TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN

NO. 03-15-00292-CV

City of Austin, Appellant

v.

Jennifer Frame, Individually, and as Personal Representative of the Estate of

John William Griffith; Greg Griffith; Cheryl Burris; and Diana Pulido, Appellees

FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY, 53RD JUDICIAL DISTRICT

NO. D-1-GN-12-003557, HONORABLE AMY CLARK MEACHUM, JUDGE PRESIDING

M E M O R A N D U M O P I N I O N

Appellees Jennifer Frame, Greg Griffith, Cheryl Burris, and Diana Pulido sued the

City of Austin under the Texas Tort Claims Act and the recreational-use statute for damages related

to an accident allegedly caused by the City’s failure to address a safety hazard. See generally

Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code §§ 101.001–.109 (Texas Tort Claims Act); id. §§ 75.002, .003(g)

(recreational-use statute). The City filed a plea to the jurisdiction, arguing that its governmental

immunity was preserved under the Act by the discretionary-powers exception. See id. § 101.056. 

The trial court denied the City’s plea to the jurisdiction, and the City filed this interlocutory appeal. 

For the following reasons, we will reverse the district court’s order denying the City’s plea to the

jurisdiction and render judgment dismissing the case.
BACKGROUND

On May 7, 2012, Joseph Louis Rosales drove his eastbound vehicle off of

West Cesar Chavez Street where North LamarBoulevard crosses over West Cesar Chavez, jumping

the curb and driving onto the hike-and-bike trail located next to the road. His vehicle and debris

struck and seriously injured two pedestrians, Colonel John William Griffith and Diana Pulido. 

Colonel Griffith died as a result of injuries from the incident.

The appellees sued Rosales and the City. Their claims against the City included 1

negligence, gross negligence, premises defect, special defect, and breach of duty owed under the

recreational-use statute. The appellees alleged that the City (1) failed to safely construct and

maintain the trail, (2) was aware of prior instances of vehicles traveling dangerously over the curb

onto the trail in the same or substantially same location, and (3) failed to correct or adequately warn

of this dangerous condition. The appellees further alleged that the City had policies requiring it to

take corrective action after a safety hazard is identified. Accordingly, the appellees alleged, the

Parks and Recreation Department’s failure to construct a guardrail or barrier was a failure to carry

out a ministerial act required by the City’s policy of addressing known hazards.

The City filed a plea to the jurisdiction, asserting that governmental immunity bars

the appellees’ claims against it because the Act does not waive immunity for discretionary decisions

about roadway design and the installation of safety features. The City further asserted that this

Jennifer Frame, Greg Griffith, and Cheryl Burris are Colonel Griffith’s children. Appellee 1

Pulido is unrelated but was injured during the incident.

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jurisdictional defect in the appellees’ petition could not be cured by amendment because their 2

factual complaints all concern discretionary decisions. In their response to the City’s plea to the

jurisdiction, the appellees argued that the City does not have immunity because its failure to address

an identified safety hazard on the hike-and-bike trail was a failure to implement an existing policy,

not an initial policy or design decision for which immunity is preserved. The district court denied

the City’s plea to the jurisdiction, and the City perfected this accelerated appeal. See Tex. Civ. Prac.

& Rem. Code § 51.014(a)(8); Tex. R. App. P. 28.1(a).

STANDARD OF REVIEW

A plea to the jurisdiction seeks dismissal of a case for lack of subject-matter

jurisdiction. Harris Cty. v. Sykes, 136 S.W.3d 635, 638 (Tex. 2004). Because governmental

immunity from suit defeats a trial court’s subject-matter jurisdiction, it is properly asserted in a plea

to the jurisdiction. Texas Dep’t of Parks & Wildlife v. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d 217, 225–26 (Tex.

2004); see also Sykes, 136 S.W.3d at 638 (explaining that governmental immunity operates like

sovereign immunity to afford similar protection to subdivisions of the State, including cities). 

Subject-matter jurisdiction is a question of law; therefore, we review a trial court’s ruling on a plea

to the jurisdiction de novo. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 226.

A plea to the jurisdiction often may be determined solely from the pleadings and

sometimes must be. Bland Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Blue, 34 S.W.3d 547, 554–55 (Tex. 2000). When

The City filed its plea to the jurisdiction after the appellees added the City as a defendant 2

in their first amended original petition. Because the first amended original petition is the appellees’

live pleading, we refer to it as the petition in this memorandum opinion.

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a plea to the jurisdiction challenges the pleadings, we construe the pleadings liberally in favor of the

plaintiff to determine whether the plaintiff has met its initial burden of alleging facts that

affirmatively demonstrate the trial court’s jurisdiction to hear the cause. Id. “Mere unsupported

legal conclusions do not suffice.” Bacon v. Texas Historical Comm’n, 411 S.W.3d 161, 170 (Tex.

App.—Austin 2013, no pet.). If the pleadings affirmatively negate the existence of jurisdiction, then

a plea to the jurisdiction may be granted without allowing the plaintiff an opportunity to amend. 

Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 227.

When the plea challenges the existence of jurisdictional facts, the court

should consider relevant evidence submitted by the parties when necessary to resolve the

jurisdictional issues raised. See id. at 226; Bland Indep. Sch. Dist., 34 S.W.3d at 554–55. Such

cases fall into two categories: those in which the jurisdictional issue or facts do not implicate the

merits of the plaintiff’s case and those in which they do. See University of Tex. v. Poindexter,

306 S.W.3d 798, 806 (Tex. App.—Austin 2009, no pet.). In this case, the jurisdictional issue does

not implicate the merits of the appellees’ case. The City asserted in its plea that the appellees’

factual allegations only concern the discretionary decisions of roadway design and installation of

safety features, and the appellees responded with evidence to support their contentions that the City

had a policy of addressing known safety hazards and that it had failed to implement that policy. The

issues of whether the City had such a policy and whether that policy takes the appellees’ factual

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allegations out of the discretionary-powers exception has no bearing on the merits of the appellees’

claim that the City’s gross negligence makes it liable for the accident.3

When the jurisdictional facts do not implicate the merits and the facts are disputed,

the trial court—not the jury—must make the necessary fact findings to resolve the jurisdictional

issue, and the trial court’s explicit or implicit fact finding may be challenged on appeal for factual

and legal sufficiency. See Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 226 (“‘Whether a district court has subject 4

matter jurisdiction is a question for the court, not a jury, to decide, even if the determination requires

making factual findings, unless the jurisdictional issue is inextricably bound to the merits of the

case.’” (quoting Cameron v. Children’s Hosp. Med. Ctr., 131 F.3d 1167, 1170 (6th Cir. 1997))). If,

however, the facts relevant to jurisdiction are undisputed, the court should make the jurisdictional

determination as a matter of law based solely on those undisputed facts. Id. at 228. “Our ultimate

inquiry is whether the particular facts presented, as determined by the foregoing review of the

pleadings and any evidence, affirmatively demonstrate a claim within the trial court’s subject matter

jurisdiction.” Bacon, 411 S.W.3d at 171.

Gross negligence involves an objective component, which is that the premises owner’s act 3

or omission must involve “an extreme degree of risk, considering the probability and magnitude of

the potential harm to others,” as viewed from the premises owner’s standpoint, and a subjective

component, which is the actor’s actual awareness of and conscious indifference to an extreme risk

of harm. Texas Dep’t of Parks & Wildlife v. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d 217, 225 (Tex. 2004) (quoting

Louisiana-Pacific Corp. v. Andrade, 19 S.W.3d 245, 246 (Tex. 1999)).

In contrast, if the challenged jurisdictional fact implicates the merits of the plaintiff’s 4

claims, the party asserting the plea to the jurisdiction must overcome a burden similar to a movant’s

burden for a traditional summary-judgment motion and conclusively negate the fact it is challenging. 

Id. at 228.

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Resolution of the jurisdictional issue in this case requires us to construe Section

101.056 of the Texas Tort Claims Act. We review issues of statutory construction de novo. Texas

Lottery Comm’n v. First State Bank of DeQueen, 325 S.W.3d 628, 635 (Tex. 2010). Our primary

objective when construing statutes is to give effect to the Legislature’s intent, which we seek first

and foremost in the text of the statute. First Am. Title Ins. Co. v. Combs, 258 S.W.3d 627, 631–32

(Tex. 2008). The plain meaning of the text is the best expression of legislative intent, unless a

different meaning is apparent from the context or application of the plain language would lead to

absurd results. Molinet v. Kimbrell, 356 S.W.3d 407, 411 (Tex. 2011). “Where text is clear, text

is determinative of [legislative] intent.” Entergy Gulf States, Inc. v. Summers, 282 S.W.3d 433, 437

(Tex. 2009).

ANALYSIS

Statutory framework

A municipality derives governmental immunityfrom the State’s sovereign immunity

when the municipality is performing governmental functions. See City of Galveston v. State,

217 S.W.3d 466, 469 (Tex. 2007). The Texas Tort Claims Act includes, among other things, a

limited waiver of governmental immunity from suits alleging personal injury or death caused by the

condition or use of property or by premises defects. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code

§§ 101.021(2), .022. It also provides that in premises-defect cases, a governmental unit owes

the claimant only the duty that a private person owes to a licensee on private property. 

Id. § 101.022(a), (c). When injury or death results on city-owned recreational land, however, the

Texas recreational-use statute further limits the city’s duty to that owed by a landowner to a

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trespasser. Id. § 75.002; see also id. §§ 75.003(g) (“To the extent that this chapter limits the liability

of a governmental unit under circumstances in which the governmental unit would be liable under

[the Texas Tort Claims Act], this chapter controls.”), 101.058 (same). The only duty a premises

owner owes a trespasser is the duty not to injure him wilfully, wantonly, or through gross negligence. 

Texas Utils. Elec. Co. v. Timmons, 947 S.W.2d 191, 193 (Tex. 1997). Thus, a municipality waives

immunity under the Texas Tort Claims Act and the recreational-use statute only if it is grossly

negligent or if it wilfully or wantonly injures the plaintiff. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 225. 5

However, the Legislature has specifically preserved immunity against claims arising

from discretionary acts and omissions “to avoid judicial review or interference with those policy

decisions committed to the other branches of government.” Stephen F. Austin State Univ. v. Flynn,

228 S.W.3d 653, 657 (Tex. 2007). The Act provides that its waiver of immunity does not apply to

claims based on:

(1) the failure of a governmental unit to perform an act that the unit is not required

by law to perform; or

(2) a governmental unit’s decision not to perform an act or on its failure to make a

decision on the performance or nonperformance of an act if the law leaves the

performance or nonperformance of the act to the discretion of the governmental unit.

 Willful and wanton conduct is synonymous with “gross negligence,” and means that the 5

act or omission complained of was the result of conscious indifference to the welfare of the person

affected by it. See Burk Royalty Co. v. Walls, 616 S.W.2d 911, 916–20 (Tex. 1981); see also

Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 230–31, 233 (applying gross-negligence standard to determine question of

waiver of sovereign immunity under recreational-use statute).

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Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 101.056 (discretionary-powers exception). Determining whether a

governmental entity’s act or failure to act is discretionary is a question of law, not a question of fact. 

See, e.g., State v. San Miguel, 2 S.W.3d 249, 251 (Tex. 1999) (per curiam); Wenzel v. City of New

Braunfels, 852 S.W.2d 97, 99 (Tex. App.—Austin 1993, no writ).

Discretionary-powers exception

The sole issue on appeal is whether the appellees’ allegations concern discretionary

roadway design and installation of safety features, as the City contends, or a negligent failure to

implement a previously formulated policy, as the appellees contend. See Flynn, 228 S.W.3d at 657

(“[A] distinction is drawn between the negligent formulation of policy, for which sovereign

immunityis preserved, and the negligent implementation of policy, for which immunityis waived.”);

State v. Rodriguez, 985 S.W.2d 83, 85 (Tex. 1999) (“Design of any public work, such as a roadway,

is a discretionary function involving many policy decisions, and the governmental entity responsible

may not be sued for such decisions.”), abrogated on other grounds by Denton Cty. v. Beynon,

283 S.W.3d 329, 331 n.11 (Tex. 2009). The City asserts that the appellees’ factual allegations

demonstrate that the alleged negligence concerns roadway design and the installation of safety

features. The appellees’ allegations include the following:

• “[V]ehicles traveling at a high rate of speed on West Cesar Chavez Boulevard

enter a sharp turn . . . and in the very same location joggers, bikers, and other

pedestrians on City park land come within feet of those vehicles as the path

of the trail converges with the road . . . . That is why the City, through the

assistant director of its Parks and Recreation Department, decided a [solid

concrete] barrier should be installed on the south side of the road as well.”

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• Less than two months before the accident, a Parks and Recreation employee

“noted that ‘concerns kept coming up’ from citizens about the absence of a

barrier on the south side of the road near the Lamar Boulevard overpass,

particularly after a barrier had been installed on the north side of the road.”

• The location of the accident “was a danger and peril that the City of Austin

knew existed, neverwarned of and should have corrected and averted through

simple construction and maintenance. Instead, the City failed to safely

construct and maintain the Trail for the worst reason possible – to save a little

money . . . . Incredibly, the estimated $35,000 cost was cited as one reason

[a barrier] was not constructed.”

The appellees respond that their allegation that the City failed to implement an existing policy to

eliminate or control identified hazards states a claim that is not barred by immunity.

In construing Section 101.056’s discretionary-powers exception to the Texas Tort

Claims Act’s waiver of immunity, the Supreme Court of Texas has determined that “[a]n act is

discretionary if it requires exercising judgment and the law does not mandate performing the act with

such precision that nothing is left to discretion or judgment.” Rodriguez, 985 S.W.2d at 85 (citing

City of Lancaster v. Chambers, 883 S.W.2d 650, 654 (Tex. 1994)). This construction comports

with the United States Supreme Court’s construction of the Federal Tort Claims Act’s

discretionary-function exception, from which the Texas Tort Claims Act’s discretionary-powers

exception is derived. See United States v. Gaubert, 499 U.S. 315, 322 (1991) (Federal Tort Claims

Act’s discretionary-function exception applies only to acts that “‘involv[e] an element of judgment

or choice,’” and “[t]he requirement of judgment or choice is not satisfied if a ‘federal statute,

regulation, or policy specifically prescribes a course of action for an employee to follow,’ because

‘the employee has no rightful option but to adhere to the directive.’” (quoting Berkovitz v. United

States, 486 U.S. 531, 536 (1998))); see also Flynn, 228 S.W.3d at 661–62 (Hecht, J., concurring)

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(“The discretionary function exception, like other exceptions in the [Texas Tort Claims] Act, was

taken from the Federal Tort Claims Act.”). Although not all conduct involving an element of

judgment is shielded by immunity, those actions and decisions grounded in social, economic, or

political policy are exactly the type of actions and decisions that the discretionary-powers exception

is designed to protect. See Gaubert, 499 U.S. at 322–25; Flynn, 228 S.W.3d at 662 (Hecht, J.,

concurring). The United States Supreme Court has said that the question of whether an action is

discretionary turns not on the government agent or his subjective intent when exercising discretion,

“but on the nature of the actions taken and on whether they are susceptible to policy analysis.” 

Gaubert, 499 U.S. at 325.

In deciding whether a university was immune from suit after its sprinkler system

sprayed water into a public trail and knocked a bicyclist off of her bicycle, the majority in Flynn

recognized two tests that Texas courts have applied for determining when conduct involves protected

discretion. Flynn, 228 S.W.3d at 657. One draws the line between policy-level decisions and

operational-level decisions while the other draws the line between the design of public works and

their maintenance. Id. Although the Flynn majority did not articulate its decision in terms of social,

economic, or political considerations, its decision aligns with the federal analysis. The majority did

not consider the university’s decision to install a sprinkler system (a decision that would necessarily

implicate economic concerns) to be the relevant decision for the purposes of determining whether

the exception applied; instead, the relevant decisions were “operational- or maintenance-level”

decisions about where and when the sprinklers should spray water. Id. at 658.

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Texas courts have generally found that actions and decisions implicating social,

economic, or political considerations are discretionary while those that do not involve these

concerns are operational- or maintenance-level. Compare, e.g., City of Brownsville v. Alvarado,

897 S.W.2d 750, 754 (Tex. 1995) (affirming trial court’s exclusion of evidence pertaining to jail’s

discretionary policy decisions, including evidence of allegedly inadequate suicide-prevention and

CPR training, lack of video cameras, and jailer’s practice of isolating inmates); Chambers,

883 S.W.2d at 654 (police officer’s decision to engage in high-speed chase was discretionary), with

McClure v. Reed, 997 S.W.2d 753, 755–56 (Tex. App.—Tyler 1999, no pet.) (decision to use

flagman to direct traffic at construction site was discretionary policy-making, but flagman did not

enjoyimmunitywhile directing traffic because he was implementing policy); Bennett v. Tarrant Cty.

Water Control & Improvement Dist. No. One, 894 S.W.2d 441, 452 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1995,

writ denied) (decision to release water from spillway was discretionary policy formulation while

“subordinate decision of determining the volume of outflow constitut[ed] policy implementation”

at nondiscretionary, operational level). In addition, this Court has previously noted that applying the

federal analysis of whether a decision implicates social, economic, or political policy strengthened

our conclusion that the design of a highway’s cross-slope and an engineer’s decision not to deviate

from that design were “precisely the type of highway-design, policy-level decision[s] to

which courts apply the discretionary-function exception.” Texas Dep’t of Transp. v. Hathorn,

No. 03-11-00011-CV, 2012 WL 2989235, at *8 & n.8 (Tex. App.—Austin July 19, 2012, no pet.)

(mem. op.).

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Even assuming that the City did have “a stated policy of eliminating or controlling

identified hazards” and that the City had identified the area where the accident happened as a safety

hazard, as the appellees allege, it does not necessarily follow that the City’s failure to address this

particular hazard was negligent policy implementation for which immunity is waived. The policy

that the appellees describe does not mandate the construction of a guardrail or barrier with sufficient

precision to make that action nondiscretionary under Texas Supreme Court precedent. See

Rodriguez, 985 S.W.2d at 85; Chambers, 883 S.W.2d at 654. Rather, it requires the City to balance

social and economic concerns and devise a plan to address each specific identified hazard. This

demands a level of judgment beyond what was required of the university when it decided to activate

its sprinkler in Flynn, the flagman when he directed traffic in McClure, and the water district when

it determined how much water to release pursuant to pre-established parameters in Bennett. See

Flynn, 228 S.W.3d at 657; McClure, 997 S.W.2d at 755–56; Bennett, 894 S.W.2d at 441. The

appellees’ contention that the City should have addressed the hazard by building a guardrail or

barrier is ultimately a complaint about how the City chose to allocate its resources. This

economically motivated decision is exactly the sort of policy formulation and balancing of interests

that the discretionary-powers exception is meant to protect. See Gaubert, 499 U.S. at 323–25; Flynn,

228 S.W.3d at 662 (Hecht, J., concurring).

The appellees’ underlying factual allegations do not assert that the hazard at issue

arose from anything other than the design of West Cesar Chavez Street and the hike-and-bike trail. 

Specifically, they complain that there is a sharp turn on the road within feet of the hike-and-bike trail

but no guardrail or barrier to protect trail patrons from vehicles that might veer off of the road and

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onto the trail. However, Texas courts have consistently held that the design of public works and

installation of safety features is discretionary and, consequently, immune from suit under Section

101.056. E.g., Texas Dep’t of Transp. v. Ramirez, 74 S.W.3d 864, 867 (Tex. 2002) (per curiam)

(“[T]he median’s slope and lack of safetyfeatures, such as barriers or guardrails, reflect discretionary

decisions for which [the Texas Department of Transportation] retains immunity under the Act’s

discretionary-function exception.”); San Miguel, 2 S.W.3d at 250 (State was immune from suit for

using barrels to warn of missing guardrail because “[d]ecisions about highwaydesign and about what

type of safety features to install are discretionary policy decisions”); Rodriguez, 985 S.W.2d at 85;

Wenzel, 852 S.W.2d at 98 (decision not to install barricade or warning sign was discretionary);

Hathorn, 2012 WL 2989235, at *9 (Texas Department of Transportation immune from suit arising

from highway’s allegedly dangerous cross-slope because Department had specifically designed

highway to have that cross-slope).

The appellees contend that the City should have installed a guardrail to prevent such

undeniably tragic events as those presented by this case. This is, in essence, a complaint about the

City’s alleged decision not to modify the existing design of its public works. Because the

discretionary-powers exception applies as much to a governmental unit’s failure to change the design

of a public work as it applies to the initial design and the changes that the governmental unit actually

does make, the City therefore has immunity. See City of El Paso v. Ayoub, 787 S.W.2d 553, 554

(Tex. App.—El Paso 1990, writ denied) (original design of street and location of guardrails was

discretionary, as was decision not to upgrade); Stanford v. State Dep’t of Highways &Pub. Transp.,

635 S.W.2d 581, 582 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1982, writ ref’d n.r.e.)(failure to add guardrails to existing

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overpass was discretionary because “construction of guardrails on an existing overpass is similar to

changing the design of the overpass”). The appellees argue that the City’s failure to make

modifications was not a discretionary design decision because the City had already decided to create

a policy that ultimately required modifications and had allegedly decided to install a barrier. 

However, immunity does not vanish where a governmental entity has decided to change the design

of a public work but has not yet implemented that change. See Burnett v. Texas Highway Dep’t,

694 S.W.2d 210, 212 (Tex. App.—Eastland 1985, writ ref’d n.r.e.)(failure to upgrademedian barrier

was discretionary when highway department had already made plans to upgrade but had not yet

implemented those plans). The liability theories alleged by the appellees implicate discretionary

decisions for which the City retains sovereign immunity.

CONCLUSION

The appellees’ amended pleadings affirmatively negate the existence of jurisdiction

because their claims are based on the City’s discretionary actions for which the City is immune from

suit under Section 101.056 of the Texas Tort Claims Act. We therefore reverse the district court’s

order denying the plea to the jurisdiction and render judgment dismissing this case. See Miranda,

133 S.W.3d at 227 (court may grant plea to jurisdiction without affording plaintiff opportunity to

amend if pleadings affirmatively negate jurisdiction).

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__________________________________________

Cindy Olson Bourland, Justice

Before Justices Puryear, Goodwin, and Bourland

Reversed and Dismissed for Want of Jurisdiction

Filed: May 27, 2016

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