# Patent

## Title
Three stage watercraft

## Abstract

A three stage watercraft for operation in the water as a traditional boat at low speeds in stage one, for operation on the water's surface at mid-range speeds at stage two, and for traveling in ground effect at higher range speeds is disclosed. The three stage craft includes a hydro-wing 12, either at least a single hydrofoil 13 or gyration rotor 14 to aid with lift from stage one to stage two, and a pair of outboard floats or hydro-floats 16a, 16b supported by the hydro-wing 12, which are also designed to aid with lift from stage one to stage two.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/137,720, filed Mar. 24, 2015 and entitled “Three Stage Watercraft,” the entire contents of the application being incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.


TECHNICAL FIELD
The invention relates generally to a watercraft that can operate in three stages, more specifically to a watercraft that makes use of ground-effect in a high fuel-efficient watercraft that can travel as a boat in the water at low speeds, skim across the water on floats to achieve higher speeds and in ground effect at still higher speeds, which can maneuver effectively as it travels, and provide a relatively smooth ride during operation.
BACKGROUND
In fixed-wing aircraft, ground effect is generated by an aircraft's wings when they are close to a solid, fixed surface that results in increased lift and decreased drag and which requires very little thrust (forward horsepower). Ground effect increases air pressure on the lower wing creating a “ram” or “cushion” effect which greatly improves the lift to drag ratios by up to 250%. By reducing the drag coefficients, the thrust or energy expended to maintain speed is also greatly reduced. Every aircraft from jumbo jet airliners to small Piper Cubs, experience ground effect, which is especially noticeable when landing, as the aircraft momentarily “floats” above the runway. When taking off, ground effect may temporarily reduce the stall speed. The pilot can then fly level just above the runway while the aircraft accelerates in ground effect until a safe climb speed is reached.
In addition to traditional aircraft, wing-in-ground (WIG) watercraft that use ground effect to fly above water are also known in the art. WIG craft are used primarily over water due to the relatively constant surface of water that is free of obstacles. Generally, such watercraft have large fixed wings, about 11⁄2 times greater than the height of ground effect in which they fly, the ground effect extending approximately 10-30 feet above the surface of the water. WIG craft largely travel at very high speeds, above approximately 50 mph, and as high as 100 mph or greater, which is achieved by using small engines. They also include a fuselage or hull that travels in the water when not in ground effect. WIG watercraft are desirable, particularly as transport vehicles, because they are more fuel-efficient than conventional watercraft, utilize small engines and are capable of travel at high speeds which can reach over 100 mph, thus covering large distances quickly.
A hydrofoil is a lifting surface, or foil, that generally operates in water. Hydrofoils are similar in appearance and purpose to airfoils, which are used by airplanes. As a watercraft using hydrofoils gains speed, low pressure is developed above the foil and high pressure is developed below the foil creating lift. When used as a lifting element on a hydrofoil craft, this upward force lifts the body or hull of the craft, decreasing drag and increasing speed.
There are two basic types of hydrofoils; “surface piercing” where the foil comes out of the craft and enters the water, usually at an angle so as the craft lifts there is less foil in the water, thus reducing drag as speed increases; and “submerged foils” that are completely underwater either fixed or dropped over the side of the craft. Submerged foils are not self-stabilizing, so they are continuously tilted to gain lift from the angle, similar to tilting an airplane nose up or down to change the angle of attack of the wings.
With either submerged or piercing foils if the sea state or waves are higher than the depth of the foils, then the bottom of the craft crashes into the waves, causing the craft to slow down and the foil lift speeds to decrease. A high speed hydrofoil shape must always have water flowing over and under the foil to work or create lift. Another problem associated with either submerged or piercing foils hydrofoils is “sonic cavitation”. Because water is 700 times more molecular dense than air, once a hydrofoil reaches speeds much over 60 mph molecular “bubbles” from the top and bottom of the foil crashing into each other at the trailing edge of the foil causing cavitation. Similar to a separation bubbles in air, cavitation largely increases drag and often also reduces lift, thus resulting in loss of speed. Additionally, the collapse of larger vapor bubbles has been found to lead to vibrations and even structural damage. Damage due to cavitation often is a problem for marine propellers, turbines and pumps.
As a result of these shortcomings, it appears that the speed “wall” for hydrofoils is around 60-70 mph and conventional hydrofoils generally cannot handle seas above about 6-12 feet. Thus, hydrofoils have experienced very limited commercial application and success.
First developed in 1923, gyrocopters or gyroplanes are wingless aircraft, similar in look to a helicopter, which use auto gyration, i.e. free spinning, non-powered rotors, to obtain lift. Auto gyration occurs when air is passed under a rotor blade causing the blades to spin which then provides lift, while an engine turning a conventional airplane propeller creates forward motion or thrust. Pitch control is achieved by tilting the rotor fore and aft; roll control by tilting the rotor laterally (side to side). A gyrocopter cannot lift straight up or hover like a helicopter, and requires a relatively short runway for takeoff and landing. One reason that gyrocopters did not gain mass appeal is their lack of speed. The physics that create auto gyration also impedes speeds much above 120 knots due to the lift/drag ratios of the rotors. By 1939, the gyrocopter concept was largely discarded because aircraft manufacturers for military and civilian use were hoping to achieve speeds well in excess of 300 knots for propeller driven aircraft.
SUMMARY
There exists a need for a transport craft capable of traveling at a variety of speeds over water for use as a transport vehicle, which can do so in a fuel-efficient and safe manner.
While conventional WIG watercrafts have found use as military and transport vehicles, they are not optimally suited for use in a variety of circumstances, and require specially trained personnel to operate them. For example, such craft are limited to areas where speed restrictions are above about 50 mph and where they have sufficient space to reach 10-30 feet above the water's surface while travelling at such high speeds. They do not effectively travel at lower speeds of below about 50 mph because the lift and drag components necessary to maintain ground effect in conventional WIG craft require thrust/lift ratios that translate into high speed operation. Additionally, because conventional WIG craft turn by banking, i.e. tipping their wings like an aircraft as they travel approximately 10-30 feet above the water, tight, emergency or avoidance turns are generally precluded. Because of the length of the wing and the low altitude at which they travel above the water, if emergency turns are attempted they often result in the wing of the craft contacting the water. As will be appreciated, if the wing of a craft traveling at between 50-100 mph is tipped and strikes the water, the result is an almost certain crash, as the craft will likely cartwheel out of control upon impact of the wing with the water. Due to both the high speed of travel and the inability of conventional WIG craft to execute tight, emergency turns, traveling across a crowed harbor, bay or river is not feasible with such craft as they pose a safety risk to the occupants and other watercraft. With conventional WIG craft it is important that they do not exceed maximum ground effect altitude due to the design and shape of the wing, which does not provide safe lift above ground effect vertical limitations.
In addition to the foregoing, when they are not flying a ground effect WIG craft become poor boats, as they are typically only capable of travel at approximately 5 to 10 mph. The missing speed “gap” between 10 mph (the upper limit for a WIG craft as a boat) and 50 mph (the lower limit of a WIG craft in ground effect) severely inhibits WIG crafts' utility. The majority of conventional WIG crafts are still using outdated and inefficient amphibious airplane fuselages with large wing designs attached that have not evolved appreciably since World War II, in order to fly in ground effect. In order to breach the water's surface, these craft need approximately 4×-5× thrust in calm waters to break free of the surface. WIG crafts are also forced to take off into the wind, like a conventional amphibious airplane, which affects ability in limited waterway space and rough sea state conditions.
Unlike conventional WIG crafts, the three-stage watercraft, or AmphfoilTM craft described herein, in a first embodiment includes hydrofoils to obtain lift to move from a first, low speed stage (Stage One) into a second, mid-speed stage (Stage Two); a “hydro-wing” hull that incorporates both the hull and the wings in a continuous design instead of an airplane type fuselage with distinct wings; and “hydro-floats”. The hydrofoils are of the “surface piercing” variety, but unlike traditional hydrofoils are utilized only in lower (or mid) speeds, and not for high speed applications, thus avoiding the shortcomings inherent in prior art hydrofoils when utilized at high speeds. In other embodiments, the AmphfoilTM craft includes a powered and unpowered spinning rotor to obtain lift. The hydro-wing provides more uninterrupted bottom wing surface for improved ground effect performance (no fuselage drag) and enables the beam, i.e. width of the craft to be reduced compared to existing ground effect craft.
The hydro-floats have a low drag, high lift reverse deadrise design that eliminates drag inducing “chines,” or flat lifting surfaces, to reduce the amount of thrust needed to breach the water surface when moving out of stage one, as described below. Deadrise is the angle formed between a static waterline and the hull centerline (of a watercraft). The hydro-floats include a reverse deadrise similar in form and effect to a boat hull having a twist in underwater shape as measured relative to a static waterline, as described in applicant's previous U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,994,049 and 7,225,752 to Walter Schulz, which are incorporated herein in their entirety. The reverse deadrise effect provides a vortex effect, or positive turbulence in the water to create lift without having to rely on high amounts of increased thrust.
The AmphfoilTM craft may also include an articulating trim arm, or ATA, supported on each hydro-float, the ATA remaining in contact with the water while the Amphfoil craft travels in ground effect to maintain the craft in ground effect and to keep the status of the craft as a boat. The hydro-wing hull and hydro-float design results in an advance for WIG crafts in terms of addressing the negative efficiency issues of drag.
The combination of the hydrofoils (or alternatively, the gyration rotor), the hydro-wing hull and hydro-floats provide for an improved WIG craft that has enhanced performance when traveling both in the water, transitioning out of the water, and traveling in ground effect. The design of the AmphfoilTM craft of the present application allows for a unique three-stage speed design concept to create a watercraft that is capable of never before achieved combination of safety, speed, fuel economy (as high as 15 mpg), and range, as well as a smooth ride at various stages of travel over the water. As used herein, the three stages are defined as follows:
Stage One—AmphfoilTM craft traveling in water as a boat with the hydro-wing in the water, for example, when docking and refueling, generally at speeds of approximately 0-10 mph;
Stage Two—AmphfoilTM craft traveling above water, i.e. when the hydro-wing is lifted out of contact with the water by either the hydrofoils providing lift, or the gyro rotors under power. The hydro-floats remain in contact with the water's surface so that the AmphfoilTM craft may travel and maneuver safely across crowded waterways, generally at speeds of approximately 10-30 mph;
Stage Three—AmphfoilTM craft traveling in full ground effect, generally with only the ATA in contact with the water (hydrofoils and/or hydro-floats generally being out of contact) for traveling in open waters when boat traffic and obstacles are at a minimum, mostly at speeds of approximately 30-100 mph or greater. If utilizing gyro rotors instead of hydrofoils, the gyro rotors may be folded back, or otherwise made non-operational to reduce rotational and blade drag in Stage three, as speeds of 200 mph or greater may be seen.
Although speeds are given for the above stages, these are approximations and the actual speeds may vary.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Various aspects of at least one embodiment are discussed below with reference to the accompanying figures, which are not necessarily drawn to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating the principles disclosed herein. The figures are included to provide an illustration and a further understanding of the various aspects and embodiments, and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, but are not intended as a definition of the limits of any particular embodiment. The figures, together with the remainder of the specification, serve to explain principles and operations of the described and claimed aspects and embodiments. In the figures, each identical or nearly identical component that is illustrated in various figures is represented by a like numeral. For purposes of clarity, not every component may be labeled in every figure. In the figures:
FIG. 1 is a front perspective view of a first exemplary embodiment of the three stage watercraft of the present application;
FIG. 2 is a side elevational view of the three stage watercraft of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a front elevational view of the three stage watercraft of FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 is a bottom plan view of the three stage watercraft of FIG. 1;
FIG. 5a is a schematic drawing of the three stage watercraft of FIG. 1 traveling in Stage One;
FIG. 5b is a schematic drawing of the three stage watercraft of FIG. 1 traveling in Stage Two;
FIG. 5c is a schematic drawing of the three stage watercraft of FIG. 1 traveling in Stage Three;
FIG. 6 is a front perspective view of a second exemplary embodiment of the three stage watercraft of the present application;
FIG. 7a is a perspective view of the three stage watercraft of FIG. 6 with blades folded in the plane of operation and aft;
FIG. 7b is a perspective view of the three stage watercraft of FIG. 6 with blades folded vertically;
FIG. 8 is a top plan view of the three stage watercraft of FIG. 6;
FIG. 9 is a side elevational view of the three stage watercraft of FIG. 6;
FIG. 10 is a front elevational view of the three stage watercraft of FIG. 6;
FIG. 11 is a bottom plan view of the three stage watercraft of FIG. 6;
FIG. 12a is a side elevational view of the three stage watercraft of FIG. 6 with ATA extended and rotor vertical and non-operational;
FIG. 12b is a side elevational view of the three stage watercraft of FIG. 6 with ATA extended and rotor operational;
FIG. 13 is a front perspective view of a third exemplary embodiment of the three stage watercraft of the present application with forward facing props and air rudders facing rearward behind the props;
FIG. 14 is a front perspective view of a fourth exemplary embodiment of the three stage watercraft of the present application;
FIG. 15a is a perspective view of the three stage watercraft of FIG. 14 with blades folded in the plane of operation and aft;
FIG. 15b is a perspective view of the three stage watercraft of FIG. 14 with blades folded vertically;
FIG. 16a is a side elevational view of the three stage watercraft of FIG. 14 with ATA extended and rotor vertical and non-operational;
FIG. 16b is a side elevational view of the three stage watercraft of FIG. 14 with ATA extended and rotor operational;
FIG. 17 is a bottom plan view of the three stage watercraft of FIG. 14;
FIG. 18a is a schematic drawing of any of the three stage watercraft of FIGS. 6-17 traveling in Stage One;
FIG. 18b is a schematic drawing of any of the three stage watercraft of FIGS. 6-17 traveling in Stage Two; and
FIG. 18c is a schematic drawing of any of the three stage watercraft of FIGS. 6-17 traveling in Stage Three.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS
The phraseology and terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting. Any references to examples, embodiments, components, elements or devices described herein referred to in the singular may also embrace embodiments including a plurality, and any references in plural to any embodiment, component, element or device herein may also embrace embodiments including only a singularity. References in the singular or plural form are not intended to limit the presently disclosed device, its components, structure, or elements. The use herein of “including,” “comprising,” “having,” “containing,” “involving,” and variations thereof is meant to encompass the items listed thereafter and equivalents thereof as well as additional items. References to “or” may be construed as inclusive so that any terms described using “or” may indicate any of a single, more than one, and all of the described terms.
As used herein with respect to the three-stage operation of the AmphfoilTM craft, stage one refers to in-water use of the AmphfoilTM craft, i.e. as a boat with the hydro-wing in the water, which is used during docking and refueling of the AmphfoilTM craft (speeds of approximately 0 to 10 mph); stage two refers to speeds during which the hydro-wing is lifted relative to the water (spaced above it), traveling and maneuvering across crowded water ways with hydrofoils and hydro-floats in contact with the water, for example “skimming” on top of it (speeds of approximately 10 to 30 mph); and stage three refers to speeds where the AmphfoilTM craft travels in fully functional ground effect above the water, generally with only the ATA in contact with the water (hydrofoils and/or hydro-floats generally being out of contact) or any solid surface, as the AmphfoilTM craft maneuvers across open waters when boat traffic and obstacles are at a minimum (speeds of approximately 30 to 100 mph and possibly higher). As will be appreciated, the speeds associated with each stage are approximations and may vary from the speeds disclosed herein.
Referring initially to FIGS. 1-4, a first embodiment of AmphfoilTM craft 10 for three-stage operation is illustrated. The AmphfoilTM craft 10 includes a body or hydro-wing 12 that includes both a hull 12a and wings 12b and 12c, at least a single hydrofoil 13 to aid with lift from stage one to stage two, and a pair of outboard floats or hydro-floats 16a, 16b supported by the hydro-wing 12, which are also designed to aid with lift from stage one to stage two. A pair of aft air rudders 23a, 23b may be provided, which aid in turning and steering, as may be a rotational air propeller 18, supported by the hydro-wing 12, which also helps effectuate turning (instead of just banking) and forward thrust. In addition, the AmphfoilTM craft may include at least one water rudder 17 (FIG. 2) supported by the hull 12a for in-water turning purposes, and an articulating trim arm or ATA for elevator control 20 (FIG. 2) supported by the hydro-wing 12, the ATA 20 remaining in contact with the water during stage three operation for ease of handling, as described in greater detail herein below.
Referring now to FIGS. 1, 3 and 4, the hydro-wing 12 incorporates both the hull 12a and wings 12b and 12c into a continuous design having a top surface 12d that can support a cabin 22 for passengers, cockpit 21 and enclosed machinery 24, and a bottom surface 12e for supporting hydrofoils 13a, 13b, at least a portion of which contacts the water during stage one. The continuous shape of the hydro-wing design provides an uninterrupted bottom wing surface 12e for improved ground effect performance, as the entire bottom of the hydro-wing 12 essentially becomes a maximum ground effect wing. In contrast, prior art craft included a fuselage with attached wings jutting from the sides, thus resulting in fuselage drag during use and requiring a greater width of the craft.
The engines can be remotely mounted behind the cabin 22, or elsewhere, and may be contained in insulated compartments, as would be known in the art. The positioning of the engines, cabin 22 and cockpit 21 should be done to create proper balance in the AmphfoilTM craft based upon the anticipated weight. To reduce the infrared heat signature for military use, the engine compartment walls can be cooled using water jackets piped around the compartment. For larger AmphfoilTM crafts (above about 35 ft in length) twin auto/truck engines, either gasoline or diesel, which are liquid cooled using radiators may be used to keep engine noise levels below 85 decibels. Alternatively, other types of engines may be utilized. For example, for smaller crafts a single liquid cooled gasoline or diesel engine may be used to create power to the rotors and float propulsion. A second engine can also be incorporated for redundancy. Power from the engines to the rotors and float propulsion can be accomplished by hydraulics, link belts, electric motors or rod/transfer cases depending on the application, as would be known to one of skill in the art.
The hydro-wing 12 also enables the beam or width “w” to be reduced compared to prior-art ground effect craft, which is beneficial for docking and maneuvering in close quarters, and includes a low profile that, along with the hydro-floats 16a, 16b described below, provides excellent directional stability and crosswind handling. As best illustrated in FIG. 3, the hydro-wing 12 has a curved, arcuate shape, angling upward from the edge “e” of the wings 12b, 12c toward the center “c” of the hull 12a. While the hydro-wing may have a variety of dimensions, depending upon the application, it is expected that hydro-wing will be from about 20-60 feet long and about 14-42 feet wide.
The hydro-wing 12 may be constructed of carbon fiber, KevlarTM and foam so that no additional floatation is needed, unlike prior-art WIG craft. Leading edge wing slats 21, for example the Flieseler Storch type, may be provided on the leading edge of the hydro-wing 12 to direct air upward over the hydro-wing, especially in low speed applications to increase lift on the top surface 12d of the hydro-wing. Supported outboard on the bottom surface 12e of the hydro-wing 12 are the hydro-floats 16a, 16b. The hydro-floats 16a, 16b not only provide floatation and wing stability when in non-ground effect speeds, but allow the AmphfoilTM craft to travel smoothly and efficiently in the water at lower speeds of approximately 10 to 30 mph (stage two speeds) by skiing or skimming across top of water with both the hydro-wing 12 and the hydrofoils 13 providing lift.
The hydro-floats 16a, 16b include a body designed to provide high lift and low drag as compared to conventional floats by incorporating the reverse-deadrise principle, as detailed herein above. As best shown in FIG. 3, the floats are provided with concavities 16c that create a vortex effect, or positive turbulence as water passes thereby, to aid in creating lift in order to move the hydro-wing from stage one to stage two. Propulsion systems 26 may also be provided that are preferably supported on the rear or within the hydrofloats 16a, 16b. Depending on the size and purpose of the craft and the resulting propulsion needed, the propulsion systems may include conventional boat type propellers 15a, 15b as shown in FIG. 4 (which may be fixed or folding) or alternately can utilize a hydraulic kort nozzle, jet type drive, as would be known to those of skill in the art. Bow thruster technology, as also known in the art, may instead be used on the hydrofloats 16 in order to decrease drag and vulnerability to damage associated with propellers. Thrusters may be mounted rearward and inserted within the hydrofloats, to allow for more maneuverability, especially in reverse, and would additionally help protect marine mammals by avoiding the possibility of propeller strikes. For ease of operation, the propulsion systems 26 may be operated by a single lever control, i.e. one handle for forward, reverse and throttle for each float drive.
In addition to the foregoing, rudders 17a, 17b (FIG. 2) may be supported at the rear of the hydro-wing 12 for in-water use. The rudders 17a, 17b may swing or flip-upward when not in the water. The rudders 17a, 17b are similar in design to those found on conventional boats, are operatively connected to aft air rudders 23a, 23b supported on the hull 12a, and are sized according to the size of the hydro-wing hull 12a. When the AmphfoilTM craft is traveling in stage one and two with the hydrofloats 16 in, or in contact with the water, the rudders 17a, 17b allow for tight turning, and can swing up when the AmphfoilTM craft is 5′ to 15′ above the water surface in full ground effect mode during stage three (where the hydrofloats 16 are no longer in contact with the water). Forward air rudders 25a, 25b may also be provided in addition to the aft air rudders 23a, 23b, if desired, in order to provide steering to enable turning during operation in both stage two and stage three. The air rudders 23a, 23b and 25a, 25b allow the AmphfoilTM craft to turn virtually without banking, providing for tight turning even in stage three.
Unlike existing ground effect WIG craft that must bank or tip the wings to turn (similar to an airplane), which takes a considerable distance to turn, and which risks a wing hitting the water, the AmphfoilTM craft uses a unique turning and steering system. The turning and steering system on the AmphfoilTM craft has all maneuverability and turning radius found in conventional powerboats when the AmphfoilTM craft is operating in stage one and two. The steering system 27 includes a dual-steering mechanism having a steering device, such as a steering wheel, knob, or joystick, operatively connected to a rear, horizontal elevator 19, and also includes the dual rudders 17a, 17b, which may be operatively attached to aft air rudders 23a, 23b supported by the hull 12a, and forward air rudders 25a, 25b. 
The ability of the AmphfoilTM craft to handle like a conventional twin-engine powerboat at speeds below 10 mph is due largely to the design of the low profile hydro-wing 12 in combination with the twin hydrofloats 16 that provide improved directional stability and crosswind handling as well as improved lift, as described above. In order to provide additional lift in moving the AmphfoilTM craft from stage one to stage two, hydrofoils 13 are also provided.
Hydrofoils 13 are used in the present embodiment to provide lift in stage one and stage two, prior to ground effect lifting the AmphfoilTM craft out of the water in stage three. Because stage three can occur at speeds of about 30 mph, but generally no greater than 50 mph, the hydrofoils 13 operate at “low speed”. Thus, the low-speed hydrofoils 13 don't have the disadvantages associated with conventional hydrofoils that are utilized at high speeds, as described herein above. A pair of hydrofoils 13a, and 13b may be provided including a forward hydrofoil 13a, supported by the forward portion of the hydro-wing, and an aft hydrofoil supported by the underside of the hydro-wing, toward the aft portion. In the present embodiment, the forward hydrofoil 13a may have a generally V-Shaped member and may be hinged in order to swing, or flip upward toward the rear, and under the hydrofoil. The aft hydrofoil 13b may have a generally rectangular shape and may also be hinged to flip up, as desired. Hinging the hydrofoils 13a, 13b allows the hydrofoils to be positioned under the hydro-wing hull when having the hydrofoils down would be undesirable, such as when beaching the craft, or when flying in ground effect. When flying in ground effect, positioning the hydrofoils 13a, 13b in this manner prevents “tripping” on the hydrofoils if the craft gets too close to the water unintentionally. This provides protection to the hydrofoils 13a, 13b from dynamic loads on the foils, which could result in damage if the AmphfoilTM craft comes unexpectedly out of ground effect and re-enters the water at high speeds. The hydrofoils 13a, 13b can be swung back down into operation when moving from stage three to stage two once the water is taken up by the hydro-floats to slow the craft down. A hydraulic ram may be used for moving the hydrofoils 13a, 13b between the in-use or extended position where the hydrofoils contact the water, and the second or stored position where the hydrofoils 13a, 13b are positioned under the hydro-wing hull.
The hydrofoils 13 may also be moved into the stored position for “beaching”, i.e. where the AmphfoilTM craft is run up onto land at fairly high speeds, as needed. For such situations, the craft also includes wheels, i.e. tires 32 for use when beaching in sand or gravel or on boat ramps. The type of tires and the tire tread design is determined by specific use. The AmphfoilTM craft's rear set of tires is attached to the water rudders 17a, 17b, and the craft is steered when out of the water by the steering wheel, knob or joystick, as described above. Foot pedals similar to conventional aircraft may control the rudders 17a, 17b and ground wheels 32 on the craft. Aircraft-type toe brakes on the rudder pedals controlling the brakes on the wheels, as known in the art, may also be used for stopping and sharp turns.
As will be appreciated, the hydrofoils 13 provide lift and create stage two speeds which have been previously unattainable, and are utilized with the AmphfoilTM craft when boat traffic, buoys and other obstacles are found. In order to effectively keep the AmphfoilTM craft at stage two, between approximately 10 to 30 mph, several operating parameters are utilized, including adjusting engine power, engaging the hydrofoils 13, and adjusting the horizontal elevator 19 by the knob, steering wheel or joystick. At stage two speeds, the AmphfoilTM craft is expected to draw only inches of water minimizing drag, increasing fuel efficiency and lengthening range of travel with no wake turbulance.
The AmphfoilTM craft also incorporates a pair of articulating trim arms, or “ATA” 20, which are located below the hydro-wing 12 and that are designed to remain in contact with the water in stage two and stage three speeds. Each ATA 20 is also operatively connected to the horizontal elevator 19 by cables or the like, in order to ease captain workload and provide proper float elevation and hull trim at all times. When in ground effect, the position of the ATA 20 will automatically adjust the elevator 19 trim to raise or lower the hydro-wing, as needed, to maintain ground effect through the cable. In use the length of cable will slacken or tighten depending upon the position of the ATA thus causing the adjustment in the elevator 19 trim. While electronic controls can also be used for float and hull elevations, the ATA 20 are also provided to ensure that the AmphfoilTM craft remains a watercraft, meaning that it remains in contact with the water at all times.
The AmphfoilTM craft as disclosed herein provides for a smooth ride compared to other boats and WIG craft because of the unique hydro-wing design and hydrofoil lift. Since most of the world's population suffer from some degree of motion sickness providing a smooth ride to reduce sea-sickness, especially in rough waters is an advantage. Compounding motion sickness there is also body pounding issues found in boats in moderate to heavy seas including beach surf. Even elite units like the US Navy's Seal Team people are not immune to motion sickness and body pounding. The average Seal Team solider loses one inch of height over a full tour of duty due to spinal compression from pounding in small boats.
Operation of the AmphfoilTM craft in stage one, stage two and stage three will now be described with reference to FIGS. 5a to 5c. 
In stage one, the AmphfoilTM craft handles like a conventional twin engine power boat at speeds below about 10 mph., for example during docking and refueling of the AmphfoilTM craft. During this stage the hydrofloats 16a, 16b remain submerged, propulsion is achieved with single lever (one handle for forward, reverse and throttle) control for each hydrofloat drive (i.e. propeller or otherwise), and the water rudder 17 is likewise submerged and utilized for tight turning. The hydrofoils 13 are positioned under the water in stage one. As speed of the AmphfoilTM craft increases above about 10 mph, the low speed hydrofoils 13 provide the necessary lift to achieve stage two.
During stage two the AmphfoilTM craft is lifted relative to the water by the hydrofoils 13a, 13b such that the hydro-wing is raised above the water's surface while the hydro-floats 16a, 16b and hydrofoils 13a, 13b remain in contact with the water's surface as they travel across the top of it (i.e. “water-ski”). In stage two the ATA 20 is also in contact with the water as the hydro-wing 12 is raised above the surface of the water. As detailed above, the AmphfoilTM craft is kept at stage two by adjusting engine power, speed and the horizontal elevator. The air rudders 23a, 23b and water rudders 17a, 17b as disclosed herein above achieve turning of the craft in stage two. Stage two allows the AmphfoilTM craft to travel at faster speeds of about 10-30 mph while maneuvering safely across crowded waterways. Above about 30 mph the craft enters stage three.
Stage three operation of the AmphfoilTM craft is fully functional ground effect mode where the hydro-wing 12, hydrofoils 13a, 13b and hydrofloats 16a, 16b are all above the water, or any solid surface while the ATA 20 remains in contact with the surface. In stage three the AmphfoilTM craft also turns using air rudders 23a, 23b, and steering rudders 25a, 25b instead of banking like an aircraft, as with the prior WIG craft. The ATA remains in contact and will automatically adjust the position of the elevator to keep the craft in ground effect, as also described above. Stage three allows the AmphfoilTM craft to maneuver across open waters when boat traffic and obstacles are at a minimum at high speeds of approximately 30 to 100 mph and possibly higher.
Referring now to FIGS. 6-12b, a second embodiment of the AmphfoilTM craft for three-stage operation is illustrated. In this embodiment, the same or similar elements as the previous embodiment are labeled with the same reference numbers, preceded with the numeral “1”. In the first embodiment, hydrofoils 13a, 13b were provided to supply lift in order to aid movement of the AmphfoilTM craft from stage one to stage two. In the present embodiment, a gyration rotor 114 having two or more rotor blades 114a, 114b, 114c, 114d are provided to aid with lift from stage one to stage two. Depending on its size, the AmphfoilTM craft has either one set of rotors (i.e. 2 blades) or two counter rotating sets of rotors (i.e. 4 blades). The gyro-rotor 114 of the present embodiment is illustrated with four rotor blades 114a, 114b, 114c, and 114d. Auto gyration of the gyro-rotor 114 occurs when air is passed under a rotor blade causing the blades to spin, thus providing lift which may be used to save fuel once the AmphfoilTM craft is in ground effect. The gyro-rotor 114 in power (i.e. powered by the engine) provides lift to help raise the hydro-wing 112a from contact with the water and enables the AmphfoilTM craft to travel or “water-ski” across the water on the pair of hydrofloats 116a, 116b. 
The AmphfoilTM craft is kept in stage two by adjusting engine power and controlling the angle of attack of the rotor blades 114 and the horizontal elevator 119 with the steering wheel, knob, or joystick. The rotor blades 114a, 114b, 114c, and 114d are also designed tilt fore and aft and port and starboard, as in conventional gyrocopters. During use, the AmphfoilTM craft climbs or descends by tilting the rotors 114 along the bow to stern axis, “L”. Tilting the rotors 114 along the port to starboard axis helps stabilize the AmphfoilTM craft when crosswinds cause slip (or drifting) and can be used to help turn the AmphfoilTM craft. Both motions may be achieved by using the steering wheel, knob, or joystick from the cockpit 121.
The gyro-rotor 114 is relatively simple compared to a helicopter's rotor, and as such, the rotor blades 114a, 114b, 114c, and 114d on the AmphfoilTM craft can fold up using an “umbrella” type slide 130 device to reduce overall width for extremely tight docking and maneuvering situations as illustrated in FIG. 7b. The rotor blades 114a, 114b, 114c, and 114d on the AmphfoilTM craft can also be folded using a mechanism to place all the blades facing in one direction as illustrated in FIG. 7a. 
For larger AmphfoilTM crafts (35 feet and up) two forward rotating propellers 28a, 28b that can turn on their base between a forward and rear facing position, may also be provided to turn for steering purposes, particularly when fast or emergency turning is needed. (FIG. 6). When spinning the propellers 128a, 128b so that they are turned rearwardly the AmphfoilTM craft can be brought to an almost immediate stop. Propellers 128a, 128b also aid in increasing forward thrust and creating accelerated propeller “wash” or wind under the rotor blades 114a, 114b, 114c, and 114d to increase lift. Unlike helicopter rotors or blades, which pull air down to the blades, gyro-rotors 114 obtain lift from air/wind passing under the blades to create lift. So, the additional forward “prop wash” produced by the forward propellers 128a, 128b creates lift energy to the gyro rotors 114 in auto gyration that is normally wasted on propeller driven craft. As will be appreciated, the gyration rotor 114 provides lift and creates stage two speeds which have been previously unattainable, and are utilized with the AmphfoilTM craft when boat traffic, buoys and other obstacles are found. In order to effectively keep the AmphfoilTM craft at stage two, between approximately 10 to 30 mph, several operating parameters are utilized, including adjusting engine power, controlling the angle of attack of the rotor blades 114 and the horizontal elevator 119 by the knob, steering wheel or joystick. If the AmphfoilTM craft should come out of ground effect the gyro-rotors 114, which are rotating, help stabilize the AmphfoilTM craft.
Another unique aspect of the AmphfoilTM craft of the present embodiment is that when the rotors 114 are spinning under engine power, they will provide the necessary lift needed to keep the craft from sinking or bogging down in soft sand, mud or swamp conditions as it transitions from water to land. Cutting engine power and using the steering wheel/joy stick to change the angle of attack of the rotors 114 and the rear elevator 119 quickly cause the entire hull in the water to come to a stop in order to accomplish emergency stopping in very short distances.
Referring now to FIG. 13, an exemplary third embodiment of the AmphfoilTM craft of the present application is illustrated. In this embodiment, the same or similar elements as the previous embodiment are labeled with the same reference numbers, preceded with the numeral “2”. In the previous embodiment, the air propellers 228a, 228b pivot to for turning the AmphfoilTM craft 212, particularly quickly, in emergency situations. While turning quickly may be needed in certain situations, when the AmphfoilTM craft is in ground effect it is desirable to limit turning for safety purposes. However, in stage two for obstacle emergency it is desirable to give control to pilot to turn as needed. A turn-limiting device to limit turning of the propellers 228a, 228b during stage three may, also be provided. As shown in FIG. 8, forward air propellers, 228a, 228b are stationary, and do not rotate, i.e. turn, from front to back to effectuate turning. Instead, forward air rudders 234a, 234b are mounted behind air propellers 228a, 228b, and move independently of air propellers 228a, 228b. Forward air rudders 234a, 234b can be used to facilitate quick turning in stage two but may be disabled in stage three as desired.
Referring now to FIGS. 14-17, an exemplary fourth embodiment of the AmphfoilTM craft of the present application is illustrated. In this embodiment, the same or similar elements as the previous embodiment are labeled with the same reference numbers, preceded with the numeral “3”. In the first embodiment, air propellers 328a, 328b are provided to aid in turning AmphfoilTM craft 312 which is about 35 feet or larger. In the present embodiment a AmphfoilTM craft 312 is illustrated which is less than about 35 feet in length. At the smaller length forward air propellers 328a, 328b may be eliminated and turning can be provided by propeller 318 whose blades spin and which can be pivoted 70 degrees or 35 degrees each side of center, to facilitate turning of AmphfoilTM craft 312 as discussed herein above with respect to the first embodiment. On very small 2-4 seat AmphfoilTM crafts the propeller may not turn or pivot and instead, only rear air rudders may be used to steer in this embodiment. The engines utilized for the present embodiment may also be smaller, as disclosed above, and the other dimensions can also be appropriately adjusted. The AmphfoilTM craft as disclosed herein is not constrained by size limitations. Regardless of the size, the AmphfoilTM craft 312 of the present embodiment operates in the same manner, i.e. in three stages, as disclosed with respect to the previous embodiments.
Operation of the AmphfoilTM craft having rotors will now be described in stage one, stage two and stage three with reference to FIGS. 18a to 18c. 
In stage one, the AmphfoilTM craft handles like a conventional twin engine power boat at speeds below about 10 mph., for example during docking and refueling of the AmphfoilTM craft. During this stage the hydrofloats 116a, 116b remain submerged, propulsion is achieved with single lever (one handle for forward, reverse and throttle) control for each hydrofloat drive (i.e. propeller or otherwise), and the water rudder 117 is likewise submerged and utilized for tight turning. The rotor 114 is either folded up or towards one side, and is not in use, and neither are the air propellers. As speed of the AmphfoilTM craft increases above about 10 mph stage two is achieved.
During stage two the AmphfoilTM craft is lifted relative to the water by the gyro-rotor 114 such that the hydro-wing is raised above the water's surface while the hydro-floats 116a, 116b remain in contact with the water's surface as they travel across the top of it (i.e. “water-ski”). In stage two the ATA 120 is also in contact with the water as the hydro-wing 112 is raised above the surface of the water. As detailed above, the AmphfoilTM craft is kept at stage two by adjusting engine power, controlling the angle of attack of the rotor blades and the horizontal elevator. The AmphfoilTM craft can climb or descend by tilting the rotors along the bow to stern axis. The AmphfoilTM craft turns by tilting the rotors along the port to starboard axis. The air propellers and rudders as disclosed herein above achieve turning of the AmphfoilTM craft in stage two. Stage two allows the AmphfoilTM craft to travel at faster speeds of about 10-30 mph while maneuvering safely across crowded waterways. Above about 30 mph the AmphfoilTM craft enters stage three.
Stage three operation of the AmphfoilTM craft is fully functional ground effect mode where the hydro-wing 112 and hydrofloats 116a, 116b are both above the water, or any solid surface while the ATA 120 remains in contact with the surface. In stage three (as in stage two) the AmphfoilTM craft also turns using rotors, propellers and air rudders instead of banking like an aircraft as with the prior WIG craft. The AmphfoilTM craft can climb or descend by tilting the rotors along the bow to stern axis but the ATA remains in contact and will automatically adjust the position of the elevator to keep the AmphfoilTM craft in ground effect, as also described above. Stage three allows the AmphfoilTM craft to maneuver across open waters when boat traffic and obstacles are at a minimum at high speeds of approximately 30 to 100 mph and possibly higher.
It will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. For example, the materials disclosed herein may be readily changed, as may the dimensions and geometric configurations. The hydro-wing may have a different configuration other than that which is illustrated. Also elements that are shown in combination may be shown in different combinations or may be eliminated. Thus, the details of these components as set forth in the above-described examples, should not limit the scope of the claims.
Further, the purpose of the Abstract is to enable the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, and the public generally, and especially the scientists, engineers and practitioners in the art who are not familiar with patent or legal terms or phraseology, to determine quickly from a cursory inspection the nature and essence of the technical disclosure of the application. The Abstract is neither intended to define the claims of the application nor is intended to be limiting on the claims in any way.

## Claims

1. A watercraft for three-stage operation, in a first stage the watercraft riding in the water as a boat, in a second stage the watercraft riding on the surface of the water, and in a third stage the watercraft being in contact with the water while also traveling in ground effect above the water, the watercraft comprising:
a hydro-wing being formed by a combined hull and pair of wings, the combined hull and pair of wings having a bottom surface constructed and arranged to contact the water during the first stage, and a top surface opposite the bottom surface constructed and arranged to support a cockpit, and wherein a continuous ground effect surface is formed by the bottom surface of the combined hull and the pair of wings to maintain the watercraft in ground effect during the third stage wherein the hydro-wing is spaced a distance above the water;
at least a single hydrofoil supported by the hydro-wing and constructed and arranged to contact the water in stage two;
a pair of outboard hydro-floats supported on the bottom surface of the hydro-wing on a port and a starboard side thereof;
a pair of air rudders supported by the hydro-wing constructed and arranged to effectuate turning during the second stage of operation and the third stage of operation;
at least one water rudder supported by the hull constructed and arranged to effectuate turning when the rudder is in the water; and
an articulating trim arm operatively connected to an elevator control supported by the hydro-wing, the articulating trim arm remaining in contact with the water during the third stage of operation when the hydro-wing is traveling spaced above the water.

2. The watercraft of claim 1, wherein the pair of air rudders comprises aft air rudders supported on the rear portion of the hull.

3. The watercraft of claim 2, further comprising a pair of forward air rudders supported on the forward portion of the hull.

4. The watercraft of claim 1, further comprising leading edge wing slats constructed and arranged to direct air upward over the top surface of the hydro-wing.

5. The watercraft of claim 1, wherein the hydro-floats each include one or more concavities constructed and arranged to create a positive turbulence as water passes by the concavity and turns in a vortex to create additional lift of the hydro-wing.

6. The watercraft of claim 1, wherein the at least a single hydrofoil comprises a forward hydrofoil supported on the forward portion of the hydro-wing, and an aft hydrofoil supported on the rear portion of the hydro-wing.

7. The watercraft of claim 6, wherein the forward hydrofoil and the aft hydrofoil are movable between a first, in-use position where the forward and aft hydrofoils engage the water and a second, stored position where the forward and aft hydrofoils are positioned under and adjacent the bottom surface of the hydro-wing hull.

8. The watercraft of claim 1, further comprising:
a steering device operatively connected to a rear, horizontal elevator
wherein the at least a pair of air rudders are operatively attached to at least one water rudder; and
wherein the steering device, horizontal elevator, air rudders and water rudders effectuating turning and steering of the watercraft.

9. The watercraft of claim 1, wherein the at least a single hydrofoil is constructed and arranged to move between an extended position where the at least single hydrofoil contacts the water in stage two and a stored position where the at least single hydrofoil is positioned upward, in stage three.

10. The watercraft of claim 5, wherein the hydro-floats each include a reverse deadrise having one or more concavities in the portion of the hydro-floats that are beneath the waterline in stage one, the hydro-floats being in contact with the surface of the water in stage two, and spaced above the surface of the water in stage three.

11. A watercraft for three-stage operation, in a first stage the watercraft riding in the water as a boat, in a second stage the watercraft riding on the surface of the water, and in a third stage the watercraft traveling in ground effect above the water, the watercraft comprising:
a hydro-wing being formed by a combined hull and pair of wings, the combined hull and pair of wings having a bottom surface constructed and arranged to contact the water during the first stage, and a top surface opposite the bottom surface constructed and arranged to support a cockpit, and wherein a continuous ground effect surface is formed by the bottom surface of the combined hull and the pair of wings to maintain the watercraft in ground effect during the third stage wherein the hydro-wing is spaced a distance above the water and traveling in ground effect;
at least a single hydrofoil supported by the hydro-wing and constructed and arranged to contact the water in stage two; and
a pair of outboard hydro-floats supported on the bottom surface of the hydro-wing on a port and a starboard side thereof.

12. The watercraft of claim 11, further comprising an articulating trim arm operatively connected to an elevator control supported by the hydro-wing, the articulating trim arm being constructed and arranged to contact the water during the third stage of operation, as desired, when the hydro-wing is traveling spaced above the water.

13. The watercraft of claim 11, wherein the hydro-floats each include a reverse deadrise having one or more concavities in the portion of the hydro-floats that are beneath the waterline in stage one, the one or more concavities being constructed and arranged to create a positive turbulence as water passes by the one or more concavities and turns in a vortex to create additional lift of the hydro-wing, the hydro-floats further being in contact with the surface of the water in stage two, and spaced above the surface of the water in stage three.

14. The watercraft of claim 11, wherein the at least a single hydrofoil comprises a forward hydrofoil supported on the forward portion of the hydro-wing, and an aft hydrofoil supported on the rear portion of the hydro-wing.

15. The watercraft of claim 14, wherein the forward hydrofoil and the aft hydrofoil are movable between a first, in-use position where the forward and aft hydrofoils engage the water and a second, stored position where the forward and aft hydrofoils are in a stored position.

16. The watercraft of claim 11, further comprising at least one rotational air propeller supported by the hydro-wing and constructed and arranged to effectuate turning and steering.

17. The watercraft of claim 16, wherein the at least one rotational air propeller is movable between a forward and rear facing position.