United States Court of Appeals

Fifth Circuit

FILED

October 29, 2004

Charles R. Fulbruge III

Clerk

REVISED NOVEMBER 17, 2004

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT

 

No. 03-60470

 

NATIONAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 

ASSOCIATION; ET AL,

Plaintiffs,

NATIONAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 

ASSOCIATION; BFI WASTE SYSTEMS,

BFI WASTE SYSTEMS OF MISSISSIPPI 

LLC; WASTE MANAGEMENT OF MISSISSIPPI INC.,

Plaintiffs-Appellees,

versus

PINE BELT REGIONAL SOLID WASTE 

MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY AND ITS BOARD 

OF COMMISSIONERS; COVINGTON COUNTY; 

JONES COUNTY; PERRY COUNTY; CITY OF 

PETAL; CITY OF LAUREL; CITY OF 

HATTIESBURG, MISSISSIPPI;

Defendants-Appellants,

MIKE MOORE,

Intervenor-Defendant-Appellant.

 

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Southern District of Mississippi

 
2

Before GARWOOD, WIENER and DeMOSS, Circuit Judges.

GARWOOD, Circuit Judge:

The Mississippi cities and counties that belong to the Pine

Belt Regional Solid Waste Management Authority (the Authority)

enacted solid waste flow control ordinances requiring that all

solid waste collected within those cities and counties be disposed

of at facilities owned by the Authority. Plaintiffs-appellees,

National Solid Wastes Management Association (NSWMA), BFI Waste

Systems of Mississippi, LLC (BFI), and Waste Management of

Mississippi, Inc. (Waste Management) (collectively, plaintiffs),

filed this suit against defendants-appellants, the Authority and

its member cities and counties, claiming that the flow control

ordinances violated the dormant Commerce Clause. Defendantsappellants now timely appeal the judgment, rendered after a bench

trial, declaring the flow control ordinance invalid under the

dormant Commerce Clause and enjoining their enforcement. We

dismiss plaintiffs’ complaint in part for want of standing and with

respect to the remainder we reverse and render judgment for

defendants–appellants.

Facts and Proceedings Below

In 1989 and 1990, several cities and counties in South

Mississippi developed a master plan for the management of the solid

waste in the region. The goal of the plan was to develop an

environmentally-sensitive and cost-effective program for the
1 The 1992 RFP estimated the annual volume of disposable waste in the

Region to be 153,000 tons. That estimate, however, was derived before Forrest

and Lamar Counties withdrew from the Authority. After these two counties

withdrew (which was prior to July 2002), the projected volume of waste for the

Authority’s Region would have been about 129,000–130,000 tons per year. 

When creating the master plan and issuing the RFP, the Authority

contemplated, at least implicitly, that all solid waste generated within the

Region would be disposed of at the landfill that was the subject of the RFP. The

Authority’s landfill is, and always has been, the only “Subtitle D” landfill

within the Region. A Subtitle D landfill is one that is compliant with federal

regulations, issued pursuant to Subtitle D of the Resource Conservation and

Recovery Act of 1976 (RCRA), 42 U.S.C. § 6941, et. seq., setting the criteria for

sanitary landfills. 

3

disposal of the region’s solid waste. Among other things, the

master plan recommended the creation of a regional solid waste

management authority and the construction of a regional landfill.

In 1992, the Authority was formed and the plan was adopted. At

that time, the Authority was made up of five counties (Covington,

Jones, Perry, Forrest, and Lamar) and three cities (Petal, Laurel,

and Hattiesburg) in Mississippi (collectively, the Members). By

the time this suit was filed, Forrest and Lamar Counties had

withdrawn from the Authority.

In 1992, the Authority issued a request for proposals (RFP) to

interested parties, including plaintiffs BFI and Waste Management,

regarding the regional landfill. Proposals were to be given for

two options: 1) to own, design, permit, build, and operate the

landfill for thirty years or 2) to equip and operate the landfill

for seven years, with the Authority building and owning the

landfill. The RFP included an estimated volume of disposable solid

waste that would be generated in the geographic area comprised by

the Members1 and a statement that “[u]pon request, the Authority
2 Waste collecting trucks often unload waste locally at a transfer station

until the waste is transported to a landfill for final disposal.

3 Enviro provides the labor, management, supplies, equipment, and insurance

for the landfill and operates the scales and performs all maintenance at the

landfill. 

4

will require each [Member] . . . to adopt and enforce a flow

control ordinance in order to assure that the entirety of the . .

. waste stream generated within the [geographic area comprised by

the Members] will be managed and disposed of at the [Authority’s

landfill].” Five proposals were received, including from BFI and

Waste Management. Enviro, a company headquartered in Laurel,

Mississippi, submitted the lowest bid for Option 2, but did not

submit a bid for Option 1. The Authority analyzed the bids,

decided to own the landfill, and began implementation discussions

with Enviro prior to actual contract negotiations.

In 1996, the Authority issued revenue bonds to finance the

construction of the landfill and three transfer stations.2 Also in

1996, Enviro signed a contract with the Authority to operate the

Authority’s landfill,3 located in Perry County and completed in

1997, and transfer stations. The initial term of the contract was

for the life of the first landfill cell or seven years, whichever

was less, and was to be automatically extended for one-year terms

so long as both parties mutually agreed. In 2000, the Authority

refinanced the 1996 bonds and issued additional bonds to finance

the construction of a second cell at the landfill. 
4 According to its contract with the Authority, Enviro was obligated to

bring to the Authority’s landfill all the waste it collected within a 75-mile

radius of the landfill. The area comprised by the 22 counties roughly

corresponds to this 75-mile radius. The flow control ordinances, however, apply

only to the three counties and three cities that are Members of the Authority.

When the Authority first created its plan for the landfill, the service area

included only the five original member counties (Covington, Jones, Perry,

Forrest, and Lamar); the expanded service area added an additional 17 counties.

5

The Authority generates revenue by collecting fees for the

disposal of waste at its landfill and transfer stations. Thus the

Authority’s generation of revenue is based on the amount of garbage

that it receives at its facilities. To the extent that the

Authority is unable to generate sufficient income to meet its debt

payments, the Members are obligated to make up the shortfall. 

From the time the landfill opened, the volume of refuse that

passed through and to the Authority’s facilities was significantly

less than the total amount of potential waste generated in the area

comprised by its Members. Although the Authority’s issuance of

bonds was based on a projected volume of 140,000 tons per year, in

fiscal year 1998 the landfill’s volume had reached only 105,305

tons and in fiscal year 1999, the volume dropped to 96,032 tons.

In 1999, in an attempt to increase its trash collection, and

therefore its revenue generation, the Authority extended the

service area of the landfill to include a total of 22 counties,

which allowed the Authority to receive waste at its landfill from

the additional counties which were not Members.4 While the volume

of trash deposited at the landfill increased with the expanded

service area, it reached a high of only 129,017 tons in fiscal year
5 According to testimony at trial, the amount of trash currently leaving

the Region is between 50,000 to 70,0000 tons per year; if this trash were

directed to the Authority’s landfill, the tonnage disposed of at the landfill

would likely be over 140,000, roughly the amount needed to meet the Authority’s

debt obligations. 

6 The flow control ordinances were subsequently reenacted in September,

October, and November of 2002.

6

2000, with the tonnage decreasing thereafter (to 108,625 in 2001

and to 95,205 in 2002). 

Due to an insufficient flow of rubbish through and to its

facilities, the Authority realized that, at the current volume of

waste, it would not be able to make its July 1, 2004 bond payment.

Believing that its facilities needed more garbage to remain viable,

the Authority adopted a resolution on July 10, 2002, directing its

Members to adopt flow control ordinances requiring that all

municipal solid waste generated within the then Member counties

(Covington, Jones and Perry) and cities (Petral, Laurel and

Hattiesburg) respectively [collectively, the Region] be transported

to its landfill or one of its transfer stations.5 Each Member

enacted identical ordinances, each applicable only within the

geographic area of the particular enacting Member, with September

1, 2002, as the effective date.6 Each ordinance provided that

noncompliance therewith would constitute a misdemeanor. 

Following the enactment of the ordinances, plaintiffs on

August 29, 2002 filed this suit against the Authority and its

Members, seeking declaratory, injunctive, and monetary relief under
7 Pine Belt Waste Systems, LLC, also joined with plaintiffs in bringing

this suit. Pine Belt Waste, however, was voluntarily dismissed as a plaintiff

on November 25, 2002, prior to trial. 

8 Although the Authority’s landfill is the only Subtitle D landfill within

the Region, see supra note 1, the landfills to which BFI and Waste Management

currently haul garbage generated within the Region are Subtitle D landfills. BFI

currently hauls waste collected within the Region to its landfill in Madison

County, Mississippi, and Waste Management hauls its waste to a landfill owned and

operated by an affiliated company in Scott County, Mississippi. 

7

42 U.S.C. § 1983.7 Plaintiffs BFI and Waste Management collect,

process, and dispose of commercial and residential solid waste and

currently ship the trash they collect within the Region to

landfills and transfer stations that they either own and operate or

that are owned and operated by affiliated companies. At the time

of the suit, solid waste collected by BFI and Waste Management

within the Region was and had been eventually transported to

landfills outside of the Region, but within Mississippi; none of

such waste was (or had been) transported outside of Mississippi

(nor did any of it originate as waste outside of Mississippi).8

The flow control ordinances would require that BFI and Waste

Management dispose of waste they collect within the Region only at

the Authority’s landfill in Perry County.

After the filing of the complaint, the parties agreed that the

enforcement of the ordinances would await the outcome of the case.

In October 2002, the Mississippi State Attorney General intervened

on behalf of Mississippi to defend a potential constitutional

challenge to the Mississippi statute pursuant to which the
9 No damages were awarded. While the judgment purports to generally award

“attorneys fees,” no amount thereof is stated in the judgment (or in the findings

and conclusions) and we are informed by the parties that plaintiffs have in

substance waived attorneys fees under this judgment by failing to file any

evidence of the amount of attorneys fees or any motion in connection therewith

as contemplated in FED. R. CIV. P. 54(d)92) and the local rules. 

10 Defendants also contend that the district court lacked jurisdiction

because plaintiffs did not appeal the Member counties’ and cities’ adoption of

the ordinances to a state circuit court as authorized by Miss. Code Ann. 11-51-

75. See Benedict v. City of Hattiesburg, 693 So. 2d 377, 380 (Miss. 1997); Falco

Lime Inc. v. Mayor & Aldermen of City of Vicksburg, 836 So. 2d 711, 716 (Miss.

2002). We reject that contention. The instant suit is one under 42 U.S.C. §

8

Authority was authorized to direct its Members to enact the flow

control ordinances. See MISS. CODE. ANN. § 17-17-319(2).

Trial was held in December 2002 before the district judge

without a jury. After the trial, but before a decision was

rendered, Perry County filed a motion to dismiss for lack of

jurisdiction based on the “adequate state grounds” doctrine. Also

following the trial, the district judge recused himself on his own

motion, and the matter was subsequently properly assigned, with

consent of the parties, to a magistrate judge for decision. On

April 23, 2003, the magistrate judge denied the motion to dismiss

and issued findings of fact and conclusions of law and an

accompanying judgment, deciding that the ordinances were

unconstitutional under the dormant Commerce Clause and enjoining

their enforcement.9 Defendants on May 22, 2003, timely filed their

notice of appeal.

Discussion

Defendants contend that the flow control ordinances do not

violate the dormant Commerce Clause.

10 We dismiss the dormant
1983 seeking declaratory and injunctive relief against local government

ordinances adopted under color of state law on the ground that the ordinances are

invalid under and contrary to the United States Constitution. See Dennis v.

Higgins, 111 S.Ct. 865 (1991); National Private Truck Council v. Oklahoma Tax

Comm’n, 115 S.Ct. 2351, 2353-54 (1995). “When federal claims are premised on 42

U.S.C. § 1983 . . . we have not required exhaustion of state judicial or

administrative remedies.” Steffel v. Thompson, 94 S.Ct. 1209, 1222 (1974). See

also Self-Ins. Inst. of America, Inc. v. Korioth, 993 F.2d 479, 482 (5th Cir.

1993). 

9

Commerce Clause claim in part for lack of standing and reverse with

respect to the remainder of the claim.

A. Standard of Review

Review of questions of constitutional law is de novo. United

States v. Hemmingson, 157 F.3d 347, 355 (5th Cir. 1998). The

magistrate judge’s findings of fact, however, are reviewed for

clear error. City of New Orleans v. Mun. Admin. Servs., Inc., 376

F.3d 501, 506 (5th Cir. 2004).

B. Dormant Commerce Clause Analysis

Although the Commerce Clause is an affirmative grant of power

to Congress, U.S. CONST. art I, § 8, cl. 3, the Supreme Court has

interpreted the clause to contain a negative aspect, the so-called

“dormant” Commerce Clause. Dickerson v. Bailey, 336 F.3d 388, 395

(5th Cir. 2003). The dormant Commerce Clause “‘prohibits economic

protectionism—that is, regulatory measures designed to benefit

in-state economic interests by burdening out-of-state

competitors.’” Id. (quoting Wyoming v. Oklahoma, 112 S.Ct. 789,

800 (1992)).
10

We begin our dormant Commerce Clause analysis by asking

whether the ordinances “(1) facially discriminate against

out-of-state economic interests, or (2) regulate evenhandedly and

thereby evince only an indirect burden on interstate commerce.”

Dickerson, 336 F.3d at 396. In other words, we ask whether the

ordinances “reflect[] a discriminatory purpose or merely a

discriminatory effect.” Id. “Although . . . there is no clear

line of separation between these two” classifications, “the

threshold determination is significant if only because it

establishes the constitutional standard of review.” Id. (internal

quotations and citations omitted).

Regarding the first category, “[s]tate laws discriminating

against interstate commerce on their face are virtually per se

invalid.” Id. (internal quotations and citations omitted). The

ordinance will be unconstitutional unless the state actor “can

demonstrate, under rigorous scrutiny, that it has no other means to

advance a legitimate local interest.” Id. (internal quotations and

citations omitted). “At a minimum such facial discrimination

invokes the strictest scrutiny of any purported legitimate local

purpose and of the absence of nondiscriminatory alternatives.”

Hughes v. Oklahoma, 99 S.Ct. 1727, 1737 (1979). “Under this strict

scrutiny, . . . the state bears the heavy burden to rescue its

statutes.” Dickerson, 336 F.3d at 396 (internal quotations and

citations omitted). “This burden is stringent” and the statute at
11 As a not-for-profit trade association that represents the interests of

the private waste services industry and of which BFI and Waste Management are

members, plaintiff NSWMA’s standing is on this record entirely dependent upon

whether BFI and Waste Management having standing. See Public Citizen, Inc. v.

Bomer, 274 F.3d 212, 219 n.5 (5th Cir. 2001) (stating that “organizational

standing requires, . . . that individuals have standing to sue in their own

right”). NSWMA took absolutely no active role in this litigation and has not

submitted anything to establish its standing independent of that of BFI and Waste

Management.

11

issue is “generally struck down . . . without further inquiry.”

Id. (internal quotations and citations omitted).

With the second category—the “evenhanded statutes” that

effectuate a legitimate local interest and that only incidentally

affect interstate commerce—we apply the “Pike balancing test.” The

statute will be upheld unless the burden it imposes on interstate

commerce is “‘clearly excessive in relation to the putative local

benefits.’” Id. (quoting Pike v. Bruce Church, Inc., 90 S.Ct. 844,

847 (1970)).

The magistrate judge struck down the flow control ordinances,

finding them to be to be facially discriminatory against interstate

commerce. The magistrate judge also determined that the ordinances

would not pass the Pike test, assuming arguendo, as defendants

argued, that the ordinances were not facially discriminatory.

C. Plaintiffs’ Standing

Before we consider the merits, we must first determine whether

plaintiffs BFI and Waste Management have standing to challenge the

flow control ordinances.11 Although defendants have not explicitly

raised the issue of standing, we may consider it sua sponte. Bauer
12 In garbage parlance, “tipping” is used in place of the less-refined

“dumping.”

13 In addition to a simple comparison of current costs against the costs

under the flow control ordinances, other testimony supports plaintiffs’ claim of

higher costs. The ordinances preclude plaintiffs from operating an

“internalized” business—meaning that they collect, transport, and dispose of the

waste using their own facilities. Testimony at trial suggests that such a method

of operation achieves the best economy of scale for a waste collector. Further,

BFI and Waste Management would face a reduced volume of waste at the transfer

stations to which they currently haul waste from the Region, because they most

likely cannot economically segregate at the transfer station the waste that comes

from within the Region from that which comes from outside the Region. The result

12

v. Texas, 341 F.3d 352, 357 (5th Cir. 2003). Our standing analysis

consists of constitutional and prudential components.

1. Constitutional Standing

“To meet the constitutional standing requirement, a plaintiff

must show (1) an injury in fact (2) that is fairly traceable to the

actions of the defendant and (3) that likely will be redressed by

a favorable decision.” Procter & Gamble Co. v. Amway Corp., 242

F.3d 539, 560 (5th Cir. 2001) (citing Bennett v. Spear, 117 S.Ct.

1154, 1161 (1997); Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 112 S.Ct. 2130,

2136 (1992)).

Plaintiffs meet the constitutional, or Article III, standing

requirements. Because of the flow control ordinances, plaintiffs

will not be able to ship the garbage they collect within the Region

to the landfills of their choice and, as a result, will be forced

to pay a “tipping”12 fee at the Authority’s landfill. Testimony at

trial indicates that plaintiffs’ cost to dispose of waste at the

Authority’s landfill, including the tipping fee and the

transportation cost, would be higher than their current cost.13
of the reduced volume at the transfer stations would be an increased operating

cost per ton. 

13

Thus, plaintiffs have an injury (higher operating costs) that is

traceable to the ordinances enacted by defendants and which would

be remedied if we rule that the ordinances are unconstitutional.

2. Prudential Standing

The more difficult question is whether plaintiffs meet the

prudential standing requirements. The goal of the prudential

standing requirements is to “determine whether the plaintiff ‘is a

proper party to invoke judicial resolution of the dispute and the

exercise of the court’s remedial powers.’” Procter & Gamble, 242

F.3d at 560 (quoting Bender v. Williamsport Area Sch. Dist., 106

S.Ct. 1326, 1334 n.8 (1986)).

“These judicially created limits concern whether a

plaintiff’s grievance arguably falls within the zone of

interests protected by the statutory provision invoked in

the suit, whether the complaint raises abstract questions

or a generalized grievance more properly addressed by the

legislative branch, and whether the plaintiff is

asserting his or her own legal rights and interests

rather than the legal rights and interests of third

parties.” Procter & Gamble, 242 F.3d at 560.

The key inquiry for prudential standing in this case is

whether the injury of which plaintiffs complain is “arguably within

the zone of interests to be protected” by the dormant Commerce

Clause, the “constitutional guarantee in question” here. Ass’n of

Data Processing Serv. Orgs., Inc. v. Camp, 90 S.Ct. 827, 830

(1970). See also Boston Stock Exch. v. State Tax Comm’n, 97 S.Ct.
14

599, 603 n.3 (1977) (applying the zone of interests test in the

context of the dormant Commerce Clause). The facts of this case

require that we analyze the zone of interest question in two parts:

We must determine whether plaintiffs have standing to challenge the

flow control ordinances as being facially discriminatory against

out-of-state economic interests or whether they can merely

challenge the ordinances as being excessively burdensome to

interstate commerce.

a. Facially Discriminatory

The two-staged analysis for dormant Commerce Clause claims is

instructive as to the relevant zone of interests to be protected.

First, with respect to laws that facially discriminate against outof-state economic interests, the dormant Commerce Clauses seeks to

protect against local economic protectionism and retaliation among

the states. C & A Carbone, Inc. v. Town of Clarkstown, N.Y., 114

S.Ct. 1677, 1682 (1994) (“The central rationale for the rule

against discrimination is to prohibit state or municipal laws whose

object is local economic protectionism, laws that would excite

those jealousies and retaliatory measures the Constitution was

designed to prevent.”). In this context, discrimination “simply

means differential treatment of in-state and out-of-state economic

interests that benefits the former and burdens the latter.” Oregon
14 Stone County, a Mississippi county that is now within the Authority’s

expanded service area, see supra note 4, has voted to join the Authority, and the

Authority has agreed in principle; however, the required ultimate contract

between the two had not been finalized by the time of the trial. Waste collected

in Stone County by BFI is currently shipped to a landfill in Alabama. As Stone

County has not enacted any flow control ordinance and is not a party to this suit

(and as none of the here challenged ordinances is applicable to waste collected

in Stone County), we will not consider the fact that waste from Stone County is

actually shipped out of state.

15

Waste Sys., Inc. v. Dep’t of Envtl. Quality of the State of Or.,

114 S.Ct. 1345, 1350 (1994).

We conclude that plaintiffs’ injury does not fall within the

zone of interests to be protected by the dormant Commerce Clause

with respect to ordinances that are alleged to facially

discriminate against out-of-state economic interests. The flow

control ordinances mandate that any waste generated within the

Region be transported to the Authority’s landfill or transfer

stations. In effect, the ordinances prohibit the export of any

waste outside of the Region, including out of state. However,

these plaintiffs do not ship (and, so far as the record shows, have

never shipped) any waste they collect within the Region to any

location outside of Mississippi, nor do they ship (and, so far as

the record shows, have never shipped) any waste from outside of

Mississippi to the Region. Plaintiffs also have not even alleged

that they have any plans to do so,14 and have not suggested that

some other party currently ships waste from the Region outside of

Mississippi, or has plans to do so, or that any out-of-state waste

processor receives (or has plans to receive) any of the Region’s

waste out of state. In sum, plaintiffs’ injury is not related to
15 We also observe that both BFI and Waste Management have their principal

place of business in Mississippi. Nothing in the flow control ordinances turns

on the principal place of business or the place of incorporation or the

citizenship of any generator, disposer or handler of waste (or otherwise). 

16 We note that our conclusion that plaintiffs do not meet the prudential

standing requirement differs from that in two opinions from our sister circuits.

See On the Green Apartments LLC v. City of Tacoma, 241 F.3d 1235 (9th Cir. 2001);

Houlton Citizens’ Coalition v. Town of Houlton, 175 F.3d 178 (1st Cir. 1999).

In On the Green and Houlton, the plaintiffs did not allege that they disposed of

their waste out of state or that they had plans to do so. On the Green, 241 F.3d

at 1241–40; Houlton, 175 F.3d at 183. Nevertheless, both the Ninth Circuit and

the First Circuit concluded that the plaintiffs met the prudential standing

requirements.

We disagree with the analysis in this aspect of On the Green and Houlton.

In On the Green, the Ninth Circuit concluded that because the plaintiff alleged

only an intrastate burden, the “Commerce Clause [was] not at all implicated.”

On the Green, 241 F.3d at 1242. We fail to see how the plaintiff’s alleged

injury could even arguably fall within the zone of interests to be protected by

the dormant Commerce Clause when the court concluded that the case did not even

implicate the Commerce Clause. See id. at 1242 (Reavley, J., dissenting).

Further, the Ninth Circuit seems to have confused the redressability requirement

for constitutional standing with the zone of interests test. The Ninth Circuit

concluded that the plaintiff’s injury was “related to the purposes underlying the

Commerce Clause” because the “injury would be remedied if [the plaintiff] could

take its garbage outside the city.” Id. at 1241 (emphasis added). The fact that

an injury would be remedied if the ordinance was struck down does not mean that

the grievance falls within the zone of interests to be protected by the dormant

Commerce Clause, particularly when there was no allegation of any interstate

burden. Under the Ninth Circuit’s rationale in On the Green, the zone of

interest test and the redressability requirement would essentially be the same.

In Houlton, the First Circuit concluded that the plaintiff met the zone of

interests requirement because the plaintiff had “assert[ed] his own economic

interests under the Commerce Clause—a constitutional provision specifically

targeted to project those interests.” Houlton, 175 F.3d at 183. However, the

rationale behind the dormant Commerce Clause is to protect against local economic

protectionism at the expense of out-of-state interests, Carbone, 114 S.Ct. at

1682, not to protect any economic interests. In our opinion, the Houlton court

simply viewed too broadly the zone of interests protected by the dormant Commerce

Clause.

16

any out-of-state characteristic of their business.

15 Thus,

plaintiffs do not have standing to challenge the ordinances on the

basis of a claim that they are facially discriminatory against outof-state interests.16 As such, we express no opinion about whether

the ordinances would pass the facially discriminatory test if

challenged by a proper plaintiff.
17 It is not claimed that anything in the contracts requires that any

waste collected within the Region be disposed of outside of the Region. Nor do

the ordinances make any requirement that any waste collected outside the Region

(though under a contract also covering waste collected within the Region) be

17

b. Burdens Interstate Commerce

We next consider whether plaintiffs nonetheless have standing

to challenge the flow control ordinances on the basis of the claim

that they excessively burden interstate commerce. We conclude that

plaintiffs do meet the zone of interests test in this regard and

thus have standing to challenge the ordinances as to their burden

on interstate commerce.

The protected against injury is an excessive burden on

interstate commerce. An allegation that the plaintiff is involved

in interstate commerce and that the plaintiff’s interstate commerce

is burdened by the ordinance in question is sufficient to satisfy

the zone of interests test with respect to ordinances that

assertedly impose an excessive burden on interstate commerce.

Even though plaintiffs do not ship any garbage collected in

the Region out of state, they are engaged in interstate commerce,

and their interstate commerce is allegedly burdened by the

ordinances. A representative of BFI testified at trial that BFI

had some contracts that are negotiated on a national or an

interstate basis and that such contracts were common. The BFI

representative testified that an effect on the Mississippi portion

of such a contract would ripple to the portion of the contract in

other states.17 Plaintiffs argue that, because the flow control
disposed of within the Region.

18 A Waste Management representative gave testimony similar to that given

by the BFI representative. He testified that the parent company, Waste

Management, Inc., operated in 48 states and that because of the interrelated

nature of the business, savings achieved on a transaction in one state would

eventually be shared in another stated. Although the representative did not

testify that increased costs in one area would be similarly shared, we assume

arguendo that they would be.

In any event, when one of multiple co-parties raising the same claims and

issues properly has standing, we do not need to verify the independent standing

of the other co-plaintiffs. See Clinton v. City of New York, 118 S.Ct. 2091,

2100 n.19 (1998); Bowsher v. Synar, 106 S.Ct. 3181, 3185 (1986). Therefore,

because we find that BFI has standing to challenge whether the flow control

ordinances excessively burden interstate commerce, we need not further analyze

Waste Management’s independent standing.

19 Because the magistrate judge alternatively held that the ordinances

would not pass even the less rigorous Pike test, we need not remand the case for

the court below to consider the Pike test in the first instance.

18

ordinances will raise their costs to service these national and

regional contracts which include customer locations within the

Region, they will be relatively less competitive within the Region

and that this impact on these contracts will extend to the portion

of the contracts covering customer locations outside of

Mississippi. The ordinances thus allegedly burden plaintiffs’

interstate commerce. Plaintiffs therefore are arguably within the

appropriate zone of interests and, therefore, have standing to

challenge whether the ordinances excessively burden interstate

commerce.18

D. Pike Balancing Test

We now turn to the Pike balancing test to determine whether

the flow control ordinances excessively burden interstate

commerce.19 For this analysis, because plaintiffs do not have

standing to challenge the ordinances as facially discriminatory
19

against out-of-state interests, we ignore the fact that the

ordinances would not permit them to ship waste generated within the

Region out of state.

An “evenhanded” ordinance, i.e., one that does not facially

discriminate against out-of-state interests and only incidentally

affects interstate commerce, will be upheld unless the burden it

imposes on interstate commerce is “clearly excessive in relation to

the putative local benefits” of the ordinance. Pike, 90 S.Ct. at

847. To make this assessment, we consider the nature of the local

interest and whether alternative means could achieve that interest

with less impact on interstate commerce:

“If a legitimate local purpose is found, then the

question becomes one of degree. And the extent of the

burden that will be tolerated will of course depend on

the nature of the local interest involved, and on whether

it could be promoted as well with a lesser impact on

interstate activities.” Id.

We first look for a legitimate public purpose that defendants

intended to advance by implementing flow control. Defendants

indeed have a legitimate local purpose: to ensure the economic

viability of their landfill. See U & I Sanitation v. City of

Columbus, 205 F.3d 1063, 1070 (8th Cir. 2000) (recognizing economic

viability as a legitimate local purpose in the context of a waste

flow control ordinance).

Next, we identify the burden imposed on interstate commerce.

To succeed in a challenge to a regulation under the Pike balancing

test, the challenging party must show that the regulation has “a
20

disparate impact on interstate commerce.” Automated Salvage

Transp., Inc. v. Wheelabrator Envtl. Sys., Inc., 155 F.3d 59, 75

(2d Cir. 1998). The “incidental burdens to which Pike refers are

the burdens on interstate commerce that exceed the burdens on

intrastate commerce.” Id. (internal quotation and citation

omitted). “Where a regulation does not have this disparate impact

on interstate commerce, then we must conclude that . . . [it] has

not imposed any incidental burdens on interstate commerce” and,

therefore, that it passes the Pike test. Id. (internal quotation

and citation omitted).

The flow control ordinances here do not have a disparate

impact on interstate commerce; consequently, plaintiffs fail in

their attempt to show that the ordinances do not pass the Pike

test. The only evidence of an interstate burden is the effect on

plaintiffs’ interstate contracts: the flow control ordinances,

because they will raise plaintiffs’ costs within the Region and

will make plaintiffs relatively less competitive, impose a burden

on plaintiffs’ interstate commerce by affecting the portion of

plaintiffs’ interstate contracts that involve areas beyond

Mississippi. The burdens imposed by the ordinances on interstate

commerce, however, are no greater than those imposed on intrastate

commerce. Plaintiffs’ contracts that are wholly within

Mississippi, and even wholly within the Region itself, will also be

affected as plaintiffs’ costs increase within the Region and
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plaintiffs, thereby, become relatively less competitive. In fact,

the burden imposed on wholly intrastate contracts, particularly

those that are contained wholly within the Region, will likely be

greater than that imposed by the flow control ordinances on

plaintiffs’ interstate contracts. The interstate contracts—which

are presumably larger than plaintiffs’ contracts that are contained

entirely within Mississippi or the Region—will likely be more able

to spread the increased costs over a wider base of business than

will plaintiffs’ smaller contracts. We fail to see how the

ordinances will in this respect impose a greater burden on

interstate commerce than they will on intrastate commerce.

Moreover, so far as they affect BFI and Waste Management, the

ordinances do not inhibit the flow of goods (or waste) interstate.

Int’l Truck & Engine Corp. v. Bray, 372 F.3d 717, 727 (5th Cir.

2004) (“A statute imposes a burden when it inhibits the flow of

goods interstate.”). Furthermore, while the ordinances may have

the effect of shifting some business away from plaintiffs, as the

ordinances increase their costs and make them relatively less

competitive, this result does not mean that the ordinances burden

interstate commerce: “[T]he dormant Commerce Clause ‘protects the

interstate market, not particular interstate firms.’” Id. (quoting

Exxon Corp. v. Governor of Md., 98 S.Ct. 2207, 2215 (1978))

(stating that the fact that a regulation might cause truck

purchasers to turn to other competing truck manufacturers did not
20 In his opinion the magistrate judge did not reach any conclusion

regarding MISSISSIPPI CODE § 17-17-319(2), the law pursuant to which the Authority

directed its Members to enact flow control ordinances, the judgment does not

speak to § 17-17-319(2) and the parties do not argue that this court need address

its constitutionality. Moreover, as we hold that as to the particular flow

control ordinances here the suit must be dismissed for want of standing with

respect to whether the ordinances are facially discriminatory against interstate

commerce contrary to the dormant Commerce Clause and that those ordinances do not

violate the dormant Commerce Clause with respect to whether they otherwise

excessively burden interstate commerce compared to their putative local benefits,

we need not further address the constitutionality of § 17-17-319.

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burden interstate commerce). If plaintiffs lose some of their

interstate contracts because of their higher costs within the

Region, the ordinances would not prohibit another garbage collector

from entering into a similar interstate contract, whether that

garbage collector was from Mississippi or some other state.

Because plaintiffs have not shown that the ordinances

disparately impact interstate commerce relative to intrastate

commerce, their Pike challenge that the ordinances excessively

burden interstate commerce fails.

Conclusion

Accordingly, (a) we DISMISS for want of standing plaintiffs’

claim with respect to whether the ordinances facially discriminate

against interstate commerce or out-of-state interests, and (b) with

respect to whether the ordinances otherwise excessively burden

interstate commerce, we REVERSE and RENDER judgment for

defendants.20