UNPUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

No. 18-4912

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff - Appellee,

v.

MALIEK KEARNEY,

Defendant - Appellant.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Maryland, at Baltimore.

George L. Russell, III, District Judge. (1:16-cr-00486-GLR-1)

Submitted: September 11, 2020 Decided: December 16, 2020

Before HARRIS, RICHARDSON, and QUATTLEBAUM, Circuit Judges.

Affirmed by unpublished opinion. Judge Quattlebaum wrote the opinion, in which Judge 

Harris and Judge Richardson joined.

Joseph A. Esparza, GROSS & ESPARZA, P.L.L.C., San Antonio, Texas, for Appellant. 

Robert K. Hur, United States Attorney, James G. Warwick, Assistant United States 

Attorney, Kenneth S. Clark, Assistant United States Attorney, OFFICE OF THE UNITED 

STATES ATTORNEY, Baltimore, Maryland, for Appellee.

Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.
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QUATTLEBAUM, Circuit Judge:

On August 25, 2015, law enforcement found active-duty Army soldier Karlyn

Ramirez dead in the upstairs master bedroom of her off-post home near Fort Meade

military base in Severn, Maryland. She suffered three gunshot wounds. Her four-monthold infant lay in her arms unharmed. Investigators concluded that Ramirez was likely 

murdered around 9:45 p.m. the prior day. 

Just over a month earlier, Ramirez married Maliek Kearney, an active-duty Army 

sergeant stationed at Fort Jackson, South Carolina. They wed shortly after Ramirez gave 

birth to their daughter. Ramirez and Kearney lived in separate states, as Kearney was 

stationed at Fort Jackson, and Ramirez at Fort Meade. This geographic distance, along with 

allegations of infidelity, strained their relationship. After only two weeks of marriage,

Kearney drove to Maryland unannounced, in an effort to reconcile. That effort failed and, 

in fact, led Ramirez to request a no-contact order against Kearney and make plans for a 

divorce. 

After Kearney returned from Maryland to South Carolina, he planned Ramirez’s 

murder. Dolores Delgado, a former soldier and Kearney’s mistress who lived in Florida,

helped in the planning. She provided both the gun and a vehicle with extra gas cans so that 

Kearney could avoid the risk of being seen purchasing gas during the trip to Maryland. 

And, to support his alibi, Delgado also used Kearney’s cell phone in South Carolina as he

drove to Maryland. Finally, she disposed of the murder evidence. 

A federal grand jury indicted Kearney and Delgado, charging them with interstate 

travel to commit domestic violence resulting in Ramirez’s death. Delgado pled guilty. The 
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government then obtained a superseding indictment as to Kearney charging him with two 

counts: (1) interstate travel to commit domestic violence resulting in death in violation of 

18 U.S.C. § 2261(a)(1); and (2) discharge of a firearm in relation to a crime of violence, as 

charged in count one, resulting in death in violation of 18 U.S.C.§ 924(c) and (j).

1

 

Kearney moved to dismiss both counts, claiming, among other things, that murder 

did not constitute a predicate “crime of violence” to sustain the charges. The district court 

denied the motion. After an eleven-day trial in which Delgado provided detailed testimony 

about their planned murder, a federal jury found Kearney guilty on both counts. He was 

sentenced to life in prison as to count one and 120 months as to count two, to run 

consecutively for a total term of life in prison plus 10 years. 

I.

Kearney appealed. He contends the district court erred in denying his motion to 

dismiss both counts of the superseding indictment based on the government’s failure to 

prove the “crime of violence” elements of each count. He also challenges several 

evidentiary rulings at trial. We address those arguments in turn.

1 The superseding indictment also included a charge for aiding and abetting as to 

both counts in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2.
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A.

We review a district court’s denial of a motion to dismiss an indictment de novo

when, as here, it depends solely on questions of law. United States v. Said, 798 F.3d 182, 

193 (4th Cir. 2015).

1.

The first count charged a violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2261. That statute makes it 

unlawful for a person to travel in interstate commerce with the “intent to kill, injure, harass, 

or intimidate a spouse, intimate partner, or dating partner, and . . . in the course of or as a 

result of such travel or presence, commit[] or attempt[] to commit a crime of violence 

against that spouse, intimate partner, or dating partner . . . .”2 18 U.S.C. § 2261(a)(1).

“Crime of violence” for purposes of § 2261 means “an offense that has as an element the 

use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person or property of 

another . . . .” 18 U.S.C. § 16(a). 

Thus, count one charged Kearney with traveling in interstate commerce with the 

intent to kill his spouse, Karlyn Ramirez, and committing “murder, a crime of violence 

against Karlyn Ramirez,” using a dangerous weapon during the offense resulting in her 

death in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2261. J.A. 26. Kearney claims that the crime of violence 

2 The interstate domestic violence statute, 18 U.S.C. § 2261, is part of the Violence 

Against Women Act (“VAWA”) which was enacted in 1994 in recognition of escalating 

incidents of domestic violence, sexual assault and other violent crimes against women. 

Brzonkala v. Virginia Polytechnic Inst. & State Univ., 169 F.3d 820, 827 (4th Cir. 1999).
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element of § 2261(a)(1) cannot be met because murder can be accomplished without the 

use of violent physical force.

Here, at a minimum, the referenced murder involved an intent to kill or to inflict 

such bodily harm that death would most likely result and the district court instructed the 

jury accordingly. See Brown v. United States, 942 F.3d 1069, 1073 (11th Cir. 2019)

(considering the crime to which the defendant pleaded guilty); United States v. Page, 167 

F.3d 325, 332 (6th Cir. 1999) (noting the offenses offered to the jury as the underlying 

“crime of violence” for interstate domestic violence charge); United States v. Helem, 186 

F.3d 449, 455 (4th Cir. 1999) (acknowledging Page and recognizing that “the defendant’s 

conduct, as presented to the jury, falls within the scope of § 2261(a)(2) under at least two 

theories of liability.”). The Supreme Court in United States v. Castleman explained that 

“[i]t is impossible to cause bodily injury without applying force in the common-law 

sense.” United States v. Castleman, 572 U.S. 157, 170 (2014). In other words, “the 

knowing or intentional causation of bodily injury necessarily involves the use of physical 

force,” regardless of whether an injury resulted from direct or indirect means. Id. at 169. 

Then, following Castleman, we concluded that Maryland Assault with Intent to Murder

(“AWIM”) is a crime of violence. United States v. Battle, 927 F.3d 160, 165 (4th Cir. 

2019). We reasoned “it is impossible to intend to cause injury or death without physical

force as contemplated under the [Armed Career Criminal Act].” Id. at 167. Finally, but 

unsurprisingly, we have concluded that murder is a “quintessential crime of violence.” In

re Irby, 858 F.3d 231, 237 (4th Cir. 2017). Thus, we reject Kearney’s challenge to count 

one. 
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2.

The second count in Kearney’s indictment involves a charged violation of 18 U.S.C. 

§ 924(c) and (j). That statute criminalizes the use or carrying of a firearm during and in 

relation to any crime of violence. For purposes of § 924(c), “crime of violence” means a 

felony that “has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force 

against the person or property of another . . . .” 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(3)(A).

Thus, count two charged that Kearney, “did knowingly use, carry, and discharge a 

firearm during and in relation to a crime of violence . . . the discharge of a firearm causing 

the death of Karlyn Ramirez, during and in relation to the crime of interstate travel to 

commit domestic violence resulting in death, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2261, as charged

in Count One of this Indictment, which is incorporated by reference herein.” J.A. 27. In the 

context of Section 924(c), count one’s statutory violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2261 serves as the 

referenced “crime of violence.” In other words, the crime of interstate travel to commit 

domestic violence resulting in death serves as the predicate “crime of violence” for the 

§ 924(c) charge.

Kearney argues that 18 U.S.C. § 2261 itself fails to constitute a crime of violence to 

support the § 924(c) conviction because the “full range of conduct” under § 2261 does not 

require the use of violent physical force. But count one requires the commission of a crime 

of violence—murder. And a crime that requires the commission of a crime of violence in 

every case must necessarily itself be a crime of violence. We addressed this point generally 

in United States v. Faulls, where we determined that interstate domestic violence in 

violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2261(a)(2) requires a defendant to have committed an underlying 
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crime of violence. United States v. Faulls, 821 F.3d 502, 514–15 (4th Cir. 2016). Indeed, 

the requirement of a “crime of violence” in § 2261 is precisely what distinguishes it, for 

example, from 18 U.S.C. § 2261A, which similarly prohibitsinterstate travel with the intent 

to injure or harass another person, but without the need for the commission of a crime of 

violence. “Importantly,” as we held in Faulls, “in a prosecution for interstate domestic 

violence, the jury is charged with finding, unanimously and beyond a reasonable doubt, the 

commission of a specific underlying crime of violence, as well as the elements of that 

offense.” Id. The same is true here. A guilty verdict necessarily required the jury to find 

that Kearney committed a crime of violence. Thus, we conclude the district court did not 

err in denying Kearney’s motion to dismiss counts one and two.

B.

We now turn to Kearney’s evidentiary challenges.

1.

Kearney claims that the district court erred in admitting Delgado’s testimony about

her relationship with Kearney and incidents of alleged violence against Delgado in 

violation of Federal Rules of Evidence 404(b) and 403. Because Kearney failed to object 

to the testimony on the grounds of Rule 404(b) or 403 and only objected on relevancy 

grounds, the parties agree—as do we—that our review is for plain error. 

In order to establish a plain error, “the defendant must show there was an error, the 

error was plain, and the error affected [the defendant’s] substantial rights.” United States 

v. Garcia-Lagunas, 835 F.3d 479, 492 (4th Cir. 2016) (internal citation and quotation 

marks omitted). To affect substantial rights, the error must have been prejudicial, meaning 
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that it affected the outcome of the district court proceedings, save for a certain category of 

structural errors. United States v. Ramirez-Castillo, 748 F.3d 205, 215 (4th Cir. 2014). We

only exercise our discretion to correct the forfeited error if the error seriously affects the 

fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings. United States v. Olano, 507 

U.S. 725, 732 (1993). 

Aside from the challenged testimony, the government presented the jury with 

substantial testimonial and physical evidence against Kearney during the eleven-day trial. 

Thus, even if the testimony was admitted in error, Kearney has failed to show that the 

admission affected the outcome of the trial. Accordingly, we find no plain error as to this

evidentiary ruling. 

2.

Kearney also challenges the district court’s exclusion of website printouts about 

potential lane closures on I-95 during the week of the murder. He argues this evidence was 

relevant to his defense as it could undercut testimony that he drove to Maryland and back 

to South Carolina within a specific window of time. The government contends these 

materials were hearsay, irrelevant and likely to confuse the jury. 

We review the district court’s refusal to admit evidence under an abuse of discretion 

standard. See United States v. Henry, 673 F.3d 285, 291 (4th Cir. 2012). “Judgments of 

evidentiary relevance and prejudice are fundamentally a matter of trial management, for 

‘[t]rial judges are much closer to the pulse of a trial than we can ever be and broad 

discretion is necessarily accorded them.’” United States v. Benkahla, 530 F.3d 300, 309 

(4th Cir. 2008) (internal citations omitted). In light of Delgado’s testimony about the 
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sequence of events leading up to the murder, which was corroborated by other evidence, 

we do not believe that the district court abused its discretion in deciding that these printouts 

were not reliable and had the potential to cause jury confusion.

3.

Finally, Kearney challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support his 

conviction. “A defendant challenging the sufficiency of the evidence to support his 

conviction bears a heavy burden.” United States v. Beidler, 110 F.3d 1064, 1067 (4th Cir.

1997) (internal quotation marks omitted). We consider whether there is substantial 

evidence, taken in the light most favorable to the government, to support the criminal 

conviction. Id. Substantial evidence is “evidence that a reasonable finder of fact could 

accept as adequate and sufficient to support a conclusion of a defendant’s guilt beyond a 

reasonable doubt.” United States v. Alerre, 430 F.3d 681, 693 (4th Cir. 2005) (internal 

quotation marks omitted). On appeal, this Court does not reweigh the evidence, or weigh 

credibility as the jury would. Id. This Court can “reverse a conviction on insufficiency 

grounds only when the prosecution’s failure is clear.” United States v. Moye, 454 F.3d 390, 

394 (4th Cir. 2006) (en banc) (internal quotation marks omitted). With this standard in 

mind, we readily affirm the conviction. 
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II.

Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s judgment. We dispense with oral 

argument because the facts and legal contentions are adequately presented in the materials 

before this court and argument would not aid the decisional process.

 AFFIRMED