J-A26019-19

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

STARR INDEMNITY & LIABILITY CO.

v.

BROWNSVILLE MARINE PRODUCTS,

LLC AND JAVIER SARDINA-GARCIA

v.

BENCHMARK INSURANCE COMPANY;

SYNERGY COMP INSURANCE

COMPANY; SYNERGY SELECT, LP;

AND MK INDUSTRIES, INC.

APPEAL OF: BENCHMARK

INSURANCE COMPANY; SYNERGY

COMP INSURANCE COMPANY; AND

SYNERGY SELECT, LP

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IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

PENNSYLVANIA

No. 187 WDA 2019

Appeal from the Order Entered January 7, 2019

In the Court of Common Pleas of Fayette County Civil Division at No(s):

381 of 2017 G.D.

BEFORE: SHOGAN, J., LAZARUS, J., and OLSON, J.

MEMORANDUM BY LAZARUS, J.: FILED DECEMBER 17, 2019

Benchmark Insurance Company (Benchmark), Synergy Comp Insurance

Company, and Synergy Select, LP (collectively, Additional Defendants) appeal

from the January 7, 2019 order, entered in the Court of Common Pleas of

Fayette County, instructing Benchmark to comply with the Honorable Linda R.

Cordaro’s October 12, 2018 order and opinion denying Additional Defendants’
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motion for judgment on the pleadings and directing Benchmark to defend

Brownsville Marine Products, LLC (Brownsville). After careful review, we

quash Additional Defendants’ appeal.

The trial court set forth the factual basis underpinning this appeal as

follows:

The current action giving rise to the motion for judgment on the

pleadings stems from an underlying action in tort.

On September 6, 2016, Javier Sardinia-Garcia filed the underlying

complaint in the Fayette Court of Common pleas. [] Sardinia- Garcia claims he was employed as a shipfitter by MK industries . .

. and had been assigned by MK industries to perform work

involved in construction of new barges at [Brownsville’s] barge

construction facility. MK Industries [] is a staffing employment

company based in the State of Georgia, and also has an office and

conducts business in Fayette County, Pennsylvania.

On March 14, 2015, while working at Brownsville[’s] facility, []

Sardinia-Garcia [averred he] was “carrying a large jack” when he

“encountered an unguarded opening in the floor of the work site,

requiring [him] to jump over the opening” to avoid falling into it.

He [further averred he] landed on scrap metal and sustained

injuries to his foot and ankle. [] Sardinia-Garcia alleged

negligence against [Brownsville] and requested damages in

excess of $50,000.

After receiving the underlying complaint, [Brownsville] tendered

it to Starr Indemnity [(Starr)], seeking that Starr defend and

indemnify [Brownsville] against [] Sardinia-Garcia. [Brownsville]

has a commercial marine liability policy with Starr[,] covering the

period of March 4, 2015 to December 1, 2015.

Upon receiving the underlying complaint, Starr [] advised

[Brownsville] of Starr’s initial intention to defend, subject to a

reservation of rights[. A]fter reviewing the responses provided by

Brownsville[,] Starr concluded it did not have a duty to defend or

indemnify Brownsville[.] On February 24, 2017, Starr filed [a]

complaint in an action for declaratory judgment, asking this court
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to determine that it did not have a duty to defend or indemnify

[Brownsville] based on their marine liability agreement.

On May 31, 2017, [Brownsville] filed a complaint to add Additional

Defendants. These included Benchmark, Synergy Comp, Synergy

Select, and MK Industries. Brownsville had an insurance policy

with Benchmark and claim[ed] that Synergy Comp and Synergy

Select are part of that agreement. MK Industries is the firm that

allegedly hired Sardinia-Garcia.

On July 24, 2017, Starr filed its first motion for judgment on the

pleadings. That motion was denied without prejudice on October

6, 2017, and the parties were directed to comply with a discovery

order.

On March 14, 2018, after pleadings closed, Starr filed its renewed

motion for judgment on the pleadings. [Judge Cordaro] heard

oral argument for the motion on May 16, 2018. . . . Before

[Starr’s] renewed motion for judgment on the pleadings was

decided, Additional Defendants [] filed a motion for judgment on

the pleadings on May 9, 2018.

Trial Court Opinion, 10/12/18, at 2–4 (citations and quotations omitted)

(capitalization adjusted).

In this action, Starr and Additional Defendants both sought declaratory

judgments against Brownsville. Starr argued it was exempt from the duty to

defend or indemnify Brownsville as its policy did not apply to bodily injury

sustained by employees, and that, based on the language of the underlying

complaint, Sardinia-Garcia was a Brownsville employee. Benchmark argued

the opposite—that it was exempted from the duty to defend or indemnify

Brownsville as its policy only applied to bodily injury sustained by employees, and that, based on the language of the underlying complaint, Sardinia-Garcia

was not a Brownsville employee.
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The court determined Sardinia-Garcia’s status as an employee was a

material question of fact, and that both Starr and Additional Defendants, as

movants, failed to establish whether or not Sardinia-Garcia was a Brownsville

employee for the purposes the duties to defend or indemnify. Consequently,

on October 12, 2018, Judge Cardoro denied both motions and concluded that

Starr and Benchmark had a duty to defend Brownsville against the underlying

complaint filed by Sardinia-Garcia.

On November 9, 2018, Benchmark, on behalf of Additional Defendants,

filed a motion for reconsideration asserting: 1) it was exempt from the duties

to defend or indemnify as Sardinia-Garcia’s complaint specifically alleged he

was an employee of MK Industries; and 2) the court erroneously required

Benchmark to prove Brownsville lacked coverage under Benchmark’s policy. On November 30, 2018, Brownsville filed a brief in opposition to Additional

Defendants’ motion for reconsideration. Simultaneously, Brownsville filed a

motion to compel Additional Defendants to provide a defense pursuant to the

court’s October 12, 2018 order.

On January 7, 2019, the court issued two orders, the first denying

Additional Defendants’ motion for reconsideration, and the second, directing

Benchmark to provide Brownsville with a defense in the matter filed by

Sardinia-Garcia. The order directing Benchmark to provide Brownsville with

a defense reads as follows:

AND NOW, this 7th day of January, 2019, in consideration of

Brownsville[’s] Motion to Compel filed on November 30, 2018, it
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is hereby ORDERED and DIRECTED that the Motion is GRANTED

in that Benchmark [] shall provide Brownsville [] with a full and

immediate defense in the matter filed by [] Sardinia-Garcia in the

Fayette County Court of Common Pleas[.]

This Order applies only to [] Benchmark[,] who was found to have

a Duty to Defend Brownsville Marine by the Order and Opinion of

this Court dated October 12, 2018[.]

Order Affirming Motion to Compel, 1/17/19, at 1–2.

On February 6, 2019, Additional Defendants1filed a notice of appeal, pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 311(a)(4), from the court’s January 7, 2019 order

reproduced above. Both Additional Defendants and the court both complied

with Pa.R.A.P. 1925.

Additional Defendants raise the following claims for our review:

1) Whether, because [] Sardinia-Garcia does not allege in his

complaint that he was an employee of Brownsville [] at the

time of his supposed injury and there is no indication in said

complaint that Brownsville [] controlled or had the right to

control his work, the [trial] court erred in determining that

the claims raised in [the underlying tort suit] triggered

coverage under the workers compensation and employers

liability policy issued by Benchmark [] to Brownsville[]?

2) Whether in making its coverage determination the [trial]

court: a) erred in its interpretation of [] Sardinia-Garcia’s

complaint; b) misapplied established law; c) misinterpreted

the Benchmark insurance policy; and d) improperly placed

the burden of proof on Benchmark[]?

3) Whether the [trial] court erred in granting Brownsville[’s]

request for injunctive relief in the form of a directive that

Benchmark [] begin providing Brownsville [] with an

immediate defense in the [underlying tort suit] because []

____________________________________________

1 Starr did not appeal the trial court’s decision.
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Sardinia-Garcia’s claims do not potentially fall within the

scope of the workers compensation and employers liability

policy that Benchmark [] issued to Brownsville[]?

Brief of Appellant, at 3–4.

Preliminarily, we consider Brownsville’s motion to quash Additional

Defendants’ appeal on the grounds that the order appealed is interlocutory.

See Brief of Appellee, at 14–17; see also Kulp v. Hrivnak, 765 A.2d 796,

798 (Pa. Super. 2000) (“[S]ince we lack jurisdiction over an unappealable

order[,] it is incumbent on us to determine . . . whether the appeal is taken

from an appealable order.”). Additional Defendants, in response, invoke Rule

311(a)(4), arguing the January 7, 2019 order from which they appeal is

appealable as of right because it had the effect of granting injunctive relief.2

See Reply Brief of Appellants, at 10. ____________________________________________

2 Additional Defendants also contend they were precluded from appealing the

court’s October 12, 2018 order denying Benchmark’s motion for judgment on

the pleadings as it was not a final order. See Reply Brief of Appellee, at 1–9.

As we find the order from which Additional Defendants chose to appeal is, in

fact, not appealable, this is a moot point. Nonetheless, we direct Additional

Defendants to the note appended to Pa.R.A.P. 341, which states, inter alia, as

follows:

Pa.R.A.P. 311(a)(8) provides for appeal as of right from an order

that is made final or appealable by statute or general rule, even

though the order does not dispose of all claims or of all parties

and, thus, is interlocutory[.]

[T]he rescission of subparagraph (b)(2) [in 2015 changed] the

basis for appealability of orders that do not end the case but grant

or deny a declaratory judgment. See Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co.

v. Wickett, 763 A.2d 813, 818 (Pa. 2000); Pa. Bankers Ass'n
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“As a general rule, this Court has jurisdiction only over appeals taken

from final orders.” Angelicho v. Myers, 110 A.3d 1046, 1048–49 (Pa. Super.

2015). “[Rule] 311 carves out an exception to this general rule.” Id. at 1049.

Rule 311(a)(4) provides “[a]n appeal may be taken as of right . . . from . . .

[a]n order that grants or denies, modifies or refuses to modify, continues or

refuses to continue, or dissolves or refuses an injunction[,]” with limited

exceptions not presently at issue. Pa.R.A.P. 311(a)(4). Our Supreme Court

stated, “the plain meaning of the words contained in Rule 311(a)(4) is that an

order refusing a request for an injunction is an interlocutory order appealable

as of right unless the order involves an injunction issued pursuant to two

explicit provisions of the Divorce Code or the order is in the form of a decree

nisi.

[3]” Wynnewood Development, Inc. v. Bank and Trust Co. of Old

York Road, 711 A.2d 1003, 1005 (Pa. 1998) (emphasis added). ____________________________________________ v. Pa. Dep't. of Banking, 948 A.2d 790, 798 (Pa. 2008). The

effect of the rescission is to eliminate waiver for failure to take an

immediate appeal from such an order. A party aggrieved by an

interlocutory order granting or denying a declaratory judgment,

where the order satisfies the criteria for “finality” under

Pennsylvania Bankers Association, may elect to proceed under

Pa.R.A.P 311(a)(8) or wait until the end of the case and proceed

under subparagraph (b)(1) of [Rule 341].

Pa.R.A.P. 341, Note.

3 “A decree nisi is a ‘provisional decree, which will be made absolute on motion

unless cause be shown against it.’” Wynnewood Development, Inc. v.

Bank and Trust Co. of Old York Road, 711 A.2d 1003, 1005 n.5 (Pa. 1998)

(quoting Black’s Law Dictionary (6th Ed.) at 411.). Rule 311(a)(4) “was
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Additional Defendants argue the October 12, 2018 order “did not direct

Benchmark to do anything . . . when it denied the motion for judgment on the

pleadings” and that by ordering Benchmark to defend in its January 7, 2019

order, the court imposed “an injunction which was appealable as of right[.]

Reply Brief of Appellant, at 11.

These assertions are factually inaccurate and legally inapposite. Judge

Cordaro’s October 12, 2018 order expressly refers the parties “to this [c]ourt’s

accompanying opinion[.]” Order, 10/12/18, at 2. That opinion clearly states, “Benchmark . . . has a duty to defend Brownsville against the underlying

complaint filed by . . . Sardinia-Garcia.” Opinion, 10/12/18, at 20. Moreover,

neither Additional Defendants nor Brownsville requested injunctive relief;4this

alone is dispositive. See Brief in Support of Additional Defendants’ Motion for

Judgment on the Pleadings, 6/20/18, at 1, 5 (asserting “Benchmark does not

have a duty to defend or indemnify Brownsville” in action to obtain declaratory

judgment); see also Wynnewood Development, Inc., supra at 1005

____________________________________________ amended in 2009 to eliminate references to decrees nisi but maintain the

same result.” Thomas A. Robinson Family Limited Partnership v. Bioni, 178 A.3d 839, 846 (Pa. Super. 2017); see also Pa.R.A.P. 311, Note

(explaining 2009 amendment).

4 Declaratory relief is distinct from preliminary or permanent injunctions,

forms of equitable relief with distinct requirements. See, e.g., WellsSpan

Health v. Bayliss, 869 A.2d 990, 995 (Pa. Super. 2005) (outlining

requirements for preliminary and permanent injunctions).
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(requiring “order refusing a request for an injunction” to qualify as

interlocutory appeal as of right under Rule 311(a)(4)). What Additional Defendants deem an injunction is properly cognizable

as the court exercising its inherent authority to enforce its own orders. See

Davin v. Davin, 842 A.2d 469, 472 (Pa. Super. 2004) (“It is axiomatic that

a court must have the power to enforce its own orders.”). Additional

Defendants cite to no authority in support of the proposition that Rule

311(a)(4) can be satisfied by anything other than an order resolving an

injunction. See Reply Brief of Appellant, at 10–13. Consequently, they have

raised claims from an unappealable order over which we lack jurisdiction. See

Angelicho, supra at 1050 (quashing appeal for improperly invoking Rule

311).

Motion to quash granted.5

____________________________________________

5 As we are without jurisdiction, we are unable to resolve Additional

Defendants’ claims. We, however, note for Additional Defendants the

difference between an insurer’s duty to defend and its duty to indemnify. The

duty to defend arises where “a claim potentially may be one which is within

the scope of [a] policy[.]” Cadwallader v. New Amsterdam Cas. Co., 152

A.2d 484, 488 (Pa. 1959); see also Selective Way Ins. Co. v. Hospitality

Group Services, Inc. 119 A.3d 1035, 1046 (Pa. Super. 2015) (“The duty to

defend persists until an insurer can limit the claims such that coverage is

impossible.”) (emphasis added). The duty to indemnify “arises only when the

insured is determined to be liable for damages within the coverage of the

policy.” Selective Way Ins. Co., supra at 1046. The trial court determined

Additional Defendants failed to show “any evidence that [] Sardinia-Garcia]

was not an employee[.]” Trial Court Opinion, 10/12/18, at 18. This ruling

merely underscores that coverage, under the instant circumstances, is not

impossible. See Selective Way Ins. Co., supra at 1046.
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Judge Shogan joins the Memorandum.

Judge Olson concurs in the result.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 12/17/2019