2024 IL App (1st) 220886 

Nos. 1-22-0886 & 1-22-0891 (consolidated) 

Opinion filed: February 29, 2024 

FIRST DISTRICT

FOURTH DIVISION

No. 1-22-0891 

MARCUS LEDEAUX, a Disabled Person , ) Appeal from the 

by His Co-Guardians and Co-Conservators ) Circuit Court of 

Mark Ledeaux, Lisa Ledeaux, ) Cook County 

and Kyndra Ledeaux; MARK ) 

LEDEAUX; and LISA LEDEAUX, ) 

 ) No. 10 L 8503 

Plaintiffs-Appellants, ) 

 ) 

v. ) 

 ) 

MOTOROLA SOLUTIONS, INC., ) Honorable 

 ) Irwin J. Solganick, 

Defendant-Appellee. ) Judge, presiding. 

______________________________________________________________________________ 

No. 1-22-0886 

ENRIQUE DANIEL ARBALLO, an ) Appeal from the 

Incapacitated Person by Permanent Guardian ) Circuit Court of 

Henry Arballo; ROSA MARIN ) Cook County 

ARBALLO; and HENRY ARBALLO, ) 

 ) 

Plaintiffs-Appellants, ) 

 ) No. 19 L 10140 

v. ) 

 ) 

MOTOROLA SOLUTIONS, INC., ) Honorable 

 ) Irwin J. Solganick, 

Defendant-Appellee. ) Judge, presiding. 

PRESIDING JUSTICE ROCHFORD delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. 

Justices Hoffman and Ocasio concurred in the judgment and the opinion. 

OPINION
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¶ 1 Plaintiffs Marcus Ledeaux(Ledeaux) and Enrique Daniel Arballo (Arballo) were born with 

severe birth defects that allegedly were caused prior to their conception, when Ledeaux’s father 

and Arballo’s mother were exposed to reproductively toxic chemicals while employed at a 

semiconductor manufacturing facility in Arizona owned by defendant, Motorola Solutions, Inc.

(Motorola). Plaintiffs, by and through their parents, brought separate actions in the circuit court of 

Cook County against Motorola for negligence, willful and wanton misconduct, and parental loss 

of child consortium. In both cases, the circuit court granted summary judgment for Motorola, 

finding that it did not owe plaintiffs a duty under Arizona law. The court also denied plaintiffs 

leave to amend their respective complaints to allege punitive damages. In this consolidated appeal, 

we reverse the orders granting summary judgment to Motorola on both complaints and denying 

them leave to amend. We remand for further proceedings. 

¶ 2 First, we address Ledeaux’s appeal. Then we will consider Arballo’s appeal.

¶ 3 I. Ledeaux

¶ 4 By way of background, Motorola is headquartered in Illinois and has semiconductor 

manufacturing plants in Arizona as well as a facility in Austin, Texas. Semiconductors are the 

basic materials needed to make integrated circuits, which are wafers made of silicon on which 

thousands or millions of tiny transistors, capacitors, and diodes are fabricated (manufactured). An 

integrated circuit is the fundamental building block of all modern electronic devices. 

¶ 5 The manufacturing process of an integrated circuit largely takes place in so-called “clean 

rooms,” which are controlled environments designed to prevent airborne contaminants from 

contacting semiconductor components during the manufacturing process. In the manufacturing 

process, a thin film layer that will form the wiring, transistors, and other components is deposited 

on the wafer. The thin film is coated with photoresist, a type of light-sensitive protective coating. 
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During the photolithography process, the circuit design is projected and transferred onto the wafer 

with ultraviolet light. The wafer then goes through an etching process whereby any unnecessary 

materials are removed so that only the desired circuit patterns remain on its exterior. There are two 

types of etching: dry etching and wet etching. Dry etching uses plasmas or etchant gases to remove 

the unwanted wafer layers. Wet etching uses liquid chemicals to remove the unwanted wafer 

layers.

¶ 6 From 1980 to 2002, Ledeaux’s father, Mark, worked at Motorola’s Mesa, Arizona, facility, 

where he was exposed to various chemicals that allegedly affected his sperm, resulting in 

Ledeaux’s later birth defects. Ledeaux’s mother became pregnant in November 1996 and gave 

birth to him in August 1997. Ledeaux has been diagnosed with autism, cerebral palsy, static 

encephalopathy (a brain disorder), and hemiplegia (paralysis on one part of the body). 

¶ 7 Ledeaux’s lawsuit is one of several separate personal injury cases filed in the circuit court 

of Cook County against Motorola, relating to severe birth defects in children of former Motorola 

employees who were exposed to toxic chemicals in the workplace. Eventually all the plaintiffs 

filed a combined fourth amended complaint against Motorola, which pleaded counts for 

negligence, willful and wanton misconduct, strict liability, breach of an assumed duty, and parental 

loss of child consortium. 

¶ 8 In February 2016, Motorola brought motions to dismiss pursuant to section 2-615 of the 

Code of Civil Procedure (Code) (735 ILCS 5/2-615 (West 2010)) against two of the plaintiffs, 

Sarina Finzer and Jeremy Hardison. Finzer’s birth defects allegedly were caused by her father’s 

exposure to toxic chemicals in Motorola’s semiconductor manufacturing facility in Arizona; 

Hardison’s birth defects allegedly were caused by his father’s exposure to toxic chemicals in 

Motorola’s semiconductor manufacturing facility in Texas. The circuit court determined that 
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Arizona and Texas law applied, respectively, to the substantive issues in Finzer’s and Hardison’s 

cases and that Illinois law governed the procedural issues.

¶ 9 The circuit court dismissed with prejudice all of Finzer’s and Hardison’s claims in the 

fourth amended complaint; the claims of the remaining plaintiffs remained intact. On appeal, we 

reversed the dismissal of Finzer’s and Hardison’s claims for negligence and willful and wanton 

misconduct under Arizona and Texas law and Finzer’s parents’ claim for parental loss of child 

consortium under Arizona law, finding that the respective plaintiffs had adequately pleaded a duty, 

a breach thereof, and proximate cause. Ledeaux v. Motorola, Inc., 2018 IL App (1st) 161345, 

¶¶ 53-54 (hereinafter Ledeaux I to distinguish it from the present case). We affirmed dismissal of 

Hardison’s parents’ claim for parental loss of child consortium under Texas law because such a 

claim is not a valid cause of action in Texas. Id. ¶ 54. Ledeaux’s claims were not at issue and never 

addressed on appeal, even though his name appeared first in the case caption. 

¶ 10 On remand, the circuit court ordered that each individual plaintiff’s claim in the fourth 

amended complaint, with the exception of Jonathan Johnson and Ledeaux, be administratively 

dismissed and refiled with new case numbers.

¶ 11 On September 24, 2019, Ledeaux, through his parents, filed his seventh amended

complaint alleging that his birth defects were proximately caused by Motorola’s negligence and 

willful and wanton misconduct in knowingly exposing his father, Mark, to reproductively toxic 

chemicals. 

¶ 12 Ledeaux alleged that Motorola acted negligently by failing to take reasonable measures to 

protect Mark from exposure to the toxic chemicals, including providing him with adequate 

personal protective equipment; failing to warn Mark about the dangers that the toxic chemicals 

posed to his reproductive health, including the potential for birth defects and miscarriages; and 
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failing to design, approve, and/or implement proper industrial hygiene policies and/or adequate 

exhaust, ventilation, and air circulation systems. 

¶ 13 Ledeaux further alleged that Motorola acted willfully and wantonly by concealing from 

Mark his level of exposure to the toxic chemicals and gas, by misrepresenting that the exposure 

posed no adverse health consequences to his future offspring, and by purposely obtaining 

inaccurate and misrepresentative data falsely showing that Mark’s exposure to the toxic chemicals 

and gas was not unsafe to himself or to his future offspring. 

¶ 14 Ledeaux’s parents also asserted a claim for parental loss of child consortium. 

¶ 15 The parties engaged in extensive discovery. We proceed to set forth the relevant evidence 

obtained during the discovery process. 

¶ 16 Mark testified during his deposition that he began working at Motorola’s Mesa facility in 

1980 as a process monitor in the photolithography department. He received general orientation 

training that explained the process of manufacturing wafers. The training consisted of videos and 

slideshows and some safety information about the chemicals used at the facility. 

¶ 17 At the time of Ledeaux’s conception and birth, Mark was working five days a week in the

Mesa facility’s backgrind department, where silicon was removed from the back of the wafers so 

as to reduce their thickness and to allow stacking and high-density packaging of the integrated 

circuits. The machine used to grind down, or remove, the silicon was called a disco grinder. Mark’s 

job was to load the wafers onto a robotic arm extending from the disco grinder. The robotic arm 

then flipped the wafers over so that the disco grinder could mechanically grind the backside of the 

wafers to achieve the desired thickness. After grinding was complete, Mark would remove the 

wafers from the disco grinder and place them in a clean-room hood, so as to prevent contaminants 

from building up on the wafers. Mark also cleaned the disco grinder and fixed it when it 
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malfunctioned. While performing his work, Mark wore a clean-room suit, smock, hair bonnet, and 

latex gloves. 

¶ 18 James Stewart, plaintiff’s environmental health engineering expert, provided a report on 

the various chemicals Mark would have been exposed to while working in the backgrind 

department. Such chemicals include acetone, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl benzene, hydrofluoric acid, 

and nitric acid. 

¶ 19 Stewart discussed the history of notifications to Motorola regarding reproductive hazards 

posed by chemicals used in the manufacturing of semiconductors. In 1981, Motorola received 

notification from DuPont regarding the reproductive toxicity of certain glycol ethers. In response, 

Motorola noted the need to “reinforce” exhaust ventilation and protective clothing requirements. 

Also in 1981, material safety data sheets received from manufacturers of photoresist warned of 

birth defects caused by glycol ethers on male and female animals. In 1982, Kodak sent Motorola 

a warning that glycol ethers have teratogenic effects (i.e., the ability to disturb the growth and 

development of an embryo or fetus). It recommended that Motorola reduce exposures and inform 

employees of the warning. The Semiconductor Industry Association (SIA) issued an additional 

warning in 1982 advising the industry to “evaluate, assess, and control glycol ether exposures.” 

¶ 20 To protect its workers from chemical exposure, Motorola provided them with latex gloves

and other protective equipment, monitored their chemical exposures to ensure they did not exceed 

threshold limit values (TLVs) established by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial 

Hygienists or the permissible exposure limits (PELs) established by the Occupational Safety and 

Health Administration (OSHA), developed maternity notification forms to inform their physicians 

about their chemical exposures, offered access to material safety data sheets informing them about 

the chemicals to which they were being exposed, cofounded the SIA and participated in a worker 
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task force to further limit its workers’ chemical exposures, and hired an occupational medicine 

physician. 

¶ 21 In 1983, Mike May, a certified industrial hygienist working for Motorola, announced the 

“Glycol Ether Monitoring Project,” the purpose of which was to assess exposures to glycol ethers. 

This announcement was made about one year and seven months after the warning letter from 

DuPont. In 1994, Motorola formally eliminated glycol ethers from its semiconductor 

manufacturing. 

¶ 22 Stewart criticized Motorola for taking more than one year to eliminate glycol ethers from 

the manufacturing process. He further criticized Motorola for failing to adequately train Mark and 

provide him with the necessary personal protective equipment for the tasks he was required to 

perform. Stewart was especially critical of the latex gloves provided to Mark, which were not 

effective protection against the chemicals used in Motorola’s semiconductor manufacturing plant. 

Stewart concluded that “[w]orkplace conditions present at the Motorola facility resulted in a 

hazardous and unsafe workplace.” 

¶ 23 Ledeaux filed a report from Dr. Robert Harrison, an occupational health physician.

Harrison cited a statement from IBM in 1982 that set forth the best practices in the semiconductor 

industry for ensuring its workers’ reproductive health from chemical toxicants. Motorola departed 

from these standard industry practices by failing to carefully investigate each of its chemicals so 

as to understand their potential reproductive hazards and to replace them to the extent 

technologically feasible, failing to provide adequate safeguards such as ventilation controls and 

proper personal protective equipment, and failing to fully advise workers of the nature of all 

potential reproductive risks. 
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¶ 24 Harrison was critical of Motorola’s claims that its employees’ chemical exposures were 

not greater than the PELs and TLVs. Harrison stated that PELs and TLVs do not completely and 

adequately protect workers and their offspring from reproductive harm. This is in part because 

chemicals with PELs and TLVs are not used in clean rooms in isolation but instead are used in 

conjunction with other chemicals that together cause genetic damage to workers’ future offspring. 

Also, “[r]eproductive and other latent outcomes are usually not the basis for setting exposure 

limits.” 

¶ 25 Harrison concluded that Motorola’s “facilities and work practices were improper and did 

not meet the appropriate standard of care within the industry or within the occupational medicine 

community. Motorola did not provide a safe place to work or the measures to protect the Employee 

Parents from harm to their future offspring.” 

¶ 26 Harrison was deposed, and he testified consistently with his report. Harrison stated that 

there were scientific studies as early as the 1970s and 1980s showing that paternal exposure to

organic solvents caused birth defects in their future offspring. Harrison specifically cited a 

publication from OSHA in 1979, a study performed by Dr. Wharton in 1982, and a paper published 

in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) in 1985. According to Harrison, the 

majority of the peer-reviewed scientific literature as of 1991 found a causal connection between a 

father’s exposure to toxic substances and the subsequent birth defects in his offspring. 

¶ 27 Motorola confronted Harrison with a 1989 scientific study authored by A.D. McDonald 

and J.C. McDonald, who were members of a nonprofit scientific research organization in Quebec. 

The McDonald study examined the correlation between a father’s employment in various 

occupations and pregnancy outcome. Pertinent here, the authors examined whether workers in the 

manufacturing sector who were involved in the fabricating, inspecting, assembling, installing, and 
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repairing of electronic equipment had a higher incidence of offspring born with birth defects. The 

authors concluded that there was no correlation between the fathers’ occupation in the 

manufacturing sector and “any adverse effect on their progeny.” Harrison was critical of the 

McDonald study. 

¶ 28 Ledeaux filed a “joint causation report” (joint report) prepared by four medical experts 

with different specialties: Dr. Cynthia Bearer (neonatology), Dr. Donald Mattison (obstetricsgynecology), Dr. Richard Finnell (genetics), and Dr. Robert Cabrera (genetics). The joint report 

addressed causation in the multiple personal injury cases against Motorola pending in the circuit 

court of Cook County. 

¶ 29 The joint report discussed a 1992 study from the SIA and a 1993 study from IBM 

identifying reproductive toxins commonly used during the semiconductor manufacturing process. 

In pertinent part, the SIA study identified acetone, nitric acid, and hydrofluoric acid as reproductive 

toxins; the IBM study identified hydrofluoric acid and isopropyl alcohol. Harrison testified that 

the SIA and IBM studies were well known within the semiconductor industry “long before their 

results were announced.” 

¶ 30 The joint report also discussed a 2008 report authored by Ching-Chun Lin and his 

colleagues at the Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene (Lin report), which

looked at lethal birth defects in the offspring of male semiconductor workers from 1980 to 1994. 

The Lin report concluded that the children of male semiconductor workers were at increased risk 

of birth defects, congenital heart anomalies, and death due to their fathers’ exposure to chemicals 

associated with reproductive toxicity, including ethylene glycol ethers and hydrofluoric acid. The 

Lin report posited that, when such chemicals were absorbed into the seminal fluid, intercourse 
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during pregnancy could lead to maternal systemic absorption of the chemicals and eventual birth 

defects in the developing fetus. 

¶ 31 The joint report cited other epidemiological studies showing that paternal exposure to 

organic solvents in the semiconductor industry (such as ethyl benzene) are associated with birth 

defects. These associations “are due to a direct effect on gametic DNA, i.e. the DNA inside sperm, 

but, an indirect effect is also possible in humans, as toxicants are also transmitted to the mother 

from contaminated clothing or via seminal fluid.” 

¶ 32 The joint report concluded that the workplace exposure to toxic chemicals and substances 

in Motorola’s semiconductor manufacturing facilities has “the capacity to cause the adverse 

reproductive outcomes experienced by the offspring Plaintiffs. Moreover, the exposures in 

question were plainly sufficient to cause these injuries.” 

¶ 33 Ledeaux filed a supplemental report from Bearer, Mattison, Finnell, and Cabrera noting 

Stewart’s findings regarding Mark’s exposures to acetone, ethyl benzene, isopropyl alcohol, 

hydrofluoric acid, and nitric acid. The supplemental report concluded that Mark’s “occupational 

exposures to reproductive toxins *** at Motorola facilities were a substantial factor and proximate 

cause of the injuries and birth defects suffered by [Ledeaux].” The supplemental report ruled out 

any theoretical alternative explanations for Ledeaux’s injuries. 

¶ 34 Following discovery, Motorola moved for summary judgment on Ledeaux’s complaint. 

The circuit court granted the motion, finding that Motorola owed Ledeaux no duty of care under 

Arizona law and therefore that the negligence, willful and wanton conduct, and parental loss of 

child consortium counts fail. In light of its grant of summary judgment in favor of Motorola on the 

willful and wanton conduct count, the circuit court also denied Ledeaux’s motion to amend the 

complaint to allege punitive damages. Ledeaux appeals.
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¶ 35 Initially, Ledeaux argues that, under the law of the case doctrine and stare decisis, our 

holding in Ledeaux I, 2018 IL App (1st) 161345, regarding the existence of a duty on the part of 

Motorola was binding on the circuit court. The law of the case doctrine prohibits reconsideration 

of issues that have been decided in a prior appeal in the same case. In re Christopher K., 217 Ill. 

2d 348, 365 (2005). The purpose of the law of the case doctrine is to protect settled expectations 

of the parties, ensure uniformity of decisions, maintain consistency during the course of a single 

case, effectuate proper administration of justice, bring litigation to an end, and maintain the 

prestige of the courts. Norris v. National Union Fire Insurance Co. of Pittsburgh, 368 Ill. App. 3d 

576, 581 (2006). The doctrine of stare decisis requires a court to follow the decisions of higher 

courts on the issue before it. O’Casek v. Children’s Home & Aid Society of Illinois, 229 Ill. 2d 421, 

440 (2008). 

¶ 36 Ledeaux I did not involve the same issue in the same case as here, and therefore neither the 

law of the case doctrine nor stare decisis applies. Ledeaux I involved the combined fourth amended 

complaint filed against Motorola by multiple plaintiffs seeking recovery for their birth defects. 

Ledeaux I, 2018 IL App (1st) 161345, ¶ 11. Marcus Ledeaux and his parents were listed first in 

the case caption, but their claims were not before this court on appeal. Instead, the appeal involved 

review of the circuit court’s order dismissing only Hardison’s and Finzer’s claims under section 

2-615 of the Code. Id. ¶¶ 10-12. We reversed the dismissal of their negligence and willful and 

wanton conduct claims and remanded. In so holding, we took all their well-pleaded allegations as 

true, as required when deciding a section 2-615 motion (id. ¶ 14), and found that each claim

sufficiently alleged a duty owed to them by Motorola. Id. ¶¶ 39, 49. 

¶ 37 By contrast, the instant case involved the disposition of Ledeaux’s claims against Motorola 

for negligence and willful and wanton misconduct, not Hardison’s and Finzer’s claims. The instant 
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case also involved the resolution of Motorola’s summary judgment motion, which unlike the 

section 2-615 motion at issue in Ledeaux I did not require the circuit court to take all well-pleaded 

allegations in Ledeaux’s complaint as true. Rather, the circuit court was required to look at the 

evidentiary record outside the complaint and determine whether there were any genuine issues of 

material fact and whether Motorola owed Ledeaux a duty as a matter of law. See 735 ILCS 5/2-

1005(c) (West 2020). As the parties, procedural posture, and issues in Ledeaux I were dissimilar 

to the instant case and Ledeaux I did not involve the rendering of a decision as to whether Motorola 

was entitled to summary judgment against Ledeaux’s claims, neither the law of the case doctrine 

nor stare decisis applied. 

¶ 38 We proceed to address the merits of Ledeaux’s appeal. First, Ledeauxargues that the circuit 

court erred by granting summary judgment for Motorola on his negligence claim. The parties agree 

that Illinois law governs the procedural issues in this case, such as the applicable standard for when 

summary judgment may be granted. In Illinois, summary judgment is appropriate when the 

pleadings, depositions, admissions, and affidavits on file, viewed in the light most favorable to the 

nonmoving party, reveal that there is no genuine issue of material fact and that the moving party 

is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Northbrook Bank & Trust Co. v. 2120 Division LLC, 

2015 IL App (1st) 133426, ¶ 38. Review is de novo. Id.

¶ 39 The parties also agree that we are to apply Arizona law to the substantive issues (such as 

whether the circuit court erred in finding that Motorola owed Ledeaux no duty of care). To 

establish a defendant’s liability in Arizona for a negligence claim, plaintiff must prove a duty 

requiring defendant to conform to a certain standard of care, defendant’s breach of that standard 

of care, a causal connection between the breach and the resulting injury, and actual damages. 

Gipson v. Kasey, 150 P.3d 228, 230 (Ariz. 2007) (en banc). Whether a duty exists is a matter of 
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law for the court to decide. Id. The elements of breach and causation are factual issues decided by 

the jury. Id.

¶ 40 For years Arizona, like most jurisdictions, used foreseeability as a factor in determining 

duty. Quiroz v. ALCOA, Inc., 416 P.3d 824, 828 (Ariz. 2018). However, in Gipson, the Arizona 

Supreme Court determined that the foreseeability of an injury is a question of fact reserved for the 

jury and is “more properly applied to the factual determinations of breach and causation than to 

the legal determination of duty.” Gipson, 150 P.3d at 231. Therefore, Gipson held that 

“foreseeability is not a factor to be considered by courts when making determinations of duty.” Id.

Instead, duty in Arizona is now based either on relationships created by public policy or on special 

relationships recognized by the common law, contracts, or conduct undertaken by defendant. 

Quiroz, 416 P.3d at 829. 

¶ 41 Public policy creating a duty in Arizona is based on Arizona and federal statutes and the 

common law, specifically case law and Restatement sections consistent with Arizona law. Id. at 

829, 831. An Arizona statute reflecting public policy creates a duty when plaintiff falls within the 

class of persons protected under the statute and the harm that occurred to him is the type of harm 

that the statute sought to protect against. Id. at 829. 

¶ 42 In the instant case, Ledeaux argues that Motorola’s duty to him results from Arizona public 

policy as reflected in its adoption of OSHA workplace standards, which require that employers 

inform their employees of the hazards of all chemicals to which they may be exposed in the 

workplace, including reproductive toxins causing chromosomal damage to fetuses. See Ariz. Rev. 

Stat. Ann. § 23-410 (2024); Ariz. Admin. Code § R20-5-602 (2022) (adopting federal OSHA 

workplace standards); 29 C.F.R. § 1910.1200 & Appendix A (2020) (setting forth the requirement 

that employers inform employees of the hazards of reproductive toxins). Ledeaux contends that 
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Arizona’s adoption of these OSHA workplace standards is designed to reduce employees’ 

exposures to reproductively toxic chemicals, thereby protecting their future offspring from 

developing birth defects. As the offspring of a Motorola employee exposed to reproductively toxic 

chemicals in its Arizona semiconductor manufacturing plant, plaintiff contends he is a member of 

the class of persons that the OSHA workplace standards were designed to protect. As such, 

Ledeaux argues that Motorola owed him a duty of care under the OSHA standards. 

¶ 43 Ledeaux’s argument fails because the Arizona Court of Appeals has held that a plaintiff 

may not bring a cause of action under Arizona law for personal injuries based on a violation of the 

OSHA standards. Wendland v. AdobeAir, Inc., 221 P.3d 390, 393 (Ariz. Ct. App. 2009). Instead, 

“causes of action for personal injuries must be based on the claimed breach of a duty created under 

the common law, contract, or another statute.” (Emphasis added.)Id. Wendland remains good law 

in Arizona. Accordingly, Ledeaux’s cause of action against Motorola cannot be based on its 

alleged breach of a duty of care created under the OSHA workplace standards adopted in Arizona.

¶ 44 Ledeaux also argues that Motorola owed him a duty of care arising from public policy 

founded on Arizona’s Civil Rights Act (Ariz. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 41-1463 (2021)) as well as the 

Arizona Constitution’s equal privileges and immunities clause (Ariz. Const., art. 2, § 13) and antiabrogation clause (Ariz. Const., art. 18, § 6). Ledeaux further contends that Motorola owed him a 

duty of care arising from public policy founded in the common law of Arizona, and he cites in 

support Myers v. Hoffman-La Roche, Inc., 170 P.3d 254 (Ariz. Ct. App. 2007), Kenyon v. Hammer, 

688 P.2d 961 (Ariz. 1984) (en banc), Summerfield v. Superior Court, 698 P.2d 712 (Ariz. 1985)

(en banc), and Walker v. Mart, 790 P.2d 735 (Ariz. 1990) (en banc). Ledeaux’s arguments fail, as 

none of the statutes, constitutional provisions, or cited cases address an Arizona employer’s duty 
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to warn its employees of the risk that exposures to reproductive chemicals in the workplace may 

cause birth defects to future offspring and to take preventative measures. 

¶ 45 Finally, Ledeaux argues that Motorola owed him a duty of care under the Restatement 

(Second) of Torts § 324A (1965), which the Arizona Supreme Court adopted in Stanley v. 

McCarver, 92 P.3d 849, 853 (Ariz. 2004) (en banc). See Quiroz, 416 P.3d at 831 (holding that a 

duty may arise from Restatement sections consistent with Arizona law).1 Section 324A states:

“One who undertakes, gratuitously or for consideration, to render services to 

another which he should recognize as necessary for the protection of a third person or his 

things, is subject to liability to the third person for physical harm resulting from his failure 

to exercise reasonable care to protect his undertaking, if 

(a) his failure to exercise reasonable care increases the risk of such harm[.]” 

Restatement (Second) of Torts § 324A (1965). 

¶ 46 Ledeaux argues that, by developing a reproductive health policy, Motorola undertook a 

duty to render services to its employees, including his father Mark, necessary for the protection of 

their future offspring. According to Ledeaux’s experts, though, Motorola’s attempts at such a 

reproductive health policy were incomplete, confusing, and ineffective. Ledeaux argues that 

Motorola’s failure to exercise reasonable care in formulating the reproductive health policy 

actually increased the risk of harm to him by encouraging Mark to continue to expose himself to 

1Motorola argues that section 324A relies on foreseeability to determine duty and therefore is 

inconsistent with Gipson and should not be followed. We disagree, as the Arizona Supreme Court has 

reaffirmed, post-Gipson, its adoption of section 324A. See Cal-Am Properties Inc. v. Edais Engineering 

Inc., 509 P.3d 386, 391 (Ariz. 2022).
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the toxic chemicals that ultimately caused Ledeaux’s birth defects. As such, Ledeaux contends that 

Motorola is subject to liability under section 324A. 

¶ 47 Ledeaux’s argument that Motorola owed him a duty under section 324A is contingent on 

a finding that its allegedly negligent reproductive health policy led to Mark’s exposure to toxic 

chemicals that increased the risk that Ledeaux would suffer birth defects. However, the scientific 

evidence in the record is conflicting on the risk posed to Ledeaux by his father’s exposure to the 

chemicals at issue. Specifically, the supplemental report filed by Bearer, Mattison, Finnell, and 

Cabrera concluded that Mark’s workplace exposures to acetone, ethyl benzene, isopropyl alcohol, 

hydrofluoric acid, and nitric acid were a substantial factor and proximate cause of Ledeaux’s birth 

defects. The supplemental report’s findings were supported by the epidemiological studies cited 

in the joint report, as well by the Lin report and the SIA and IBM studies. By contrast, the 

McDonald study found “no convincing evidence” linking paternal employment in the 

manufacturing sector, including inspecting, fabricating, and repairing electrical equipment (such 

as wafers), with subsequent birth defects in their future offspring. Such conflicting scientific 

evidence regarding whether paternal exposure to toxic chemicals causes birth defects in future 

offspring raises a genuine issue of material fact as to whether Ledeaux’s risk of birth defects was 

increased by his father’s exposures to toxic chemicals while working for Motorola. This question 

of material fact must be resolved by the trier of fact prior to any finding of duty under section 

324A. 
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¶ 48 Motorola argues that under Arizona law there can be no duty owed for injury-causing 

conduct that occurred prior to conception. We addressed this same issue in Ledeaux I2 and agree 

with its holding that fundamental tort law in Arizona “does not prohibit imposing liability on a 

tortfeasor for conduct that causes an injury regardless of whether that conduct occurred preconception and the resulting injury manifested after the child’s conception and birth.” Ledeaux I, 

2018 IL App (1st) 161345, ¶ 38. “To preclude a cause of action for negligence based solely on the 

fact that the negligence occurred before plaintiffs’ conception would leave a party with no recourse 

for injuries caused by another,” which is contrary to Arizona law. Id. ¶ 39. 

¶ 49 Motorola argues, though, that we should affirm the summary judgment order in its favor 

because the Arizona workers’ compensation statute provides the exclusive remedy for a workrelated injury sustained by an employee. See Ariz. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 23-1022(A) (2024). Motorola 

acknowledges that Ledeaux was not one of its employees, but it argues that, according to his

complaint, he would not have suffered the birth defects in the absence of Mark’s workplace 

exposure to the toxic chemicals, which affected his testes and sperm and constituted a workplace 

injury covered under the Arizona workers’ compensation statute. See id. As such, Motorola 

contends that Ledeaux’s negligence claims are derivative of Mark’s workplace injury and can only 

be brought under the Arizona workers’ compensation statute. 

¶ 50 We addressed this same issue in Ledeaux I, where we noted that, under Arizona law, the 

type of derivative claims that must be brought under the workers’ compensation statute are those 

where the plaintiff was not physically injured himself but suffered emotional or economic harm

2Although we are not bound to follow Ledeaux I under the doctrines of stare decisis and law of the 

case, we may consider the analysis contained therein for its persuasive value.
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due to the physical injury to the employee, e.g., claims for loss of consortium or wrongful death. 

Ledeaux I, 2018 IL App (1st) 161345, ¶ 20 (citing Mardian Construction Co. v. Superior Court, 

754 P.2d 1378, 1381 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1988)). In the instant case, Ledeaux seeks recovery for his

own injuries (the severe birth defects suffered by him) separate and apart from any workplace 

injury to Mark. As such, the exclusive remedy provision of the Arizona workers’ compensation 

statute does not apply here. 

¶ 51 Motorola next argues that we should affirm the summary judgment order in its favor 

because none of Ledeaux’s experts specifically opined that his birth defects were proximately 

caused by Mark’s chemical exposure in the workplace. To the contrary, the supplemental report 

prepared by Bearer, Mattison, Finnell, and Cabrera specifically found that Ledeaux’s particular 

birth defects were proximately caused by Mark’s workplace exposure to the toxic chemicals at 

issue here. As discussed earlier in this opinion, there was a contrary study from McDonald calling 

into question whether a father’s exposure to toxic chemicals during the manufacturing of 

semiconductors can cause his future offspring to suffer birth defects. Such a conflict in the 

evidence raises a question of material fact that must be resolved by the trier of fact. 

¶ 52 Accordingly, we reverse the order granting summary judgment for Motorola on Ledeaux’s 

negligence count and remand for further proceedings. 

¶ 53 Next, we address the grant of summary judgment for Motorola on Ledeaux’s willful and 

wanton conduct count. In Arizona, willful and wanton misconduct is recognized as a form of 

aggravated or gross negligence. Id. ¶ 48 (citing Williams v. Thude, 934 P.2d 1349, 1351 (Ariz. 

1997) (en banc)). To prove aggravated or gross negligence, i.e., willful and wanton misconduct, 

plaintiff must establish the elements of negligence (duty, breach, and proximate cause) along with 

facts establishing that the negligent conduct created an extreme risk of harm to others and that the 
Nos. 1-22-0886 & 1-22-0891 (consolidated)

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defendant knew of the extreme risk but proceeded anyway. Id. ¶ 49 (citing Arizona Independent 

Redistricting Comm’n v. Brewer, 275 P.3d 1267, 1276 (Ariz. 2012), and DeElena v. Southern 

Pacific Co., 592 P.2d 759, 762-63 (Ariz. 1979) (en banc)). 

¶ 54 Here, the circuit court granted summary judgment for Motorola on Ledeaux’s willful and 

wanton conduct count on the basis that it owed no duty toward him as a matter of law. We already

have found that questions of material fact exist regarding whether Ledeaux’s risk of birth defects

was increased by his father’s exposure to toxic chemicals in the workplace, which must be resolved 

prior to determining whether Motorola owed him a duty of care. Given these questions of material 

fact, we reverse the grant of summary judgment for Motorola on Ledeaux’s willful and wanton 

conduct count and remand for further proceedings. 

¶ 55 Next, we address the circuit court’s order granting summary judgment for Motorola on 

Ledeaux’s parents’ claim for parental loss of child consortium. Parental loss of child consortium

is a viable claim in Arizona that provides parents with a remedy in damages against a negligent 

tortfeasor whose actions have so severely injured the parents’ child that they are deprived of his 

society, companionship, love, and support. Howard Frank, M.D., P.C. v. Superior Court, 722 P.2d 

955, 961 (Ariz. 1986) (en banc). In the instant case, the circuit court determined that the claim for 

parental loss of child consortium fails because Motorola owed Ledeaux no duty of care and, as 

such, that Motorola was not a tortfeasor against whom such a claim could be brought. As we have 

already discussed, there are material questions of fact that must be resolved prior to a determination 

of whether Motorola owed Ledeaux a duty. Accordingly, we reverse the order granting summary 

judgment for Motorola on the claim for parental loss of child consortium and remand for further 

proceedings. 
Nos. 1-22-0886 & 1-22-0891 (consolidated)

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¶ 56 In so holding, we note that no argument is made on appeal that the parental loss of child 

consortium claim must be brought under the Arizona workers’ compensation statute. Even if such 

an argument had been made on appeal, we would note that the claim does not fall within the 

Arizona workers’ compensation statute’s exclusive remedy provision, as the loss of consortium 

allegedly results from Ledeaux’s injuries, not the workplace injuries of his father. See our 

discussion earlier in this opinion regarding when a claim must be brought under the Arizona 

workers’ compensation statute. 

¶ 57 Finally, we address the circuit court’s order denying Ledeauxleave to amend his complaint 

to add a claim for punitive damages. In Arizona, punitive damages may be awarded where the 

claimant proves willful and wanton misconduct. Saucedo v. Salvation Army, 24 P.3d 1274, 1277 

(Ariz. Ct. App. 2001). The circuit court here determined that, because it granted summary 

judgment in favor of Motorola on the willful and wanton conduct count, Ledeaux had no basis for 

an assertion of punitive damages. As we are reversing the order granting summary judgment for 

Motorola on the willful and wanton conduct count and remanding for further proceedings, the 

court’s stated basis for denying Ledeaux leave to amend his complaint to add a claim for punitive 

damages no longer exists. Accordingly, we reverse the order denying Ledeaux leave to amend his

complaint and remand for reconsideration thereof. 

¶ 58 II. Arballo

¶ 59 Arballo was born on December 30, 1985, with tuberous sclerosis (TSC), a genetic disorder 

resulting from mutations in his TSC2 gene. TSC is associated with the formation of benign tumors 

in various organs of the body that has caused Arballo to suffer psychomotor delay, intractable 

epilepsy, seizure disorder, autism, severe developmental delay, and motor delay. Arballo filed a 
Nos. 1-22-0886 & 1-22-0891 (consolidated)

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complaint against Motorola alleging that his TSC resulted from Motorola’s negligence and willful 

and wanton misconduct in exposing his mother, Rosa, to reproductively toxic chemicals. 

¶ 60 During discovery, Rosa testified that, in the year prior to Arballo’s birth, she worked as a 

quality assurance inspector at Motorola’s Mesa, Arizona, facility. Rosa’s duties included 

inspecting wafers under a microscope, cleaning the microscope lens with acetone, and visually 

monitoring workers as they performed their jobs. Her workstation was located in an area of the 

facility known as “Bipolar II,” which contained the photolithography, etch, and diffusion bays. 

¶ 61 Rosa wore a hood, gown, special shoes and gloves (collectively known as a bunny suit) 

while working in Bipolar II. Sometimes when cleaning her microscope, acetone seeped through 

her gloves and contacted her hands. She smelled various other photoresist chemicals near her work 

station. 

¶ 62 Stewart, the environmental health engineering expert, filed a report stating that Rosa would 

have been exposed to the following chemicals and solvents while working as a quality assurance 

inspector: acetone, nitric acid, hydrofluoric acid, hexamethyl disilaze (HMDS), isopropyl alcohol, 

methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), pos res component (n methyl pyrrolidone (NMP)), and propylene 

glycol-1-methylether-2-acetate (PGMEA). The joint report and the IBM and SIA studies identified 

all these chemicals and solvents as being reproductively toxic. 

¶ 63 Bearer, Mattison, Finnell, and Cabrera filed a supplemental report stating that Rosa’s 

occupational exposures to these reproductive toxins were a substantial factor and proximate cause 

of Arballo’s TSC and that there were no alternative causes or explanations. The supplemental 

report did not detail how Rosa’s exposures to the reproductive toxins caused Arballo’s TSC. 

However, in his deposition testimony, Cabrera explained that Rosa’s exposures could have caused 
Nos. 1-22-0886 & 1-22-0891 (consolidated)

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chromosomal damage to her eggs, which resulted in the mutation of Arballo’s TSC2 gene after 

conception. 

¶ 64 Elsewhere in the record, though, there was evidence calling into question the link between 

Rosa’s chemical exposures and Arballo’s TSC. Specifically, Cabrera admitted in his deposition 

that he was unaware of any scientific studies finding that a mother’s exposure to toxic chemicals 

caused her future offspring’s TSC2 gene mutations. Mattison also testified that he was unaware of 

any such studies. Bearer testified that she was unaware of any scientific studies finding that a 

mother’s work in the semiconductor industry caused her future offspring to be born with TSC. 

¶ 65 Following discovery, Motorola moved for summary judgment on Arballo’s complaint

based on lack of duty. The circuit court found that Arizona law governed the substantive issues, 

while Illinois law governed the procedural issues. The court granted the summary judgment motion

and denied Arballo’s motion to amend the complaint to allege punitive damages. Arballo appeals.

¶ 66 The parties rehash the same arguments we addressed earlier in this opinion in the Ledeaux

appeal regarding law of the case; stare decisis; the exclusive remedy provided by the Arizona 

workers’ compensation statute; the feasibility of allowing recovery for preconception torts; and 

whether Motorola owed Arballo a duty under OSHA, the Arizona Constitution, and the common 

law. In accordance with our analysis earlier in this opinion, we reject Arballo’s arguments that the 

law of the case and stare decisis require us to follow the reasoning of Ledeaux I in its duty analysis, 

where that case involved different parties and a different procedural posture than the one here. We 

reject Motorola’s argument that Arballo’s claims may be redressed only under the Arizona 

workers’ compensation statute, where he is seeking recovery for his own injuries and not those of 

his mother. We find that Arizona law allows for the recovery of damages for preconception torts, 
Nos. 1-22-0886 & 1-22-0891 (consolidated)

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where those torts have been proven by competent evidence. We find that Motorola owed Arballo 

no duty under OSHA, the Arizona Constitution, or the common law. 

¶ 67 We proceed to address whether Motorola owed Arballo a duty under section 324A of the 

Restatement (Second) of Torts. Section 324A provides that one who undertakes to render services 

to another, that he should recognize as necessary for the protection of a third person, is subject to 

liability to the third person for physical harm resulting from the failure to exercise reasonable care 

in the undertaking, if the failure to exercise reasonable care increased the risk of such harm.

Restatement (Second) of Torts § 324A(a) (1965). 

¶ 68 Arballo argues that, by developing a reproductive health policy, Motorola undertook a duty 

to render services to its employees, including his mother Rosa, necessary for the protection of their 

future offspring. According to Arballo’s experts, though, Motorola’s attempts at such a 

reproductive health policy were incomplete, confusing, and ineffective. Arballo argues that 

Motorola’s failure to exercise reasonable care in formulating the reproductive health policy 

actually increased the risk of harm to him by encouraging Rosa to continue to expose herself to 

the toxic chemicals that ultimately caused chromosomal damage to her eggs, causing the mutation 

in Arballo’s TSC2 gene after conception. As such, Arballo contends that Motorola is subject to 

liability under section 324A. 

¶ 69 There is a conflict in the scientific evidence regarding whether maternal exposure to 

reproductive toxins causes chromosomal changes to the mother’s eggs that can lead to mutations 

in her future offspring’s TSC2 gene. On the one hand, the supplemental report (as explicated by 

Cabrera) indicates such a causal connection exists. On the other hand, Bearer, Mattison, and 

Cabrera each testified that there were no scientific studies substantiating such a conclusion. This 

conflicting evidence raises a question of material fact that must be resolved by the trier of fact
Nos. 1-22-0886 & 1-22-0891 (consolidated)

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prior to any finding as to whether Motorola owed Arballo a duty under section 324A and 

proximately caused his injuries. Accordingly, we reverse the grant of summary judgment for 

Motorola on Arballo’s negligence, willful and wanton conduct, and parental loss of child 

consortium claims, as well as the denial of his motion to amend the complaint to allege punitive 

damages, all of which were predicated on the court’s erroneous finding as a matter of law that 

Motorola owed Arballo no duty. The court’s finding of no duty was premature given the material 

question of fact regarding whether Rosa’s exposure to the toxic chemicals in Motorola’s 

semiconductor facility caused the chromosomal damage to her eggs that led to the mutation in 

Arballo’s TSC2 gene. 

¶ 70 III. Conclusion 

¶ 71 In case number 1-22-0891, we reverse the order granting summary judgment for Motorola 

on Ledeaux’s negligence and willful and wanton conduct counts and denying him leave to amend 

his complaint to add a claim for punitive damages and remand for further proceedings. 

¶ 72 In case number 1-22-0886, we reverse the order granting summary judgment for Motorola 

on Arballo’s negligence and willful and wanton conduct counts and denying him leave to amend 

the complaint to add a claim for punitive damages and remand for further proceedings. 

¶ 73 No. 1-22-0886, Reversed and remanded. 

¶ 74 No. 1-22-0891, Reversed and remanded. 
Nos. 1-22-0886 & 1-22-0891 (consolidated)

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Ledeaux v. Motorola Solutions, Inc., 2024 IL App (1st) 220886 

Decision Under Review: Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, Nos, 10-L-8503, 

19-L-10140; the Hon. Irwin J. Solganick, Judge, presiding. 

Attorneys

for 

Appellant:

Michael J. Lubeck and Kevin J. Conway, of Cooney & Conway, 

of Chicago, and Michael T. Reagan, of Ottawa, for appellants. 

Attorneys

for 

Appellee:

J. Hayes Ryan and Todd M. Murphy, of Gordon Rees Scully 

Mansukhani, and Karen Kies DeGrand, Scott L. Howie, and 

Jeffrey E. Eippert, of Donohue Brown Mathewson & Smyth 

LLC, both of Chicago, for appellee.