National Ocean Service Surveying and Mapping Projects in U.S. Waters for

Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement Coastal and Marine Data Acquisition

614

5.0 REFERENCES

(Acevedo, 1991). Acevedo, A. 1991. Interactions between boats and bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops 

truncatus, in the entrance to Ensenada de la Paz, Mexico. Aquatic Mammals, 17(3):120-124. 

Available online at: 

https://www.aquaticmammalsjournal.org/share/AquaticMammalsIssueArchives/1991/Aquatic_Ma

mmals_17_3/Acevedo_Interactions.pdf. 

(ACHP, 2018). Advisory Council on Historic Preservation. 2018. Tribal treaty rights in the Section 106 

process. Available online at: https://www.achp.gov/sites/default/files/whitepapers/2018-

09/TribalTreatyRightsintheSection106Process20180920.pdf.

(Acoustical Society of America, 2017). Acoustical Society of America. 2017. Marine invertebrates have 

noisy human neighbors: Experimentally measuring the impact of anthropogenic noise on marine 

invertebrates provides insights into physiological and behavioral consequences of human activity. 

ScienceDaily. Accessed October 2022 at: 

www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/12/171206090650.htm.

(ADF&G, 2007). Alaska Department of Fish and Game. 2007. A student guide to seal hunting and safety. 

Available online at: 

https://www.adfg.alaska.gov/static/education/educators/curricula/pdfs/ice_seal_student_workboo

k.pdf.

(ADF&G, 2008). Alaska Department of Fish and Game. 2008. Polar bear. Available online at:

https://www.adfg.alaska.gov/static/education/wns/polar_bear.pdf.

(ADF&G, 2009a). Alaska Department of Fish and Game and Alaska Native Seal Commission. 2009. The 

subsistence harvest of harbor seals and sea lions by Alaska natives in 2007. Technical Paper No. 345. 

Available online at: https://www.adfg.alaska.gov/techpap/TP345.pdf.

(ADF&G, 2009b). Alaska Department of Fish and Game and Alaska Native Seal Commission. 2009. The 

subsistence harvest of harbor seals and sea lions by Alaska natives in 2008. Technical Paper No. 347. 

Available online at: https://www.adfg.alaska.gov/techpap/TP347.pdf. 

(ADF&G, 2013a). Alaska Department of Fish and Game. Wolfe, R.J., J. Bryant, L. Hutchinson-Scarbrough, 

M. Kookesh, and L.A. Still. 2013. The subsistence harvest of harbor seals and sea lions in Southeast 

Alaska in 2012. Available online at: https://www.arlis.org/docs/vol1/G/896210864.pdf.

(ADF&G, 2013b). Alaska Department of Fish and Game. Lichtenstein, M. 2013. Sea otter numbers – and 

harvest – on the rise. Accessed October 2022 at:

http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=wildlifenews.view_article&articles_id=637.

(ADF&G, 2016a). Alaska Department of Fish and Game. 2016. Traditional knowledge regarding ringed 

seals, bearded seals, and walrus near Shishmaref, Alaska. Available online at: 

https://www.adfg.alaska.gov/static/research/programs/marinemammals/pdfs/2016_traditional_kn

owledge_shishmaref.pdf.

(ADF&G, 2016b). Alaska Department of Fish and Game. 2016. Alaska wild salmon day. Accessed October 

2022 at: https://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=pressreleases.pr08102016.

(ADF&G, 2017a). Alaska Department of Fish and Game. 2017. Subsistence in Alaska: a year 2017 update. 

Available online at: 

https://www.adfg.alaska.gov/static/home/subsistence/pdfs/subsistence_update_2017.pdf.
National Ocean Service Surveying and Mapping Projects in U.S. Waters for

Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement Coastal and Marine Data Acquisition

615

(ADF&G, 2017b). Alaska Department of Fish and Game. 2017. Walrus Island State Game Sanctuary 

annual management report 2016. Available online at: 

http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/static/lands/protectedareas/walrusislands/pdfs/ri_16report.pdf.

(ADF&G, 2019). Alaska Department of Fish and Game. Fall, J.A, A. Godduhn, G. Halas, L. HutchinsonScarbrough, B. Jones, B. McDavid, E. Mikow, L.A. Sill, A. Wiita, and T. Lemons. 2019. Alaska 

subsistence and personal use salmon fisheries 2016 annual report. Technical Paper No. 446. 

Available online at: https://www.adfg.alaska.gov/download/Technical%20Papers/TP446.pdf.

(ADF&G, 2020). Alaska Department of Fish and Game. 2020. 2020-2021 statewide subsistence and 

personal use fishing regulations. Available online at:

https://www.adfg.alaska.gov/static/regulations/fishregulations/pdfs/commercial/2020_2021_subsis

tence_pu_regs.pdf.

(ADF&G, No Date-a). Alaska Department of Fish and Game. No Date. Reptiles and amphibians. Accessed 

October 2022 at: https://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=animals.listreptiles.

(ADF&G, No Date-b). Alaska Department of Fish and Game. No Date. Beluga whale (Delphinapterus 

leucas) Uses. Accessed October 2022 at: https://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=beluga.uses.

(ADF&G, No Date-c). Alaska Department of Fish and Game. No Date. Harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) Uses. 

Accessed October 2022 at: http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=harborseal.uses.

(ADF&G, No Date-d). Alaska Department of Fish and Game. No Date. Polar bear (Ursus maritimus)

Subsistence Use. Accessed online October 2022 at: 

http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=polarbear.uses.

(ADF&G, No Date-e). Alaska Department of Fish and Wildlife. No Date. Pacific walrus (Odobenus 

rosmarus divergens) Subsistence Use. Accessed October 2022 at: 

http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=walrus.uses.

(AEWC, No Date). Alaska Eskimo Whaling Commission. No Date. Our Whaling Villages. Accessed October 

2022 at: http://www.aewc-alaska.org/whaling-villages.html. 

(AFN, No Date). Alaska Federation of Natives. No Date. Alaska Native Peoples. Accessed October 2022

at: https://www.nativefederation.org/alaska-native-peoples/.

(Ainley et al., 2019). Ainley, D., T. Telfer, M. Reynolds, and A. Raine. 2019. Newell’s shearwater. In: The 

Birds of North America (A. Poole, Ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology. Available online at: 

https://birdsna.org.

(AKDOT, 2006). State of Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities. 2006. Biological 

Assessment of the northern sea otter Enhydra lutris kenyoni for the Akutan Airport project.

Prepared by HDR Alaska, Inc.

(Alderfer, 2003). Alderfer, J. 2003. Auks, murres, puffins. In: National Geographic Reference Atlas to the 

Birds of North America (M. Baughman, Ed.), pp. 176–185. Washington, DC: National Geographic 

Society. Available online at: https://www.natgeomaps.com/bk-reference-atlas-to-the-birds-ofnorth-america. 

(Allen et al., 2014). Allen, A.N., J.J. Schanze, A.R. Solow, and P.L. Tyack. 2014. Analysis of a Blainville's 

beaked whale's movement response to playback of killer whale vocalizations. Marine Mammal 

Science, 30(1):154–168. Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1111/mms.12028. 
National Ocean Service Surveying and Mapping Projects in U.S. Waters for

Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement Coastal and Marine Data Acquisition

616

(Allen, 2007). Allen, G.R. 2007. Conservation hotspots of biodiversity an endemism for Indo-Pacific coral 

reef fishes. Aquatic Conservation, Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 18(5): 541-556. Available 

online at: https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.880.

(Allianz, 2019). Allianz SE, Global Corporate & Specialty Division. 2019. Safety and shipping review 2019. 

Available online at: 

https://www.agcs.allianz.com/content/dam/onemarketing/agcs/agcs/reports/AGCS-SafetyShipping-Review-2019.pdf.

(American Bird Conservancy, No Date). American Bird Conservancy. No Date. Band-Rumped Storm 

Petrel. Accessed October 2022 at: https://abcbirds.org/bird/band-rumped-storm-petrel/.

(Atkinson et al., 2015). Atkinson, S., D. Crocker, D. Houser, and K. Mashburn. 2015. Stress physiology in 

marine mammals: how well do they fit the terrestrial model? Journal of Comparative Physiology B,

185:463–486. Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00360-015-0901-0.

(Atwood et al., 2020). Atwood, T.C., J.F. Bromaghin, V.P. Patil, G.M. Durner, D.C. Douglas, and K.S. Simac. 

2020. Analyses on Subpopulation Abundance and Annual Number of Maternal Dens for the U.S. Fish 

and Wildlife Service on Polar Bears (Ursus maritimus) in the Southern Beaufort Sea, Alaska. U.S. 

Geological Survey Wildlife Program. Open-File Report 2020-1087. Available online at: 

https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ofr20201087. 

(Au and Hastings, 2008). Au, W.W.L. and M.C. Hastings. 2008. Principles of Marine Bioacoustics. 

Springer, New York. 510 p. Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-78365-9.

(Au and Perryman, 1982). Au, W.W.L. and W. Perryman. 1982. Movement and speed of dolphin schools 

responding to an approaching ship. Fishery Bulletin, 80(2):371-379. Available online at: 

https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-0254(83)90239-X.

(Auyong, 2016). Auyong, M. 2016. Maritime Archaeology: A Brief Introduction. Sea Grant, University of 

Guam. 

(Baker et al., 2013). Baker, A., P. Gonzalez, R. Morrison, and B. Harrington. 2013. Red Knot. In: The Birds 

of North America (A. Poole, Ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology. Available online at: 

https://birdsna.org.

(Balazik et al., 2017). Balazik, M.T., D.J. Farrae, T.L. Darden, and G.C. Garman. 2017. Genetic 

differentiation of spring-spawning and fall-spawning male Atlantic sturgeon in the James River, 

Virginia. PLoS One, 12(7): e0179661. Available online at: 

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179661.

(Ballou et al., 1987). Ballou, T.G., R.E. Dodge, S.C. Hess, A.H. Knap and T.D. Sleeter. 1987. Effects of a 

dispersed and undispersed crude oil on mangroves, seagrasses and corals. API 4460. American 

Petroleum Institute. Washington, DC. Available online at: 

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264839961_Effects_of_a_Dispersed_and_Undispersed_

Crude_Oil_on_Mangroves_Seagrasses_and_Corals. 

(Barber et al., 2009). Barber, J.R., K.R. Crooks, and K.M. Fristrup. 2009. The costs of chronic noise 

exposure for terrestrial organisms. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 25:180-189. Available online at: 

http://soundandlightecologyteam.colostate.edu/pdf/trendsecologyevolution2010.pdf.

(Barrowclough et al., 2016). Barrowclough, G.F., J. Cracraft, J. Klicka, and R. Zink. 2016. How Many Kinds 

of Birds Are There and Why Does It Matter? PloS One, 11(11):e0166307. Available online at: 

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5120813/.
National Ocean Service Surveying and Mapping Projects in U.S. Waters for

Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement Coastal and Marine Data Acquisition

617

(Becking et al., 2014). Becking, L.E., T. van Bussel, S. Engel, M.J.A. Christianen, and A.O. Debrot. 2014. 

Proximate response of fish, conch, and sea turtles to the presence of the invasive seagrass Halophila 

stipulacea in Bonaire. Institute for Marine Resources & Ecosystem Studies. Available online at: 

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267865352_Proximate_response_of_fish_conch_and_se

a_turtles_to_the_presence_of_the_invasive_seagrass_Halophila_stipulacea_in_Bonaire.

(Black, 2005). Black, A. 2005. Light induced seabird mortality on vessels operating in the Southern 

Ocean: Incidents and mitigation measures. Antarctic Science, 17:67-68. Available online at: 

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antarctic-science/article/light-induced-seabird-mortalityon-vessels-operating-in-the-southern-ocean-incidents-and-mitigationmeasures/8CA7FBA380A840736AA8814C4B97A720.

(Boeger et al., 2006). Boeger, W.A., M.R. Pie, A. Ostrensky, and M.F. Cardoso. 2006. The effect of 

exposure to seismic prospecting on coral reef fishes. Brazilian Journal of Oceanography, 54:235-239.

Available online at: 

https://www.scielo.br/j/bjoce/a/7ZVvBCzyK5xQ6bPRSLL3nLz/?format=pdf&lang=en. 

(Boelens, 2013). Boelens, R.D. 2013. Protecting Alaska’s Coastal Ecosystems: May 2013. The Story of the 

Cook Inlet Belugas. Seattle Journal of Environmental Law, 3(1):7. Available online at:

https://digitalcommons.law.seattleu.edu/sjel/vol3/iss1/7. 

(BOEM, 2012). Bureau of Ocean and Energy Management. 2012. Gulf of Mexico OCS Oil and Gas Lease 

Sales: 2012-2017. Available online at: https://www.boem.gov/EnvironmentalStewardship/Environmental-Assessment/NEPA/BOEM-2012-019_v1.aspx.

(BOEM, 2013). Bureau of Ocean Energy Management. 2013. Inventory and Analysis of Coastal and 

Submerged Archaeological Site Occurrence on the Pacific Outer Continental Shelf. OCS Study: BOEM 

2013-0115. Available online at: https://www.boem.gov/ESPIS/5/5357.pdf.

(BOEM, 2014a). Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Gulf of Mexico OCS Region. 2014. Atlantic OCS 

Proposed Geological and Geophysical Activities, Mid-Atlantic and South Atlantic Planning Areas, 

Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement. Available online at: 

https://www.boem.gov/Atlantic-G-G-PEIS/#Final%20PEIS.

(BOEM, 2014b). Bureau of Ocean Energy Management. 2014. Atlantic OCS Proposed Geological and 

Geophysical (G&G) Activities, Mid-Atlantic and South Atlantic Planning Areas, Final Programmatic 

Environmental Impact Statement. Appendix I: Sea turtle hearing and sensitivity to acoustic impacts. 

Available online at: https://www.boem.gov/Atlantic-G-G-PEIS/.

(BOEM, 2015a). Bureau of Ocean Energy Management. 2015. Biological Assessment Oil and Gas 

Activities Associated with Lease Sale 193, Spectacled Eider, Spectacled Eider Critical Habitat, Alaskabreeding Steller’s Eider, and Polar Bear. Alaska OCS Region. Available online at:

https://www.boem.gov/sites/default/files/uploadedFiles/BOEM/About_BOEM/BOEM_Regions/Alas

ka_Region/Environment/Environmental_Analysis/2015-01-20-FWS-BA-LS193.pdf.

(BOEM, 2015b). Bureau of Ocean and Energy Management, U.S. Department of the Interior. February 

2015. Final Second Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Chukchi Sea Planning Area. 

Available online at: 

https://www.boem.gov/sites/default/files/uploadedFiles/BOEM/About_BOEM/BOEM_Regions/Alas

ka_Region/Leasing_and_Plans/Leasing/Lease_Sales/Sale_193/2015_0127_LS193_Final_2nd_SEIS_V

ol1.pdf.
National Ocean Service Surveying and Mapping Projects in U.S. Waters for

Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement Coastal and Marine Data Acquisition

618

(BOEM, 2016). Bureau of Ocean Energy Management. 2016. Outer Continental Shelf Oil and Gas Leasing 

Program 2017-2022 Environmental Impact Statement. Available online at: 

https://www.boem.gov/oil-gas-energy/leasing/2017-2022-ocs-oil-and-gas-leasing-program.

(BOEM, 2017a). Bureau of Ocean Energy Management. 2017. The Unseen Landscape: Inventory and 

Assessment of Submerged Cultural Resources in Hawai`i. OCS Study: BOEM 2017-021. Available 

online at: https://www.boem.gov/BOEM-2017-021/.

(BOEM, 2017b). Bureau of Ocean Energy Management. 2017. U.S. Outer Continental Shelf Gulf of 

Mexico Region Oil and Gas Production Forecast: 2018-2027. OCS Report BOEM 2017-082. Available 

online at: https://www.boem.gov/sites/default/files/about-boem/BOEM-Regions/Gulf-of-MexicoRegion/Resource-Evaluation/BOEM--2017--082.pdf.

(BOEM, 2018a). Bureau of Ocean and Energy Management. 2018. Final Environmental Impact Statement 

Liberty Development and Production Plan, Beaufort Sea, Alaska. Available online at: 

https://www.boem.gov/sites/default/files/about-boem/BOEM-Regions/Alaska-Region/Leasing-andPlans/Plans/Vol-1-Liberty-FEIS.pdf.

(BOEM, 2018b). Bureau of Ocean Energy Management. 2018. Geological and Geophysical (G&G) Surveys 

Fact Sheet. Available online at: https://www.boem.gov/sites/default/files/about-boem/BOEMRegions/Atlantic-Region/GandG-Overview.pdf.

(BOEM, 2018c). Bureau of Ocean Energy Management. 2018. 2019-2024 National Outer Continental 

Shelf Oil and Gas Leasing Draft Proposed Program. Available online at: 

https://www.boem.gov/sites/default/files/oil-and-gas-energy-program/Leasing/Five-YearProgram/2019-2024/DPP/NP-Draft-Proposed-Program-2019-2024.pdf.

(BOEM, 2019a). Bureau of Ocean Energy Management. 2019. Finding of Adverse Effect for the Vineyard 

Wind Project Construction and Operations Plan. Available online at: https://www.nantucketma.gov/DocumentCenter/View/26696/Revised-Finding-of-Adverse-Effect-June-20-2019.

(BOEM, 2019b). Bureau of Ocean Energy Management. 2019. National Environmental Policy Act 

Documentation for Impact-Producing Factors in the Offshore Wind Cumulative Impacts Scenario on 

the North Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf. Available online at: 

https://www.boem.gov/sites/default/files/environmental-stewardship/EnvironmentalStudies/Renewable-Energy/IPFs-in-the-Offshore-Wind-Cumulative-Impacts-Scenario-on-the-NOCS.pdf.

(BOEM, 2019c). Bureau of Ocean Energy Management. 2019. Alaska OCS Region: Alaska Detailed Listing 

of Active Leases. Available online at: https://www.boem.gov/sites/default/files/about-boem/BOEMRegions/Alaska-Region/Leasing-and-Plans/Leasing/Alaska-Detailed-Listing-of-Active-Leases.pdf.

(BOEM, 2019d). Bureau of Ocean Energy Management. 2019. Alaska Lease Holdings by Owner. Available 

online at: https://www.boem.gov/sites/default/files/about-boem/BOEM-Regions/AlaskaRegion/Leasing-and-Plans/Leasing/Alaska-Lease-Holdings-by-Owner.pdf.

(BOEM, 2019e). Bureau of Ocean Energy Management. 2019. Marine Minerals Program Fact Sheet.

Accessed October 2022 at: https://www.boem.gov/sites/default/files/boemnewsroom/MMP_General-fact-sheet.pdf.

(BOEM, No Date-a). Bureau of Ocean Energy Management. No Date. Managing Oil and Gas Leases -

Pacific. Accessed October 2022 at: https://www.boem.gov/oil-gas-energy/leasing/pacific-ocsregion-lease-management.
National Ocean Service Surveying and Mapping Projects in U.S. Waters for

Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement Coastal and Marine Data Acquisition

619

(BOEM, No Date-b). Bureau of Ocean Energy Management. No Date. Exploration and Development 

Plans. Accessed October 2022 at: https://www.boem.gov/oil-gas-energy/exploration-anddevelopment-plans-0.

(BOEM, No Date-c). Bureau of Ocean Energy Management. No Date. Alaska OCS Region. Accessed 

October 2022 at: https://www.boem.gov/regions/alaska-ocs-region/alaska-ocs-region.

(BOEM, No Date-d). Bureau of Ocean Energy Management. No Date. Oil and Gas - Atlantic. Accessed 

October 2022 at: https://www.boem.gov/oil-gas-energy/atlantic-oil-and-gas-information.

(BOEM, No Date-e). Bureau of Ocean Energy Management. No Date. Gulf of Mexico OCS Region.

Accessed October 2022 at: https://www.boem.gov/regions/gulf-mexico-ocs-region.

(BOEM, No Date-f). Bureau of Ocean Energy Management. No Date. Renewable Energy Fact Sheet. 

Accessed October 2022 at: https://www.boem.gov/sites/default/files/documents/renewableenergy/BOEM_FactSheet-Renewable-2-26-2020.pdf.

(BOEM, No Date-g). Bureau of Ocean Energy Management. No Date. Pacific OCS Region Renewable 

Energy Program. Accessed October 2022 at: https://www.boem.gov/regions/pacific-ocsregion/pacific-ocs-region-renewable-energy-program.

(BOEM, No Date-h). Bureau of Ocean Energy Management. No Date. Renewable Energy on the Outer 

Continental Shelf. Accessed October 2022 at: https://www.boem.gov/Renewable-Energy-ProgramOverview/.

(Boylan and Elsberry, 2019). Boyland, B.M. and D. Elsberry. 2019. Climate Change and Maritime Traffic in 

the Arctic. University of Alaska Fairbanks, Center for Arctic Policy Studies. Available online at: 

https://uaf.edu/caps/our-work/policy-perspectives-files/climate-change-and-maritime-traffic-inthe-arctic-pb4-final-12dec2019.pdf.

(Brake, 2019). Brake, D. 2019. Submarine Cables: Critical Infrastructure for Global Communication. 

Information Technology & Innovation Foundation. Accessed October 2022 at: 

https://www2.itif.org/2019-submarine-cables.pdf. 

(Bricker et al., 2007). Bricker, S., B. Longstaff, W. Dennison, A. Jones, K. Boicourt, C. Wicks, and J. 

Woerner. 2007. Effects of Nutrient Enrichment In the Nation’s Estuaries: A Decade of Change. NOAA 

Coastal Ocean Program Decision Analysis Series No. 26. National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, 

Silver Spring, MD. 328 pp. Available online at: https://ian.umces.edu/site/assets/files/10833/effectsof-nutrient-enrichment-in-the-nations-estuaries-a-decade-of-change.pdf.

(Brower and Hepa, 1998). Brower, H., Jr. and T. Hepa. 1998. Subsistence Hunting Activities and the 

Inupiat Eskimo. Cultural Survival Quarterly Magazine. Accessed October 2022 at: 

https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/subsistence-huntingactivities-and-inupiat-eskimo.

(Brumm and Slabbekoorn, 2005). Brumm, H. and H. Slabbekoorn. 2005. Acoustic communication in 

noise. Advances in the Study of Behavior, 35:151–209. Available online at:

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-3454(05)35004-2. 

(Burge et al., 2016). Burge, C.A., C.J. Closek, C.S. Friedman, M.L. Groner, C.M. Jenkins, A. Shore-Maggio, 

and J. E. Walsh. 2016. The Use of Filter-feeders to Manage Disease in a Changing World. Integrative 

and Comparative Biology, 56(4):573-587. Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icw048.

(Burgess et al., 1998). Burgess, W.C., P.L. Tyack, B.J. Le Boeuf, and D.P. Costa. 1998. A Programmable 

Acoustic Recording Tag and First Results from Free-Ranging Northern Elephant Seals. Deep Sea 
National Ocean Service Surveying and Mapping Projects in U.S. Waters for

Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement Coastal and Marine Data Acquisition

620

Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 45(7), 1327–51. Available online at: 

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(98)00032-0.

(Burns and Knap, 1989). Burns, K.A. and A.H. Knap. 1989. The Bahia Las Minas oil spill: Hydrocarbon 

uptake by reef building corals. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 20(8):391-398. Available online at:

https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-326X(89)90317-2.

(Cameron et al., 2018). Cameron, E., R. Thomas, J. Bauer, A. Bean, J. DiGiulio, C. Disenhof, S. Galer, K. 

Jones, M. Mark-Moser, R. Miller, L. Romeo, and K. Rose. 2018. Estimating Carbon Storage Resources 

in Offshore Geologic Environments. NETL-TRS-14-2018. NETL Technical Report Series. U.S. 

Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory: Albany, OR, 2018; p 32. Available 

online at: https://doi.org/10.18141/1464460.

(Carretta et al., 2017). Carretta, J.V., K.A. Forney, E.M. Oleson, D.W. Weller, A.R. Lang, J. Baker, M.M. 

Muto, B. Hanson, A.J. Orr, H. Huber, M.S. Lowry, J. Barlow, J.E. Moore, D. Lynch, L. Carswell, and R.L. 

Brownell Jr. 2017. U.S. Pacific Marine Mammal Stock Assessments: 2016. NOAA Technical 

Memorandum NOAA-TM-NMFS-SWFSC-577; 407 p. Available online at: 

https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/14915.

(Carretta et al., 2018). Carretta, J.V., K.A. Forney, E.M. Oleson, D.W. Weller, A.R. Lang, J. Baker, M.M. 

Muto, B. Hanson, A.J. Orr, H. Huber, M.S. Lowry, J. Barlow, J.E. Moore, D. Lynch, L. Carswell, and R.L. 

Brownell Jr. 2018. U.S. Pacific Marine Mammal Stock Assessments: 2017. NOAA Technical 

Memorandum NOAA-TM-NMFS-SWFSC-602; 155 p. Available online at: 

https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/18080.

(Carretta et al., 2020). Carretta, J.V., K.A. Forney, E.M. Oleson, D.W. Weller, A.R. Lang, J. Baker, M.M. 

Muto, B. Hanson, A.J. Orr, H. Huber, M.S. Lowry, J. Barlow, J.E. Moore, D. Lynch, L. Carswell, and R.L. 

Brownell Jr. 2020. U.S. Pacific Marine Mammal Stock Assessments: 2019. NOAA Technical 

Memorandum NMFS-SWFSC-629; 385 p. Available online at: https://media.fisheries.noaa.gov/dammigration/2019_sars_pacific_508.pdf.

(Carretta et al., 2022). Carretta, J.V. E.M. Oleson, K.A. Forney, M.M. Muto, D.W. Weller, A.R. Lang, J. 

Baker, B. Hanson, A.J. Orr, J. Barlow, J.E. Moore, and R.L. Brownell Jr. 2022. U.S. Pacific Marine 

Mammal Stock Assessments: 2021. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-SWFSC-663; 395 p. 

Available online at: https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/44406. 

(CDFW, 2018). California Department of Fish and Wildlife. 2018. Winter-run Chinook Salmon 

Escapement Estimates for 2017. Available online at: 

https://nrm.dfg.ca.gov/FileHandler.ashx?DocumentID=153108&inline.

(CEE, 2006). Center for Energy Economics. 2006. Offshore LNG Receiving Terminals. Available online at: 

http://www.beg.utexas.edu/files/energyecon/global-gas-and-lng/CEE_offshore_LNG.pdf.

(Center for Biological Diversity, No Date). Center for Biological Diversity. No Date. Western Snowy Plover 

Natural History. Accessed October 2022 at: 

https://www.biologicaldiversity.org/species/birds/western_snowy_plover/natural_history.html.

(CEQ, 1981). Council on Environmental Quality. 1981. Forty Most Asked Questions Concerning CEQ's 

National Environmental Policy Act Regulations. 46 Fed. Reg. 18026 (March 23, 1981) As amended. 

Available online at: https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2018/06/f53/G-CEQ40Questions.pdf.
National Ocean Service Surveying and Mapping Projects in U.S. Waters for

Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement Coastal and Marine Data Acquisition

621

(CEQ, 1997a). Council on Environmental Quality. 1997. Environmental Justice Guidance Under the 

National Environmental Policy Act. Available online at: 

https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-02/documents/ej_guidance_nepa_ceq1297.pdf. 

(CEQ, 1997b). Council on Environmental Quality. 1997. Considering Cumulative Effects Under the 

National Environmental Policy Act. Available online at: 

https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/nepapub/nepa_documents/RedDont/G-CEQConsidCumulEffects.pdf.

(CEQ, 2014). Effective Use of Programmatic NEPA Reviews. 2014. Memorandum for Heads of Federal 

Departments and Agencies. Available online at: https://ceq.doe.gov/docs/ceq-regulations-andguidance/Effective_Use_of_Programmatic_NEPA_Reviews_Final_Dec2014_searchable.pdf. 

(CFMC, No Date). Caribbean Fishery Management Council. No Date. Fishery Management Plans. 

Available online at: https://caribbeanfmc.com/fishery-management/fishery-management-plans.

(Cheung et al., 2007). Cheung, W.W.L., R. Watson, T. Morato, T.J. Pitcher, D. and Pauly. 2007. Intrinsic 

vulnerability in the global fish catch. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 333:1-12. Available online at:

https://doi.org/10.3354/meps333001.

(Cholewiak et al., 2017). Cholewiak, D., A.I. DeAngelis, D. Palka, P.J. Corkeron, and S.M. Van Parijs. 2017. 

Beaked whales demonstrate a marked acoustic response to the use of shipboard echosounders. 

Royal Society Open Science, 4(12):170940. Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.170940. 

(ClimeFish, No Date). ClimeFish. No Date. Climate change and impacts on fisheries. Accessed October 

2022 at: https://climefish.eu/climate-change-and-impacts-on-fisheries/.

(Codarin et al., 2009). Codarin, A., L.E. Wysocki, F. Ladich, and M. Picciulin. 2009. Effects of ambient and 

boat noise on hearing and communication in three fish species living in a marine protected area 

(Miramare, Italy). Marine Pollution Bulletin, 58(12):1880-1887. Available online at:

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.07.011.

(Collazo et al., 2019). Collazo, J.A., M.J. Krachey, K.H. Pollock, F.J. Pérez-Aguilo, J.P. Zegarra, and A.A. 

Mignucci-Giannoni. 2019. Population estimates of Antillean manatees in Puerto Rico: an analytical 

framework for aerial surveys using multi-pass removal sampling. Journal of Mammalogy, 

100(4):1340–1349. Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyz076. 

(Conant et al., 2009). Conant, T.A., P.H. Dutton, T. Eguchi, S.P. Epperly, C.C. Fahy, M.H. Godfrey, S.L. 

MacPherson, E.E. Possardt, B.A. Schroeder, J.A. Seminoff, M.L. Snover, C.M. Upite, and B.E. 

Witherington. 2009. Loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) 2009 status review under the U.S. 

Endangered Species Act. Report of the Loggerhead Biological Review Team to the National Marine 

Fisheries Service, August 2009. 222 pp. Available online at:

https://www.biologicaldiversity.org/species/reptiles/loggerhead_sea_turtle/pdfs/2009-LoggerheadStatus-Review.pdf.

(Conners and Conrath, No Date). Conners, M.E. and C. Conrath. No Date. New Management Challenge in 

Alaska – Octopus! National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Available online at:

https://apps-afsc.fisheries.noaa.gov/pubs/posters/pdfs/pEConners03_sea-lion.pdf.

(Conners et al., 2017). Conners, M.E., K. Aydin, and C. Conrath. 2017. Assessment of the Octopus Stock 

Complex in the Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands, 2016. Alaska Fisheries Science Center. Available 

online at: https://apps-afsc.fisheries.noaa.gov/REFM/Docs/2017/BSAIocto.pdf. 
National Ocean Service Surveying and Mapping Projects in U.S. Waters for

Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement Coastal and Marine Data Acquisition

622

(Constantine et al., 2004). Constantine, R., D.H. Brunton, and T. Dennis. 2004. Dolphin-watching tour 

boats change bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) behaviour. Biological Conservation 117:299-

307. Available online at: http://www.seaturtle.org/PDF/ConstantineR_2004_BiolConserv.pdf.

(Cook and Knap, 1983). Cook, C. B. and A. H. Knap. 1983. Effects of crude oil and chemical dispersant on 

photosynthesis in the brain coral Diploria strigosa. Marine Biology, 78:21-7. Available online at: 

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00392967. 

(Cope et al., 2005). Cope, M., D. St. Aubain, and J. Thomas. 2005. Effects of boat activity on the behavior 

of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in waters surrounding Hilton Head, South Carolina. 

Aquatic Mammals, 31(1):133-140. Available online at: 

http://orcarelief.org/docs/Neg%20effect%20boats%20T.t.%20in%20SC.pdf.

(CORA, No Date). Chippewa Ottawa Resource Authority. No Date. Home. Accessed October 2022 at: 

https://www.1836cora.org/.

(Corals of the World, No Date). Corals of the World. No Date. Orbicella faveolata. Accessed October 

2022 at: 

http://www.coralsoftheworld.org/species_factsheets/species_factsheet_summary/orbicellafaveolata/.

(Coulter et al., 1999). Coulter, M., J. Rodgers, J. Ogden, and F. Depkin. 1999. Wood Stork. In: The Birds of 

North America (A. Poole, Ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology. Available online at: 

https://birdsna.org.

(Cox et al., 2006). Cox, T.M., T.J. Ragen, A.J. Read, E. Vox, R.W. Baird, K. Balcomb, J. Barlow, J. Caldwell, 

T. Cranford, L. Crum, A. D'Amico, G. D'Spain, A. Fernandez, J. Finneran, R. Gentry, W. Gerth, F. 

Gulland, J. Hildebrand, D. Houser, T. Hullar, P.D. Jepson, D. Ketten, C.D. MacLeod, P. Miller, S. 

Moore, D.C. Mountain, D. Palka, P. Ponganis, S. Rommel, T. Rowles, B. Taylor, P. Tyack, D. Wartzok, 

R. Gisiner, J. Mead, and L. Benner. 2006. Understanding the impacts of anthropogenic sound on 

beaked whales. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management, 7(3):189–209. Available online at: 

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230737956_Understanding_the_impacts_of_anthropog

enic_sound_on_beaked_whales.

(Crain et al., 2009). Crain, C.M., B.S. Halpern, M.W. Beck, and C.V. Kappel.2009. Understanding and 

Managing Human Threats to the Coastal Marine Environment. In: The Year in Ecology and 

Conservation Biology (R. S. Ostfeld and W. H. Schlesinger, Eds.) pp. 39-62. Oxford, UK: Blackwell 

Publishing. Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04496.x.

(Cranford et al., 1996). Cranford, T.W., M. Amundin, and K.S. Norris. 1996. Functional morphology and 

homology in the odontocete nasal complex: Implications for sound generation. Journal of 

Morphology, 228 (3):223-285. Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-

4687(199606)228:3<223::AID-JMOR1>3.0.CO;2-3.

(CRITFC, No Date). Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission. No Date. Salmon Culture of the Pacific 

Northwest Tribes. Accessed October 2022 at: https://www.critfc.org/salmon-culture/tribal-salmonculture/.

(Culik et al., 2001). Culik, B.M., S. Koschinski, N. Tregenza, and G.M. Ellis. 2001. Reactions of harbor 

porpoises Phocoena and herring Clupea harengus to acoustic alarms. Marine Ecological Progress 

Series, 211:255–260. Available online at: https://doi.org/10.3354/meps211255.

(Curé et al., 2015). Curé, C., L.D. Sivle, F. Visser, P.J. Wensveen, S. Isojunno, C.M. Harris, P.H. Kvadsheim, 

F.P.A. Lam, and P.J.O. Miller. 2015. Predator sound playbacks reveal strong avoidance responses in a 
National Ocean Service Surveying and Mapping Projects in U.S. Waters for

Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement Coastal and Marine Data Acquisition

623

fight strategist baleen whale. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 526:267–282. Available online at:

https://doi.org/10.3354/meps11231. 

(Curland, 1997). Curland, J.M. 1997. Effects of Disturbance on Sea Otters (Enhydra lutris) near Monterey, 

California. Master of Science, San Jose State University, 1997. Available online at: 

https://doi.org/10.31979/etd.3uq8-da46.

(Davenport, 1997). Davenport, J. 1997. Temperature and the Life-History Strategies of Sea Turtles. 

Journal of Thermal Biology, Special Issue to Commemorate the Life and Work of Professor Jack 

Grainger, 22(6): 479–88. Available online at: 

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306456597000661.

(Davis et al., 1988). Davis, R.W., T.M. Williams, and F. Awbrey. 1988. Sea Otter Oil Spill Avoidance Study. 

OSTI Technical Report PB-89-191381/XAB. Available online at: https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5860299

(Deecke et al., 2002). Deecke, V.B., P.J.B. Slater, and J.K.B. Ford. 2002. Selective habituation shapes 

acoustic predator recognition in harbour seals. Nature, 420(6912):171–173. Available online at:

https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01030. 

(DeMaster et al., 2001). DeMaster, D.P., C.W. Fowler, S.L. Perry, and M.F. Richlen. 2001. Predation and 

competition: The impact of fisheries on marine-mammal populations over the next one hundred 

years. Journal of Mammalogy, 82(3):641–651. Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1644/1545-

1542(2001)082<0641:PACTIO>2.0.CO;2.

(DeRuiter et al., 2013). DeRuiter, S.L., B.L. Southall, J. Calambokidis, W.M. Zimmer, D. Sadykova, E.A. 

Falcone, A.S. Friedlaender, J.E. Joseph, D. Moretti, G.S. Schorr, L. Thomas, and P.L. Tyack. 2013. First 

direct measurements of behavioural responses by Cuvier's beaked whales to mid-frequency active 

sonar. Biology Letters, 9(4):20130223. Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2013.0223.

(DeRuiter et al., 2017). DeRuiter, S.L., R. Langrock, T. Skirbutas, J.A. Goldbogen, J. Calambokidis, A.S. 

Friedlaender, and B.L. Southall. 2017. A multivariate mixed hidden Markov model for blue whale 

behaviour and responses to sound exposure. The Annals of Applied Statistics, 11(1):362–392. 

Available online at: https://projecteuclid.org/download/pdfview_1/euclid.aoas/1491616885.

(Di Iorio and Clark, 2009). Di Iorio, L. and C.W. Clark. 2009. Exposure to seismic survey alters blue whale 

acoustic communication. Biology Letters, 6(3):51-54. Available online at: 

https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2009.0967.

(DOE, 2021). U.S. Department of Energy. 2021. Energy Secretary Granholm Announces Ambitious New 

30GW Offshore Wind Deployment Target by 2030. Accessed October 2022 at: 

https://www.energy.gov/articles/energy-secretary-granholm-announces-ambitious-new-30gwoffshore-wind-deployment-target.

(DOE, No Date-a). U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy. No Date. 

Marine and Hydrokinetic Market Acceleration and Deployment. Accessed October 2022 at: 

https://www.energy.gov/eere/water/marine-and-hydrokinetic-market-acceleration-anddeployment.

(DOE, No Date-b). U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy. No Date. 

Marine and Hydrokinetic Resource Assessment and Characterization. Accessed October 2022 at: 

https://www.energy.gov/eere/water/marine-and-hydrokinetic-resource-assessment-andcharacterization.
National Ocean Service Surveying and Mapping Projects in U.S. Waters for

Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement Coastal and Marine Data Acquisition

624

(DOI, 2021). U.S. Department of the Interior. 2021. Federal Subsistence Management Regulations for 

the Harvest of Fish and Shellfish on Federal Public Lands and Waters in Alaska. Available online at: 

https://www.doi.gov/sites/doi.gov/files/uploads/2019-21_fisheries_regs_book_web.pdf.

(Dooling and Popper, 2000). Dooling, R.J. and A.N. Popper. 2000. Hearing in birds and reptiles: An 

overview. In: Comparative Hearing: Birds and Reptiles (Dooling, R.J., A.N. Popper, and R.R. Fay, Eds.). 

New York, NY: Springer-Verlag. pp. 1-12. Available online at: 

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4612-1182-2_1.

(Dooling and Therrien, 2012). Dooling, R.J. and S.C. Therrien. 2012. Hearing in Birds: What Changes from 

Air to Water. In: The Effects of Noise on Aquatic Life (Popper, A.N. and A. Hawkins, Eds.). 77–82. 

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. New York, NY: Springer. Available online at: 

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7311-5_17.

(DOSITS, No Date-a). Discovery of Sound in the Sea. No Date. Discovery of Sound in the Sea. Accessed 

October 2022 at: https://dosits.org.

(DOSITS, No Date-b). Discovery of Sound in the Sea. No Date. How Do Marine Invertebrates Detect 

Sounds? Accessed October 2022 at: https://dosits.org/animals/sound-reception/how-do-marineinvertebrates-detect-sounds/.

(Dulvy et al., 2003). Dulvy, N.K., Y. Sadovy, and J.D Reynolds. 2003. Extinction vulnerability in marine 

populations. Fish and Fisheries, 4(1):25-64. Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-

2979.2003.00105.x.

(Dunbar et al., 2008). Dunbar, S.G., Salinas, L., & Stevenson, L. 2008. In-water observations of recently 

released juvenile hawksbills. Marine Turtle Newsletter, 121:59. Available online at: 

http://www.seaturtle.org/PDF/DunbarSG_2008_MTN.pdf.

(Duncan et al., 2017). Duncan, E.M., Botterell, Z.L.R., Broderick, A.C., Galloway, T.S., Lindeque, P.K., 

Nuno, A., Godley, B.J. 2017. A global review of marine turtle entanglement in anthropogenic debris: 

A baseline for further action. Endangered Species Research, 34:431–448. Available online at:

https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00865.

(Dunn, 2016). Dunn, T. 2016. This thousands-year-old Alaskan whaling ritual still exists...but maybe not 

much longer. Accessed October 2022 at: https://www.upworthy.com/this-thousands-year-oldalaskan-whaling-ritual-still-exists-but-maybe-not-much-longer.

(Durant et al., 2003). Durant, J. M., T. Anker-Nilssen, and N.C. Stenseth. 2003. Trophic interaction under 

climate fluctuations: The Atlantic puffin as an example. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 

270(B)(1):461–466. Available online at: 

https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rspb.2003.2397.

(ECOS, No Date-a). Environmental Conservation Online System, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. No Date. 

Generate Species List. Accessed October 2022 at: https://ecos.fws.gov/ecp0/reports/ad-hocspecies-report-input.

(ECOS, No Date-b). Environmental Conservation Online System, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. No Date. 

USFWS Threatened & Endangered Species Active Critical Habitat Report. Accessed October 2022 at: 

https://ecos.fws.gov/ecp/report/table/critical-habitat.html. 

(EDGE, No Date). Edge of Existence.org. No Date. Border Coral Star – Orbicella annularis. Zoological 

Society of London. Accessed October 2022 at: http://www.edgeofexistence.org/species/boulderstar-coral/.
National Ocean Service Surveying and Mapping Projects in U.S. Waters for

Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement Coastal and Marine Data Acquisition

625

(Edmonds et al., 2016). Edmonds, N.J., C.J. Firmin, D. Goldsmith, R.C. Faulkner, and D.T. Wood. 2016. A 

review of crustacean sensitivity to high amplitude underwater noise: Data needs for effective risk 

assessment in relation to UK commercial species. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 108(1-2):5–11. Available 

online at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.05.006.

(Efroymson et al., 2000). Efroymson, R.A., W.H. Rose, S. Nemeth, and G.W. Suter II. 2000. Ecological risk 

assessment framework for low-altitude overflights by fixed-wing and rotary-wing military aircraft. 

ORNL/TM-2000/289. Oak Ridge, TN: Oak Ridge National Laboratory. 115p. Available online at:

https://doi.org/10.2172/777698.

(Egan, 2019). Egan, D. 2019. The Cancer of the Great Lakes: Mussels Are Devastating a Unique 

Ecosystem. Nautilus. Available online at: https://medium.com/nautilus-magazine/the-cancer-of-thegreat-lakes-2e6753352fbb. 

(EIA, 2022a). United States Energy Information Administration. 2022. Federal Offshore – Annual Gulf of 

Mexico Dry Natural Gas Production (Million Cubic Feet). Accessed October 2022 at: 

https://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/hist/na1160_r3fm_2A.htm.

(EIA, 2022b). United States Energy Information Administration. 2022. Federal Offshore – Annual Gulf of 

Mexico Field Production of Crude Oil. Accessed October 2022 at: 

https://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/hist/LeafHandler.ashx?n=pet&s=mcrfp3fm2&f=m.

(Eigaard et al., 2016). Eigaard, O.R., F. Bastardie, N.T. Hintzen, and L. Buhl-Mortensen. 2016. The 

footprint of bottom trawling in European waters: distribution, intensity and seabed integrity. ICES 

Journal of Marine Science, 74(3). Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsw194.

(Elliott-Smith and Haig, 2004). Elliott-Smith, E. and S. Haig. 2004. Piping Plover. In: The Birds of North 

America (A. Poole, Ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology. Available online at: 

https://birdsna.org.

(Ellison and Frankel, 2012). Ellison, W.T. and A.S. Frankel. 2012. A common sense approach to source 

metrics. In: The Effects of Noise on Aquatic Life (Popper, A.N. and A.D. Hawkins, Eds.). Volume 730. 

Springer, New York. pp. 433-438. Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7311-

5_98.

(Ellison et al., 2012). Ellison, W.T., B.L. Southall, C.W. Clark, and A.S. Frankel. 2012. A new context-based 

approach to assess marine mammal behavioral responses to anthropogenic sounds. Conservation 

Biology, 26(1):21-28. Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2011.01803.x.

(Engilis et al., 2002). Engilis, A., K. Uyehara, and J. Giffin. 2002. Hawaiian Duck. In: The Birds of North 

America (A. Poole, Ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology. Available online at: 

https://birdsna.org.

(EPA, 2010). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Endangered Species Protection Program. 2010. 

Endangered Species Facts: Tidewater Goby Eucyclogobius newberryi. Available online at: 

https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2013-08/documents/tidewater-goby.pdf.

(EPA, 2012). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2012. National Coastal Condition Report IV. EPA842-R-10-003. Available online at: https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2014-

10/documents/0_nccr_4_report_508_bookmarks.pdf. 

(EPA, 2022). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2022. National Aquatic Resource Surveys, Indicators: 

Benthic Macroinvertebrates. Accessed October 2022 at: https://www.epa.gov/national-aquaticresource-surveys/indicators-benthic-macroinvertebrates. 
National Ocean Service Surveying and Mapping Projects in U.S. Waters for

Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement Coastal and Marine Data Acquisition

626

(Erbe, 2013). Erbe, C. 2013. Underwater Noise of Small Personal Watercraft (Jet Skis). The Journal of the 

Acoustical Society of America, 133(4):EL326–30. Available online at: 

https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4795220.

(Erbe et al., 2016). Erbe, C., C. Reichmuth, K. Cunningham, K. Lucke, and R. Dooling. 2016. 

Communication masking in marine mammals: A review and research strategy. Marine Pollution 

Bulletin, 103(1–2):15–38. Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.12.007.

(Erbe et al., 2019). Erbe, C., S.A. Marley, R.P. Schoeman, J.N. Smith, L.E. Trigg, and C.B. Embling. 2019. 

The Effects of Ship Noise on Marine Mammals—A Review. Frontiers in Marine Science. Available 

online at: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00606.

(Erickson and Hightower, 2007). Erickson, D.L. and J.E. Hightower. 2007. Oceanic distribution and 

behavior of green sturgeon. American Fisheries Society Symposium, 56:197–211. Available online at: 

https://repository.lib.ncsu.edu/bitstream/handle/1840.2/1960/Erickson%26Hightower_2007.pdf?se

quence=1&isAllowed=y. 

(Esslinger et al., 2014). Esslinger, G.G., J.L. Bodkin, A.R. Breton, J.M. Burns, and D.H. Monson. 2014. 

Temporal patterns in the foraging behavior of sea otters in Alaska. Journal of Wildlife Management, 

78(4):689-700. Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.701. 

(EuDA, 2005). European Dredging Association. 2005. EuDA Annual Report 2005. Available online at:

https://www.european-dredging.eu/pdf/EuDA_05.pdf.

(EWC, No Date). Eskimo Walrus Commission. No Date. Eskimo Walrus Commission. Accessed October 

2022 at: https://kawerak.org/natural-resources/eskimo-walrus-commission/.

(Fall and Chythlook, 1998). Fall, J.A. and M.B. Chythlook. 1998. Cultural Survival. The Round Island 

Walrus Hunt: Reviving a Cultural tradition. Accessed October 2022 at: 

https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/round-island-walrus-huntreviving-cultural-tradition.

(Farrae et al., 2017). Farrae, D., W.C. Post, and T. Darden. 2017. Genetic characterization of Atlantic 

sturgeon, Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus, in the Edisto River, South Carolina and identification of 

genetically discrete fall and spring spawning. Conservation Genetics, 18(4):813–823. Available online 

at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-017-0929-7. 

(Fay and Popper, 2000). Fay, R.R. and A.N. Popper. 2000. Evolution of hearing in vertebrates: The inner 

ears and processing. Hearing Research, 149(1-2):1-10. Available online at:

https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-5955(00)00168-4. 

(Fay, 1988). Fay, R.R. 1988. Hearing in vertebrates: A psychophysics databook. Hill-Fay Associates. 

Available online at: https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1988-98268-000.

(Ferguson et al., 2015). Ferguson, M.C., C. Curtice, J. Harrison, and S.M. Van Parijs. 2015. Biologically 

Important Areas for Cetaceans Within U.S. Waters – Overview and Rationale. Aquatic Mammals,

41(1):2-16. Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1578/AM.41.1.2015.2.

(Fernandez, 2006). Fernandez, A. 2006. Beaked Whale (Ziphius cavirostris) Mass Stranding on Almeria's 

Coasts in Southern Spain. Report of the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands. 

(Finneran and Branstetter, 2013). Finneran, J.J. and B.K. Branstetter. 2013. Effects of Noise on Sound 

Perception in Marine Mammals. In: H. Animal Communication and Noise (H. Brumm, Ed.), Chapter 

10. Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41494-7_10.
National Ocean Service Surveying and Mapping Projects in U.S. Waters for

Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement Coastal and Marine Data Acquisition

627

(Finneran et al., 2005). Finneran, J.J., D.A. Carder, C.E. Schlundt, and S.H. Ridgway. 2005. Temporary 

threshold shift in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) exposed to mid-frequency tones. Journal 

of the Acoustical Society of America, 118(4):2696-2705. Available online at:

https://doi.org/10.1121/1.2032087.

(Finneran et al., 2010). Finneran, J.J., D.A. Carder, C.E. Schlundt, and R.L. Dear. 2010. Growth and 

recovery of temporary threshold shift at 3 kHz in bottlenose dolphins: Experimental data and 

mathematical models. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 127(5):3256–3266. Available 

online at: https://doi.org/10.1121/1.3372710. 

(Finneran et al., 2017). Finneran, J.J., E.E. Henderson, D. Houser, K. Jenkins, S. Kotecki, and J. Mulsow. 

2017. Technical Report: Criteria and Thresholds for U.S. Navy Acoustic and Explosive Effects Analysis 

(Phase III). Department of the Navy. SSC Pacific, San Diego, California. 194 p. Available online at: 

http://www.chamorro.com/docs/Criteria_and_Thresholds_for_U.S._Navy_Acoustic_and_Explosive_

Effects_Analysis_June2017.pdf.

(Florida DOS, No Date). Florida Department of State, Division of Historical Resources. No Date. 

Underwater Preserves. Accessed October 2022 at: 

https://dos.myflorida.com/historical/archaeology/underwater/underwater-preserves/. 

(Foote et al., 2004). Foote, A.D., R.W. Osborne, and A.R. Hoelzel. 2004. Whale-call response to masking

boat noise. Nature, 428(6986):910. Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1038/428910a.

(Foster, No Date). Foster, J.W. No Date. California’s Ancient Maritime Heritage. Accessed October 2022

at: https://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=23712.

(Francis and Barber, 2013). Francis, C.D. and J.R. Barber. 2013. A framework for understanding noise 

impacts on wildlife: An urgent conservation priority. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,

11(6):305–313. Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1890/120183.

(Fredrickson, 2001). Fredrickson, L. 2001. Steller's Eider. In: The Birds of North America (A. Poole, Ed.).

Ithaca: Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology. Available online at: https://birdsna.org.

(Fristrup et al., 2003). Fristrup, K.M., L.T. Hatch, and C.W. Clark. 2003. Variation in humpback whale 

(Megaptera novaeangliae) song length in relation to low-frequency sound broadcasts. The Journal 

of the Acoustical Society of America, 113(6):3411–3424. Available online at: 

https://doi.org/10.1121/1.1573637. 

(FWC, No Date). Florida Fish and Wildlife Commission. No Date. Website. Wood stork (Mycteria 

Americana). Accessed October 2022 at: 

https://myfwc.com/wildlifehabitats/profiles/birds/waterbirds/wood-stork/.

(Gaufin and Tarzwell, 1952). Gaufin, A.R. and C.M. Tarzwell. 1952. Aquatic Invertebrates as Indicators of 

Stream Pollution. Public Health Reports, 67(1). January. Available online at: 

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2030707/pdf/pubhealthreporig01073-0095.pdf.

(George et al., 1999). George, J.C., J. Bada, J. Zeh, L. Scott, S.E. Brown, T. O’Hara, and R. Suydam. 1999. 

Age and growth estimates of bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) via aspartic racemization. 

Canadian Journal of Zoology, 77(4):571–580. Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1139/z99-015.

(Gerstein, 2002). Gerstein, E.R. 2002. Manatees, bioacoustics and boats: hearing tests, environmental 

measurements and acoustic phenomena may together explain why boats and animals collide. 

American Scientist, 90(2):154-163. Available online at: 
National Ocean Service Surveying and Mapping Projects in U.S. Waters for

Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement Coastal and Marine Data Acquisition

628

https://go.gale.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CA83241185&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkac

cess=abs&issn=00030996&p=AONE&sw=w.

(GESAMP, 2007). Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection. 

2007. Estimates of Oil Entering the Marine Environment from Sea-Based Activities. Available online

at: 

https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/12477/gesamp_rs75e.pdf?sequence=1&i

sAllowed=y.

(Ghoul and Reichmuth, 2014). Ghoul, A. and C. Reichmuth. 2014. Hearing in the sea otter (Enhydra 

lutris): auditory profiles for an amphibious marine carnivore. The Journal of Comparative Physiology, 

200(11):967–981. Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00359-014-0943-x.

(Gill et al., 1998). Gill, R., P. Canevari, and E. Iverson. 1998. Eskimo Curlew. In: The Birds of North 

America (A. Poole, Ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology. Available online at: 

https://birdsna.org.

(Girola et al., 2019). Girola, E., M.J. Noad, and R.A. Dunlop. 2019. Source levels of humpback whales 

decrease with frequency suggesting an air-filled resonator is used in sound production. The Journal

of the Acoustical Society of America, 145(2):869. Available online at: 

https://doi.org/10.1121/1.5090492. 

(GLIFWC, No Date). Great Lakes Indian Fish and Wildlife Commission. No Date. About GLIFWC. Accessed 

October 2022 at: https://glifwc.org/About/. 

(Goldbogen et al., 2013). Goldbogen, J.A., B.L. Southall, S.L. DeRuiter, J. Calambokidis, A.S. Friedlaender, 

E.L. Hazen, E.A. Falcone, G.S. Schorr, A. Douglas, D.J. Moretti, C. Kyburg, M.F. McKenna, and P.L. 

Tyack. 2013. Blue whales respond to simulated mid-frequency military sonar. Proceedings of the 

Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 280(1765):20130657. Available online at: 

https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.0657. 

(Gordon et al., 2003). Gordon, J., D. Gillespie, J. Potter, A. Frantzis, M.P. Simmonds, R. Swift, and D. 

Thompson. 2003. A review of the effects of seismic surveys on marine mammals. Marine Technology 

Society Journal, 37(4):16–34. Available online at: https://doi.org/10.4031/002533203787536998. 

(Gregory, 2009). Gregory, M.R. 2009. Environmental implications of plastic debris in marine settings—

entanglement, ingestion, smothering, hangers-on, hitch-hiking and alien invasions. Philosophical 

Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 364:2013–2025. Available online at: 

https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0265. 

(Gulf Council, No Date). Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council. No Date. Implemented Fishery 

Management Plans. Available online at: http://gulfcouncil.org/fishery-management/implementedplans/.

(Halvorsen et al., 2012). Halvorsen, M. B., B. M. Casper, F. Matthews, T. J. Carlson, and A. N. Popper. 

2012. Effects of exposure to pile-driving sounds on the lake sturgeon, Nile tilapia and hogchoker. 

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 279(1748), 4705–4714. Available online at: 

https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.1544. 

(Hardt and Safina, 2008). Marah Hardt and Carl Safina. 2008. Covering Ocean Acidification: Chemistry 

and Considerations. Yale Climate Connections. Accessed October 2022 at: 

https://www.yaleclimateconnections.org/2008/06/covering-ocean-acidification-chemistry-andconsiderations/.
National Ocean Service Surveying and Mapping Projects in U.S. Waters for

Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement Coastal and Marine Data Acquisition

629

(Hastings and Popper, 2005). Hastings, M. C., and A. N. Popper. 2005. Effects of Sound on Fish. 

Sacramento, CA: California Department of Transportation. Available online at: 

https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML1434/ML14345A573.pdf. 

(Hatch and Wright, 2007). Hatch, L.T. and A.J. Wright. 2007. A Brief Review of Anthropogenic Sound in 

the Oceans. International Journal of Comparative Psychology, 20(2):121-133. Available online at: 

https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5cj6s4r9.

(Hatch et al., 2012). Hatch, L.T., C.W. Clark, S.M. Van Parijs, A.S. Frankel, and D.W. Ponirakis. 2012. 

Quantifying loss of acoustic communication space for right whales in and around a U.S. National 

Marine Sanctuary. Conservation Biology, 26(6):983-994. Available online at: 

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01908.x.

(Hawaii DLNR, 2015a). Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources. 2015. Species Profile: 

‘Akē‘akē or Band-rumped storm-petrel (Oceanodroma castro). Hawaii State Wildlife Action Plan. 

Available online at: https://dlnr.hawaii.gov/wildlife/files/2019/03/SWAP-2015-Band-rumped-stormFinal.pdf.

(Hawaii DLNR, 2015b). Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources. 2015. Species Profile: ‘Ua‘u or 

Hawaiian Petrel (Pterodroma sandwichensis). Available online at:

https://dlnr.hawaii.gov/wildlife/files/2019/03/SWAP-2015-Hawaiian-petrel-Final.pdf. 

(Hawaii DLNR, 2015c). Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources. 2015. Species Profile: Ae‘o or 

Hawaiian Stilt (Himantopus mexicanus knudseni). Available online at:

https://dlnr.hawaii.gov/wildlife/files/2019/03/SWAP-2015-Hawaiian-stilt-Final.pdf. 

(Hawaii DLNR, 2015d). Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources. 2015. Species Profile: Koloa 

Maoli or Hawaiian Duck (Anas wyvilliana). Hawaii Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Strategy. 

Available online at: https://dlnr.hawaii.gov/wildlife/files/2019/03/SWAP-2015-Hawaiian-duckFinal.pdf. 

(Hawkes et al., 2011). Hawkes, L.A., M.J. Witt, A.C. Broderick, J.W. Coker, M.S. Coyne, M. Dodd, M.G. 

Frick, M.H. Godfrey, D.B. Griffin, S.R. Murphy, T.M. Murphy, K.L. Williams, and B.J. Godley. 2011. 

Home on the range: Spatial ecology of loggerhead turtles in Atlantic waters of the USA. Diversity and 

Distributions, 17(4):624-640. Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2011.00768.x.

(Hawkins and Popper, 2012). Hawkins, A.D. and A.N. Popper. 2012. Effects of Noise on Fish, Fisheries, 

and Invertebrates in the U.S. Atlantic and Arctic from Energy Industry Sound-Generating Activities –

Literature Synthesis. Bureau of Ocean Energy Management. Available online at: 

https://tethys.pnnl.gov/sites/default/files/publications/Hawkins-and-Popper-2012.pdf. 

(Hawkins and Popper, 2017). Hawkins, A.D. and A.N. Popper. 2017. A sound approach to assessing the 

impact of underwater noise on marine fishes an invertebrates. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 74(3):

635-651. Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsw205. 

(Hawkins et al., 2015). Hawkins, A. D., A. E. Pembroke, and A. N. Popper. 2015. Information gaps in 

understanding the effects of noise on fishes and invertebrates. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 

25:39–64. Available online at: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11160-014-9369-3. 

(Hayes et al., 2017). Hayes, C.T., D.S. Baumbach, D. Juma, and S.G. Dunbar. 2017. Impacts of recreational 

diving on hawksbill sea turtle (Eretmochelys Imbricata) behaviour in a marine protected area. 

Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 25(1):79–95. Available online at:

https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2016.1174246.
National Ocean Service Surveying and Mapping Projects in U.S. Waters for

Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement Coastal and Marine Data Acquisition

630

(Hayes et al., 2018). Hayes, S.A., E. Josephson, K. Maze-Foley, P.E. Rosel, B. Byrd, S. Chavez-Rosales, 

T.V.N. Col, L. Engleby, L.P. Garrison, J. Hatch, A. Henry, S.C. Horstman, J. Litz, M.C. Lyssikatos, K.D. 

Mullin, C. Orphanides, R.M. Pace, D.L. Palka, M. Soldevilla, and F.W. Wenzel. 2018. US Atlantic and 

Gulf of Mexico Marine Mammal Stock Assessments - 2017. NOAA Tech Memo NMFS NE-245; 371 p. 

Available online at: https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/22730.

(Hayes et al., 2020). Hayes, S.A., E. Josephson, K. Maze-Foley, and P.E. Rosel. 2020. U.S. Atlantic and Gulf 

of Mexico Marine Mammal Stock Assessments: 2019. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NE-264; 

479 p. Available online at: https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/marine-mammalprotection/marine-mammal-stock-assessment-reports-region.

(Hayes et al., 2022). Hayes, S.A., E. Josephson, K. Maze-Foley, P.E. Rosel, and J. Wallace. 2022. U.S. 

Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico Marine Mammal Stock Assessments: 2021. 386 p. Available online at: 

https://media.fisheries.noaa.gov/2022-

08/U.S.%20Atlantic%20and%20Gulf%20of%20Mexico%202021%20Stock%20Assessment%20Report.

pdf. 

(Hazel et al., 2007). Hazel, J., I. R. Lawler, H. Marsh, and S. Robson. 2007. Vessel speed increases collision 

risk for the green turtle Chelonia mydas. Endangered Species Research, 3:105–113. Available online 

at: https://www.int-res.com/articles/esr2007/3/n003p105.pdf.

(Heinz Center, 2000). The Heinz Center. 2000. Evaluation of Erosion Hazards. Available online at: 

https://www.fema.gov/pdf/library/erosion.pdf.

(Henry et al., 2020). Henry, A.G, M. Garron, D. Morin, A. Reid, W. Ledwell, W., and T.V.N. Cole. 2020. 

Serious Injury and Mortality Determinations for Baleen Whale Stocks along the Gulf of Mexico, 

United States East Coast, and Atlantic Canadian Provinces, 2013-2017. Northeast Fisheries Science

Center, Reference Document 20-06; 53 p. Available online at: http://marineanimals.ca/wpcontent/uploads/2020/07/Henry.-2020.-Serious-Injury-and-Mortality-Determinations-for-BaleenWhale-Stocks-along-the-Gulf-of-Mexico-United-States-East-Coast-and-Atlantic-Canadian-Provinces2013-2017.pdf.

(Henry, 2022). Henry, A. 2022. Serious Injury and Mortality Determinations for Baleen Whale Stocks 

along the Gulf of Mexico, United States East Coast, and Atlantic Canadian Provinces, 2015-2019. 

NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NE-280. Available online at: 

https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/38941.

(Hermannsen et al., 2014). Hermannsen, L., K. Beedholm, J. Tougaard, and P.T. Madsen. 2014. High 

frequency components of ship noise in shallow water with a discussion of implications for harbor 

porpoises (Phocoena phocoena). The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 136(4):1640–

1653. Available online at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4893908.

(Hetherington, 2008). Hetherington T. 2008. Comparative Anatomy and Function of Hearing in Aquatic 

Amphibians, Reptiles, and Birds. In: Sensory Evolution on the Threshold: Adaptations in Secondarily 

Aquatic Vertebrates (Thewissen, J.G.N. and S. Nummela, Eds). Pages 182-209. Available online at:

https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520252783.003.0012. 

(Hewitt, 1985). Hewitt, R.P. 1985. Reaction of dolphins to a survey vessel: Effects on census data. Fishery 

Bulletin, 83(2):187-193. Available online at: 

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/247338812_Reaction_of_dolphins_to_a_survey_vessel_

Effects_on_census_data.
National Ocean Service Surveying and Mapping Projects in U.S. Waters for

Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement Coastal and Marine Data Acquisition

631

(Hildebrand, 2009). Hildebrand, J. 2009. Anthropogenic and Natural Sources of Ambient Noise in the 

Ocean. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 395:5-20. Available online at:

https://doi.org/10.3354/meps08353. 

(Hitt et al., 2015). Hitt, N.P, L.K. Bonneau, K.V. Jayachandran, and M.P. Marchetti. 2015. Freshwater

Ecosystems and Biodiversity. Lessons in Conservation, 5:5-16. Available online at: 

https://www.amnh.org/content/download/141379/2285479/file/LinC5_Freshwater.pdf. 

(Hoegh-Guldberg and Bruno, 2010). Hoegh-Guldberg, O. and J.F. Bruno. 2010. The impact of climate 

change on the world’s marine ecosystems. Science, 328(5985):1523-8. Available online at:

https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1189930.

(Holt et al., 2009). Holt, M.M., D.P. Noren, V. Veirs, C.K. Emmons, and S. Veirs. 2009. Speaking up: Killer 

whales (Orcinus orca) increase their call amplitude in response to vessel noise. Journal of the 

Acoustical Society of America, 125(1):EL27-EL32. Available online at: 

https://doi.org/10.1121/1.3040028.

(Holt et al., 2011). Holt, M.M., D.P. Noren, and C.K. Emmons. 2011. Effects of noise levels and call types 

on the source levels of killer whale calls. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 130(5):

3100–3106. Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1121/1.3641446. 

(Hooker et al., 2001). Hooker, S.K., R.W. Baird, S. Al-Omari, S. Gowans, and H. Whitehead. 2001. 

Behavioural reactions of northern bottlenose whales (Hyperoodon ampullatus) to biopsy darting and 

tag attachment procedures. Fishery Bulletin, 99(2):303-308. Available online at: 

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289221375_Behavioral_reactions_of_northern_bottleno

se_whales_Hyperoodon_ampullatus_to_biopsy_darting_and_tag_attachment_procedures. 

(Hostetler et al., 2018). Hostetler, J.A. 2018. Updated statewide abundance estimates for the Florida 

manatee. Fish and Wildlife Research Institute Technical Report TR-23, 23 p. Available online at:

https://f50006a.eos-intl.net/ELIBSQL12_F50006A_Documents/TR23-18Hostetler-USAEF.pdf.

(Hotchkin and Parks, 2013). Hotchkin, C. and S. Parks. 2013. The Lombard effect and other noise-induced 

vocal modifications: Insight from mammalian communication systems. Biological Reviews, 88(4):

809-824. Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12026. 

(Houser et al., 2013). Houser, D.S., S.W. Martin, and J.J. Finneran. 2013. Behavioral responses of 

California sea lions to mid-frequency (3250-3450 Hz) sonar signals. Marine Environmental Research, 

92, 268–278. Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2013.10.007.

(Hyrenbach, 2002). Hyrenbach, K.D, A. Fernandez, D.J. Anderson. 2002. Oceanographic habitats of two 

sympatric North Pacific albatrosses during the breeding season. Marine Ecology Progress Series,

233:283-301. Available online at: https://doi.org/10.3354/meps233283. 

(ICES, 2005). International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. 2005. Report of the Ad-hoc Group on 

the Impact of Sonar on Cetaceans and Fish (AGISC). ICES CM 2005/ACE:01. Available online at:

https://www.thecre.com/pdf/20050320_ices_ad_hoc_report.pdf.

(Ingram and Peterson, 2016). Ingram, E.C. and D.L. Peterson. 2016. Annual Spawning Migrations of Adult 

Atlantic Sturgeon in the Altamaha River, Georgia. Marine and Coastal Fisheries: Dynamics, 

Management, and Ecosystem Science, 8(1):595-606. Available online at: 

https://doi.org/10.1080/19425120.2016.1243599. 
National Ocean Service Surveying and Mapping Projects in U.S. Waters for

Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement Coastal and Marine Data Acquisition

632

(IMC, 2018). Invasive Mussel Collaborative. 2018. Strategy to Advance Management of Invasive Zebra 

and Quagga Mussels. Available online at: https://invasivemusselcollaborative.net/wpcontent/uploads/2018/11/IMC-Strategy-Nov-2018-final.pdf. 

(IOCM, No Date-a). NOAA Integrated Ocean and Coastal Mapping. No Date. Interagency Working Group 

on Ocean and Coastal Mapping. Accessed October 2022 at: https://iocm.noaa.gov/about/iwgocm.html#:~:text=The%20Interagency%20Working%20Group%20on,Committee%20(OPC)%20via%2

0the%20National.

(IOCM, No Date-b). NOAA Integrated Ocean and Coastal Mapping. No Date. Seabed 2030 Initiative and 

the U.S. Analysis. Accessed October 2022 at: https://iocm.noaa.gov/seabed-2030.html.

(IPHC, No Date). International Pacific Halibut Commission. No Date. Subsistence Fisheries. Accessed 

October 2022 at: https://iphc.int/management/fisheries/subsistence-fisheries.

(ISC, 2019). Ice Seal Committee. 2019. The Subsistence Harvest of Ice Seals in Alaska – A Compilation of 

Existing Information, 1960-2017. Available online at: https://www.north-slope.org/wpcontent/uploads/2022/03/SHOISiA_2019_FINAL.pdf.

(IUCN, 2022). International Union for Conservation of Nature. 2022. IUCN Red List of Threatened 

Species. Accessed October 2022 at: https://www.iucnredlist.org/.

(IWC, No Date-a). International Whaling Commission. No Date. Description of the USA Aboriginal 

Subsistence Hunt: Alaska. Accessed October 2022 at: https://iwc.int/alaska.

(IWC, No Date-b). International Whaling Commission. No Date. Subsistence harvest of bowhead whales 

(Balaena mysticetus) by Alaskan Eskimos during 2016. Available online at: http://www.northslope.org/assets/images/uploads/SC_67A_AWMP_02_rev1_2016_bowhead_harvest.pdf.

(Jackson et al., 2001). Jackson, J.B.C., M.X. Kirby, W.H. Berger, K.A. Bjorndal, L.W. Botsford, B. Bourque, 

and R.R. Warner. 2001. Historical Overfishing and the Recent Collapse of Coastal Ecosystems. 

Science, 293(5530):629-638. Available online at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3084305.

(Janik and Thompson, 1996). Janik, V.M. and P.M. Thompson. 1996. Changes in surfacing patterns of

bottlenose dolphins in response to boat traffic. Marine Mammal Science, 12(4):597-602. Available 

online at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.1996.tb00073.x. 

(JASCO, 2022). JASCO Applied Sciences. 2022. Personal Communication with David Zeddies, Ph.D., 

Director of U.S. Operations. August 2022. 

(Jeffries et al., 2019). Jeffries, S., D. Lynch, J. Waddell, S. Ament, and C. Pasi. 2019. Results of the 2019 

Survey of the Reintroduced Sea Otter Population in Washington State. Available online at:

https://www.fws.gov/sites/default/files/documents/WASeaOtterSurvey2019.pdf.

(Jones, 2001). Jones, I.L. 2001. Auks. In C. Elphick, J. B. Dunning, Jr., and D. A. Sibley (Eds.). The Sibley 

Guide to Bird Life and Behavior, pp. 309–318. New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.

(Jørgensen et al., 2004). Jørgensen, R., N.O. Handegard, H. Gjøsæter, and A. Slotte. 2004. Possible vessel 

avoidance behaviour of capelin in a feeding area and on a spawning ground. Fisheries Research, 

69(2):251-261. Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2004.04.012.

(JRank, No Date). Law Library: American Law and Legal Information. No Date. Native American Rights: 

Hunting and Fishing Rights. Accessed October 2022 at: https://law.jrank.org/pages/8750/NativeAmerican-Rights-Hunting-Fishing-Rights.html. 
National Ocean Service Surveying and Mapping Projects in U.S. Waters for

Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement Coastal and Marine Data Acquisition

633

(Ka’ai’ai, 2016). Ka’ai’ai, C. 2016. Western Pacific Indigenous Fishing Communities. Pacific Islands Fishery 

Monographs, No. 7. Available online at: http://www.wpcouncil.org/wpcontent/uploads/2020/11/Monograph7_Indigenous_Web_20161108.pdf. 

(Kane et al., 2010). Kane, A. S., J. Song, M. B. Halvorsen, D. L. Miller, J. D. Salierno, L. E. Wysocki, D. 

Zeddies, and A. N. Popper. 2010. Exposure of fish to high intensity sonar does not induce acute 

pathology. Journal of Fish Biology, 76(7):1825–1840. Available online at:

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02626.x.

(Kappel, 2005). Kappel, C.V. 2005. Losing pieces of the puzzle; threats to marine, estuarine, and 

diadromous species. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 3(5):275-282. Available online at:

https://doi.org/10.1890/1540-9295(2005)003[0275:LPOTPT]2.0.CO;2.

(Kastelein et al., 2015). Kastelein, R.A., L. Helder-Hoek, G. Janssens, R. Gransier, and T. Johansson. 2015. 

Behavioral responses of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) to sonar signals in the 25-kHz range. Aquatic 

Mammals, 41(4):388–399. Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1578/AM.41.4.2015.388. 

(Kawerak Inc., 2013). Kawerak, Inc. 2013. Seal and Walrus Harvest and Habitat Areas for Nine Bering 

Strait Region Communities. Available online at: https://eskimowalruscommission.org/wpcontent/uploads/2016/01/Seal-and-Walrus-Harvest-and-Habitat-Areas.pdf.

(Ketten et al., 1993). Ketten, D. R., J. Lien, and S. Todd. 1993. Blast injury in humpback whale ears: 

evidence and implications. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 94(3):1849-1850. 

Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1121/1.407688. 

(Ketten, 2000). Ketten, D.R. 2000. Cetacean ears. In: Hearing by whales and dolphins (Au, W.W.L., A.N. 

Popper, and R.R. Fay, Eds.). New York, NY: Springer. Pp. 43-108. Available online at:

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1150-1_2.

(Kikuchi, 2010). Kikuchi, R. 2010. Risk formulation for the sonic effects of offshore wind farms on fish in 

the EU region. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 60(2):172-177. Available online at: 

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.09.023. 

(Kite-Powell et al., 2004). Kite-Powell, H.L., C.S. Colgan, M.J. Kaiser, M. Luger, T. Pelsoci, L. Pendleton, 

A.G. Pulsipher, K.F. Wellman, and K. Wieand. 2004. Estimating the Economic Benefits of Regional 

Ocean Observing Systems. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Available online at: 

https://doi.org/10.1575/1912/71. 

(Klein et al., 2012). Klein, J., M.D. Harris, W.M. Tankers, R. Meyer, G.C. Smith, and W.J. Chadwick. 2012. 

Evaluation of Visual Impact on Cultural Resources/Historic Properties: North Atlantic, Mid-Atlantic, 

South Atlantic, and Florida Straits. Volume I: Technical Report of Findings. OCS Study BOEM 2012-

006. Available online at: https://espis.boem.gov/final%20reports/5249.pdf.

(Kremser et al., 2005). Kremser, U., P. Klemm, and W.D. Kotz. 2005. Estimating the risk of temporary 

acoustic threshold shift, caused by hydroacoustic devices, in whales in the Southern Ocean. 

Antarctic Science, 17(1):3-10. Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102005002361. 

(Kvadsheim et al., 2010). Kvadsheim, P.H., E.M. Sevaldsen, D. Scheie, L.P. Folkow, and A.S. Blix. 2010. 

Effects of Naval Sonar on Seals. Kjeller, Norway: Norwegian Defense Research Establishment. 

Available online at: https://ffipublikasjoner.archive.knowledgearc.net/bitstream/handle/20.500.12242/2446/10-

02222.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1.
National Ocean Service Surveying and Mapping Projects in U.S. Waters for

Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement Coastal and Marine Data Acquisition

634

(Kvadsheim et al., 2017). Kvadsheim, P.H., S. DeRuiter, L.D. Sivle, J. Goldbogen, R. Roland-Hansen, P.J.O. 

Miller, F.A. Lam, J. Calambokidis, A. Friedlaender, F. Visser, P.L. Tyack, L. Kleivane, and B. Southall. 

2017. Avoidance responses of minke whales to 1-4 kHz naval sonar. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 

121(1–2):60–68. Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.05.037.

(Kyhn et al., 2013). Kyhn L.A., J. Tougaard, K. Beedholm, F.H. Jensen, and E. Ashe. 2013. Clicking in a 

Killer Whale Habitat: Narrow-Band, High-Frequency Biosonar Clicks of Harbour Porpoise (Phocoena 

phocoena) and Dall’s Porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli). PLoS One, 8(5):e63763. Available online at: 

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0063763. 

(Laidre et al., 2009). Laidre, K.L., R.J. Jameson, E. Gurarie, S.J. Jeffries, and H. Allen. 2009. Spatial Habitat 

Use Patterns of Sea Otters in Coastal Washington. Journal of Mammalogy, 90(4):906–917. Available 

online at: https://doi.org/10.1644/08-MAMM-A-338.1. 

(Laist et al., 1999). Laist, D.W., J.M. Coe, and K.J. O’Hara. 1999. Marine debris pollution. In: Conservation 

and Management of Marine Mammals (J.R. Twiss Jr. and R.R. Reeves, Eds.). Smithsonian Institution 

Press, Washington DC. pp. 342-363. Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1644/1545-

1542(2001)082<0252:R>2.0.CO;2.

(Laist, 1997). Laist, D. 1997. Impacts of marine debris: Entanglement of marine life in marine debris 

including a comprehensive list of species with entanglement and ingestion records. In: Coe, J.M. and 

D.B. Rogers, eds. Marine debris: Sources, impacts, and solutions. Springer, New York. 99-139p.

Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-8486-1_10. 

(LEEDCo, No Date). Lake Erie Energy Development Corporation. No Date. The Project: Icebreaker Wind. 

Accessed October 2022 at: http://www.leedco.org/index.php/about-icebreaker.

(Lenhardt, 1994). Lenhardt, M. L. 1994. Seismic and very low frequency sound induced behaviors in 

captive loggerhead marine turtles (Caretta caretta). NOAA Technical Memorandum, NMFS-SEFSC351, Miami, Florida. Available online at: 

http://seaturtle.org/library/LenhardtML_1994_InProceedingsoftheFourteenthAnnualSym_p238-

241.pdf.

(Liberman, 2016). Liberman, M. C. 2016. Noise-induced hearing loss: Permanent versus temporary 

threshold shifts and the effects of hair cell versus neuronal degeneration. Advances in Experimental 

Medicine and Biology, 875:1–7. Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2981-8_1. 

(Limburg and Waldman, 2009). Limburg, K.E. and J.R Waldman. 2009. Dramatic declines in North 

Atlantic diadromous fishes. BioScience, 59(11): 955-965. Available online at: 

https://doi.org/10.1525/bio.2009.59.11.7.

(Limpinsel et al., 2017). Limpinsel, D.E., M.P. Eagleton, and J.L Hanson. 2017. Impacts to Essential Fish 

Habitat from Non-Fishing Activities in Alaska. EFH 5 Year Review: 2010 through 2015. U.S. 

Department of Commerce, NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-F/AKR-14, 229p. Available online at:

https://doi.org/10.7289/V5/TM-F/AKR-14. 

(Lin, 2002). Lin, J. 2002. Animal diversity web: Alca torda, razorbill. Accessed October 2022 at: 

https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Alca_torda/.

(Liu et al., 2017). Liu, M., L. Dong, M. Lin, and S. Li. 2017. Broadband ship noise and its potential impacts

on Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins: Implications for conservation and management. The Journal of 

the Acoustical Society of America, 142(5): 2766. Available online at:

https://doi.org/10.1121/1.5009444. 
National Ocean Service Surveying and Mapping Projects in U.S. Waters for

Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement Coastal and Marine Data Acquisition

635

(Lombarte et al., 1993). Lombarte, A., H. Y. Yan, A. N. Popper, J. C. Chang, and C. Platt. 1993. Damage 

and regeneration of hair cell ciliary bundles in a fish ear following treatment with gentamicin. 

Hearing Research, 66:166–174. Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-5955(93)90002-i. 

(Loughlin, 2009). Loughlin, T.R. 2009. Steller Sea Lion. Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals (Second 

Edition). Accessed October 2022 at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-andbiological-sciences/steller-sea-lion.

(Lurton and DeRuiter, 2011). Lurton, X. and S. DeRuiter. 2011. Sound radiation of seafloor-mapping 

echosounders in the water column, in relation to the risks posed to marine mammals. The 

International Hydrographic Review, 6. Available online at:

https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/ihr/article/view/20886.

(Madsen et al., 2006). Madsen, P.T., M. Johnson, P.J.O. Miller, N. Aguilar de Soto, J. Lynch, and P.L. 

Tyack. 2006. Quantitative measures of air-gun pulses recorded on sperm whales (Physeter 

macrocephalus) using acoustic tags during controlled exposure experiments. Journal of the 

Acoustical Society of America, 120(4):2366-2379. Available online at: 

https://doi.org/10.1121/1.2229287.

(MAFMC, No Date). Mid-Atlantic Fishery Management Council. No Date. Fishery Management Plans and 

Amendments. Available online at: http://www.mafmc.org/fishery-management-plans. 

(Malins and Hodgins, 1981). Malins, D.C. and H.O. Hodgins. 1981. Petroleum and Marine Fishes: A 

Review of Uptake, Disposition, and Effects. Environmental Science and Technology, 15(11):1272-

1280. Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1021/es00093a001.

(Mann et al., 1997). Mann D.A, Z. Lu, and A.N. Popper. 1997. A clupeid fish can detect ultrasound. 

Nature, 389(6649):341. Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1038/38636.

(Mann et al., 2001). Mann, D.A., D.M. Higgs, W.N. Tavolga, M.J. Souza, and A.N. Popper. 2001. 

Ultrasound detection by clupeiforme fishes. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 109:3048-

3054. Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1121/1.1368406. 

(Mann, 2016). Mann, D. A. 2016. Acoustic Communications in Fishes and Potential Effects of Noise. In:

The Effects of Noise on Aquatic Life II (A. N. Popper and A. D. Hawkins, Eds.). Advances in 

Experimental Medicine and Biology, 875. Springer, New York, NY. Available online at: 

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2981-8_81. 

(Mansfield et al., 2009). Mansfield, K.L., V.S. Saba, J.A. Keinath, and J.A. Musick. 2009. Satellite tracking 

reveals a dichotomy in migration strategies among juvenile loggerhead turtles in the Northwest 

Atlantic. Marine Biology, 156(12):2555-2570. Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-

009-1279-x.

(MARAD, 2021). U.S. Maritime Administration. 2021. Deepwater Ports Map. Accessed October 2022 at: 

https://www.maritime.dot.gov/ports/deepwater-ports-and-licensing/deepwater-ports-map.

(Marine Mammal Commission, 2006). Marine Mammal Commission. 2006. Advisory Committee on 

Acoustic Impacts on Marine Mammals, Report to the Marine Mammal Commission. 136p. Available 

online at: https://www.mmc.gov/wp-content/uploads/soundFACAreport.pdf.

(MarineBio, No Date). MarineBio Conservation Society. No Date. Marine Invertebrates. Accessed 

October 2022 at: https://marinebio.org/creatures/marine-invertebrates/.
National Ocean Service Surveying and Mapping Projects in U.S. Waters for

Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement Coastal and Marine Data Acquisition

636

(Matthews, 2017). Matthews, L. 2017. Harbor Seal (Phoca vitulina) Reproductive Advertisement 

Behavior and the Effects of Vessel Noise. Dissertations - ALL, 718. Available online at: 

https://surface.syr.edu/etd/718.

(McCauley et al., 2000a). McCauley, R.D., J. Fewtrell, A.J. Duncan, C. Jenner, M.N. Jenner, J.D. Penrose, 

R.I.T. Prince, A. Adhitya, J. Murdoch, and K. McCabe. 2000. Marine seismic surveys: Analysis and 

propagation of air-gun signals; and effects of air-gun exposure on humpback whales, sea turtles, 

fishes and squid. Project CMST 163, Report R99-15. Curtin University of Technology, Western 

Australia. Available online at: https://cmst.curtin.edu.au/wpcontent/uploads/sites/4/2016/05/McCauley-et-al-Seismic-effects-2000.pdf.

(McCauley et al., 2000b). McCauley, R.D., J. Fewtrell, A.J. Duncan, C. Jenner, M.-N. Jenner, J.D. Penrose, 

R.I.T. Prince, A. Adhitya, J. Murdoch and K. McCabe. 2000. Marine seismic surveys – a study of 

environmental implications. APPEA Journal, 40:692-706. Available online at: 

http://www.cwr.org.au/wp-content/uploads/appea2000.pdf.

(McDonald et al., 2008). McDonald, M.A., J.A. Hildebrand, S.M. Wiggins, and D. Ross. 2008. A 50-year 

comparison of ambient ocean noise near San Clemente Island: A bathymetrically complex coastal 

region off southern California. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 124(4):1985-1992. 

Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1121/1.2967889.

(McDonald et al., 2009). McDonald, M.A., J.A. Hildebrand, S.M. Wiggins, D.W. Johnston, and J.J. 

Polovina. 2009. An acoustic survey of beaked whales at Cross Seamount near Hawaii. The Journal of 

the Acoustical Society of America, 125(2):624–627. Available online at:

https://doi.org/10.1121/1.3050317. 

(McMahan, 2007). McMahan, D.J. 2007. Management of Alaska’s Submerged Cultural Resources: A 

Current Assessment. Alaska Journal of Anthropology, 5(2):55-66. Available online at: 

http://www.alaskaanthropology.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Vol_5_2-McMahan.pdf.

(MDC, No Date). Missouri Department of Conservation. No Date. Aquatic Invertebrate Facts. Accessed 

October 2022 at: https://mdc.mo.gov/wildlife/wildlife-facts/aquatic-invertebrate-facts.

(Meissner et al., 2015). Meissner A.M., F. Christiansen, E. Martinez, M.D.M. Pawley, M.B Orams, and K.A 

Stockin. 2015. Behavioural Effects of Tourism on Oceanic Common Dolphins, Delphinus sp., in New 

Zealand: The Effects of Markov Analysis Variations and Current Tour Operator Compliance with 

Regulations. PLoS One, 10(1):e0116962. Available online at: 

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0116962.

(Miccosukee Tribe of Indians, 2010). Miccosukee Tribe of Indians. 2010. 2010 Everglades Invasive 

Species Summit. PowerPoint Presentation. Available online at: 

https://bugwoodcloud.org/mura/ECISMA/assets/File/summit10/11Miccosukee.pdf.

(Mikkelsen et al., 2019). Mikkelsen, L., M. Johnson, D.M. Wisniewska, A. van Neer, U. Siebert, P. 

Teglberg Madsen, and J. Teilmann. 2019. Long-Term Sound and Movement Recording Tags to Study 

Natural Behavior and Reaction to Ship Noise of Seals. Ecology and Evolution, 9(5):2588–2601. 

Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4923.

(Miksis-Olds et al., 2007). Miksis-Olds, J.L., P.L. Donaghay, J.H. Miller, P.L. Tyack, and J.A. Nystuen. 2007. 

Noise Level Correlates with Manatee Use of Foraging Habitats. The Journal of the Acoustical Society 

of America, 121(5):3011–20. Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1121/1.2713555.

(Miller et al., 2015). Miller, P.J., P H. Kvadsheim, F P. Lam, P L. Tyack, C. Cure, S L. DeRuiter, L. Kleivane, 

L.D. Sivle, I.S.P. van, F. Visser, P.J. Wensveen, A.M. von Benda-Beckmann, L.M. Martin Lopez, T. 
National Ocean Service Surveying and Mapping Projects in U.S. Waters for

Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement Coastal and Marine Data Acquisition

637

Narazaki, and S.K. Hooker. 2015. First indications that northern bottlenose whales are sensitive to 

behavioural disturbance from anthropogenic noise. Royal Society Open Science, 2(6):140484. 

Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.140484.

(Miller et al., 2000). Miller, P J.O., N. Biassoni, A. Samuels, and P.L. Tyack. 2000. Whale songs lengthen in 

response to sonar. Nature, 405(6789):903. Available online at: 

https://www.nature.com/articles/35016148.pdf.

(Misund, 1997). Misund, O.A. 1997. Underwater acoustics in marine fisheries and fisheries research. 

Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 7:1-34. Available online at:

https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018476523423.

(MMS, 2002). Minerals Management Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. 2002. Programmatic 

Environmental Assessment for Grid 15. Site-Specific Evaluation of TotalFinaElf Exploration and

Production USA, Inc.’s Initial Development Operations Coordination Document, N-7249. Matterhorn 

Project, Mississippi Canyon Block 243. OCS EIS/EA MMS 2002-042. Available online at: 

https://www.boem.gov/sites/default/files/environmental-stewardship/EnvironmentalAssessment/NEPA/grid15ea.pdf.

(MMS, 2007). Minerals Management Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. 2007. ChukchiSea 

Planning Area, Oil and Gas Lease Sale 193 and Seismic Surveying Activities in the Chukchi Sea, Final 

Environmental Impact Statement. OCS EIS/EA MMS 2007-026. Available online at: 

https://www.boem.gov/sites/default/files/uploadedFiles/BOEM/About_BOEM/BOEM_Regions/Alas

ka_Region/Environment/Environmental_Analysis/2007-026-Vol%20I.pdf.

(MMS, 2010). Minerals Management Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. 2010. Subsistence 

Mapping of Nuiqsut, Kaktovik, and Barrow. MMS OCS Study Number 2009-003. Available online at: 

http://www.northslope.org/assets/images/uploads/Braund%202010%20Beaufort%20maps%20MM

S_MP_Final_Report_Apr2010.pdf. 

(Moberg and Mench, 2000). Moberg, G.P., and J.A. Mench. 2000. The Biology of Animal Stress; Basic 

Principles and Implications for Animal Welfare. London, United Kingdom: CAB International.

Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1079/9780851993591.0000. 

(Møhl et al., 2003). Møhl, B. M. Wahlber, and P.T. Madsen. 2003. The monopulsed nature of sperm 

whale clicks. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 114(2):1143. Available online at: 

https://doi.org/10.1121/1.1586258 .

(Molnar et al., 2008). Molnar, J.L., R.L. Gamboa, C. Revenga, and M.D. Spalding. 2008. Assessing the 

global threat of invasive species to marine biodiversity. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,

6:485-492. Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1890/070064.

(Mooney et al., 2009a). Mooney, T.A., P.E. Nachtigall, and S. Vlachos, S. 2009. Sonar-induced temporary 

hearing loss in dolphins. Biology Letters, 5(4):565-567. Available online at: 

https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2009.0099.

(Mooney et al., 2009b). Mooney, T.A., P.E. Nachtigall, M. Breese, S. Vlachos, W. Whitlow, and L. Au. 

2009. Predicting temporary threshold shifts in a bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus): The effects 

of noise level and duration. Journal of Acoustical Society of America, 125(3):1816-1826. Available 

online at: https://doi.org/10.1121/1.3068456.

(Mooney et al., 2010). Mooney, T. A. Mooney, R. T. Hanlon, J. Christensen-Dalsgaard, P. T. Madsen, D. R. 

Ketten, and P. E. Nachtigall. 2010. Sound Detection by the Longfin Squid (Loligo pealeii) Studied with 

Auditory Evoked Potentials: Sensitivity to Low-Frequency Particle Motion and Not Pressure. The 
National Ocean Service Surveying and Mapping Projects in U.S. Waters for

Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement Coastal and Marine Data Acquisition

638

Journal of Experimental Biology, 213(21):3748-3759. Available online at: 

https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.048348. 

(Moore, 2008). Moore, C.J. 2008. Synthetic polymers in the marine environment: A rapidly increasing, 

long-term threat. Environmental Research, 108(2):131-139. Available online at: 

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2008.07.025.

(Moulton and Marshall, 1996). Moulton, D. and A. Marshall. 1996. Laysan Duck. In: The Birds of North 

America (A. Poole, Ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology. Available online at: 

https://birdsna.org.

(Musial et al., 2022). Musial W., P. Spitsen, P. Duffy, P. Beiter, M. Marquis, R. Hammond, and M. Shields. 

2022. Offshore Wind Market Report: 2022 Edition. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency 

& Renewable Energy. Available online at: https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2022-

09/offshore-wind-market-report-2022-v2.pdf.

(Musick et al., 2009). Musick, J.A., M.M Harbin, S.A. Berkeley, G.H. Burgess, A.M. Eklund, L. Findley, and 

S.G. Wright. 2009. Marine, estuarine, and diadromous fish stocks at risk of extinction in North 

America (exclusive of Pacific salmonids). American Fisheries Society, 25(11):6-30. Available online at: 

https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8446(2000)025<0006:MEADFS>2.0.CO;2.

(Muto et al., 2018). Muto, M.M, V.T. Helker, R.P. Angliss, B.A. Allen, P.L. Boveng, J.M. Breiwick, M.F. 

Cameron, P.J. Clapham, S.P. Dahle, M.E. Dahlheim, B.S. Fadely, M.C. Ferguson, L.W. Fritz, R.C. Hobbs, 

Y.V. Ivashchenko, A.S. Kennedy, J.M. London, S.A. Mizroch, R.R. Ream, E.L. Richmond, K.E.W. 

Shelden, R.G. Towell, P.R. Wade, J.M. Waite, and A.N. Zerbini. 2018. Alaska Marine Mammal Stock 

Assessments, 2017. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-AFSC-378; 383 p. Available online at: 

https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/18114.

(Muto et al., 2020). Muto, M.M, V.T. Helker, B.J. Delean, R.P. Angliss, P.L. Boveng, J.M. Breiwick, B.M. 

Brost, M.F. Cameron, P.J. Clapham, S.P. Dahle, M.E. Dahlheim, B.S. Fadely, M.C. Ferguson, L.W. Fritz, 

R.C. Hobbs, Y.V. Ivashchenko, A.S. Kennedy, J.M. London, S.A. Mizroch, R.R. Ream, E.L. Richmond, 

K.E.W. Shelden, R.G. Towell, P.R. Wade, J.M. Waite, and A.N. Zerbini. 2020. Alaska Marine Mammal 

Stock Assessments: 2019. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-AFSC-404; 395 p. Available online 

at: https://media.fisheries.noaa.gov/dam-migration/2019_sars_alaska_508.pdf. 

(Muto et al., 2022). Muto, M.M, V.T. Helker, B.J. Delean, N.C. Young, J.C. Freed,R.P. Angliss, N.A. Friday, 

P.L. Boveng, J.M. Breiwick, B.M. Brost, M.F. Cameron, P.J. Clapham, J.L. Crance, S.P. Dahle, M.E. 

Dahlheim, B.S. Fadely, M.C. Ferguson, L.W. Fritz, K.T. Goetz, R.C. Hobbs, Y.V. Ivashchenko, A.S. 

Kennedy, J.M. London, S.A. Mizroch, R.R. Ream, E.L. Richmond, K.E.W. Shelden, K.L. Sweeney, R.G. 

Towell, P.R. Wade, J.M. Waite, and A.N. Zerbini. 2022. Alaska Marine Mammal Stock Assessments: 

2021. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOAA-TM-AFSC-441; 304 p. Available online at: 

https://media.fisheries.noaa.gov/2022-08/NOAA-TM-AFSC-441.pdf. 

(Myers and Worm, 2003). Myers, R.A. and B. Worm. 2003. Rapid worldwide depletion of predatory fish 

communities. Nature, 423(6937):280–283. Available online at:

https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01610.

(Nachtigall et al., 2004). Nachtigall, P.E., A.Y. Supin, J. Pawloski, and W.W.L. Au. 2004. Temporary 

threshold shifts after noise exposure in the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) measured using 

evoked auditory potentials. Marine Mammal Science, 20: 673-687. Available online at: 

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2004.tb01187.x. 
National Ocean Service Surveying and Mapping Projects in U.S. Waters for

Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement Coastal and Marine Data Acquisition

639

(Nachtigall et al., 2005). Nachtigall, P.E., M.M.L. Yuen, T.A. Mooney, and K.A. Taylor. 2005. Hearing 

measurements from a stranded infant Risso's dolphin, Grampus griseus. Journal of Experimental 

Biology, 208(21):4181-4188. Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.01876.

(Nachtigall et al., 2007). Nachtigall, P.E, A.Y. Supin, M. Amundin, B. Roken, T. Moller, T.A. Mooney, K.A. 

Taylor, and M. Yuen. 2007. Polar bear Ursus maritimus hearing measured with auditory evoked 

potentials. The Journal of Experimental Biology, 210:1116-1122. Available online at:

https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.02734.

(NAP, 2010). National Academies Press. 2010. Overview of Ecosystem Services Provided by Bivalve 

Mariculture. Available online at: https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/12802/chapter/1.

(NatGeo, 2018). National Geographic. 2018. 7,000-Year-Old Native American Burial Site Found 

Underwater. Accessed October 2022 at: 

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2018/02/florida-native-american-indian-burialunderwater/.

(Navy, 2015). U.S. Department of the Navy. 2015. Northwest Training and Testing, Final Environmental 

Impact Statement/Overseas Environmental Impact Statement. Prepared by Commander, United 

States Pacific Fleet; Naval Sea Systems Command; Naval Air Systems Command. Available online at: 

https://www.nwtteis.com/Documents/2015-Northwest-Training-and-Testing-Final-EIS-OEIS/2015-

Final-EIS-OEIS. 

(Navy, 2017a). U.S. Department of the Navy. 2017. Marine Mammal Strandings Associated with U.S. 

Navy Sonar Activities. Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center Pacific, San Diego. 47p. Available 

online at: 

https://www.hstteis.com/portals/hstteis/files/reports/Marine_Mammal_Strandings_Associated_wit

h_U.S._Navy_Sonar_Activities_June2017.pdf. 

(Navy, 2017b). U.S. Department of the Navy. 2017. Criteria and Thresholds for U.S. Navy Acoustic and 

Explosive Effects Analysis (Phase III). Technical Report. SSC Pacific. Available online at:

https://www.hstteis.com/portals/hstteis/files/reports/Criteria_and_Thresholds_for_U.S._Navy_

Acoustic_and_Explosive_Effects_Analysis_June2017.pdf. 

(Navy, 2018a). U.S. Department of the Navy. 2018. Hawaii-Southern California Training and Testing 

Environmental Impact Statement/Overseas Environmental Impact Statement. Available online at: 

https://www.hstteis.com/Documents/2018-Hawaii-Southern-California-Training-and-Testing-FinalEIS-OEIS/Final-EIS-OEIS.

(Navy, 2018b). U.S. Department of the Navy. 2018. Incidental Take Authorization: U.S. Navy Operations 

of Surveillance Towed Array Sensor System Low Frequency Active (SURTASS LFA) Sonar. Available 

online at: https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/action/incidental-take-authorization-us-navy-operationssurveillance-towed-array-sensor-system-0.

(Navy, 2020). U.S. Department of the Navy, Naval Sea Systems Command. 2020. Northwest Training and 

Testing, Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement/Overseas Environmental Impact 

Statement. Available online at: https://www.nwtteis.com/. 

(NCAI, No Date). National Congress of American Indians. No Date. Tribal Governance. Accessed October 

2022 at: http://www.ncai.org/policy-issues/tribal-governance. 

(NCEI, 2022). National Centers for Environmental Information, NOAA. 2022. Annual 2021 Global Climate 

Report. Accessed October 2022 at: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/monthlyreport/global/202113. 
National Ocean Service Surveying and Mapping Projects in U.S. Waters for

Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement Coastal and Marine Data Acquisition

640

(Nedelec et al., 2016). Nedelec, S.L., J. Campbell, A.N. Radford, S.D. Simpson, and N.D. Merchant. 2016. 

Particle motion: the missing link in underwater acoustic ecology. Methods in Ecology and Evolution. 

British Ecological Society, 7(7):836-842. Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-

210X.12544.

(Neenan et al., 2016). Neenan, S. T. V., R. Piper, P. R. White, P. Kemp, T. G. Leighton, and P. J. Shaw. 

2016. Does Masking Matter? Shipping Noise and Fish Vocalizations. In: The Effects of Noise on 

Aquatic Life II (A. N. Popper and A. D. Hawkins, Eds.). Pp. 747–754. New York, NY: Springer. Available 

online at: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2981-8_91. 

(Neff et al., 2000). Neff, J. M., S. Ostazeski, W. Gardiner and I. Stejskal. 2000. Effects of weathering on 

the toxicity of three offshore Australian crude oils and a diesel fuel to marine animals. 

Environmental Toxicology, 19(7):1809-21. Available online at:

https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620190715. 

(NEFMC, 2016). New England Fishery Management Council. 2016. Omnibus Essential Fish Habitat 

Amendment 2 Volume 2: EFH and HAPC Designation Alternatives and Environmental Impacts. 

Amendment 14 to the Northeast Multispecies FMP, Amendment 14 to the Atlantic Sea Scallop FMP, 

Amendment 4 to the Monkfish FMP, Amendment 3 to the Atlantic Herring FMP, Amendment 2 to 

the Red Crab FMP, Amendment 2 to the Skate FMP, Amendment 3 to the Atlantic Salmon FMP, 

Including a Final Environmental Impact Statement. Available online at: 

https://s3.amazonaws.com/nefmc.org/OA2-FEIS_Vol_2_FINAL_171025.pdf.

(NEFMC, 2018). New England Fishery Management Council. 2018. Framework Adjustment 57 To the 

Northeast Multispecies FMP. Available online at: 

https://s3.amazonaws.com/nefmc.org/180302_Groundfish_FW57__EA_formal_sub.pdf.

(NEFMC, No Date). New England Fishery Management Council. No Date. View Management Plans. 

Available online at: https://www.nefmc.org/.

(Nelms et al., 2016). Nelms, S.E., W.E.D. Piniak, C.R. Weir, and B.J. Godley. 2016. Seismic surveys and 

marine turtles: An underestimated global threat? Biological Conservation, 193:49–65. Available 

online at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2015.10.020.

(Nelson and Hamer, 1995). Nelson, S.K. and T.E. Hamer. 1995. Chapter 5: Nesting Biology and Behavior 

of the Marbled Murrelet. In: Ralph, C.J., G.L. Hunt, Jr., M.G. Raphael, and J.F. Piatt (Technical 

Editors). Ecology and conservation of the Marbled Murrelet. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-152. Albany, 

CA: Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture; p. 57-68. 

Available online at: https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/27887.

(Nelson et al., 2019) Nelson, M., L. Quakenbush, B. Taras, and Ice Seal Committee. 2019. Subsistence 

harvest of ringed, bearded, spotted, and ribbon seals in Alaska is sustainable. Endangered Species 

Research, 40:1-16. Available online at: https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00973.

(Nelson, 2016). Nelson, J.S. 2016. The Fishes of the World, 5th Edition. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 

NY. Available online at: https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Fishes+of+the+World,+5th+Edition-p9781118342336. 

(NERACOOS, No Date). Northeastern Regional Association of Coastal Ocean Observing Systems. No Date. 

About Ocean Observing Systems. Accessed October 2022 at:

http://drupal.neracoos.org/about/ocean_observing.

(NETL, No Date). National Energy Technology Laboratory. No Date. Offshore Projects. Accessed October 

2022 at: https://netl.doe.gov/coal/carbon-storage/storage-infrastructure/offshore-projects.
National Ocean Service Surveying and Mapping Projects in U.S. Waters for

Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement Coastal and Marine Data Acquisition

641

(New and Yen, 1995). New, T.R. and A.L. Yen. 1995. Ecological Importance and Invertebrate 

Conservation. Oryx, 29(3):187-191. Available online at: 

https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605300021116. 

(Newman, 2019). Newman, M.C. 2019. Uptake, biotransformation, detoxification, elimination, and 

accumulation. Fundamentals of Ecotoxicology. 5th Edition. CRC Press. Available online at: 

https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.1201/9781351133999-3/uptakebiotransformation-detoxification-elimination-accumulation-michael-newman.

(Nichols and Wilcox, 2004). Nichols, S.J. and D.A. Wilcox. 2004. Great Lakes Clams Find Refuge from 

Zebra Mussels in Restored, Lake-Connected Marsh. Ecological Restoration, 22(1):51-52. Available 

online at: http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12648/7543. 

(Niles et al., 2008). Niles, L.J., H.P. Sitters, A.D. Dey, P.W. Atkinson, A.J. Baker, K.A. Bennett, R. Carmona, 

K.E. Clark, N.A. Clark, C. Espoz, P.M. González, B.A. Harrington, D.E. Hernández., K.S. Kalasz, R.G. 

Lathrop, R.N. Matus, C.D.T. Minton, R.I.G. Morrison, M.K. Peck, W. Pitts., R.A. Robinson, and I.L. 

Serrano. 2008. Status of the red knot (Calidris canutus rufa) in the western hemisphere. Studies in 

Avian Biology, No. 36. Cooper Ornithological Society. Available online at: 

https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/sab/sab_036.pdf.

(Nisbet et al., 2014). Nisbet, C., M. Gochfeld, and J. Burger. 2014. Roseate Tern. In: The Birds of North 

America (A. Poole, Ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology. Available online at: 

https://birdsna.org.

(NLA, No Date-a). Native Languages of the Americas. No Date. Native American Salmon Mythology. 

Accessed October 2022 at: http://www.native-languages.org/legends-salmon.htm.

(NLA, No Date-b). Native Languages of the Americas. No Date. Native American Halibut Mythology. 

Accessed October 2022 at: http://www.native-languages.org/legends-halibut.htm.

(NMFS and USFWS, 2007). National Marine Fisheries Service and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2007. 

Green Sea Turtle (Chelonia mydas) 5-Year Review: Summary and Evaluation. 105 p. Available online

at: https://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_year_review/doc1078.pdf.

(NMFS and USFWS, 2008). U.S. Department of Commerce, National Marine Fisheries Service, and U.S. 

Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service. 2008. Recovery plan for the Northwest Atlantic 

population of the loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta), second revision. National Marine Fisheries 

Service, Silver Spring, MD. Available online at: https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/3720.

(NMFS and USFWS, 2013a). National Marine Fisheries Service and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2013. 

Hawksbill Sea Turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) 5-Year Review: Summary and Evaluation. 92 p. 

Available online at: https://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_year_review/doc4168.pdf.

(NMFS and USFWS, 2013b). National Marine Fisheries Service and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2013. 

Leatherback Sea Turtle (Dermochelys coriacea) 5-Year Review: Summary and Evaluation. 93 p. 

Available online at: https://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_year_review/doc4313.pdf. 

(NMFS and USFWS, 2014). National Marine Fisheries Service and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2014. 

Olive Ridley Sea Turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea) 5-Year Review: Summary and Evaluation. 87 p. 

Available online at: https://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_year_review/doc5824.pdf. 

(NMFS and USFWS, 2015). National Marine Fisheries Service and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2015. 

Kemp’s Ridley Sea Turtle (Lepidochelys kempii) 5-Year Review: Summary and Evaluation. 63 p. 

Available online at: https://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_year_review/doc4585.pdf. 
National Ocean Service Surveying and Mapping Projects in U.S. Waters for

Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement Coastal and Marine Data Acquisition

642

(NMFS, 1999). National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 

1999. Agreement between the National Marine Fisheries Service and the Alaska Beluga Whale 

Committee. Available online at: https://media.fisheries.noaa.gov/dam-migration/abwccomanagement1999-akr.pdf.

(NMFS, 2007a). National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 

2007. Puget Sound Salmon Recovery Plan. Available online at:

https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/16005.

(NMFS, 2007b). National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 

2007. Upper Columbia Spring Chinook Salmon and Steelhead Recovery Plan. Available online at:

https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/15990.

(NMFS, 2009). National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 

2009. Recovery Plan for Lake Ozette Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). Available online at:

https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/4200.

(NMFS, 2010). National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 

2010. Status Review of the Largetooth Sawfish (Pristis perotteti). Available online at: 

https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/16287.

(NMFS, 2011). National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 

2011. Upper Willamette River Conservation and Recovery Plan for Chinook Salmon and Steelhead. 

Available online at: https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/15981.

(NMFS, 2012). National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 

2012. Final Recovery Plan for Central California Coast Coho Salmon Evolutionarily Significant Unit. 

Available online at: https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/15987.

(NMFS, 2013). National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 

2013. ESA Recovery Plan for Lower Columbia River Coho Salmon, Lower Columbia River Chinook 

Salmon, Columbia River Chum Salmon, and Lower Columbia River Steelhead. Available online at:

https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/16002.

(NMFS, 2014a). National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 

2014. Recovery Plan for the Evolutionarily Significant Units of Sacramento River Winter-Run Chinook 

Salmon and Central Valley Spring-Run Chinook Salmon and the Distinct Population Segment of 

California Central Valley Steelhead. Available online at:

https://www.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/legacy/document/2020/Oct/07354626272.pdf.

(NMFS, 2014b). National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 

2014. Final Recovery Plan for the Southern Oregon/Northern California Coast Evolutionarily 

Significant Unit of Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Available online at:

https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/15985. 

(NMFS, 2014c). National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 

2014. Status Review Report: Scalloped Hammerhead Shark (Sphyrna lewini). Available online at: 

https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/17835.

(NMFS, 2015a). National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

2015. Our Living Oceans: Habitat. Status of the habitat of U.S. living marine resources. U.S. 

Department of Commerce, NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-F/SPO-75. Available online at: 

https://spo.nmfs.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/tm75.pdf. 
National Ocean Service Surveying and Mapping Projects in U.S. Waters for

Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement Coastal and Marine Data Acquisition

643

(NMFS, 2015b). National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 

2015. ESA Recovery Plan for Snake River Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). Available online at: 

https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/16001.

(NMFS, 2015c). National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 

2015. Draft Environmental Impact Statement on the Makah Tribe Request to Hunt Gray Whales. 

Available online at: https://media.fisheries.noaa.gov/dam-migration/2015-makah-deis-508.pdf.

(NMFS, 2015d). National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 

2015. Subsistence Halibut Program: Small Entity Compliance Guide. Available online at:

https://media.fisheries.noaa.gov/dam-migration/subsistence-halibut-overview.pdf.

(NMFS, 2016a). National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 

2016. Effects of Oil and Gas Activities in the Arctic Ocean, Final Environmental Impact Statement. 

Available online at: https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/marine-mammalprotection/environmental-impact-statement-eis-effects-oil-and-gas-activities.

(NMFS, 2016b). National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 

2016. Final Coastal Multispecies Recovery Plan: California Coastal Chinook Salmon, Northern 

California Steelhead, Central California Coast Steelhead. Available online at: 

https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/resource/document/final-coastal-multispecies-recovery-plancalifornia-coastal-chinook-salmon.

(NMFS, 2016c). National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 

2016. Final ESA Recovery Plan for Oregon Coast Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Available 

online at: https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/15986.

(NMFS, 2016d). National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 

2016. Effects of Oil and Gas Activities in the Arctic Ocean Final Environmental Impact Statement. 

Available online at: https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/marine-mammalprotection/environmental-impact-statement-eis-effects-oil-and-gas-activities. 

(NMFS, 2017a). National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 

2017. ESA Recovery Plan for Snake River Fall Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Available 

online at: https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/resource/document/recovery-plan-snake-river-fallchinook-salmon.

(NMFS, 2017b). National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 

2017. ESA Recovery Plan for Snake River Spring/Summer Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus 

tshawytscha) & Snake River Basin Steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Available online at: 

https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/resource/document/recovery-plan-snake-river-spring-summerchinook-salmon-and-snake-river-basin.

(NMFS, 2017c). National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 

2017. Recovery Plan for the Southern Distinct Population Segment of Eulachon (Thaleichthys 

pacificus). Available online at: https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/15989.

(NMFS, 2017d). National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 

2017. Rockfish Recovery Plan Puget Sound / Georgia Basin Yelloweye Rockfish (Sebastes ruberrimus) 

and Bocaccio (Sebastes paucispinis). Available online at: 

https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/16866.

(NMFS, 2017e). National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 

2017. Fisheries Economics of the United States 2015, Economic and Sociocultural Status and Trends 
National Ocean Service Surveying and Mapping Projects in U.S. Waters for

Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement Coastal and Marine Data Acquisition

644

Series. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-F/SPO-170. Available online at: 

https://www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/Assets/economics/publications/FEUS/FEUS-2015/ReportChapters/FEUS%202015%20All%20Chapters_Final4_508.pdf.

(NMFS, 2017f). National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 

2017. Draft Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement for Management of the Subsistence 

Harvest of Northern Fur Seals on St. Paul Island, Alaska. Available online at: 

https://www.alaskapublic.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NOAA-NMFS-2017-0117-0002.pdf.

(NMFS, 2018a). National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 

2018. 2018 Revision to: Technical Guidance for Assessing the Effects of Anthropogenic Sound on 

Marine Mammal Hearing (Version 2.0) Underwater Thresholds for Onset of Permanent and 

Temporary Threshold Shifts. Available online at: 

https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/resource/document/technical-guidance-assessing-effectsanthropogenic-sound-marine-mammal.

(NMFS, 2018b). National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 

2018. Biological Opinion on the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management's Issuance of Five Oil and Gas 

Permits for Geological and Geophysical Seismic Surveys off the Atlantic Coast of the United States, 

and the National Marine Fisheries Services' Issuance of Associated Incidental Harassment 

Authorizations. Available online at: https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/19552.

(NMFS, 2018c). National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 

2018. 2018 Report to Congress on the Status of U.S. Fisheries. Available online at: 

https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/2018-report-congress-status-us-fisheries.

(NMFS, 2019a). National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 

2019. Essential Fish Habitat Data Inventory. Accessed October 2022 at: 

https://www.habitat.noaa.gov/application/efhinventory/index.html.

(NMFS, 2019b). National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 

2019. Atlantic HMS Fishery Management Plans and Amendments. Available online at: 

https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/atlantic-highly-migratory-species/atlantic-hms-fisherymanagement-plans-and-amendments.

(NMFS, 2019c). National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 

2019. Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement for Management of the Subsistence 

Harvest of Northern Fur Seals on St. Paul Island, Alaska. Available online at:

https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/resource/document/draft-environmental-impact-statementmanagement-subsistence-harvest-northern-fur.

(NMFS, 2019d). National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 

2019. Incidental Take Authorizations Points Map. Accessed October 2022 at: 

https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/resource/map/incidental-take-authorizations-points-map.

(NMFS, 2019e). National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 

2019. Draft Programmatic Environmental Assessment for Fisheries and Ecosystem Research 

Conducted and Funded by the Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center. Available online at:

https://dcrm.gov.mp/wp-content/uploads/crm/PIFSC-Public-Draft-PEA-2019edition.pdf.

(NMFS, 2020). National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 

2020. Fisheries of the United States 2018 Report. Available online at: 

https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/resource/document/fisheries-united-states-2018-report.
National Ocean Service Surveying and Mapping Projects in U.S. Waters for

Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement Coastal and Marine Data Acquisition

645

(NMFS, 2021a). National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 

2021. Alaska Region Marine Mammal Annual Stranding Summary Reports. Accessed October 2022 

at: https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/resource/document/alaska-region-marine-mammal-annualstranding-reports.

(NMFS, 2021b). National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 

2021. NOAA Fisheries Updated Impact Assessment of the COVID-19 Crisis on the U.S. Commercial 

Seafood and Recreational For-Hire/Charter Industries. Available online at: 

https://media.fisheries.noaa.gov/2021-02/Updated-COVID-19-Impact-Assessment-webready.pdf.

(NMFS, 2022). National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 

2022. Makah Tribal Whale Hunt. Accessed October 2022 at: https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/westcoast/marine-mammal-protection/makah-tribal-whalehunt#:~:text=The%20Makah%20Indian%20Tribe%20has%20requested%20authorization%20to%20h

unt%20eastern,1855%20Treaty%20of%20Neah%20Bay.

(NMFS, No Date-a). National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric 

Administration. No Date. Find a Species. Accessed October 2022 at: 

https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/find-species.

(NMFS, No Date-b). National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric 

Administration. No Date. Science & Data. https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/resources/data-andmaps?title=critical+habitat&field_species_vocab_target_id=&sort_by=created.

(NMFS, No Date-c). National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric 

Administration. No Date. Recorded Fatal Ship Strikes on Endangered Whales in CA 2007-2020. 

Available online at: https://nmsfarallones.blob.core.windows.net/farallonesprod/media/docs/2007-2020-recorded-fatal-strikes-on-endangered-whales-in-ca.pdf. 

(NMFS, No Date-d). National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric 

Administration. No Date. Pinniped Entanglement in Marine Debris. Accessed October 2022 at: 

https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/alaska/marine-life-distress/pinniped-entanglement-marine-debris.

(NMFS, No Date-e). National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric 

Administration. No Date. Native American Tribes: Sovereign Relations. Accessed October 2022 at: 

https://www.westcoast.fisheries.noaa.gov/whatwedo/sovereign_relations/.

(NMFS, No Date-f). National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric 

Administration. No Date. Formal Rulemaking on Proposed MMPA Waiver and Hunt Regulations 

Governing Gray Whale Hunts by the Makah Tribe. Accessed October 2022 at: 

https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/action/formal-rulemaking-proposed-mmpa-waiver-and-huntregulations-governing-gray-whale-hunts-makah.

(NMFS, No Date-g). National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric 

Administration. No Date. Sovereign Relations on the West Coast. Accessed October 2022 at: 

https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/west-coast/partners/sovereign-relations-west-coast.

(NMFS, No Date-h). National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric 

Administration. No Date. Frequently Asked Questions: Alaska Subsistence Halibut Program. 

Accessed October 2022 at: https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/alaska/sustainable-fisheries/frequentlyasked-questions-alaska-subsistence-halibut-program#1.-how-many-halibut-can-i-catch-and-have-inmy-possession?.
National Ocean Service Surveying and Mapping Projects in U.S. Waters for

Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement Coastal and Marine Data Acquisition

646

(NMFS, No Date-i). National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

No Date. U.S. Aquaculture. Accessed October 2022 at: 

https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/aquaculture/us-aquaculture.

(NOAA, 2008a). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2008. Cook Inlet Beluga Whale 

Subsistence Harvest Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement. Available online at: 

https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/4948.

(NOAA, 2008b). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2008. Recovery Plan for the Steller 

Sea Lion. Available online at: https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/15974.

(NOAA, 2014a). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2014. Environmental Assessment on 

Development of Island-Based Fishery Management Plans (FMPs) in the U.S. Caribbean: transition 

from species-based FMPs to island-based FMPs. Available online at: 

https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/10213.

(NOAA, 2014b). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2014. Entanglement of Marine 

Species in Marine Debris with an Emphasis on Species in the United States. Available online at: 

https://marinedebris.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/mdp_entanglement.pdf.

(NOAA, 2016). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2016. Ocean Noise Strategy Roadmap. 

Available online at: 

https://cetsound.noaa.gov/Assets/cetsound/documents/Roadmap/ONS_Roadmap_Final_Complete.

pdf.

(NOAA, 2017). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2017. Final Steller Sea Lion and 

Harbor Seal Co-Management Action Plan for FY2017. Available online at:

https://aleutmarinemammal.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/AMMC-NMFS-co-managementaction-plan-2017.pdf.

(NOAA, 2018a). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2018. NOAA surveys the unsurveyed, 

leading the way in the U.S. Arctic. Accessed October 2022 at: 

https://www.nauticalcharts.noaa.gov/updates/noaa-surveys-the-unsurveyed-leading-the-way-inthe-u-s-arctic/.

(NOAA, 2018b). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. November 2018. Final Supplemental 

Environmental Impact Statement For issuing annual catch limits to the Alaska Eskimo Whaling

Commission for a subsistence hunt on bowhead whales for the years 2019 and beyond. Available 

online at: https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/19482.

(NOAA, 2020a). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2020. Fact sheet: Small diesel spills 

(500-5,000 gallons). NOAA Scientific Support Team, Hazardous Materials Response and Assessment 

Division. Available online at: https://response.restoration.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/Small-DieselSpills.pdf.

(NOAA, 2020b). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2020. NOAA Exploring Impact of 

COVID-19 Response on the Environment. Accessed October 2022 at: 

https://research.noaa.gov/article/ArtMID/587/ArticleID/2617/NOAA-exploring-impact-ofcoronavirus-response-on-the-environment.

(NOAA, 2020c). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Agency. 2020. NOAA teams with Ocean Infinity to 

advance new tools for ocean exploration and mapping. Accessed October 2022 at: 

https://www.noaa.gov/media-release/noaa-teams-with-ocean-infinity-to-advance-new-tools-forocean-exploration-and-mapping.
National Ocean Service Surveying and Mapping Projects in U.S. Waters for

Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement Coastal and Marine Data Acquisition

647

(NOAA, 2020d). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2020. Ocean Acidification. Accessed 

October 2022 at: https://www.noaa.gov/education/resource-collections/ocean-coasts-educationresources/ocean-acidification.

(NOAA, 2021). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2021. Larger-than-average Gulf of 

Mexico ‘dead zone’ measured. Accessed October 2022 at: https://www.noaa.gov/newsrelease/larger-than-average-gulf-of-mexico-dead-zone-measured.

(NOAA, No Date-a). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. No Date. National Water Level 

Observation Network (NWLON). Accessed October 2022 at: 

https://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/nwlon.html.

(NOAA, No Date-b). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. No Date. Hydrographic Survey 

Equipment: Side Scan Sonars. Accessed October 2022 at: 

https://nauticalcharts.noaa.gov/learn/hydrographic-survey-equipment.html.

(NOAA, No Date-c). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. No Date. Are Corals Animals or 

Plants. Accessed October 2022 at: https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/coral.html.

(NOAA, No Date-d). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. No Date. Florida Keys National 

Marine Sanctuary: Estimated Shipwrecks. Accessed October 2022 at: 

https://floridakeys.noaa.gov/wrecks/howmany.html. 

(NOAA, No Date-e). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. No Date. Olympic Coast National 

Marine Sanctuary’s Intergovernmental Policy Council. Available online at: 

https://marineprotectedareas.noaa.gov/toolkit/olympic-coast-intergov-policy-council.html.

(NOAA, No Date-f). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. U.S. Department of Commerce. 

No Date. The Value of PORTS to the Nation. Available online at:

https://aambpublicoceanservice.blob.core.windows.net/oceanserviceprod/news/aug14/Value_of_P

ORTS_to_the_Nation.pdf.

(NOAA, No Date-g). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. No Date. Subsistence Halibut 

Maps. Accessed October 2022 at:

https://alaskafisheries.noaa.gov/portal/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=eb7447da76f34160948

dfa1ddd90899f. 

(NOAA, No Date-h). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. No Date. Atlantic Coast 

Hydrographic Survey Projects 2019. Accessed October 2022 at: 

https://noaa.maps.arcgis.com/apps/MapJournal/index.html?appid=56cd160ddfc248049f925fdfed4

5daca.

(NOAA, No Date-i). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. No Date. Gulf of Mexico and 

Mississippi River Hydrographic Survey Projects 2019. Accessed October 2022 at: 

https://noaa.maps.arcgis.com/apps/MapJournal/index.html?appid=8e46cafa3ffa4945a9ed3bd22d3

eca07.

(NOAA, No Date-j). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. No Date. Pacific Coast 

Hydrographic Survey Projects 2019. Accessed October 2022 at: 

https://noaa.maps.arcgis.com/apps/MapJournal/index.html?appid=3dbbf148df0542dbb9e8fa6821f

a1b86.

(NOAA, No Date-k). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. No Date. Alaska Hydrographic 

Survey Projects 2019. Accessed October 2022 at: 
National Ocean Service Surveying and Mapping Projects in U.S. Waters for

Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement Coastal and Marine Data Acquisition

648

https://noaa.maps.arcgis.com/apps/MapJournal/index.html?appid=b0b74ecc2ea048628accbbf8189

5eae2#map.

(NOS, 2016). NOAA National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2016. 

U.S. Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS) Program Programmatic Environmental Assessment.

Available online at: https://cdn.ioos.noaa.gov/media/2017/12/IOOS_PEA-withAppendices_FINAL_June-2016.pdf.

(NOS, 2017). National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2017. National 

Ocean Service Statement on Surveying and Mapping Activities with No Potential to Cause Effects to 

Historic Properties.

(NOS, No Date-a). National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. No Date. 

About the National Ocean Service. Accessed October 2022 at: 

https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/about/.

(NOS, No Date-b). National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. No Date. 

An Introduction to NOAA’s National Ocean Service. Available online at:

https://aambpublicoceanservice.blob.core.windows.net/oceanserviceprod/about/introductionnos.pdf.

(NOS, No Date-c). National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. No Date. 

Arctic Navigation. Accessed October 2022 at: https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/economy/arctic/.

(Nowacek et al., 2001). Nowacek, S.M., R.S. Wells, and A.R. Solow. 2001. Short-term effects of boat 

traffic on bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus, in Sarasota Bay, Florida. Marine Mammal Science,

17(4):673-688. Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2001.tb01292.x. 

(Nowacek et al., 2004). Nowacek, D., M. Johnson, and P.L. Tyack. 2004. North Atlantic right whales 

(Eubalaena glacialis) ignore ships but respond to alarm stimuli. Proceedings of the Royal Society of 

London Series B, 271(1536):227-231. Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2003.2570.

(NPFMC, No Date). North Pacific Fishery Management Council. No Date. FMPS, FEPS, & Amendment

Summaries. Available online at: https://www.npfmc.org/library/fmps-feps/.

(NPS, 1979). National Park Service. 1979. National Register of Historic Places Inventory – Nomination 

Form: Hanalei Pier. Available online at: 

https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/79000757_text.

(NPS, 2000). National Park Service. 2000. National Register Bulletin: Guidelines for Evaluating and 

Registering Archaeological Properties. Available online at:

https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalregister/upload/NRB36-Complete.pdf.

(NPS, 2010). National Park Service. 2010. Oil Spill Response. Available online at: 

http://npshistory.com/publications/eq/oil-spill/cult-res.pdf.

(NPS, 2012a). National Park Service. 2012. National Register of Historic Places - Traditional Cultural 

Properties (TCPs), A Quick Guide for Preserving Native American Cultural Resources. Available online

at: https://ctclusi.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/NPS_QuickGuide_TCP.pdf.

(NPS, 2012b). National Park Service. 2012. Tribal Historic Preservation Officer (THPO): A Quick Guide for 

Preserving Native American Cultural Resources.

(NPS, 2016). National Park Service. 2016. Channel Islands Shipwrecks. Accessed October 2022 at: 

https://www.nps.gov/chis/learn/photosmultimedia/shipwreck.htm. 
National Ocean Service Surveying and Mapping Projects in U.S. Waters for

Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement Coastal and Marine Data Acquisition

649

(NPS, 2018). National Parks Service. 2018. Benthic Habitat Mapping for Ocean and Coastal Parks. 

Accessed October 2022 at: https://eros.usgs.gov/doi-remote-sensing-activities/2018/nps/benthichabitat-mapping-ocean-and-coastal-parks.

(NPS, 2020a). National Park Service. 2020. Aquatic Invertebrates. Accessed October 2022 at: 

https://www.nps.gov/im/htln/aquatic-invertebrates.htm.

(NPS, 2020b). National Park Service. 2020. Cape Cod National Seashore Massachusetts: Head of the 

Meadow Beach. Accessed October 2022 at: https://www.nps.gov/caco/planyourvisit/head-of-themeadow.htm.

(NPS, 2022a). National Park Service. 2022. National Park Service Archaeology Program: State Submerged 

Resources – Puerto Rico. Accessed October 2022 at: 

https://www.nps.gov/archeology/sites/stateSubmerged/puertorico.htm.

(NPS, 2022b). National Park Service. 2022. National Park Service Archaeology Program: State Submerged 

Resources – Virgin Islands. Accessed October 2022 at: 

https://www.nps.gov/archeology/sites/statesubmerged/virginislands.htm.

(NPS, 2022c). National Park Service. 2022. National Park Service Archaeology Program: State Submerged 

Resources – Northern Mariana Islands. Accessed October 2022 at: 

https://www.nps.gov/archeology/sites/stateSubmerged/northernmarianaislands.htm.

(NPS, No Date-a). National Park Service. No Date. Traditional Cultural Properties – Questions & Answers. 

Available online at: http://npshistory.com/publications/tcp-qa.pdf.

(NPS, No Date-b). National Park Service. No Date. National Register Bulletin 18: How to Evaluate and 

Nominate Designed Historic Landscapes. Available online at: 

https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalregister/upload/NRB18-Complete.pdf.

(NRC, 1994). National Research Council. 1994. Low-Frequency Sound and Marine Mammals. Accessed 

October 2022 at: https://www.nap.edu/catalog/4557/low-frequency-sound-and-marine-mammalscurrent-knowledge-and-research.

(NSB, 2018). North Slope Borough: Braund, S.R., P.B. Lawrence, E.G. Sears, R.K. Schraer, E.V. Regehr, B. 

Adams, R.T. Hepa, J.C. George, and A.L. Von Duyke. 2018. Polar Bear TEK: A Pilot Study to Inform 

Polar Bear Management Models. Research Report NSB.DWM.RR.2018-01. Available online at: 

https://nannut.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/NSB_DWM_RR_2018-01_-

_Polar_Bear_TEK_FINAL.pdf.

(NSB, No Date-a). North Slope Borough. No Date. Bowhead Whale Subsistence Harvest Research. 

Accessed October 2022 at: https://www.north-slope.org/departments/wildlifemanagement/studies-research-projects/bowhead-whales/bowhead-whale-subsistence-harvestresearch/.

(NSB, No Date-b). North Slope Borough. No Date. Documentation of Beluga Harvest. Accessed October 

2022 at: https://www.north-slope.org/departments/wildlife-management/co-managementorganizations/alaska-beluga-whale-committee/abwc-research-projects/documentation-of-belugaharvest/.

(NSB, No Date-c). North Slope Borough. No Date. Ice Seal Committee. Accessed October 2022 at:

https://www.iceseals.org/.

(NSF and USGS, 2011). National Science Foundation and United Sates Geological Survey. 2011. Final 

Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement / Overseas Environmental Impact Statement for 
National Ocean Service Surveying and Mapping Projects in U.S. Waters for

Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement Coastal and Marine Data Acquisition

650

Marine Seismic Research Funded by the National Science Foundation or Conducted by the U.S. 

Geological Survey. Available online at: https://www.nsf.gov/geo/oce/envcomp/usgs-nsf-marineseismic-research/nsf-usgs-final-eis-oeis_3june2011.pdf.

(NSF, No Date). National Science Foundation. No Date. OCE Environmental Compliance. Accessed 

October 2022 at: https://www.nsf.gov/geo/oce/envcomp/index.jsp.

(NSTC, 2013). National Science and Technology Council. 2013. Progress Made in Implementing the 

Ocean and Coastal Mapping Integration Act: 2009 - 2010. Available online at: 

https://iocm.noaa.gov/reports/IWG-OCM-ReportProgress2009-10FINAL.pdf.

(NSTC, 2016). National Science and Technology Council. 2016. Progress Made in Implementing the 

Ocean and Coastal Mapping Integration Act 2014-2016. Available online at: 

https://iocm.noaa.gov/reports/IWG-OCM-ReportProgress2014-2016FINAL.pdf.

(NWF, No Date). The National Wildlife Federationi. No Date. Leatherback Sea Turtle. Accessed October 

2022 at: https://www.nwf.org/Educational-Resources/Wildlife-Guide/Reptiles/SeaTurtles/Leatherback-Sea-Turtle.

(NWIFC, No Date). Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission. No Date. About Us. Accessed October 2022

at: https://nwifc.org/about-us/. 

(OCM, 2021). Office for Coastal Management, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2021. 

Decadal Demographic Trends (1970-2010) for Coastal Geographies. March 2016. Accessed October 

2022 at: https://coast.noaa.gov/digitalcoast/data/demographictrends.html.

(OCM, 2022a). Office for Coastal Management, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2022. 

Economics: National Ocean Watch (ENOW) data by Ocean Sector. Accessed October 2022 at: 

https://coast.noaa.gov/digitalcoast/data/enow.html.

(OCM, 2022b). Office for Coastal Management, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2022. 

NOAA Report on the U.S. Ocean and Great Lakes Economy 2019. Available online at: 

https://coast.noaa.gov/data/digitalcoast/pdf/econ-report.pdf.

(OCS, 2018). NOAA Office of Coast Survey. 2018. Seabed 2030: A Call to Action. Available online at:

https://nauticalcharts.noaa.gov/hsrp/meetings/miami-2018/reference-materials-articles-miamihsrp-meeting/seabed-2030-white-paper-rdml-smithocs-draft-jan2018.pdf

(ONMS, 2007). Office of National Marine Sanctuaries, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 

2007. American Samoa Maritime Heritage Inventory. Available online at: 

https://nmsamericansamoa.blob.core.windows.net/americansamoaprod/media/docs/as_heritage.pdf.

(ONMS, 2017). Office of National Marine Sanctuaries, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 

2017. Pacific Islands Region: Maritime Heritage. Accessed October 2022 at: 

https://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/about/pacific/mhp.html.

(ONMS, 2020). Office of National Marine Sanctuaries. 2020. Wisconsin Shipwreck Coast National Marine 

Sanctuary Designation Final Environmental Impact Statement and Final Management Plan. Available 

online at: https://nmssanctuaries.blob.core.windows.net/sanctuaries-prod/media/docs/2020-

wisconsin-shipwreck-coast-national-marine-sanctuary-designation-final-eis.pdf.

(ONMS, No Date-a). National Marine Sanctuaries, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. No 

Date. Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary: Maritime Heritage. Accessed October 2022 at: 

https://stellwagen.noaa.gov/maritime/welcome.html. 
National Ocean Service Surveying and Mapping Projects in U.S. Waters for

Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement Coastal and Marine Data Acquisition

651

(ONMS, No Date-b). National Marine Sanctuaries, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. No 

Date. Wisconsin Shipwreck Coast National Marine Sanctuary. Accessed October 2022 at: 

https://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/wisconsin/. 

(OSPAR Commission, No Date). OSPAR Commission. No Date. Dredging & Dumping. Human Activities. 

Accessed October 2022 at: http://www.ospar.org/work-areas/eiha/dredging-dumping.

(Owen and Bowles, 2011). Owen, M.A. and A.E. Bowles. 2011. In-Air Auditory Psychophysics and the 

Management of a Threatened Carnivore, the Polar Bear (Ursus maritimus). International Journal of 

Comparative Physiology, 24:244-254. Available online at: 

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236617248_InAir_Auditory_Psychophysics_and_the_Management_of_a_Threatened_Carnivore_the_Polar_Bear_

Ursus_maritimus.

(Page et al., 2009). Page, G., L. Stenzel, J.S. Warriner, J.C. Warriner, and P. Paton. 2009. Snowy Plover. In: 

The Birds of North America (A. Poole, Ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology; Available 

online at: https://birdsna.org.

(Panayides et al., 2011). Panayides, P.M., N. Lambertides, and C.S. Savva. 2011. The relative efficiency of 

shipping companies. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 

47(5):681-694. Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2011.01.001.

(Papale et al., 2015). Papale, E., M. Gamba, M. Perez-Gil, V.M. Martin, and C. Giacoma. 2015. Dolphins 

adjust species-specific frequency parameters to compensate for increasing background noise. PLoS 

One, 10(4):e0121711. Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0121711. 

(Parks et al., 2007). Parks, S.E., C.W. Clark, and P.L. Tyack. 2007. Short- and long-term changes in right 

whale calling behavior: The potential effects of noise on acoustic communication. Journal of the 

Acoustical Society of America, 122(6):3725-3731. Available online at: 

https://doi.org/10.1121/1.2799904.

(Payne and Webb, 1971). Payne, R. and D. Webb. 1971. Orientation by means of long range acoustic 

signaling in baleen whales. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 188:110-141. Available 

online at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1971.tb13093.x.

(PBI, No Date). Polar Bears International. No Date. Living with Polar Bears. Accessed October 2022 at: 

https://polarbearsinternational.org/polar-bears/indigenous-people-polar-bears/.

(Peterson et al., 2000). Petersen, M., J. Grand, and C. Dau. 2000. Spectacled Eider. In: The Birds of North 

America (A. Poole, Ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology. Available online at: 

https://birdsna.org.

(Pews Oceans Commission, 2003). Pews Oceans Commission. 2003. America's Living Oceans: Charting a 

Course for Sea Change. pp. 166. Arlington, VA: Pew Oceans Commission. Available online at: 

https://www.pewtrusts.org/-/media/assets/2003/06/02/poc_summary.pdf.

(PFMC, No Date-a). Pacific Fishery Management Council. No Date. Fishery Management Plans. Available 

online at: https://www.pcouncil.org/.

(PFMC, No Date-b). Pacific Fishery Management Council. No Date. Salmon. Accessed October 2022 at:

https://www.pcouncil.org/salmon/.

(Pierce et al., 2004). Pierce, K.E., R.J. Harris, L.S. Larned, and M.A. Porkas. 2004. Obstruction and 

starvation associated with plastic ingestion in a Northern Gannet Morus bassanus and a Greater 
National Ocean Service Surveying and Mapping Projects in U.S. Waters for

Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement Coastal and Marine Data Acquisition

652

Shearwater Puffinus gravis. Marine Ornithology, 32:187–189. Available online at: 

http://www.marineornithology.org/PDF/32_2/32_2_187-189.pdf.

(Piniak et al., 2012). Piniak, W.E.D., S.A. Eckert, C.A. Harms, and E.M. Stringer. 2012. Underwater hearing 

sensitivity of the leatherback sea turtle (Dermochelys coriacea): Assessing the potential effect of 

anthropogenic noise. Prepared for the U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy 

Management, Herndon, VA. Available online at:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280559013_Underwater_hearing_sensitivity_of_the_lea

therback_sea_turtle_Dermochelys_coriacea_Assessing_the_potential_effect_of_anthropogenic_noi

se.

(Piniak, 2012). Piniak, W. 2012. Acoustic Ecology of Sea Turtles: Implications for Conservation. PhD 

Dissertation, Duke University. Available online at: https://hdl.handle.net/10161/6159.

(Platt, 2018). Platt, J.R. 2018. America’s Freshwater Mussels Are Going Extinct – Here’s Why That Sucks. 

Scientific American. Accessed October 2022 at: https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/extinctioncountdown/americas-freshwater-mussels-are-going-extinct-heres-why-that-sucks.

(PNHP, No Date). Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program. No Date. Northern Riffleshell (Epioblasma 

torulosa rangiana). Accessed October 2022 at: 

https://www.naturalheritage.state.pa.us/factsheets/12209.pdf.

(Polacheck and Thorpe, 1990). Polacheck, T. and L. Thorpe. 1990. The swimming direction of harbor 

porpoise in relation to a survey vessel. Report of the International Whaling Commission, 40:463-470. 

Available online at: https://porpoise.org/library/swimming-direction-harbor-porpoise-relationshipsurvey-vessel/.

(Pollution Issues, No Date). Pollution Issues. No Date. Sedimentation. Accessed October 2022 at: 

http://www.pollutionissues.com/Re-Sy/Sedimentation.html.

(Popper and Hawkins, 2019). Popper A.N. and A.D. Hawkins. 2019. An overview of fish bioacoustics and 

the impacts of anthropogenic sounds on fishes. Journal of Fish Biology, 94(5):692-713. Available 

online at: https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.13948. 

(Popper et al., 2003). Popper, A. N., R.R. Fay, C. Platt, and O. Sand. 2003. Sound detection mechanisms 

and capabilities of teleost fishes. In: Sensory Processing in Aquatic Environments (S. P. Collin and N. 

J. Marshall, Eds.). Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 3-38. Available online at:

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-22628-6_1.

(Popper et al., 2005). Popper, A. N., M. E. Smith, P. A. Cott, B. W. Hanna, A. O. MacGillivray, M. E. Austin, 

and D. A. Mann. 2005. Effects of exposure to seismic airgun use on hearing of three fish species. The 

Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 117(6):3958–3971. Available online at: 

https://doi.org/10.1121/1.1904386. 

(Popper et al., 2007). Popper, A. N., M. B. Halvorsen, A. Kane, D. L. Miller, M. E. Smith, J. Song, P. Stein, 

and L. E. Wysocki. 2007. The effects of high-intensity, low-frequency active sonar on rainbow trout. 

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 122(1):623–635. Available online at: 

https://doi.org/10.1121/1.2735115. 

(Popper et al., 2014). Popper, A.N., A.D. Hawkins, R.R. Fay, D.A. Mann, S. Bartol, T.J. Carlson, S. Coombs, 

W.T. Ellison, R.L. Gentry, M.B. Halvorsen, S. Lokkeborg, P.H. Rogers, B.L. Southall, D.G. Zeddies, and 

W.N. Tavolga. 2014. Sound Exposure Guidelines for Fishes and Sea Turtles: A Technical Report 

prepared by ANSI-Accredited Standards Committee S3/SC1 and registered with ANSI. ASA S3/SC1.4 

TR-2014. Available online at: 
National Ocean Service Surveying and Mapping Projects in U.S. Waters for

Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement Coastal and Marine Data Acquisition

653

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Arthur_Popper/publication/279347068_Sound_Exposure_Gu

idelines/links/5596735d08ae99aa62c777b9/Sound-Exposure-Guidelines.pdf.

(Potter et al., 2007). Potter, J.R., M. Thillet, C. Douglas, M.A. Chitre, Z. Doborzynski, and P.J. Seekings. 

2007. Visual and passive acoustic marine mammal observations and high-frequency seismic source 

characteristics recorded during a seismic survey. IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, 32(2):469–

483. Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1109/JOE.2006.880427. 

(Pratt and Brisbin, 2002). Pratt, H. and I. Brisbin. 2002. Hawaiian Coot. In: The Birds of North America (A. 

Poole, Ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology. Available online at: https://birdsna.org.

(Purser and Radford, 2011). Purser, J. and A.N. Radford. 2011. Acoustic noise induces attention shifts 

and reduces foraging performance in three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus). PLOS One,

6(2):e17478. Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0017478.

(Quick et al., 2017). Quick, N., L.A.S. Scott-Hayward, D. Sadykova, and D.P. Nowacek. 2017. Effects of a 

scientific echo sounder on the behavior of short-finned pilot whales (Globicephala macrorhynchus). 

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 74(5). Available online at: 

https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2016-0293. 

(Reeves et al., 2002). Reeves, R.R., B.S. Stewart, P.J. Clapham, and J.A. Powell. 2002. National Audubon 

Society Guide to Marine Mammals of the World. Chanticleer Press, New York, NY.

(Regehr et al., 2018). Regehr, E.V., N.J. Hostetter, R.R. Wilson, K.D. Rode, M. St. Martin, and S.J. 

Converse. 2018. Integrated Population Modeling Provides the First Empirical Estimates of Vital Rates 

and Abundance for Polar Bears in the Chukchi Sea. Scientific Reports, Volume 8, Article number: 

16780. Available online at: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-34824-7. 

(Reichmuth et al., 2020). Reichmuth, C., J.M. Sills, A. Brewer, L. Triggs, R. Ferguson, E. Ashe, and R. 

Williams. 2020. Behavioral assessment of in-air hearing range for the Pacific walrus (Odobenus 

rosmarus divergens). Polar Biology, 43:767–772. Available online at: 

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00300-020-02667-6. 

(Reijnders et al., 2008). Reijnders, P.J.H., A. Aguilar, and A. Borrell. 2008. Pollution and marine mammals. 

In: Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals (Perrin, W.F., B. Wursig, and J.G.M. Thewissen, Eds.), 2nd ed., 

pp. 890-898. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-

373553-9.00205-4.

(Reinert et al., 2017). Reinert, T.R., A.C. Spellman, and B.L. Bassett. 2017. Entanglement in and ingestion 

of fishing gear and other marine debris by Florida manatees, 1993–2012. Endangered Species 

Research, 32(1). Available online at: https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00816. 

(Richardson et al., 1995). Richardson, W.J., C.R. Greene, Jr., C.I. Malme, and D.H. Thomson. 1995. Marine 

Mammals and Noise. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA. 576 p. Available online at: 

https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780080573038/marine-mammals-and-noise. 

(Rippe et al., 2017). Rippe, J.P., M.V. Matz, E.A. Green, M. Medina, N.Z. Khawaja, T. Pongwarin, J.H. 

Pinzón, K.D. Castillo, and S.W. Davies. 2017. Population Structure and Connectivity of the 

Mountainous Star Coral, Orbicella faveolata, throughout the wider Caribbean region. Ecology and 

Evolution, 7(22):9234–9246. Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.3448. 

(Roberts et al., 2015a). Roberts, J.J., B.D. Best, L. Mannocci, E. Fujioka, P.N. Halpin, D.L. Palka, L.P. 

Garrison, K.D. Mullin, T.V.N. Cole, C.B. Khan, W.M. McLellan, D.A. Pabst, and G.G. Lockhart. 2015.

Density model for Bryde’s whale (Balaenoptera edeni) in the US Atlantic. Version 3.1, 2015-11-06, 
National Ocean Service Surveying and Mapping Projects in U.S. Waters for

Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement Coastal and Marine Data Acquisition

654

and Supplementary Report. Marine Geospatial Ecology Lab, Duke University, Durham, North

Carolina. Available online at: https://seamap.env.duke.edu/seamap-modelsfiles/Duke/GOM/Brydes_whale/v3.1/Gulf%20Of%20Mexico%20Bryde's%20Whale%20v3.1.pdf. 

(Roberts et al., 2015b). Roberts, J.J., B.D. Best, L. Mannocci, E. Fujioka, P.N. Halpin, D.L. Palka, L.P. 

Garrison, K.D. Mullin, T.V.N. Cole, C.B. Khan, W.M. McLellan, D.A. Pabst, and G.G. Lockhart. 2015. 

Density Model for Kogia Whales (Kogia spp.) for the U.S. Gulf of Mexico Version 3.3, 2015-10-07, 

and Supplementary Report. Marine Geospatial Ecology Lab, Duke University, Durham, North 

Carolina. Available online at: https://seamap.env.duke.edu/seamap-modelsfiles/Duke/GOM/Dwarf_and_pygmy_sperm_whales/v3.3/Gulf%20Of%20Mexico%20Kogia%20Whal

es%20v3.3.pdf. 

(Roberts et al., 2016a). Roberts, J.J., B.D. Best, L. Mannocci, E. Fujioka, P.N. Halpin, D.L. Palka, L.P. 

Garrison, K.D. Mullin, T.V.N. Cole, C.B. Khan, W.M. McLellan, D.A. Pabst, and G.G. Lockhart. 2016. 

Habitat-based cetacean density models for the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico. Scientific Reports 6: 

22615. Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1038/srep22615.

(Roberts et al., 2016b). Roberts, J.J., L. Mannocci, and P.N. Halpin. 2016. Final Project Report: Marine 

Species Density Data Gap Assessments and Update for the AFTT Study Area, 2015-2016 (Base Year). 

Version 1.0. Report by the Duke University Marine Geospatial Ecology Lab for Naval Facilities 

Engineering Command, Atlantic Durham, NC, USA. Available online at: 

https://seamap.env.duke.edu/seamap-modelsfiles/Duke/Reports/AFTT_Update_2015_2016_Final_Report_v1.pdf.

(Roberts et al., 2017). Roberts, J.J., L. Mannocci, and P.N. Halpin. 2017. Final Project Report: Marine 

Species Density Data Gap Assessments and Update for the AFTT Study Area, 2016-2017 (Opt. Year 

1). Version 1.4. Report by Duke University Marine Geospatial Ecology Lab for Naval Facilities 

Engineering Command, Atlantic, Durham, NC, USA. Available online at: 

https://seamap.env.duke.edu/seamap-modelsfiles/Duke/Reports/AFTT_Update_2016_2017_Final_Report_v1.4_excerpt.pdf.

(Roberts et al., 2018). Roberts, J.J., L. Mannocci, R.S. Schick, and P.N. Halpin. 2018. Final Project Report: 

Marine Species Density Data Gap Assessments and Update for the AFTT Study Area, 2017-2018 (Opt. 

Year 2). Version 1.2. Report by the Duke University Marine Geospatial Ecology Lab for Naval 

Facilities Engineering Command, Atlantic Durham, NC, USA. Available online at: 

https://seamap.env.duke.edu/seamap-modelsfiles/Duke/Reports/AFTT_Update_2017_2018_Final_Report_v1.2_excerpt.pdf.

(Roberts et al., 2021a). Roberts, J.J., R.S. Schick, and P.N. Halpin. 2021. Final Project Report: Marine 

Species Density Data Gap Assessments and Update for the AFTT Study Area, 2018-2020 (Opt. Year 

3). Version 1.4. Report by the Duke University Marine Geospatial Ecology Lab for Naval Facilities 

Engineering Command, Atlantic Durham, NC, USA. Available online at: https://seamapdev.env.duke.edu/seamap-modelsfiles/Duke/Reports/AFTT_Update_2018_2020_Final_Report_v1.4.pdf.

(Roberts et al., 2021b). Roberts, J.J., R.S. Schick, and P.N. Halpin. 2021. Final Project Report: Marine 

Species Density Data Gap Assessments and Update for the AFTT Study Area, 2020 (Opt. Year 4). 

Version 1.0. Report by the Duke University Marine Geospatial Ecology Lab for Naval Facilities 

Engineering Command, Atlantic Durham, NC, USA. Available online at: https://seamapdev.env.duke.edu/seamap-modelsfiles/Duke/Reports/AFTT_Update_2020_Final_Report_v1.0_excerpt.pdf.
National Ocean Service Surveying and Mapping Projects in U.S. Waters for

Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement Coastal and Marine Data Acquisition

655

(Robinson et al., 1999). Robinson, J., J. Reed, J. Skorupa, and L. Oring. 1999. Black-necked Stilt. In: The 

Birds of North America (A. Poole, Ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology. Available online at: 

https://birdsna.org.

(Rolland et al., 2012). Rolland, R.M., S.E. Parks, K.E. Hunt, M. Castellote, P.J. Corkeron, D.P. Nowacek, 

S.K. Wasser, and S.D. Kraus. 2012. Evidence that ship noise increases stress in right whales. 

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 279:2363-2368. Available online at:

https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.2429. 

(Ronconi, 2001). Ronconi, R. 2001. Animal Diversity Web: Cepphus grylle Black Guillemot. Accessed 

October 2022 at: https://animaldiversity.org/site/accounts/information/Cepphus_grylle.html.

(Rostad et al., 2006). Rostad, A., S. Kaartvedt, T.A. Klevjer, and W. Melle. 2006. Fish are attracted to 

vessels. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 63(8):1431-1437. Available online at: 

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icesjms.2006.03.026.

(RRN, 2022). Reef Resilience Network. 2022. Algae. Accessed October 2022 at: 

https://reefresilience.org/stressors/invasivespecies/algae/#:~:text=Invasive%20algae%20can%20quickly%20invade,in%20biodiversity%20and%2

0coral%20cover. 

(Rugh and Shelden, 2009). Rugh, D.J. and K.E.W. Shelden. 2009. Bowhead whale, Balaena mysticetus. In: 

Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals (W.F. Perrin, B. Würsig, and H.G.M. Thewissen Eds.). Pages 131-

133. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-373553-

9.00036-5.

(Rycyk et al., 2018). Rycyk, A.M., C.J. Deutsch, M.E. Barlas, S.K. Hardy, K. Frisch, E.H. Leone, and D.P. 

Nowacek. 2018. Manatee Behavioral Response to Boats. Marine Mammal Science, 34(4):924–62. 

Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1111/mms.12491.

(SAFMC, No Date). South Atlantic Fishery Management Council. No Date. Fishery Management. 

Available online at: https://safmc.net/fishery-management/.

(Sánchez et al., 2016). Sánchez, M.I., I. Paredes, M. Lebvouvier, and A.J. Green. 2016. Functional Role of 

Native and Invasive Filter Feeders, and the Effect of Parasites: Learning from Hypersaline 

Ecosystems. PLOS One. Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0161478. 

(Sanderfoot and Holloway, 2017). Sanderfoot, OV. and Holloway, T. 2017. Air Pollution Impacts on Avian 

Species via Inhalation Exposure and Associated Outcomes. Environmental Research Letters,

12:083002. Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa8051.

(Scharf et al., 2019). Scharf, H.R., M.B. Hooten, R.R. Wilson, G.M. Durner, and T.C. Atwood. 2019. 

Accounting for phenology in the analysis of animal movement. Biometrics 75(3):810-820. Available 

online at: https://doi.org/10.1111/biom.13052. 

(Scarpaci et al., 2000). Scarpaci, C., S.W. Bigger, P.J. Corkeron, and D. Nugegoda. 2000. Bottlenose 

dolphins, Tursiops truncatus, increase whistling in the presence of “swim-with-dolphin” tour 

operators. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management, 2(3):183-185. Available online at: 

http://vuir.vu.edu.au/24367/.

(Schlundt et al., 2000). Schlundt, C.E., J.J. Finneran, D.A. Carder, and S.H. Ridgway. 2000. Temporary Shift 

in Masked Hearing Thresholds of Bottlenose Dolphins, Tursiops Truncatus, and White Whales, 

Delphinapterus Leucas, After Exposure to Intense Tones. Journal of the Acoustic Society of America,

107(6):3496-508. Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1121/1.429420.
National Ocean Service Surveying and Mapping Projects in U.S. Waters for

Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement Coastal and Marine Data Acquisition

656

(Schofield et al., 2006). Schofield, G., Katselidis, K.A., Dimopoulos, P., Pantis, J.D., & Hays, G.C. 2006. 

Behaviour analysis of the loggerhead sea turtle Caretta caretta from direct in-water observation. 

Endangered Species Research, 2:71-79. Available online at: https://doi.org/10.3354/esr002071.

(Schusterman et al., 2001). (Schusterman, R.J., B.L. Southall, D. Kastak, and C. Reichmuth Kastak. 2001. 

Pinniped Vocal Communication: Form and Function. Proceedings of the 17th International Congress 

on Acoustics Proceedings, Rome, Italy. Available online at: 

https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/77e3/86a86aef40c440218e24779c5a5d83c0bc09.pdf.

(Schytte Blix, 2018). Schytte Blix, A. 2018. Adaptations to deep and prolonged diving in phocid seals. 

Journal of Experimental Biology, 221(12):jeb182972. Available online at: 

https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.182972. 

(Sea Around Us, No Date). Sea Around Us. No Date. Fisheries, Ecosystems, and Biodiversity. Accessed 

October 2022 at: http://www.seaaroundus.org/.

(Sea Grant, 2015). Sea Grant Alaska. 2015. Marine Education: Marine Mammals of Alaska Field Guide. 

Accessed October 2022 at: https://seagrant.uaf.edu/marine-ed/mm/fieldguide/index.html.

(Sea Grant, 2022). Sea Grant Michigan. 2022. Great Lakes Fast Facts. Accessed October 2022 at:

https://www.michiganseagrant.org/topics/great-lakes-fast-facts/. 

(Seminoff, 2015). Seminoff, J.A., C.D. Allen, G.H. Balazs, P.H. Dutton, T. Eguchi, H.L. Haas, S.A. Hargrove, 

M.P. Jensen, D.L. Klemm, A.M. Lauritsen, S.L. MacPherson, P. Opay, E.E. Possardt, S.L. Pultz, E.E. 

Seney, K.S. Van Houtan, R.S. Waples. 2015. Status Review of the Green Turtle (Chelonia mydas) 

Under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. NOAA Technical Memorandum, NOAA-NMFS-SWFSC-539. 

571p. Available online at: https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/4922.

(Shaban et al., 2021). Shaban, B., R. Campos, M. Villarreal, N. Hsu, E. Isleta, A. Rutanashoodech, and M. 

Horn. 2021. Ship Strikes' Killing Whales Despite Govt. Program to Slow Down Vessels. Accessed 

October 2022 at: https://www.nbcbayarea.com/investigations/ship-strikes-kill-whales-at-highestlevels-in-more-than-a-decade-despite-govt-program-to-slow-down-vessels/2238072/.

(Shane et al., 1986). Shane, S.H., R.S. Wells, and B. Würsig. 1986. Ecology, behavior, and social 

organization of the bottlenose dolphin: A review. Marine Mammal Science, 2(1):34-63. Available 

online at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.1986.tb00026.x.

(Shigenaka et al., 2021). Shigenaka, G, B.A. Stacy, and B.P. Wallace. 2021. Oil and sea turtles: Biology, 

planning, and response. NOAA NOS Office of Response and Restoration. Available online at:

https://www.widecast.org/Resources/Docs/Shigenaka_et_al_2021.pdf.

(Simard et al., 2016). Simard, Y., Roy, N., Gervaise, C., and Giard, S. 2016. Analysis and Modeling of 255 

Source Levels of Merchant Ships from an Acoustic Observatory along St. Lawrence Seaway. The 

Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 140(3):2002-18. Available online at: 

https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4962557.

(Simons and Hodges, 1998). Simons, T.R. and C.N. Hodges. 1998. Hawaiian Petrel. In: The Birds of North 

America (A. Poole, Ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology. Available online at: 

https://birdsna.org.

(Simpson et al., 2016). Simpson, S.D., A.N. Radford, S.L. Nedelec, M.C.O. Ferrari, D.P. Chivers, M.I. 

McCormick, and M.G. Meekan. 2016. Anthropogenic noise increases fish mortality by predation. 

Nature Communications, 7(1):10544. Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms10544. 
National Ocean Service Surveying and Mapping Projects in U.S. Waters for

Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement Coastal and Marine Data Acquisition

657

(Sivle et al., 2015). Sivle, L.D., P.H. Kvadsheim, C. Curé, S. Isojunno, P.J. Wensveen, F.A. Lam, F. Visser, L. 

Kleivane, P.L. Tyack, C.M. Harris, and P.J.O. Miller. 2015. Severity of expert-identified behavioural 

responses of humpback whale, minke whale, and northern bottlenose whale to naval sonar. Aquatic 

Mammals, 41(4):469–502. Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1578/AM.41.4.2015.469.

(Slabbekoorn et al., 2010). Slabbekoorn, H., N. Bouton, I. van Opzeeland, A. Coers, C. ten Cate and A.N. 

Popper. 2010. A noisy spring: the impact of globally rising underwater sound levels on fish. Trends 

Ecology & Evolution, 25(7):419-27. Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2010.04.005. 

(Slotterback, 2002). Slotterback, J.W. 2002. Band-rumped Storm-Petrel. In: The Birds of North America 

(A. Poole, Ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology. Available online at: https://birdsna.org.

(Smith et al., 2006). Smith, M. E., A. B. Coffin, D. L. Miller, and A. N. Popper. 2006. Anatomical and 

functional recovery of the goldfish (Carassius auratus) ear following noise exposure. The Journal of 

Experimental Biology, 209(21):4193–4202. Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.02490. 

(Snyder et al., 1997). Snyder, F.L., M.B. Hilgendorf, and D.W. Garton. 1997. Zebra Mussels in North 

America. The Invasion and its Implications. Ohio Sea Grant, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH. 

Available online at:

https://nsgl.gso.uri.edu/njmsc/njmsce95001/njmsce95001_(9)zebrainvasion(multi).pdf. 

(Soldevilla et al., 2022). Soldevilla, M.S., A.J. Debich, L.P. Garrison, J.A. Hildebrand, and S.M. Wiggins. 

2022. Rice’s whales in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico: call variation and occurrence beyond the

known core habitat. Endangered Species Research, 48:155-174. Available online at: 

https://doi.org/10.3354/esr01196. 

(Solé et al., 2016). Solé, M., Lenoir, M., Fortuño, J.M., Durfort, M., van der Schaar, M., André, M. 2016. 

Evidence of Cnidarians sensitivity to sound after exposure to low frequency underwater sources. 

Scientific Reports, 6:37979. Available online at: https://www.nature.com/articles/srep37979.

(Southall et al., 2003). Southall, B.L., R.J. Schusterman, and D. Kastak. 2003. Auditory Masking in Three 

Pinnipeds: Aerial Critical Ratios and Direct Critical Bandwidth Measurements. The Journal of the 

Acoustical Society of America, 114(3):1660–66. Available online at: 

https://doi.org/10.1121/1.1587733.

(Southall et al., 2007). Southall, B. L., A. E. Bowles, W. T. Ellison, J. J. Finneran, R. L. Gentry, C. R. Greene 

Jr., D. Kastak, D. R. Ketten, J. H. Miller, P. E. Nachtigall, J. W. Richardson, J. A. Thomas, and P. L. 

Tyack. 2007. Marine mammal noise exposure criteria: initial scientific recommendations. Aquatic 

Mammals, 33(4):411-521. Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1080/09524622.2008.9753846.

(Southall et al., 2013). Southall, B.L., T. Rowles, F. Gulland, R.W. Baird, and P.D. Jepson. 2013. Final 

report of the Independent Scientific Review Panel investigating potential contributing factors to a 

2008 mass stranding of melon headed whales (Peponocephala electra) in Antsohihy, Madagascar. 

International Quiet Ocean Experiment, Report 10686. Available online at:

https://iqoe.org/library/17685.

(Southall et al., 2016). Southall, B., W. Ellison, C. Clark, D. Mann, and D. Tollit. 2016. A risk assessment 

framework to assess the biological significance of noise exposure on marine mammals. In Poster 

presented at the 21st Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals. Accessed October 2022 at: 

https://sea-inc.net/2016/01/b-southall-and-expert-working-group-present-a-risk-assessmentframework-to-assess-the-biological-significance-of-noise-exposure-on-marine-mammals/. 

(Southall et al., 2019). Southall, B. L., J. J. Finneran, C. Reichmuth, P. E. Nachtigall, D. R. Ketten, A. E. 

Bowles, W.T. Ellison, D.P. Nowacek, and P. L. Tyack. 2019. Marine Mammal Noise Exposure Criteria: 
National Ocean Service Surveying and Mapping Projects in U.S. Waters for

Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement Coastal and Marine Data Acquisition

658

Updated Scientific Recommendations for Residual Hearing Effects. Aquatic Mammals 2019, 

45(2):125-232. Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1578/AM.45.2.2019.125. 

(Southwood et al., 2008). Southwood, A., K. Fritsches, R. Brill.; and Y. Swimmer. 2008. Sound, chemical, 

and light detection in sea turtles and pelagic fishes: sensory-based approaches to bycatch reduction 

in longline fisheries. Journal of Endangered Species Research, 5:225-238. Available online at:

https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00097.

(St. Aubin and Dierauf, 2001). St. Aubin, D.J. and L.A. Dierauf. 2001. Stress and Marine Mammals. In: CRC 

Handbook of Marine Mammal Medicine (L. A. Dierauf and F.M.D. Gulland, Eds.). Second ed., pp. 

253-269. Boca Raton: CRC Press. Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420041637.ch13. 

(Stimpert et al., 2014). Stimpert, A.K., S.L. DeRuiter, B.L. Southall, D.J. Moretti, E.A. Falcone, J.A. 

Goldbogen, A. Friedlaender, G.S. Schorr, and J. Calambokidis. 2014. Acoustic and foraging behavior 

of a Baird's beaked whale, Berardius bairdii, exposed to simulated sonar. Scientific Reports, 4:7031. 

Available online at: https://www.nature.com/articles/srep07031.

(Stone, 2018). Stone, D. 2018. Meet the bowhead whale hunters of northern Alaska. National 

Geographic Magazine. Accessed October 2022 at: 

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2018/12/proof-whale-hunters-northern-alaska/.

(Sullivan et. al, 2018). Sullivan, R.G., M.E. Meyer, and D.J. O’Rourke. 2018. Comparison of Visual Impact 

Analysis Under the National Environmental Policy Act and Section 106 of the National Historic 

Preservation Act. Available online at: https://www.fs.usda.gov/research/treesearch/57547.

(Supin et al., 2001). Supin, A.Y., V.V. Popov, and A.M. Mass. 2001. Hearing in Pinnipeds and Sirenians. In:

The Sensory Physiology of Aquatic Mammals (A.Y. Supin, V.V. Popov, and A.M. Mass, Eds.). Boston, 

MA: Springer US. Pp 205–27. Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1647-7_3.

(SWOT, No Date). The State of the World’s Sea Turtles Online Database. No Date. Data provided by the 

SWOT Team and hosted on OBIS-SEAMAP. Oceanic Society, Conservation International, IUCN 

Marine Turtle Specialist Group, and Marine Geospatial Ecology Lab, Duke. Accessed October 2022

at: http://seamap.env.duke.edu/swot.

(The Guardian, 2015). The Guardian. 2015. Why would anyone want to shoot a sea otter? Accessed 

October 2022 at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/10/why-would-anyone-want-toshoot-a-sea-otter.

(The Seattle Times, 2018). The Seattle Times. 2018. Quota raised for subsistence hunting of Chukchi 

polar bears. Accessed October 2022 at: https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/quota-raisedfor-subsistence-hunting-of-chukchi-polar-bears/.

(The White House, 2019). The White House. 2019. Memorandum on Ocean Mapping of the United 

States Exclusive Economic Zone and the Shoreline and Nearshore of Alaska. Available online at:

https://oeab.noaa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/2019-pres-memo.pdf.

(Thiel, 1992). Thiel, H. 1992. Deep-sea Environmental Disturbance and Recovery Potential. Hydrobiology,

77(2):331-339. Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1002/iroh.19920770213. 

(Thompson et al., 1997). Thompson, B., J. Jackson, J. Burger, L. Hill, E. Kirsch, and J. Atwood. 1997. Least 

Tern. In: The Birds of North America (A. Poole, Ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology. 

Available online at: https://birdsna.org.

(Tinker et al., 2008). Tinker, M.T., G. Bentall, and J.A. Estes. 2008. Food limitation leads to behavioral 

diversification and dietary specialization in sea otters. Proceedings of the National Academy of 
National Ocean Service Surveying and Mapping Projects in U.S. Waters for

Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement Coastal and Marine Data Acquisition

659

Sciences, 105(2):560-565. Available online at: 

https://www.pnas.org/doi/pdf/10.1073/pnas.0709263105.

(TISI, 2014). Texas Invasive Species Institute. 2014. Quagga Mussel. Accessed October 2022 at: 

http://www.tsusinvasives.org/home/database/dreissena-bugensis.

(Turnpenny and Nedwell, 1994). Turnpenny, A.W.H. and J.R. Nedwell. 1994. The effects on marine fish, 

diving mammals and birds of underwater sound generated by seismic surveys. Fawley Aquatic 

Research Laboratories Ltd. FCR 089/94. 40p. Available online at: 

https://www.pge.com/includes/docs/pdfs/shared/edusafety/systemworks/dcpp/turnpenny_and_n

edwell_1994_the_effects_on_marine_fish_diving_mammals_and_birds_of_seismic_surveys.pdf.

(Tyack, 2009). Tyack, P. 2009. Human-generated sound and marine mammals. Physics Today, 39–44. 

Available online at: https://marine.rutgers.edu/dmcs/ms320/tyack_et_al_2009.pdf.

(Tyack et al., 2011). Tyack, P., W. Zimmer, D. Moretti, B. Southall, D. Claridge, J. Durban, C. Clark, A. 

D'Amico, N. DiMarzio, S. Jarvis, E. McCarthy, R. Morrissey, J. Ward, and I. Boyd. 2011. Beaked 

Whales Respond to Simulated and Actual Navy Sonar. PLoS One, 6(3):15. Available online at:

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0017009. 

(UNESCO, 2017). United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. 2017. Databases: 

Underwater Cultural Heritage Sites. Accessed October 2022 at: 

https://webarchive.unesco.org/web/20181203024305/http:/www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/the

mes/underwater-cultural-heritage/underwater-cultural-heritage/databases/.

(UNOLS, 2021). University-National Oceanographic Laboratory System. 2021. UNOLS Charter. Accessed 

October 2022 at: https://www.unols.org/what-unols/unols-charter#_Toc22116747.

(UNOLS, No Date). University-National Oceanographic Laboratory System. No Date. Welcome to UNOLS. 

Accessed October 2022 at: https://www.unols.org/.

(Urbanek and Lewis, 2015). Urbanek R. and J. Lewis. 2015. Whooping Crane. In: The Birds of North 

America (A. Poole, Ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology. Available online at: 

https://birdsna.org.

(U.S. Fleet Forces, 2009). United States Fleet Forces. 2009. Virginia Capes Range Complex, Final 

Environmental Impact Statement/Overseas Environmental Impact Statement (EIS/OEIS) Volume 1.

Available online at: 

https://www.navfac.navy.mil/content/dam/navfac/Environmental/PDFs/NEPA/vacapes_feis_vol_1_

full.pdf.

(USACE, 2012a). U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 2012. Inland Waterways and Export Opportunities. 

Available online at: 

https://www.lrd.usace.army.mil/Portals/73/docs/Navigation/PCXIN/Inland_Waterways_and_Export

_Opportunities-FINAL_2013-01-03.pdf.

(USACE, 2012b). U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 2012. Treaty Rights and Subsistence Fishing in the U.S. 

Waters of the Great Lakes, Upper Mississippi River, and Ohio River Basins. Available online at: 

http://glmris.anl.gov/documents/docs/Subsistence_Fishing_Report.pdf.

(USACE, 2019). U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 2019. The Great Lakes and Mississippi River Interbasin 

Study - Brandon Road Integrated Feasibility Study and Environmental Impact Statement - Will 

County, Illinois. Available online at: 

https://usace.contentdm.oclc.org/utils/getfile/collection/p16021coll7/id/11394.
National Ocean Service Surveying and Mapping Projects in U.S. Waters for

Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement Coastal and Marine Data Acquisition

660

(USACE, No Date). U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. No Date. Navigation. Accessed October 2022 at: 

https://www.sam.usace.army.mil/Missions/Civil-Works/Navigation/.

(USCB, 2018). Economic Indicators Division, United States Census Bureau. 2018. USA Trade Online. U.S. 

Import and Export Merchandise trade statistics. Accessed October 2022 at: 

https://usatrade.census.gov/data/Perspective60/View/dispview.aspx.

(USCG, No Date). U.S. Coast Guard. No Date. Office of Commercial Vessel Compliance (CG-CVC), 

International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution by Ships - MARPOL 73/7. Accessed October 

2022 at: https://www.dco.uscg.mil/Our-Organization/Assistant-Commandant-for-Prevention-PolicyCG-5P/Inspections-Compliance-CG-5PC-/Commercial-Vessel-Compliance/Domestic-ComplianceDivision/MARPOL/.

(USCG, 2018). U.S. Coast Guard. 2018. Maritime Commerce Strategic Outlook. Available online at: 

https://media.defense.gov/2018/Oct/05/2002049100/-1/-

1/0/USCG%20MARITIME%20COMMERCE%20STRATEGIC%20OUTLOOK-RELEASABLE.PDF.

(USDOT, 2017). U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics. 2017. 

Transportation Statistics Annual Report 2017. Available online at: 

https://www.bts.gov/sites/bts.dot.gov/files/docs/browse-statistical-products-anddata/transportation-statistics-annual-reports/215041/tsar-2017-rev-2-5-18-full-layout.pdf.

(USFS, 2010). U.S. Forest Service. 2010. Subsistence Hunting and Fishing. Program/Partnership Paper. 

Available online at: https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb5252671.pdf.

(USFWS, 1983). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1983. Hawaiian Dark-rumped Petrel and Newel’s Manx 

Shearwater Recovery Plan. Available online at: 

https://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recovery_plan/830425.pdf.

(USFWS, 2005). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific Region. 2005. Recovery Plan for the Tidewater 

Goby (Eucyclogobius newberryi). Available online at: 

https://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recovery_plan/051207.pdf. 

(USFWS, 2006a). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2006. California Least Tern (Sternulla antillarum browni) 

5-Year Review: Summary and Evaluation. Available online at: 

https://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_year_review/doc775.pdf.

(USFWS, 2006b). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2006. Pacific Coast Population of Western Snowy Plover 

(Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus) 5-Year Review: Short Form Summary. Available online at: 

https://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_year_review/doc770.pdf.

(USFWS, 2007). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2007. Hunting and Use of Sea Otters by Alaska Natives 

Fact Sheet. Available online at: https://www.kfsk.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Federalregulations.pdf.

(USFWS, 2009a). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2009. Short-tailed Albatross (Phoebastria albatrus) 5-

Year Review: Summary and Evaluation. Available online at: 

https://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_year_review/doc2623.pdf. 

(USFWS, 2009b). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2009. Piping Plover (Charadrius melodus) 5-Year Review: 

Summary and Evaluation. Available online at: 

https://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_year_review/doc3009.pdf.
National Ocean Service Surveying and Mapping Projects in U.S. Waters for

Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement Coastal and Marine Data Acquisition

661

(USFWS, 2009c). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2009. Light-footed Clapper Rail (Rallus longirostris 

levipes) 5-Year Review: Summary and Evaluation. Available online at: 

https://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_year_review/doc2573.pdf.

(USFWS, 2010a). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2010. Hawaiian Coot (Fulia alai) 5-Year Review: Summary 

and Evaluation. Available online at: https://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_year_review/doc3337.pdf.

(USFWS, 2010b). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2010. Hawaiian Stilt or Ae`o (Himantopus mexicanus 

knudseni) 5-Year Review: Summary and Evaluation. Available online at: 

https://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_year_review/doc3341.pdf.

(USFWS, 2012a). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2012. Snuffbox (freshwater mussle) Epioblasma 

triquetra. Available online at: 

https://www.fws.gov/sites/default/files/documents/508_snuffbox%20fact%20sheet.pdf. 

(USFWS, 2012b). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2012. Rayed Bean (freshwater mussel) Villosa fabalis.. 

Available online at: 

https://www.fws.gov/sites/default/files/documents/508_rayed%20bean%20fact%20sheet.pdf.

(USFWS, 2012c). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2012. Whooping Crane (Grus americana) 5-Year Review: 

Summary and Evaluation. Available online at: 

https://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_year_review/doc3977.pdf.

(USFWS, 2013). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2013. California Clapper Rail (Rallus longirostris obsoletus) 

5-Year Review: Summary and Evaluation. Available online at: https://biologistshandbook.com/wpcontent/uploads/2018/01/5-Year-Review-2013-1.pdf.

(USFWS, 2014a). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2014. Stock Assessment Report West Indian Manatee

(Trichechus manatus) Puerto Rico Stock (Antillean subspecies, Trichechus manatus manatus). 

Available online at: https://www.fws.gov/sites/default/files/documents/west-indian-manateepuerto-rico-stock-assessment-report.pdf.

(USFWS, 2014b). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2014. West Indian Manatee (Trichechus manatus) Florida 

Stock (Florida subspecies, Trichechus manatus latirostris). Available online at:

https://www.fws.gov/sites/default/files/documents/west-indian-manatee-florida-stockassessment-report.pdf.

(USFWS, 2014c). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2014. Northern Sea Otter (Enhydra lutris kenyoni): 

Southwest Alaska Stock. Available online at: 

https://www.fws.gov/sites/default/files/documents/northern-sea-otter-southwest-alaska-stockassessment-report.pdf.

(USFWS, 2014d). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2014. Stock Assessment Report Northern Sea Otter

(Enhydra lutris kenyoni): Southeast Alaska Stock. Available online at: 

https://www.fws.gov/sites/default/files/documents/northern-sea-otter-southeast-alaska-stockassessment-report.pdf. 

(USFWS, 2014e). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2014. Stock Assessment Report Northern Sea Otter

(Enhydra lutris kenyoni): Southcentral Alaska Stock. Available online at: 

https://www.fws.gov/sites/default/files/documents/northern-sea-otter-southcentral-alaska-stockassessment-report.pdf. 
National Ocean Service Surveying and Mapping Projects in U.S. Waters for

Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement Coastal and Marine Data Acquisition

662

(USFWS, 2014f). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2014. Short-tailed Albatross (Phoebastria albatrus) 5-Year 

Review: Summary and Evaluation. Available online at: 

https://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_year_review/doc4445.pdf.

(USFWS, 2014g). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2014. Pacific Walrus (Odobenus rosmarus divergens): 

Alaska Stock. Available online at: https://www.fws.gov/sites/default/files/documents/pacificwalrus-stock-assessment-report.pdf.

(USFWS, 2015). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Pacific Region). 2015. Recovery Plan for the Coterminous 

United States Population of Bull Trout (Salvelinus confluentus). Available online at: 

https://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recovery_plan/Final_Bull_Trout_Recovery_Plan_092915-corrected.pdf.

(USFWS, 2016a). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2016. Programmatic Biological Opinion for Polar Bears 

(Ursus maritimus), Polar Bear Critical Habitat, and Conference Opinion for the Pacific Walrus

(Odobenus rosmarus divergens) on Beaufort Sea Incidental Take Regulations. Fairbanks Fish and 

Wildlife Field Office.

(USFWS, 2016b). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2016. Newell’s Shearwater (Puffinus auricularis newelli) 

5-Year Review: Short Form Summary. Available online at: 

https://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_year_review/doc5637.pdf.

(USFWS, 2016c). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2016. Eskimo Curlew (Numenius borealis) 5-Year Review: 

Summary and Evaluation. Available online at: 

https://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_year_review/doc4866.pdf.

(USFWS, 2017a). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2017. Critical Habitat: What is it? Available online at: 

https://www.fws.gov/sites/default/files/documents/critical-habitat-fact-sheet.pdf.

(USFWS, 2017b). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2017. Hawaiian Petrel (Pterodroma sandwichensis) 5-

Year Review: Short Form Summary and Evaluation. Available online at: 

https://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_year_review/doc5234.pdf.

(USFWS, 2018). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2018. Sea Otter (Enhydra lutris kenyoni) Washington 

Stock. Available online at: 

https://www.fws.gov/sites/default/files/documents/WA%20NSO%20SAR%20July%202018%20Final.

pdf.

(USFWS, 2019). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2019. Marbled Murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus) 5-

Year Review: Summary and Evaluation. Available online at: 

https://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_year_review/doc6027.pdf.

(USFWS, 2020). United States Fish and Wildlife Service. 2020. Personal Communication with Jenipher 

Cate, Marine Mammals Management, Alaska Region. Technical Review, September 2020. 

(USFWS, 2021a). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2021. Southern Sea Otter (Enhydra lutris nereis). 

Available online at: https://www.fws.gov/sites/default/files/documents/southern-sea-otter-stockassessment-report.pdf.

(USFWS, 2021b). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2021. Bald Eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus. Available 

online at: https://www.fws.gov/sites/default/files/documents/bald-eagle-fact-sheet.pdf.

(USFWS, 2021c). United States Fish and Wildlife Service. 2021. Personal Communication from Jennifer 

Spegon, Alaska ESA Section 7 Consultation Coordinator. Subject: NOS Meeting with USFWS Alaska. 

March 15, 2021.
National Ocean Service Surveying and Mapping Projects in U.S. Waters for

Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement Coastal and Marine Data Acquisition

663

(USFWS, No Date-a). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Rufa Red Knot. No Date. Accessed October 2022 at: 

https://www.fws.gov/species/rufa-red-knot-calidris-canutus-rufa.

(USFWS, No Date-b). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. No Date. Whooping Crane. Accessed October 2022

at: https://www.fws.gov/species/whooping-crane-grus-americana. 

(USFWS, No Date-c). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. No Date. Website. Species Profile: Laysan Duck. 

Accessed October 2022 at: https://www.fws.gov/species/laysan-duck-anas-laysanensis. 

(USFWS, No Date-d). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. No Date. Historic Preservation. Accessed October 

2022 at: https://www.fws.gov/program/historic-preservation. 

(USFWS, No Date-e). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. No Date. Marking, Tagging, and Reporting. Accessed 

October 2022 at: https://www.fws.gov/alaska-MTRP.

(USFWS, No Date-f). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. No Date. Alaska Sea Otter Hunting & Handicrafting.

Alaska Region.

(USFWS, No Date-g). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. No Date. Pacific Walrus Hunting and Handicrafting.

Alaska Region.

(USGCRP, 2009). U.S. Global Change Research Program. 2009. Global Climate Change Impacts in the 

United States. Available online at: https://downloads.globalchange.gov/usimpacts/pdfs/climateimpacts-report.pdf.

(USGCRP, 2018). U.S. Global Change Research Program. 2018. Impacts, Risks, and Adaptation in the 

United States: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume II. Available online at: 

https://nca2018.globalchange.gov/downloads/NCA4_2018_FullReport.pdf.

(USGS, 2019a). U.S. Geological Survey. 2019. Marine Seismic Imaging. Accessed October 2022 at: 

https://www.usgs.gov/natural-hazards/coastal-marine-hazards-and-resources/science/marineseismic-imaging?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects.

(USGS, 2019b). U.S. Geological Survey. 2019. Mapping Coral Reefs. Accessed October 2022 at: 

https://www.usgs.gov/centers/pcmsc/science/mapping-coral-reefs?qtscience_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects.

(USGS, 2020). U.S. Geological Survey. 2020. Decadal Strategic Plan of the Coastal and Marine Hazards 

and Resources Program, Decadal Science Strategy. Accessed October 2022 at: 

https://wim.usgs.gov/geonarrative/cmhrp/.

(USGS, 2022a). U.S. Geological Survey. 2022. NAS – Non-indigenous Aquatic Species: Dreissena 

polymorpha. Accessed October 2022 at: 

https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.aspx?speciesID=5. 

(USGS, 2022b). U.S. Geological Survey. 2022. NAS – Non-indigenous Aquatic Species: Dreissena bugensis. 

Accessed October 2022 at: https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.aspx?speciesID=95.

(USGS, No Date). U.S. Geological Survey. No Date. NAS – Nonindigenous Aquatic Species. Accessed 

October 2022 at: https://nas.er.usgs.gov/default.aspx.

(USU, No Date). Utah State University. No Date. Water Quality – Aquatic Macroinvertebrates. Accessed 

October 2022 at: 

https://extension.usu.edu/waterquality/learnaboutsurfacewater/propertiesofwater/aquaticmacros. 
National Ocean Service Surveying and Mapping Projects in U.S. Waters for

Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement Coastal and Marine Data Acquisition

664

(van der Oost et al., 2003). van der Oost, R., J. Beyer, and N.P.E. Vermeulen. 2003. Fish bioaccumulation 

and biomarkers in environmental risk assessment: a review. Environmental Toxicology and 

Pharmacology, 13(2): 57-149. Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1016/s1382-6689(02)00126-6.

(Varghese et al., 2020). Varghese, H.K, J. Miksis-Olds, N. DiMarzio, K. Lowell, E. Linder, L. Mayer, and D. 

Moretti. 2020. The effect of two 12 kHz multibeam mapping surveys on the foraging behavior of 

Cuvier’s beaked whales off of southern California. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,

147:3849. Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0001385.

(Vasconcelos et al., 2007). Vasconcelos, R.O., M.P. Amorim, and F. Ladich. 2007. Effects of ship noise on 

the detectability of communication signals in the Lusitanian toadfish. Journal of Experimental

Biology, 210(12):2104-2112. Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.004317.

(Vollman, 2019). Vollman, A. 2019. Forgotten Endangered Species: Freshwater Mussels. Modern 

Conservationist. Accessed October 2022 at: https://modernconservationist.com/forgottenendangered-species-freshwater-mussels/. 

(Voorhees et al., 2014). Voorhees, H., R. Sparks, H.P. Huntington, and K.D. Rode. 2014. Traditional 

Knowledge about Polar Bears (Ursus maritimus) in Northwestern Alaska. Arctic, 67(4):523-536. 

Available online at: http://dx.doi.org/10.14430/arctic4425.

(Vox, 2014). Vox, D. Matthews. 2014. What's it's like to hunt sea otters. Accessed October 2022 at: 

https://www.vox.com/2014/5/2/5671548/i-hunt-otters-ama.

(Walker et al., 2018). Walker, T.R., O. Adebambo , M.C. Del Aguila Feijoo, E. Elhaimer, T. Hossain, S. J. 

Edwards , C.E. Morrison , J. Romo , N. Sharma , S. Taylor and S. Zomorodi. 2018. Environmental 

Effects of Marine Transportation. In: Word Seas: An Environmental Evaluation, pp. 505-530, 2nd

Edition, Chapter 27. Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-805052-1.00030-9. 

(Wardle et al., 2001). Wardle, C.S., T.J. Carter, G.G. Urquhart, A.D.F. Johnstone, A.M. Ziolkowski, G. 

Hampson, and D. Mackie. 2001. Effects of seismic airguns on marine fish. Continental Shelf 

Research, 21(8):1005-1027. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4343(00)00122-9.

(Watson et al., 2006). Watson, R., C. Revenga. And Y. Kura. 2006. Fishing gear associated with global 

marine catches: II. Trends in trawling and dredging. Fisheries Research, 79(1-2):103–111. Available 

online at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2006.01.013. 

(Whatcom Land Trust, No Date). Whatcom Land Trust. No Date. Chelhtenem Lily Point Story. Accessed 

October 2022 at: http://www.jackex.com/lilypoint/SiteIndex.html. 

(Wiese et al., 2001). Wiese, F.K., W.A. Montevecchi, G.K. Davoren, F. Huettmann, A.W. Diamond, and J. 

Linke. 2001. Seabirds at risk around offshore oil platforms in the North-west Atlantic. Marine 

Pollution Bulletin, 42(12):1285-1290. Available online at: 

http://www.opc.ca.gov/webmaster/_media_library/2016/01/Wiese-et-al-2001-offshore-lightingand-seabirds.pdf.

(WP Council, 2019a). Western Pacific Fishery Management Council. 2019. Fishery Plans and Publications. 

Available online at: http://www.wpcouncil.org/fishery-ecosystem-plans-amendments/.

(WP Council, 2019b). Western Pacific Fishery Management Council. 2019. 2019 Annual Stock 

Assessment and Fishery Evaluation Reports. Available online at: http://www.wpcouncil.org/annualreports/##. 

(WP Council, 2020). Western Pacific Fishery Management Council. 2020. Fishery Plans and Publications. 

Available online at: http://www.wpcouncil.org/fishery-ecosystem-plans-amendments/.
National Ocean Service Surveying and Mapping Projects in U.S. Waters for

Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement Coastal and Marine Data Acquisition

665

(WPRFMC, 2016). Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council. 2016. Fishery Ecosystem Plan 

for the Mariana Archipelago. Available online at: 

http://www.wpcouncil.org/fep/WPRFMC%20Mariana%20FEP%20(2009-09-22).pdf. 

(Würsig et al., 1998). Würsig, B., S.K. Lynn, T.A. Jefferson, and K.D. Mullin. 1998. Behaviour of cetaceans 

in the northern Gulf of Mexico relative to survey ships and aircraft. Aquatic Mammals, 24(1):41-50. 

Available online at: 

https://aquaticmammalsjournal.org/share/AquaticMammalsIssueArchives/1998/AquaticMammals_

24-01/24-01_Wursig.pdf.

(Wynne, 2013). Wynne, K. 2013. Guide to Marine Mammals of Alaska. Fourth Edition. University of 

Chicago Press. 80 pp. Available online at: https://seagrant.uaf.edu/bookstore/pubs/MAB-44.html. 

(Yan, 2004). Yan, H.Y. 2004. The Role of Gas-Holding Structures in Fish Hearing: An Acoustically Evoked 

Potentials Approach. In: The Senses of Fish (von der Emde, G., J. Mogdans, and B.G. Kapoor, Eds.). 

Springer, Dordrecht. Available online at: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-007-

1060-3_9#citeas.

(Yeates et al., 2007). Yeates, L.C., T.M. Williams, and T.L. Fink. 2007. Diving and foraging energetics of 

the smallest marine mammal, the sea otter (Enhydra lutris). The Journal of Experimental Biology,

210(11):1960-1970. Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.02767. 

(Zelick et al., 1999). Zelick, R., D. Mann, and A.N. Popper. 1999. Acoustic communication in fishes and 

frogs. In: Comparative hearing: Fish and amphibians (Fay, R.R. and A.N. Popper, Eds.). New York, NY: 

Springer-Verlag. Pp. 363-411. Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-0533-3_9.

(Zieman et al., 1984). Zieman, J.C., R. Orth, R.C. Phillips, G. Thayer, and A. Thorhaug. 1984. The effects of 

oil on seagrass ecosystems. In: Restoration of Habitats Impacted by Oil Spills (J. Crains and A. L. 

Buikema, Eds.). Butterworth, Boston, MA. pp. 37-64. Available online at: 

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242651053_The_effects_of_oil_spills_on_seagrass_ecos

systems.
National Ocean Service Surveying and Mapping Projects in U.S. Waters for

Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement Coastal and Marine Data Acquisition

666

6.0 LIST OF PREPARERS

This Final PEIS was prepared and reviewed by a team from NOAA’s National Ocean Service. Consultants 

from Solv LLC and JASCO Applied Sciences assisted the National Ocean Service in conducting research, 

gathering data, acoustic modeling, and preparing the Final PEIS and supporting documents.

6.1 NOAA NATIONAL OCEAN SERVICE TEAM

Name and Qualifications Project Role

Giannina DiMaio

M.S., Natural Resources

M.S., Public Health and 

Environmental Quality

B.S., Marine Science

National Ocean Service

Environmental Compliance Coordinator/Task Monitor

Jay Nunenkamp

B.S., Geology

Office of Coast Survey

Environmental Compliance Coordinator

Jonelle Dilley, J.D. NOAA Office of General Counsel, Oceans and Coasts Section

6.2 SOLV LLC

Name and Qualifications Project Role

Wendy Grome

B.S., Chemical Engineering

Project Manager

Technical Review of All Sections

Project Quality Control

Leon Kolankiewicz

M.S., Environmental Planning and 

Natural Resources Management

B.S., Forestry and Wildlife 

Management

Deputy Project Manager/Regulatory Expert

Technical Reviewer

Aquatic Macroinvertebrates, Cumulative Effects

Nathalie Jacque

B.S., Environmental Science and 

Environmental Economics

Deputy Project Manager

Socioeconomic Resources, Environmental Justice, Cumulative 

Effects

Eveline Martin

M.S., Forest Ecology

B.S., Biology

Lead Biologist

Marine Mammals, Fish, Essential Fish Habitat, Cumulative 

Effects

Robbie Baldwin

M.S./B.S., Biology

Environmental Analyst

Description of Proposed Action and Alternatives, Birds, Sea 

Turtles, Habitats, Cumulative Effects

Dave Henney, P.E.

B.S., Civil and Environmental 

Engineering

PE, Civil Engineer

Environmental Analyst

Habitats, Resources Considered but Dismissed, Relationship 

Between Short-Term Uses of the Environment and the 

Maintenance and Enhancement of Long-Term Productivity, 

Irreversible and Irretrievable Commitments of Resources,

Unavoidable Adverse Impacts

Oshin Paranjape

M.S., Environmental Management

B.S., Chemistry

Environmental Analyst and GIS Specialist

Environmental Justice, Cumulative Effects
National Ocean Service Surveying and Mapping Projects in U.S. Waters for

Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement Coastal and Marine Data Acquisition

667

Name and Qualifications Project Role

Certificate of Geospatial Analysis

Michelle Smyk, EIT

M.ChE., B.S., Chemical Engineering

Environmental Analyst

Methodology and Regulatory Background, Cumulative Actions, 

Cumulative Effects, Response to Public Comments

Marissa Murphy

M.A./B.A., Environmental Science 

and Policy

Environmental Analyst

Cultural and Historic Resources, Cumulative Effects, 

Methodology and Regulatory Background

Nick Iraola

M.S., Marine Science

B.A., Environmental Studies

Environmental Analyst

Cumulative Actions, Response to Public Comments

Kevin Ebert

B.S., Environmental and 

Sustainability Sciences

Environmental Analyst

Technical Review and Editing

6.3 JASCO APPLIED SCIENCES

Name and Qualifications Project Role

Samuel Denes

Ph.D., Acoustics

B.S., Bioengineering

Underwater Acoustician

Technical Acoustic Analysis of Oceanographic Surveys for the 

National Ocean Service

David Zeddies

Ph.D., Neuroscience

B.S., Mechanical Engineering

Marine Acoustics Lead

Technical Acoustic Analysis of Oceanographic Surveys for the 

National Ocean Service

Michelle Weirathmueller

Ph.D., Oceanography

M.S., Ocean Engineering

B.S., Geomatics Engineering

Underwater Acoustician

Technical Acoustic Analysis of Oceanographic Surveys for the 

National Ocean Service

Katy Limpert

Ph.D., Wetland Ecology and 

Biogeochemistry

M.S., Forest Hydrology

B.S., Biology with Environmental 

Concentration

Project Scientist

Technical Acoustic Analysis of Oceanographic Surveys for the 

National Ocean Service

Klaus Lucke

Ph.D., Biological Oceanography

M.S., Zoology, Marine Biology, 

Oceanography

Project Scientist

Technical Acoustic Analysis of Oceanographic Surveys for the 

National Ocean Service

Karlee Zammit

B.S., Physics

Project Scientist

Technical Acoustic Analysis of Oceanographic Surveys for the 

National Ocean Service