis sources from further evaluation, eight sources, representing the different 

frequency bands of the sources for which the geometric spreading loss calculations resulted in the 

greatest ranges under the source and operational conditions provided by NOS offices (Table 3), were 

modeled using JASCO’s Bellhop raytracing implementation (Appendix C). These models were run at 57

locations within the geographic region NOS proposes active acoustic survey operations. In each of the 

regions, up to four source locations were selected representing a depth regime of shallow, mid-depth, 

deep, and very deep (Table 2). At each of the 57 locations, acoustic propagation models were run for the 

corresponding to the different source frequencies of the representative sources (Table 3). Seasonal sound 

velocity profiles were selected to represent a variety of conditions with one to four profiles based on 

variability of the sound velocity profile (Teague et al. 1990, Carnes 2009) at a location. Examples of the 

range dependent one-second, sound exposure levels for four sources along their major axes are provided 

in Figures 4 through 7 for the different hearing group weightings. The variation in the received level as a 

function of range and depth is represented by color. The directionality of the source, frequency content 

of the signal, depth of the water, and weighting function applied all play a role in the propagation loss 

predicted. These plots represent point in time models and do not indicate ranges to criteria thresholds. 

These model results were used as inputs to the animal movement modeling.
Version 4.0 34

Figure 4. Knudsen 320 B/R 3.5 kHz sound exposure level at the Atlantic (24.821°N, -79.9265°E) acrosstrack modeling site in deep water. a) Unweighted b) LF weighted c) MF weighted d) HF weighted e) OPW 

weighted f) PPW weighted g) SI weighted.
Version 4.0 35

Figure 5. Kongsberg EM710 at 70 kHz sound exposure level atthe Atlantic (24.821°N, -79.9265°E) acrosstrack modeling site in deep water. a) Unweighted b) LF weighted c) MF weighted d) HF weighted e) OPW 

weighted f) PPW weighted g) SI weighted. 
Version 4.0 36

Figure 6. Knudsen 320 B/R 3.5 kHz sound exposure level at the Atlantic (24.5390°N, -80.7623°E) acrosstrack modeling site in mid-depth water. a) Unweighted b) LF weighted c) MF weighted d) HF weighted 

e) OPW weighted f) PPW weighted g) SI weighted.
Version 4.0 37

Figure 7. Kongsberg EM710 at 70 kHz sound exposure level at the Atlantic (24.5390°N, -80.7623°E)

across-track modeling site in mid-depth water. a) Unweighted b) LF weighted c) MF weighted d) HF 

weighted e) OPW weighted f) PPW weighted g) SI weighted.

Cumulative exposure ranges were calculated by adding the propagation results from a point source along 

a track. The sound fields were weighted according to the hearing group weighting functions and evaluated 

against non-impulsive threshold criteria (NMFS 2018). Ranges to cumulative exposure thresholds for nonimpulsive criteria for low-frequency cetaceans, mid-frequency cetaceans, phocid pinnipeds, and other 

carnivores were less than 10 m for all sources even under the most conservative use cases. 
Version 4.0 38

Animal Movement Modeling 

Simulations representing 72 hours of continuous NOS survey activities were conducted using sound fields 

generated from the 3-D acoustic propagation modeling. Simulations were conducted in five regions, 

Alaska, the East Coast, the Gulf of Mexico, the West Coast, and Hawaii for representative acoustic sources. 

For most species, no injurious exposures were estimated at any range. In Tables 7 through 11, results for 

most speciesthat can possibly be exposed above Injury criteria suggest that zero percent of the individuals 

within a simulation are exposed above the Injury threshold once scaled by the real-world population 

densities. For many of the species with exposures above the Injury threshold, criteria were exceeded but 

only if the animats were within 12 m of the source. Of the exposures above the Injury threshold at greater 

ranges, all were for high-frequency cetaceans (harbor and Dall's porpoises, and pygmy and dwarf sperm 

whales). The exposure ranges for these species was up to 154 m. 

Exposures exceeding the behavioral disruption threshold were estimated for many more species. Ranges 

to these thresholds were limited to <300 m for most species. Some deep diving species, sperm whales 

and beaked whales, had exposure ranges up to 675 m including depth. This occurred when animats were

within the main beam directly below the source but at limited horizontal range.

Table 7. Distance (Range) to Injury and Behavioral Exposure results for animal movement simulations 

in Alaskan waters. Percent of the simulated individuals and ranges to exposure for each species and 

source type for injury and behavioral criteria are presented.

Simulated Species Source

Injury 

Percent

Injury 

Exposure 

(ER95%) 

Range (m)

Behavior 

Percent

Behavior 

Exposure 

(ER95%) 

Range 

(m)

Blue whale Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 0.18% 135

Blue whale Kongsberg EM710 0.00% 0 0.11% 195

Blue whale Simard ES60 0.00% 0 0.34% 199

Fin whale Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 0.48% 131

Fin whale Kongsberg EM710 0.00% 0 0.19% 70

Fin whale Simard ES60 0.00% 0 0.64% 170

Humpback whale Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 3.65% 194

Humpback whale Kongsberg EM710 0.00% 0 1.76% 124

Humpback whale Simard ES60 0.00% 0 4.91% 267

Common minke whale Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 0.23% 155

Common minke whale Kongsberg EM710 0.00% 0 0.25% 229

Common minke whale Simard ES60 0.00% 0 0.32% 191

North Pacific right whale Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 0.46% 126

North Pacific right whale Kongsberg EM710 0.00% 0 0.54% 212

North Pacific right whale Simard ES60 0.00% 0 0.74% 178
Version 4.0 39

Simulated Species Source

Injury 

Percent

Injury 

Exposure 

(ER95%) 

Range (m)

Behavior 

Percent

Behavior 

Exposure 

(ER95%) 

Range 

(m)

Sei whale Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 0.39% 125

Sei whale Kongsberg EM710 0.00% 0 0.45% 233

Sei whale Simard ES60 0.00% 0 0.49% 172

Baird's beaked whale Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 0.53% 135

Baird's beaked whale Kongsberg EM710 0.00% 0 0.31% 195

Baird's beaked whale Simard ES60 0.00% 0 0.96% 199

Beaked whales (guild) Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 0.53% 135

Beaked whales (guild) Kongsberg EM710 0.00% 0 0.31% 195

Beaked whales (guild) Simard ES60 0.00% 0 0.96% 199

Beluga whale Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 0.67% 135

Beluga whale Kongsberg EM710 0.00% 0 0.71% 211

Beluga whale Simard ES60 0.00% 0 0.97% 186

Blainville's beaked whale Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 0.98% 140

Blainville's beaked whale Kongsberg EM710 0.00% 0 0.55% 199

Blainville's beaked whale Simard ES60 0.00% 0 1.44% 181

Common bottlenose 

dolphin

Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 0.49% 147

Common bottlenose 

dolphin

Kongsberg EM710 0.00% 0 0.54% 223

Common bottlenose 

dolphin

Simard ES60 0.00% 0 0.62% 197

Killer whale Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 0.67% 149

Killer whale Kongsberg EM710 0.00% 0 0.52% 216

Killer whale Simard ES60 0.00% 0 0.73% 171

Mesoplodont whales Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 0.29% 143

Mesoplodont whales Kongsberg EM710 0.00% 0 0.18% 142

Mesoplodont whales Simard ES60 0.00% 0 0.44% 181

Pacific white-sided 

dolphin

Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 0.49% 147
Version 4.0 40

Simulated Species Source

Injury 

Percent

Injury 

Exposure 

(ER95%) 

Range (m)

Behavior 

Percent

Behavior 

Exposure 

(ER95%) 

Range 

(m)

Pacific white-sided 

dolphin

Kongsberg EM710 0.00% 0 0.54% 223

Pacific white-sided 

dolphin

Simard ES60 0.00% 0 0.62% 197

Sperm whale Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 0.22% 153

Sperm whale Kongsberg EM710 0.00% 0 0.12% 966

Sperm whale Simard ES60 0.00% 0 0.35% 198

Stejneger's beaked whale Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 0.53% 135

Stejneger's beaked whale Kongsberg EM710 0.00% 0 0.31% 195

Stejneger's beaked whale Simard ES60 0.00% 0 0.96% 199

Dall's porpoise Knudsen 320 B/R 0.08% 19 1.12% 126

Dall's porpoise Kongsberg EM710 0.02% 18 0.66% 168

Dall's porpoise Simard ES60 0.02% 12 1.53% 177

Harbor porpoise Knudsen 320 B/R 0.07% 27 0.11% 148

Harbor porpoise Kongsberg EM710 0.05% 26 0.36% 86

Harbor porpoise Simard ES60 0.01% 18 0.12% 146

Harbor seal Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 2.67% 188

Harbor seal Kongsberg EM710 0.00% 0 0.98% 60

Harbor seal Simard ES60 0.00% 0 2.95% 255

Northern fur seal Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 2.99% 203

Northern fur seal Kongsberg EM710 0.00% 0 1.09% 66

Northern fur seal Simard ES60 0.00% 0 3.52% 240

Ribbon seal Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 2.91% 209

Ribbon seal Kongsberg EM710 0.00% 0 0.97% 61

Ribbon seal Simard ES60 0.00% 0 3.22% 240

Sea otter Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 10.29% 180

Sea otter Kongsberg EM710 0.00% 0 4.10% 54

Sea otter Simard ES60 0.00% 0 12.01% 249

Spotted seal Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 2.91% 209
Version 4.0 41

Simulated Species Source

Injury 

Percent

Injury 

Exposure 

(ER95%) 

Range (m)

Behavior 

Percent

Behavior 

Exposure 

(ER95%) 

Range 

(m)

Spotted seal Kongsberg EM710 0.00% 0 0.97% 61

Spotted seal Simard ES60 0.00% 0 3.22% 240

Walrus Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 1.47% 179

Walrus Kongsberg EM710 0.00% 0 0.48% 69

Walrus Simard ES60 0.00% 0 1.87% 268

Table 8. Distance (Range) to Injury and Behavioral Exposure results for animal movement simulations 

off the East Coast of the U.S.Percent of the simulated individuals and ranges to exposure for each 

species and source type for injury and behavioral criteria are presented. 

Simulated Species Source

Injury 

Percent

Injury 

Exposure 

(ER95%) 

Range (m)

Behavior 

Percent

Behavior 

Exposure 

(ER95%) 

Range 

(m)

Blue whale Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 2.04% 136

Blue whale Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 1.78% 201

Blue whale Simard ES60 0.00% 0 2.90% 188

Bryde's whale Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 1.28% 199

Bryde's whale Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 1.30% 201

Bryde's whale Simard ES60 0.00% 0 1.42% 249

Fin whale Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 3.62% 217

Fin whale Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 1.18% 83

Fin whale Simard ES60 0.00% 0 4.88% 283

Humpback whale Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 3.60% 214

Humpback whale Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 2.90% 271

Humpback whale Simard ES60 0.00% 0 4.94% 278

Common minke whale Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 4.45% 196
Version 4.0 42

Simulated Species Source

Injury 

Percent

Injury 

Exposure 

(ER95%) 

Range (m)

Behavior 

Percent

Behavior 

Exposure 

(ER95%) 

Range 

(m)

Common minke whale Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 3.41% 202

Common minke whale Simard ES60 0.00% 0 6.10% 274

North Atlantic right 

whale

Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 4.65% 219

North Atlantic right 

whale

Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 3.50% 261

North Atlantic right 

whale

Simard ES60 0.00% 0 5.79% 280

Sei whale Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 4.70% 225

Sei whale Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 3.54% 263

Sei whale Simard ES60 0.00% 0 6.43% 272

Atlantic spotted dolphin Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 3.62% 211

Atlantic spotted dolphin Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 2.90% 253

Atlantic spotted dolphin Simard ES60 0.00% 0 5.14% 274

Atlantic white-sided 

dolphin

Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 3.42% 206

Atlantic white-sided 

dolphin

Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 3.10% 254

Atlantic white-sided 

dolphin

Simard ES60 0.00% 0 4.65% 267

Blainville's beaked whale Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 2.10% 154

Blainville's beaked whale Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 2.18% 232

Blainville's beaked whale Simard ES60 0.00% 0 3.17% 193

Clymene dolphin Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 1.29% 143

Clymene dolphin Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 1.35% 246

Clymene dolphin Simard ES60 0.00% 0 1.80% 186
Version 4.0 43

Simulated Species Source

Injury 

Percent

Injury 

Exposure 

(ER95%) 

Range (m)

Behavior 

Percent

Behavior 

Exposure 

(ER95%) 

Range 

(m)

Common bottlenose 

dolphin

Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 4.68% 221

Common bottlenose 

dolphin

Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 3.21% 229

Common bottlenose 

dolphin

Simard ES60 0.00% 0 6.21% 279

False killer whale Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 1.68% 152

False killer whale Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 1.33% 240

False killer whale Simard ES60 0.00% 0 2.27% 194

Fraser's dolphin Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 2.15% 141

Fraser's dolphin Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 1.57% 208

Fraser's dolphin Simard ES60 0.00% 0 2.66% 186

Killer whale Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 1.32% 145

Killer whale Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 1.39% 272

Killer whale Simard ES60 0.00% 0 1.90% 200

Melon-headed whale Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 1.43% 146

Melon-headed whale Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 1.45% 225

Melon-headed whale Simard ES60 0.00% 0 2.00% 194

Mesoplodont whales Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 1.89% 125

Mesoplodont whales Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 1.71% 220

Mesoplodont whales Simard ES60 0.00% 0 2.43% 192

Northern bottlenose

whale

Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 2.36% 136

Northern bottlenose 

whale

Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 2.06% 201

Northern bottlenose 

whale

Simard ES60 0.00% 0 3.36% 188
Version 4.0 44

Simulated Species Source

Injury 

Percent

Injury 

Exposure 

(ER95%) 

Range (m)

Behavior 

Percent

Behavior 

Exposure 

(ER95%) 

Range 

(m)

Pantropical spotted 

dolphin

Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 1.62% 134

Pantropical spotted 

dolphin

Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 1.42% 214

Pantropical spotted 

dolphin

Simard ES60 0.00% 0 2.10% 185

Pilot whales Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 1.55% 143

Pilot whales Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 1.63% 246

Pilot whales Simard ES60 0.00% 0 2.17% 186

Risso's dolphin Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 3.21% 187

Risso's dolphin Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 3.01% 252

Risso's dolphin Simard ES60 0.00% 0 4.92% 272

Rough-toothed dolphin Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 4.56% 221

Rough-toothed dolphin Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 3.13% 229

Rough-toothed dolphin Simard ES60 0.00% 0 6.06% 279

Short-beaked common 

dolphin

Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 1.51% 163

Short-beaked common 

dolphin

Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 1.41% 196

Short-beaked common 

dolphin

Simard ES60 0.00% 0 1.74% 213

Short-finned pilot whale Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 2.52% 229

Short-finned pilot whale Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 2.48% 273

Short-finned pilot whale Simard ES60 0.00% 0 2.81% 254

Sperm whale Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 2.52% 135

Sperm whale Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 2.10% 205

Sperm whale Simard ES60 0.00% 0 3.15% 185
Version 4.0 45

Simulated Species Source

Injury 

Percent

Injury 

Exposure 

(ER95%) 

Range (m)

Behavior 

Percent

Behavior 

Exposure 

(ER95%) 

Range 

(m)

Spinner dolphin Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 2.09% 138

Spinner dolphin Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 1.99% 220

Spinner dolphin Simard ES60 0.00% 0 3.24% 190

Striped dolphin Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 3.60% 209

Striped dolphin Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 2.39% 227

Striped dolphin Simard ES60 0.00% 0 5.01% 270

Dwarf sperm whale Knudsen 320 B/R 0.11% 2 2.44% 131

Dwarf sperm whale Kongsberg 

EM710

0.07% 17 1.91% 204

Dwarf sperm whale Simard ES60 0.07% 32 3.33% 169

Harbor porpoise Knudsen 320 B/R 0.49% 39 0.59% 223

Harbor porpoise Kongsberg 

EM710

0.18% 28 1.47% 77

Harbor porpoise Simard ES60 0.00% 0 0.61% 281

Pygmy sperm whale Knudsen 320 B/R 0.11% 2 0.73% 151

Pygmy sperm whale Kongsberg 

EM710

0.07% 17 0.84% 250

Pygmy sperm whale Simard ES60 0.07% 32 1.14% 199

Gray seal Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 1.54% 211

Gray seal Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 1.52% 282

Gray seal Simard ES60 0.00% 0 1.68% 280

Harbor seal Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 3.10% 210

Harbor seal Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 2.81% 288

Harbor seal Simard ES60 0.00% 0 3.44% 270

Harp seal Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 3.03% 210

Harp seal Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 2.75% 288
Version 4.0 46

Simulated Species Source

Injury 

Percent

Injury 

Exposure 

(ER95%) 

Range (m)

Behavior 

Percent

Behavior 

Exposure 

(ER95%) 

Range 

(m)

Harp seal Simard ES60 0.00% 0 3.37% 270

Hooded seal Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 4.48% 225

Hooded seal Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 4.48% 276

Hooded seal Simard ES60 0.00% 0 4.88% 266

Manatee Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 2.87% 225

Manatee Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 2.41% 276

Manatee Simard ES60 0.00% 0 3.06% 266

Table 9. Distance (Range) to Injury and Behavioral Exposure results for animal movement simulations 

in the Gulf of Mexico. Percent of the simulated individuals and ranges to exposure for each species and 

source type for injury and behavioral criteria are presented.

Simulated Species Source

Injury 

Percent

Injury 

Exposure 

(ER95%) 

Range (m)

Behavior 

Percent

Behavior 

Exposure 

(ER95%) 

Range (m)

Rice’s whale Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 2.05% 137

Rice’s whale Kongsberg EM710 0.00% 0 2.12% 219

Rice’s whale Simard ES60 0.00% 0 3.31% 215

Atlantic spotted 

dolphin

Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 1.46% 112

Atlantic spotted 

dolphin

Kongsberg EM710 0.00% 0 1.50% 201

Atlantic spotted 

dolphin

Simard ES60 0.00% 0 1.70% 197

Blainville's beaked 

whale

Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 1.93% 140

Blainville's beaked 

whale

Kongsberg EM710 0.00% 0 1.70% 207
Version 4.0 47

Simulated Species Source

Injury 

Percent

Injury 

Exposure 

(ER95%) 

Range (m)

Behavior 

Percent

Behavior 

Exposure 

(ER95%) 

Range (m)

Blainville's beaked 

whale

Kongsberg EM710 0.00% 0 1.33% 180

Blainville's beaked 

whale

Simard ES60 0.00% 0 2.71% 172

Blainville's beaked 

whale

Simard ES60 0.00% 0 2.77% 178

Clymene dolphin Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 2.05% 198

Clymene dolphin Kongsberg EM710 0.00% 0 1.95% 131

Clymene dolphin Simard ES60 0.00% 0 1.75% 227

Common bottlenose 

dolphin

Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 2.46% 142

Common bottlenose 

dolphin

Kongsberg EM710 0.00% 0 2.57% 215

Common bottlenose 

dolphin

Simard ES60 0.00% 0 3.76% 205

Cuvier’s beaked whale Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 1.51% 128

Cuvier’s beaked whale Kongsberg EM710 0.00% 0 0.47% 126

Cuvier’s beaked whale Simard ES60 0.00% 0 2.28% 180

False killer whale Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 2.47% 180

False killer whale Kongsberg EM710 0.00% 0 1.95% 117

False killer whale Simard ES60 0.00% 0 1.59% 204

Fraser's dolphin Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 0.35% 131

Fraser's dolphin Kongsberg EM710 0.00% 0 0.46% 215

Fraser's dolphin Simard ES60 0.00% 0 0.68% 205

Killer whale Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 1.70% 207

Killer whale Kongsberg EM710 0.00% 0 2.23% 199

Killer whale Simard ES60 0.00% 0 1.44% 154

Melon-headed whale Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 1.62% 260

Melon-headed whale Kongsberg EM710 0.00% 0 2.71% 172

Melon-headed whale Simard ES60 0.00% 0 1.95% 131
Version 4.0 48

Simulated Species Source

Injury 

Percent

Injury 

Exposure 

(ER95%) 

Range (m)

Behavior 

Percent

Behavior 

Exposure 

(ER95%) 

Range (m)

Pantropical spotted 

dolphin

Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 1.64% 229

Pantropical spotted 

dolphin

Kongsberg EM710 0.00% 0 1.92% 185

Pantropical spotted 

dolphin

Simard ES60 0.00% 0 1.38% 118

Pilot whales Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 1.75% 227

Pilot whales Kongsberg EM710 0.00% 0 1.92% 185

Pilot whales Simard ES60 0.00% 0 1.16% 117

Pygmy killer whale Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 2.08% 208

Pygmy killer whale Kongsberg EM710 0.00% 0 2.05% 198

Pygmy killer whale Simard ES60 0.00% 0 1.25% 138

Risso's dolphin Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 1.35% 114

Risso's dolphin Kongsberg EM710 0.00% 0 1.53% 229

Risso's dolphin Simard ES60 0.00% 0 1.88% 210

Rough-toothed 

dolphin

Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 2.42% 226

Rough-toothed 

dolphin

Kongsberg EM710 0.00% 0 2.03% 232

Rough-toothed 

dolphin

Simard ES60 0.00% 0 2.58% 252

Short-finned pilot 

whale

Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 1.72% 167

Short-finned pilot 

whale

Kongsberg EM710 0.00% 0 1.20% 144

Short-finned pilot 

whale

Simard ES60 0.00% 0 0.54% 178

Sperm whale Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 0.74% 132

Sperm whale Kongsberg EM710 0.00% 0 1.08% 230

Sperm whale Simard ES60 0.00% 0 1.47% 212

Spinner dolphin Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 2.42% 140

Spinner dolphin Kongsberg EM710 0.00% 0 2.08% 218
Version 4.0 49

Simulated Species Source

Injury 

Percent

Injury 

Exposure 

(ER95%) 

Range (m)

Behavior 

Percent

Behavior 

Exposure 

(ER95%) 

Range (m)

Spinner dolphin Simard ES60 0.00% 0 4.04% 212

Striped dolphin Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 2.12% 132

Striped dolphin Kongsberg EM710 0.00% 0 2.21% 224

Striped dolphin Simard ES60 0.00% 0 3.23% 209

Dwarf sperm whale Knudsen 320 B/R 0.05% 5 2.77% 173

Dwarf sperm whale Kongsberg EM710 0.00% 0 1.25% 138

Dwarf sperm whale Simard ES60 0.03% 35 1.42% 192

Pygmy sperm whale Knudsen 320 B/R 0.03% 7 2.80% 223

Pygmy sperm whale Kongsberg EM710 0.00% 0 2.84% 181

Pygmy sperm whale Simard ES60 0.03% 35 1.83% 129

Manatee Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 1.58% 131

Manatee Kongsberg EM710 0.00% 0 0.94% 161

Manatee Simard ES60 0.00% 0 2.37% 187

Table 10. Exposure results for animal movement simulations off Hawaii. Percent of the simulated 

individuals and ranges to exposure for each species and source type for injury and behavioral criteria 

are presented.

Simulated Species Source

Injury 

Percent

Injury 

Exposure 

(ER95%) 

Range (m)

Behavior 

Percent

Behavior

Exposure 

(ER95%) 

Range (m)

Blue whale Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 0.17% 137

Blue whale Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 0.18% 231

Blue whale Simard ES60 0.00% 0 0.28% 205

Bryde's whale Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 0.45% 116

Bryde's whale Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 0.79% 231

Bryde's whale Simard ES60 0.00% 0 1.10% 197

Fin whale Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 1.51% 141
Version 4.0 50

Simulated Species Source

Injury 

Percent

Injury 

Exposure 

(ER95%) 

Range (m)

Behavior 

Percent

Behavior

Exposure 

(ER95%) 

Range (m)

Fin whale Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 1.56% 204

Fin whale Simard ES60 0.00% 0 2.11% 202

Humpback whale Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 7.66% 138

Humpback whale Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 5.01% 211

Humpback whale Simard ES60 0.00% 0 8.63% 179

Common minke 

whale

Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 2.75% 124

Common minke 

whale

Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 3.35% 224

Common minke 

whale

Simard ES60 0.00% 0 4.87% 204

Sei whale Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 0.44% 126

Sei whale Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 0.53% 221

Sei whale Simard ES60 0.00% 0 0.63% 200

Blainville's beaked 

whale

Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 0.56% 205

Blainville's beaked 

whale

Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 0.37% 215

Blainville's beaked 

whale

Simard ES60 0.00% 0 0.29% 131

Common 

bottlenose dolphin

Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 1.11% 137

Common 

bottlenose dolphin

Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 1.09% 197

Common 

bottlenose dolphin

Simard ES60 0.00% 0 1.97% 210

False killer whale Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 0.16% 142

False killer whale Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 0.15% 214

False killer whale Simard ES60 0.00% 0 0.29% 197
Version 4.0 51

Simulated Species Source

Injury 

Percent

Injury 

Exposure 

(ER95%) 

Range (m)

Behavior 

Percent

Behavior

Exposure 

(ER95%) 

Range (m)

Fraser's dolphin Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 0.20% 134

Fraser's dolphin Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 0.13% 208

Fraser's dolphin Simard ES60 0.00% 0 0.21% 161

Killer whale Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 0.24% 134

Killer whale Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 0.24% 208

Killer whale Simard ES60 0.00% 0 0.41% 197

Longman's (IndoPacific) beaked 

whale

Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 0.23% 144

Longman's (IndoPacific) beaked 

whale

Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 0.21% 242

Longman's (IndoPacific) beaked 

whale

Simard ES60 0.00% 0 0.31% 185

Melon-headed 

whale

Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 0.55% 120

Melon-headed 

whale

Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 0.70% 214

Melon-headed 

whale

Simard ES60 0.00% 0 0.94% 203

Pantropical spotted 

dolphin

Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 0.13% 126

Pantropical spotted 

dolphin

Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 0.19% 227

Pantropical spotted 

dolphin

Simard ES60 0.00% 0 0.29% 209

Pilot whales (guild) Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 1.38% 120

Pilot whales (guild) Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 1.49% 209

Pilot whales (guild) Simard ES60 0.00% 0 2.30% 201

Pygmy killer whale Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 1.18% 130
Version 4.0 52

Simulated Species Source

Injury 

Percent

Injury 

Exposure 

(ER95%) 

Range (m)

Behavior 

Percent

Behavior

Exposure 

(ER95%) 

Range (m)

Pygmy killer whale Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 0.98% 206

Pygmy killer whale Simard ES60 0.00% 0 1.57% 201

Risso's dolphin Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 3.26% 141

Risso's dolphin Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 2.85% 228

Risso's dolphin Simard ES60 0.00% 0 3.88% 185

Rough-toothed 

dolphin

Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 1.72% 140

Rough-toothed 

dolphin

Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 1.47% 213

Rough-toothed 

dolphin

Simard ES60 0.00% 0 2.53% 199

Short-beaked 

common dolphin

Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 1.75% 129

Short-beaked 

common dolphin

Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 1.70% 213

Short-beaked 

common dolphin

Simard ES60 0.00% 0 2.34% 191

Short-finned pilot 

whale

Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 1.16% 128

Short-finned pilot 

whale

Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 1.02% 210

Short-finned pilot 

whale

Simard ES60 0.00% 0 1.81% 199

Sperm whale Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 0.88% 114

Sperm whale Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 1.03% 196

Sperm whale Simard ES60 0.00% 0 1.34% 182

Spinner dolphin Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 0.05% 145

Spinner dolphin Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 0.05% 228

Spinner dolphin Simard ES60 0.00% 0 0.07% 198
Version 4.0 53

Simulated Species Source

Injury 

Percent

Injury 

Exposure 

(ER95%) 

Range (m)

Behavior 

Percent

Behavior

Exposure 

(ER95%) 

Range (m)

Striped dolphin Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 0.41% 146

Striped dolphin Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 0.42% 225

Striped dolphin Simard ES60 0.00% 0 0.58% 194

Dwarf sperm whale Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 0.69% 141

Dwarf sperm whale Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 0.62% 228

Dwarf sperm whale Simard ES60 0.00% 0 0.85% 185

Pygmy sperm 

whale

Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 0.79% 118

Pygmy sperm 

whale

Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 1.08% 201

Pygmy sperm 

whale

Simard ES60 0.00% 0 1.60% 202

Hawaiian monk 

seal

Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 2.59% 138

Hawaiian monk 

seal

Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 2.21% 211

Hawaiian monk 

seal

Simard ES60 0.00% 0 3.63% 202

Table 11. Exposure results for animal movement simulations off the West Coast of the US. Percent of 

the simulated individuals and ranges to exposure for each species and source type for injury and 

behavioral criteria are presented.

Simulated Species Source

Injury 

Percent

Injury 

Exposure 

(ER95%) 

Range (m)

Behavior 

Percent

Behavior 

Exposure 

(ER95%) 

Range (m)

Blue whale Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 0.28% 478

Blue whale Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 0.04% 413

Blue whale Simard ES60 0.00% 0 0.39% 477
Version 4.0 54

Simulated Species Source

Injury 

Percent

Injury 

Exposure 

(ER95%) 

Range (m)

Behavior 

Percent

Behavior 

Exposure 

(ER95%) 

Range (m)

Bryde's whale Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 1.06% 121

Bryde's whale Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 1.02% 199

Bryde's whale Simard ES60 0.00% 0 1.74% 197

Fin whale Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 1.38% 133

Fin whale Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 1.18% 203

Fin whale Simard ES60 0.00% 0 1.75% 193

Humpback whale Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 14.39% 206

Humpback whale Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 6.32% 147

Humpback whale Simard ES60 0.00% 0 20.03% 301

Common minke 

whale

Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 2.02% 137

Common minke 

whale

Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 1.36% 195

Common minke 

whale

Simard ES60 0.00% 0 2.42% 172

North Pacific right 

whale

Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 2.76% 146

North Pacific right 

whale

Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 2.63% 214

North Pacific right 

whale

Simard ES60 0.00% 0 3.66% 191

Sei whale Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 1.38% 133

Sei whale Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 1.18% 203

Sei whale Simard ES60 0.00% 0 1.75% 193

Beaked whale Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 0.43% 589

Beaked whale Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 0.07% 611

Beaked whale Simard ES60 0.00% 0 0.55% 530
Version 4.0 55

Simulated Species Source

Injury 

Percent

Injury 

Exposure 

(ER95%) 

Range (m)

Behavior 

Percent

Behavior 

Exposure 

(ER95%) 

Range (m)

Blainville's beaked 

whale

Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 1.77% 493

Blainville's beaked 

whale

Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 0.10% 392

Blainville's beaked 

whale

Simard ES60 0.00% 0 0.87% 496

Common bottlenose 

dolphin

Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 1.14% 126

Common bottlenose 

dolphin

Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 0.99% 194

Common bottlenose 

dolphin

Simard ES60 0.00% 0 1.46% 193

Killer whale Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 1.28% 143

Killer whale Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 1.01% 197

Killer whale Simard ES60 0.00% 0 1.84% 191

Long-beaked 

common dolphin

Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 1.39% 125

Long-beaked 

common dolphin

Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 1.18% 197

Long-beaked 

common dolphin

Simard ES60 0.00% 0 2.13% 197

Mesoplodont 

whales

Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 0.43% 589

Mesoplodont 

whales

Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 0.07% 611

Mesoplodont 

whales

Simard ES60 0.00% 0 0.55% 530

Northern right 

whale dolphin

Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 0.43% 589

Northern right 

whale dolphin

Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 0.07% 611

Northern right 

whale dolphin

Simard ES60 0.00% 0 0.55% 530
Version 4.0 56

Simulated Species Source

Injury 

Percent

Injury 

Exposure 

(ER95%) 

Range (m)

Behavior 

Percent

Behavior 

Exposure 

(ER95%) 

Range (m)

Pacific white-sided 

dolphin

Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 1.53% 132

Pacific white-sided 

dolphin

Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 1.51% 202

Pacific white-sided 

dolphin

Simard ES60 0.00% 0 2.46% 202

Pilot whale Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 1.39% 125

Pilot whale Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 1.18% 197

Pilot whale Simard ES60 0.00% 0 2.13% 197

Risso's dolphin Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 1.38% 143

Risso's dolphin Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 1.13% 191

Risso's dolphin Simard ES60 0.00% 0 1.85% 185

Short-beaked 

common dolphin

Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 1.91% 140

Short-beaked 

common dolphin

Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 1.27% 191

Short-beaked 

common dolphin

Simard ES60 0.00% 0 2.82% 192

Short-finned pilot 

whale

Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 0.75% 115

Short-finned pilot 

whale

Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 0.80% 208

Short-finned pilot 

whale

Simard ES60 0.00% 0 1.11% 201

Sperm whale Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 0.42% 506

Sperm whale Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 0.15% 675

Sperm whale Simard ES60 0.00% 0 0.67% 477

Stejneger's beaked 

whale

Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 0.75% 478
Version 4.0 57

Simulated Species Source

Injury 

Percent

Injury 

Exposure 

(ER95%) 

Range (m)

Behavior 

Percent

Behavior 

Exposure 

(ER95%) 

Range (m)

Stejneger's beaked 

whale

Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 0.11% 413

Stejneger's beaked 

whale

Simard ES60 0.00% 0 1.02% 477

Striped dolphin Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 0.93% 526

Striped dolphin Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 0.14% 253

Striped dolphin Simard ES60 0.00% 0 1.22% 522

Dall's porpoise Knudsen 320 B/R 0.07% 20 1.07% 136

Dall's porpoise Kongsberg 

EM710

0.06% 24 0.62% 128

Dall's porpoise Simard ES60 0.01% 15 1.58% 191

Dwarf sperm whale Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 0.19% 460

Dwarf sperm whale Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 0.04% 248

Dwarf sperm whale Simard ES60 0.00% 0 0.29% 470

Harbor porpoise Knudsen 320 B/R 0.20% 26 2.69% 140

Harbor porpoise Kongsberg 

EM710

0.13% 28 1.12% 78

Harbor porpoise Simard ES60 0.00% 0 3.80% 189

Pygmy sperm whale Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 0.00% 0 

Pygmy sperm whale Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 0.00% 0 

Pygmy sperm whale Simard ES60 0.00% 0 0.00% 0 

California sea lion Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 3.21% 203

California sea lion Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 1.22% 69

California sea lion Simard ES60 0.00% 0 3.91% 275

Guadalupe fur seal Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 3.12% 211

Guadalupe fur seal Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 1.10% 69

Guadalupe fur seal Simard ES60 0.00% 0 3.68% 280
Version 4.0 58

Simulated Species Source

Injury 

Percent

Injury 

Exposure 

(ER95%) 

Range (m)

Behavior 

Percent

Behavior 

Exposure 

(ER95%) 

Range (m)

Harbor seal Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 3.21% 203

Harbor seal Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 1.22% 69

Harbor seal Simard ES60 0.00% 0 3.91% 275

Northern fur seal Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 3.12% 211

Northern fur seal Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 1.10% 69

Northern fur seal Simard ES60 0.00% 0 3.68% 280

Sea otter Knudsen 320 B/R 0.00% 0 12.92% 212

Sea otter Kongsberg 

EM710

0.00% 0 4.86% 66

Sea otter Simard ES60 0.00% 0 14.84% 266

Annual Exposure Estimates 

Annual injury exposure estimates were calculated by determining the proportion of animats that were 

exposed above threshold for a given survey type (less than 30 kHz or between 30 and 200 kHz) in each of 

the regions (Tables 7 through 11), scaling by the density of that species within the activity regions (Table 

4), and multiplying by the number of days required to complete the proposed efforts. Estimated exposures 

summed over all regions are presented in Tables 12, 13, and 14, respectively for proposed Alternatives A, 

B, and C. Except for high-frequency cetaceans, no faunal group would be exposed to sound levels 

exceeding injury criteria for non-impulsive sounds. For high-frequency cetaceans, Dall’s and harbor 

porpoise and pygmy and dwarf sperm whales, simulation results suggest that few animals would be 

exposed above non-impulsive injury criteria threshold. After incorporating survey effort and species’ 

regional densities, injurious exposures would be expected within a maximum of 50 m. However, for these 

high-resolution sources, this range is well within the near-field. The actual received levels of sound within 

the near-field are well below the modeled far-field approximations (e.g., (Urick 1983)) meaning the 

number of injurious exposures is overestimated. It is also noted that high-frequency species such as 

harbor porpoise are known to avoid loud sounds (aversion). Aversion was not considered in the exposure 

estimates which also over estimates the number of injurious exposures. 

Annual behavioral exposure estimates were similarly calculated. The proportion of simulated animats 

exposed above threshold for a survey was calculated (Tables 7 through 11). That number was then scaled 

by the estimated density (Table 4) and level of effort for that region. Tables 15, 16, and 17 contain annual 

and total exposures by proposed alternative A, B, and C, respectively. Table 18 provides estimated daily 

exposures above behavioral criteria thresholds and the average time, in seconds, that animats above 

criteria threshold were exposed above that criteria, grouped by species and region (stock). 
Version 4.0 59

Injury Exposures 

Table 12. Injury exposures for each year of active acoustic surveys for activities associated with 

proposed Alternative A summed over all simulated regions. 

Species Year2 Year3 Year4 Year5 Year6 

Total 

Exposures

Blue whale 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Bowhead whale 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Bryde's whale 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Common minke 

whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 

Fin whale 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Gray whale 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Humpback whale 0 0 0 0 0 0 

North Atlantic 

right whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 

North Pacific right 

whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 

Rice’s whale 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Sei whale 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Atlantic spotted 

dolphin

0 0 0 0 0 0 

Atlantic whitesided dolphin0 0 0 0 0 0 

Baird's beaked 

whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 

Beluga whale 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Gervais’ beaked 

whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 

Blainville’s beaked 

whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 

Mesoplodont 

beaked whales 

(all)

0 0 0 0 0 0 

Clymene dolphin 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Common 

bottlenose dolphin

0 0 0 0 0 0 
Version 4.0 60

Species Year2 Year3 Year4 Year5 Year6 

Total 

Exposures

Cuvier's beaked 

whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 

False killer whale 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Fraser's dolphin 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Resident killer 

whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 

Transient killer 

whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 

Offshore killer 

whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 

Long-beaked 

common dolphin

0 0 0 0 0 0 

Longman's (IndoPacific) beaked 

whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 

Melon-headed 

whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 

Northern right 

whale dolphin

0 0 0 0 0 0 

Pacific white-sided 

dolphin

0 0 0 0 0 0 

Pantropical 

spotted dolphin

0 0 0 0 0 0 

Pilot whale, long 

finned

0 0 0 0 0 0 

Pilot whale, short 

finned

0 0 0 0 0 0 

Pygmy killer whale 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Risso's dolphin 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Rough-toothed 

dolphin

0 0 0 0 0 0 

Short-beaked 

common dolphin

0 0 0 0 0 0 

Sperm whale 0 0 0 0 0 0 
Version 4.0 61

Species Year2 Year3 Year4 Year5 Year6 

Total 

Exposures

Sowerby's beaked 

whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 

Spinner dolphin 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Striped dolphin 0 0 0 0 0 0 

White-beaked 

dolphin

0 0 0 0 0 0 

True's beaked 

whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 

Dwarf sperm 

whale

0.67 0.79 0.67 0.67 0.67 3.47

Pygmy sperm 

whale

0.29 0.48 0.27 0.47 0.47 1.98

Dall's porpoise 1.12 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.09 5.48

Harbor porpoise 5.09 5.19 5.11 4.42 4.42 24.23

Bearded seal 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Gray seal 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Guadalupe fur seal 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Hawaiian monk 

seal

0 0 0 0 0 0 

Harbor seal 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Harp seal 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Hooded seal 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Northern fur seal 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Ribbon seal 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Ringed seal 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Spotted seal 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Manatee 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Sea otter 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Walrus 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Northern elephant 

seal

0 0 0 0 0 0 

Polar bear 0 0 0 0 0 0 
Version 4.0 62

Species Year2 Year3 Year4 Year5 Year6 

Total 

Exposures

California sea lion 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Steller sea lion 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Northern 

bottlenose whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 

Table 13. Injury exposures for each year of active acoustic surveys for activities associated with 

proposed Alternative B summed over all simulated regions. 

Species Year2 Year3 Year4 Year5 Year6 

Total 

Exposures

Blue whale 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Bowhead whale 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Bryde's whale 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Common minke 

whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 

Fin whale 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Gray whale 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Humpback whale 0 0 0 0 0 0 

North Atlantic 

right whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 

North Pacific right 

whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 

Rice’s whale 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Sei whale 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Atlantic spotted 

dolphin

0 0 0 0 0 0 

Atlantic whitesided dolphin0 0 0 0 0 0 

Baird's beaked 

whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 

Beluga whale 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Gervais’ beaked 

whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 
Version 4.0 63

Species Year2 Year3 Year4 Year5 Year6 

Total 

Exposures

Blainville’s beaked 

whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 

Mesoplodont 

beaked whales 

(all)

0 0 0 0 0 0 

Clymene dolphin 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Common 

bottlenose dolphin

0 0 0 0 0 0 

Cuvier's beaked 

whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 

False killer whale 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Fraser's dolphin 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Resident killer 

whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 

Transient killer 

whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 

Offshore killer 

whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 

Long-beaked 

common dolphin

0 0 0 0 0 0 

Longman's (IndoPacific) beaked 

whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 

Melon-headed 

whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 

Northern right 

whale dolphin

0 0 0 0 0 0 

Pacific white-sided 

dolphin

0 0 0 0 0 0 

Pantropical 

spotted dolphin

0 0 0 0 0 0 

Pilot whale, long 

finned

0 0 0 0 0 0 

Pilot whale, short 

finned

0 0 0 0 0 0 

Pygmy killer whale 0 0 0 0 0 0 
Version 4.0 64

Species Year2 Year3 Year4 Year5 Year6 

Total 

Exposures

Risso's dolphin 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Rough-toothed 

dolphin

0 0 0 0 0 0 

Short-beaked 

common dolphin

0 0 0 0 0 0 

Sperm whale 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Sowerby's beaked 

whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 

Spinner dolphin 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Striped dolphin 0 0 0 0 0 0 

White-beaked 

dolphin

0 0 0 0 0 0 

True's beaked 

whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 

Dwarf sperm 

whale

0.84 0.99 0.84 0.84 0.84 4.35

Pygmy sperm 

whale

0.37 0.60 0.35 0.60 0.60 2.52

Dall's porpoise 1.39 1.36 1.36 1.31 1.36 6.78

Harbor porpoise 5.86 5.89 5.89 1.97 5.05 24.66

Bearded seal 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Gray seal 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Guadalupe fur seal 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Hawaiian monk 

seal

0 0 0 0 0 0 

Harbor seal 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Harp seal 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Hooded seal 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Northern fur seal 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Ribbon seal 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Ringed seal 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Spotted seal 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Manatee 0 0 0 0 0 0 
Version 4.0 65

Species Year2 Year3 Year4 Year5 Year6 

Total 

Exposures

Sea otter 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Walrus 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Northern elephant 

seal

0 0 0 0 0 0 

Polar bear 0 0 0 0 0 0 

California sea lion 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Steller sea lion 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Northern 

bottlenose whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 

Table 14. Injury exposures for each year of active acoustic surveys for activities associated with 

proposed Alternative C summed over all simulated regions. 

Species Year2 Year3 Year4 Year5 Year6 

Total 

Exposures

Blue whale 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Bryde's whale 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Common minke 

whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 

Fin whale 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Gray whale 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Humpback whale 0 0 0 0 0 0 

North Atlantic 

right whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 

North Pacific right 

whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 

Rice’s whale 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Sei whale 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Atlantic spotted 

dolphin

0 0 0 0 0 0 

Atlantic whitesided dolphin

0 0 0 0 0 0 

Baird's beaked 

whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 
Version 4.0 66

Species Year2 Year3 Year4 Year5 Year6 

Total 

Exposures

Beluga whale 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Bowhead whale 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Gervais’ beaked 

whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 

Blainville’s beaked 

whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 

Mesoplodont 

beaked whales 

(all)

0 0 0 0 0 0 

Clymene dolphin 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Common 

bottlenose dolphin

0 0 0 0 0 0 

Cuvier's beaked 

whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 

False killer whale 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Fraser's dolphin 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Resident killer 

whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 

Transient killer 

whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 

Offshore killer 

whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 

Long-beaked 

common dolphin

0 0 0 0 0 0 

Longman's (IndoPacific) beaked 

whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 

Melon-headed 

whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 

Northern right 

whale dolphin

0 0 0 0 0 0 

Pacific white-sided 

dolphin

0 0 0 0 0 0 

Pantropical 

spotted dolphin

0 0 0 0 0 0 
Version 4.0 67

Species Year2 Year3 Year4 Year5 Year6 

Total 

Exposures

Pilot whale, long 

finned

0 0 0 0 0 0 

Pilot whale, short 

finned

0 0 0 0 0 0 

Pygmy killer whale 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Risso's dolphin 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Rough-toothed 

dolphin

0 0 0 0 0 0 

Short-beaked 

common dolphin

0 0 0 0 0 0 

Sperm whale 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Sowerby's beaked 

whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 

Spinner dolphin 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Striped dolphin 0 0 0 0 0 0 

White-beaked 

dolphin

0 0 0 0 0 0 

True's beaked 

whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 

Dwarf sperm 

whale

1.03 1.20 1.03 1.02 1.02 5.30

Pygmy sperm 

whale

0.43 0.71 0.42 0.70 0.70 2.96

Dall's porpoise 1.63 1.63 1.63 1.59 1.63 8.11

Harbor porpoise 3.46 6.58 6.64 2.54 5.63 24.85

Bearded seal 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Gray seal 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Guadalupe fur seal 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Hawaiian monk 

seal

0 0 0 0 0 0 

Harbor seal 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Harp seal 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Hooded seal 0 0 0 0 0 0 
Version 4.0 68

Species Year2 Year3 Year4 Year5 Year6 

Total 

Exposures

Northern fur seal 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Ribbon seal 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Ringed seal 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Spotted seal 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Manatee 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Sea otter 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Walrus 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Northern elephant 

seal

0 0 0 0 0 0 

Polar bear 0 0 0 0 0 0 

California sea lion 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Steller sea lion 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Northern 

bottlenose whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 

Behavioral Disruption Exposures 

Table 15. Behavioral disruption exposures for each year of active acoustic surveys for activities 

associated with proposed Alternative A summed over all simulated regions.

Species Year2 Year3 Year4 Year5 Year6 

Total 

Exposures

Atlantic spotted 

dolphin 358.84 459.24 267.86 409.39 407.86 1903.19

Atlantic whitesided dolphin 466.66 497.54 449.99 454.17 454.17 2322.53

Baird's beaked 

whale 5.99 5.98 5.98 5.98 5.98 29.91

Bearded seal 319.01 438.48 472.75 110.40 110.40 1451.04

Beluga whale 13.27 18.24 215.36 4.59 4.59 256.05

Beluga whale, 

Cook Inlet 2.18 3.38 2.60 1.84 1.84 11.84

Blainville's beaked 

whale 9.12 11.10 9.12 7.31 7.31 43.96

Blue whale 12.65 12.60 12.62 12.59 12.59 63.05
Version 4.0 69

Species Year2 Year3 Year4 Year5 Year6 

Total 

Exposures

Bowhead whale 3.50 0.23 55.08 0.04 0.04 58.89

Bryde's whale 1.15 0.66 1.17 0.66 0.66 4.30

California sea lion 7054.02 5862.63 5550.02 5550.02 5550.02 29566.71

Clymene dolphin 28.25 29.55 14.19 23.19 23.19 118.37

Common 

bottlenose dolphin 430.98 422.25 313.33 337.97 336.05 1840.58

Common minke 

whale 68.42 75.97 70.33 64.67 64.65 344.04

Cuvier's beaked 

whale 17.97 18.07 17.94 13.33 13.33 80.64

Dall's porpoise 23.67 22.86 22.87 22.85 22.85 115.10

Dwarf sperm 

whale 12.00 14.20 12.00 9.13 9.13 56.46

False killer whale 101.61 62.00 97.55 60.16 60.16 381.48

Fin whale 69.27 78.84 68.76 64.68 64.68 346.23

Fraser's dolphin 820.57 381.51 820.57 381.47 381.47 2785.59

Gervais' beaked 

whale 8.78 10.94 8.78 7.15 7.15 42.80

Gray whale 448.83 441.41 441.36 440.54 440.54 2212.68

Gray seal 126.69 129.73 119.39 91.77 91.77 559.35

Guadalupe fur seal 46.07 45.34 45.29 45.27 45.27 227.24

Harbor porpoise 194.79 211.93 191.53 184.66 184.66 967.57

Harbor seal 1969.71 2140.57 1928.96 1649.68 1649.68 9338.60

Harp seal 156.55 160.27 147.52 113.36 113.36 691.06

Hawaiian monk 

seal 140.06 89.35 140.06 89.35 89.35 548.17

Hooded seal 69.73 77.71 65.22 54.27 54.27 321.20

Humpback whale 18.79 21.90 18.05 19.05 19.05 96.84

Humpback whale, 

CA 42.05 41.19 40.91 41.12 41.12 206.39

Humpback whale, 

CNP 9.69 9.16 10.91 5.54 5.54 40.84
Version 4.0 70

Species Year2 Year3 Year4 Year5 Year6 

Total 

Exposures

Humpback whale, 

WNP 1.06 1.00 1.20 0.60 0.60 4.46

Long-beaked 

common dolphin 3257.27 3171.10 3141.06 3163.46 3163.46 15896.35

Longman's (IndoPacific) beaked 

whale 0.69 0.32 0.69 0.32 0.32 2.34

Manatee 43.56 43.99 51.12 43.99 43.99 226.65

Melon-headed 

whale 12.38 9.10 12.38 8.10 8.10 50.06

Mesoplodont 

beaked whales 

(all) 22.17 24.30 22.14 20.51 20.51 109.63

North Atlantic 

right whale 3.08 3.84 2.83 2.34 2.34 14.43

North Pacific right 

whale 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.03

Northern elephant 

seal 1163.38 1224.13 1139.82 1067.70 1067.70 5662.73

Northern fur seal 4600.58 6340.74 5809.33 2112.84 2112.84 20976.33

Northern 

bottlenose whale 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.08 0.08 0.49

Northern right 

whale dolphin 542.24 506.74 494.26 503.61 503.61 2550.46

Offshore killer 

whale 4.21 4.14 4.14 4.13 4.13 20.75

Pacific white-sided 

dolphin 1284.13 1287.23 1243.22 1218.28 1218.28 6251.14

Pantropical 

spotted dolphin 987.62 544.46 987.62 542.65 542.65 3605.00

Pilot whale, long 

finned 61.81 73.50 60.85 55.92 55.77 307.85

Pilot whale, short 

finned 50.45 54.81 49.16 43.53 43.43 241.38

Polar bear 8.31 12.86 26.52 3.24 3.24 54.17

Pygmy killer whale 256.86 148.92 254.99 148.12 148.12 957.01
Version 4.0 71

Species Year2 Year3 Year4 Year5 Year6 

Total 

Exposures

Pygmy sperm 

whale 2684.82 1535.23 2682.75 1534.47 1534.46 9971.73

Resident killer 

whale 7.47 8.23 8.02 6.54 6.54 36.80

Ribbon seal 196.11 286.31 694.49 97.80 97.80 1372.51

Rice's whale 0.15 0.16 0.08 0.13 0.13 0.65

Ringed seal 142.93 196.46 664.74 49.46 49.46 1103.05

Risso's dolphin 178.72 188.55 165.09 144.33 144.13 820.82

Rough-toothed 

dolphin 2693.06 1554.46 2686.03 1551.86 1551.78 10037.19

Sea otter, CA 119.19 118.11 122.18 118.11 118.11 595.70

Sea otter, SC 57.69 94.94 70.72 47.03 47.03 317.41

Sea otter, SE 113.30 79.86 79.86 79.86 79.86 432.74

Sea otter, WA 40.57 38.39 35.04 39.09 39.09 192.18

Sei whale 8.45 8.31 8.29 8.03 8.03 41.11

Short-beaked 

common dolphin 5397.64 5442.63 5240.39 5147.95 5147.91 26376.52

Sowerby's beaked 

whale 8.50 8.70 8.50 4.96 4.96 35.62

Sperm whale 11.94 13.77 11.92 12.52 12.52 62.67

Spinner dolphin 16.37 22.80 16.37 22.48 22.48 100.50

Spotted seal 1538.41 2380.14 4907.14 600.16 600.16 10026.01

Steller sea lion 508.30 526.29 509.62 463.92 463.92 2472.05

Striped dolphin 2802.40 1717.52 2802.16 1717.30 1717.30 10756.68

Transient killer 

whale 4.91 4.74 4.45 4.55 4.55 23.20

True's beaked 

whale 8.50 8.70 8.50 4.96 4.96 35.62

Walrus 76.86 105.65 357.48 26.60 26.60 593.19

White-beaked 

dolphin 0.55 0.67 0.51 0.48 0.48 2.69
Version 4.0 72

Table 16. Behavioral disruption exposures for each year of active acoustic surveys for activities 

associated with proposed Alternative B summed over all simulated regions.

Species Year2 Year3 Year4 Year5 Year6

Total 

Exposures

Atlantic spotted 

dolphin 423.48 559.29 323.37 481.92 500.53 2288.59

Atlantic whitesided dolphin 522.43 552.19 504.09 106.28 504.33 2189.32

Baird's beaked 

whale 7.39 7.37 7.37 6.60 7.37 36.10

Bearded seal 350.91 482.33 520.02 121.44 121.44 1596.14

Beluga whale 14.60 20.06 236.90 5.05 5.05 281.66

Beluga whale, 

Cook Inlet 2.60 3.92 3.06 2.22 2.22 14.02

Blainville's beaked 

whale 11.42 13.85 11.42 9.13 9.13 54.95

Blue whale 15.58 15.52 15.55 13.85 15.51 76.01

Bowhead whale 3.85 0.25 60.59 0.05 0.05 64.79

Bryde's whale 1.43 0.83 1.44 0.82 0.83 5.35

California sea lion 8591.92 7281.39 6937.52 6937.52 6937.52 36685.87

Clymene dolphin 32.47 35.61 17.01 28.41 28.62 142.12

Common 

bottlenose dolphin 496.62 496.53 367.17 334.85 401.70 2096.87

Common minke 

whale 80.23 88.62 82.35 50.30 76.17 377.67

Cuvier's beaked 

whale 22.47 22.58 22.43 16.64 16.64 100.76

Dall's porpoise 29.30 28.41 28.42 27.25 28.40 141.78

Dwarf sperm 

whale 14.98 17.73 14.98 11.39 11.39 70.47

False killer whale 126.19 77.07 121.73 74.82 75.06 474.87

Fin whale 80.73 91.24 80.18 46.25 75.63 374.03

Fraser's dolphin 1025.72 476.88 1025.72 476.83 476.83 3481.98

Gervais' beaked 

whale 10.99 13.65 10.99 8.93 8.93 53.49

Gray whale 545.18 537.01 536.96 436.25 536.06 2591.46
Version 4.0 73

Species Year2 Year3 Year4 Year5 Year6

Total 

Exposures

Gray seal 144.47 143.78 136.44 14.95 102.01 541.65

Guadalupe fur seal 56.02 55.22 55.17 45.31 55.14 266.86

Harbor porpoise 218.17 235.91 214.58 43.47 205.92 918.05

Harbor seal 2360.64 2546.08 2315.80 1763.75 2006.10 10992.37

Harp seal 178.50 177.61 168.57 18.47 126.02 669.17

Hawaiian monk 

seal 175.09 111.69 175.09 111.69 111.69 685.25

Hooded seal 78.70 85.91 73.73 6.33 60.10 304.77

Humpback whale 21.14 24.56 20.31 7.11 21.41 94.53

Humpback whale, 

CA 51.02 50.07 49.77 40.91 50.00 241.77

Humpback whale, 

CNP 11.61 10.72 12.95 6.74 6.74 48.76

Humpback whale, 

WNP 1.27 1.18 1.42 0.74 0.74 5.35

Long-beaked 

common dolphin 3907.61 3812.81 3779.77 2833.40 3804.41 18138.00

Longman's (IndoPacific) beaked 

whale 0.87 0.39 0.87 0.39 0.39 2.91

Manatee 53.24 52.65 61.55 35.47 52.65 255.56

Melon-headed 

whale 15.49 11.39 15.49 10.14 10.14 62.65

Mesoplodont 

beaked whales 

(all) 27.48 30.11 27.45 23.66 25.39 134.09

North Atlantic 

right whale 3.49 4.28 3.21 0.75 2.64 14.37

North Pacific right 

whale 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.03

Northern elephant 

seal 1401.52 1468.33 1375.59 1093.79 1296.26 6635.49

Northern fur seal 5192.02 7106.21 6521.65 2455.52 2455.52 23730.92

Northern 

bottlenose whale 0.13 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.64
Version 4.0 74

Species Year2 Year3 Year4 Year5 Year6

Total 

Exposures

Northern right 

whale dolphin 632.83 593.78 580.05 356.61 590.33 2753.60

Offshore killer 

khale 5.11 5.03 5.02 4.08 5.02 24.26

Pacific white-sided 

dolphin 1540.08 1543.46 1495.05 1130.30 1467.62 7176.51

Pantropical 

spotted dolphin 1234.51 680.31 1234.51 678.33 678.33 4505.99

Pilot whale, long 

finned 74.33 87.79 73.29 58.07 67.31 360.79

Pilot whale, short 

finned 61.02 65.80 59.57 46.16 52.67 285.22

Polar bear 9.14 14.15 29.17 3.57 3.57 59.60

Pygmy killer whale 320.71 185.98 318.66 185.09 185.09 1195.53

Pygmy sperm 

whale 3355.57 1918.85 3353.29 1917.91 1917.98 12463.60

Resident killer 

whale 9.06 9.87 9.66 7.79 8.02 44.40

Ribbon seal 221.22 320.44 769.43 113.08 113.08 1537.25

Rice's whale 0.17 0.20 0.10 0.17 0.17 0.81

Ringed seal 157.22 216.10 731.22 54.41 54.41 1213.36

Risso's dolphin 216.36 224.51 201.34 154.26 174.92 971.39

Rough-toothed 

dolphin 3364.40 1941.97 3356.63 1937.10 1939.03 12539.13

Sea otter, CA 136.47 135.29 139.77 44.74 135.29 591.56

Sea otter, SC 68.40 109.38 82.75 56.68 56.68 373.89

Sea otter, SE 136.22 99.44 99.44 99.44 99.44 533.98

Sea otter, WA 47.20 44.80 41.11 33.71 45.58 212.40

Sei whale 10.08 9.89 9.94 6.52 9.57 46.00

Short-beaked 

common dolphin 6476.20 6513.09 6303.20 4599.48 6188.88 30080.85

Sowerby's beaked 

whale 10.64 10.86 10.64 6.19 6.19 44.52

Sperm whale 14.79 17.08 14.77 14.63 15.52 76.79
Version 4.0 75

Species Year2 Year3 Year4 Year5 Year6

Total 

Exposures

Spinner dolphin 20.48 28.45 20.48 28.09 28.09 125.59

Spotted seal 1692.25 2618.16 5397.85 660.18 660.18 11028.62

Steller sea lion 613.20 633.00 614.65 520.15 564.39 2945.39

Striped dolphin 3482.55 2126.46 3482.28 1976.41 2126.21 13193.91

Transient killer 

whale 5.99 5.82 5.48 5.37 5.62 28.28

True's beaked 

whale 10.64 10.86 10.64 6.19 6.19 44.52

Walrus 84.55 116.22 393.23 29.26 29.26 652.52

White-beaked 

dolphin 0.61 0.76 0.58 0.24 0.56 2.75

Table 17. Behavioral disruption exposures for each year of active acoustic surveys for activities 

associated with proposed Alternative C summed over all simulated regions.

Species Year2 Year3 Year4 Year5 Year6

Total 

Exposures

Atlantic spotted 

dolphin 466.76 659.32 378.93 574.29 593.21 2672.51

Atlantic whitesided dolphin 138.73 606.86 558.22 132.37 554.53 1990.71

Baird's beaked 

whale 8.28 8.76 8.76 8.00 8.76 42.56

Bearded seal 382.81 526.18 567.30 132.48 132.48 1741.25

Beluga whale 15.92 21.89 258.44 5.51 5.51 307.27

Beluga whale, 

Cook Inlet 3.03 4.46 3.53 2.61 2.61 16.24

Blainville's beaked 

whale 13.70 16.61 13.70 10.95 10.95 65.91

Blue whale 17.44 18.44 18.47 16.81 18.43 89.59

Bowhead whale 4.20 0.27 66.10 0.05 0.05 70.67

Bryde's whale 1.72 0.99 1.73 0.98 0.98 6.40

California sea lion 10129.83 8700.16 8325.03 8325.03 8325.03 43805.08
Version 4.0 76

Species Year2 Year3 Year4 Year5 Year6

Total 

Exposures

Clymene dolphin 36.38 41.69 19.84 33.85 34.06 165.82

Common 

bottlenose dolphin 494.72 570.79 421.04 399.27 467.35 2353.17

Common minke 

whale 67.34 101.26 94.35 60.74 87.68 411.37

Cuvier's beaked 

whale 27.00 27.09 26.90 20.03 19.97 120.99

Dall's porpoise 34.21 33.98 33.99 32.85 33.97 169.00

Dwarf sperm 

whale 17.96 21.27 17.96 13.68 13.68 84.55

False killer whale 150.45 92.13 145.88 90.33 89.93 568.72

Fin whale 61.81 103.61 91.67 55.81 86.60 399.50

Fraser's dolphin 1230.85 572.27 1230.85 572.22 572.22 4178.41

Gervais' beaked 

whale 13.19 16.38 13.19 10.72 10.72 64.20

Gray whale 566.05 632.61 632.55 530.79 631.57 2993.57

Gray seal 66.10 157.82 153.47 20.07 112.26 509.72

Guadalupe fur seal 58.71 65.11 65.04 55.11 65.01 308.98

Harbor porpoise 66.66 259.91 237.64 55.25 227.19 846.65

Harbor seal 2562.23 2951.61 2702.61 2109.32 2362.53 12688.30

Harp seal 81.70 194.96 189.63 24.79 138.68 629.76

Hawaiian monk 

seal 210.10 134.03 210.10 135.67 134.03 823.93

Hooded seal 28.29 94.10 82.25 9.03 65.96 279.63

Humpback whale 7.67 27.21 22.56 8.66 23.79 89.89

Humpback whale, 

CA 53.12 58.96 58.63 49.70 58.88 279.29

Humpback whale, 

CNP 13.53 12.28 14.99 7.96 7.93 56.69

Humpback whale, 

WNP 1.48 1.34 1.64 0.88 0.87 6.21

Long-beaked 

common dolphin 3801.70 4454.53 4418.49 3453.94 4445.37 20574.03
Version 4.0 77

Species Year2 Year3 Year4 Year5 Year6

Total 

Exposures

Longman's (IndoPacific) beaked 

whale 1.03 0.48 1.03 0.48 0.48 3.50

Manatee 53.26 61.30 71.99 43.97 61.30 291.82

Melon-headed 

whale 18.58 13.65 18.58 12.16 12.16 75.13

Mesoplodont 

beaked whales 

(all) 31.69 35.94 32.75 28.59 30.28 159.25

North Atlantic 

right whale 1.81 4.73 3.60 0.93 2.93 14.00

North Pacific right 

whale 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.03

Northern elephant 

seal 1489.15 1712.53 1611.36 1318.29 1524.81 7656.14

Northern fur seal 5783.45 7871.65 7233.95 2798.17 2798.17 26485.39

Northern 

bottlenose whale 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.13 0.13 0.74

Northern right 

whale dolphin 528.08 680.83 665.85 435.97 677.06 2987.79

Offshore killer 

whale 5.30 5.92 5.92 4.96 5.92 28.02

Pacific white-sided 

dolphin 1531.84 1799.71 1746.91 1372.52 1716.98 8167.96

Pantropical 

spotted dolphin 1481.41 816.16 1481.41 813.99 813.99 5406.96

Pilot whale, long 

finned 77.11 102.09 85.71 69.58 78.86 413.35

Pilot whale, short 

finned 64.90 76.80 69.95 55.42 61.93 329.00

Polar bear 9.98 15.43 31.82 3.89 3.89 65.01

Pygmy killer whale 384.55 223.04 382.32 223.84 222.08 1435.83

Pygmy sperm 

whale 4026.21 2302.46 4023.85 2320.03 2301.52 14974.07

Resident killer 

whale 10.43 11.48 11.26 9.22 9.45 51.84
Version 4.0 78

Species Year2 Year3 Year4 Year5 Year6

Total 

Exposures

Ribbon seal 246.32 354.56 844.36 128.34 128.34 1701.92

Rice's whale 0.20 0.24 0.12 0.20 0.20 0.96

Ringed seal 171.51 235.75 797.69 59.36 59.36 1323.67

Risso's dolphin 235.13 260.52 237.63 184.81 205.75 1123.84

Rough-toothed 

dolphin 4034.00 2329.52 4027.28 2342.89 2326.30 15059.99

Sea otter, CA 88.95 152.47 157.35 58.25 152.47 609.49

Sea otter, SC 79.11 123.81 94.76 66.33 66.33 430.34

Sea otter, SE 159.14 119.02 119.02 119.02 119.02 635.22

Sea otter, WA 39.45 51.21 47.19 40.23 52.06 230.14

Sei whale 8.76 11.45 11.57 7.92 11.06 50.76

Short-beaked 

common dolphin 6291.58 7583.54 7366.01 5605.76 7229.85 34076.74

Sowerby's beaked 

whale 12.76 13.04 12.76 7.43 7.43 53.42

Sperm whale 17.10 20.40 17.65 17.66 18.53 91.34

Spinner dolphin 24.58 34.12 24.58 33.72 33.72 150.72

Spotted seal 1846.09 2856.17 5888.56 720.19 720.19 12031.20

Steller sea lion 664.50 739.72 719.70 626.14 664.88 3414.94

Striped dolphin 4062.98 2535.36 4162.40 2384.35 2535.10 15680.19

Transient killer 

whale 6.78 6.91 6.53 6.48 6.70 33.40

True's beaked 

whale 12.76 13.04 12.76 7.43 7.43 53.42

Walrus 92.24 126.78 428.98 31.92 31.92 711.84

White-beaked 

dolphin 0.34 0.86 0.65 0.29 0.64 2.78
Version 4.0 79

Daily Exposure Estimates 

Table 18. Daily behavioral disruption exposures for active acoustic sources below 30 kHz and from 30 kHz to 200 kHz. Thresholds for these 

exposures are 160 dB unweighted sound pressure level (SPL). The time above the behavioral criteria threshold, in seconds, indicates the 

duration for which an animat was exposed above threshold.

Species Regions

Exposures

<30kHz

Time (s) 

above 160 dB

Exposures

<200kHz

Time (s) 

above 160 dB

Atlantic spotted 

dolphin

Atlantic 0.03 58 0.04 75

New England 0.08 58 0.11 75

Georges Bank 0.09 58 0.12 75

Mid-Atlantic Bight 0.3 58 0.41 75

Southeast OCS 0.33 58 0.46 75

Southeast Continental Shelf 0.72 58 1.01 75

Gulf of Mexico 1.01 43 1.69 71

Northeast OCS 1.21 58 1.68 75

Atlantic whitesided dolphin

Southeast OCS 0.02 68 0.03 88

Northeast OCS 0.27 68 0.39 88

Mid-Atlantic Bight 0.43 68 0.61 88

New England 0.82 68 1.16 88

Georges Bank 1.64 68 2.33 88

Gulf of Maine 2.59 68 3.69 88

Baird's beaked 

whale

Northwest Continental Shelf, 

Southern California Bight, Southwest 

Continental Shelf 0.03 52 0.04 62

Bearded seal Bering 3.07 131 3.39 170

Beluga whale Bering 0.1 85 0.14 120

Chukchi 0.46 85 0.66 120
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Species Regions

Exposures

<30kHz

Time (s) 

above 160 dB

Exposures

<200kHz

Time (s) 

above 160 dB

Beaufort 5.52 85 7.95 120

Beluga whale, Cook 

Inlet Gulf of Alaska 0.03 85 0.04 120

Blainville's beaked 

whale

Mid-Atlantic Bight 0 31 0.01 37

Southeast OCS 0.08 31 0.12 37

Northeast OCS 0.09 31 0.13 37

Blue whale

Southern California Bight, Southwest 

Continental Shelf, Northwest 

Continental Shelf 0.06 6 0.08 37

Bowhead whale Chukchi, Beaufort, Bering 0.23 42 0.32 51

Bryde's whale Hawaiian Archipelago 0 48 0.01 91

California sea lion Southern California Bight 362.94 156 442.55 172

Clymene dolphin

Mid-Atlantic Bight 0.01 42 0.01 50

Northeast OCS 0.07 42 0.10 50

Gulf of Mexico 0.19 33 0.26 46

Southeast OCS 0.24 42 0.35 50

Common 

bottlenose dolphin

Gulf of Maine 0.01 444 0.01 588

Atlantic 0.09 444 0.10 588

Southeast OCS 0.15 444 0.17 588

Georges Bank 0.16 444 0.17 588

Hawaiian Archipelago 0.16 102 0.25 212

Northeast OCS 0.33 444 0.36 588

New England 0.34 444 0.38 588
Version 4.0 81

Species Regions

Exposures

<30kHz

Time (s) 

above 160 dB

Exposures

<200kHz

Time (s) 

above 160 dB

Southwest Continental Shelf, 

Southern California Bight, Northwest 

Continental Shelf 0.69 73 0.88 104

Southeast Continental Shelf 1.13 444 1.25 588

Mid-Atlantic Bight 1.3 444 1.44 588

Gulf of Mexico 1.77 212 2.06 451

Common minke 

whale

Northeast OCS 0.01 67 0.01 79

Southeast Continental Shelf 0.01 67 0.01 79

Southeast OCS 0.01 67 0.02 79

Atlantic 0.02 67 0.02 79

New England 0.04 67 0.05 79

Mid-Atlantic Bight 0.04 67 0.05 79

Bering 0.05 38 0.05 32

Georges Bank 0.09 67 0.12 79

Gulf of Maine 0.10 67 0.13 79

Aleutians, Gulf of Alaska 0.11 38 0.12 32

Southern California Bight, Southwest 

Continental Shelf, Northwest 

Continental Shelf 0.18 34 0.22 35

Cuvier's beaked 

whale

Gulf of Mexico 0 50 0.04 87

New England 0.01 31 0.01 37

Hawaiian Archipelago 0.01 24 0.02 41

Georges Bank 0.01 31 0.02 37

Mid-Atlantic Bight 0.01 31 0.02 37
Version 4.0 82

Species Regions

Exposures

<30kHz

Time (s) 

above 160 dB

Exposures

<200kHz

Time (s) 

above 160 dB

Southern California Bight, Southwest 

Continental Shelf, Northwest 

Continental Shelf 0.08 54 0.10 57

Southeast OCS 0.11 31 0.15 37

Northeast OCS 0.15 31 0.21 37

Dall's porpoise

Southern California Bight, Southwest 

Continental Shelf, Northwest 

Continental Shelf 0.04 38 0.06 48

Aleutians, Gulf of Alaska, Bering, SE 

Alaska 0.43 47 0.59 47

Dwarf sperm whale

Southeast Continental Shelf 0 33 0.01 38

Gulf of Mexico 0.02 32 0.04 53

Northeast OCS 0.10 33 0.14 38

Southeast OCS 0.11 33 0.16 38

False killer whale

Gulf of Mexico 0.05 31 0.07 51

Hawaiian Archipelago 0.57 32 0.98 56

Central/Western Pacific 11.48 42 19.68 47

American Samoa 19.15 32 32.84 56

Fin whale

Northeast OCS 0.02 96 0.03 119

Bering, Gulf of Alaska 0.03 45 0.04 46

Southern California Bight, Southwest 

Continental Shelf, Northwest 

Continental Shelf 0.09 45 0.12 46

Mid-Atlantic Bight 0.11 96 0.15 119

New England 0.12 96 0.15 119
Version 4.0 83

Species Regions

Exposures

<30kHz

Time (s) 

above 160 dB

Exposures

<200kHz

Time (s) 

above 160 dB

Gulf of Maine 0.15 96 0.20 119

Georges Bank 0.18 96 0.24 119

Fraser's dolphin

Southeast Continental Shelf 0.01 30 0.01 42

Atlantic 0.01 30 0.02 42

Southeast OCS 0.01 30 0.02 42

Gulf of Mexico 0.03 30 0.04 42

Hawaiian Archipelago 11.73 28 21.33 46

Gervais' beaked 

whale

Mid-Atlantic Bight 0 31 0.01 37

Southeast OCS 0.08 31 0.12 37

Northeast OCS 0.09 31 0.13 37

Gray whale

Southern California Bight, Southwest 

Continental Shelf, Northwest 

Continental Shelf 1.54 119 2.13 128

Gray seal

Georges Bank 0.11 185 0.12 200

Mid-Atlantic Bight 0.11 185 0.13 200

New England 0.55 185 0.61 200

Gulf of Maine 0.72 185 0.81 200

Guadalupe fur seal

Southern California Bight, Northwest 

Continental Shelf, Southwest 

Continental Shelf 0.17 125 0.21 132

Harbor porpoise

Southeast OCS 0 0.01

Aleutians, Bering 0.02 52 0.03 66

SE Alaska 0.08 52 0.11 66

Gulf of Alaska 0.18 52 0.24 66
Version 4.0 84

Species Regions

Exposures

<30kHz

Time (s) 

above 160 dB

Exposures

<200kHz

Time (s) 

above 160 dB

Northeast OCS 0.19 134 0.26 134

Mid-Atlantic Bight 0.20 106 0.27 134

Northwest ContinentalContinental

Shelf 0.20 46 0.29 54

Southwest Continental Shelf 0.44 46 0.63 54

New England 0.54 106 0.72 134

Georges Bank 0.78 106 1.05 134

Gulf of Maine 2.06 106 2.77 134

Harbor seal

Georges Bank 0.07 209 0.08 221

Mid-Atlantic Bight 0.07 209 0.08 221

Aleutians 0.33 135 0.36 190

New England 0.34 209 0.37 221

Bering 0.44 153 0.48 190

Gulf of Maine 0.45 209 0.49 221

Southern California Bight, Southwest 

Continental Shelf 3.72 156 4.53 172

Gulf of Alaska 10.25 135 11.29 190

SE Alaska 12.78 135 15.58 190

Harp seal

Georges Bank 0.14 196 0.15 207

Mid-Atlantic Bight 0.14 196 0.16 207

New England 0.68 196 0.76 207

Gulf of Maine 0.90 196 1.00 207

Hawaiian monk 

seal Hawaiian Archipelago 3.26 61 4.61 114
Version 4.0 85

Species Regions

Exposures

<30kHz

Time (s) 

above 160 dB

Exposures

<200kHz

Time (s) 

above 160 dB

Hooded seal

Georges Bank 0.14 196 0.15 207

Mid-Atlantic Bight 0.14 196 0.16 207

New England 0.68 196 0.76 207

Gulf of Maine 0.90 196 1.00 207

Humpback whale

New England 0.04 77 0.06 82

Mid-Atlantic Bight 0.05 77 0.06 82

Georges Bank 0.09 77 0.11 82

Gulf of Maine 0.10 77 0.13 82

Humpback whale, 

CA

Northwest Continental Shelf, 

Southwest Continental Shelf, 

Southern California Bight 0.14 119 0.19 128

Humpback whale, 

CNP

Gulf of Alaska, Aleutians, Bering, 

Hawaiian Archipelago, SE Alaska 0.02 39 0.03 68

Humpback whale, 

WNP American Samoa 0 39 0.01 68

Long-beaked 

common dolphin

Southwest Continental Shelf, 

Northwest Continental Shelf, 

Southern California Bight 13.68 43 21.03 52

Longman's (IndoPacific) beaked 

whale Hawaiian Archipelago 0 24 0.01 41

Manatee

Gulf of Mexico, Atlantic 0.85 175 0.90 178

Caribbean 2.37 267 2.59 265

Melon-headed 

whale

Northeast OCS 0.01 32 0.01 39

Southeast Continental Shelf 0.01 32 0.02 39
Version 4.0 86

Species Regions

Exposures

<30kHz

Time (s) 

above 160 dB

Exposures

<200kHz

Time (s) 

above 160 dB

Atlantic 0.02 32 0.03 39

Southeast OCS 0.02 32 0.03 39

Gulf of Mexico 0.08 29 0.13 44

Hawaiian Archipelago 0.14 31 0.22 48

Mesoplodont 

beaked whales (all)

Gulf of Mexico, Gulf of Maine 0 50 0.04 87

Mid-Atlantic Bight 0 31 0.01 37

Northwest Continental Shelf, 

Southern California Bight, Southwest 

Continental Shelf 0.06 38 0.08 41

Southeast OCS 0.08 31 0.12 37

Northeast OCS 0.09 31 0.13 37

North Atlantic right 

whale

Georges Bank 0.01 92 0.01 114

Mid-Atlantic Bight 0.02 92 0.02 114

Gulf of Maine 0.02 92 0.03 114

New England 0.03 92 0.04 114

Northern elephant 

seal

SE Alaska, Aleutians, Northwest 

Continental Shelf, Southwest 

Continental Shelf, Southern California 

Bight, Gulf of Alaska 3.79 131 4.18 170

Northern fur seal

Southwest Continental Shelf, 

Southern California Bight 27.73 125 32.69 132

Bering, Aleutians, SE Alaska, Gulf of 

Alaska 31.09 131 36.55 178

Northern 

bottlenose whale Northeast OCS 0 37 0.01 42
Version 4.0 87

Species Regions

Exposures

<30kHz

Time (s) 

above 160 dB

Exposures

<200kHz

Time (s) 

above 160 dB

Northern right 

whale dolphin

Northwest Continental Shelf, 

Southern California Bight, Southwest 

Continental Shelf 6.83 38 8.78 41

Offshore killer 

whale

Northwest Continental Shelf, 

Southwest Continental Shelf, 

Southern California Bight 0.01 36 0.02 44

Pacific white-sided 

dolphin

Gulf of Alaska, SE Alaska, Aleutians 1.11 36 1.79 39

Northwest Continental Shelf, 

Southern California Bight, Southwest 

Continental Shelf 4.56 36 7.35 40

Pantropical spotted 

dolphin

Northeast OCS 0.01 42 0.01 50

Atlantic 0.03 42 0.04 50

Southeast Continental Shelf 0.03 42 0.05 50

Southeast OCS 0.06 42 0.09 50

Gulf of Mexico 1.35 33 1.87 46

Hawaiian Archipelago 14.54 31 24.48 59

Pilot whale, long 

finned

Gulf of Mexico 0.02 35 0.03 39

Gulf of Maine 0.05 35 0.07 39

Southeast Continental Shelf 0.08 35 0.10 39

Southeast OCS 0.16 35 0.20 39

Atlantic 0.22 35 0.29 39

New England 0.27 35 0.35 39

Georges Bank 0.28 35 0.36 39

Mid-Atlantic Bight 0.29 35 0.38 39

Northeast OCS 0.35 35 0.45 39
Version 4.0 88

Species Regions

Exposures

<30kHz

Time (s) 

above 160 dB

Exposures

<200kHz

Time (s) 

above 160 dB

Pilot whale, short 

finned

Southern California Bight, Southwest 

Continental Shelf, Northwest 

Continental Shelf 0.01 43 0.02 52

Gulf of Mexico 0.02 33 0.03 52

Gulf of Maine 0.04 35 0.04 39

Hawaiian Archipelago 0.04 39 0.06 79

Southeast Continental Shelf 0.05 35 0.06 39

Southeast OCS 0.11 35 0.13 39

Atlantic 0.15 35 0.18 39

New England 0.19 35 0.22 39

Georges Bank 0.19 35 0.22 39

Mid-Atlantic Bight 0.20 35 0.23 39

Northeast OCS 0.24 35 0.28 39

Polar bear

Bering, Chukchi 0.08 80 0.10 102

Beaufort 0.14 80 0.18 102

Pygmy killer whale

Gulf of Mexico 0.02 46 0.03 31

Hawaiian Archipelago 1.29 37 2.91 39

Pygmy sperm 

whale

Caribbean 0 33 0.01 38

Southeast Continental Shelf 0 33 0.01 38

Gulf of Mexico 0.02 32 0.04 53

Northeast OCS 0.10 33 0.14 38

Southeast OCS 0.11 33 0.16 38

Hawaiian Archipelago 16.55 41 28.08 77

Aleutians 0.02 37 0.02 43
Version 4.0 89

Species Regions

Exposures

<30kHz

Time (s) 

above 160 dB

Exposures

<200kHz

Time (s) 

above 160 dB

Resident killer 

whale

Bering 0.04 37 0.05 43

Gulf of Alaska 0.07 37 0.09 43

SE Alaska 0.07 37 0.10 43

Ribbon seal Aleutians, Bering, Chukchi, Beaufort, 

Gulf of Alaska 1.28 131 1.41 170

Rice's whale Gulf of Mexico 0 55 0.01 109

Ringed seal Bering, Chukchi 1.37 131 1.52 170

Risso’s dolphin

Gulf of Maine 0.02 125 0.02 107

Gulf of Mexico 0.07 70 0.10 89

Southeast Continental Shelf 0.10 125 0.13 107

Southeast OCS 0.12 125 0.15 107

Hawaiian Archipelago 0.13 45 0.17 70

Southern California Bight, Northwest 

Continental Shelf, Southwest 

Continental Shelf 0.18 33 0.24 40

Mid-Atlantic Bight 0.23 125 0.29 107

Georges Bank 0.34 125 0.42 107

New England 0.54 125 0.67 107

Northeast OCS 0.57 125 0.70 107

Rough-toothed 

dolphin

Mid-Atlantic Bight 0 71 0.01 100

Northeast OCS 0.02 71 0.03 100

Southeast Continental Shelf 0.04 71 0.05 100

Atlantic 0.04 71 0.06 100

Southeast OCS 0.04 71 0.07 100
Version 4.0 90

Species Regions

Exposures

<30kHz

Time (s) 

above 160 dB

Exposures

<200kHz

Time (s) 

above 160 dB

Gulf of Mexico 0.08 49 0.15 118

Hawaiian Archipelago 14.64 35 29.74 88

Sea otter, CA Southwest Continental Shelf 3.73 233 4.29 248

Sea otter, SC Gulf of Alaska 1.11 173 1.29 212

Sea otter, SE SE Alaska 3.18 173 3.65 212

Sea otter, SW Aleutians 1.44 173 1.68 212

Sea otter, WA Northwest Continental Shelf 1.75 233 2.01 248

Sei whale

Hawaiian Archipelago 0 39 0.01 70

Mid-Atlantic Bight 0.01 96 0.01 119

New England 0.01 96 0.01 119

Northeast OCS 0.01 96 0.01 119

Southern California Bight, Northwest 

Continental Shelf, Southwest 

Continental Shelf 0.02 42 0.02 45

Georges Bank 0.02 96 0.03 119

Gulf of Maine 0.03 96 0.04 119

Short-beaked 

common dolphin

Atlantic 0.01 74 0.02 91

Southeast Continental Shelf 0.02 74 0.03 91

Southeast OCS 0.20 74 0.28 91

Gulf of Maine 0.47 74 0.64 91

Northeast OCS 1.76 74 2.41 91

Mid-Atlantic Bight 4.74 74 6.50 91

Georges Bank 5.59 74 7.65 91

New England 6.50 74 8.90 91
Version 4.0 91

Species Regions

Exposures

<30kHz

Time (s) 

above 160 dB

Exposures

<200kHz

Time (s) 

above 160 dB

Southern California Bight, Southwest 

Continental Shelf, Northwest 

Continental Shelf 21.76 32 32.15 38

Sowerby's beaked 

whale

Mid-Atlantic Bight 0 36 0.01 40

Southeast OCS 0.08 36 0.12 40

Northeast OCS 0.09 36 0.13 40

Sperm whale

New England 0 28 0.01 28

Georges Bank 0.01 28 0.01 28

Hawaiian Archipelago 0.01 28 0.01 28

Southeast OCS 0.02 28 0.04 28

Southern California Bight, Northwest 

Continental Shelf, Southwest 

Continental Shelf 0.03 45 0.04 46

Gulf of Mexico 0.03 44 0.05 86

Northeast OCS 0.04 28 0.06 28

Spinner dolphin

Atlantic 0.01 37 0.01 41

Southeast OCS 0.01 37 0.01 41

Northeast OCS 0.01 37 0.01 41

Hawaiian Archipelago 0.21 62 0.29 124

Gulf of Mexico 0.22 29 0.34 47

Spotted seal Bering, Chukchi, Aleutians, Beaufort 16.75 131 18.49 170

Steller sea lion

Gulf of Alaska, SE Alaska, Bering, 

Aleutians 0.41 131 0.49 170

Northwest Continental Shelf 6.37 131 7.51 170

Striped dolphin Mid-Atlantic Bight 0.11 32 0.16 39
Version 4.0 92

Species Regions

Exposures

<30kHz

Time (s) 

above 160 dB

Exposures

<200kHz

Time (s) 

above 160 dB

Georges Bank 0.11 32 0.17 39

Gulf of Mexico 0.12 33 0.19 50

New England 0.14 32 0.22 39

Southeast OCS 0.24 32 0.37 39

Northeast OCS 3.81 32 5.9 39

Northwest Continental Shelf, 

Southwest Continental Shelf, 

Southern California Bight 5.57 35 7.28 36

Hawaiian Archipelago 35.14 32 49.28 56

Transient killer 

whale

Gulf of Alaska 0 37 0.01 43

Aleutians 0.01 37 0.01 43

SE Alaska, Northwest Continental

Shelf 0.03 36 0.04 44

True's beaked 

whale

Mid-Atlantic Bight 0 36 0.01 40

Southeast OCS 0.08 36 0.12 40

Northeast OCS 0.09 36 0.13 40

Walrus Chukchi, Bering, Aleutians 0.65 80 0.82 102
Version 4.0 93

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Appendix A. Acoustics 

Basic Acoustics

Sound travels as a mechanical wave through media by oscillation of the media’s particles, including liquids 

(water), solids (e.g., seabed sediments), or gas (air). Without a medium, sound cannot exist. Sound in 

water and air:

• travels as longitudinal P-waves, where the direction of particle motion is parallel to the direction 

of propagation, and

• consists of alternating compressions and rarefactions. 

Sound in rock and sediments:

• travels as both longitudinal P-waves and transverse S-waves, where the direction of particle 

motion is perpendicular to the direction of propagation. 

• P waves travel faster than S waves and arrive at receivers first.

Sounds Properties

Wavelength: spatial distance between two successive ‘peaks’ in a propagating wave: λλ [m]. It is related 

to sound speed c and frequency f by λ = cc/ff (Figure A-1). 

Frequency: rate of oscillation as the number of cycles per second: ff [Hz: Hertz]; 1 HHHH = 1/ss

Period: duration of 1 cycle: TT = 1/ ff [s]. It is related to wavelength by TT = λ/cc

Amplitude: magnitude of the largest departure from its equilibrium value of an acoustic variable (ANSI, 

S1.1-2013). High amplitude corresponds to high intensity.

Figure A-1. A cosine wave with a peak value (i.e., amplitude) of 1, peak-to-peak value of 2, rms 

value of 0.71, period of 0.33 s, and frequency of 3 Hz.

Speed: the distance travelled per unit time cc = λλ/TT = λλ × ff where c = the speed of sound [m/s], f = 

frequency (Hz), and λ = wavelength (m).
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Pulse Length: For impulsive (pulsed) sound (e.g., airguns, pile driving), the pulse length is often taken as 

the 90 % pulse energy duration T90%, which is the time between the 5 % and 95 % points on the cumulative 

energy curve. SPLrms90% is computed by averaging p2 from T5% to T95% (Figure A-2). 

Duty Cycle: The fraction of time that a source is ‘on’. e.g., a source transmitting for 2 hours per day has a 

duty cycle of 2/24 = 0.08 = 8 %.

Figure A-2. The rms90 value is computed using the rms square pressure over T90, the period 

between the time of 5% and 95% of the cumulative square pressure

Signal components: time domain and frequency domain

The Fourier Transform: Signals in time (time domain) can be expressed in terms of their frequency 

components (frequency domain). The Fourier Transform computes the spectral (frequency) content of a 

signal h(t): 

HH(ff) = � h(tt)

+∞

−∞

e−2πiffffdtt

And, the Inverse Fourier transform computes the time-domain signal, h(t), from the spectral components 

H(t): 

h(tt) = � HH(tt)

+∞

−∞

e2πiffffdtt

Transmission Loss

The propagation of sound through the environment was modelled by predicting the acoustic transmission 

loss—a measure, in decibels, of the decrease in sound level between a source and a receiver some 

distance away. Geometric spreading of acoustic waves is the predominant way by which transmission loss 
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occurs. Transmission loss also happens when the sound is absorbed and scattered by the seawater, and 

absorbed scattered, and reflected at the water surface and within the seabed. Transmission loss depends 

on the acoustic properties of the ocean and seabed; its value changes with frequency. 

If the acoustic source level (SL), expressed in dB re 1 μPa @ 1 m, and transmission loss (TL), in dB, at a 

given frequency are known, then the received level (RL) at a receiver location can be calculated in dB by: 

RL = SL – TL

Pulsed Versus Non-Pulsed Sounds

Anthropogenic sounds can affect marine life in a variety of ways. Numerous scientific reviews and 

workshops over the past 40 years have investigated these effects (Payne and Webb, 1971; Fletcher and 

Busnel; 1978; Richardson et al., 1995; MMC, 2007; Nowacek et al., 2007; Southall et al., 2007; Weilgart, 

2007; Tyack, 2008). Anthropogenic sounds that could affect marine life are generally divided into two 

main categories when they are investigated: pulsed divided into single and multiple, and non-pulsed 

sounds (Southall et al., 2007). Pulsed or impulsive sounds include pile driving and airgun shots as well as 

some sonar; non-pulsed, continuous-types of sounds include certain sonar and vessel propulsion sounds 

and machinery sounds. Numerous definitions and mathematical distinctions distinguish pulsed from nonpulsed sounds (Burdic, 2003). Southall et al. (2007) adopted a measurement-based distinction originally 

proposed by Harris (1998) that if measurements between the continuous and impulse sound level meter 

settings differ by ≥ 3 dB, a sound is pulsed, whereas if the difference is < 3 dB the sound is non-pulsed. 

The distinction between these two sound types, however, is not always obvious. Certain signals, for 

example those from acoustic deterrent or harassment devices, share properties of both pulsed and nonpulsed sounds. A signal near a source could be categorized as a pulse, but due to propagation effects as it 

moves farther from the source, it could be categorized as non-pulsed (e.g., Greene and Richardson, 1988).

Following guidance from the NMFS, high-resolution geophysical sources can be either impulsive or nonimpulsive. NMFS has performed qualitative classification of the impulsiveness of these sources. NMFS has 

determined that sparkers and boomers are classified as impulsive sources, while sub-bottom profilers and 

multi-beam echosounders are non-impulsive. This classification is based on NMFS’ qualitative assessment 

of the generated waveforms (pers comm, Benjamin Laws [NMFS] 2020). 

Acoustics Metrics

Underwater sound pressure amplitude is measured in decibels (dB) relative to a fixed reference pressure 

of p0 = 1 μPa. Because the perceived loudness of sound, especially pulsed sound such as from seismic 

airguns, pile driving, and sonar, is not generally proportional to the instantaneous acoustic pressure, 

several sound level metrics are commonly used to evaluate sound and its effects on marine life. Here we 

provide specific definitions of relevant metrics used in the accompanying report. Where possible, we 

follow the American National Standard Institute and International Organization for Standardization 

definitions and symbols for sound metrics (e.g., ISO, 2017; ANSI, R2013), but these standards are not 

always consistent.

The zero-to-peak sound pressure, or peak sound pressure (PK or Lp,pk; dB re 1 μPa), is the decibel level of 

the maximum instantaneous acoustic pressure in a stated frequency band attained by an acoustic 

pressure signal, p(t): 
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LLp,pk = 10 log10

max|pp2(tt)|

pp0

2 = 20 log10

max|pp(tt)|

pp0

(1)

PK is often included as a criterion for assessing whether a sound is potentially injurious; however, because 

it does not account for the duration of an acoustic event, it is generally a poor indicator of perceived 

loudness.

The peak-to-peak sound pressure (PK-PK or Lp,pk-pk; dB re 1 μPa) is the difference between the maximum 

and minimum instantaneous sound pressure, possibly filtered in a stated frequency band, attained by an 

impulsive sound, p(t): 

LLp,pk-pk = 10 log10

[max(pp(tt))−min(pp(tt))]2

pp0

2

(2)

The sound pressure level (SPL or Lp; dB re 1 μPa) is the root-mean-square (rms) pressure level in a stated 

frequency band over a specified time window (T; s). It is important to note that SPL always refers to an 

rms pressure level and therefore not instantaneous pressure:

LLp = 10 log10 �

1

TT � gg(tt) pp

2

(tt)

TT

dd pp0 � 2� (3)

where g(t) is an optional time weighting function. In many cases, the start time of the integration is 

marched forward in small time steps to produce a time-varying SPL function. For short acoustic events, 

such as sonar pulses and marine mammal vocalizations, it is important to choose an appropriate time 

window that matches the duration of the signal. For in-air studies, when evaluating the perceived 

loudness of sounds with rapid amplitude variations in time, the time weighting function g(t) is often set 

to a decaying exponential function that emphasizes more recent pressure signals. This function mimics 

the leaky integration nature of mammalian hearing. For example, human-based fast time-weighted SPL 

(Lp,fast) applies an exponential function with time constant 125 ms. A related simpler approach used in 

underwater acoustics sets g(t) to a boxcar (unity amplitude) function of width 125 ms; the results can be 

referred to as Lp,boxcar 125ms. Another approach, historically used to evaluate SPL of impulsive signals 

underwater, defines g(t) as a boxcar function with edges set to the times corresponding to 5% and 95% 

of the cumulative square pressure function encompassing the duration of an impulsive acoustic event. 

This calculation is applied individually to each impulse signal, and the results have been referred to as 90% 

SPL (Lp,90%).

The sound exposure level (SEL or LE; dB re 1 μPa2·s) is the time-integral of the squared acoustic pressure 

over a duration (T):

LLE = 10 log10 �� pp2(tt)

TT

dd TT0pp0

2 � � (4)
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where T0 is a reference time interval of 1 s. SEL continues to increase with time when non-zero pressure 

signals are present. It is a dose-type measurement, so the integration time applied must be carefully 

considered for its relevance to impact to the exposed recipients.

SEL can be calculated over a fixed duration, such as the time of a single event or a period with multiple 

acoustic events. When applied to pulsed sounds, SEL can be calculated by summing the SEL of the N

individual pulses. For a fixed duration, the square pressure is integrated over the duration of interest. For 

multiple events, the SEL can be computed by summing (in linear units) the SEL of the N individual events: 

LLE,N = 10 log10�10

LLEE,ii

10

NN

ii=1

(5)

Because the SPL(T90) and SEL are both computed from the integral of square pressure, these metrics are 

related numerically by the following expression, which depends only on the duration of the time window 

T: 

LLp = LLE − 10log10(TT) (6)

LLp90 = LLE − 10log10(TT90) − 0.458 (7)

where the 0.458 dB factor accounts for the 10% of pulse SEL missing from the SPL(T90) integration time 

window. 

Energy equivalent SPL (Leq; dB re 1 μPa) denotes the SPL of a stationary (constant amplitude) sound that 

generates the same SEL as the signal being examined, p(t), over the same time period, T: 

LLeq = 10 log10 �

1

TT � pp2(tt)

TT

dd pp0 � 2� (8)

The equations for SPL and the energy-equivalent SPL are numerically identical. Conceptually, the 

difference between the two metrics is that the SPL is typically computed over short periods (typically of 

one second or less) and tracks the fluctuations of a non-steady acoustic signal, whereas the Leq reflects 

the average SPL of an acoustic signal over time periods typically of one minute to several hours. 

If applied, the frequency weighting of an acoustic event should be specified, as in the case of M-weighted 

SEL (e.g., LE, LFC,24h) or auditory-weighted SPL (Lp,ht). The use of fast, slow, or impulse exponential-timeaveraging or other time-related characteristics should also be specified.

In the present report, audiogram-weighted, fast-averaged SPL (Lp,ht,F) is defined by the exponential 

function from Plomp and Bouman (1959): 

LLp,ht = LLEE,ht,per-pulse − 10 log10(dd⁄0.9) , 

LLp,ht,F = LLpp,ht + 10 log10

1 − ee−dd⁄τ

1 − ee−TT⁄τ

(9)

where d is the duration in seconds, τ is the time constant of 0.125 s representing marine mammal auditory 

integration time, Lp,ht is the audiogram-weighted SPL over pulse duration, and T is the pulse repetition 

period. This metric accounts for the hearing sensitivity of specific species through frequency weighting, 
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and results in reduced perceived loudness (i.e., sensation level) for pulses shorter than auditory 

integration time (τ).

Decidecade Band Analysis

The distribution of a sound’s power with frequency is described by the sound’s spectrum. The sound 

spectrum can be split into a series of adjacent frequency bands. Splitting a spectrum into 1 Hz wide bands, 

called passbands, yields the power spectral density of the sound. This splitting of the spectrum into 

passbands of a constant width of 1 Hz, however, does not represent how animals perceive sound.

Because animals perceive exponential increases in frequency rather than linear increases, analyzing a 

sound spectrum with passbands that increase exponentially in size better approximates real-world 

scenarios. In underwater acoustics, a spectrum is commonly split into decidecade bands, which are 

approximately one-third of an octave (base 2) wide and often referred to as 1/3-octave-bands. Each 

octave represents a doubling in sound frequency. The center frequency of the ith band, fc(i), is defined as:

ffc

(ii) = 10

ii

10 (1)

and the low (flo) and high (fhi) frequency limits of the ith band are defined as:

fflo,ii = 10−1

20 ffc

(ii) and ffhi,ii = 10

1

20ffc

(ii) (2)

The decidecade bands become wider with increasing frequency, and on a logarithmic scale the bands 

appear equally spaced (Figure A-3). 

Figure A-3. Decidecade frequency bands (vertical lines) shown on a linear frequency scale and a 

logarithmic scale 

The sound pressure level in the ith band (Lp,i) is computed from the spectrum S(f) between flo,i and fhi,i: 

LLp,ii = 10 log10 � SS(ff)

ffhi,ii

fflo,ii

dd (3)

Summing the sound pressure level of all the bands yields the broadband sound pressure level: 

Broadband SPL = 10 log10�10

LLpp,ii

10

ii

(4)
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Figure A-4 shows an example of how the decidecade band sound pressure levels compare to the sound 

pressure spectral density levels of an ambient noise signal. Because the decidecade bands are wider with 

increasing frequency, the decidecade band SPL is higher than the spectral levels, especially at higher 

frequencies. Acoustic modeling of decidecade bands requires less computation time than 1 Hz bands and 

still resolves the frequency-dependence of the sound source and the propagation environment.

Figure A-4. Sound pressure spectral density levels and the corresponding decidecade band 

sound pressure levels of example ambient noise shown on a logarithmic frequency scale 
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Appendix B. Marine Mammal Impact Criteria 

The Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) (16 U.S.C. 1362) prohibits the take of marine mammals. The 

MMPA defines the term “take” as: to harass, hunt, capture, or kill, or attempt to harass, hunt, capture, or 

kill any marine mammal. The MMPA defines harassment in two categories relevant to anthropogenic 

activity. These are:

• (Level A) Any act of pursuit, torment, or annoyance which has the potential to injure a marine 

mammal or marine mammal stock in the wild, and

• (Level B) Any act of pursuit, torment or annoyance which has the potential to disturb a marine 

mammal or marine mammal stock in the wild by causing a disruption of behavioral patterns, 

including, but not limited to, migration, breathing, nursing, breeding, feeding, or sheltering but 

which does not have the potential to injure a marine mammal or marine mammal stock in the 

wild. 

To assess the potential impacts of the active underwater acoustic sound sources, it is necessary to first 

establish acoustic exposure criteria for which takes could result. In 2016, NMFS issued a Technical 

Guidance document that provides acoustic thresholds for onset of permanent threshold shift (PTS) in 

marine mammal hearing for most sound sources, that was then updated in 2018 (NMFS 2016, NMFS 

2018). NMFS also provided guidance on the use of weighting functions when applying injury (Level A) 

criteria. NMFS Guidance recommends the use of a dual criterion for assessing exposures, including a peak 

(unweighted/flat) sound level metric (PK) and a cumulative sound exposure level (SEL) metric with 

frequency weighting (Table B-1). Both acoustic criteria and weighting function application are divided into 

functional hearing groups within the Technical Guidance and Navy effects criteria (low-, mid-, and highfrequency cetaceans, phocid pinnipeds, other carnivores, and sirenia) that species are assigned to, based 

on their respective hearing ranges (Finneran et al. 2017, [NMFS] National Marine Fisheries Service (US) 

2018). 

The publication of ISO 18405 Underwater Acoustics–Terminology (ISO, 2017) provided a dictionary of 

underwater bioacoustics standards ([ANSI] American National Standards Institute and [ASA] Acoustical 

Society of America S1.1-2013). The definitions and conventions discussed here follow ISO (2017) except 

where stated otherwise (Table B-1).

Table B-1. Summary of relevant acoustic terminology used by US regulators

Metric NOAA (NMFS, 2018)

This report (ISO, 2017)

Main Text/Tables Equations

Sound pressure level n/a SPL Lp

Peak pressure level PK PK Lpk

Cumulative sound 

exposure level SELcum SEL LE

The SELcum metric as used by the NMFS describes the sound energy received by a receptor over a period 

of 24 hours. Accordingly, following the ISO standard, this will be denoted as SEL in this report, except for 

in tables and equations where LE will be used alongside SEL to account for its use in mathematical 

equations.
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Marine Mammal Hearing Groups

Current data and predictions show that marine mammal species differ in their hearing capabilities, in 

absolute hearing sensitivity as well as frequency band of hearing (Richardson et al. 1995, Wartzok and 

Ketten 1999, Southall et al. 2007, Au and Hastings 2008). While hearing measurements are available for a 

small number of species based on captive animal studies, direct measurements of many odontocetes and 

all mysticetes do not exist. As a result, hearing ranges for many odontocetes are grouped with similar 

species, and predictions for mysticetes are based on other methods including: anatomical studies and 

modeling (Houser et al. 2001, Parks et al. 2007, Tubelli et al. 2012, Cranford and Krysl 2015), vocalizations 

(see reviews in Richardson et al. 1995, Wartzok and Ketten 1999, Au and Hastings 2008), taxonomy, and 

behavioral responses to sound (Dahlheim and Ljungblad 1990, see review in Reichmuth et al. 2007) In 

2007, Southall et al. proposed that marine mammals be divided into hearing groups. This division was 

updated in 2016 and 2018 by NMFS using more recent best available science (Table B-2). 

Table B-2. Marine mammal hearing groups

Hearing Group

Generalized hearing 

range*

Low-frequency (LF) cetaceans: (mysticetes or baleen 

whales)

7 Hz to 35 kHz

Mid-frequency (MF) cetaceans: (odontocetes: delphinids, 

beaked whales)

150 Hz to 160 kHz

High-frequency (HF) cetaceans: (other odontocetes) 275 Hz to 160 kHz

Phocid pinnipeds in water (PW) 50 Hz to 86 kHz

Other carnivores in water (OW) 60 Hz to 39 kHz

Sirenia (SI) 150 Hz to 40 kHz

Sources: NMFS 2018; Sills et al., 2014; Blackstock et al. 2017

* The generalized hearing range for all species within a group. Individual hearing will vary.

Marine Mammal Auditory Weighting Functions

The potential for anthropogenic sounds to impact marine mammals is largely dependent on whether the 

sound occurs at frequencies that an animal can hear well, unless the sound pressure level is so high that 

it can cause physical tissue damage regardless of frequency. Weighting functions are applied to the sound 

spectra under consideration to weight the importance of received sound levels at particular frequencies 

in a manner reflective of an animal’s sensitivity to those frequencies (Nedwell and Turnpenny 1998, 

Nedwell et al. 2007). In this study, multiple weighting functions were used. Southall et al. (2007) were first 

to suggest weighting functions and functional hearing groups for marine mammals. The weighting 

functions from Southall et al. (2007) were referred to as m-weighting. For this analysis, the Technical 

Guidance issued by NOAA (NMFS 2018), which included weighting functions and associated thresholds, 

was used for determining the ranges for potential injury to marine mammals.

Southall et al. (2007) Frequency Weighting Functions

Auditory weighting functions for marine mammals, called M-weighting functions, were proposed by 

Southall et al. (2007). These M-weighting functions are applied in a similar way as A-weighting for noise 

level assessments for humans. Functions were defined for five hearing groups of marine mammals:
Version 4.0 114

• Low-frequency (LF) cetaceans—mysticetes (baleen whales)

• Mid-frequency (MF) cetaceans—some odontocetes (toothed whales)

• High-frequency (HF) cetaceans—odontocetes specialized for using high-frequencies 

• Pinnipeds in water (Pw)—seals, sea lions, and walrus

• Pinnipeds in air (not addressed here)

The M-weighting functions have unity gain (0 dB) through the passband and their high and low frequency 

roll-offs are approximately –12 dB per octave. The amplitude response in the frequency domain of each 

M-weighting function is defined by:

GG(ff) = −20 log10 ��1 +

aa2

ff2� �1 + ff2bb2�� (1)

where G(f) is the weighting function amplitude (in dB) at the frequency f (in Hz), and a and b are the 

estimated lower and upper hearing limits, respectively, which control the roll-off and passband of the 

weighting function. The parameters a and b are defined uniquely for each hearing group (Table B-3). Figures 

Figure B-1and Figure B-2 show the auditory weighting functions recommended by Southall et al. (2007). 

Table B-3. Parameters for the auditory weighting functions recommended by Southall et al. (2007). 

Functional Hearing Group a (Hz) b (Hz)

Low-frequency cetaceans 7 22,000

Mid-frequency cetaceans 150 160,000

High-frequency cetaceans 200 180,000

Pinnipeds in water 75 75,000

Figure B-1. Auditory weighting functions for the functional marine mammal hearing groups as 

recommended by Southall et al. (2007)
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Figure B-2. Auditory weighting functions for the low-, mid-, and high-frequency cetacean hearing 

groups as recommended by Southall et al. (2007). 

NMFS (2018) Frequency Weighting Functions

In 2015, a U.S. Navy technical report by Finneran (2015) recommended new auditory weighting functions. 

The auditory weighting functions for marine mammals are applied in a similar way as A-weighting for 

noise level assessments for humans. The new frequency-weighting functions are expressed as: 

GG(ff) = KK + 10 log10 � (ff⁄ff1)2aa

[1 + (ff⁄ff1)2]aa[1 + (ff⁄ff2)2]bb� (1)

Finneran (2015) proposed five functional hearing groups for marine mammals in water: low-, mid- and 

high-frequency cetaceans (LF, MF, and HF cetaceans, respectively), phocid pinnipeds, and otariid 

pinnipeds. The parameters for these frequency-weighting functions were further modified the following 

year (Finneran 2016) and were adopted in NOAA’s technical guidance that assesses acoustic impacts on 

marine mammals (NMFS 2018). The updates did not affect the content related to either the definitions of 

M-weighting functions or the threshold values. Table B-4 lists the frequency-weighting parameters for each 

hearing group. Figure B-3 shows the resulting frequency-weighting curves.

Table B-4. Parameters for the auditory weighting functions recommended by NMFS (2018). 

Functional Hearing Group a b f1 (Hz) f2 (Hz) K (dB)

Low-frequency cetaceans 1.0 2 200 19,000 0.13

Mid-frequency cetaceans 1.6 2 8,800 110,000 1.20

High-frequency cetaceans 1.8 2 12,000 140,000 1.36

Phocid pinnipeds in water 1.0 2 1,900 30,000 0.75

Other carnivores in water 2.0 2 940 25,000 0.64

Sirenia 1.8 2 4,300 25,000 2.62
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Figure B-3. Auditory weighting functions for the low-, mid-, and high-frequency cetacean and 

sirenian hearing groups as recommended by NMFS (2018). Sirenian weighting function is from 

Blackstock et al. (2017)

Injury Exposure Criteria

Injury to the hearing apparatus of a marine mammal may result from a fatiguing stimulus measured in 

terms of SEL, which considers the sound level and duration of the exposure signal. Intense sounds may 

also damage hearing independent of duration, so an additional metric of peak pressure (PK) is also used 

to assess acoustic exposure injury risk. A permanent threshold shift (PTS) in hearing may be considered 

injurious but there are no published data on the sound levels that cause PTS in marine mammals. There 

are data that indicate the received sound levels at which temporary threshold shift (TTS) occurs, and PTS 

onset may be extrapolated from TTS onset level and an assumed growth function (Southall et al. 2007). 

The NMFS (2018) criteria incorporate the best available science to estimate PTS onset in marine mammals 

from sound energy accumulated over 24 hours (SEL), or very loud, instantaneous peak sound pressure 

levels. These dual threshold criteria of SEL and PK are used to calculate marine mammal exposures 

(Table B-5).

Table B-5. Summary of relevant injury onset acoustic thresholds (NMFS 2018). 

Hearing Group

PTS onset thresholds* 

(received level)

Non-impulsive Impulsive

Low-frequency (LF) cetaceans LE, LF, 24h: 199 dB Lpk, flat: 219 dB 

LE, LF, 24h: 183 dB

Mid-frequency (MF) cetaceans LE, MF, 24h: 198 dB Lpk, flat: 230 dB 

LE, MF, 24h: 185 dB

High-frequency (HF) cetaceans LE, HF, 24h: 173 dB Lpk, flat: 202 dB 

LE, HF, 24h: 155 dB

Phocid seals in water (PW) LE, PW, 24h: 201 dB Lpk, flat: 218 dB 

LE, PW, 24h: 185 dB
Version 4.0 117

Hearing Group

PTS onset thresholds* 

(received level)

Non-impulsive Impulsive

Other carnivores in water (OW) LE, OW, 24h: 219 dB Lpk, flat: 232 dB 

LE, OW, 24h: 203 dB

Sirenia (SI) LE, SI, 24h: 206 dB Lpk, flat: 226 dB 

LE, SI, 24h: 190 dB

* Dual metric acoustic thresholds for impulsive sounds: Use whichever results in the largest isopleth for calculating 

PTS onset. If a non-impulsive sound has the potential of exceeding the peak sound pressure level thresholds 

associated with impulsive sounds, these thresholds should also be considered. 

Lpk, flat–peak sound pressure is flat weighted or unweighted and has a reference value of 1 μPa

LE – denotes cumulative sound exposure over a 24-hour period and has a reference value of 1 μPa2

s 

The subscript associated with cumulative sound exposure level thresholds indicates the designated marine mammal 

auditory weighting. 

Behavioral Disruption Exposure Criteria

Numerous studies on marine mammal behavioral responses to sound exposure have not resulted in 

consensus in the scientific community regarding the appropriate metric for assessing behavioral reactions. 

It is recognized that the context in which the sound is received affects the nature and extent of responses 

to a stimulus (Southall et al. 2007, Ellison and Frankel 2012), and because of the complexity and variability 

of marine mammal behavioral responses to acoustic exposure, NMFS has not yet released technical 

guidance on behavioral thresholds for use in calculating animal exposures (NMFS 2018). NMFS currently 

uses a step function to assess behavioral impact (NOAA 2005). A 50 percent probability of inducing 

behavioral responses at an SPL of 160 dB re 1 μPa was derived from the HESS (1999) report, which was 

based on the responses of migrating mysticete whales to airgun sounds (Malme et al. 1983, Malme et al. 

1984). The HESS team recognized that behavioral responses to sound may occur at lower levels, but 

significant responses were only likely to occur above a SPL of 140 dB re 1 μPa.
Version 4.0 118

Appendix C. Acoustic Models 

Geometric Models

Spherical Spreading Loss: Near the source, where sound can propagate uniformly in all directions: 

PL = 20 log10(R/1 m) dB

Cylindrical Spreading Loss: In very shallow water, sound cannot propagate as a spherical wave in all 

directions, but only as a cylindrical wave bound by the sea floor and the sea surface. 

PL = constant + 10 log10(R/1 m) dB

Combined Spreading Loss: In general, sound propagates spherically near the source, whereas at long 

range, after a few bottom reflections, the propagation becomes cylindrical. If the transition range is Rc 

the propagation loss can be approximate by

= 20 log10(Rc/1 m) dB + 10 log10(R/1 m) dB

Geometric models are the simplest and are taken as to be the most conservative. If the range to injury 

and behavior thresholds are short (i.e., on the scale of the vessel) when calculated using a geometric 

model, then the sources are unlikely to cause any more impacts than the vessels themselves.

Ranges found to be larger than 10 m, roughly approximate to the survey platform vessel sizes, were 

recalculated using a more accurate (and less conservative) model to calculate the ranges. If the ranges are 

on the order of the vessel, then the sources are considered to be no more impactful than the vessels 

themselves.

If the ranges for a source remain larger than the vessel when using models that consider the environment, 

then the sound fields were sampled using agent-based simulations (see animal movement modeling 

below). This approach gives the best estimate of the exposure level for marine species because it takes 

into account the 3D sound field and the behavior of the animals. 

Cumulative Exposure from Survey Track

This section describes the methods used to estimate the horizontal distances to the National Marine 

Fisheries Service (NMFS) injury criteria (Appendix B). All sources were assessed with the non-impulsive 

source criteria. 

NMFS provides a spreadsheet to calculate these distances, but it is not designed for high-resolution 

geophysical survey sources and does not consider seawater absorption or beam patterns, both of which 

can substantially influence received sound levels. To account for these effects, we model sound levels 

using Equations C-1 to C-9, as follows.
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The sonar equation is used to calculate the sound pressure level:

SPL(rr) = SS − PP (rr) , (C-1)

where SPL is the sound pressure level (dB re 1 μPa), r is the distance from the source (m), SL is the source 

level (dB re 1 μPa m), and PL is the propagation loss as a function of distance. Propagation loss is calculated 

using:

PP (rr) = 20log10 � rr

1 mm� dB + αα(ff) ∙ rr/1000 , (C-2)

where αα(ff) is the absorption coefficient (dB/km) and ff is frequency (kHz). The absorption coefficient is 

approximated by discarding the boric acid term from Ainslie (2010, p 29 equation 2.2): 

αα(ff) ≈ 0.000339ff2 + 48.5ff2 (75.62 + ff2 ⁄ ) . (C-3) 

When a range of frequencies is produced by a source, we use the lowest frequency for determining the 

absorption coefficient.

The source level is either its in-beam value (for angles within the −3 dB beamwidth) or a single 

representative out-of-beam value. This representative value is estimated by first calculating upper and 

lower bounds and then taking the average of these. We assume the beam pattern bb(uu) is that of an 

unshaded circular transducer: 

bb(uu) = (2 JJ1(uu)⁄uu)2, (C-4) 

where JJ1(uu) is a first order Bessel function of the first kind, whose argument is a function of off-axis angle 

θθ and beamwidth (full width at half maximum) δδ

uu = uu0

sin θθ

sinδδδδ

2

 , (C-5) 

where uu0 = 1.614. 

For the upper limit we choose the highest sidelobe level of the beam pattern, given by Ainslie (2010 p 265 

Table 6.2): 

BBmax = −17.6 dd . (C-6) 

For the lower limit we consider the asymptotic behavior of the beam pattern in the horizontal direction

JJ1(uu)~� 2

πuu cos �uu − 3π4 � , (C-7) 

where

uu = uu0

sinδδδδ

2

 . (C-8) 
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In this way we obtain the lower limit as

BBmin = 10 log10 � 8

π uu0

3 sin3 δδ

2 � dB . (C-9) 

The out-of-beam source level is found by adding the arithmetic mean of BBmin and BBmax to the in-beam 

source level. 

For broad beam sources (beamwidths larger than 90°), we assumed the source was omnidirectional. For 

intermediate beam sources (beamwidths between 36° and 90°), we interpolated the correction between 

the two methods. The resulting correction as a function of beamwidth is shown in Figure C-1. 

Figure C-1. Correction for calculating out-of-beam source level (i.e., in the horizontal direction) 

from in-beam source level, as a function of source beamwidth.

Separate impact ranges are calculated using the in-beam source level at the angle corresponding to the 

−3 dB half-width and the out-of-beam source level in the horizontal direction. The higher of the two sound 

levels was then selected for assessing impact distance. 

Distances to peak thresholds were calculated using the peak source level and applying propagation loss 

from Equation (C-2. Peak levels were assessed for both in-beam and out-of-beam levels (the latter was 

assessed using the out-of-beam source level correction described previously). 

For the weighted SEL thresholds, we performed the following steps:

Calculated weighted broadband source levels by assuming a flat spectrum between the source minimum 

and maximum frequency, weighted the spectrum according to the marine mammal hearing group 

weighting function 

1. (NMFS 2018) , and summing across frequency. A 0.5 dB correction is added to the energy source 

level (ESL) because the 90 % energy pulse duration usually used to evaluate SL contains only 90 % 

of the pulse energy. The 0.5 dB correction ensures that all of the energy in the pulse is included. 

2. Modeled propagation loss as a function of oblique range using Equation (C-2. 

3. Modeled per-pulse SEL for a stationary receiver at a fixed distance off a straight survey line, using 

a vessel transit speed of 3.5 knots and source-specific pulse length and repetition rate. The offline distance is referred to as the closest point of approach (CPA) and was performed for CPA 

distances between 1 m and 10 km. The survey line length was modeled as 10 km long (analysis 
Version 4.0 121

showed longer survey lines increased SEL by a negligible amount). SEL is calculated as SS +

10 log10

TT

1 s

 dB, where T is the pulse duration.

4. Calculated the SEL for each survey line to produce curves of weighted SEL as a function of CPA 

distance.

5. Used the curves from Step 4 to estimate the CPA distance to the impact criteria.

This method accounts for the hearing sensitivity of the marine mammal group, seawater absorption, and 

beamwidth for downwards-facing transducers.

3-D Propagation Model Bellhop

JASCO’s Marine Operations Noise Model (MONM) computes received SEL for directional impulsive 

sources at a specified source depth. Underwater sound propagation (i.e., transmission loss) was predicted 

with JASCO’s Marine Operations Noise Model (MONM). This model computes sound propagation from 

highly-directional, high-frequency acoustic sources via the BELLHOP Gaussian beam acoustic ray-trace 

model (Porter and Liu 1994). This version of MONM accounts for sound attenuation due to energy 

absorption through ion relaxation and viscosity of water in addition to acoustic attenuation due to 

reflection at the medium boundaries and internal layers (Fisher and Simmons 1977). The former type of 

sound attenuation is important for frequencies higher than 5 kHz and cannot be neglected without 

noticeably affecting the model results. MONM incorporates the following site-specific environmental 

properties: a bathymetric grid of the modelled area, underwater sound speed as a function of depth, and 

a geoacoustic profile based on the overall stratified composition of the seafloor.

MONM treats frequency dependence by computing acoustic transmission loss at the center frequencies 

of 1/3-octave-bands. Sufficiently many 1/3-octave-bands, starting at 10 Hz, are modelled to include the 

majority of acoustic energy emitted by the source. At each center frequency, the transmission loss is 

modelled within each of the N vertical planes as a function of depth and range from the source. The 

1/3-octave-band received per-pulse SELs are computed by subtracting the band transmission loss values 

from the directional source level in that frequency band. Composite broadband received SELs are then 

computed by summing the received 1/3-octave-band levels.

The received per-pulse SEL sound field within each vertical radial plane is sampled at various ranges from 

the source, generally with a fixed radial step size. At each sampling range along the surface, the sound 

field is sampled at various depths, with the step size between samples increasing with depth below the 

surface. The step sizes are chosen to provide increased coverage near the depth of the source and at 

depths of interest in terms of the sound speed profile. For areas with deep water, sampling is not 

performed at depths beyond those reachable by marine mammals. The received per-pulse SEL at a surface 

sampling location is taken as the maximum value that occurs over all samples within the water column, 

i.e., the maximum-over-depth received per-pulse SEL. These maximum-over-depth per-pulse SELs are 

presented as color contours around the source. 

Three-dimensional Sound Field

Acoustic fields in three dimensions are generated from propagation loss calculated in two-dimensional 

(2-D) vertical planes aligned along radials covering a 360° swath from the source, an approach commonly 

referred to as N×2-D (Figure C-2). These vertical radial planes are separated by an angular step size of ∆θ, 

yielding N = 360°/∆θ planes. The three-dimensional sound fields are used for estimating acoustic exposure 

using animal movement modeling. Ranges to thresholds and example maximum-over-depth plan-view 

maps are generated for estimating exposure for some species and for illustrative purposes. 
Version 4.0 122

Figure C-2. Modeled three-dimensional sound field (N×2-D method) and maximum-over-depth 

modeling approach. Sampling locations are shown as blue dots on both figures. On the right 

panel, the pink dot represents the sampling location where the sound level is maximum over the 

water column. This maximum-over-depth level is used in calculating distances to sound level 

thresholds for some marine animals.

ACOUSTIC ENVIRONMENT

Bathymetry

Water depths throughout the modeled areas (Figure 2) were extracted from the SRTM15+ (v7.0) global 

bathymetry grid, a 30 arc-second grid rendered for the entire globe (Rodríguez et al. 2005). Bathymetry 

for each modeled location were extracted and re-gridded, by minimum curvature gridding, onto a 

Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone coordinate projection with a regular grid spacing of 

250 × 250 m.

Geoacoustics

In a shallow environment, interactions between the acoustic field and the seabed are important and 

accurate geoacoustic profiles are needed for proper acoustic modeling. The interactions between the 

acoustic field and seabed become negligible in much deeper water. The generic geoacoustic profiles are 

therefore considered valid for the entire modeled areas around the study sites. The layers as deep as 

several hundreds of meters can affect the propagation of the low frequency waves. With the increase in 

frequency of the waves, the importance of deeper layers decreases and for frequencies well above 1 kHz, 

only the properties of the surficial layer are relevant.

With the absence of the detailed data on the physical properties of the bottom for the modeling area a 

simplified geoacoustic model is created consisting of one or more layers with constant thickness. The layer 

interfaces are parallel to the bottom surface. The geoacoustic properties for the modelled sites (Table C-1) 

were estimated from the average parameters based on the sediment model presented by (Buckingham 

2005). The qualitative description of the modeled sediment is provided in Table C-1. 

Sound Velocity Profile

The sound speed profiles for the modeled sites were derived from temperature and salinity profiles from 

the US Naval Oceanographic Office’s Generalized Digital Environmental Model V 3.0 (GDEM; Teague et al. 

1990, Carnes 2009). GDEM provides an ocean climatology of temperature and salinity for the world’s 

oceans on a latitude-longitude grid with 0.25° resolution, with a temporal resolution of one month, based 
Version 4.0 123

on global historical observations from the US Navy’s Master Oceanographic Observational Data Set 

(MOODS). The climatology profiles include 78 fixed depth points to a maximum depth of 6800 m (where 

the ocean is that deep). The GDEM temperature-salinity profiles were converted to sound speed profiles 

according to Coppens (1981). Monthly sound velocity profiles for each modeling location in Table C-1 were 

compared and grouped based on general characteristics of uniform, upward refracting, downward 

refracting, and the presence of a surface duct. Representative sound velocity profiles were selected for 

each site and profile group and presented in Table C-1. 
Version 4.0 124

Table C-1. Parameters for the modeled environments and source locations for each of the operational regions.

Region Depth class

Mean water 

depth in 

region (m) Time of Year

Source 

latitude 

Source 

longitude

Source 

easting 

Source 

northing

UTM 

Zone

Water 

depth at 

source (m)

Sediment 

type

Mid-Atlantic 

Bight

Mid-depth 

(<200 m)

32 Feb, May, 

Aug, Nov

37.5947 -74.8532 512958 4160854 18 34.8 Fine sand

Mid-Atlantic 

Bight

Deep 

(200-1000 m)

581.3 Feb, May, 

Aug, Nov

38.4818 -73.2590 651859 4260712 18 746.6 Silty clay

Southern New 

England

Mid-depth

(<200 m)

55.4 Feb, May, 

Aug, Nov

39.5678 -72.8461 685019 4382000 18 60.4 Silty sandsand-silty 

sand

Southern New 

England

Deep 

(200-1000 m)

507.6 Feb, May, 

Aug, Nov

39.9133 -70.8000 346154 4419689 19 529.6 Sand-siltsilty sand

Georges Bank Mid-depth 

(<200 m)

71.8 Feb, Jul, Oct 41.1250 -67.0463 664006 4554473 19 63.6 Sand-siltclay

Gulf of Maine Mid-depth 

(<200 m)

123.3 Feb, May, 

Aug, Nov

43.3500 -70.1333 408150 4800307 19 101.4 Fine sand

Gulf of Maine Deep 

(200-1000 m)

224.8 Feb, May, 

Aug, Nov

43.6166 -67.5783 614713 4830276 19 231.0 Sand-siltclay

Offshore of NE 

Continental 

Shelf

Very deep 

(>1000 m)

3006.1 Jan, Apr, Aug 39.4128 -68.0757 579568 4362994 19 3128.3 

Silty clay

SE Continental 

Shelf

Shallow

(<10 m)

4.9 Jan, May, Sep 33.6193 -78.8529 699178 3722007 17 9.3 Coarse 

sand

SE Continental 

Shelf

Mid-depth

(10-200 m)

40.2 Jan, May, Sep 30.7268 -80.5979 538496 3399397 17 32.7 Coarse 

sand

SE Continental 

Shelf

Deep 

(200-1000 m)

673.9 Jan, May, Sep 33.5673 -76.2855 380686 3714923 18 588.8 Coarse 

sand

Offshore of SE 

Continental 

Shelf

Very deep 

(>1000 m)

3613.5 Feb, Aug 35.7508 -72.6680 710859 3958812 18 3993.4 Coarse 

sand

Gulf of Mexico Shallow (<10 m) 4.3 Mar, Sep 29.2090 -92.1296 584611 3231451 15 4.6 Coarse 

sand
Version 4.0 125

Region Depth class

Mean water 

depth in 

region (m) Time of Year

Source 

latitude 

Source 

longitude

Source 

easting 

Source 

northing

UTM 

Zone

Water 

depth at 

source (m)

Sediment 

type

Gulf of Mexico Mid-depth 

(10-200 m)

55.1 Mar, Sep 28.1456 -94.2046 381711 3113921 15 59.8 Silty sand

Gulf of Mexico Deep

 (200-1000 m)

562.2 Mar, Sep 27.5753 -92.9326 506650 3050156 15 573.1 Silty clay

Gulf of Mexico Very deep 

(>1000 m)

2368.6 Mar, Sep 27.6348 -87.5219 448517 3056858 16 2841.8 Silty clay

Atlantic Shallow 

(<10 m)

6.3 Feb, Aug 24.8352 -80.6599 534366 2746748 17 7.1 Coarse 

sandlimestone

Atlantic Mid-depth 

(10-200 m)

145.3 Feb, Aug 24.5390 -80.7623 524079 2713927 17 186.5 Silty sandlimestone

Atlantic Deep 

(200-1000 m)

484.8 Feb, Aug 24.8217 -79.9265 608491 2745628 17 793.8 Silty claylimestone

Caribbean Shallow waters 

(<10 m)

5.7 Apr 17.9417 -66.0833 808975 1986156 19 8.2 Coarse 

sand

Caribbean Mid-depth 

waters (10-200 

m)

47.7 Apr 18.4151 -65.1397 273983 2037446 20 53.6 

Fine sand

Caribbean Deep 

(200-1000 m)

634.2 Apr 18.5665 -66.4132 773034 2054821 19 833.0 Sand-siltclay

Caribbean Very deep 

(>1000 m)

4672.3 Apr 16.1882 -67.3597 675354 1790450 19 4741.2 Clay-chalklimestone

NW Continental 

Shelf

Shallow (<40 m) 34.9271 Jan, Aug 46.1202 -124.0281 420170 5108081 10 27.3 Silty sand

NW Continental 

Shelf

Mid-depth 

(40-200 m)

146.371 Jan, Aug 45.8811 -124.3948 391455 5081936 10 142.4 Clayey silt

NW Continental 

Shelf

Deep 

(200-1000 m)

522.757 Jan, Aug 45.8289 -124.7628 362782 5076680 10 468.1 Clay
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Region Depth class

Mean water 

depth in 

region (m) Time of Year

Source 

latitude 

Source 

longitude

Source 

easting 

Source 

northing

UTM 

Zone

Water 

depth at 

source (m)

Sediment 

type

Offshore of NW 

Continental 

Shelf

Very deep 

(>1000 m)

2873.11 Jan, Aug 44.8730 -127.9698 581042 4969444 9 2873.4 

Clay

SW Continental 

Shelf

Shallow (<40 m) 25.4811 Jan, Aug 37.7584 -122.6386 531506 4179148 10 17.8 Silt

SW Continental 

Shelf

Mid-depth

(40-200 m)

81.6679 Jan, Aug 37.6034 -122.8711 511122 4161904 10 80.9 Clayey silt

SW Continental 

Shelf

Deep

(200-1000 m)

599.619 Jan, Aug 37.1791 -122.9640 502942 4114880 10 559.7 Clay

Offshore of SW 

Continental 

Shelf

Very deep 

(>1000 m)

4562.61 Jan, Aug 34.9436 -125.2905 290516 3869276 10 4565.7 

Clay

Southern 

California Bight

Shallow (<40 m) 43.2099 Jan, Aug 33.6692 -118.1843 389948 3726208 11 24.3 Clayey silt

Southern 

California Bight

Mid-depth

(40-200 m)

103.829 Jan, Aug 33.3537 -119.6642 251868 3693800 11 88.8 Sandy silt

Southern 

California Bight

Deep 

(200-1000 m)

1641.28 Jan, Aug 32.8963 -118.9432 317999 3641588 11 1706.5 Silty clay

Southern 

California Bight

Very deep 

(>1000 m)

4162.58 Mar, Aug 31.1572 -122.4600 551230 3447213 10 4203.7 Clay

Gulf of Alaska Shallow

(<40 m)

29.7873 Apr 59.5724 -153.1316 492188 6603884 5 29.7 Sandy silt

Gulf of Alaska Mid-depth 

(40-200 m)

149.487 Feb, May, Jul, 

Oct

58.5103 -151.3493 595799 6486829 5 159.0 Silt

Gulf of Alaska Deep 

(200-1000 m)

412.386 Feb, May, Jul, 

Oct

57.7399 -149.7447 336207 6403149 6 496.0 Clay

Gulf of Alaska Very deep

(>1000 m)

4754.57 Feb, May, 

Aug, Nov

56.0760 -149.8199 352916 6219932 6 4756.7 Sand

SE Alaska Shallow (<40 m) 68.7436 Feb, May, Jul, 

Dec

55.7083 -133.7089 580743 6174452 8 17.8 Sand
Version 4.0 127

Region Depth class

Mean water 

depth in 

region (m) Time of Year

Source 

latitude 

Source 

longitude

Source 

easting 

Source 

northing

UTM 

Zone

Water 

depth at 

source (m)

Sediment 

type

SE Alaska Mid-depth

 (40-200 m)

144.935 Feb, May, Jul, 

Dec

55.3571 -134.1236 555167 6134956 8 142.1 Sand-siltclay

SE Alaska Deep 

(200-1000 m)

842.99 Feb, May, 

Aug, Nov

55.1856 -134.5288 529645 6115704 8 535.9 Clay

SE Alaska Very deep

(>1000 m)

2558.31 Feb, May, 

Aug, Nov

55.0412 -135.4916 468147 6099589 8 2560.4 Clay

Eastern Bering 

Sea

Shallow (<40 m) 20.4209 Apr 60.8590 -166.8350 399890 6748568 3 20.6 Sand

Eastern Bering 

Sea

Mid-depth

 (40-200 m)

96.4274 Jan, Aug 57.8367 -171.6659 460017 6410868 2 97.1 Silt

Eastern Bering 

Sea

Deep 

(200-1000 m)

577.871 Jan, Aug 56.5601 -172.4380 411226 6269460 2 687.3 Clayey silt

Aleutian Islands Very deep 

(>1000 m)

4054.28 Jan, Aug 51.7074 -171.1949 486155 5728616 2 4057.5 Clay

Chukchi Sea Mid-depth 

(<200 m)

49.77 Aug 69.2817 -167.9131 384499 7688498 3 43.4 Clay-silt

Hawaiian 

Islands

Mid-depth 

(<200 m)

77.8535 Jun 23.8290 -166.1610 381572 2635816 3 3.0 Silt-clay

Hawaiian 

Islands

Deep

 (200-1000 m)

804.206 Jun 23.8945 -166.5071 346387 2643420 3 717.4 Silt-cla

Hawaiian 

Islands

Very deep

(>1000 m)

3313.23 Jun 24.1842 -166.3916 358413 2675448 3 3264.7 Silt-cla

Marianna 

Islands

Mid-depth 

(<200 m)

621.351 Jun 12.7690 144.3530 212510 1413101 55 51.6 Silt-cla

Marianna 

Islands

Deep 

(200-1000 m)

727.148 Jun 13.3771 144.8568 267732 1479927 55 780.2 Sand-siltclay

Marianna 

Islands

Very deep 

(>1000 m)

5189.39 Jun 13.5941 146.0131 393104 1503113 55 5314.2 Silt-clay
Version 4.0 128

Region Depth class

Mean water 

depth in 

region (m) Time of Year

Source 

latitude 

Source 

longitude

Source 

easting 

Source 

northing

UTM 

Zone

Water 

depth at 

source (m)

Sediment 

type

Samoa Mid-depth 

(<200 m)

1001.65 Jun -

14.2312 

-170.5529 548306 8426605 2 83.9 Silt-clay

Samoa Deep 

(200-1000 m)

1301.54 Jun -

14.1282 

-169.6637 644362 8437628 2 558.7 Silt-clay

Samoa Very deep 

(>1000 m)

4912.22 Jun -

13.4724 

-169.7600 634325 8510196 2 5001.4 Sand-siltclay
Version 4.0 129

Animal Movement Modeling

The JASCO Animal Simulation Model Including Noise Exposure (JASMINE) was used to predict the 

probability of exposure of animals to sound arising from proposed project activities. Sound exposure 

models such as JASMINE use simulated animals (animats) to sample the predicted 3-D sound fields with 

movement rules derived from animal observations (see below). The parameters used for forecasting 

realistic behaviors (e.g., diving, foraging, aversion, and surface times) are determined and interpreted 

from marine species studies (e.g., tagging studies) where available, or reasonably extrapolated from 

related species. With animats programmed to behave like marine species that may be present near a 

project area, the predicted sound fields are sampled in a way that real animals are expected to experience

(Figure C-4). The output of the simulation is the exposure history for each animat within the simulation. 

An individual animat’s sound exposure levels are summed over a specified duration, i.e., 24 hours, to 

determine its total received acoustic energy (SEL) and maximum received PK and SPL. These received 

levels are then compared to the threshold criteria (see Appendix B). The number of animats predicted to 

receive sound levels exceeding the thresholds indicates the probability of such exposures and can be 

interpreted as the percentage of the population expected to exceed threshold or scaled by the real-world 

density estimates for each species to obtain the mean number of real-world animals expected to receive 

above-threshold sound levels. A fuller description of animal movement modeling and the parameters 

used in the JASMINE simulations is provided below. 

Animal Movement and Exposure Modeling

To assess the risk of impacts from exposure, an estimate of received sound levels for the animals in the 

area during operation of the project is required. Animals move and sound fields may be complex. The 

sound received by an animal is a function of where the animal is at any given time. To a reasonable 

approximation, the location of the sound source(s) is known, and acoustic modeling can be used to predict 

the 3D sound field. The location and movement of animals within the sound field, however, is unknown. 

Realistic animal movement within sound fields can be simulated. Repeated random sampling (Monte 

Carlo method simulating many animals within the operations area) is used to estimate the sound exposure 

history of the population of simulated animals (animats) during operations.

Monte Carlo methods provide a heuristic approach for determining the probability distribution function 

(PDF) of complex situations, such as animals moving in a sound field. The probability of an event’s 

occurrence is determined by the frequency with which it occurs in the simulation. The greater the number 

of samples, in this case the more animats, the better the approximation of the PDF. Animats are randomly 

placed, or seeded, within the simulation boundary at a specified density (animats/km2

). Higher densities 

provide a finer PDF estimate resolution but require more computational resources. To ensure good 

representation of the PDF, the animat density is set as high as practical allowing for computation time (1 

animat/km2 in this study). The animat density is generally much higher than the real-world density to 

ensure good representation of the PDF. Typically, the resulting PDF is scaled using the real-world density 

to determine the number of real-world animals expected to exceed a threshold. 

Several models for marine mammal movement have been developed (Ellison et al. 1987, Frankel et al. 

2002, Houser 2006). These models use an underlying Markov chain to transition from one state to another 

based on probabilities determined from measured swimming behavior. The parameters may represent 

simple states, such as the speed or heading of the animal, or complex states, such as likelihood of 

participating in foraging, play, rest, or travel. Attractions and aversions to variables like anthropogenic 

sounds and different depth ranges can be included in the models. 
Version 4.0 130

JASMINE was based on the open-source marine mammal movement and behavior model (3 MB; Houser 

2006) and used to predict the exposure of animats (virtual marine mammals) to sound arising from sound 

sources in simulated representative surveys. Inside JASMINE, the sound source location mimics the 

movement of the source vessel through the proposed survey pattern. Animats are programmed to behave 

like the marine animals likely to be present in the survey area. The parameters used for forecasting 

realistic behaviors (e.g., diving, foraging, aversion, and surface times.) are determined and interpreted 

from marine species studies (e.g., tagging studies) where available, or reasonably extrapolated from 

related species. An individual animat’s modeled sound exposure levels are summed over the total 

simulation duration, such as 24 hours or the entire simulation, to determine its total received energy and 

then compared to the assumed threshold criteria.

Animal Movement Parameters

JASMINE uses previously measured behavior to forecast behavior in new situations and locations. The 

parameters used for forecasting realistic behavior are determined (and interpreted) from marine species 

studies (e.g., tagging studies). Each parameter in the model is described as a probability distribution. 

When limited or no information is available for a species parameter, a Gaussian or uniform distribution 

may be chosen for that parameter. For the Gaussian distribution, the user determines the mean and 

standard deviation of the distribution from which parameter values are drawn. For the uniform 

distribution, the user determines the maximum and minimum distribution from which parameter values 

are drawn. When detailed information about the movement and behavior of a species are available, a 

user-created distribution vector, including cumulative transition probabilities, may be used (referred to 

here as a vector model; Houser, 2006). Different sets of parameters can be defined for different behavior 

states. The probability of an animat starting out in or transitioning into a given behavior state can in turn 

be defined in terms of the animat’s current behavioral state, depth, and the time of day. In addition, each 

travel parameter and behavioral state has a termination function that governs how long the parameter 

value or overall behavioral state persists in simulation. 

The parameters used in JASMINE describe animal movement in both the vertical and horizontal planes. 

The parameters relating to travel in these two planes are briefly described below. (The species-specific 

parameters used in this study are listed below). 

Travel sub-models

• Direction: determines an animat’s choice of direction in the horizontal plane. Sub-models are 

available for determining the heading of animats, allowing for movement to range from strongly 

biased to undirected. A random walk model can be used for behaviors with no directional 

preference, such as feeding and playing. In a random walk, all bearings are equally likely at each 

parameter transition time step. A correlated random walk can be used to smooth the changes in 

bearing by using the current heading as the mean of the distribution from which to draw the next 

heading. An additional variant of the correlated random walk is available that includes a 

directional bias for use in situations where animals have a preferred absolute direction, such as 

migration. A user-defined vector of directional probabilities can also be input to control animat 

heading. For more detailed discussion of these parameters, see Houser (2006) and Houser and 

Cross (1999). 

• Travel rate: defines an animat’s rate of travel in the horizontal plane. When combined with 

vertical speed and dive depth, the dive profile of the animat is produced.
Version 4.0 131

Dive sub-models

• Ascent rate: defines an animat’s rate of travel in the vertical plane during the ascent portion of a 

dive.

• Descent rate: defines an animat’s rate of travel in the vertical plane during the descent portion of 

a dive.

• Depth: defines an animat’s maximum dive depth.

• Bottom following: determines whether an animat returns to the surface once reaching the ocean 

floor, or whether it follows the contours of the bathymetry.

• Reversals: determines whether multiple vertical excursions occur once an animat reaches the 

maximum dive depth. This behavior is used to emulate the foraging behavior of some marine 

mammal species at depth. Reversal-specific ascent and descent rates may be specified.

• Surface interval: determines the duration an animat spends at, or near, the surface before diving 

again. 

Exposure Integration Time

The interval over which acoustic exposure (SEL) should be integrated and maximal exposure (SPL) 

determined is not well defined. Both Southall et al. (2007)and the NMFS (2018) recommend a 24-hour 

accumulation period but state that there may be situations where this is not appropriate (e.g., a high-level 

source and confined population). Resetting the integration after 24 hours can lead to overestimating the 

number of individual animals exposed because individuals can be counted multiple times during an 

operation. The type of animal movement engine used in this study simulates realistic movement using 

swimming behavior collected over relatively short periods (hours to days) and does not include large-scale 

movement such as migratory circulation patterns. Therefore, the simulation time is limited to a few 

weeks, the approximate scale of the collected data (Houser 2006). For this study, three-day simulations 

(i.e., 72 hours) were modeled for each scenario. The average number of animats exposed above each 

threshold considered was calculated for each 24-hour period of the three-day simulation.

Ideally, a simulation area is large enough to encompass the entire range of a population so that any animal 

that could approach the survey area during an operation is included. However, there are limits to the 

simulation area, and computational overhead increases with area. For practical reasons, the simulation 

area is limited in this analysis to a maximum distance of 30 km (18.6 miles) from the simulated survey. To 

represent the most impactful scenarios, simulations were designed so that survey activities overlapped 

species range (Figure C-3). In the simulation, every animat that reaches a border is replaced by another 

animat entering at the opposing border, e.g., an animat crossing the northern border of the simulation is 

replaced by one entering the southern border at the same longitude. When this action places the animat 

in an inappropriate water depth, the animat is randomly re-seeded in a location suited to its species 

definition. The exposures of all animats (including those leaving the simulation and those entering) are 

kept for analysis. This approach maintains a consistent animat density and allows for longer integration 

periods in simulation areas smaller than the population’s range.
Version 4.0 132

Figure C-3. Example animat seeding and source tracks for the Mid-Atlantic region. Atlantic 

spotted dolphin.

The parameters used to create marine mammal animat movement in JASMINE for each species are listed 

below. Table C-2 through Table C-38 show the behavioral state, variable within the behavioral state, the 

value/distribution/range of the variable, and the source for determining the variable. Note that different 

species may have different behavioral states.

Figure C-4. Graphic of animats in a moving sound field. Example animat (red) shown moving with 

each time step. The acoustic exposure of each animat is determined by where it is in the sound 

field, and its exposure history is accumulated as the simulation steps through time. 

There are several species of marine mammals that may be present in the vicinity of the proposed survey 

locations, including several endangered species (sperm whales and several mysticetes), and the critically 

endangered North Atlantic right whales. Details for each of the marine mammal species evaluated in this 

study are listed below. 
Version 4.0 133

Table C-2. Atlantic spotted dolphins: Data values and references input in JASMINE to create 

diving behavior(number values represent means [standard deviations] unless otherwise 

indicated).

Behavior Variable Value Reference

Behavior1

Travel direction Correlated random walk Approximated

Perturbation value 10 Approximated

Termination coefficient 0.2 Approximated

Travel rate (m/s) Random 0.08 – 5.69 Davis et al. (1996)

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.15 (0.8) Davis et al. (1996)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.23 (0.48) Davis et al. (1996)

Dive depth (m) Random 0.0 – 60.0 Davis et al. (1996)

Bottom following Yes Griffin et al. (2005)

Reversals Gaussian 2.0 (2.0) Griffin et al. (2005)

Probability of reversal 0.5 Approximated

(Davis et al. 1996)

Reversal ascent dive rate 

(m/s) Gaussian 1.15 (0.8) Davis et al. (1996)

Reversal descent dive 

rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.23 (0.48) Davis et al. (1996)

Time in reversal (s) Gaussian 20.81 (21.5) Griffin et al. (2005)

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 63.59 (52.66) Griffin et al. (2005)

General

Shore following (m) 4 Davis et al. (1996)

Depth limit on seeding 

(m)

4.0 (minimum), 250.0 

(maximum) Davis et al. (1996)

Approximated: Value based on the best fit for diving profile. Those values were unavailable from literature, but they 

were estimated to produce a diving profile similar to D-tag results, for example. 
Version 4.0 134

Table C-3. Atlantic white-sided dolphin: Data values and references input in JASMINE to create 

diving behavior(number values represent means [standard deviations] unless otherwise 

indicated).

Behavior Variable Value Reference

Day

Travel direction Correlated random walk Approximated

Perturbation value 10.0 Approximated

Termination 

coefficient 0.2 Approximated

Travel rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.58 (1.02) Mate et al. (1994)

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.42 (0.24) Spotted dolphin value

(Scott and Chivers 2009)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.58 (0.34) Spotted dolphin value

(Scott and Chivers 2009)

Average depth (m) Gaussian 22.1 (15.71) Spotted dolphin value

(Scott and Chivers 2009)

Bottom following Yes

Approximated spotted dolphin 

value

(Scott and Chivers 2009)

Reversals Not implemented

Approximated spotted dolphin 

value

(Scott and Chivers 2009)

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 68.4 (304.8) Spotted dolphin value–(Scott and 

Chivers 2009)

Bout duration (s) Sigmoidal T50 = 3600, k = 7 

Approximated spotted dolphin 

value

(Scott and Chivers 2009)

Night

Travel direction Correlated random walk Approximated

Perturbation value 10.0 Approximated

Termination 

coefficient 0.2 Approximated

Travel rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.58 (1.02) Mate et al. (1994)

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.74 (0.41) Spotted dolphin value

(Scott and Chivers 2009)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.93 (0.54) Spotted dolphin value

(Scott and Chivers 2009)
Version 4.0 135

Behavior Variable Value Reference

Average depth (m) Gaussian 24.0 (27.1) Spotted dolphin value

(Scott and Chivers 2009)

Bottom following Not implemented

Approximated spotted dolphin 

value

(Scott and Chivers 2009)

Reversals Gaussian 3.0 (1.0)

Approximated spotted dolphin 

value

(Scott and Chivers 2009)

Probability of reversal 0.5

Approximated spotted dolphin 

value

(Scott and Chivers 2009)

Reversal ascent dive 

rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.74 (0.41) Spotted dolphin value

(Scott and Chivers 2009)

Reversal descent dive 

rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.93 (0.54) Spotted dolphin value

(Scott and Chivers 2009)

Time in reversal (s) Gaussian 39.0 (55.2) Spotted dolphin value

(Scott and Chivers 2009)

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 49.8 (108.6) Spotted dolphin value

(Scott and Chivers 2009)

Bout duration (s) Sigmoidal T50 = 3600, k = 7 

Approximated spotted dolphin 

value

(Scott and Chivers 2009)

General

Shore following (m) 2 

Approximated spotted dolphin 

value

(Scott and Chivers 2009)

Depth limit on seeding 

(m)

2 (minimum), 

300 (maximum)

Approximated spotted dolphin 

value

(Scott and Chivers 2009)

Approximated: Value based on the best fit for diving profile. Those values were unavailable from literature, but they 

were estimated to produce a diving profile similar to D-tag results, for example. 
Version 4.0 136

Table C-4. Beluga whale: Data values and references input in JASMINE to create diving behavior 

(number values represent means [standard deviations] unless otherwise indicated).

Behavior Variable Value Reference

Foraging

Travel direction Correlated random walk Approximated

Perturbation value 10 Houser (2006)

Termination coefficient 0.2 Houser (2006)

Travel rate (m/s) Random 0.4 – 0.6 Martin et al. (1998)

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.7 (0.02) Martin et al. (1998)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.68 (0.04) Martin et al. (1998)

Dive depth (m) Random 40.0 – 956.0 Hauser et al. (2015)

Bottom following Not implemented Not implemented

Reversals Not implemented Martin et al. (1998)

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 43.8 (2.0) Frost et al. (1985)

Bout duration (s) Gaussian 21600.0 (1800.0) Approximated

Travel

Travel direction Vector model Proxy: Bottlenose dolphin

Travel rate (m/s) Vector model Proxy: Bottlenose dolphin

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 2.1 (0.3) Proxy: Bottlenose dolphin

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.6 (0.2) Proxy: Bottlenose dolphin

Dive depth (m) Gaussian 7.0 (3.0) Proxy: Bottlenose dolphin

Bottom following Not implemented Not implemented

Reversals Not implemented Averaged over dive profiles

(Martin et al. 1998)

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 3.0 (2.0) Frost et al. (1985)

Bout duration (s) Gaussian 21600.0 (1800.0) Approximated

General

Shore following (m) 2 Approximated

Depth limit on seeding (m) 2.0 (minimum), 11000.0 

(maximum) Approximated

Approximated: Value based on the best fit for diving profile. Those values were unavailable from literature, but they 

were estimated to produce a diving profile similar to D-tag results, for example. 
Version 4.0 137

Table C-5. Blainville’s beaked whale: Data values and references input in JASMINE to create 

diving behavior (number values represent means [standard deviations] unless otherwise 

indicated).

Behavior Variable Value Reference

Deep 

Foraging 

Dive

Travel direction Correlated random walk Approximated

Perturbation value 10 Approximated

Termination coefficient 0.2 Approximated

Travel rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.34 (0.5) Approximated

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.7 (0.1) Tyack et al. (2006)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.6 (0.2) Baird et al. (2006b)

Dive depth (m) Gaussian 1408.0 (210.0) Tyack et al. (2006)

Bottom following Yes Baird et al. (2006b)

Reversals Gaussian 6.0 (2.0) Tyack et al. (2006)

Probability of reversal 0.9 Approximated

Reversal ascent dive rate 

(m/s) Gaussian 0.7 (0.2) Tyack et al. (2006)

Reversal descent dive rate 

(m/s) Gaussian 1.5 (0.1) Approximated

Time in reversal (s) Gaussian 40.0 (20.0) Madsen et al. (2005)

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 1200.0 (996.0) Madsen et al. (2005)

Bout duration (s) Sigmoidal T50 = 3534, k = 10 Tyack et al. (2006)

Shallow Dive 

– day

Travel direction Correlated random walk Approximated

Perturbation value 10 Approximated

Termination coefficient 0.2 Approximated

Travel rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.37 (0.5) Approximated

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.3 (0.2) Tyack et al. (2006)

Baird et al. (2006b)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.3 (0.2) Baird et al. (2006b)

Dive depth (m) Gaussian 304.0 (61.0) Tyack et al. (2006)

Baird et al. (2006b)

Bottom following Not implemented Approximated

Reversals Not implemented Approximated

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 126.0 (500.0) Tyack et al. (2006)

Bout duration (s) Gaussian 3780 (1860) Tyack et al. (2006)

Travel direction Correlated random walk Approximated
Version 4.0 138

Behavior Variable Value Reference

Shallow Dive 

– night

Perturbation value 10 Approximated

Termination coefficient 0.2 Approximated

Travel rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.32 (0.5) Approximated

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.3 (0.2) Tyack et al. (2006)

Baird et al. (2006b)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.3 (0.2) Tyack et al. (2006)

Baird et al. (2006b)

Dive depth (m) Gaussian 241.0 (61.0) Tyack et al. (2006)

Bottom following Not implemented Approximated

Reversals Not implemented Approximated

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 144.0 (2000.0) Tyack et al. (2006)

Bout duration (s) Gaussian 3780 (1860) Tyack et al. (2006)

General

Shore following (m) 10 10

Depth limit on seeding (m) 633.0 (minimum), 80000.0 

(maximum)

Baird et al. (2006)

Waring et al. (2001)

Approximated: Value based on the best fit for diving profile. Those values were unavailable from literature, but they 

were estimated to produce a diving profile similar to D-tag results, for example. 
Version 4.0 139

Table C-6. Blue whale: Data values and references input in JASMINE to create diving behavior 

(number values represent means [standard deviations] unless otherwise indicated).

Behavior Variable Value Reference

Non-foraging 

(deep)

Travel direction Correlated random walk Approximated 

Perturbation value 10 Approximated 

Termination coefficient 0.2 Approximated 

Travel rate (m/s) Gaussian 2.78 (1.39) Sears and Perrin (2009)

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 2.1 (0.52) Croll et al. (2001)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 2.2 (0.38) Croll et al. (2001)

Dive depth (m) Gaussian 154.3 (38.8) Croll et al. (2001)

Bottom following Not implemented

Approximated 

Watwood and Buonantony 

(2012)

Reversals Gaussian 1.5 (0.5) Acevedo-Gutierrez et al. 

(2002)

Probability of reversal 0.7

Approximated 

Watwood and Buonantony 

(2012)

Reversal ascent dive rate 

(m/s) Gaussian 0.7 (0.2) Watwood and Buonantony 

(2012)

Reversal descent dive rate 

(m/s) Gaussian 0.7 (0.2) Watwood and Buonantony 

(2012)

Time in reversal (s) Gaussian 90.0 (30.0) Acevedo-Gutierrez et al. 

(2002)

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 78.0 (30.2) Acevedo-Gutierrez et al. 

(2002)

Bout duration (s)

Gaussian 600 (120): 1900 

– 0600 hr

Gaussian 3600 (420): 0600 

– 1900 hr

Approximated 

Watwood and Buonantony 

(2012)

Non-foraging 

(shallow)

Travel direction Correlated random walk Approximated 

Perturbation value 10 Approximated 

Termination coefficient 0.2 Approximated 

Travel rate (m/s) Gaussian 2.78 (1.39) Sears and Perrin (2009)

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 2.1 (0.52) Croll et al. (2001)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 2.2 (0.38) Croll et al. (2001)

Dive depth (m) Gaussian 154.3 (38.8) Croll et al. (2001)
Version 4.0 140

Behavior Variable Value Reference

Bottom following Not implemented

Approximated 

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Reversals Gaussian 1.5 (0.5)

Approximated 

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 78.0 (30.2) Acevedo-Gutierrez et al. 

(2002)

Bout duration (s)

Gaussian 600 (120): 1900 

– 0600 hr

Gaussian 3600 (420): 0600 

– 1900 hr

Approximated 

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Foraging

Travel direction Correlated random walk Approximated

Perturbation value 10 Approximated

Termination coefficient 0.2 Approximated

Travel rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.25 (0.42) Sears and Perrin (2009)

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.6 (0.5) Goldbogen et al. (2011)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 2.6 (0.5) Goldbogen et al. (2011)

Dive depth (m) Gaussian 201.0 (52.0) Goldbogen et al. (2011)

Bottom following Not implemented

Approximated 

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Reversals Gaussian 3.5 (1.1) Goldbogen et al. (2011)

Probability of reversal 0.7

Approximated 

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Reversal ascent dive rate 

(m/s) Gaussian 2.4 (0.9) Croll et al. (2001)

Reversal descent dive rate 

(m/s) Gaussian 1.5 (0.4) Croll et al. (2001)

Time in reversal (s) Gaussian 300.0 (60.0)

Approximated 

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 162.0 (66.0) Goldbogen et al. (2011)

Bout duration (s) Gaussian 3600.0 (1800.0)

Approximated 

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)
Version 4.0 141

Behavior Variable Value Reference

General

Shore following (m) 200 Approximated 

(Branch et al. 2007)

Depth limit on seeding (m) 200.0 (minimum), 8000.0 

(maximum)

Approximated 

(Branch et al. 2007)

Approximated: Value based on the best fit for diving profile. Those values were unavailable from literature, but they 

were estimated to produce a diving profile similar to D-tag results, for example. 
Version 4.0 142

Table C-7. Bottlenose dolphin: Data values and references input in JASMINE to create diving 

behavior(number values represent means [standard deviations] unless otherwise indicated).

Behavior Variable Value Reference

Foraging 

Travel direction Vector model Ward (1999)

Travel rate (m/s) Vector model Ward (1999)

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 2.1 (0.3) Houser et al. (2010)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.6 (0.2) Houser et al. (2010)

Dive depth (m) Gaussian 25 (5) Hastie et al. (2006)

Bottom following Yes

Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012) 

Reversals Gaussian 2.0 (2.0) Approximated

Probability of reversal 0.5 Approximated

Reversal ascent dive rate 

(m/s) Gaussian 1.15 (0.8) (Houser 2006)

Reversal descent dive rate 

(m/s) Gaussian 1.23 (0.48) (Houser 2006)

Time in reversal (s) Gaussian 20.81 (21.5) (Houser 2006)

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 63.59 (52.66) (Houser 2006)

Bout duration (s) Gaussian 252 (210) Ward (1999)

Playing

Travel direction Vector model Ward (1999)

Travel rate (m/s) Vector model Ward (1999)

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 2.1 (0.3) Houser et al. (2010)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.6 (0.2) Houser et al. (2010)

Average depth (m) Gaussian 7 (3) Würsig and Würsig (1979), 

Hastie et al. (2006)

Bottom following Yes

Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)
Version 4.0 143

Behavior Variable Value Reference

Reversals Not implemented

Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 3 (2)

Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Bout duration (s) Gaussian 138 (54) Ward (1999)

Resting

Travel direction Vector model Ward (1999)

Travel rate (m/s) Vector model Ward (1999)

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.5 (0.1)

Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.5 (0.1)

Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Dive depth (m) Random, max = 2 

Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Bottom following Not implemented

Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Reversals Not implemented

Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 3 (2)

Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Bout duration (s) Gaussian 174 (96) Ward (1999)

Socializing

Travel direction Vector model Ward (1999)

Travel rate (m/s) Vector model Ward (1999)

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 2.1 (0.3) Houser et al. (2010)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.6 (0.2) Houser et al. (2010)
Version 4.0 144

Behavior Variable Value Reference

Dive depth (m) Random, max = 10 Hastie et al. (2006)

Würsig and Würsig (1979)

Bottom following Yes

Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Reversals Not implemented

Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 3 (2)

Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Bout duration (s) Gaussian 204 (174) Ward (1999)

Travel

Travel direction Vector model Ward (1999)

Travel rate (m/s) Vector model Ward (1999)

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 2.1 (0.3) Houser et al. (2010)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.6 (0.2) Houser et al. (2010)

Average depth (m) Gaussian 7 (3) Hastie et al. (2006)

Würsig and Würsig (1979)

Bottom following Yes

Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Reversals Not implemented

Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 3 (2)

Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Bout duration Gaussian 306 (276) Ward (1999)

General Shore following (m) 2.1

Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)
Version 4.0 145

Behavior Variable Value Reference

Depth limit on seeding (m) 2.1 (minimum), 

1000 (maximum)

Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Approximated: Value based on the best fit for diving profile. Those values were not available from literature but 

were estimated producing a diving profile similar to D-tag results for example.
Version 4.0 146

Table C-8. Bryde's whale: Data values and references input in JASMINE to create diving behavior 

(number values represent means [standard deviations] unless otherwise indicated).

Behavior Variable Value Reference

Deep 

Travel direction Correlated random walk Approximated

Perturbation value 10 Approximated

Termination coefficient 0.2 Approximated

Travel rate (m/s) Random 0.8 – 1.53 Murase et al. (2015)

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.95 (0.55) Alves et al. (2010)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.25 (0.4) Alves et al. (2010)

Dive depth (m) Gaussian 134.0 (61.5) Alves et al. (2010)

Bottom following Not implemented Approximated

Reversals Gaussian 1.5 (1.5) Alves et al. (2010)

Probability of reversal 0.7 Approximated

Reversal ascent dive rate 

(m/s)

Gaussian 0.95 (0.55) Alves et al. (2010)

Reversal descent dive rate 

(m/s)

Gaussian 1.25 (0.4) Alves et al. (2010)

Time in reversal (s) Gaussian 50.1 (45.3) Alves et al. (2010)

Surface interval (s) Random 120.0 – 300.0 Alves et al. (2010)

Bout duration (s) Gaussian 600 (120): 1900 – 

0600 h

Gaussian 3600 (420): 0600 – 

1900 h

Approximated

Shallow

Travel direction Correlated random walk Ward (1999)

Perturbation value 10 Approximated

Termination coefficient 0.2 Approximated

Travel rate (m/s) Random 0.8 – 1.53 Murase et al. (2015)

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.95 (0.55) Alves et al. (2010)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.25 (0.4) Alves et al. (2010)

Dive depth (m) Random 1.0 – 40.0 Alves et al. (2010)

Bottom following Not implemented Approximated

Reversals Not implemented Approximated
Version 4.0 147

Behavior Variable Value Reference

Surface interval (s) Random 141.0 – 236.0 Di Sciara (1983)

Bout duration (s)

Gaussian 0 (0): 1900 – 0600 h

Gaussian 3600 (420): 0600 – 

1900 h

Approximated

General

Shore following (m) 20 Gonçalves et al. (2016)

Depth limit on seeding (m) 20.0 (minimum), 3000.0 

(maximum) Gonçalves et al. (2016)

Approximated: Value based on the best fit for diving profile. Those values were unavailable from literature, but they 

were estimated to produce a diving profile similar to D-tag results, for example. 
Version 4.0 148

Table C-9. Cuvier’s beaked whale: Data values and references input in JASMINE to create diving 

behavior(number values represent means [standard deviations] unless otherwise indicated).

Behavior Variable Value Reference

Deep 

Foraging 

Dive

Travel direction Correlated random walk Approximated

Perturbation value 10 Approximated

Termination coefficient 0.2 Approximated

Travel rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.5 (0.5) Approximated 

(Schorr et al. 2009)

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.69 (0.19) Baird et al. (2006b), Tyack et 

al. (2006)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.47 (0.13) Baird et al. (2006b), Tyack et 

al. (2006)

Dive depth (m) Gaussian 1070.0 (317.0) Tyack et al. (2006)

Bottom following Not implemented (Baird et al. 2006b)

Reversals Gaussian 20.0 (2.0) Approximated 

(Baird et al. 2006b)

Probability of reversal 0.95 Approximated 

(Baird et al. 2006b)

Reversal ascent dive rate 

(m/s) Gaussian 0.8 (0.2) Approximated 

(Baird et al. 2006b)

Reversal descent dive rate 

(m/s) Gaussian 0.8 (0.2) Approximated 

(Baird et al. 2006b)

Time in reversal (s) Gaussian 40.0 (20.0) Tyack et al. (2006)

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 474.0 (996.0) Baird et al. (2006b)

Bout duration (s) Sigmoidal T50 = 1200.0, k = 

10.0 MacLeod and D’Amico (2006)

Shallow 

Dive

Travel direction Correlated random walk Approximated

Perturbation value 10 Approximated

Termination coefficient 0.2 Approximated

Travel rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.5 (0.5) Approximated 

(Schorr et al. 2009)

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.61 (0.2) Baird et al. (2006b), Tyack et 

al. (2006)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.53 (0.24) Baird et al. (2006b), Tyack et 

al. (2006)
Version 4.0 149

Behavior Variable Value Reference

Dive depth (m) Gaussian 221.0 (100.0) Tyack et al. (2006)

Bottom following Not implemented (Baird et al. 2006b)

Reversals Not implemented Tyack et al. (2006)

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 474.0 (996.0) (Baird et al. 2006b)

Bout duration (s) Gaussian 3780.0 (1860.0) Tyack et al. (2006)

General

Shore following (m) 1000 (Baird et al. 2006b)

Depth limit on seeding (m) 1381 (minimum), 80000.0 

(maximum) (Baird et al. 2006b)

Approximated: Value based on the best fit for diving profile. Those values were unavailable from literature, but they 

were estimated to produce a diving profile similar to D-tag results, for example. 
Version 4.0 150

Table C-10. Manatee: Data values and references input in JASMINE to create diving behavior 

(number values represent means [standard deviations] unless otherwise indicated).

Behavior Variable Value Reference

Feeding

Travel direction Correlated random walk Approximated

Perturbation value 10 Houser (2006)

Termination coefficient 0.2 Houser (2006)

Travel rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.42 (0.12) Approximated,

based on Deutsch (2003)

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.28 (0.1) Chilvers et al. (2004)

(s.d.: best guess)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.57 (0.1) Chilvers et al. (2004)

(s.d.: best guess)

Dive depth (m) Gaussian 3.0 (5.0) Chilvers et al. (2004)

(s.d.: best guess)

Bottom following Not implemented Not implemented

Reversals Random 3.0 – 5.0 Approximated

Probability of reversal 0.3 Approximated

Reversal ascent dive rate 

(m/s) Random 0.01 – 0.02 Approximated

Reversal descent dive rate 

(m/s) Random 0.01 – 0.02 Approximated

Time in reversal (s) Random 10.0 – 66.0 Whiting (2002)

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 13.0 (1.0) Whiting (2002)

Bout duration (s) Sigmoidal T50 = 1200, k = 10 Approximated

TravellingMigrating

Travel direction Correlated random walk Approximated

Perturbation value 10 Approximated

Termination coefficient 0.2 Approximated

Travel rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.32 (0.12) Deutsch et al. 2003

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.24 (0.1) Chilvers et al. (2004)

(s.d.: best guess)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.24 (0.1) Chilvers et al. (2004)

(s.d.: best guess)

Dive depth (m) Gaussian 5.0 (3.0) Chilvers et al. (2004)

(s.d.: best guess)
Version 4.0 151

Behavior Variable Value Reference

Bottom following Not implemented Not implemented

Reversals Random 3.0 – 5.0 Approximated

Probability of reversal 0.3 Approximated

Reversal ascent dive rate 

(m/s) Random 0.01 – 0.02 Approximated

Reversal descent dive rate 

(m/s) Random 0.01 – 0.02 Approximated

Time in reversal (s) Random 10.0 – 66.0 Whiting (2002)

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 13.0 (1.0) Whiting (2002)

Bout duration (s) Gaussian 3780 (1860) Approximated

General

Shore following (m) 1 Hodgson (2004)

Depth limit on seeding (m) 1.0 (minimum), 40.0 

(maximum) Marsh et al. (2012)

Approximated: Value based on the best fit for diving profile. Those values were unavailable from literature, but they 

were estimated to produce a diving profile similar to D-tag results, for example. 
Version 4.0 152

Table C-11. Dwarf sperm whale: Data values and references input in JASMINE to create diving 

behavior (number values represent means [standard deviations] unless otherwise indicated).

Behavior Variable Value Reference

Deep 

Foraging 

Dive

Travel direction Correlated random walk Approximated

Perturbation value 10 Houser et al. (2006)

Termination coefficient 0.2 Houser et al. (2006)

Travel rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.5 (0.5) Approximated

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.69 (0.19) (weighted from Baird et al. 

2006b, Tyack et al. 2006)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.47 (0.13) (weighted from Baird et al. 

2006b, Tyack et al. 2006)

Dive depth (m) Gaussian 1070.0 (317.0) (Tyack et al. 2006)

Bottom following Not implemented Approximated

Reversals Gaussian 10.0 (2.0) (Best estimate from Tyack et 

al. 2006)

Probability of reversal 0.95 Approximated

Reversal ascent dive rate 

(m/s) Gaussian 0.8 (0.2)

(Approximated based on Blainville' s 

beaked whale data in Madsen et al. 

2005)

Reversal descent dive rate 

(m/s) Gaussian 0.8 (0.2) Not implemented

Time in reversal (s) Gaussian 40.0 (20.0) (Best estimate from Tyack et 

al. 2006)

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 474.0 (996.0) (Tyack et al. 2006)

Bout duration (s) Sigmoidal T50 = 1200.0, k = 10.0 Approximated

Shallow 

Dive

Travel direction Correlated random walk Approximated

Perturbation value 10 Houser et al. (2006)

Termination coefficient 0.2 Houser et al. (2006)

Travel rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.5 (0.5) Approximated

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.61 (0.2) (weighted from Baird et al. 

2006b, Tyack et al. 2006)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.53 (0.24) (weighted from Baird et al. 

2006b, Tyack et al. 2006)

Dive depth (m) Gaussian 221.0 (100.0) (Tyack et al. 2006)
Version 4.0 153

Behavior Variable Value Reference

Bottom following Not implemented Approximated

Reversals Not implemented Approximated

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 474.0 (996.0) (Tyack et al. 2006)

Bout duration (s) Gaussian 3780.0 (1860.0) (Tyack et al. 2006)

General

Shore following (m) 200 Kaschner et al. (2006)

Depth limit on seeding (m) 200.0 (minimum), 11000.0 

(maximum) Kaschner et al. (2006)

Approximated: Value based on the best fit for diving profile. Those values were unavailable from literature, but they 

were estimated to produce a diving profile similar to D-tag results, for example. 
Version 4.0 154

Table C-12. False killer whale: Data values and references input in JASMINE to create diving 

behavior (number values represent means [standard deviations] unless otherwise indicated).

Behavior Variable Value Reference

Behavior 1

Travel direction Correlated random walk Approximated

Perturbation value 10 Houser et al. (2006)

Termination coefficient 0.2 Houser et al. (2006)

Travel rate (m/s) Random 0.08 – 5.69

Approximated from Atlantic 

spotted dolphin (Davis et al. 

1996)

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.15 (0.8)

Approximated from Atlantic 

spotted dolphin (Griffin et al. 

2005)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.23 (0.48)

Approximated from Atlantic 

spotted dolphin (Griffin et al. 

2005)

Dive depth (m) Random 1.0 – 60.0

Approximated from Atlantic 

spotted dolphin (Davis et al. 

1996)

Bottom following Not implemented Approximated

Reversals Gaussian 2.0 (2.0) Approximated

Probability of reversal 0.5 Approximated

Reversal ascent dive rate 

(m/s) Gaussian 1.15 (0.8)

Approximated from Atlantic 

spotted dolphin (Griffin et al. 

2005)

Reversal descent dive rate 

(m/s) Gaussian 1.23 (0.48)

Approximated from Atlantic 

spotted dolphin (Griffin et al. 

2005)

Time in reversal (s) Gaussian 20.81 (21.5)

Approximated from Atlantic 

spotted dolphin (Griffin et al. 

2005)

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 63.59 (52.66)

Approximated from Atlantic 

spotted dolphin (Griffin et al. 

2005)

General

Shore following (m) 100 (Baird 2018)

Depth limit on seeding (m) 100.0 (minimum), 8000.0 

(maximum) (Baird 2018); approximated
Version 4.0 155

Approximated: Value based on the best fit for diving profile. Those values were unavailable from literature, but they 

were estimated to produce a diving profile similar to D-tag results, for example. 
Version 4.0 156

Table C-13. Fin whale: Data values and references input in JASMINE to create diving behavior 

(number values represent means [standard deviations] unless otherwise indicated).

Behavior Variable Value Reference

Nonforaging 

shallow

Travel direction Correlated random walk Approximated 

Perturbation value 10 Approximated 

Termination coefficient 0.2 Approximated 

Travel rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.6 (0.6) Lafortuna et al. (2003)

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 2.1 (0.3) Croll et al. (2001)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 3.0 (0.2) Croll et al. (2001)

Dive depth (m) Gaussian 46.0 (4.8) Croll et al. (2001)

Bottom following Not implemented

Approximated 

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Reversals Gaussian 3.1 (1.1)

Approximated 

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Probability of reversal 0.95

Approximated 

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Reversal ascent dive rate 

(m/s) Gaussian 1.7 (0.4) Approximated

(Croll et al. 2001)

Reversal descent dive rate 

(m/s) Gaussian 1.4 (0.5) Approximated

(Croll et al. 2001)

Time in reversal (s) Gaussian 13.7 (2.8) Approximated

(Croll et al. 2001)

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 123.8 (42.3) Acevedo-Gutierrez et al. 

(2002)

Bout duration (s) Sigmoidal T50 = 10, k = 10

Approximated 

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Nonforaging 

Deep

Travel direction Correlated random walk Approximated

Perturbation value 10 Approximated

Termination coefficient 0.2 Approximated

Travel rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.7 (0.5) Lafortuna et al. (2003)

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.7 (0.4) Croll et al. (2001)
Version 4.0 157

Behavior Variable Value Reference

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 2.0 (0.2) Croll et al. (2001)

Dive depth (m) Gaussian 120 (33.5) Croll et al. (2001)

Bottom following Not implemented

Approximated 

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Reversals Not implemented

Approximated 

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 80 (19.2) Acevedo-Gutiérrez et al. 

(2002)

Bout duration (s) Sigmoidal T50 = 15, k = 15

Approximated 

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Foraging 

Shallow

Travel direction Correlated random walk Approximated 

Perturbation value 10 Approximated 

Termination coefficient 0.2 Approximated 

Travel rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.6 (0.6) Goldbogen et al. (2006)

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 2.1 (0.3) Goldbogen et al. (2006)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 3.0 (0.2) Goldbogen et al. (2006)

Dive depth (m) Gaussian 46.0 (4.8) Croll et al. (2001)

Bottom following Not implemented

Approximated 

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Reversals Gaussian 3.1 (1.1) Croll et al. (2001)

Goldbogen et al. (2006)

Probability of reversal 0.95

Approximated 

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Reversal ascent dive rate 

(m/s) Gaussian 1.7 (0.4) Croll et al. (2001)

Reversal descent dive rate 

(m/s) Gaussian 1.4 (0.5) Croll et al. (2001)

Time in reversal (s) Gaussian 13.7 (2.8) Croll et al. (2001)
Version 4.0 158

Behavior Variable Value Reference

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 123.8 (42.3) Acevedo-Gutiérrez et al. 

(2002)

Bout duration (s) Sigmoidal T50 = 30, k = 15

Approximated 

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Foraging 

Deep

Travel direction Correlated random walk Approximated 

Perturbation value 10 Approximated 

Termination coefficient 0.2 Approximated 

Travel rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.6 (0.6) Goldbogen et al. (2006)

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 2.1 (0.3) Goldbogen et al. (2006)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 3.0 (0.2) Goldbogen et al. (2006)

Dive depth (m) Gaussian 248.0 (18.0) Goldbogen et al. (2006)

Bottom following Not implemented

Approximated 

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Reversals Gaussian 3.1 (1.1) Croll et al. (2001)

Goldbogen et al. (2006)

Probability of reversal 0.95

Approximated 

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Reversal ascent dive rate 

(m/s) Gaussian 1.7 (0.4) Croll et al. (2001)

Reversal descent dive rate 

(m/s) Gaussian 1.4 (0.5) Croll et al. (2001)

Time in reversal (s) Gaussian 13.7 (2.8) Croll et al. (2001)

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 123.8 (42.3) Acevedo-Gutiérrez et al. 

(2002)

Bout duration (s) Sigmoidal T50 = 50, k = 15

Approximated 

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

General Shore following (m) 400

Approximated 

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)
Version 4.0 159

Behavior Variable Value Reference

Depth limit on seeding (m) 400.0 (minimum), 

2000.0 (maximum)

Approximated 

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Approximated: Value based on the best fit for diving profile. Those values were unavailable from literature, but they 

were estimated to produce a diving profile similar to D-tag results, for example. 
Version 4.0 160

Table C-14. Fraser's dolphin: Data values and references input in JASMINE to create diving 

behavior (number values represent means [standard deviations] unless otherwise indicated).

Behavior Variable Value Reference

Day

Travel direction Correlated random walk Approximated

Perturbation value 10 Houser et al. (2006)

Termination coefficient 0.2 Houser et al. (2006)

Travel rate (m/s) Gaussian 3.035 (1.22) (Au and Perryman 1982)

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.6 (0.368)

Approximated from striped 

dolphin (Minamikawa et al. 

2003)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.538 (0.343)

Approximated from striped 

dolphin (Minamikawa et al. 

2003)

Dive depth (m) Gaussian 22.6 (17.5)

Approximated from striped 

dolphin (Minamikawa et al. 

2003)

Bottom following Not implemented Approximated

Reversals Not implemented Approximated

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 55.7 (32.1)

Approximated from striped 

dolphin (Minamikawa et al. 

2003)

Bout duration (s) Sigmoidal T50 = 3600, k = 7 Approximated

Night

Travel direction Correlated random walk Approximated

Perturbation value 10 Houser et al. (2006)

Termination coefficient 0.2 Houser et al. (2006)

Travel rate (m/s) Gaussian 3.035 (1.22) (Au and Perryman 1982)

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.6 (0.368)

Approximated from striped 

dolphin (Minamikawa et al. 

2003)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.538 (0.343)

Approximated from striped 

dolphin (Minamikawa et al. 

2003)

Dive depth (m) Gaussian 22.6 (17.5)

Approximated from striped 

dolphin (Minamikawa et al. 

2003)

Bottom following Not implemented Approximated
Version 4.0 161

Behavior Variable Value Reference

Reversals Not implemented Approximated

Probability of reversal 0.5 Approximated

Reversal ascent dive rate 

(m/s) Gaussian 1.542 (0.709)

Approximated from striped 

dolphin (Minamikawa et al. 

2003)

Reversal descent dive rate 

(m/s) Gaussian 1.463 (0.668)

Approximated from striped 

dolphin (Minamikawa et al. 

2003)

Time in reversal (s) Gaussian 39.0 (55.2)

Approximated from striped 

dolphin (Minamikawa et al. 

2003)

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 65.8 (32.0)

Approximated from striped 

dolphin (Minamikawa et al. 

2003)

Bout duration (s) Sigmoidal T50 = 3600, k = 7 Approximated

General

Shore following (m) 1000 (Kaschner et al. 2016)

Depth limit on seeding (m) 1000.0 (minimum), 8000.0 

(maximum) (Kaschner et al. 2016)

Approximated: Value based on the best fit for diving profile. Those values were unavailable from literature, but they 

were estimated to produce a diving profile similar to D-tag results, for example. 
Version 4.0 162

Table C-15. Gervais' beaked whale: Data values and references input in JASMINE to create diving 

behavior (number values represent means [standard deviations] unless otherwise indicated).

Behavior Variable Value Reference

Deep 

Foraging 

Dive

Travel direction Correlated random walk Approximated

Perturbation value 10 Approximated

Termination coefficient 0.2 Approximated

Travel rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.34 (0.5) Approximated

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.7 (0.1) Tyack et al. (2006)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.6 (0.2) Baird et al. (2006b)

Dive depth (m) Gaussian 1408.0 (210.0) Tyack et al. (2006)

Bottom following Yes Baird et al. (2006b)

Reversals Gaussian 6.0 (2.0) Tyack et al. (2006)

Probability of reversal 0.9 Approximated

Reversal ascent dive rate 

(m/s) Gaussian 0.7 (0.2) Tyack et al. (2006)

Reversal descent dive rate 

(m/s) Gaussian 1.5 (0.1) Approximated

Time in reversal (s) Gaussian 40.0 (20.0) Madsen et al. (2005)

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 1200.0 (996.0) Madsen et al. (2005)

Bout duration (s) Sigmoidal T50 = 3534, k = 10 Tyack et al. (2006)

Shallow 

Dive – day

Travel direction Correlated random walk Approximated

Perturbation value 10 Approximated

Termination coefficient 0.2 Approximated

Travel rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.37 (0.5) Approximated

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.3 (0.2) Tyack et al. (2006)

Baird et al. (2006b)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.3 (0.2) Tyack et al. (2006)

Baird et al. (2006b)

Dive depth (m) Gaussian 304.0 (61.0) Tyack et al. (2006)

Bottom following Not implemented Approximated

Reversals Not implemented Approximated

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 126.0 (500.0) Tyack et al. (2006)
Version 4.0 163

Behavior Variable Value Reference

Bout duration (s) Gaussian 3780 (1860) Tyack et al. (2006)

Shallow 

Dive – night

Travel direction Correlated random walk Approximated

Perturbation value 10 Approximated

Termination coefficient 0.2 Approximated

Travel rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.32 (0.5) Approximated

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.3 (0.2) Tyack et al. (2006)

Baird et al. (2006b)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.3 (0.2) Tyack et al. (2006)

Baird et al. (2006b)

Dive depth (m) Gaussian 241.0 (61.0) Tyack et al. (2006)

Bottom following Not implemented Approximated

Reversals Not implemented Approximated

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 144.0 (2000.0) Tyack et al. (2006)

Bout duration (s) Gaussian 3780 (1860) Tyack et al. (2006)

General

Shore following (m) 10 Approximated

Depth limit on seeding (m) 633.0 (minimum), 80000.0 

(maximum)

Baird et al. (2006)

Waring et al. (2001)

Approximated: Value based on the best fit for diving profile. Those values were unavailable from literature, but they 

were estimated to produce a diving profile similar to D-tag results, for example. 
Version 4.0 164

Table C-16. Gray seal: Data values and references input in JASMINE to create diving 

behavior(number values represent means [standard deviations] unless otherwise indicated).

Behavior Variable Value Reference

Square

Travel direction Correlated random walk Approximated

Perturbation value 10 Approximated

Termination coefficient 0.2 Approximated

Travel rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.111 (0.861) Breed et al. (2009)

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.9 (0.04) Beck et al. (2003)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.0 (0.03) Beck et al. (2003)

Average depth (m) Gaussian 62 (3.5) Beck et al. (2003)

Bottom following Not implemented Approximated

(Beck et al. 2003)

Reversals Not implemented Approximated

(Beck et al. 2003)

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 132 (7.2) Approximated

(Beck et al. 2003)

Bout duration (s) Gaussian 2700 (1800) Approximated

(Beck et al. 2003)

Right 

skewed 

square

Travel direction Correlated random walk Approximated

Perturbation value 10 Approximated

Termination coefficient 0.2 Approximated

Travel rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.111 (0.861) Breed et al. (2009)

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.6 (0.02) Beck et al. (2003)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.5 (0.05) Beck et al. (2003)

Average depth (m) Gaussian 53.0 (3.9) Beck et al. (2003)

Bottom following Yes Approximated

(Beck et al. 2003)

Reversals Not implemented Approximated

(Beck et al. 2003)

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 132 (7.2) Approximated

(Beck et al. 2003)
Version 4.0 165

Behavior Variable Value Reference

Bout duration (s) Gaussian 1200 (300) Approximated

(Beck et al. 2003)

Left skewed 

square

Travel direction Correlated random walk Approximated

Perturbation value 10 Approximated

Termination coefficient 0.2 Approximated

Travel rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.111 (0.861) Breed et al. (2009)

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.2 (0.12) Beck et al. (2003)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.4 (0.05) Beck et al. (2003)

Average depth (m) Gaussian 32.0 (1.7) Beck et al. (2003)

Bottom following Yes Approximated

(Beck et al. 2003)

Reversals Not implemented Approximated

(Beck et al. 2003)

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 132 (7.2) Approximated

(Beck et al. 2003)

Bout duration (s) Gaussian 1200 (300) Approximated

(Beck et al. 2003)

V-shaped

Travel direction Correlated random walk Approximated

Perturbation value 10 Approximated

Termination coefficient 0.2 Approximated

Travel rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.111 (0.861) Breed et al. (2009)

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.7 (0.11) Beck et al. (2003)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.5 (0.05) Beck et al. (2003)

Average depth (m) Gaussian 26.0 (1.1) Beck et al. (2003)

Bottom following Not implemented Approximated

(Beck et al. 2003)

Reversals Not implemented Approximated

(Beck et al. 2003)

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 132 (7.2) Approximated

(Beck et al. 2003)
Version 4.0 166

Behavior Variable Value Reference

Bout duration (s) Gaussian 600 (300) Approximated

(Beck et al. 2003)

Wiggle

Travel direction Correlated random walk Approximated

Perturbation value 10 Approximated

Termination coefficient 0.2 Approximated

Travel rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.111 (0.861) Breed et al. (2009)

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.9 (0.08) Beck et al. (2003)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.0 (0.04) Beck et al. (2003)

Average depth (m) Gaussian 26.0 (1.1) Beck et al. (2003)

Bottom following Not implemented Approximated

(Beck et al. 2003)

Reversals Random 2–4 Approximated

(Beck et al. 2003)

Probability of reversal 1.0 Approximated

(Beck et al. 2003)

Reversal ascent dive rate 

(m/s) Gaussian 0.9 (0.08) Beck et al. (2003)

Reversal descent dive rate 

(m/s) Gaussian 1.0 (0.04) Beck et al. (2003)

Time in reversal (s) Random 30–90 Approximated

(Beck et al. 2003)

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 132 (7.2) Approximated

(Beck et al. 2003)

Bout duration Gaussian 1800 (900) Approximated

(Beck et al. 2003)

General

Shore following (m) 0 Approximated

(Jessopp et al. 2013)

Depth limit on seeding (m) 0.0 (minimum), 1000.0 

(maximum)

Approximated

(Jessopp et al. 2013)

Approximated: Value based on the best fit for diving profile. Those values were unavailable from literature, but they 

were estimated to produce a diving profile similar to D-tag results, for example. 
Version 4.0 167

Table C-17. Harbor porpoise: Data values and references input in JASMINE to create diving 

behavior(number values represent means [standard deviations] unless otherwise indicated).

Behavior Variable Value Reference

Daytime 

Travel direction Correlated random walk Approximated

Perturbation value 10 Approximated

Termination coefficient 0.2 Approximated

Travel rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.9 (0.3) Otani et al. (2000)

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.87 (0.38) Westgate et al. (1995)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.99 (0.34) Westgate et al. (1995)

Average depth (m) Gaussian 22.5 (11.6) Westgate et al. (1995)

Bottom following Yes

Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Reversals Gaussian 1 (0)

Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Probability of reversal 0.84 Westgate et al. (1995)

Reversal ascent dive rate 

(m/s) Gaussian 0.0 (0.0)

Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Reversal descent dive rate 

(m/s) Gaussian 0.0 (0.0)

Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Time in reversal (s) Gaussian 20.5 (2.8) Westgate et al. (1995)

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 31.6 (73.8) Otani et al. (1998)

Otani et al. (2000)

Bout duration (s) T50 = 600 (s), k = 1 

Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Nighttime

Travel direction Correlated random walk Approximated

Perturbation value 10 Approximated

Termination coefficient 0.2 Approximated
Version 4.0 168

Behavior Variable Value Reference

Travel rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.9 (0.3) Westgate et al. (1995)

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.34 (0.53) Westgate et al. (1995)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.44 (0.51) Westgate et al. (1995)

Average depth (m) Gaussian 37.5 (12.5) Westgate et al. (1995)

Bottom following Yes

Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Reversals Gaussian 1 (0)

Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Probability of reversal 0.84

Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Reversal ascent dive rate 

(m/s) Gaussian 0.0 (0.0)

Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Reversal descent dive rate 

(m/s) Gaussian 0.0 (0.0)

Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Time in reversal (s) Gaussian 10.3 (13.9) Westgate et al. (1995)

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 31.6 (73.8) Otani et al. (1998)

Otani et al. (2000)

Bout duration (s) T50 = 600 (s), k = 1 

Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

General

Shore following (m) 10

Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Depth limit on seeding (m) 10 (minimum), 

200 (maximum) Osmek et al. (1996)

Approximated: Value based on the best fit for diving profile. Those values were unavailable from literature, but they 

were estimated to produce a diving profile similar to D-tag results, for example. 
Version 4.0 169

Table C-18. Harbor seal: Data values and references input in JASMINE to create diving 

behavior(number values represent means [standard deviations] unless otherwise indicated).

Behavior Variable Value Reference

Type 0 dive

Travel direction Correlated random walk Approximated

Perturbation value 10 Approximated

Termination coefficient 0.2 Approximated

Travel rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.37 (0.39) Lesage et al. (1999)

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.71 (0.46) Lesage et al. (1999)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.76 (0.47) Lesage et al. (1999)

Average depth (m) Gaussian 2 (1) Lesage et al. (1999)

Bottom following

Not implemented Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Reversals

Not implemented Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 10 (2) Lesage et al. (1999)

Bout duration (s) Gaussian 198 (1674)

Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Type 1 dive

Travel direction Correlated random walk Approximated

Perturbation value 10 Approximated

Termination coefficient 0.2 Approximated

Travel rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.48 (0.32) Lesage et al. (1999)

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.13 (0.16) Lesage et al. (1999)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.12 (0.19) Lesage et al. (1999)

Dive depth (m) Gaussian 76.51 (21.14) Approximated

(Folkow et al. 2004, Nordøy 

et al. 2008)

Bottom following Yes

Approximated

(Folkow et al. 2004, Nordøy 

et al. 2008)

Reversals Gaussian 5 (2)

Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)
Version 4.0 170

Behavior Variable Value Reference

Probability of reversal 0.08 Lesage et al. (1999)

Reversal ascent dive rate 

(m/s) Gaussian 1.13 (0.16)

Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Reversal descent dive rate 

(m/s) Gaussian 1.12 (0.19)

Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Time in reversal (s) Gaussian 5 (2)

Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 42.6 (23.5) Lesage et al. (1999)

Bout duration (s) Gaussian 654 (1314)

Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Type 2 dive

Travel direction Correlated random walk Approximated

Perturbation value 10 Approximated

Termination coefficient 0.2 Approximated

Travel rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.37 (0.39) Lesage et al. (1999)

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.61 (0.25) Lesage et al. (1999)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.66 (0.27) Lesage et al. (1999)

Average depth (m) Gaussian 12.2 (9.07) Lesage et al. (1999)

Bottom following

Not implemented Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Reversals

Not implemented Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 43.8 (60.7) Lesage et al. (1999)

Bout duration (s) Gaussian 138 (180)

Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Type 3 dive

Travel direction Correlated random walk Approximated

Perturbation value 10 Approximated

Termination coefficient 0.2 Approximated
Version 4.0 171

Behavior Variable Value Reference

Travel rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.89 (0.42) Lesage et al. (1999)

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.85 (0.23) Lesage et al. (1999)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.64 (0.25) Lesage et al. (1999)

Average depth (m) Gaussian 51.85 (21.56) Lesage et al. (1999)

Bottom following Yes

Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Reversals Gaussian 5 (2)

Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Probability of reversal 0.08 Lesage et al. (1999)

Reversal ascent dive rate 

(m/s) Gaussian 0.85 (0.23)

Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Reversal descent dive rate 

(m/s) Gaussian 0.64 (0.25)

Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Time in reversal (s) Gaussian 5 (1)

Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 40.2 (31.0) Lesage et al. (1999)

Bout duration (s) Gaussian 252 (306)

Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Type 4 dive

Travel direction Correlated random walk Approximated

Perturbation value 10 Approximated

Termination coefficient 0.2 Approximated

Travel rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.5 (0.32) Lesage et al. (1999)

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.38 (0.18) Lesage et al. (1999)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.76 (0.19) Lesage et al. (1999)

Average depth (m) Gaussian 27.27 (10.14) Lesage et al. (1999)

Bottom following Yes Lesage et al. (1999)
Version 4.0 172

Behavior Variable Value Reference

Reversals Gaussian 5 (2)

Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Probability of reversal 0.08 Lesage et al. (1999)

Reversal ascent dive rate 

(m/s) Gaussian 0.38 (0.18)

Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Reversal descent dive rate 

(m/s) Gaussian 0.76 (0.19)

Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Time in reversal (s) Gaussian 5 (1)

Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 38.6 (34.8) Lesage et al. (1999)

Bout duration Gaussian 306 (498)

Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Type 5 dive

Travel direction Correlated random walk Approximated

Perturbation value 10 Approximated

Termination coefficient 0.2 Approximated

Travel rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.21 (0.31) Lesage et al. (1999)

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.80 (0.34) Lesage et al. (1999)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.70 (0.17) Lesage et al. (1999)

Average depth (m) Gaussian 65.14 (31.07) Lesage et al. (1999)

Bottom following Not implemented Lesage et al. (1999)

Reversals Gaussian 5 (2)

Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Probability of reversal 0.08 Lesage et al. (1999)

Reversal ascent dive rate 

(m/s) Gaussian 0.80 (0.34) Lesage et al. (1999)

Reversal descent dive rate 

(m/s) Gaussian 0.70 (0.17) Lesage et al. (1999)
Version 4.0 173

Behavior Variable Value Reference

Time in reversal (s) Gaussian 5 (1)

Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 44.8 (31.9) Lesage et al. (1999)

Bout duration Gaussian 414 (1122)

Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

General

Shore following (m) 2.1

Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Depth limit on seeding (m) 2.1 (minimum), 

250 (maximum)

Lowry et al. (2001)

Gjertz et al. (2001)

Lander et al. (2002)

Approximated: Value based on the best fit for diving profile. Those values were unavailable from literature, but they 

were estimated to produce a diving profile similar to D-tag results, for example. 
Version 4.0 174

Table C-19. Harp seal: Data values and references input in JASMINE to create diving behavior 

(number values represent means [standard deviations] unless otherwise indicated).

Behavior Variable Value Reference

Dive

Travel direction Correlated random walk Approximated

Perturbation value 10 Approximated

Termination coefficient 0.2 Approximated

Travel rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.48 (0.32)

Harbor seal surrogate – Dive 

type 1

(Lesage et al. 1999)

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.85 (0.1) Folkow et al. (2004)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.85 (0.1) Folkow et al. (2004)

Dive depth (m) Gaussian 76.51 (21.14)

Approximated

(Folkow et al. 2004, Nordøy et 

al. 2008)

Bottom following Yes

Approximated

(Folkow et al. 2004, Nordøy et 

al. 2008)

Reversals Gaussian 5.0 (2.0)

Harbor seal surrogate – Dive 

type 1

(Lesage et al. 1999)

Probability of reversal 0.88

Harbor seal surrogate – Dive 

type 1

(Lesage et al. 1999)

Reversal ascent dive rate 

(m/s) Gaussian 0.85 (0.1) Folkow et al. (2004)

Reversal descent dive rate 

(m/s) Gaussian 0.85 (0.1) Folkow et al. (2004)

Time in reversal (s) Gaussian 5.0 (1.0)

Harbor seal surrogate – Dive 

type 1

(Lesage et al. 1999)

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 42.6 (23.5)

Harbor seal surrogate – Dive 

type 1

(Lesage et al. 1999)

General Shore following (m) 0 

Approximated

(harbor seal surrogate - 

Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)
Version 4.0 175

Behavior Variable Value Reference

Depth limit on seeding (m) 0.0 (minimum), 700.0 

(maximum)

Harbor seal surrogate – Lowry 

et al. (2001)

Gjertz et al. (2001)

Lander et al. (2002)

Approximated: Value based on the best fit for diving profile. Those values were unavailable from literature, but they 

were estimated to produce a diving profile similar to D-tag results, for example. 
Version 4.0 176

Table C-20. Humpback whale: Data values and references input in JASMINE to create diving 

behavior (number values represent means [standard deviations] unless otherwise indicated).

Behavior Variable Value Reference

Migrating

Travel direction Correlated random walk Approximated

Perturbation value 10 Approximated

Termination coefficient 0.2 Approximated

Travel rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.8 (0.25) Meynecke et al. (2013)

Murase et al. (2015)

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.9 (0.25) Dolphin (1987)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.7 (0.7) Dolphin (1987)

Dive depth (m) Gaussian 45 (10) Smith et al. (2012)

Bottom following Not implemented

Approximated

(based on figure in Dunlop et 

al. 2013)

Reversals Gaussian 7 (3) Alves et al. (2010)

Probability of reversal 1 

Approximated

(based on figure in Dunlop et 

al. 2013)

Reversal ascent dive rate 

(m/s) Gaussian 0.1 (0.1)

Approximated

(based on figure in Dunlop et 

al. 2013)

Reversal descent dive rate 

(m/s) Gaussian 0.1 (0.1)

Approximated

(based on figure in Dunlop et 

al. 2013)

Time in reversal (s) Gaussian 60 (15)

Approximated

(based on figure in Dunlop et 

al. 2013)

Surface interval (s) Gaussian, 60 (27) Dolphin (1987)

Bout Duration Sigmoidal T50 = 60, k = 7.0

Approximated based on 

(Goldbogen et al. 2008)

General

Shore following (m) 10 Approximated

(based on Smith et al. 2012)

Depth limit on seeding (m) 20 (minimum), 70 (maximum) Approximated

(based on Smith et al. 2012)
Version 4.0 177

Approximated: Value based on the best fit for diving profile. Those values were unavailable from literature, but they 

were estimated to produce a diving profile similar to D-tag results, for example. 

 
Version 4.0 178

Table C-21. Killer whale: Data values and references input in JASMINE to create diving 

behavior(number values represent means [standard deviations] unless otherwise indicated).

Behavior Variable Value Reference

Shallow

Travel direction Correlated random walk Approximated

Perturbation value 10 Approximated

Termination coefficient 0.2 Approximated

Travel rate (m/s) Gaussian 2.0 (1.61) Dahlheim and White (2010)

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.832 (1.448) Baird (1994)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.822 (1.51) Baird (1994)

Dive depth (m) Gaussian 8.0 (2.0) Miller et al. (2010)

Bottom following Not implemented Approximated

Reversals Not implemented Approximated

(Miller et al. 2010)

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 3.0 (2.0) Approximated

(Miller et al. 2010)

Bout duration (s)

Sigmoidal T50 = 300, k = 7: 

1900 – 0600 h

Sigmoidal T50 = 600, k = 7: 

0600 – 1900 h

Approximated

(Miller et al. 2010)

Deep

Travel direction Correlated random walk Approximated

Perturbation value 10 Approximated

Termination coefficient 0.2 Approximated

Travel rate (m/s) Gaussian 2.0 (1.61) Dahlheim and White (2010)

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.832 (1.448) Baird (1994)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.822 (1.51) Baird (1994)

Dive depth (m) Gaussian 40.0 (20.0) Baird (1994)

Bottom following Not implemented Approximated

Reversals Gaussian 3.5 (1.5) Approximated

(Miller et al. 2010)

Probability of reversal 1 Approximated

(Miller et al. 2010)

Reversal ascent dive rate 

(m/s) Gaussian 1.832 (1.448) Baird (1994)
Version 4.0 179

Behavior Variable Value Reference

Reversal descent dive rate 

(m/s) Gaussian 1.822 (1.51) Baird (1994)

Time in reversal (s) Gaussian 10.0 (1.0) Approximated

(Miller et al. 2010)

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 3.0 (2.0) Approximated

(Miller et al. 2010)

Bout duration (s)

Gaussian 300 (7): 1800 – 0600 

hr 

Gaussian 600 (7): 0600 – 1800 

h 

Approximated

(Miller et al. 2010)

General

Shore following (m) 100 Approximated

Depth limit on seeding (m) 100.0 (minimum), 6000.0 

(maximum) Approximated

Approximated: Value based on the best fit for diving profile. Those values were unavailable from literature, but they 

were estimated to produce a diving profile similar to D-tag results, for example. 
Version 4.0 180

Table C-22. Long-finned pilot whale: Data values and references input in JASMINE to create diving 

behavior (number values represent means [standard deviations] unless otherwise indicated).

Behavior Variable Value Reference

Deep – 

Night

Travel direction Correlated random walk Approximated

Perturbation value 10 Approximated

Termination coefficient 0.2 Approximated

Travel rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.3 (0.8) Bloch et al. (2003)

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 2.02 (0.68) Baird et al. (2002)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.75 (0.34) Baird et al. (2002)

Dive depth (m) Random 50.0 – 828.0 Heide-Jørgensen et al. (2002)

Bottom following Not implemented Approximated

(figure in Baird et al. 2002)

Reversals Gaussian 3.0 (1.0) Approximated

(figure in Baird et al. 2002)

Probability of reversal 0.8 Approximated

(figure in Baird et al. 2002)

Reversal ascent dive rate 

(m/s) Gaussian 0.02 (0.02) Approximated

(figure in Baird et al. 2002)

Reversal descent dive rate 

(m/s) Gaussian 0.02 (0.02) Approximated

(figure in Baird et al. 2002)

Time in reversal (s) Gaussian 50.0 (30.0) Approximated

(figure in Baird et al. 2002)

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 480.0 (30.0) Approximated (Baird et al. 

2002)

Bout duration (s) Gaussian 600 (300) Approximated

(figure in Baird et al. 2002)

Shallow – 

Day

Travel direction Random walk Approximated

Perturbation value 10 Approximated

Termination coefficient 0.2 Approximated

Travel rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.3 (0.8) Bloch et al. (2003)

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 2.02 (0.68) Baird et al. (2002)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.75 (0.34) Baird et al. (2002)

Dive depth (m) Gaussian 15.0 (3.0) Heide-Jørgensen et al. (2002)
Version 4.0 181

Behavior Variable Value Reference

Bottom following Not implemented Approximated

(figure in Baird et al. 2002)

Reversals Not implemented Approximated

(figure in Baird et al. 2002)

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 30.0 (30.0) Approximated

(figure in Baird et al. 2002)

Bout duration (s) Gaussian 3000 (600) Approximated

(figure in Baird et al. 2002)

General

Shore following (m) 100 Approximated

(Mate et al. 2005)

Depth limit on seeding (m) 100.0 (minimum), 3000.0 

(maximum)

Approximated

(Mate et al. 2005)

Approximated: Value based on the best fit for diving profile. Those values were unavailable from literature, but they 

were estimated to produce a diving profile similar to D-tag results, for example. 
Version 4.0 182

Table C-23. Melon-headed whale: Data values and references input in JASMINE to create diving 

behavior (number values represent means [standard deviations] unless otherwise indicated).

Behavior Variable Value Reference

Deep – 

Night

Travel direction Correlated random walk Approximated

Soury (1996)

Perturbation value 10 Approximated

Soury (1996)

Termination coefficient 0.2 Approximated

Soury (1996)

Travel rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.3 (0.8) (Bloch et al. 2003)

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 2.02 (0.68)

Approximated from longfinned pilot whales (Baird et 

al. 2002)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.75 (0.34)

Approximated from longfinned pilot whales (Baird et 

al. 2002)

Dive depth (m) Random 150.0 – 400.0 (Joyce et al. 2016)

Bottom following Not implemented Approximated

Reversals Gaussian 3.0 (1.0) Approximated

Probability of reversal 0.8 Approximated

Reversal ascent dive rate 

(m/s) Gaussian 0.02 (0.02) Approximated

Reversal descent dive rate 

(m/s) Gaussian 0.02 (0.02) Approximated

Time in reversal (s) Gaussian 50.0 (30.0) Approximated

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 480.0 (30.0)

Approximated from longfinned pilot whales (Baird et 

al. 2002)

Bout duration (s) Gaussian 600 (300) Approximated

Shallow – 

Day

Travel direction Correlated random walk Approximated

(Soury 1996)

Perturbation value 10 Approximated

(Soury 1996)

Termination coefficient 0.2 Approximated

(Soury 1996)
Version 4.0 183

Behavior Variable Value Reference

Travel rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.3 (0.8)

Approximated from longfinned pilot whales (Bloch et 

al. 2003)

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 2.02 (0.68)

Approximated from longfinned pilot whales (Baird et 

al. 2002)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.75 (0.34)

Approximated from longfinned pilot whales (Baird et 

al. 2002)

Dive depth (m) Gaussian 100.0 (15.0) (Joyce et al. 2016)

Bottom following Not implemented Approximated

Reversals Not implemented Approximated

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 30.0 (30.0) Approximated

Bout duration (s) Gaussian 3000 (600) Approximated

General

Shore following (m) 200 (Kaschner et al. 2016)

Depth limit on seeding (m) 200.0 (minimum), 11000.0 

(maximum) (Kaschner et al. 2016)

Approximated: Value based on the best fit for diving profile. Those values were unavailable from literature, but they 

were estimated to produce a diving profile similar to D-tag results, for example. 
Version 4.0 184

Table C-24. Mesoplodont beaked whales: Data values and references input in JASMINE to create 

diving behavior (number values represent means [standard deviations] unless otherwise 

indicated).

Behavior Variable Value Reference

Deep 

foraging 

dive

Travel direction Correlated random walk Approximated

Perturbation value 10 Approximated

Termination coefficient 0.2 Approximated

Travel rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.5 (0.5) (Baird et al. 2006b)

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.79 (0.13) Baird et al. (2006a), Tyack et 

al. (2006)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.45 (0.2) Baird et al. (2006a), Tyack et 

al. (2006)

Dive depth (m) Gaussian 835.0 (143.0) Tyack et al. (2006)

Bottom following Not implemented (Baird et al. 2006b)

Reversals Gaussian 20.0 (2.0) Tyack et al. (2006)

Probability of reversal 0.95 Approximated

Reversal ascent dive rate 

(m/s) Gaussian 0.8 (0.2) Madsen et al. (2005)

Reversal descent dive rate 

(m/s) Gaussian 0.8 (0.2) Madsen et al. (2005)

Time in reversal (s) Gaussian 40.0 (20.0) Tyack et al. (2006)

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 228.0 (276.0) Tyack et al. (2006)

Bout duration (s) Sigmoidal T50 = 1200.0, k = 

600.0 Tyack et al. (2006)

Shallow 

dive

Travel direction Correlated random walk Approximated

Perturbation value 10 Approximated

Termination coefficient 0.2 Approximated

Travel rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.5 (0.5) (Baird et al. 2006b)

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.35 (0.2) Baird et al. (2006a), Tyack et 

al. (2006)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.34 (0.2) Baird et al. (2006a), Tyack et 

al. (2006)

Dive depth (m) Gaussian 71.0 (52.0) Tyack et al. (2006)
Version 4.0 185

Behavior Variable Value Reference

Bottom following Not implemented Approximated

Reversals Not implemented Approximated

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 228.0 (276.0) Tyack et al. (2006)

Bout duration (s) Gaussian 3780.0 (1860.0) Tyack et al. (2006)

General

Shore following (m) 633 Waring et al. (2001), Baird et 

al. (2006b)

Depth limit on seeding (m) 633.0 (minimum), 100000.0 

(maximum)

Waring et al. (2001), Baird et 

al. (2006b)

Approximated: Value based on the best fit for diving profile. Those values were unavailable from literature, but they 

were estimated to produce a diving profile similar to D-tag results, for example. 
Version 4.0 186

Table C-25. Minke whale: Data values and references input in JASMINE to create diving behavior 

(number values represent means [standard deviations] unless otherwise indicated).

Behavior Variable Value Reference

Feeding 

dive

Travel direction Correlated random walk Approximated

Perturbation value 10 Approximated

Termination coefficient 0.2 Approximated

Travel rate (m/s) Gaussian 3.25 (0.3) Approximated

(Blix and Folkow 1995)

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 2.1 (0.3)

Approximated

(fin whale - Goldbogen et al. 

2011)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 3 (0.2)

Approximated

(fin whale - Goldbogen et al. 

2011)

Dive depth (m) Gaussian 35 (20)

Approximated

(based on figure in Blix and 

Folkow 1995)

Bottom following Not implemented Approximated

(Blix and Folkow 1995)

Reversals Gaussian 3.1 (1.1)

Approximated

(fin whale - Croll et al. 2001, 

Goldbogen et al. 2006)

Probability of reversal 0.95 Approximated

(Blix and Folkow 1995)

Reversal ascent dive rate 

(m/s) Gaussian 1.7 (0.4) Fin whale–Croll et al. (2001)

Reversal descent dive rate 

(m/s) Gaussian 1.4 (0.5) Fin whale–Croll et al. (2001)

Time in reversal (s) Gaussian 13.7 (2.8) Fin whale–Croll et al. (2001)

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 66.1 (96.7) Stockin et al. (2001)

Bout duration (s) Gaussian 1500 (500)

Approximated

(based on figure in Blix and 

Folkow 1995)

Cruising 

dive

Travel direction Correlated random walk Approximated

Perturbation value 10 Approximated
Version 4.0 187

Behavior Variable Value Reference

Termination coefficient 0.2 Approximated

Travel rate (m/s) Gaussian 3.25 (0.3) Approximated

(Blix and Folkow 1995)

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.7 (0.4)

Approximated

(fin whale - Goldbogen et al. 

2011)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 2.0 (0.2)

Approximated

(fin whale - Goldbogen et al. 

2011)

Dive depth (m) Gaussian 15 (10)

Approximated

(based on figure in Blix and 

Folkow 1995)

Bottom following Not implemented

Approximated

(based on figure in Blix and 

Folkow 1995)

Reversals Not implemented

Approximated

(based on figure in Blix and 

Folkow 1995)

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 66.1 (96.7) Stockin et al. (2001)

Bout duration (s) Gaussian 1000 (600)

Approximated

(based on figure in Blix and 

Folkow 1995)

Sleeping

Travel direction Correlated random walk Approximated

Perturbation value 10 Approximated

Termination coefficient 0.2 Approximated

Travel rate (m/s) Gaussian 3.25 (0.3) Approximated

(Blix and Folkow 1995)

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.7 (0.4)

Approximated

(fin whale - Goldbogen et al. 

2011)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 2.0 (0.2)

Approximated

(fin whale - Goldbogen et al. 

2011)
Version 4.0 188

Behavior Variable Value Reference

Dive depth (m) Gaussian 10 (5)

Approximated

(based on figure in Blix and 

Folkow 1995)

Bottom following Not implemented

Approximated

(based on figure in Blix and 

Folkow 1995)

Reversals Not implemented

Approximated

(based on figure in Blix and 

Folkow 1995)

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 66.1 (96.7) Stockin et al. (2001)

Bout duration (s) Gaussian 2000 (400)

Approximated

(based on figure in Blix and 

Folkow 1995)

Unknown

Travel direction Correlated random walk Approximated

Perturbation value 10 Approximated

Termination coefficient 0.2 Approximated

Travel rate (m/s) Gaussian 3.25 (0.3) Approximated

(Blix and Folkow 1995)

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.7 (0.4)

Approximated

(fin whale - Goldbogen et al. 

2011)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 2.0 (0.2)

Approximated

(fin whale - Goldbogen et al. 

2011)

Dive depth (m) Gaussian 20 (10)

Approximated

(based on figure in Blix and 

Folkow 1995)

Bottom following Not implemented

Approximated

(based on figure in Blix and 

Folkow 1995)

Reversals Not implemented

Approximated

(based on figure in Blix and 

Folkow 1995)

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 66.1 (96.7) Stockin et al. (2001)
Version 4.0 189

Behavior Variable Value Reference

Bout duration (s) Gaussian 1500 (500)

Approximated

(based on figure in Blix and 

Folkow 1995)

General

Shore following (m) 80 Approximated

(Hooker et al. 1999)

Depth limit on seeding (m) 80 (minimum), 200 (maximum) Hooker et al. (1999)

Approximated: Value based on the best fit for diving profile. Those values were unavailable from literature, but they 

were estimated to produce a diving profile similar to D-tag results, for example. 
Version 4.0 190

Table C-26. North Atlantic right whale: Data values and references input in JASMINE to create 

diving behavior (number values represent means [standard deviations] unless otherwise 

indicated).

Behavior Variable Value Reference

Foraging 

dive

Travel direction Correlated random walk Approximated

Perturbation value 10 Approximated

Termination coefficient 0.2 Approximated

Travel rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.47 (0.26) Baumgartner and Mate 

(2003)

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.47 (0.26) Baumgartner and Mate 

(2003)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.4 (0.3) Baumgartner and Mate 

(2003)

Dive depth (m) Gaussian 121.2 (24.2) Baumgartner and Mate 

(2003)

Bottom following Not implemented

Approximated

(based on figure in 

Baumgartner and Mate 2003)

Reversals Gaussian 1.0 (0)

Approximated

(based on figure in 

Baumgartner and Mate 2003)

Probability of reversal 1.0

Approximated

(based on figure in 

Baumgartner and Mate 2003)

Reversal ascent dive rate 

(m/s) Gaussian 0.01 (0.01)

Approximated

(based on figure in 

Baumgartner and Mate 2003)

Reversal descent dive rate 

(m/s) Gaussian 0.01 (0.01)

Approximated

(based on figure in 

Baumgartner and Mate 2003)

Time in reversal (s) Gaussian 420.0 (60)

Approximated

(based on figure in 

Baumgartner and Mate 2003)

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 187.8 (59.4) Baumgartner and Mate 

(2003)

Bout duration (s) Gaussian 3600 (600)

Approximated

(based on figure in 

Baumgartner and Mate 2003)
Version 4.0 191

Behavior Variable Value Reference

V-shape

Travel direction Correlated random walk Approximated

Perturbation value 10 Approximated

Termination coefficient 0.2 Approximated

Travel rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.47 (0.26) Baumgartner and Mate 

(2003)

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.47 (0.26) Baumgartner and Mate 

(2003)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.4 (0.3) Baumgartner and Mate 

(2003)

Dive depth (m) Gaussian 121.2 (24.2) Baumgartner and Mate 

(2003)

Bottom following Not implemented

Approximated

(based on figure in 

Baumgartner and Mate 2003)

Reversals Not implemented

Approximated

(based on figure in 

Baumgartner and Mate 2003)

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 440 (120) Baumgartner and Mate 

(2003)

Bout duration (s) Gaussian 1800 (600)

Approximated

(based on figure in 

Baumgartner and Mate 2003)

Other

Travel direction Correlated random walk

Approximated

(based on fin whale - 

Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Perturbation value 10

Approximated

(based on fin whale - 

Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Termination coefficient 0.2

Approximated

(based on fin whale - 

Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Travel rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.47 (0.26) Baumgartner and Mate 

(2003)
Version 4.0 192

Behavior Variable Value Reference

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.47 (0.26) Baumgartner and Mate 

(2003)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.4 (0.3) Baumgartner and Mate 

(2003)

Average depth (m) Gaussian 121.2 (24.2) Baumgartner and Mate 

(2003)

Bottom following Not implemented

Approximated

(based on figure in 

Baumgartner and Mate 2003)

Reversals Random 1.0–10

Approximated

(based on figure in 

Baumgartner and Mate 2003)

Probability of reversal 0.3

Approximated

(based on figure in 

Baumgartner and Mate 2003)

Reversal ascent dive rate 

(m/s) Gaussian 0.08 (0.05)

Approximated

(based on figure in 

Baumgartner and Mate 2003)

Reversal descent dive rate 

(m/s) Gaussian 0.01 (0.01)

Approximated

(based on figure in 

Baumgartner and Mate 2003)

Time in reversal (s) Gaussian 200 (60)

Approximated

(based on figure in 

Baumgartner and Mate 2003)

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 440 (120)

Approximated

(based on figure in 

Baumgartner and Mate 2003)

Bout duration (s) Gaussian 1200 (600)

Approximated

(based on figure in 

Baumgartner and Mate 2003)

General

Shore following (m) 30

Approximated

(based on Baumgartner and 

Mate 2003)

Depth limit on seeding (m) 30 (minimum), 200 (maximum) Baumgartner and Mate 

(2005)

Approximated: Value based on the best fit for diving profile. Those values were unavailable from literature, but they 

were estimated to produce a diving profile similar to D-tag results, for example. 
Version 4.0 193

Table C-27. Pantropical spotted dolphin: Data values and references input in JASMINE to create 

diving behavior (number values represent means [standard deviations] unless otherwise 

indicated).

Behavior Variable Value Reference

Day

Travel direction Correlated random walk Approximated

Perturbation value 10 Approximated

Termination coefficient 0.2 Approximated

Travel rate (m/s) Gaussian 2.39 (1.22) Scott and Chivers (2009)

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.42 (0.24) Scott and Chivers (2009)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.58 (0.34) Scott and Chivers (2009)

Dive depth (m) Gaussian 22.1 (15.71) Scott and Chivers (2009)

Bottom following Yes Approximated

Reversals Not implemented Approximated

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 68.4 (304.8) Scott and Chivers (2009)

Bout duration (s) Sigmoidal T50 = 3600, k = 7 Approximated

Night

Travel direction Correlated random walk Approximated

Perturbation value 10 Approximated

Termination coefficient 0.2 Approximated

Travel rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.83 (1.54) Scott and Chivers (2009)

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.74 (0.41) Scott and Chivers (2009)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.93 (0.54) Scott and Chivers (2009)

Dive depth (m) Gaussian 24.0 (27.1) Scott and Chivers (2009)

Bottom following Not implemented Approximated

Reversals Gaussian 3.0 (1.0) Approximated

Probability of reversal 0.5 Approximated

Reversal ascent dive rate 

(m/s) Gaussian 0.74 (0.41) Scott and Chivers (2009)

Reversal descent dive rate 

(m/s) Gaussian 0.93 (0.54) Scott and Chivers (2009)

Time in reversal (s) Gaussian 39.0 (55.2) Approximated

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 49.8 (108.6) Scott and Chivers (2009)

Bout duration (s) Sigmoidal T50 = 3600, k = 7 Approximated
Version 4.0 194

Behavior Variable Value Reference

General

Shore following (m) 200 Herzing and Elliser (2016)

Depth limit on seeding (m) 200.0 (minimum), 100000.0 

(maximum) Approximated

Approximated: Value based on the best fit for diving profile. Those values were unavailable from literature, but they 

were estimated to produce a diving profile similar to D-tag results, for example. 
Version 4.0 195

Table C-28. Pygmy killer whale: Data values and references input in JASMINE to create diving 

behavior (number values represent means [standard deviations] unless otherwise indicated).

Behavior Variable Value Reference

Deep –

Night

Travel direction Correlated random walk Approximated

Perturbation value 10 Approximated

Termination coefficient 0.2 Approximated

Travel rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.3 (0.8) (Bloch et al. 2003)

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 2.02 (0.68)

Approximated from longfinned pilot whales (Baird et 

al. 2002)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.75 (0.34)

Approximated from longfinned pilot whales (Baird et 

al. 2002)

Dive depth (m) Random 150.0 – 400.0 (Joyce et al. 2016)

Bottom following Not implemented Approximated

Reversals Gaussian 3.0 (1.0) Approximated

Probability of reversal 0.8 Approximated

Reversal ascent dive rate 

(m/s) Gaussian 0.02 (0.02) Approximated

Reversal descent dive rate 

(m/s) Gaussian 0.02 (0.02) Approximated

Time in reversal (s) Gaussian 50.0 (30.0) Approximated

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 480.0 (30.0)

Approximated from longfinned pilot whales (Baird et 

al. 2002)

Bout duration (s) Gaussian 600 (300) Approximated

Shallow –

Day

Travel direction Correlated random walk Approximated

(Soury 1996)

Perturbation value 10 Approximated

(Soury 1996)

Termination coefficient 0.2 Approximated

(Soury 1996)

Travel rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.3 (0.8)

Approximated from longfinned pilot whales (Bloch et 

al. 2003)
Version 4.0 196

Behavior Variable Value Reference

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 2.02 (0.68)

Approximated from longfinned pilot whales (Baird et 

al. 2002)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.75 (0.34)

Approximated from longfinned pilot whales (Baird et 

al. 2002)

Dive depth (m) Gaussian 100.0 (15.0) (Joyce et al. 2016)

Bottom following Not implemented Approximated

Reversals Not implemented Approximated

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 30.0 (30.0) Approximated

Bout duration (s) Gaussian 3000 (600) Approximated

General

Shore following (m) 200 (Kaschner et al. 2016)

Depth limit on seeding (m) 200.0 (minimum), 11000.0 

(maximum) (Kaschner et al. 2016)

Approximated: Value based on the best fit for diving profile. Those values were unavailable from literature, but they 

were estimated to produce a diving profile similar to D-tag results, for example. 
Version 4.0 197

Table C-29. Pygmy sperm whale: Data values and references input in JASMINE to create diving 

behavior (number values represent means [standard deviations] unless otherwise indicated).

Behavior Variable Value Reference

Dive – Day

Travel direction Correlated random walk Approximated

Perturbation value 10 Approximated

Termination coefficient 0.2 Approximated

Travel rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.54 (0.607) Scott et al. (2001)

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 2.2 (0.2) Aguilar Soto et al. (2009)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 2.0 (0.2) Aguilar Soto et al. (2009)

Dive depth (m) Gaussian 30.0 (20.0) Wells et al. (2013)

Bottom following Yes Approximated

Reversals Not implemented Approximated

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 165.0 (69.0) Sakai et al. (2011)

Bout duration (s) Gaussian 480 (60) Approximated

General

Shore following (m) 10 Approximated

Depth limit on seeding (m) 10.0 (minimum), 950.0 

(maximum) Approximated

Approximated: Value based on the best fit for diving profile. Those values were unavailable from literature, but they 

were estimated to produce a diving profile similar to D-tag results, for example. 
Version 4.0 198

Table C-30. Risso’s dolphin: Data values and references input in JASMINE to create diving 

behavior(number values represent means [standard deviations] unless otherwise indicated).

Behavior Variable Value Reference

Shallow 

dive

Travel direction Correlated random walk Approximated

Perturbation value 10 Approximated

Termination coefficient 2 Approximated

Travel rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.997 (1.058) Wells et al. (2009)

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.42 (0.24) Spotted dolphin value

(Scott and Chivers 2009)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.58 (0.34) Spotted dolphin value

(Scott and Chivers 2009)

Average depth (m) Gaussian 8.0 (20.0) Wells et al. (2009)

Bottom following Not implemented

Approximated spotted 

dolphin value

(Scott and Chivers 2009)

Reversals Not implemented Approximated

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 11.0 (4.0) Bearzi et al. (2011)

Bout duration (s) T50 = 3600 (s), k = 7 

Approximated spotted 

dolphin value

(Scott and Chivers 2009)

Deep dive

Travel direction Correlated random walk Approximated

Perturbation value 10 Approximated

Termination coefficient 2 Approximated

Travel rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.997 (1.058) Wells et al. (2009)

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.74 (0.41) Spotted dolphin value

(Scott and Chivers 2009)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.93 (0.54) Spotted dolphin value

(Scott and Chivers 2009)

Average depth (m) Random 20–500 Wells et al. (2009)
Version 4.0 199

Behavior Variable Value Reference

Bottom following Not implemented

Approximated spotted 

dolphin value

(Scott and Chivers 2009)

Reversals Not implemented

Approximated spotted 

dolphin value

(Scott and Chivers 2009)

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 11.0 (4.0) Bearzi et al. (2011)

Bout duration (s) T50 = 3600 (s), k = 7 

Approximated spotted 

dolphin value

(Scott and Chivers 2009)

General

Shore following (m) 2 Approximated

(Wells et al. 2009)

Depth limit on seeding (m) 2 (minimum), 500 (maximum) Approximated

(Wells et al. 2009)

Approximated: Value based on the best fit for diving profile. Those values were unavailable from literature, but they 

were estimated to produce a diving profile similar to D-tag results, for example. 
Version 4.0 200

Table C-31. Rough-toothed dolphin: Data values and references input in JASMINE to create diving 

behavior (number values represent means [standard deviations] unless otherwise indicated).

Behavior Variable Value Reference

Travel

Travel direction Correlated random walk Approximated

Perturbation value 10 Approximated

Termination coefficient 0.2 Approximated

Travel rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.25 (0.5) Ritter (2002)

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.42 (0.24) Approximated (pantropical 

spotted dolphin)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.58 (0.34) Approximated (pantropical 

spotted dolphin)

Dive depth (m) Gaussian 6.0 (4.0) Wells et al. (2008)

Bottom following Not implemented Approximated

Reversals Not implemented Approximated

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 68.4 (304.8) Approximated (pantropical 

spotted dolphin)

Bout duration (s) Gaussian 30 (60) Approximated

Shallow – 

Day

Travel direction Correlated random walk Approximated

Perturbation value 10 Approximated

Termination coefficient 0.2 Approximated

Travel rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.25 (0.5) Ritter (2002)

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.42 (0.24) Approximated (pantropical 

spotted dolphin)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.58 (0.34) Approximated (pantropical 

spotted dolphin)

Dive depth (m) Gaussian 6.0 (4.0) Wells et al. (2008)

Bottom following Not implemented Approximated

Reversals Not implemented Approximated

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 49.8 (108.6) Wells and Gannon (2005)

Bout duration (s) Gaussian 60 (30): 1800 – 0600 h

Gaussian 120 (30): 0600 – 1800 h Approximated

General Shore following (m) 2 Wells et al. (2008)
Version 4.0 201

Behavior Variable Value Reference

Depth limit on seeding (m) 2.0 (minimum), 10000.0 

(maximum) Approximated

Approximated: Value based on the best fit for diving profile. Those values were unavailable from literature, but they 

were estimated to produce a diving profile similar to D-tag results, for example. 
Version 4.0 202

Table C-32. Sea otter: Data values and references input in JASMINE to create diving behavior 

(number values represent means [standard deviations] unless otherwise indicated).

Behavior Variable Value Reference

Forage

Travel direction Correlated random walk Approximated

Perturbation value 10 Houser (2006)

Termination coefficient 0.2 Houser (2006)

Travel rate (m/s) Random 0.4 – 0.6 Approximated,

based on Bodkin et al. (2004)

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.41 (0.04) Bodkin et al. (2004)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.38 (0.02) Bodkin et al. (2004)

Dive depth (m) Gaussian 18.9 (4.6) Bodkin et al. (2004)

Bottom following Not implemented Not implemented

Reversals Not implemented Approximated (bottom 

feeders)

Surface interval (s) Random 36.1 – 117.0 Tinker et al. (2008)

Bodkin et al. (2004)

Bout duration (s)

Gaussian 100 (1): 1800 – 0600 h

Gaussian 3300 (90): 0600 – 

1800 h

Approximated,

(Laidre and Jameson 2006)

Travel

Travel direction Correlated random walk Approximated

Perturbation value 10 Houser (2006)

Termination coefficient 0.2 Houser (2006)

Travel rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.4 (0.3) Approximated,

based on (Bodkin et al. 2004)

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.41 (0.04) Bodkin et al. (2004)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.38 (0.02) Bodkin et al. (2004)

Dive depth (m) Gaussian 2.7 (0.2) Bodkin et al. (2004)

Bottom following Not implemented Bodkin et al. (2004)

Reversals Not implemented Bodkin et al. (2004)

Surface interval (s) Random 43.0 – 53.0 Bodkin et al. (2004)

Bout duration (s)

Gaussian 100 (1): 1800 – 0600 h

Gaussian 600 (120): 0600 – 

1800 h

Approximated
Version 4.0 203

Behavior Variable Value Reference

Resting

Travel direction Correlated random walk Approximated

Perturbation value 10 Houser (2006)

Termination coefficient 0.2 Houser (2006)

Travel rate (m/s) Random 0.0 – 0.0 Approximated

Ascent rate (m/s) Random 0.0 – 0.0 Approximated

Descent rate (m/s) Random 0.0 – 0.0 Approximated

Dive depth (m) Random 0.0 – 0.0 Approximated

Reversals Not implemented Approximated

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 21600.0 (0.0) Approximated

Bout duration (s) Gaussian 100 (1) Approximated

General

Shore following (m) 2 Bodkin et al. (2004)

Depth limit on seeding (m) 2.0 (minimum), 30.0 

(maximum) Bodkin et al. (2004)

Approximated: Value based on the best fit for diving profile. Those values were unavailable from literature, but they 

were estimated to produce a diving profile similar to D-tag results, for example. 
Version 4.0 204

Table C-33. Short-finned pilot whale: Data values and references input in JASMINE to create 

diving behavior (number values represent means [standard deviations] unless otherwise 

indicated).

Behavior Variable Value Reference

Shallow

Travel direction Random walk Approximated

Baird et al. (2003)

Termination coefficient 0.2 Approximated

Baird et al. (2003)

Travel rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.875 (0.572) Wells et al. (2013)

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 2.2 (0.2) Aguilar Soto et al. (2009)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 2.0 (0.2) Aguilar Soto et al. (2009)

Dive depth (m) Gaussian 30.0 (20.0) Wells et al. (2013)

Bottom following Not implemented Wells et al. (2013)

Reversals Not implemented Aguilar Soto et al. (2009)

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 165.0 (69.0) Sakai et al. (2011)

Bout duration (s) Gaussian 3600 (420) Approximated

Baird et al. (2003)

Deep

Travel direction Random walk Approximated

Baird et al. (2003)

Termination coefficient 0.2 Approximated

Baird et al. (2003)

Travel rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.875 (0.572) Wells et al. (2013)

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 3.2 (0.4)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 3.0 (0.4) Aguilar Soto et al. (2009)

Dive depth (m) Gaussian 300.0 (100.0) Wells et al. (2013)

Bottom following Not implemented Wells et al. (2013)

Reversals Not implemented Aguilar Soto et al. (2009)

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 165.0 (69.0) Sakai et al. (2011)

Bout duration (s) Gaussian 3600 (420) Approximated

Baird et al. (2003)

General Shore following (m) 10 Approximated

Baird et al. (2003)
Version 4.0 205

Behavior Variable Value Reference

Depth limit on seeding (m) 14.0 (minimum), 100000.0 

(maximum)

Approximated

Baird et al. (2003)

Approximated: Value based on the best fit for diving profile. Those values were unavailable from literature, but they 

were estimated to produce a diving profile similar to D-tag results, for example. 
Version 4.0 206

Table C-34. Short-beaked common dolphin: Data values and references input in JASMINE to 

create diving behavior (number values represent means [standard deviations] unless otherwise 

indicated).

Behavior Variable Value Reference

Day

Travel direction Correlated random walk Approximated

Perturbation value 10 Approximated

Termination coefficient 0.2 Approximated

Travel rate (m/s) Gaussian 3.035 (1.22) Au and Perryman (1982)

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.6 (0.368) Minamikawa et al. (2003)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.538 (0.343) Minamikawa et al. (2003)

Dive depth (m) Gaussian 22.6 (17.5) Minamikawa et al. (2003)

Bottom following Not implemented Approximated

Reversals Not implemented Approximated

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 55.7 (32.1) Minamikawa et al. (2003)

Bout duration (s) Sigmoidal T50 = 3600, k = 7

Approximated spotted 

dolphin value

(Scott and Chivers 2009)

Night

Travel direction Correlated random walk Approximated

Perturbation value 10 Approximated

Termination coefficient 0.2 Approximated

Travel rate (m/s) Gaussian 3.035 (1.22) Au and Perryman (1982)

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.542 (0.709) Minamikawa et al. (2003)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.463 (0.668) Minamikawa et al. (2003)

Dive depth (m) Gaussian 126.7 (120.9) Minamikawa et al. (2003)

Bottom following Not implemented Approximated

Reversals Gaussian 3.0 (2.0)

Approximated spotted 

dolphin value

(Scott and Chivers 2009)

Probability of reversal 0.5

Approximated spotted 

dolphin value

(Scott and Chivers 2009)

Reversal ascent dive rate 

(m/s) Gaussian 1.542 (0.709) Minamikawa et al. (2003)
Version 4.0 207

Behavior Variable Value Reference

Reversal descent dive rate 

(m/s) Gaussian 1.463 (0.668) Minamikawa et al. (2003)

Time in reversal (s) Gaussian 39.0 (55.2)

Approximated spotted 

dolphin value

(Scott and Chivers 2009)

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 65.8 (32.0) Minamikawa et al. (2003)

Bout duration (s) Sigmoidal T50 = 3600, k = 7

Approximated spotted 

dolphin value

(Scott and Chivers 2009)

General

Shore following (m) 200

Approximated spotted 

dolphin value

(Scott and Chivers 2009)

Depth limit on seeding (m) 200.0 (minimum), 8000.0 

(maximum)

Approximated spotted 

dolphin value

(Scott and Chivers 2009)

Approximated: Value based on the best fit for diving profile. Those values were unavailable from literature, but they 

were estimated to produce a diving profile similar to D-tag results, for example. 
Version 4.0 208

Table C-35. Sperm whale: Data values and references input in JASMINE to create diving behavior 

(number values represent means [standard deviations] unless otherwise indicated).

Behavior Variable Value Reference

Deep 

foraging 

dive

Travel direction Correlated random walk Approximated

Perturbation value 10 Approximated

Termination coefficient 0.2 Approximated

Travel rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.88 (0.27) Miller et al. (2004)

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.3 (0.2) Watwood et al. (2006)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.1 (0.2) Watwood et al. (2006)

Average depth (m) Gaussian 546.9 (130) Watwood et al. (2006)

Bottom following Not implemented

Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Reversals Gaussian 8.2 (4.2) Aoki et al. (2007)

Probability of reversal 1 

Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Reversal ascent dive rate 

(m/s) 1.8 (0.5) Aoki et al. (2007)

Reversal descent dive rate 

(m/s) 1.8 (0.5) Aoki et al. (2007)

Time in reversal (s) Gaussian 141 (82.7) Aoki et al. (2007)

Amano and Yoshioka (2003)

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 540.0 (180.0) Watwood et al. (2006)

Bout duration (s) Gaussian 42012 (20820)

Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

V Dive

Travel direction Correlated random walk Approximated

Perturbation value 10 Approximated

Termination coefficient 0.2 Approximated

Travel rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.88 (0.27) Miller et al. (2004)

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.67 (0.43) Amano and Yoshioka (2003)
Version 4.0 209

Behavior Variable Value Reference

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.85 (0.05) Amano and Yoshioka (2003)

Average depth (m) Gaussian 282.7 (69.9) Amano and Yoshioka (2003)

Bottom following Not implemented

Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Reversals Not implemented

Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 408 (114)

Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Bout duration (s) Gaussian 2286 (384)

Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Inactive 

bottom 

time

Travel direction Correlated random walk Approximated

Perturbation value 10 Approximated

Termination coefficient 0.2 Approximated

Travel rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.88 (0.27) Miller et al. (2004)

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.13 (0.07) Amano and Yoshioka (2003)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.4 (0.13) Amano and Yoshioka (2003)

Dive depth (m) Gaussian 492.0 (74.6) Amano and Yoshioka (2003)

Bottom following Not implemented

Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Reversals Gaussian 1 (0)

Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Probability of reversal 1 

Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Reversal ascent dive rate 

(m/s) 0.1 (0.1)

Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)
Version 4.0 210

Behavior Variable Value Reference

Reversal descent dive rate 

(m/s) 0.1 (0.1)

Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Time in reversal (s) Gaussian 1188 (174.6) Amano and Yoshioka (2003)

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 546 (351) Watwood et al. (2006)

Bout duration (s) Gaussian 6192 (4518)

Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Surface 

active

Travel direction Correlated random walk Approximated

Perturbation value 10 Approximated

Termination coefficient 0.2 Approximated

Travel rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.88 (0.27) Miller et al. (2004)

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.67 (0.43) Amano and Yoshioka (2003)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.85 (0.05) Amano and Yoshioka (2003)

Average depth (m) Gaussian 25 (25) Amano and Yoshioka (2003)

Bottom following Not implemented

Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Reversals Not implemented

Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 408 (114) Amano and Yoshioka (2003)

Bout duration (s) Gaussian 3744 (2370)

Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Surface 

inactive–

head up

Travel direction Correlated random walk Approximated

Perturbation value 10 Approximated

Termination coefficient 0.2 Approximated

Travel rate (m/s) Gaussian 0 (0)

Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)
Version 4.0 211

Behavior Variable Value Reference

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.0 (0.0)

Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.1 (0.1) Miller et al. (2008)

Dive depth (m) Gaussian 8.6 (4.8) Miller et al. (2008)

Bottom following Not implemented

Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Reversals Gaussian 1 (0)

Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Probability of reversal 1 

Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Reversal ascent dive rate 

(m/s) 0 (0) Miller et al. (2008)

Reversal descent dive rate 

(m/s) 0 (0) Miller et al. (2008)

Time in reversal (s) Gaussian 708 (522) Miller et al. (2008)

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 462 (360) Miller et al. (2008)

Bout duration T50 = 486 (s), k = 0.9

Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Surface 

inactive–

head down

Travel direction Correlated random walk Approximated

Perturbation value 10 Approximated

Termination coefficient 0.2 Approximated

Travel rate (m/s) Gaussian 0 (0)

Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.0 (0.0)

Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)
Version 4.0 212

Behavior Variable Value Reference

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.0 (0.0)

Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Dive depth (m) Gaussian 16.5 (4.9) Miller et al. (2008)

Bottom following Not implemented

Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Reversals Gaussian 1 (0)

Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Probability of reversal 1 

Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

Reversal ascent dive rate 

(m/s) 0 (0) Miller et al. (2008)

Reversal descent dive rate 

(m/s) 0 (0) Miller et al. (2008)

Time in reversal (s) Gaussian 804 (522) Miller et al. (2008)

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 462 (360) Miller et al. (2008)

Bout duration T50 = 486 (s), k = 0.9

Approximated

(Watwood and Buonantony 

2012)

General

Shore following (m) 1000 Herzing and Elliser (2016)

Depth limit on seeding (m) 1000.0 (minimum), 8000.0 

(maximum) Herzing and Elliser (2016)

Approximated: Value based on the best fit for diving profile. Those values were not available from literature but 

were estimated producing a diving profile similar to D-tag results for example.
Version 4.0 213

Table C-36. Spinner dolphin: Data values and references input in JASMINE to create diving 

behavior (number values represent means [standard deviations] unless otherwise indicated).

Behavior Variable Value Reference

Day

Travel direction Correlated random walk Approximated

Perturbation value 10 Approximated

Termination coefficient 0.2 Approximated

Travel rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.72 (0.83) Würsig et al. (1994)

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.42 (0.24) Scott and Chivers (2009)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.58 (0.34) Scott and Chivers (2009)

Dive depth (m) Gaussian 22.1 (15.71) Scott and Chivers (2009)

Bottom following Yes Approximated

Reversals Not implemented Approximated

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 68.4 (304.8) Scott and Chivers (2009)

Bout duration (s) Sigmoidal T50 = 3600, k = 7 Approximated

Night

Travel direction Random walk Approximated

Termination coefficient 0.2 Approximated

Travel rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.875 (0.572) Würsig et al. (1994)

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 3.2 (0.4) Scott and Chivers (2009)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 3.0 (0.4) Scott and Chivers (2009)

Dive depth (m) Gaussian 300.0 (100.0) Scott and Chivers (2009)

Bottom following Not implemented Approximated

Reversals Not implemented Approximated

Probability of reversal 0.5 Approximated

Reversal ascent dive rate 

(m/s) Gaussian 0.74 (0.41) Scott and Chivers (2009)

Reversal descent dive rate 

(m/s) Gaussian 0.93 (0.54) Scott and Chivers (2009)

Time in reversal (s) Gaussian 39.0 (55.2) Approximated

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 49.8 (108.6) Scott and Chivers (2009)

Bout duration (s) Sigmoidal T50 = 3600, k = 7 Approximated
Version 4.0 214

Behavior Variable Value Reference

General

Shore following (m) 200 Herzing and Elliser (2016)

Depth limit on seeding (m) 200.0 (minimum), 100000.0 

(maximum) Approximated

Approximated: Value based on the best fit for diving profile. Those values were unavailable from literature, but they 

were estimated to produce a diving profile similar to D-tag results, for example. 
Version 4.0 215

Table C-37. Striped dolphin: Data values and references input in JASMINE to create diving 

behavior (number values represent means [standard deviations] unless otherwise indicated).

Behavior Variable Value Reference

Day

Travel direction Correlated random walk Approximated

Perturbation value 10 Approximated

Termination coefficient 0.2 Approximated

Travel rate (m/s) Gaussian 3.035 (1.22) Au and Perryman (1982)

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.6 (0.368) Minamikawa et al. (2003)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.538 (0.343) Minamikawa et al. (2003)

Dive depth (m) Gaussian 22.6 (17.5) Minamikawa et al. (2003)

Bottom following Not implemented Approximated

Reversals Not implemented Approximated

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 55.7 (32.1) Minamikawa et al. (2003)

Bout duration (s) Sigmoidal T50 = 3600, k = 7 Approximated

Night

Travel direction Correlated random walk Approximated

Perturbation value 10 Approximated

Termination coefficient 0.2 Approximated

Travel rate (m/s) Gaussian 3.03 (1.22) Au and Perryman (1982)

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.542 (0.709) Minamikawa et al. (2003)

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 1.463 (0.668) Minamikawa et al. (2003)

Dive depth (m) Gaussian 126.7 (120.9) Minamikawa et al. (2003)

Bottom following Not implemented Approximated

Reversals Gaussian 3.0 (2.0) Approximated

Probability of reversal 0.5 Approximated

Reversal ascent dive rate 

(m/s) Gaussian 1.542 (0.709) Approximated

Reversal descent dive rate 

(m/s) Gaussian 1.463 (0.668) Minamikawa et al. (2003)

Time in reversal (s) Gaussian 39.0 (55.2) Minamikawa et al. (2003)

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 65.8 (32.0) Approximated

Bout duration (s) Sigmoidal T50 = 3600, k = 7 Approximated
Version 4.0 216

Behavior Variable Value Reference

General

Shore following (m) 200 Ringelstein et al. (2006)

Depth limit on seeding (m) 200.0 (minimum), 700.0 

(maximum) Ringelstein et al. (2006)

Approximated: Value based on the best fit for diving profile. Those values were unavailable from literature, but they 

were estimated to produce a diving profile similar to D-tag results, for example. 
Version 4.0 217

Table C-38. Walrus: Data values and references input in JASMINE to create diving behavior 

(number values represent means [standard deviations] unless otherwise indicated).

Behavior Variable Value Reference

Forage

Travel direction Correlated random walk Default

Perturbation value 10 Houser (2006)

Termination coefficient 0.2 Houser (2006)

Travel rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.5 (0.3) Approximated,

based on Gjertz et al. (2001)

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.8 (0.3) Gjertz et al. 2001

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.8 (0.3) Gjertz et al. 2001

Dive depth (m) Gaussian 22.5 (11.5) Gjertz et al. 2001

Bottom following Not implemented Not implemented

Reversals Not implemented Approximated (bottom 

feeders)

Surface interval (s) Random 6 – 240 Born et al. 2003

Bout duration (s) Gaussian 402 (96) Born et al. 2003

Travel

Travel direction Correlated random walk Default

Perturbation value 10 Houser (2006)

Termination coefficient 0.2 Houser (2006)

Travel rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.5 (0.3) Approximated,

based on Gjertz et al. (2001)

Ascent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.5 (0.3) Gjertz et al. 2001

Descent rate (m/s) Gaussian 0.4 (0.2) Gjertz et al. 2001

Dive depth (m) Gaussian 3.6 (3.4) Gjertz et al. 2001

Bottom following Not implemented Approximated

Reversals Not implemented Approximated

Surface interval (s) Gaussian 60.0 (30.0) Approximated, 

based on Born et al. 2003

Bout duration (s) Gaussian 162 (240) Jay et al. (2001)

(s.d.: Approximated)
Version 4.0 218

Behavior Variable Value Reference

General

Shore following (m) 1 Approximated 

(amphibious lifestyle)

Depth limit on seeding (m) 1.0 (minimum), 500.0 

(maximum)

Approximated 

(based on maximum dive 

depth)

Approximated: Value based on the best fit for diving profile. Those values were unavailable from literature, but they 

were estimated to produce a diving profile similar to D-tag results, for example. 
Version 4.0 219

Appendix D. Acoustic Sources 

Table D-1. Acoustic sources and parameters provided by NOS operators. NOS Office Region(s) Manufacturer Model Type

OrientationFrequencies (kHz)Signal type (CW/FM/Impulse)

Beamwidth (°)

Source Level (dB re 1uPa @ 1m)AlongtrackAcrosstrack

CO-OPS Throughout 

U.S. Nortek AWAC 

Acoustic 

Release 

Interrogator

omni 26 UNK omni omni 184

CO-OPS Throughout 

U.S. Nortek AWAC 

Acoustic 

Release 

Interrogator

omni 25-32 UNK omni omni 180

NCCOS Pacific 

Islands Teledyne Benthos multi-frequency pinger UNK 25-40 UNK UNK UNK 177

NCCOS Gulf of 

Mexico UNK UNK ADCP Upward >200 UNK UNK UNK UNK

NCCOS Hawaiian 

Archipelago UNK UNK ADCP Upward UNK UNK UNK UNK UNK

NCCOS

Southeast 

Continental 

Shelf/GOM, 

Northeast 

Caribbean

Edgetech

Offshore 

4410C 

Trackpoint II

Ultra-short 

baseline 

telemetry

UNK 4.5-30 UNK UNK UNK 193

OCS/

OMAO 

Northwest 

CS, 

Southwest 

CS, SoCal 

Bight, and 

Kongsberg EM710 Mk1 

0.5x1 MBES Downward 70-100 CW/FM 0.5 140 225-

229
Version 4.0 220 NOS Office Region(s) Manufacturer Model Type Orientation Frequencies (kHz) Signal type (CW/FM/ Impulse)

Beamwidth (°)

Source Level (dB re 1uPa @ 1m)AlongtrackAcrosstrack

all Alaska 

Regions

OCS/

OMAO 

All Atlantic 

regions, Gulf 

of Mexico, 

and 

Carribbean

Kongsberg EM710 Mk2 

0.5x1 MBES Downward 40-120 CW/FM 0.5 140 225-

231

OCS/JHC Northeast Kongsberg EM710 MBES Downward 70-120 CW/FM 0.5 140 225-

231

NCCOS

Southeast 

Continental 

Shelf/GOM, 

Northeast 

Caribbean

Datasonics 

DPL-275A 

Pinger 

Locator

DPL-275 pinger locator UNK 25-32 UNK UNK UNK 180

NCCOS

northwest, 

southwest, 

southern 

atlantic

bight, 

Southeast 

Continental 

Shelf/GOM, 

Northeast 

Caribbean

Applied 

Acoustics 

Engineering

1300A Series 

Micro Beacon

receiving 

beacon on the 

ROV

omni-directional 21.5-

30.5 UNK UNK UNK 183

NCCOS Global UNK UNK WHOI acoustic 

mircromodem omni-directional 25-Oct UNK UNK UNK 185
Version 4.0 221 NOS Office Region(s) Manufacturer Model Type Orientation Frequencies (kHz) Signal type (CW/FM/ Impulse)

Beamwidth (°)

Source Level (dB re 1uPa @ 1m)AlongtrackAcrosstrack

NCCOS

Southeast 

Continental 

Shelf/GOM, 

Northeast 

Caribbean

LinkQuest TN1505b 

transponder

Ultra-short 

baseline 

telemetry

omni-directional 31-43.2 UNK UNK UNK 185

NCCOS

northwest, 

southwest, 

southern 

atlantic 

bight, 

Southeast 

Continental 

Shelf/GOM, 

Northeast 

Caribbean

Teledyne Ore 

Trackpoint III

Ultra-short 

baseline 

telemetry

omni-directional 8-30 UNK UNK UNK 190

NCCOS Pacific 

Islands Tracklink 5000 USBL

Ultra-short 

baseline 

telemetry

120 degrees 14.2-

19.8 UNK 120 120 190

NCCOS

Southeast 

Continental 

Shelf/GOM, 

Northeast 

Caribbean

Link Quest

TrackLink 

1500 HA 

System

Ultra-short 

baseline 

telemetry

120-150 degrees 31-43.2 UNK UNK UNK UNK

NCCOS Global

Tracklink 

navigation 

system

5000 MA USBL tracking 

system

120 degrees, 

unknown

14.2-

19.8 UNK UNK UNK 190
Version 4.0 222 NOS Office Region(s) Manufacturer Model Type Orientation Frequencies (kHz) Signal type (CW/FM/ Impulse)

Beamwidth (°)

Source Level (dB re 1uPa @ 1m)AlongtrackAcrosstrack

NCCOS

Southeast 

Continental 

Shelf/GOM, 

Northeast 

Caribbean

Edgetech

ORE Offshore 

4377A 

transponder 

with depth 

telemetry

Ultra-short 

baseline 

telemetry

UNK 23-24 UNK UNK UNK 197

OCS/JHC Northeast EdgeTech 3200-XS w/ 

SB-0512i SBP Downward 0.5-12 FM 16-41 16-41

NCCOS southeast -

GOM Teledyne RDI Ocean 

Surveyor

Acoustic 

Doppler 

Current Profiler 

(ADCP) System

downward 75-1200 UNK UNK UNK UNK

CO-OPS Throughout 

U.S. TRDI Workshorse/

Sentinel ADCP vertical 75 Broadban

d Chirp 20 20 213

NCCOS

Southeast 

Continental 

Shelf/GOM, 

Northeast 

Caribbean

Tritech 

PA500/

6-S 

Tritech 

PA500/6-S altimeter UNK 500 UNK 6 6 UNK

NCCOS

Southeast 

Continental 

Shelf/GOM, 

Northeast 

Caribbean

Imagenex 881 sonar imaging sonar UNK 675 UNK UNK UNK UNK

NCCOS

Southeast 

Continental 

Shelf/GOM, 

Tritech 

PA500/6-S 

Tritech 

PA500/6-S altimeter UNK 500 UNK 6 6 UNK
Version 4.0 223 NOS Office Region(s) Manufacturer Model Type Orientation Frequencies (kHz) Signal type (CW/FM/ Impulse)

Beamwidth (°)

Source Level (dB re 1uPa @ 1m)AlongtrackAcrosstrack

Northeast 

Caribbean

NCCOS

Southeast 

Continental 

Shelf/GOM, 

Northeast 

Caribbean

Imagenex 881 sonar imaging sonar UNK 675 UNK UNK UNK UNK

NCCOS

Southeast 

Continental 

Shelf/GOM, 

Northeast 

Caribbean

Reson 7125 Reson 7125 multibeam 

sonar

downward 140 

degrees (165) 400 UNK 1 0.5 UNK

OCS/

OMAO 

All Atlantic 

regions, Gulf 

of Mexico, 

and 

Carribbean

RDI Ocean 

Surveyor ADCP Downward 150 CW UNK UNK 220

NCCOS

Southeast 

Continental 

Shelf/GOM, 

Northeast 

Caribbean

UNK UNK Doppler 

velocity Logger UNK 300 UNK UNK UNK UNK

OCS/

OMAO 

All Atlantic 

regions, Gulf 

of Mexico, 

and 

Carribbean

Knudsen 320 B/R SBES/ 

SubBottom Downward 3.5/12 CW/FM 28 28 213-

222
Version 4.0 224 NOS Office Region(s) Manufacturer Model Type Orientation Frequencies (kHz) Signal type (CW/FM/ Impulse)

Beamwidth (°)

Source Level (dB re 1uPa @ 1m)AlongtrackAcrosstrack

OCS/JHC Northeast

Custom 

cylinderical 

array echo 

sounder

N/A MBES Omni 100 – 

500 UNK 360 20 226

CO-OPS Throughout 

U.S. TRDI Workshorse/

Sentinel ADCP UNK 150 Broadban

d Chirp 20 20 233

NCCOS Pacific 

Islands Tritech

SeaKing 

digital HD 

sonar

digital HD 

CHIRP sonar

325kHz- 20 deg 

vertical, 3.0 deg 

horizontal

650kHz – 40deg 

vertical, 1.5 deg 

horizonta

325-650 UNK ukinown unkno

wn

210

NCCOS Global Klein 3000 side scan sonar 

Beam tilt 5°, 10°, 

15°, 20°, 25° 

down, adjustable

100-500 UNK 0.7 40 234

NCCOS Southeast -

GOM Teledyne RDI bottom 

mounted

Acoustic 

Doppler 

Current Profiler 

(ADCP) System

upward 300-600 UNK UNK UNK UNK

NCCOS Global

RDI 

Workhorse 

Navigator

Workhorse 

Navigator

Acoustic 

Doppler 

Velocity Log

1.2 degrees 1200 UNK UNK UNK 214

OCS/JHC Northeast Teledyne 

Odom CV100 SBES Downward 100-750 CW 24-200 20/4 300 watts

NCCOS Global Teledyne 

Blueview UNK multibeam on 

ROV Downward 1350 UNK 1 76 206-

207
Version 4.0 225 NOS Office Region(s) Manufacturer Model Type Orientation Frequencies (kHz) Signal type (CW/FM/ Impulse)

Beamwidth (°)

Source Level (dB re 1uPa @ 1m)AlongtrackAcrosstrack

ORR / MDD

Potentially 

all, except 

Chukchi Sea, 

Beaufort 

Sea

Klein 3900 Side Scan Sonar Horizontal 445-900 UNK 0.2 40 UNK

ORR / MDD

Potentially 

all, except 

Chukchi Sea, 

Beaufort 

Sea

EdgeTech 6205 Side Scan Sonar Horizontal 520-

1610 UNK 0.47 200 215

ORR / MDD

Potentially 

all, except 

Chukchi Sea, 

Beaufort 

Sea

Humminbird 898 SI

Side Scan Sonar 

– "Side 

Imaging"

Downward 200 UNK UNK UNK UNK

ORR / MDD

Potentially 

all, except 

Chukchi Sea, 

Beaufort 

Sea

Marine Sonic Sea Scan Side Scan Sonar Downward 300 UNK UNK UNK UNK

ORR / MDD

Potentially 

all, except 

Chukchi Sea, 

Beaufort 

Sea

Teledyne 

BlueView

BlueView 3D 

Multibeam 

Scanning 

Sonar

ROV Imaging 

Sonar Downward 900 UNK UNK UNK UNK

OCS/

OMAO 

All Atlantic 

regions, Gulf 

of Mexico, 

Teledyne 

Odom CV200 SBES Downward 24-200 CW 24-200 20/4 20/4
Version 4.0 226 NOS Office Region(s) Manufacturer Model Type Orientation Frequencies (kHz) Signal type (CW/FM/ Impulse)

Beamwidth (°)

Source Level (dB re 1uPa @ 1m)AlongtrackAcrosstrack

and 

Carribbean

CO-OPS Throughout 

U.S. TRDI Workshorse/

Sentinel ADCP UNK 300 Broadban

d Chirp 20 20 215

CO-OPS Throughout 

U.S. TRDI Workshorse

/

Sentinel ADCP UNK 600 Broadban

d Chirp 20 20 217

CO-OPS Throughout 

U.S. TRDI Workshorse/

Sentinel ADCP

Side-looking 

across channel, 

sensor mounted ~ 

3m below surface

1200 Broadban

d Chirp 20 20 214

CO-OPS Throughout 

U.S. Nortek Aquadopp ADCP

"- Side-looking 

across channel, 

sensor mounted 

2-3m below 

surface

- Bottom 

mounted – 

upward looking, 

sensor mounted 

15-30m below 

surface"

600 Narrowba

nd Chirp 20 20 250

CO-OPS Throughout 

U.S. Nortek Aquadopp ADCP

"- Side-looking 

across channel, 

sensor mounted 

2-3m below 

surface

- Bottom 

mounted –

2000 Narrowba

nd Chirp 20 20 250
Version 4.0 227 NOS Office Region(s) Manufacturer Model Type Orientation Frequencies (kHz) Signal type (CW/FM/ Impulse)

Beamwidth (°)

Source Level (dB re 1uPa @ 1m)AlongtrackAcrosstrack

upward looking, 

sensor mounted 

15-30m below 

surface"

CO-OPS Throughout 

U.S. Nortek AWAC ADCP

"- Side-looking 

across channel, 

sensor mounted 

2-3m below 

surface

- Bottom 

mounted – 

upward looking, 

sensor mounted 

15-30m below 

surface"

600 Narrowba

nd Chirp 20 20 250

CO-OPS Throughout 

U.S. Nortek AWAC ADCP

"- Side-looking 

across channel, 

sensor mounted 

2-3m below 

surface

- Bottom 

mounted – 

upward looking, 

sensor mounted 

15-30m below 

surface"

1000 Narrowba

nd Chirp 20 20 250

OCS/

OMAO 

Northwest 

CS, 

Southwest 

Teledyne 

Odom CV200 SB Downward 50

-200 CW 20/4 20/4 2 kW
Version 4.0 228 NOS Office Region(s) Manufacturer Model Type Orientation Frequencies (kHz) Signal type (CW/FM/ Impulse)

Beamwidth (°)

Source Level (dB re 1uPa @ 1m)AlongtrackAcrosstrack

CS, SoCal 

Bight, and 

all Alaska 

Regions

NCCOS Pacific 

Islands

kongsbergsimrad1007- 200 m 

altimeter alitmeter conical 

beamwidth 120-675 UNK UNK UNK UNK

CO-OPS Throughout 

U.S.

Lowrance 

Simrad 

Fathometer

UNK SSS Downward from 

surface 455-800 UNK UNK 3.7 196

CO-OPS Throughout 

U.S. Aquatrak 4100/4110 

SERIES

Water gauge 

acoustic sensor 

at many COOPS tide 

stations

Orientation is 

down, contained 

within a 1⁄2" PVC 

tube that is 

mounted inside a 

4" PVC well

0.3 N/A N/A N/A 50

OCS/

OMAO 

Northwest 

CS, 

Southwest 

CS, SoCal 

Bight, and 

all Alaska 

Regions

Kongsberg EM2040 MBES Downward 200-400 CW/FM 1.5/1/0.7 180-

200 212

OCS/

OMAO 

Northwest 

CS, 

Southwest 

CS, SoCal 

Bight, and 

Kongsberg EM2040 MBES Downward 200-400 CW/FM 1.5/1/0.7 180-

200 212
Version 4.0 229 NOS Office Region(s) Manufacturer Model Type Orientation Frequencies (kHz) Signal type (CW/FM/ Impulse)

Beamwidth (°)

Source Level (dB re 1uPa @ 1m)AlongtrackAcrosstrack

all Alaska 

Regions

OCS/

OMAO 

Northwest 

CS, 

Southwest 

CS, SoCal 

Bight, and 

all Alaska 

Regions

Kongsberg EM2040 MBES Downward 200-400 CW/FM 1.5/1/0.7 180

-

200 212

OCS/

OMAO 

Northwest 

CS, 

Southwest 

CS, SoCal 

Bight, and 

all Alaska 

Regions

Kongsberg EM2040 MBES Downward 200-400 CW/FM 1.5/1/0.7 180

-

200 212

OCS/

OMAO 

Northwest 

CS, 

Southwest 

CS, SoCal 

Bight, and 

all Alaska 

Regions

Edgetech 4200MP SSS Side/Downward 300-600 CW/FM 0.5/0.3 50 UNK

OCS/

OMAO 

Northwest 

CS, 

Southwest 

CS, SoCal 

Bight, and 

Edgetech 4200MP SSS Side/Downward 300-600 CW/FM 0.5/0.3 50 UNK
Version 4.0 230 NOS Office Region(s) Manufacturer Model Type Orientation Frequencies (kHz) Signal type (CW/FM/ Impulse)

Beamwidth (°)

Source Level (dB re 1uPa @ 1m)AlongtrackAcrosstrack

all Alaska 

Regions

OCS/

OMAO 

Northwest 

CS, 

Southwest 

CS, SoCal 

Bight, and 

all Alaska 

Regions

Edgetech 4200MP SSS Side/Downward 300-600 CW/FM 0.5/0.3 50 UNK

OCS/

OMAO 

Northwest 

CS, 

Southwest 

CS, SoCal 

Bight, and 

all Alaska 

Regions

Edgetech 4200MP SSS Side/Downward 300-600 CW/FM 0.5/0.3 50 UNK

OCS/

OMAO 

Northwest 

CS, 

Southwest 

CS, SoCal 

Bight, and 

all Alaska 

Regions

Kongsberg EM2040 MBES Downward 200-400 CW/FM 1.5/1/0.7 180

-

200 212

OCS/

OMAO 

Northwest 

CS, 

Southwest 

CS, SoCal 

Bight, and 

Kongsberg EM2040 MBES Downward 200-400 CW/FM 1.5/1/0.7 180

-

200 212
Version 4.0 231 NOS Office Region(s) Manufacturer Model Type Orientation Frequencies (kHz) Signal type (CW/FM/ Impulse)

Beamwidth (°)

Source Level (dB re 1uPa @ 1m)AlongtrackAcrosstrack

all Alaska 

Regions

OCS/

OMAO 

Northwest 

CS, 

Southwest 

CS, SoCal 

Bight, and 

all Alaska 

Regions

Kongsberg EM2040 MBES Downward 200-400 CW/FM 1.5/1/0.7 180

-

200 212

OCS/

OMAO 

Northwest 

CS, 

Southwest 

CS, SoCal 

Bight, and 

all Alaska 

Regions

Kongsberg EM2040 MBES Downward 200-400 CW/FM 1.5/1/0.7 180

-

200 212

OCS/

OMAO 

Northwest 

CS, 

Southwest 

CS, SoCal 

Bight, and 

all Alaska 

Regions

Klein 5000 v1 SSS Side/Downward 455 CW/FM 0.4 40 214.9

OCS/

OMAO 

Northwest 

CS, 

Southwest 

CS, SoCal 

Bight, and 

Klein 5000 v1 SSS Side/Downward 455 CW/FM 0.4 40 214.9
Version 4.0 232 NOS Office Region(s) Manufacturer Model Type Orientation Frequencies (kHz) Signal type (CW/FM/ Impulse)

Beamwidth (°)

Source Level (dB re 1uPa @ 1m)AlongtrackAcrosstrack

all Alaska 

Regions

OCS/

OMAO 

Northwest 

CS, 

Southwest 

CS, SoCal 

Bight, and 

all Alaska 

Regions

Klein 5000 v1 SSS Side/Downward 455 CW/FM 0.4 40 214.9

OCS/

OMAO 

Northwest 

CS, 

Southwest 

CS, SoCal 

Bight, and 

all Alaska 

Regions

Klein 5000 v1 SSS Side/Downward 455 CW/FM 0.4 40 214.9

NCCOS Global UNK UNK Altimeter UNK 170 UNK UNK UNK UNK

NCCOS

Southeast 

Continental 

Shelf/GOM, 

Northeast 

Caribbean

Benthos UAT-376 

transponders transponder UNK 25-27 UNK UNK UNK UNK

OCS/

OMAO 

All Atlantic 

regions, Gulf 

of Mexico, 

and 

Caribbean

Kongsberg EM2040 MBES Downward 200-400 CW/FM 1.5/1/0.7 180-

200 212
Version 4.0 233 NOS Office Region(s) Manufacturer Model Type Orientation Frequencies (kHz) Signal type (CW/FM/ Impulse)

Beamwidth (°)

Source Level (dB re 1uPa @ 1m)AlongtrackAcrosstrack

OCS/

OMAO 

All Atlantic 

regions, Gulf 

of Mexico, 

and 

Caribbean

Kongsberg EM2040 MBES Downward 200-400 CW/FM 1.5/1/0.7 180-

200 212

OCS/

OMAO 

All Atlantic 

regions, Gulf 

of Mexico, 

and 

Caribbean

Kongsberg EM2040 MBES Downward 200-400 CW/FM 1.5/1/0.7 180-

200 212

NCCOS Pacific 

Islands

The Seabeam 

3012 Phase 1 

hybrid 12 kHz 

multibeam 

sonar 

bathymetric 

mapping 

system

3012 Phase 1 

hybrid 12 kHz 

multibeam 

sonar 

bathymetric 

mapping 

system

3012 Phase 1 

hybrid 12 kHz 

multibeam 

sonar 

bathymetric 

mapping 

system

Downward UNK UNK UNK UNK UNK

ONMS Olympic 

Coast NMS Simrad EM302 MBES UNK 30 UNK UNK UNK UNK

NCCOS Gulf of 

Mexico Reson 7125 MBES UNK 40 UNK UNK UNK UNK

ONMS Channel Is 

NMS Simrad ME70 MBES UNK 70 UNK UNK UNK UNK

NCCOS Gulf of 

Mexico Simrad EM710 MBES UNK 100 UNK UNK UNK UNK
Version 4.0 234 NOS Office Region(s) Manufacturer Model Type Orientation Frequencies (kHz) Signal type (CW/FM/ Impulse)

Beamwidth (°)

Source Level (dB re 1uPa @ 1m)AlongtrackAcrosstrack

OCS/

OMAO 

All Atlantic 

regions, Gulf 

of Mexico, 

and 

Caribbean

Kongsberg EA 60 SBES Downward 200 CW 7 7 UNK

OCS/

OMAO 

All Atlantic 

regions, Gulf 

of Mexico, 

and 

Caribbean

Klein 5000 v1 SSS Side/Downward 455 CW/FM 0.4 40 214.9

OCS/

OMAO 

All Atlantic 

regions, Gulf 

of Mexico, 

and 

Caribbean

Klein 5000 v2 SSS Side/Downward 455 CW/FM 0.4 40 214.9

OCS/

OMAO 

All Atlantic 

regions, Gulf 

of Mexico, 

and 

Caribbean

Klein 5000 v1 SSS Side/Downward 455 CW/FM 0.4 40 214.9

OCS/

OMAO 

All Atlantic 

regions, Gulf 

of Mexico, 

and 

Caribbean

Klein 5000 v1 SSS Side/Downward 455 CW/FM 0.4 40 214.9

OCS/

OMAO 

All Atlantic 

regions, Gulf 

of Mexico, 

Kongsberg EM2040 MBES Downward 200-400 CW/FM 1.5/1/0.7 180

-

200 212
Version 4.0 235 NOS Office Region(s) Manufacturer Model Type Orientation Frequencies (kHz) Signal type (CW/FM/ Impulse)

Beamwidth (°)

Source Level (dB re 1uPa @ 1m)AlongtrackAcrosstrack

and 

Caribbean

OCS/

OMAO 

All Atlantic 

regions, Gulf 

of Mexico, 

and 

Carribbean

Kongsberg EM2040 MBES Downward 200-400 CW/FM 1.5/1/0.7 180-

200 212

OCS/

OMAO 

All Atlantic 

regions, Gulf 

of Mexico, 

and 

Caribbean

Klein 5000 v2 SSS Side/Downward 455 CW/FM 0.4 40 214.9

OCS/

OMAO 

All Atlantic 

regions, Gulf 

of Mexico, 

and 

Caribbean

R2Sonics 2022 MBES Downward 200-400 CW 0.9-2 160 UNK

OCS Gulf of 

Mexico Kongsberg EM2040C MBES Downward 200-400 CW/FM 1 @ 

400kHz 130 220

OCS Gulf of 

Mexico Edgetech 4125 SSS Side/Downward 400-900 CW 0.46 / 

0.28 50 220

OCS Gulf of 

Mexico

Teledyne 

Odom CV100 SBES Downward 200 CW 8 8 UNK

OCS Gulf of 

Mexico

Teledyne 

Odom CV100 SBES Downward 200 CW 8 8 UNK

OCS Gulf of 

Mexico Tritech Starfish 450F SSS Side/Downward 450 FM 1.7 60 210
Version 4.0 236 NOS Office Region(s) Manufacturer Model Type Orientation Frequencies (kHz) Signal type (CW/FM/ Impulse)

Beamwidth (°)

Source Level (dB re 1uPa @ 1m)AlongtrackAcrosstrack

OCS Gulf of 

Mexico

Teledyne 

Odom CV200 SBES Downward 200 CW 24-200 20/4 220

OCS All regions MarineSonics Sea Scan ARC SSS Downward 600-

1200 FM 0.4 24 UNK

OCS All regions Kongsberg EM3002 MBES Downward 300 CW 1 1 220

OCS

Southeast 

CS and Mid 

Atlantic 

Bight

Kongsberg EM2040C MBES Downward 200-400 CW/FM 1 @ 

400kHz 130 220

OCS

Southeast 

CS and Mid 

Atlantic 

Bight

Reson T-20P MBES Downward 200-400 CW/FM 2/2 1/1 220

OCS

Southeast 

CS and Mid 

Atlantic 

Bight

Edgetech 4125 SSS Side/Downward 400-900 CW 0.46 / 

0.28 50 220

OCS

Southeast 

CS and Mid 

Atlantic 

Bight

Teledyne 

Odom CV200 SBES Downward 200 CM 24-200 20/4 220

OCS Northwest 

CS Kongsberg EM2040C MBES Downward 200-400 CW/FM 1 @ 

400kHz 130 220

OCS Northwest 

CS Kongsberg 3002 MBES Downward 300 CW 1 1 220
Version 4.0 237 NOS Office Region(s) Manufacturer Model Type Orientation Frequencies (kHz) Signal type (CW/FM/ Impulse)

Beamwidth (°)

Source Level (dB re 1uPa @ 1m)AlongtrackAcrosstrack

OCS Northwest 

CS Edgetech 4125 SSS Side/Downward 400-900 CW 0.46 / 

0.28 50 220

OCS Northwest 

CS

Teledyne 

Odom CV200 SBES Downward 200 CW 24-200 20/4 220

OCS Gulf of 

Mexico Kongsberg EM3002 MBES Downward 300 CW 1 1 220

OCS Gulf of 

Mexico Kongsberg EM2040C MBES Downward 200-400 CW/FM 1 @ 400kHz 130 220

OCS Gulf of 

Mexico Edgetech 4125 SSS Side/Downward 400-900 CW 0.46 / 

0.28 50 220

OCS Gulf of 

Mexico

Teledyne 

Odom CV200 SBES Downward 200 CW 24-200 20/4 220

OCS

Gulf of 

Maine, 

Southern 

New 

England, 

Mid Atlantic 

Bight

Kongsberg 3002 MBES Downward 300 CW 1 1 220

OCS

Gulf of 

Maine, 

Southern 

New 

England, 

Mid Atlantic 

Bight

Edgetech 4125 SSS Side/Downward 400-900 CW 0.46 / 

0.28 50 220
Version 4.0 238 NOS Office Region(s) Manufacturer Model Type Orientation Frequencies (kHz) Signal type (CW/FM/ Impulse)

Beamwidth (°)

Source Level (dB re 1uPa @ 1m)AlongtrackAcrosstrack

OCS

Gulf of 

Maine, 

Southern 

New 

England, 

Mid Atlantic 

Bight

Kongsberg EM2040C MBES Downward 200-400 CW/FM 1 @ 

400kHz 130 220

OCS

Gulf of 

Maine, 

Southern 

New 

England, 

Mid Atlantic 

Bight

Teledyne 

Odom CV200 SBES Downward 200 CW 24

-200 20/4 220

OCS All Atlantic 

regions Kongsberg EM2040 MBES Downward 200

-400 CW/FM 0.5 200 218

OCS All Atlantic 

regions Edgetech 4200 SSS Side/Downward 300

-600 CW 0.5/0.26 50 220

OCS All Atlantic 

regions

Teledyne 

Odom CV200 SBES Downward 200 CW 24

-200 20/4 220

OCS/

Contractor All regions Teledyne 

Reson 7101 MBES Downward 240 CW 2/1 140 220

OCS/

Contractor All regions Teledyne 

Reson 7125 MBES Downward 200

-400 CW/FM 2/1 140 220

OCS/

Contractor All regions R2Sonics 2024 MBES Downward 200 – 

400 CW/FM 0.5 – 1.0 160 UNK
Version 4.0 239 NOS Office Region(s) Manufacturer Model Type Orientation Frequencies (kHz) Signal type (CW/FM/ Impulse)

Beamwidth (°)

Source Level (dB re 1uPa @ 1m)AlongtrackAcrosstrack

OCS/NGI Gulf of 

Mexico Reson 7125 MBES Downward 200 – 

400 CW 2/1 140 220

OCS/NGI Gulf of 

Mexico Kongsberg EM2040C MBES Downward 200 – 

400 CW/FM 1 1 204.5

OCS/NGI Gulf of 

Mexico Norbit iWBMS MBES Down 200-700 CW/FM .9 0.9 UNK

OCS/JHC Northeast Klein 3500 PMBS Side/Downward 455 FM 0.4 50 UNK

OCS/JHC Northeast Edgetech 6205 PMBS Side/Downward 230 UNK 0.7 1 UNK

OCS/JHC Northeast PingDSP 3DSS PMBS Side/Downward 450 UNK 0.4 UNK UNK

OCS/JHC Northeast Kongsberg HISAS 2040 SAS Side/Downward 220 – 

280 UNK UNK UNK UNK

OCS/JHC Northeast Kraken AquaPix 

INSAS SAS Side/Downward 337 FM UNK UNK UNK

OCS/JHC Northeast Kongsberg EM2040 MBES Downward 200-400 CW/FM 1.5/1/0.7 180-

200 212

OCS/JHC Northeast Kongsberg EM2040P MBES Downward 200-400 CW/FM 1.5/1/0.7 180-

200 212

OCS/JHC Northeast Kongsberg M3 MBES Downward or 

Side Looking 500 FM/CW/

Doppler 3-30 120-

140 UNK

OCS/JHC Northeast Teledyne 

Odom MB1 MBES Downward 170-220 CW UNK 120 UNK

OCS/JHC

Northeast/

Southwest 

CS

Custom SubBottom N/A SBP Downward 1-10 FM UNK UNK UNK
Version 4.0 240 NOS Office Region(s) Manufacturer Model Type Orientation Frequencies (kHz) Signal type (CW/FM/ Impulse)

Beamwidth (°)

Source Level (dB re 1uPa @ 1m)AlongtrackAcrosstrack

OCS/JHC Northeast Teledyne RDI Workhorse 

Sentinel ADCP Downward/

Upward

300-

1200 Doppler 20 20 UNK

OCS/JHC Northeast Teledyne 

Odom MB2 MBES Downward 200-460 CW 1.8 140 UNK

OCS/JHC

Northeast 

and 

Southeast 

CS

Teledyne 

Reson 7125 MBES Downward 200-400 CW/FM 2/1 140 220

OCS/JHC Northeast Imagenix Delta T Imaging Downward/Side 

Looking 260 CW 3 120 UNK

OCS/JHC Northeast Sound 

Metrics Didson Imaging Downward/Side 

Looking 1100 CW 0.4 14 UNK

OCS/JHC Northeast Kongsberg HISAS 1032 SAS Side/Downward 60-120 UNK UNK UNK UNK

OCS/

OMAO 

All Atlantic 

regions, Gulf 

of Mexico, 

and 

Caribbean

Kongsberg EA 60 SBES Downward 12 CW 16 16 UNK

ONMS Stellwagen 

Banks NMS Simrad ES60 SBES UNK 12 UNK UNK UNK UNK

OCS/

OMAO 

All Atlantic 

regions, Gulf 

of Mexico, 

and 

Caribbean

Kongsberg EA 60 SBES Downward 38 CW 7 7 UNK
Version 4.0 241 NOS Office Region(s) Manufacturer Model Type Orientation Frequencies (kHz) Signal type (CW/FM/ Impulse)

Beamwidth (°)

Source Level (dB re 1uPa @ 1m)AlongtrackAcrosstrack

NCCOS

Southeast 

Continental 

Shelf/GOM, 

Northeast 

Caribbean

Edgetech CHIRP

chirp 

subbottom 

profiler - 

UNK 4-24 UNK UNK UNK UNK

NCCOS

Southwest 

Continental 

Shelf

Simrad EK60 SES UNK 38 UNK UNK UNK UNK

NCCOS

Southeast 

Continental 

Shelf/GOM, 

Northeast 

Caribbean

UNK UNK pinger is on the 

Glider UNK 10 UNK UNK UNK UNK

NCCOS

Southeast 

Continental 

Shelf/GOM, 

Northeast 

Caribbean

Helle pingers UNK pingers UNK 25 – 27 UNK UNK UNK UNK

ONMS Stellwagen 

Banks NMS Klein 3000 SSS UNK 100 UNK UNK UNK UNK

ONMS Hawaii Klein 3000 SSS UNK 120 UNK UNK UNK UNK

OCS/JHC

Northeast/

Southwest 

CS

Custom CBW N/A UNK UNK 10-500 UNK UNK UNK UNK
Version 4.0 242

Appendix E. Animal Movement Modeling Results 

Injury Exposures

Table E-1. Injurious exposures for each year broken down into two categories of active acoustic surveys for activities associated with proposed Alternative A summed over all simulated 

regions.

Species

Year2 

<30kHz 

Year2 

<200kHz 

Year3 

<30kHz 

Year3 

<200kHz 

Year4 

<30kHz 

Year4 

<200kHz 

Year5 

<30kHz 

Year5 

<200kHz 

Year6 

<30kHz 

Year6 

<200kHz 

Total 

Exposures

Blue whale 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Bowhead whale 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Bryde's whale 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Common minke 

whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Fin whale 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Gray whale 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Humpback whale 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

North Atlantic 

right whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

North Pacific right 

whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Rice’s whale 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Sei whale 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Atlantic spotted 

dolphin

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Atlantic whitesided dolphin0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
Version 4.0 243

Species

Year2 

<30kHz 

Year2 

<200kHz 

Year3 

<30kHz 

Year3 

<200kHz 

Year4 

<30kHz 

Year4 

<200kHz 

Year5 

<30kHz 

Year5 

<200kHz 

Year6 

<30kHz 

Year6 

<200kHz 

Total 

Exposures

Baird's beaked 

whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Beluga whale 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Gervais’ beaked 

whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Blainville’s beaked 

whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Mesoplodont 

beaked whales 

(all)

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Clymene dolphin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Common 

bottlenose dolphin

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Cuvier's beaked 

whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

False killer whale 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Fraser's dolphin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Resident killer 

whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Transient killer 

whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Offshore killer 

whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Long-beaked 

common dolphin

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
Version 4.0 244

Species

Year2 

<30kHz 

Year2 

<200kHz 

Year3 

<30kHz 

Year3 

<200kHz 

Year4 

<30kHz 

Year4 

<200kHz 

Year5 

<30kHz 

Year5 

<200kHz 

Year6 

<30kHz 

Year6 

<200kHz 

Total 

Exposures

Longman's (Indo-

Pacific) beaked 

whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Melon-headed 

whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Northern right 

whale dolphin

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Pacific white-sided 

dolphin

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Pantropical 

spotted dolphin

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Pilot whale, long 

finned

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Pilot whale, short 

finned

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Pygmy killer whale 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Risso's dolphin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Rough-toothed 

dolphin

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Short-beaked 

common dolphin

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Sperm whale 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Sowerby's beaked 

whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Spinner dolphin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
Version 4.0 245

Species

Year2 

<30kHz 

Year2 

<200kHz 

Year3 

<30kHz 

Year3 

<200kHz 

Year4 

<30kHz 

Year4 

<200kHz 

Year5 

<30kHz 

Year5 

<200kHz 

Year6 

<30kHz 

Year6 

<200kHz 

Total 

Exposures

Striped dolphin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

White-beaked 

dolphin

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

True's beaked 

whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Dwarf sperm 

whale

0.44 0.23 0.53 0.26 0.44 0.23 0.53 0.14 0.53 0.14 3.47

Pygmy sperm 

whale

0.24 0.05 0.42 0.06 0.24 0.03 0.42 0.05 0.42 0.05 1.98

Dall's porpoise 0.54 0.58 0.54 0.55 0.54 0.55 0.54 0.55 0.54 0.55 5.48

Harbor porpoise 1.45 3.64 1.02 4.17 1.46 3.65 1.02 3.40 1.02 3.40 24.23

Bearded seal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Gray seal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Guadalupe fur seal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Hawaiian monk 

seal

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Harbor seal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Harp seal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Hooded seal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Northern fur seal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Ribbon seal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Ringed seal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Spotted seal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
Version 4.0 246

Species

Year2 

<30kHz 

Year2 

<200kHz 

Year3 

<30kHz 

Year3 

<200kHz 

Year4 

<30kHz 

Year4 

<200kHz 

Year5 

<30kHz 

Year5 

<200kHz 

Year6 

<30kHz 

Year6 

<200kHz 

Total 

Exposures

Manatee 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Sea otter 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Walrus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Northern elephant 

seal

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Polar bear 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

California sea lion 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Steller sea lion 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Northern 

bottlenose whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Table E-2. Injurious exposures for each year broken down into two categories of active acoustic surveys for activities associated with proposed Alternative B summed over all simulated 

regions.

Species

Year2 

<30kHz

Year2 

<200kHz

Year3 

<30kHz

Year3 

<200kHz

Year4 

<30kHz

Year4 

<200kHz

Year5 

<30kHz

Year5 

<200kHz

Year6 

<30kHz

Year6 

<200kHz

Total 

Exposures

Blue whale 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Bowhead whale 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Bryde's whale 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Common minke 

whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Fin whale 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Gray whale 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
Version 4.0 247

Species

Year2 

<30kHz

Year2 

<200kHz

Year3 

<30kHz

Year3 

<200kHz

Year4 

<30kHz

Year4 

<200kHz

Year5 

<30kHz

Year5 

<200kHz

Year6 

<30kHz

Year6 

<200kHz

Total 

Exposures

Humpback whale 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

North Atlantic right 

whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

North Pacific right 

whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Rice’s whale 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Sei whale 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Atlantic spotted 

dolphin

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Atlantic white-sided 

dolphin

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Baird's beaked 

whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Beluga whale 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Gervais’ beaked 

whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Blainville’s beaked 

whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Mesoplodont 

beaked whales (all)

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Clymene dolphin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Common bottlenose 

dolphin

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
Version 4.0 248

Species

Year2 

<30kHz

Year2 

<200kHz

Year3 

<30kHz

Year3 

<200kHz

Year4 

<30kHz

Year4 

<200kHz

Year5 

<30kHz

Year5 

<200kHz

Year6 

<30kHz

Year6 

<200kHz

Total 

Exposures

Cuvier's beaked 

whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

False killer whale 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Fraser's dolphin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Resident killer 

whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Transient killer 

whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Offshore killer 

whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Long-beaked 

common dolphin

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Longman's (IndoPacific) beaked 

whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Melon-headed 

whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Northern right 

whale dolphin

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Pacific white-sided 

dolphin

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Pantropical spotted 

dolphin

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Pilot whale, long 

finned

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
Version 4.0 249

Species

Year2 

<30kHz

Year2 

<200kHz

Year3 

<30kHz

Year3 

<200kHz

Year4 

<30kHz

Year4 

<200kHz

Year5 

<30kHz

Year5 

<200kHz

Year6 

<30kHz

Year6 

<200kHz

Total 

Exposures

Pilot whale, short 

finned

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Pygmy killer whale 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Risso's dolphin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Rough-toothed 

dolphin

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Short-beaked 

common dolphin

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Sperm whale 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Sowerby's beaked 

whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Spinner dolphin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Striped dolphin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

White-beaked 

dolphin

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

True's beaked whale 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Dwarf sperm whale 0.55 0.29 0.67 0.32 0.55 0.29 0.67 0.17 0.67 0.17 4.35

Pygmy sperm whale 0.31 0.06 0.53 0.07 0.31 0.04 0.53 0.07 0.53 0.07 2.52

Dall's porpoise 0.67 0.72 0.67 0.69 0.67 0.69 0.66 0.65 0.67 0.69 6.78

Harbor porpoise 1.80 4.06 1.26 4.63 1.81 4.08 1.12 0.85 1.26 3.79 24.66

Bearded seal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Gray seal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Guadalupe fur seal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
Version 4.0 250

Species

Year2 

<30kHz

Year2 

<200kHz

Year3 

<30kHz

Year3 

<200kHz

Year4 

<30kHz

Year4 

<200kHz

Year5 

<30kHz

Year5 

<200kHz

Year6 

<30kHz

Year6 

<200kHz

Total 

Exposures

Hawaiian monk seal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Harbor seal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Harp seal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Hooded seal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Northern fur seal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Ribbon seal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Ringed seal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Spotted seal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Manatee 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Sea otter 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Walrus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Northern elephant 

seal

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Polar bear 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

California sea lion 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Steller sea lion 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Northern bottlenose 

whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
Version 4.0 251

Table E-3. Injurious exposures for each year broken down into two categories of active acoustic surveys for activities associated with proposed Alternative C summed over all simulated 

regions.

Species

Year2 

<30kHz

Year2 

<200kHz

Year3 

<30kHz

Year3 

<200kHz

Year4 

<30kHz

Year4 

<200kHz

Year5 

<30kHz

Year5 

<200kHz

Year6 

<30kHz

Year6 

<200kHz

Total 

Exposures

Blue whale 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Bowhead whale 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Bryde's whale 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Common minke 

whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Fin whale 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Gray whale 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Humpback whale 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

North Atlantic right 

whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

North Pacific right 

whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Rice’s whale 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Sei whale 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Atlantic spotted 

dolphin

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Atlantic white-sided 

dolphin

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Baird's beaked 

whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Beluga whale 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
Version 4.0 252

Species

Year2 

<30kHz

Year2 

<200kHz

Year3 

<30kHz

Year3 

<200kHz

Year4 

<30kHz

Year4 

<200kHz

Year5 

<30kHz

Year5 

<200kHz

Year6 

<30kHz

Year6 

<200kHz

Total 

Exposures

Gervais’ beaked 

whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Blainville’s beaked 

whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Mesoplodont 

beaked whales (all)

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Clymene dolphin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Common bottlenose 

dolphin

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Cuvier's beaked 

whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

False killer whale 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Fraser's dolphin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Resident killer 

whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Transient killer 

whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Offshore killer 

whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Long-beaked 

common dolphin

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Longman's (IndoPacific) beaked 

whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
Version 4.0 253

Species

Year2 

<30kHz

Year2 

<200kHz

Year3 

<30kHz

Year3 

<200kHz

Year4 

<30kHz

Year4 

<200kHz

Year5 

<30kHz

Year5 

<200kHz

Year6 

<30kHz

Year6 

<200kHz

Total 

Exposures

Melon-headed 

whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Northern right 

whale dolphin

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Pacific white-sided 

dolphin

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Pantropical spotted 

dolphin

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Pilot whale, long 

finned

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Pilot whale, short 

finned

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Pygmy killer whale 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Risso's dolphin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Rough-toothed 

dolphin

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Short-beaked 

common dolphin

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Sperm whale 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Sowerby's beaked 

whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Spinner dolphin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Striped dolphin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
Version 4.0 254

Species

Year2 

<30kHz

Year2 

<200kHz

Year3 

<30kHz

Year3 

<200kHz

Year4 

<30kHz

Year4 

<200kHz

Year5 

<30kHz

Year5 

<200kHz

Year6 

<30kHz

Year6 

<200kHz

Total 

Exposures

White-beaked 

dolphin

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

True's beaked whale 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Dwarf sperm whale 0.67 0.36 0.80 0.40 0.67 0.36 0.80 0.22 0.80 0.22 5.30 

Pygmy sperm whale 0.37 0.06 0.63 0.08 0.37 0.05 0.63 0.07 0.63 0.07 2.96

Dall's porpoise 0.81 0.82 0.81 0.82 0.81 0.82 0.80 0.79 0.81 0.82 8.11

Harbor porpoise 2.14 1.32 1.49 5.09 2.15 4.49 1.50 1.04 1.49 4.14 24.85

Bearded seal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Gray seal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Guadalupe fur seal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Hawaiian monk seal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Harbor seal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Harp seal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Hooded seal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Northern fur seal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Ribbon seal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Ringed seal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Spotted seal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Manatee 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Sea otter 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Walrus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
Version 4.0 255

Species

Year2 

<30kHz

Year2 

<200kHz

Year3 

<30kHz

Year3 

<200kHz

Year4 

<30kHz

Year4 

<200kHz

Year5 

<30kHz

Year5 

<200kHz

Year6 

<30kHz

Year6 

<200kHz

Total 

Exposures

Northern elephant 

seal

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Polar bear 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

California sea lion 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Steller sea lion 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Northern bottlenose 

whale

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
Version 4.0 256

Behavioral Disruption Exposures

Table E-4. Behavioral disruption exposures for each year broken down into two categories of active acoustic surveys for activities associated with proposed Alternative A summed over all 

simulated regions.

Species

Year2 

<30kHz

Year2 

<200kHz

Year3 

<30kHz

Year3 

<200kHz

Year4 

<30kHz

Year4 

<200kHz

Year5 

<30kHz

Year5 

<200kHz

Year6 

<30kHz

Year6 

<200kHz Total Exposures

Atlantic spotted 

dolphin 60.18 298.66 92.47 366.77 60.51 207.35 91.33 318.06 91.33 316.53 1903.19

Atlantic white-sided 

dolphin 21.69 444.97 12.09 485.45 21.69 428.30 12.01 442.16 12.01 442.16 2322.53

Baird's beaked whale 2.41 3.58 2.40 3.58 2.40 3.58 2.40 3.58 2.40 3.58 29.91

Bearded seal 0.00 319.01 0.00 438.48 0.00 472.75 0.00 110.40 0.00 110.40 1451.04

Beluga whale 0.00 13.27 0.00 18.24 0.00 215.36 0.00 4.59 0.00 4.59 256.05

Beluga whale, Cook 

Inlet 0.39 1.79 0.39 2.99 0.39 2.21 0.39 1.45 0.39 1.45 11.84

Blainville's beaked 

whale 1.72 7.40 1.72 9.38 1.72 7.40 1.43 5.88 1.43 5.88 43.96

Blue whale 4.87 7.78 4.83 7.77 4.84 7.78 4.83 7.76 4.83 7.76 63.05

Bowhead whale 0.00 3.50 0.00 0.23 0.00 55.08 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.04 58.89

Bryde's whale 0.38 0.77 0.21 0.45 0.39 0.78 0.21 0.45 0.21 0.45 4.30

California sea lion 3447.91 3606.11 3447.91 2414.72 3447.91 2102.11 3447.91 2102.11 3447.91 2102.11 29566.71

Clymene dolphin 2.84 25.41 5.07 24.48 2.84 11.35 5.07 18.12 5.07 18.12 118.37

Common bottlenose 

dolphin 59.26 371.72 97.30 324.95 60.35 252.98 97.30 240.67 97.30 238.75 1840.58

Common minke whale 17.21 51.21 17.48 58.49 17.41 52.92 17.48 47.19 17.48 47.17 344.04

Cuvier's beaked whale 4.90 13.07 4.79 13.28 4.87 13.07 4.43 8.90 4.43 8.90 80.64
Version 4.0 257

Species

Year2 

<30kHz

Year2 

<200kHz

Year3 

<30kHz

Year3 

<200kHz

Year4 

<30kHz

Year4 

<200kHz

Year5 

<30kHz

Year5 

<200kHz

Year6 

<30kHz

Year6 

<200kHz Total Exposures

Dall's porpoise 7.90 15.77 7.88 14.98 7.88 14.99 7.88 14.97 7.88 14.97 115.10

Dwarf sperm whale 2.78 9.22 2.96 11.24 2.78 9.22 2.57 6.56 2.57 6.56 56.46

False killer whale 34.02 67.59 19.45 42.55 34.03 63.52 19.45 40.71 19.45 40.71 381.48

Fin whale 14.05 55.22 13.84 65.00 14.03 54.73 13.83 50.85 13.83 50.85 346.23

Fraser's dolphin 227.24 593.33 123.62 257.89 227.24 593.33 123.62 257.85 123.62 257.85 2785.59

Gervais' beaked whale 1.63 7.15 1.67 9.27 1.63 7.15 1.38 5.77 1.38 5.77 42.80

Gray whale 172.55 276.28 172.12 269.29 172.12 269.24 172.12 268.42 172.12 268.42 2212.68

Gray seal 13.86 112.83 3.15 126.58 13.86 105.53 3.15 88.62 3.15 88.62 559.35

Guadalupe fur seal 19.49 26.58 19.44 25.90 19.44 25.85 19.44 25.83 19.44 25.83 227.24

Harbor porpoise 14.93 179.86 11.83 200.10 15.02 176.51 11.83 172.83 11.83 172.83 967.57

Harbor seal 684.49 1285.22 678.54 1462.03 685.22 1243.74 678.54 971.14 678.54 971.14 9338.60

Harp seal 17.16 139.39 3.90 156.37 17.16 130.36 3.90 109.46 3.90 109.46 691.06

Hawaiian monk seal 63.01 77.05 34.15 55.20 63.01 77.05 34.15 55.20 34.15 55.20 548.17

Hooded seal 6.45 63.28 1.35 76.36 6.45 58.77 1.35 52.92 1.35 52.92 321.20

Humpback whale 1.17 17.62 1.22 20.68 1.17 16.88 1.22 17.83 1.22 17.83 96.84

Humpback whale, CA 15.78 26.27 15.74 25.45 15.74 25.17 15.74 25.38 15.74 25.38 206.39

Humpback whale, CNP 2.91 6.78 2.04 7.12 2.91 8.00 2.04 3.50 2.04 3.50 40.84

Humpback whale, 

WNP 0.32 0.74 0.22 0.78 0.32 0.88 0.22 0.38 0.22 0.38 4.46

Long-beaked common 

dolphin 1090.42 2166.85 1093.12 2077.98 1093.12 2047.94 1093.12 2070.34 1093.12 2070.34 15896.35
Version 4.0 258

Species

Year2 

<30kHz

Year2 

<200kHz

Year3 

<30kHz

Year3 

<200kHz

Year4 

<30kHz

Year4 

<200kHz

Year5 

<30kHz

Year5 

<200kHz

Year6 

<30kHz

Year6 

<200kHz Total Exposures

Longman's (IndoPacific) beaked whale 0.18 0.51 0.10 0.22 0.18 0.51 0.10 0.22 0.10 0.22 2.34

Manatee 5.41 38.15 11.31 32.68 12.97 38.15 11.31 32.68 11.31 32.68 226.65

Melon-headed whale 4.19 8.19 2.96 6.14 4.19 8.19 2.88 5.22 2.88 5.22 50.06

Mesoplodont beaked 

whales (all) 7.02 15.15 7.03 17.27 6.99 15.15 6.74 13.77 6.74 13.77 109.63

North Atlantic right 

whale 0.32 2.76 0.18 3.66 0.32 2.51 0.18 2.16 0.18 2.16 14.43

North Pacific right 

whale 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03

Northern elephant seal 453.95 709.43 454.70 769.43 454.70 685.12 454.70 613.00 454.70 613.00 5662.73

Northern fur seal 425.01 4175.57 425.01 5915.73 425.01 5384.32 425.01 1687.83 425.01 1687.83 20976.33

Northern bottlenose 

whale 0.03 0.08 0.03 0.08 0.03 0.08 0.02 0.06 0.02 0.06 0.49

Northern right whale 

dolphin 191.64 350.60 192.99 313.75 192.99 301.27 192.99 310.62 192.99 310.62 2550.46

Offshore killer whale 1.58 2.63 1.58 2.56 1.58 2.56 1.58 2.55 1.58 2.55 20.75

Pacific white-sided 

dolphin 408.17 875.96 409.07 878.16 409.07 834.15 409.07 809.21 409.07 809.21 6251.14

Pantropical spotted 

dolphin 300.12 687.50 179.03 365.43 300.12 687.50 179.03 363.62 179.03 363.62 3605.00

Pilot whale, long 

finned 12.26 49.55 12.48 61.02 12.65 48.20 11.94 43.98 11.94 43.83 307.85
Version 4.0 259

Species

Year2 

<30kHz

Year2 

<200kHz

Year3 

<30kHz

Year3 

<200kHz

Year4 

<30kHz

Year4 

<200kHz

Year5 

<30kHz

Year5 

<200kHz

Year6 

<30kHz

Year6 

<200kHz Total Exposures

Pilot whale, short 

finned 12.26 38.19 11.46 43.35 12.54 36.62 11.08 32.45 11.08 32.35 241.38

Polar bear 0.00 8.31 0.00 12.86 0.00 26.52 0.00 3.24 0.00 3.24 54.17

Pygmy killer whale 75.34 181.52 41.21 107.71 75.34 179.65 41.21 106.91 41.21 106.91 957.01

Pygmy sperm whale 960.70 1724.12 521.38 1013.85 960.70 1722.05 521.38 1013.09 521.38 1013.08 9971.73

Resident killer whale 2.33 5.14 2.30 5.93 2.33 5.69 2.30 4.24 2.30 4.24 36.80

Ribbon seal 13.77 182.34 13.77 272.54 13.77 680.72 13.77 84.03 13.77 84.03 1372.51

Rice's whale 0.02 0.13 0.03 0.13 0.02 0.06 0.03 0.10 0.03 0.10 0.65

Ringed seal 0.00 142.93 0.00 196.46 0.00 664.74 0.00 49.46 0.00 49.46 1103.05

Risso's dolphin 52.17 126.55 43.03 145.52 52.15 112.94 42.61 101.72 42.61 101.52 820.82

Rough-toothed dolphin 852.26 1840.80 464.93 1089.53 852.66 1833.37 464.93 1086.93 464.93 1086.85 10037.19

Sea otter, CA 40.88 78.31 41.61 76.50 41.61 80.57 41.61 76.50 41.61 76.50 595.70

Sea otter, SC 11.98 45.71 11.98 82.96 11.98 58.74 11.98 35.05 11.98 35.05 317.41

Sea otter, SE 60.03 53.27 60.03 19.83 60.03 19.83 60.03 19.83 60.03 19.83 432.74

Sea otter, WA 13.32 27.25 13.32 25.07 13.32 21.72 13.32 25.77 13.32 25.77 192.18

Sei whale 2.47 5.98 2.35 5.96 2.47 5.82 2.34 5.69 2.34 5.69 41.11

Short-beaked common 

dolphin 1821.13 3576.51 1798.95 3643.68 1825.43 3414.96 1798.95 3349.00 1798.95 3348.96 26376.52

Sowerby's beaked 

whale 1.63 6.87 1.67 7.03 1.63 6.87 1.38 3.58 1.38 3.58 35.62

Sperm whale 4.11 7.83 4.11 9.66 4.09 7.83 4.03 8.49 4.03 8.49 62.67

Spinner dolphin 7.20 9.17 6.53 16.27 7.20 9.17 6.53 15.95 6.53 15.95 100.50
Version 4.0 260

Species

Year2 

<30kHz

Year2 

<200kHz

Year3 

<30kHz

Year3 

<200kHz

Year4 

<30kHz

Year4 

<200kHz

Year5 

<30kHz

Year5 

<200kHz

Year6 

<30kHz

Year6 

<200kHz Total Exposures

Spotted seal 0.00 1538.41 0.00 2380.14 0.00 4907.14 0.00 600.16 0.00 600.16 10026.01

Steller sea lion 185.99 322.31 185.99 340.30 185.99 323.63 185.99 277.93 185.99 277.93 2472.05

Striped dolphin 969.38 1833.02 658.59 1058.93 969.38 1832.78 658.59 1058.71 658.59 1058.71 10756.68

Transient killer whale 1.84 3.07 1.84 2.90 1.84 2.61 1.84 2.71 1.84 2.71 23.20

True's beaked whale 1.63 6.87 1.67 7.03 1.63 6.87 1.38 3.58 1.38 3.58 35.62

Walrus 0.00 76.86 0.00 105.65 0.00 357.48 0.00 26.60 0.00 26.60 593.19

White-beaked dolphin 0.05 0.50 0.04 0.63 0.05 0.46 0.04 0.44 0.04 0.44 2.69

Table E-5. Behavioral disruption exposures for each year broken down into two categories of active acoustic surveys for activities associated with proposed Alternative B summed over all 

simulated regions.

Species

Year2 

<30kHz

Year2 

<200kHz

Year3 

<30kHz

Year3 

<200kHz

Year4 

<30kHz

Year4 

<200kHz

Year5 

<30kHz

Year5 

<200kHz

Year6 

<30kHz

Year6 

<200kHz Total Exposures

Atlantic spotted 

dolphin 75.24 348.24 115.54 443.75 75.59 247.78 113.76 368.16 114.11 386.42 2288.59

Atlantic white-sided 

dolphin 26.92 495.51 14.92 537.27 26.92 477.17 14.83 91.45 14.83 489.50 2189.32

Baird's beaked whale 3.00 4.39 2.98 4.39 2.98 4.39 2.85 3.75 2.98 4.39 36.10

Bearded seal 0.00 350.91 0.00 482.33 0.00 520.02 0.00 121.44 0.00 121.44 1596.14

Beluga whale 0.00 14.60 0.00 20.06 0.00 236.90 0.00 5.05 0.00 5.05 281.66

Beluga whale, Cook 

Inlet 0.48 2.12 0.48 3.44 0.48 2.58 0.48 1.74 0.48 1.74 14.02

Blainville's beaked 

whale 2.16 9.26 2.15 11.70 2.16 9.26 1.79 7.34 1.79 7.34 54.95
Version 4.0 261

Species

Year2 

<30kHz

Year2 

<200kHz

Year3 

<30kHz

Year3 

<200kHz

Year4 

<30kHz

Year4 

<200kHz

Year5 

<30kHz

Year5 

<200kHz

Year6 

<30kHz

Year6 

<200kHz Total Exposures

Blue whale 6.05 9.53 6.01 9.51 6.02 9.53 5.74 8.11 6.01 9.50 76.01

Bowhead whale 0.00 3.85 0.00 0.25 0.00 60.59 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.05 64.79

Bryde's whale 0.47 0.96 0.27 0.56 0.48 0.96 0.27 0.55 0.27 0.56 5.35

California sea lion 4309.88 4282.04 4309.88 2971.51 4309.88 2627.64 4309.88 2627.64 4309.88 2627.64 36685.87

Clymene dolphin 3.55 28.92 6.34 29.27 3.55 13.46 6.34 22.07 6.34 22.28 142.12

Common bottlenose 

dolphin 73.71 422.91 121.10 375.43 74.91 292.26 117.20 217.65 121.10 280.60 2096.87

Common minke whale 21.31 58.92 21.62 67.00 21.53 60.82 19.87 30.43 21.62 54.55 377.67

Cuvier's beaked whale 6.13 16.34 5.99 16.59 6.09 16.34 5.53 11.11 5.53 11.11 100.76

Dall's porpoise 9.85 19.45 9.83 18.58 9.83 18.59 9.65 17.60 9.83 18.57 141.78

Dwarf sperm whale 3.46 11.52 3.69 14.04 3.46 11.52 3.20 8.19 3.20 8.19 70.47

False killer whale 42.53 83.66 24.30 52.77 42.55 79.18 24.29 50.53 24.30 50.76 474.87

Fin whale 17.44 63.29 17.19 74.05 17.42 62.76 16.37 29.88 17.18 58.45 374.03

Fraser's dolphin 284.06 741.66 154.52 322.36 284.06 741.66 154.52 322.31 154.52 322.31 3481.98

Gervais' beaked whale 2.05 8.94 2.09 11.56 2.05 8.94 1.73 7.20 1.73 7.20 53.49

Gray whale 213.81 331.37 213.34 323.67 213.34 323.62 199.99 236.26 213.34 322.72 2591.46

Gray seal 17.29 127.18 3.90 139.88 17.29 119.15 3.90 11.05 3.90 98.11 541.65

Guadalupe fur seal 24.14 31.88 24.09 31.13 24.09 31.08 22.58 22.73 24.09 31.05 266.86

Harbor porpoise 18.41 199.76 14.52 221.39 18.51 196.07 12.70 30.77 14.52 191.40 918.05

Harbor seal 851.30 1509.34 843.75 1702.33 852.10 1463.70 811.56 952.19 843.75 1162.35 10992.37

Harp seal 21.39 157.11 4.82 172.79 21.39 147.18 4.82 13.65 4.82 121.20 669.17
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<30kHz

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<200kHz

Year3 

<30kHz

Year3 

<200kHz

Year4 

<30kHz

Year4 

<200kHz

Year5 

<30kHz

Year5 

<200kHz

Year6 

<30kHz

Year6 

<200kHz Total Exposures

Hawaiian monk seal 78.77 96.32 42.69 69.00 78.77 96.32 42.69 69.00 42.69 69.00 685.25

Hooded seal 8.06 70.64 1.68 84.23 8.06 65.67 1.68 4.65 1.68 58.42 304.77

Humpback whale 1.47 19.67 1.52 23.04 1.47 18.84 1.51 5.60 1.51 19.90 94.53

Humpback whale, CA 19.55 31.47 19.51 30.56 19.51 30.26 18.29 22.62 19.51 30.49 241.77

Humpback whale, CNP 3.64 7.97 2.55 8.17 3.64 9.31 2.55 4.19 2.55 4.19 48.76

Humpback whale, 

WNP 0.40 0.87 0.28 0.90 0.40 1.02 0.28 0.46 0.28 0.46 5.35

Long-beaked common 

dolphin 1347.27 2560.34 1350.23 2462.58 1350.23 2429.54 1231.72 1601.68 1350.23 2454.18 18138.00

Longman's (IndoPacific) beaked whale 0.23 0.64 0.12 0.27 0.23 0.64 0.12 0.27 0.12 0.27 2.91

Manatee 6.77 46.47 13.01 39.64 15.08 46.47 4.69 30.78 13.01 39.64 255.56

Melon-headed whale 5.24 10.25 3.71 7.68 5.24 10.25 3.61 6.53 3.61 6.53 62.65

Mesoplodont beaked 

whales (all) 8.74 18.74 8.75 21.36 8.71 18.74 8.10 15.56 8.39 17.00 134.09

North Atlantic right 

whale 0.39 3.10 0.22 4.06 0.39 2.82 0.22 0.53 0.22 2.42 14.37

North Pacific right 

whale 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03

Northern elephant seal 563.08 838.44 563.90 904.43 563.90 811.69 531.07 562.72 563.90 732.36 6635.49

Northern fur seal 531.27 4660.75 531.27 6574.94 531.27 5990.38 531.27 1924.25 531.27 1924.25 23730.92

Northern bottlenose 

whale 0.03 0.10 0.03 0.11 0.03 0.10 0.03 0.09 0.03 0.09 0.64
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<30kHz

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<200kHz

Year3 

<30kHz

Year3 

<200kHz

Year4 

<30kHz

Year4 

<200kHz

Year5 

<30kHz

Year5 

<200kHz

Year6 

<30kHz

Year6 

<200kHz Total Exposures

Northern right whale 

dolphin 235.92 396.91 237.40 356.38 237.40 342.65 209.30 147.31 237.40 352.93 2753.60

Offshore killer whale 1.96 3.15 1.95 3.08 1.95 3.07 1.83 2.25 1.95 3.07 24.26

Pacific white-sided 

dolphin 504.96 1035.12 505.94 1037.52 505.94 989.11 466.41 663.89 505.94 961.68 7176.51

Pantropical spotted 

dolphin 375.14 859.37 223.79 456.52 375.14 859.37 223.79 454.54 223.79 454.54 4505.99

Pilot whale, long 

finned 15.34 58.99 15.53 72.26 15.77 57.52 14.43 43.64 14.86 52.45 360.79

Pilot whale, short 

finned 15.32 45.70 14.28 51.52 15.62 43.95 13.42 32.74 13.81 38.86 285.22

Polar bear 0.00 9.14 0.00 14.15 0.00 29.17 0.00 3.57 0.00 3.57 59.60

Pygmy killer whale 94.18 226.53 51.51 134.47 94.18 224.48 51.51 133.58 51.51 133.58 1195.53

Pygmy sperm whale 1200.87 2154.70 651.73 1267.12 1200.87 2152.42 651.73 1266.18 651.73 1266.25 12463.60

Resident killer whale 2.92 6.14 2.88 6.99 2.92 6.74 2.85 4.94 2.88 5.14 44.40

Ribbon seal 17.22 204.00 17.22 303.22 17.22 752.21 17.22 95.86 17.22 95.86 1537.25

Rice's whale 0.03 0.14 0.04 0.16 0.03 0.07 0.04 0.13 0.04 0.13 0.81

Ringed seal 0.00 157.22 0.00 216.10 0.00 731.22 0.00 54.41 0.00 54.41 1213.36

Risso's dolphin 64.99 151.37 53.56 170.95 64.96 136.38 51.44 102.82 53.03 121.89 971.39

Rough-toothed dolphin 1065.32 2299.08 581.10 1360.87 1065.76 2290.87 580.66 1356.44 581.10 1357.93 12539.13

Sea otter, CA 49.11 87.36 49.92 85.37 49.92 89.85 34.57 10.17 49.92 85.37 591.56

Sea otter, SC 14.98 53.42 14.98 94.40 14.98 67.77 14.98 41.70 14.98 41.70 373.89

Sea otter, SE 75.04 61.18 75.04 24.40 75.04 24.40 75.04 24.40 75.04 24.40 533.98
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Year2 

<30kHz

Year2 

<200kHz

Year3 

<30kHz

Year3 

<200kHz

Year4 

<30kHz

Year4 

<200kHz

Year5 

<30kHz

Year5 

<200kHz

Year6 

<30kHz

Year6 

<200kHz Total Exposures

Sea otter, WA 16.65 30.55 16.65 28.15 16.65 24.46 16.65 17.06 16.65 28.93 212.40

Sei whale 3.07 7.01 2.91 6.98 3.08 6.86 2.73 3.79 2.90 6.67 46.00

Short-beaked common 

dolphin 2251.32 4224.88 2222.95 4290.14 2256.05 4047.15 2034.47 2565.01 2222.95 3965.93 30080.85

Sowerby's beaked 

whale 2.05 8.59 2.09 8.77 2.05 8.59 1.73 4.46 1.73 4.46 44.52

Sperm whale 5.09 9.70 5.12 11.96 5.08 9.69 4.89 9.74 5.02 10.50 76.79

Spinner dolphin 9.01 11.47 8.16 20.29 9.01 11.47 8.16 19.93 8.16 19.93 125.59

Spotted seal 0.00 1692.25 0.00 2618.16 0.00 5397.85 0.00 660.18 0.00 660.18 11028.62

Steller sea lion 232.47 380.73 232.47 400.53 232.47 382.18 232.47 287.68 232.47 331.92 2945.39

Striped dolphin 1208.28 2274.27 819.80 1306.66 1208.28 2274.00 794.49 1181.92 819.80 1306.41 13193.91

Transient killer whale 2.30 3.69 2.30 3.52 2.30 3.18 2.30 3.07 2.30 3.32 28.28

True's beaked whale 2.05 8.59 2.09 8.77 2.05 8.59 1.73 4.46 1.73 4.46 44.52

Walrus 0.00 84.55 0.00 116.22 0.00 393.23 0.00 29.26 0.00 29.26 652.52

White-beaked dolphin 0.06 0.55 0.06 0.70 0.06 0.52 0.06 0.18 0.06 0.50 2.75

Table E-6. Behavioral disruption exposures for each year broken down into two categories of active acoustic surveys for activities associated with proposed Alternative C summed over all 

simulated regions.

Species

Year2 

<30kHz

Year2 

<200kHz

Year3 

<30kHz

Year3 

<200kHz

Year4 

<30kHz

Year4 

<200kHz

Year5 

<30kHz

Year5 

<200kHz

Year6 

<30kHz

Year6 

<200kHz Total Exposures

Atlantic spotted 

dolphin 90.28 376.48 138.61 520.71 90.67 288.26 136.79 437.50 136.89 456.32 2672.51
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Year2 

<30kHz

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<200kHz

Year3 

<30kHz

Year3 

<200kHz

Year4 

<30kHz

Year4 

<200kHz

Year5 

<30kHz

Year5 

<200kHz

Year6 

<30kHz

Year6 

<200kHz Total Exposures

Atlantic white-sided 

dolphin 32.18 106.55 17.77 589.09 32.18 526.04 20.29 112.08 17.67 536.86 1990.71

Baird's beaked whale 3.58 4.70 3.56 5.20 3.56 5.20 3.45 4.55 3.56 5.20 42.56

Bearded seal 0.00 382.81 0.00 526.18 0.00 567.30 0.00 132.48 0.00 132.48 1741.25

Beluga whale 0.00 15.92 0.00 21.89 0.00 258.44 0.00 5.51 0.00 5.51 307.27

Beluga whale, Cook 

Inlet 0.58 2.45 0.58 3.88 0.58 2.95 0.58 2.03 0.58 2.03 16.24

Blainville's beaked 

whale 2.58 11.12 2.57 14.04 2.58 11.12 2.14 8.81 2.14 8.81 65.91

Blue whale 7.22 10.22 7.18 11.26 7.19 11.28 6.95 9.86 7.18 11.25 89.59

Bowhead whale 0.00 4.20 0.00 0.27 0.00 66.10 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.05 70.67

Bryde's whale 0.58 1.14 0.33 0.66 0.59 1.14 0.32 0.66 0.32 0.66 6.40

California sea lion 5171.86 4957.97 5171.86 3528.30 5171.86 3153.17 5171.86 3153.17 5171.86 3153.17 43805.08

Clymene dolphin 4.26 32.12 7.62 34.07 4.26 15.58 7.62 26.23 7.62 26.44 165.82

Common bottlenose 

dolphin 88.15 406.57 144.90 425.89 89.46 331.58 141.82 257.45 144.90 322.45 2353.17

Common minke whale 25.39 41.95 25.75 75.51 25.63 68.72 24.11 36.63 25.75 61.93 411.37

Cuvier's beaked whale 7.34 19.66 7.18 19.91 7.30 19.60 6.69 13.34 6.63 13.34 120.99

Dall's porpoise 11.80 22.41 11.78 22.20 11.78 22.21 11.63 21.22 11.78 22.19 169.00

Dwarf sperm whale 4.15 13.81 4.43 16.84 4.15 13.81 3.85 9.83 3.85 9.83 84.55

False killer whale 51.03 99.42 29.14 62.99 51.04 94.84 29.37 60.96 29.14 60.79 568.72

Fin whale 20.84 40.97 20.53 83.08 20.82 70.85 19.96 35.85 20.52 66.08 399.50
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<30kHz

Year2 

<200kHz

Year3 

<30kHz

Year3 

<200kHz

Year4 

<30kHz

Year4 

<200kHz

Year5 

<30kHz

Year5 

<200kHz

Year6 

<30kHz

Year6 

<200kHz Total Exposures

Fraser's dolphin 340.86 889.99 185.44 386.83 340.86 889.99 185.44 386.78 185.44 386.78 4178.41

Gervais' beaked whale 2.45 10.74 2.50 13.88 2.45 10.74 2.07 8.65 2.07 8.65 64.20

Gray whale 255.07 310.98 254.55 378.06 254.55 378.00 242.30 288.49 254.55 377.02 2993.57

Gray seal 20.70 45.40 4.64 153.18 20.70 132.77 5.37 14.70 4.64 107.62 509.72

Guadalupe fur seal 28.80 29.91 28.74 36.37 28.74 36.30 27.36 27.75 28.74 36.27 308.98

Harbor porpoise 21.91 44.75 17.24 242.67 22.02 215.62 16.43 38.82 17.24 209.95 846.65

Harbor seal 1018.09 1544.14 1008.97 1942.64 1018.97 1683.64 976.82 1132.50 1008.97 1353.56 12688.30

Harp seal 25.62 56.08 5.74 189.22 25.62 164.01 6.63 18.16 5.74 132.94 629.76

Hawaiian monk seal 94.52 115.58 51.23 82.80 94.52 115.58 51.91 83.76 51.23 82.80 823.93

Hooded seal 9.67 18.62 2.02 92.08 9.67 72.58 2.48 6.55 2.02 63.94 279.63

Humpback whale 1.75 5.92 1.81 25.40 1.75 20.81 1.92 6.74 1.80 21.99 89.89

Humpback whale, CA 23.32 29.80 23.28 35.68 23.28 35.35 22.16 27.54 23.28 35.60 279.29

Humpback whale, CNP 4.37 9.16 3.05 9.23 4.37 10.62 3.06 4.90 3.05 4.88 56.69

Humpback whale, 

WNP 0.48 1.00 0.33 1.01 0.48 1.16 0.34 0.54 0.33 0.54 6.21

Long-beaked common 

dolphin 1604.12 2197.58 1607.35 2847.18 1607.35 2811.14 1488.82 1965.12 1607.35 2838.02 20574.03

Longman's (IndoPacific) beaked whale 0.27 0.76 0.15 0.33 0.27 0.76 0.15 0.33 0.15 0.33 3.50

Manatee 8.12 45.14 14.70 46.60 17.19 54.80 6.31 37.66 14.70 46.60 291.82

Melon-headed whale 6.28 12.30 4.44 9.21 6.28 12.30 4.33 7.83 4.33 7.83 75.13
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Year2 

<30kHz

Year2 

<200kHz

Year3 

<30kHz

Year3 

<200kHz

Year4 

<30kHz

Year4 

<200kHz

Year5 

<30kHz

Year5 

<200kHz

Year6 

<30kHz

Year6 

<200kHz Total Exposures

Mesoplodont beaked 

whales (all) 10.45 21.24 10.46 25.48 10.41 22.34 9.78 18.81 10.03 20.25 159.25

North Atlantic right 

whale 0.47 1.34 0.27 4.46 0.47 3.13 0.28 0.65 0.27 2.66 14.00

North Pacific right 

whale 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03

Northern elephant seal 672.20 816.95 673.09 1039.44 673.09 938.27 640.27 678.02 673.09 851.72 7656.14

Northern fur seal 637.51 5145.94 637.51 7234.14 637.51 6596.44 637.51 2160.66 637.51 2160.66 26485.39

Northern bottlenose 

whale 0.03 0.13 0.03 0.13 0.03 0.13 0.03 0.10 0.03 0.10 0.74

Northern right whale 

dolphin 280.20 247.88 281.82 399.01 281.82 384.03 254.16 181.81 281.82 395.24 2987.79

Offshore killer whale 2.34 2.96 2.33 3.59 2.33 3.59 2.22 2.74 2.33 3.59 28.02

Pacific white-sided 

dolphin 601.75 930.09 602.83 1196.88 602.83 1144.08 563.29 809.23 602.83 1114.15 8167.96

Pantropical spotted 

dolphin 450.17 1031.24 268.55 547.61 450.17 1031.24 268.55 545.44 268.55 545.44 5406.96

Pilot whale, long 

finned 18.39 58.72 18.59 83.50 18.86 66.85 17.55 52.03 17.78 61.08 413.35

Pilot whale, short 

finned 18.37 46.53 17.08 59.72 18.69 51.26 16.30 39.12 16.52 45.41 329.00

Polar bear 0.00 9.98 0.00 15.43 0.00 31.82 0.00 3.89 0.00 3.89 65.01

Pygmy killer whale 113.02 271.53 61.81 161.23 113.02 269.30 62.35 161.49 61.81 160.27 1435.83

Pygmy sperm whale 1441.04 2585.17 782.09 1520.37 1441.04 2582.81 788.98 1531.05 782.09 1519.43 14974.07
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Year2 

<30kHz

Year2 

<200kHz

Year3 

<30kHz

Year3 

<200kHz

Year4 

<30kHz

Year4 

<200kHz

Year5 

<30kHz

Year5 

<200kHz

Year6 

<30kHz

Year6 

<200kHz Total Exposures

Resident killer whale 3.48 6.95 3.44 8.04 3.48 7.78 3.41 5.81 3.44 6.01 51.84

Ribbon seal 20.66 225.66 20.66 333.90 20.66 823.70 20.66 107.68 20.66 107.68 1701.92

Rice's whale 0.04 0.16 0.05 0.19 0.04 0.08 0.05 0.15 0.05 0.15 0.96

Ringed seal 0.00 171.51 0.00 235.75 0.00 797.69 0.00 59.36 0.00 59.36 1323.67

Risso's dolphin 77.79 157.34 64.12 196.40 77.77 159.86 62.18 122.63 63.49 142.26 1123.84

Rough-toothed dolphin 1278.39 2755.61 697.28 1632.24 1278.87 2748.41 702.97 1639.92 697.28 1629.02 15059.99

Sea otter, CA 57.35 31.60 58.23 94.24 58.23 99.12 42.72 15.53 58.23 94.24 609.49

Sea otter, SC 17.97 61.14 17.97 105.84 17.97 76.79 17.97 48.36 17.97 48.36 430.34

Sea otter, SE 90.05 69.09 90.05 28.97 90.05 28.97 90.05 28.97 90.05 28.97 635.22

Sea otter, WA 19.98 19.47 19.98 31.23 19.98 27.21 20.16 20.07 19.98 32.08 230.14

Sei whale 3.67 5.09 3.47 7.98 3.68 7.89 3.32 4.60 3.45 7.61 50.76

Short-beaked common 

dolphin 2681.51 3610.07 2646.96 4936.58 2686.68 4679.33 2459.49 3146.27 2646.96 4582.89 34076.74

Sowerby's beaked 

whale 2.45 10.31 2.50 10.54 2.45 10.31 2.07 5.36 2.07 5.36 53.42

Sperm whale 6.12 10.98 6.13 14.27 6.10 11.55 5.90 11.76 6.01 12.52 91.34

Spinner dolphin 10.82 13.76 9.81 24.31 10.82 13.76 9.81 23.91 9.81 23.91 150.72

Spotted seal 0.00 1846.09 0.00 2856.17 0.00 5888.56 0.00 720.19 0.00 720.19 12031.20

Steller sea lion 278.97 385.53 278.97 460.75 278.97 440.73 279.65 346.49 278.97 385.91 3414.94

Striped dolphin 1447.18 2615.80 980.99 1554.37 1447.18 2715.22 955.31 1429.04 980.99 1554.11 15680.19

Transient killer whale 2.76 4.02 2.77 4.14 2.76 3.77 2.77 3.71 2.77 3.93 33.40

True's beaked whale 2.45 10.31 2.50 10.54 2.45 10.31 2.07 5.36 2.07 5.36 53.42
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Year2 

<30kHz

Year2 

<200kHz

Year3 

<30kHz

Year3 

<200kHz

Year4 

<30kHz

Year4 

<200kHz

Year5 

<30kHz

Year5 

<200kHz

Year6 

<30kHz

Year6 

<200kHz Total Exposures

Walrus 0.00 92.24 0.00 126.78 0.00 428.98 0.00 31.92 0.00 31.92 711.84

White-beaked dolphin 0.07 0.27 0.07 0.79 0.07 0.58 0.07 0.22 0.07 0.57 2.78