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2021 IL App (1st) 192181-U 

FIFTH DIVISION 

Order filed: September 3, 2021 

No. 1-19-2181 

NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23 and is not precedent except in the 

limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(1). 

IN THE 

APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS 

FIRST DISTRICT 

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the 

) Circuit Court of 

Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Cook County 

) 

v. ) No. 06 CR 21549 

) 

) 

GREG CASTELLANO, ) Honorable 

) Thaddeus L. Wilson, 

Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge, Presiding. 

JUSTICE HOFFMAN delivered the judgment of the court. 

Presiding Justice Delort and Justice Cunningham concurred in the judgment. 

ORDER 

¶ 1 Held: We affirmed the trial court’s denial of the defendant’s pro se motion for leave to 

file a successive postconviction petition challenging his 53-year sentence for firstdegree murder as a violation of both the eighth amendment to the United States 

Constitution and the proportionate penalties clause of the Illinois Constitution. We 

found that the successive postconviction petition that the defendant sought leave to 

file fails to set forth any individual characteristics which, even arguably, would 

require that the sentencing protections set forth in Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460 

(2012) should apply to him. 
 

No. 1-19-2181 

¶ 2 The defendant, Greg Castellano, appeals from an order of the circuit court, denying him 

leave to file a successive postconviction petition challenging his 53-year sentence for first-degree 

murder as a violation of the eighth amendment to the United States Constitution (U.S. Const., 

amend. VIII) and a violation of the proportionate penalties clause of the Illinois Constitution (Ill. 

Const. 1970, art. I, § 11). For the reasons which follow, we affirm. 

¶ 3 On August 11, 2006, Gustavo Varela was shot and killed. The defendant, who was 18 years 

old at the time of the shooting, was charged with, inter alia, Varela’s murder. Following a jury 

trial, the defendant was found guilty of first-degree murder and sentenced to 53 years’ 

imprisonment: 28 years for first-degree murder and a consecutive term of 25 years for having used 

a firearm. On direct appeal, this court affirmed the defendant’s conviction and sentence through a 

series of unpublished orders. See People v. Castellano, No. 1-08-1709 (June 29, 2010) 

(unpublished order under Supreme Court Rule 23); People v. Castellano, No. 1-08-1709 (October 

25, 2010) (unpublished order under Supreme Court Rule 23); People v. Castellano, 2012 IL App 

(1st) 081709-U. 

¶ 4 In March 2013, the defendant filed a pro se petition for relief under the Post-Conviction 

Hearing Act (Act) (725 ILCS 5/122-1 et seq. (West 1996)). The circuit court summarily dismissed 

that petition, and the defendant appealed. This court affirmed the summary dismissal. People v. 

Castellano, 2015 IL App (1st) 133998-U. 

¶ 5 On August 18, 2016, the defendant filed a pro se motion for leave to file a successive 

postconviction petition. The circuit court denied the motion, and the defendant appealed. On 

September 10, 2018, the defendant’s appointed counsel filed a motion to withdraw pursuant to 

Pennsylvania v. Finley, 481 U.S. 551 (1978). Finding no arguable issues of merit, this court 

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granted the motion to withdraw as counsel and affirmed the circuit court’s order denying the 

defendant’s motion for leave to file a successive postconviction petition. 

¶ 6 On March 29, 2019, the defendant filed a pro se motion for leave to file a successive 

postconviction petition challenging his 53-year sentence for first-degree murder as a violation of 

both the eighth amendment to the United States Constitution and the proportionate penalties clause 

of the Illinois Constitution. He alleged that, in sentencing him, the trial court failed to consider his 

youth and immaturity through the lens of the new scientific findings relating to the neurological 

and psychological development of young adults. On July 26, 2019, the circuit court entered an 

order denying the defendant’s pro se motion for leave to file a successive postconviction petition, 

and this appeal followed. 

¶ 7 In urging reversal, the defendant argues that the trial court erred when it denied his motion 

for leave to file a successive postconviction petition where he “established cause and prejudice for 

his claim that his sentence violated the Illinois Constitution as applied to him.” The defendant has 

made no argument in his brief before this court that his 53-year sentence violated the eighth 

amendment of the United States Constitution. In support of the circuit court’s order, the State 

argues that the defendant’s motion and attached petition are insufficient to support an as-applied 

challenge to his sentence under the proportionate penalties clause of the Illinois Constitution as 

they failed to plead any facts or set forth documentation showing how the evolving science on 

maturity and brain development applies to his specific facts and circumstances. We agree with the 

State. 

¶ 8 Under the Act, a defendant may raise a claim of a constitutional violation in his trial or in 

sentencing. People v. Edwards, 2012 IL 111711, ¶ 21. The Act contemplates the filing of one 

postconviction petition. Id. ¶ 22. Claims not raised in an initial petition are waived (Id. ¶ 21) unless 

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No. 1-19-2181 

the defendant can show cause for and prejudice from failing to raise the claim in the earlier petition 

or makes a colorable claim of actual innocence (People v. Robinson, 2020 IL 123849, ¶ 42). Absent 

a claim of actual innocence, the defendant must establish both cause and prejudice in order to 

prevail on a motion for leave to file a successive postconviction petition. People v. Pitsonbarger, 

205 Ill. 2d 444, 464 (2002). Successive postconviction petitions are “highly disfavored.” People 

v. Bailey, 2017 IL 121450, ¶ 39. And meeting the cause-and-prejudice test is a “more exacting 

standard” than the “’gist’ standard” under which an initial postconviction petition is reviewed. 

People v. Conick, 232 Ill. 2d 132, 142 (2008). Our review of the trial court’s denial of leave to file 

a successive postconviction petition is de novo. Robinson, 2020 IL 123849, ¶ 39. 

¶ 9 In Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460 (2012), the Supreme Court held that the eighth 

amendment to the United States Constitution “forbids a sentencing scheme that mandates life in 

prison without possibility of parole for juvenile offenders.” Miller, 567 U.S. at 479. Before 

sentencing a juvenile offender to life in prison, the sentencing judge must have the opportunity to 

consider mitigating factors such as, inter alia, the juvenile’s age, the juvenile’s family and home 

environment, the effects of familial or peer pressure, and the possibility of rehabilitation. Miller, 

567 U.S. at 477-78. 

¶ 10 In People v. Harris, 2018 IL 121932, ¶¶ 54-61, the supreme court set 18 as the age cutoff 

for juvenile sentencing protections in the eighth amendment context. The defendant in this case 

was convicted and sentenced for a murder that he committed when he was 18. Consequently, the 

decision in Harris foreclosed the defendant’s eighth amendment argument that his age and 

sentence qualify him for the protections afforded to juveniles pursuant to the holding in Miller. 

See also People v. Pittnan, 2018 IL App (1st) 152030, ¶ 31. 

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No. 1-19-2181 

¶ 11 However, the Harris court left open the question of whether a defendant convicted and 

sentenced to a de facto life sentence for a crime that was committed when he was 18 years old 

could raise an as-applied challenge to his sentence under the proportionate penalties clause of the 

Illinois Constitution. Harris, 2018 IL 121932, ¶ 48. The supreme court held that such a claim is 

more appropriately brought in a proceeding under the Act or by means of a petition pursuant to 

section 2-1401 of the Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/201401 (West 2016)). Id. 

¶ 12 Assuming for the sake of analysis only that the successive postconviction petition that the 

defendant sought leave to file in this case set forth sufficient facts establishing both cause for and 

prejudice from failing to raise the proportionate penalties claim in an earlier petition, we find that 

the successive postconviction petition he sought leave to file fails to allege facts showing how the 

evolving science on maturity and brain development that helped form the basis for the Miller 

decision applies to his specific facts and circumstances. 

¶ 13 “Young adult defendants are not entitled to a presumption that Miller applies to them.” 

People v. Ruiz, 2020 IL App (1st) 163145, ¶ 52. “[U]nder Harris, a young adult defendant must 

plead and ultimately prove, that his or her individual characteristics require the application of 

Miller.” Id. The petition and accompanying documents must contain sufficient facts to justify 

further proceedings. “[T]he defendant must show ‘how the evolving science on maturity and brain 

development that helped form the basis for the Miller decision applies to defendant’s specific facts 

and circumstances.’ ” Id. ¶ 52 (quoting Harris, 2018 IL 121932, ¶ 46). 

¶ 14 Other than alleging that he was 18 years old when he committed the murder for which he 

was convicted and sentenced to 53 years’ imprisonment, the successive postconviction petition 

that the defendant sought leave to file fails to set forth any individual characteristics that, even 

arguably, would require the sentencing protections set forth in Miller should apply to him. Having 

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No. 1-19-2181 

failed to allege facts showing that the holding in Miller should apply to his particular 

circumstances, the successive postconviction petition that the defendant sought leave to file is 

insufficient to support an as-applied challenge to his sentence under the proportionate penalties 

clause of the Illinois Constitution. People v. Moore, 2020 IL App (4th) 190528, ¶¶ 39-41; People 

v. Carrion, 2020 IL App (1st) 171274, ¶ 38; People v. White, 2020 IL App (5th) 170345, ¶ 24; see 

also People v. Glinsey, 2021 IL App (1st) 191145, ¶ 60 (Martin, J., dissenting); but see People v. 

Minniefield, 2020 IL App (1st) 170541, ¶ 44; People v. Carrasquillo, 2020 IL App (1st) 180534, 

¶ 109. Based upon our finding in this regard, we affirm the trial court’s order denying the defendant 

leave to file a successive postconviction petition. 

¶ 15 Affirmed. 

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