2024 IL App (4th) 230041-U 

NO. 4-23-0041 

IN THE APPELLATE COURT

OF ILLINOIS

FOURTH DISTRICT

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS,

 Plaintiff-Appellee, 

 v. 

MASON E. BERTRAND, 

 Defendant-Appellant. 

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 Appeal from the 

 Circuit Court of

 Sangamon County 

 No. 20CF74 

 Honorable 

 Jennifer M. Ascher, 

 Judge Presiding.

 JUSTICE STEIGMANN delivered the judgment of the court.

 Justices Lannerd and DeArmond concurred in the judgment.

ORDER

¶ 1 Held: The appellate court affirmed defendant’s convictions and sentence because (1) the 

State presented sufficient evidence for the jury to find defendant guilty beyond a 

reasonable doubt of sexual exploitation of a child, (2) defendant’s convictions for 

aggravated criminal sexual abuse and unlawful restraint did not violate the oneact, one-crime rule, (3) defendant was not denied a fair trial, and (4) defendant’s 

sentences did not violate the proportionate penalties clause of the Illinois 

Constitution. 

¶ 2 In January 2020, defendant, Mason E. Bertrand, was charged with (1) three counts 

of predatory criminal sexual assault (720 ILCS 5/11-1.40(a)(1) (West 2018)), (2) three counts of 

criminal sexual assault (id. § 1.20(a)(3)), (3) one count of aggravated criminal sexual abuse (id. 

§ 1.60(b)), (4) one count of unlawful restraint (id. § 10-3(a)), and (5) one count of sexual 

exploitation of a child (id. § 11-9.1(a)(1)). The charges alleged generally that from April 2018 to 

May 2019, defendant committed various acts of sexual penetration and conduct with his minor 

daughter, A.B. (born May 2006), and, on one occasion, detained A.B. in her bedroom.

FILED

April 22, 2024

Carla Bender

4th District Appellate

Court, IL

NOTICE

This Order was filed under 

Supreme Court Rule 23 and is 

not precedent except in the 

limited circumstances allowed 

under Rule 23(e)(1). 
- 2 - 

¶ 3 In September 2022, a jury found defendant guilty on all counts. Later, the trial 

court sentenced defendant to an aggregate sentence of 69 years in prison.

¶ 4 Defendant appeals, arguing that (1) the State’s evidence was insufficient to prove 

him guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of sexual exploitation of a child, (2) his conviction for 

unlawful restraint was based on the same physical conduct as his conviction for aggravated 

criminal sexual abuse, in violation of the one-act, one-crime rule, (3) he was denied a fair trial, 

and (4) his sentences for the three predatory criminal sexual assault convictions violated the 

proportionate penalties clause of the Illinois Constitution (Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 11). We 

disagree and affirm.

¶ 5 I. BACKGROUND

¶ 6 A. The Charges

¶ 7 In January 2020, the State charged defendant with (1) three counts of predatory 

criminal sexual assault, (2) three counts of criminal sexual assault, (3) one count of aggravated 

criminal sexual abuse, (4) one count of unlawful restraint, and (5) one count of sexual 

exploitation of a child.

¶ 8 Regarding the predatory criminal sexual assault charges, the State alleged that 

between April 1, 2018, and May 23, 2019, defendant, who was over the age of 17 years, 

knowingly placed his (1) hand in contact with A.B.’s vagina, (2) penis in contact with A.B.’s 

vagina, and (3) penis in contact with A.B.’s anus. The State further alleged that he did each of 

these acts for the purpose of sexual gratification or arousal when A.B. was under the age of 13 

years. 

¶ 9 Regarding the criminal sexual assault charges, the State alleged that between May 

23, 2019, and September 14, 2019, defendant, who was A.B.’s family member and 17 years of 
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age or older, knowingly placed his (1) finger in A.B.’s vagina, (2) penis in A.B.’s vagina, and 

(3) penis in A.B.’s anus when A.B. was under the age of 18 years. 

¶ 10 Regarding the aggravated criminal sexual abuse charge, the State alleged that on 

or about September 15, 2019, defendant, who was A.B.’s family member and 17 years of age or 

older, knowingly placed his hand in contact with the vagina of A.B. for the purpose of the sexual 

gratification or arousal of the defendant.

¶ 11 Regarding the unlawful restraint charge, the State alleged that on or about 

September 15, 2019, defendant knowingly and without legal authority detained A.B. in a 

bedroom located. 

¶ 12 Regarding the sexual exploitation of a child charge, the State alleged that between 

April 1, 2019, and September 14, 2019, defendant knowingly engaged in a sexual act in the 

presence of A.B.

¶ 13 B. The Jury Trial

¶ 14 In September 2022, the trial court conducted defendant’s jury trial.

¶ 15 1. The Evidence

¶ 16 a. Jessica B. 

¶ 17 Jessica B. testified that she was A.B.’s stepmother and defendant was A.B.’s 

father. In September 2019, she was married to defendant and she, defendant, and A.B. lived 

together in an apartment in Auburn, Illinois, along with several of A.B.’s siblings. On the 

morning of September 15, 2019, around 3 a.m., Jessica woke up and went to the bathroom, 

discovering that defendant was not in bed with her. After using the bathroom, Jessica looked 

around the house for defendant, eventually opening the door to A.B.’s bedroom and turning the 

light on. Jessica testified as follows:
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“When I flipped on the light, the first thing I seen was [A.B.] And I noticed that 

she didn’t have any pants on, and she had a towel underneath her butt, and she 

had a blanket across her from her lower abdomen to her face, and she was holding 

it up to her face like this. And then the next thing I seen was [defendant] in 

between her legs sweating.”

¶ 18 Jessica cursed at defendant and told A.B. to get dressed. Jessica and defendant 

had an argument, during which defendant said to her “[h]ow sorry he is and how he will never do 

it again.” The next morning, Jessica reached out to Melissa Warwick, the school social worker, 

and told her to speak with A.B. that day when A.B. was at school. Later that day, Jessica spoke 

with members from the Illinois Department of Children and Family Services. 

¶ 19 Jessica thereafter moved out with her biological children. However, A.B. 

remained at the residence with defendant for a short time until she moved in with her biological 

mother. 

¶ 20 Within a week of that incident, defendant began a text message conversation with 

Jessica using Facebook Messenger. Screenshots of that conversation were admitted into evidence 

as People’s exhibit Nos. 1-A through 1-R. In those messages, defendant begged Jessica to talk to 

him about what happened and asked her for forgiveness. At one point, Jessica asked him, “If 

[A.B.] got pregnant what would you have done[?] [C]ame to me and say [A.B.] is having your 

child or just call her a whore.” Defendant responded, “I wasn’t thinking..that [is] why I am 

seeking help....” He further messaged Jessica saying (1) he wished he could “take it all back,”

(2) he “shouldn’t have never ever looked at [A.B.] in that way,” and (3) he did not want the 

marriage to end.

¶ 21 On cross-examination, Jessica testified that when she discovered defendant with 
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A.B., defendant was wearing a shirt and basketball shorts, but the shorts were “barely on.”

¶ 22 b. Melissa Warwick

¶ 23 Warwick testified that she was a social worker for Auburn Community Unit 

School District No. 10 and had known A.B. for about six years. Warwick provided group 

counseling for students, and A.B. attended that group once a week. On September 16, 2019, 

Warwick received a Facebook message from Jessica that caused her concern. After reading the 

message, Warwick met with A.B. at her junior high school. Warwick stated the following 

regarding that meeting:

“[A.B.] was very visibly upset. *** [H]er hands were shaking when she 

came in, which is out of the norm for her, *** because she’s comfortable with me. 

She looked as if she probably hadn’t showered in a few days, had a dirty 

sweatshirt on, dirty pants on, *** she was crying.”

¶ 24 c. Leah J. 

¶ 25 Leah J. testified that she was the biological mother of A.B., who was born in 

2006. In September 2019, after Leah received a message from Jessica, she immediately filed for 

full custody of A.B. and picked A.B. up from defendant’s care. Later, Leah “confronted” 

defendant outside a grocery store about the incident with A.B. Leah testified that defendant “said 

that he didn’t know why he did it, he didn’t mean for it to get out of hand like that. He said that 

she looked like me, *** just that type of stuff.” He also apologized and gave excuses as to “why 

it happened.”

¶ 26 d. Careyana Brenham

¶ 27 Careyana Brenham testified that she was an expert in child sexual abuse 

evaluations and she met with A.B. in October 2019. During that meeting, A.B. told Brenham that 
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defendant had first touched her sexually about a month before her twelfth birthday and he 

continued to do so almost nightly up until September 15, 2019, when Jessica walked in on her 

and defendant. A.B. indicated that defendant touched her in her genital and anal areas with his 

hands, penis, and mouth. She also said that he penetrated her anally and with his penis and 

fingers. 

¶ 28 e. A.B.

¶ 29 A.B., who was 16 years old at the time of her testimony, stated that on the 

morning of September 15, 2019, she woke up to defendant entering her room. A.B. stated, “[H]e 

had came in and he started physically touching me,*** specifically fingering me.” A.B. specified 

that defendant used his fingers to penetrate her vagina. Defendant then took her clothes off, 

including her pants and underwear. There was a towel underneath her at the time. While 

defendant was touching A.B., Jessica came into the room and she and defendant began “yelling 

and fighting.”

¶ 30 A.B. testified that defendant began touching her sexually when she was 11, 

approximately one month before her twelfth birthday. When asked by the prosecutor, “Do you 

recall anything happening right when that all started between you and your dad?” A.B. replied, “I 

had gone to bed early one night, and I woke up. I went to go get a snack from the fridge and a 

drink. I ended up trying to use the restroom, and he was standing in the doorway of the bathroom 

touching himself.” A.B. clarified that defendant was touching his penis with his hands. Upon 

seeing defendant, A.B. immediately went back to bed, leaving her snack on the kitchen table. 

A.B. testified, “[H]e had tried to talk to me [after the incident], but I kind of just ignored it and 

tried to leave it at that.”

¶ 31 A.B. further testified that incidents like the one she described from September 15, 
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2019, occurred frequently, always in her bedroom. On more than one occasion, defendant used 

his fingers to penetrate A.B.’s vagina, which occurred “[t]wo or three times a week” and always 

at “nighttime.” He had also used his tongue and his penis to penetrate her vagina and penetrated 

her anus with his penis. The penetration of her vagina and her anus with his penis occurred when 

she was 12 and 13 years old. While the incidents occurred, the rest of the family were in their 

rooms. If defendant heard a noise from one of A.B.’s younger siblings, defendant would leave 

and “put them back down” to bed.

¶ 32 A.B. further testified that when defendant would penetrate her with his fingers, he 

would use his other hand to touch his penis until he left. When asked what caused him to stop 

touching himself, A.B. stated as follows:

 “[E]ither he would be done or whenever he would hear a noise. *** 

[S]ometimes he would just leave or sometimes—***, it wasn’t often that he 

would say something to me, but sometimes he would tell me to clean up. *** 

[W]hen he would ejaculate, I would have to clean it up or either I would have to 

clean up the towel underneath me.”

¶ 33 A.B. testified that she did not know the meaning of “ejaculate” when she was 

younger but learned about it as she got older.

¶ 34 When asked by the prosecutor, “Was there ever a time that you tried to get him to 

stop?” A.B. replied, “Yes. *** I would try to push him off.” However, he would not get off. 

Later, A.B. was asked, “W[ere] there times where you felt like you were not able to leave?” A.B. 

replied, “Yes.”

¶ 35 A.B. testified as follows regarding how she felt during the period of her life that 

defendant was touching her: “I was extremely depressed. ***[A]nd there was actually times 
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where I was taken to the hospital to talk about depression. And I was supposed to go to Lincoln 

Prairie at least twice, but [defendant] refused to let me go.”

¶ 36 Defendant did not present any evidence.

¶ 37 2. The Closing Arguments

¶ 38 During closing arguments, defense counsel asserted that the evidence of 

defendant’s guilt was weak, pointing out the lack of forensic evidence. On rebuttal, the 

prosecutor explained that although the jury had not heard any forensic evidence, it had heard

eyewitness testimony and circumstantial evidence. The prosecutor stated the following:

“Circumstantial evidence is the proof of facts or circumstances which give 

rise to a reasonable inference of other facts which tend to show guilt or innocence 

of the defendant. Circumstantial evidence should be considered by you together 

with all other evidence in the case in arriving at your verdict. What does that 

mean? *** It means that you get to think about all of the evidence that you’ve 

heard. You get to hear what happened on September 15th and what Jessica 

walked in on. And you get to make the reasonable inference that that is what 

occurred on other nights. And, thank goodness, that the events of September 15th 

didn’t go further than the other events.”

¶ 39 3. Jury Deliberations and Verdict

¶ 40 During jury deliberations, the trial court received three questions. First, the jury 

asked, “Can we get Exhibits 1A through 1R?” (referring to the screenshots of the messages 

between defendant and Jessica). The parties agreed to send that evidence back to the jury. 

Second, the jury asked, “Can we get a better definition of Unlawful Restraint?” to which the 

court responded by referring the jury to the jury instructions. Third, the jury asked, “Is there any 
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additional definition of Unlawful Restraint with respect to the term detained? What does 

detained mean in this context? Are we talking about physical restraint? Does it specifically mean 

detained during the act[?]” The court and the parties determined that an additional definition 

would not be appropriate.

¶ 41 Ultimately, the jury found defendant guilty on all counts. Later, the trial court 

sentenced defendant to an aggregate prison sentence of 69 years. Defendant filed a motion to 

reconsider, arguing that his sentence was excessive because (1) the court did not properly 

consider mitigating evidence and (2) the sentence violated the proportionate penalties clause of 

the Illinois constitution (Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 11). The court denied the motion.

¶ 42 This appeal followed.

¶ 43 II. ANALYSIS

¶ 44 Defendant appeals, arguing that (1) the State’s evidence was insufficient to prove 

him guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of sexual exploitation of a child, (2) his conviction for 

unlawful restraint was based on the same physical conduct as his conviction for aggravated 

criminal sexual abuse, in violation of the one-act, one-crime rule, (3) he was denied a fair trial, 

and (4) his sentences for the three predatory criminal sexual assault convictions violated the 

proportionate penalties clause. We disagree and affirm.

¶ 45 A. The Sufficiency of the Evidence

¶ 46 Defendant argues that the evidence was insufficient for the jury to find him guilty 

of sexual exploitation of a child because the evidence did not show that he had engaged in a 

sexual act—specifically, masturbation—in the presence of A.B. Alternatively, defendant argues

the State did not prove beyond a reasonable doubt that A.B. was under 13 years old at the time of 

the offense as required for it to be classified as a Class 4 felony instead of a Class A 
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misdemeanor. See 720 ILCS 5/11-9.1(a)(1) (West 2018). We disagree with both of defendant’s 

arguments. 

¶ 47 1. The Applicable Law and Standard of Review

¶ 48 The Illinois Supreme Court recently reiterated the familiar standard applicable to 

a defendant’s challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence. In People v. Jones, 2023 IL 127810, 

¶ 28, 216 N.E.3d 165, the court wrote the following:

“In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence in a criminal case, this court 

asks whether, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, 

any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the offense 

beyond a reasonable doubt. People v. Hardman, 2017 IL 121453, ¶ 37 [104 

N.E.3d 372]. A reviewing court will not substitute its judgment for that of the trier 

of fact on questions involving the weight of the evidence or the credibility of 

witnesses. Id. All reasonable inferences from the evidence must be drawn in favor 

of the State. Id. A criminal conviction will not be overturned unless the evidence 

is so unreasonable, improbable, or unsatisfactory as to justify a reasonable doubt 

of the defendant’s guilt. Id.” 

¶ 49 “In weighing the evidence, a trier of fact need not search out all possible 

explanations consistent with innocence and raise them to a level of reasonable doubt.” Id. ¶ 32.

¶ 50 “A person commits sexual exploitation of a child if in the presence or virtual 

presence, or both, of a child and with knowledge that a child or one whom he or she believes to 

be a child would view his or her acts, that person: *** engages in a sexual act.” 720 ILCS 

5/11-9.1(a)(1) (West 2018). “Sexual act” is defined as “masturbation, sexual conduct or sexual 

penetration as defined in Section 11-0.1 of [the Criminal Code of 2012].” Id. § 9.1(b). “ ‘Child’ 
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means a person under 17 years of age.” Id.

¶ 51 Although “masturbation” is not defined by statute, that term is commonly 

understood to mean “ ‘erotic stimulation involving the genital organs commonly resulting in 

orgasm and achieved by manual or other bodily contact exclusive of sexual intercourse.’ ”

People v. Ricky T., 405 Ill. App. 3d 98, 100, 939 N.E.2d 501 (2010) (quoting Webster’s Third 

New International Dictionary 1391 (1993)). “The definition of masturbation does not require that 

a person stimulate his or her genital organ in any specific way; an act constitutes masturbation so 

long as the bodily contact erotically stimulates the genital organ.” Id. at 101.

¶ 52 2. This Case

¶ 53 Defendant concedes that A.B. testified that she observed defendant “ ‘touching 

himself’ on his penis while he was digitally penetrating her,” but he argues that “A.B. did not 

testify to any of the hallmarks of masturbation,” which he asserts is testimony regarding 

questions such as (1) whether his penis was erect, (2) how he physically manipulated his penis, 

or (3) what she meant by the phrase “touching himself.” As an example of testimony that 

contains those “hallmarks of masturbation,” defendant quotes the holding in People v. Sicilia, 

2022 IL App (2d) 210496-U, ¶ 88: “The act of a man touching his genitals and moving his hand 

up and down, while lying in bed next to a 14-year-old girl that he had repeatedly touched 

inappropriately throughout the evening, clearly constituted masturbation.”

¶ 54 Defendant’s argument defies common sense, and to illustrate the absurdity of his 

argument, we paraphrase the court’s holding in Sicilia using the evidence in the present case—

namely, the act of a man touching his penis, while digitally penetrating his daughter’s vagina

after regularly sexually assaulting her for years, clearly constituted masturbation.

¶ 55 Moreover, A.B. testified that defendant touched his penis in front of her on 
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multiple occasions and even expressed that defendant stopped touching himself when “either he 

would be done or whenever he would hear a noise.” Removing any possible confusion, A.B. then 

said that defendant would ejaculate and make her clean it up. Given this testimony, defendant’s 

assertion that “A.B. did not testify to any of the hallmarks of masturbation” is baseless.

¶ 56 Defendant also argues that the State failed to prove that A.B. was under 13 years 

old at the time of the offense because (1) the State alleged that he committed sexual exploitation 

of a child between the dates of April 1, 2018, and September 14, 2019 and (2) A.B. turned 13 

years old in May 2019, making her 13 during the last three months of the date range alleged in 

the charging document.

¶ 57 Although (1) defendant concedes that he has forfeited this argument and (2) as we

will discuss infra ¶¶ 77-82, the evidence was not closely balanced, we note that A.B. was 11 and 

12 years old for 14 of the 17 months alleged in the indictment and that A.B. testified that similar 

incidents where defendant would touch his penis while digitally penetrating her occurred 

“extremely often,” which she defined as two or three times a week. Based on this testimony and 

construing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, the evidence was sufficient for 

the jury to conclude that he committed the felony offense of sexual exploitation of a child.

¶ 58 B. One-Act, One-Crime

¶ 59 Defendant argues that his “conviction of both unlawful restraint and aggravated 

criminal sexual abuse violated the first prong of the one-act, one crime rule because the State’s 

only evidence of restraint was inherent in the charged sex offense.” We disagree.

¶ 60 1. The Applicable Law and the Standard of Review

¶ 61 Under the one-act, one-crime rule, “a criminal defendant may not be convicted of 

multiple offenses when those offenses are all based on precisely the same physical act.” People 
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v. Coats, 2018 IL 121926, ¶ 11, 104 N.E.3d 1102. “[A]n ‘act’ [is] any overt or outward 

manifestation that will support a separate offense.” People v. Crespo, 203 Ill. 2d 335, 341, 788 

N.E.2d 1117, 1120 (2001). “For the State to properly obtain multiple convictions for connected 

acts that might be treated as a series of offenses, the State must apportion the acts to the offenses 

in the charging instrument and at trial.” People v. Williams, 384 Ill. App. 3d 327, 340, 892 

N.E.2d 620, 632 (2008).

¶ 62 The test for determining whether a one-act, one-crime violation has occurred 

involves a two-step process. “First, the court should determine whether the defendant’s conduct 

consists of one physical act or several acts.” People v. Avelar, 2017 IL App (4th) 150442, ¶ 23, 

81 N.E.3d 607. If “the defendant has committed multiple acts, the court should then determine 

whether any of the charged offenses are lesser included offenses of another charged offense.” Id.

¶ 24. “If so, then ‘multiple convictions are improper; if not, then multiple convictions may be 

entered.’ ” Id. (quoting People v. Rodriguez, 169 Ill. 2d 183, 186, 661 N.E.2d 305, 306-07 

(1996)).

¶ 63 2. This Case

¶ 64 Defendant contends that the evidence the State presented for the aggravated 

criminal sexual abuse and unlawful restraint contemplated only one act—namely, defendant 

digitally penetrating A.B. Accordingly, defendant argues, because there was no other evidence 

presented for a separate act by defendant on September 15, 2019, that impeded A.B.’s freedom 

of movement, the unlawful restraint conviction violates the one-act, one-crime rule. We disagree.

¶ 65 Looking at the charging instruments, the State premised the aggravated criminal 

sexual abuse charge on defendant placing his hand in contact with A.B.’s vagina. By contrast, 

the State premised the unlawful restraint charge on defendant detaining A.B. in her bedroom. 
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Although these charges could pertain to one act, given A.B.’s testimony that she tried to push 

defendant off her but failed to do so, her testimony contemplates at least one act of defendant 

physically restraining her against her will that is separate from his act of digitally penetrating her 

vagina.

¶ 66 Anticipating our conclusion that A.B.’s testimony referred to separate acts, 

defendant asserts that even if that testimony was sufficient to show a separate act from the 

aggravated criminal sexual abuse, the State’s reliance on the act of holding A.B. down against 

her will constitutes a change in the State’s theory of the case, which cannot now provide a basis 

for defendant’s unlawful restraint conviction. See Crespo, 203 Ill. 2d at 343 (“[T]o apportion the 

crimes among the various stab wounds for the first time on appeal would be profoundly unfair.”). 

However, defendant preventing A.B. from pushing him off her is entirely consistent with the 

State’s theory of the case as set out in (1) the charging instrument, which says that defendant 

detained A.B. in her room, and (2) the State’s opening and closing arguments, which highlighted 

A.B.’s attempt to escape from under defendant.

¶ 67 Accordingly, defendant’s conviction for unlawful restraint does not violate the

one-act, one-crime rule.

¶ 68 C. Defendant’s Fair Trial Claims

¶ 69 Defendant argues that he was denied a fair trial because (1) the prosecutor 

misstated the law during closing arguments when she told the jury that it “could consider proof 

of one charged crime as creating an inference that [defendant] had a propensity to commit the 

other charged crimes” and (2) the trial court violated Illinois Supreme Court Rule 431(b) (eff. 

July 1, 2012) when it failed to ask every member of the jury whether they understood and 

accepted each of the Zehr principles (see People v. Zehr, 103 Ill. 2d 472, 469 N.E.2d 1062 
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(1984)). In the alternative, defendant argues that cumulative error denied him a fair trial. We 

disagree.

¶ 70 As an initial matter, defendant concedes he has forfeited these claims on appeal 

because he did not raise any of these claims in the trial court. See In re M.P., 2020 IL App (4th) 

190814, ¶ 44, 155 N.E.3d 577 (“A defendant forfeits an issue for purposes of appellate review by 

failing to object to the alleged error or raise it in a written posttrial motion.”). Nonetheless, he 

contends that we may review his claims as either first-prong plain error or ineffective assistance 

of counsel.

¶ 71 1. The Applicable Law

¶ 72 a. Plain Error

¶ 73 The usual first step under either prong of the plain-error doctrine is to determine 

whether there was an error at all. People v. Matthews, 2017 IL App (4th) 150911, ¶ 17, 93 

N.E.3d 597. When a defendant claims first-prong plain error, he must prove that an error 

occurred and that the evidence was so closely balanced that the error alone severely threatened to 

tip the scales of justice against him. Id. ¶ 26. When determining whether the evidence was 

closely balanced, a reviewing court must evaluate the totality of the evidence and conduct a 

qualitative, commonsense assessment of it within the context of the case. People v. Sebby, 2017 

IL 119445, ¶ 53, 89 N.E.3d 675. Typically, the evidence is closely balanced if “the outcome of 

this case turned on how the finder of fact resolved a ‘contest of credibility.’ ” Id. ¶ 63 (quoting 

People v. Naylor, 229 Ill. 2d 584, 606-07, 893 N.E.2d 653, 667 (2008)). A “contest of 

credibility” exists when (1) both sides presented a plausible version of events and (2) there is no 

extrinsic evidence to corroborate or contradict either version. Id. ¶¶ 60-63.

¶ 74 b. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
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¶ 75 “To demonstrate ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must show that 

(1) the attorney’s performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness and (2) the 

attorney’s deficient performance prejudiced the defendant in that, absent counsel’s deficient 

performance, there is a reasonable probability that the result of the proceeding would have been 

different.” People v. Jackson, 2020 IL 124112, ¶ 90, 162 N.E.3d 223 (citing Strickland v. 

Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984)). “A reasonable probability is a probability which 

undermines confidence in the outcome of the trial.” People v. Sturgeon, 2019 IL App (4th) 

170035 ¶ 84, 126 N.E.3d 703. “Because the defendant must satisfy both prongs of this test, the 

failure to establish either is fatal to the claim.” Jackson, 2020 IL 124112, ¶ 90 (citing Strickland, 

466 U.S. at 697).

¶ 76 2. This Case

¶ 77 Here, defendant’s claims of plain error and ineffective assistance of counsel fail 

because (1) the evidence was not closely balanced and (2) even if his attorney’s performance was 

deficient, defendant was not prejudiced.

¶ 78 Defendant argues that the evidence was closely balanced regarding (1) the three 

counts of predatory criminal sexual assault, (2) the three counts of criminal sexual assault, and 

(3) the single count of sexual exploitation of a child. Specifically, defendant argues that the 

State’s evidence regarding those counts “boiled down to one thing: A.B. claiming to others that 

[defendant] committed various acts.” Defendant contends that the evidence amounts to a 

credibility contest because (1) “the State did not present any direct evidence, such as the 

testimony of an eyewitness or physical evidence, that the events alleged in the remaining counts 

occurred” and (2) defendant pleaded not guilty to the charges.

¶ 79 This argument is completely without merit. Defendant is incorrect that the State 
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did not present eyewitness evidence because the State presented the testimony of A.B., who is 

both the victim and eyewitness of defendant’s assaults.

¶ 80 Further, defendant does not point to anything in the record showing why this case 

is closely balanced, nor does he argue that A.B.’s testimony was not credible or insufficient to 

support the charges against him. Instead, defendant implicitly asks this court to conclude as a 

matter of law that the unimpeached testimony of a sex crime victim against the not guilty plea of 

a defendant makes the case closely balanced because the convictions came down to the 

credibility of one witness—in defendant’s words, “a credibility contest.”

¶ 81 Again, this contention is completely without merit. As the supreme court recently 

explained, in the absence of a defendant’s testimony or other contrary evidence, a “credibility 

contest” cannot exist when the jury heard only one account of what happened. See People v. 

Williams, 2022 IL 126918, ¶¶ 60-61, 210 N.E.3d 1207 (concluding there is not a credibility 

contest when there are not competing accounts); see also People v. Williams, 2020 IL App (3d) 

170848, ¶ 30, 184 N.E.3d 1079 (The Third District opinion the supreme court reversed, in which 

Justice Schmidt wrote in dissent the following: “The majority finds the evidence closely 

balanced because of a ‘credibility contest.’ *** What credibility contest? Not one witness 

contradicted the victims’ testimony.”).

¶ 82 Although the absence of a “credibility contest” is not fatal to defendant’s claim 

(see Williams, 2022 IL 126918, ¶ 61 (noting that the defendant’s decision not to present evidence 

was not fatal to a first-prong plain-error argument)), we nonetheless conclude that the evidence 

of defendant’s guilt was overwhelming because (1) A.B.’s testimony was consistent and 

uncontradicted and (2) her credibility was bolstered by her mother’s testimony and defendant’s 

messages corroborating her account of the assault on September 15, 2019. Further, because the 
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evidence was overwhelming, even if we agreed with defendant that his attorney performed 

deficiently in the manners defendant alleged, there is not a reasonable probability that absent 

those errors the outcome would have been different.

¶ 83 Accordingly, defendant’s claims of plain error and ineffective assistance of 

counsel fail.

¶ 84 D. The Proportionate Penalties Clause

¶ 85 Last, defendant argues that the trial court erred by imposing Class X sentencing 

for counts 1 through 3 in violation of the proportionate penalties clause of the Illinois 

Constitution (Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 11) because subsection (a)(1) of the predatory criminal 

sexual assault statute (720 ILCS 5/11-1.40(a)(1) (West 2018)) and subsection (c)(1)(i) of the 

aggravated criminal sexual abuse statute (id. § 11-1.60(c)(1)(i)) have identical elements but carry 

different penalties.

¶ 86 The supreme court recently addressed this exact issue in People v. Johanson, 

2024 IL 129425, ¶ 14, writing as follows:

 “The plain language of these statutes demonstrates a clear difference 

between the two offenses. Although both require the victim to be under the age of 

13, aggravated criminal sexual abuse concerns any touching or fondling for 

purposes of sexual gratification or arousal, whereas predatory criminal sexual 

assault of a child requires direct contact with the sex organ or anus. While acts 

that satisfy the contact element of predatory criminal sexual assault of a child also 

satisfy the element of sexual conduct, the opposite is not always true.

***

Consequently, the two offenses do not contain identical elements. See generally 
- 19 - 

People v. Gallegos-Moreno, 2023 IL App (1st) 220958-U (agreeing with the 

appellate court’s decision in the case at bar); People v. D.K., 2023 IL App (2d) 

220267-U (same). The legislature could have reasonably believed that contact 

between the sex organ or anus of the defendant and a child victim required a more 

severe penalty. Therefore, the more severe sentence provided for the offense of 

predatory criminal sexual assault of a child is not constitutionally disproportionate 

to the less severe sentence for the offense of aggravated criminal sexual abuse.”

¶ 87 Accordingly, the trial court did not err by imposing Class X sentencing for counts 

1 through 3 because “the offense of predatory criminal sexual assault of a child does not contain 

identical elements to the offense of aggravated criminal sexual abuse and therefore does not 

violate the proportionate penalties clause of the Illinois Constitution.” Id. ¶ 20.

¶ 88 III. CONCLUSION

¶ 89 For the reasons stated, we affirm the trial court’s judgment. 

¶ 90 Affirmed.