Filed 8/18/15 Venuto v. State of California Dept. of Transportation CA4/1

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COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION ONE

STATE OF CALIFORNIA

DEBORAH VENUTO et al.,

Plaintiffs and Appellants,

v.

STATE OF CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT 

OF TRANSPORTATION et al.,

Defendants and Respondents.

 D066147

 (Super. Ct. No.

 37-2012-00096643-CU-PO-CTL)

APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County, Judith F. 

Hayes, Judge. Affirmed.

Williams Iagmin and Jon R. Williams for Plaintiffs and Appellants.

Jeanne E. Scherer, Jeffrey R. Benowitz and Julie E. Saake for Defendant and 

Respondent State of California Department of Transportation.

Jan I. Goldsmith, City Attorney, and Bonny Hsu, Deputy City Attorney, for 

Defendant and Respondent City of San Diego.
2

Nicholas Venuto was riding his bicycle on a bike path that parallels sections of 

California State Route 56 (SR-56) when he was struck and tragically killed by a driver 

who had been traveling along SR-56 and lost control of her car. The car struck the 

embankment, overturned and slid up the embankment, and then breached a chain-link 

fence separating the bike path from the embankment before it traveled along the path and 

struck Venuto and another rider. Venuto's heirs (collectively plaintiffs) filed this action 

against, among others, the State of California Department of Transportation (Caltrans)

and the City of San Diego (City) alleging there was a dangerous condition at the location 

of the accident that permitted recovery against the governmental entities under 

Government Code1 section 835. The trial court entered summary judgment against 

plaintiffs and in favor of Caltrans and City, finding as a matter of law those entities were 

shielded from liability by the absolute immunities provided under section 830.6 (the socalled "design immunity") and section 831.4 (the so-called "trail immunity").

Plaintiffs' appeal asserts there were triable issues of material fact precluding 

summary judgment, and therefore it was error to grant the summary judgment motions 

filed by Caltrans and City.

 

1 All further statutory references are to the Government Code unless otherwise 

specified.
3

I

FACTUAL BACKGROUND2

A. The Accident

On May 21, 2011, Ms. Saranita was driving eastbound on SR-56 in the number 

two lane approaching the interchange with Camino Del Sur. She decided to change from 

the number two lane into the number one lane, to avoid conflicts with cars potentially 

entering the freeway from Camino Del Sur. She checked her rear view and side view 

windows and began to move left into the number one lane. However, as she was 

transitioning, she saw something in her left peripheral vision, jerked her wheel and 

overcorrected, and lost control of her car.

Her car went across the merge lane (for cars entering eastbound SR-56 from 

Camino Del Sur) and across the right-hand shoulder. The car struck the small drainage 

curb at the southern edge of the shoulder, flipped over, and continued up an eight-foot 

high embankment planted with ice plant. The car's momentum carried it up the 

embankment, where it then crashed through the chain-link fence (which separated the 

paved bike path from the embankment) at the top of the embankment. The car then 

continued along the bike path where it struck the victims approximately 456 feet east of 

the Carmel Mountain Road overpass.

 

2 Our factual background, drawn from the papers filed in support of and in 

opposition to the motions for summary judgment, is stated in the light most favorable to 

plaintiffs. (LPP Mortgage v. Bizar (2005) 126 Cal.App.4th 773, 775-776 [court must 

consider evidence and inferences in the light most favorable to party opposing summary 

judgment].)
4

B. The Configuration of the Accident Location

SR-56 is an east-west full access controlled freeway with two eastbound travel 

lanes. At the accident site, it also has a third eastbound merge lane that provides ingress 

onto the freeway from the Camino Del Sur interchange. At the location of the accident, 

there is a paved bicycle lane south of and parallel to the freeway. This portion of the 

bicycle lane is separated from the travel lanes of the freeway by the merge lane, plus a 

paved shoulder in excess of 10 feet wide to the south of the merge and travel lanes, plus 

an approximately 20-foot wide, landscaped embankment that slopes upward from the 

freeway to the bicycle lane (with an approximate rise of eight feet from the southern edge 

of the shoulder to the level of the bike path), and a six-foot high chain-link fence 

separating the embankment from the bicycle lane. Along the southern edge of the 

shoulder, separating the shoulder from the lower edge of the embankment, is a six-inch 

high "Type A" dyke designed to channel water along the shoulder to be collected at 

drainage inlets and prevent erosion of the embankment.

C. The Design and Construction Process for the Accident Site

SR-56, an approximately 10-mile highway connecting Interstate 5 on the west 

with Interstate 15 on the east, was constructed in phases. The accident occurred in the 

segment of SR-56 built during the phase of construction that extended SR-56 westerly 

from east of Black Mountain Road to west of Carmel Mountain Road (the Project). The 

Project was implemented through a series of cooperative agreements between City, 

Caltrans and the San Diego Association of Governments. City was designated as the lead 

agency responsible for designing, financing and constructing the Project, and it hired 
5

Boyle Engineering Corporation to design and build the Project. Caltrans retained 

oversight and approval of the Project to assure its design and construction conformed to 

Caltrans standards in compliance with the Highway Design Manual (HDM).

As originally planned, the Project's westerly limit was at Carmel Mountain Road, 

and construction of the interchange at Camino Del Sur (then called Camino Ruiz) was 

slated for a later project phase. The design plans for this iteration of the Project were 

approved by a resolution of the city council of City in July 1999, and were subsequently 

approved in September 1999 by City's engineering and capital projects department. 

Construction began in January 2000. However, soon after work on the Project 

commenced, the involved agencies determined it was advantageous to extend the limit of 

the work, thereby expanding the Project farther west, to include building the interchange 

at Camino Del Sur as part of the phase comprising the Project. This supplemental work, 

denoted in Specification 7082A1, became known as Supplement A.

In March 2001, the city council of City adopted a resolution approving the 

amendment to the Project encompassing the extension of the construction westerly and 

including the interchange and ramp at Camino Del Sur, and authorized City to enter into 

a cooperative agreement with Caltrans for this construction. After the Project was 

approved by the city council of City to include this expanded work, certain of the plan 

sheets (which had been approved in 1999 containing design details for future 

contemplated phases of SR-56) were replaced to show this expanded work was now part 

of the Project. The pertinent replacement design plan sheets were prepared and approved 

by Boyle in August 2001, and therefore the pertinent original plan sheet (designated as 
6

Sheet L-3) was replaced by new Sheet L-3a dated August 29, 2001. City engineer Frank 

Belock reviewed and approved the design changes represented in Supplement A on 

August 29, 2001.

Construction of the Camino Del Sur interchange did not commence until after the 

design plans reflected in Supplement A had received the above approvals.3 The Project 

was constructed according to these design plans and was completed in October 2003. It 

is Caltrans's custom and practice to have the resident engineer responsible for a particular 

state highway project provide Caltrans with a set of final as-built plans to verify the 

project was built according to the plans and in conformity with applicable design 

standards. By affixing his as-built stamp to the contract's design plans, that resident 

engineer is certifying the project was built according to the plans and in conformity with 

applicable design standards, including the HDM. City was responsible for providing 

final as-built plans to Caltrans's Project resident engineer, and the as-built plans for this 

project bear the stamp of resident engineer Etezadi, affixed on October 23, 2003.4

 

3 Although plaintiffs dispute these facts, we explain below why plaintiffs' attempt to 

raise a dispute as to these facts is without substance.

4 During the as-built certification process, Supplement A plan sheets were collated 

into the original set, with revised sheets identified by adding an "a" to the sheet number 

and replaced sheets identified by drawing through with an "x." Accordingly, revised 

layout sheet L-3 was designated as L-3a and an X was placed through the original sheet 

L-3. Etezadi inadvertently did not include the revised pavement delineation sheet (PD-1) 

in the as-built plan set, but the pavement delineation was actually constructed in 

accordance with the plan sheet PD-1 approved by Belock in August 2001.
7

II

PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

A. Plaintiffs' Complaint and Theory of Liability Against Caltrans and City

The Complaint

Plaintiffs filed a complaint, naming as defendants Caltrans and City, among 

others, alleging Caltrans and City were liable for creating or maintaining a dangerous 

condition on public property.

The Theories of Liability

Plaintiffs' complaint against Caltrans and City alleged the portion of the bicycle 

path on which Mr. Venuto was killed and the portion of SR-56 adjoining that portion of 

the bicycle path constituted a dangerous condition as the result of its unreasonable and 

dangerous design including, but not limited to, the absence of adequate safeguards for 

users of the path. Plaintiffs' theory below was apparently that the layout of the freeway 

and its proximity to the bicycle path, when coupled with absence of positive barriers 

(such as a metal guardrail or concrete barrier) protecting the bicycle path from the 

freeway, made the configuration a dangerous condition.

B. The Summary Judgment Motions

The Motions

City moved for summary judgment. City argued it was protected from liability 

based on the so-called "trail immunity" statute (§ 831.4) and the so-called "design 
8

immunity" statute (§ 830.6).5 Plaintiffs opposed the motion, arguing that there were 

triable issues of fact as to design immunity because there were triable issues of fact on 

whether the segment of SR-56 at issue (1) was built in accordance with a prior approved 

design plan, or (2) was approved by a person with authority to provide approval, or (3) 

presented an unreasonable risk of harm to users of the bicycle path.6 Plaintiffs also 

asserted the "trail immunity" statute was irrelevant because they contended it was the 

design of SR-56 and its lack of protective barriers that created the dangerous condition. 

Caltrans also moved separately for summary judgment, arguing it also was protected 

from liability based on the "design immunity" statute (§ 830.6). Plaintiffs opposed the 

motion, asserting the same purported triable issues of fact that precluded summary 

judgment on City's design immunity defense also was fatal to Caltrans's motion.

The court, after sustaining a series of evidentiary objections to plaintiffs' evidence 

and overruling many of plaintiffs' objections to evidence filed by City and Caltrans filed 

in support of their motions for summary judgment, granted Caltrans's and City's 

 

5 City also asserted there was no dangerous condition because there was no 

evidence SR-56 and the bicycle path posed a danger when used with due care. We need 

not address this alternative contention because, for the reasons discussed below, we agree 

with the trial court that City is protected by design immunity. 

6 Plaintiffs also argued, apparently for the first time in opposition to the summary 

judgment motions, that there were "changed conditions" that rendered unreasonable the 

prior approved design, defendants were on notice of the newly hazardous condition, and 

defendants had a reasonable opportunity to carry out necessary remedial work.
9

motions.7 The court found, based on the admissible evidence filed in support of the 

summary judgment motions, the undisputed facts demonstrated that Caltrans was entitled 

to the protections of the design immunity statute and City was entitled to the protections 

of the design immunity and trail immunity statutes. 

II

APPLICABLE PRINCIPLES

A. General Principles Concerning a Dangerous Condition of Public Property

Section 835 provides that a public entity is "liable for injury caused by a 

dangerous condition of its property if the plaintiff establishes that the property was in a 

dangerous condition at the time of the injury, that the injury was proximately caused by 

 

7 Plaintiffs do not on appeal claim the evidentiary rulings actually made by the court 

were erroneous, and we therefore deem any claim of error as to those rulings waived and 

assume all that evidence to have been properly excluded. (See, e.g., Lopez v. Baca

(2002) 98 Cal.App.4th 1008, 1014-1015.) However, plaintiffs also moved to strike 

certain supplemental evidence filed by Caltrans and City in their replies in support of 

their summary judgment motion, and plaintiffs on appeal, although suggesting vaguely it 

was "unfair" to consider this supplemental evidence, do not explain how consideration of 

this supplemental evidence was an abuse of discretion. (See Plenger v. Alza Corp.

(1992) 11 Cal.App.4th 349, 362, fn. 8 [court has discretion to consider new evidence 

submitted in reply brief in determining whether the moving party met its initial burden on 

summary judgment motion]; Weiss v. Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. (1988) 204 Cal.App.3d 1094, 

1098-1099 [same].) Because the court concluded the evidence was not new matter but 

was lodged to rebut arguments made by plaintiffs and therefore overruled plaintiffs'

objections, and plaintiffs do not on appeal attempt to satisfy their burden of showing an 

abuse of discretion in this ruling, we deem that claim abandoned. (Landry v. Berryessa 

Union School Dist. (1995) 39 Cal.App.4th 691, 698 [appellate court presumes the trial 

court's order was correct and appellant has burden to overcome presumption and establish 

clear abuse of discretion; failure to offer argument as to why court's ruling was beyond 

bounds of reason, citing only general principles governing such motions without applying 

those principles to circumstances before court, permits appellate court to deem claim 

abandoned].)
10

the dangerous condition, that the dangerous condition created a reasonably foreseeable 

risk of the kind of injury which was incurred, and that either: [¶] (a) A negligent or 

wrongful act or omission of an employee of the public entity within the scope of his 

employment created the dangerous condition; or [¶] (b) The public entity had actual or 

constructive notice of the dangerous condition . . . a sufficient time prior to the injury to 

have taken measures to protect against the dangerous condition."

However, the statutory scheme also provides governmental entities with certain 

immunities from liability. As relevant here,8 section 830.6 provides for immunity when 

the plaintiff alleges his or her "injury [was] caused by the plan or design of a construction 

of, or an improvement to, public property where such plan or design has been approved 

in advance of the construction or improvement by the legislative body of the public entity 

or by some other body or employee exercising discretionary authority to give such 

approval or where such plan or design is prepared in conformity with standards 

previously so approved, if the trial or appellate court determines that there is any 

substantial evidence upon the basis of which (a) a reasonable public employee could have 

adopted the plan or design or the standards therefor or (b) a reasonable legislative body or 

 

8 Plaintiffs concede on appeal that they do not claim Venuto was injured because of 

any danger presented by the design or condition of the bicycle trail itself, but instead limit 

their argument to the claim that Venuto was injured by a dangerous condition created by 

the design of SR-56, and the bicycle trail was merely property "adjacent" to the 

dangerous condition. Although it appears the trial court correctly ruled the trail immunity 

statute also applied to immunize City from liability, it is unnecessary to examine that 

statute because plaintiffs eschew any claim Venuto was injured because of the dangerous 

design or condition of the bicycle trail itself.
11

other body or employee could have approved the plan or design or the standards 

therefor." A public entity claiming design immunity must establish three elements: "(1) a 

causal relationship between the plan or design and the accident; (2) discretionary 

approval of the plan or design prior to construction [or that the plan or design was

prepared in conformity with standards previously so approved]; and (3) substantial 

evidence supporting the reasonableness of the plan or design." (Cornette v. Department 

of Transportation (2001) 26 Cal.4th 63, 68-69 (Cornette).)

B. Standard of Review

A motion for summary judgment "shall be granted if all the papers submitted show 

that there is no triable issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to 

a judgment as a matter of law." (Code Civ. Proc. § 437c, subd. (c).) When evaluating a 

defendant's motion for summary judgment, "the statute instructs that such a party 'has met 

his or her burden of showing that a cause of action has no merit if that party has shown 

that one or more elements of the cause of action, even if not separately pleaded, cannot be 

established, or that there is a complete defense to that cause of action. Once the 

defendant . . . has met that burden, the burden shifts to the plaintiff . . . to show that a 

triable issue of one or more material facts exists as to that cause of action or a defense 

thereto.' (Code Civ. Proc., § 437c, subd.(p)(2).)" (Cerna v. City of Oakland (2008) 161 

Cal.App.4th 1340, 1346 (Cerna).)

An appellate court reviews de novo a trial court's decision to grant a summary 

judgment motion. (Silva v. Lucky Stores, Inc. (1998) 65 Cal.App.4th 256, 261.) In 

independently reviewing the propriety of an order granting summary judgment, the 
12

appellate court reviews the ruling of the trial court, rather than its rationale. (Aaitui v. 

Grande Properties (1994) 29 Cal.App.4th 1369, 1373.)

The defense of design immunity may be resolved on a motion for summary 

judgment. (Grenier v. City of Irwindale (1997) 57 Cal.App.4th 931, 939-940 (Grenier).) 

Both the causation element and the discretionary approval element may be resolved as an 

issue of law when the material facts pertaining to those elements are undisputed. (Ibid.) 

As to the first element, the defendant may rely on the allegations of the complaint to 

show the plan or design on which its design immunity defense is predicated was the 

cause of the accident. (Alvis v. County of Ventura (2009) 178 Cal.App.4th 536, 550); 

Cerna, supra, 161 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1349-1350 [pleadings limit the issues on motion for 

summary judgment].) As to the second element, discretionary approval "simply means 

approval in advance of construction by the legislative body or officer exercising 

discretionary authority" (Ramirez v. City of Redondo Beach (1987) 192 Cal.App.3d 515, 

526 (Ramirez )) and "[a] detailed plan, drawn up by a competent engineering firm, and 

approved by a city engineer in the exercise of his or her discretionary authority, is 

persuasive evidence of the element of prior approval." (Grenier, at p. 940.)

The third element—whether substantial evidence supports the reasonableness of 

plan or design—is particularly amenable to summary judgment because it always

presents a question of law. (See, e.g., Cornette, supra, 26 Cal.4th at p. 72 ["[s]ection 

830.6 clearly makes the resolution of the third element of design immunity, the existence 

of substantial evidence supporting the reasonableness of the adoption of the plan or 

design, a matter for the court, not the jury"].) Indeed, the statute provides immunity 
13

when there is any substantial evidence of reasonableness, even if contradicted (Grenier, 

supra, 57 Cal.App.4th at p. 940), because "[t]he rationale for design immunity is to 

prevent a jury from second-guessing the decision of a public entity by reviewing the 

identical questions of risk that had previously been considered by the government officers 

who adopted or approved the plan or design. [Citation.] ' " '[T]o permit reexamination in 

tort litigation of particular discretionary decisions where reasonable men may differ as to 

how the discretion should be exercised would create too great a danger of impolitic 

interference with the freedom of decision-making by those public officials in whom the 

function of making such decisions has been vested.' " [Citation.]' " (Cornette, at p. 69.)

III

ANALYSIS

We address two separate issues: first, did the trial court err when it concluded City 

and Caltrans had established there was no triable issue of material fact concerning the 

three elements necessary to establish design immunity; and, second, did the trial court 

properly determine there was no triable issue of fact with respect to the plaintiffs'

contention that changed circumstances resulted in a loss of design immunity.

A. Design Immunity Was Established As a Matter of Law

We conclude the trial court correctly granted summary judgment on the design 

immunity defense because plaintiffs submitted no competent evidence raising a triable 

issue of material fact on any of the three elements required for design immunity.
14

The Causation Element

City and Caltrans properly demonstrated the first element by relying on the 

allegations of plaintiffs' complaint that the plan or design on which its design immunity 

defense is predicated was the cause of the accident. (Alvis v. County of Ventura, supra,

178 Cal.App.4th at p. 550; Cerna, supra, 161 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1349-1350.) Plaintiffs'

complaint alleged that "the portion of SR[-]76 parallel with and adjacent to [the bike path 

where Mr. Venuto was killed] were and are in a dangerous condition as a result of a 

dangerous and unreasonable design, including but not limited to inadequate safeguards

. . . [and] [a]s a direct and proximate result of the unreasonably dangerous condition, 

Mr. Venuto was struck and killed by a vehicle that left the freeway . . . ." The trial court 

correctly concluded there was no triable issue of fact on the first element of design

immunity—"a causal relationship between the plan or design and the accident" (Cornette, 

supra, 26 Cal.4th at p. 69)—and the first element was established as a matter of law.

Plaintiffs appear to assert there was a triable issue of fact as to causation by 

arguing they submitted evidence a causative factor in the accident was an element not 

shown on the design plans. Even assuming this evidence was not stricken,9 plaintiffs'

argument would pertain to the second element (whether the improvement as built was 

 

9 Plaintiffs submitted a declaration averring that one of the landscaping materials 

chosen to line the slope "did not help slow [Saranita's] vehicle as it traveled up the slope"

and was not shown on the plans submitted by City and Caltrans as the approved design 

for the area of the accident. However, the trial court sustained objections to this 

evidence, and because plaintiffs make no argument that this evidence was erroneously 

excluded (see fn. 7, ante) we do not consider this claim on appeal.
15

approved) rather than to whether there was a causal nexus between the improvement and 

the accident. (See, e.g., Cameron v. State of California (1972) 7 Cal.3d 318, 326 [where

state merely showed governing body "vested with discretionary authority" approved a 

design but design contained no mention of superelevation, the superelevation as 

constructed did not result from the design or plan introduced into evidence that had been 

approved by governing body and therefore denying design immunity would not require a 

"reexamination of a discretionary decision in contravention of the design immunity 

policy because there has been no such decision proved"].)

The Approval Element

The discretionary approval element may be resolved as an issue of law if the 

material facts pertaining to the element are undisputed. (Grenier, supra, 57 Cal.App.4th 

at p. 940.) This element "simply means approval in advance of construction by the 

legislative body or officer exercising discretionary authority." (Ramirez, supra, 192 

Cal.App.3d at p. 526.) The burden on the prior approval element can be satisfied when 

there is evidence that, prior to construction, there was "[a] detailed plan, drawn up by a 

competent engineering firm, and approved by a city engineer in the exercise of his or her 

discretionary authority." (Grenier, at pp. 940-941.) Although the design plan must be 

"sufficiently explicit to assure that it is understandable to the employee giving the 

approval" (Thomson v. City of Glendale (1976) 61 Cal.App.3d 378, 385), the law 

imposes "no requirement that the design be expressed in any particular form . . . [nor any]

requirement under section 830.6 that the design be prepared by a public employee. It is 
16

standard practice to have construction plans and designs for public works prepared by 

private technicians." (Ibid.)

As previously discussed, the design plans for the original iteration of the Project, 

as approved by a resolution of the city council of City in July 1999 and subsequently 

approved in September 1999 by City's engineering and capital projects department, 

contemplated the Project's westerly limit to end at Carmel Mountain Road with 

construction of the interchange at Camino Del Sur (then called Camino Ruiz) slated for a 

later project phase. When construction began in January 2000 on this iteration of the 

Project, plaintiffs correctly note there were no approved detailed plans for the Camino 

Del Sur interchange.

However, soon after construction began on the approved iteration of the Project, 

the involved agencies determined to extend the limit of the work and expand the Project 

farther west to include building the interchange at Camino Del Sur as part of the Project. 

The city council of City adopted a resolution approving the amendment to the Project 

encompassing the extension of the construction to include the interchange and ramp at 

Camino Del Sur, authorized City to enter into a cooperative agreement with Caltrans for 

this construction, and detailed plans for this supplemental work (Supplement A) were 

then prepared by Boyle in August 2001, and approved by Belock, City's engineer, on 

August 29, 2001. Construction on the interchange and ramp at Camino Del Sur did not 

begin until after all of the above approvals had been obtained, and the Project (including 

the interchange and ramp at Camino Del Sur as reflected in Sheet L-3a dated August 29, 

2001) was constructed according to these design plans and completed in October 2003.
17

The above chronology satisfied City's and Caltrans's burdens of showing the prior 

approval element, i.e., that, prior to construction, there was "[a] detailed plan, drawn up 

by a competent engineering firm, and approved by a city engineer in the exercise of his or 

her discretionary authority." (Grenier, supra, 57 Cal.App.4th at pp. 940-941; accord, 

Alvarez v. State of California (1999) 79 Cal.App.4th 720, 734 [on motion for summary 

judgment, defendant's showing there was "a detailed plan, drawn up by a registered 

professional civil engineer, and approved by four district and State officials in the 

exercise of their discretionary authority is sufficient to establish the prior approval 

element of design immunity"], disapproved on other grounds by Cornette, supra, 26 

Cal.4th at p. 74, fn. 3.)

Plaintiffs assert there were triable issues of fact on the prior approval element. 

Plaintiffs claim there were triable issues of fact on whether Sheet L-3a, which plaintiffs 

do not dispute would qualify as a detailed plan of the interchange and ramp at Camino 

Del Sur that was drawn by a competent engineering firm hired by City and was approved 

by a city engineer, actually received the necessary approvals before construction 

commenced on the interchange and ramp configuration at Camino Del Sur depicted in 

Sheet L-3a. Plaintiffs correctly note the approvals on Sheet L-3a were dated August 29, 

2001, and then assert this fact is "vexing" because construction on the Project began in 

January 2000, from which plaintiffs assert the plans for the interchange and ramp 

configuration at Camino Del Sur could not have been approved before "that construction 

began." However, although plaintiffs are correct that construction on the overall Project

began in 2000, City and Caltrans submitted evidence that construction on the interchange 
18

and ramp at Camino Del Sur did not begin until after all of the approvals had been 

obtained for the plans depicted on Sheet L-3a , and plaintiffs cite no evidence raising a 

triable issue of fact as to whether construction on the relevant "dangerous condition" (i.e.,

the interchange and ramp configuration for Camino Del Sur) began before all of the 

approvals had been obtained.

We are also unconvinced by plaintiffs' other efforts to cobble together various 

snippets of disparate facts in an attempt to raise a triable issue of fact as to the prior 

approval element. For example, plaintiffs note the copy of Sheet L3-a attached to the

motion for summary judgment includes an as-built stamp dated "10-01-03" and signed by 

engineer Etezadi, and argue the original August 2001 date and approval "cannot be 

accurate," particularly because the Project manager (Mr. Fernon) testified in deposition 

"that Exhibit 9, Layout Sheet L-3a, did not exist in August of 2001." However, Fernon 

testified "we prepared the [as-built] sheets . . . [¶] . . . [¶] . . . after construction" and 

explained that, although Exhibit 9 was "not part of the [as-built] plans in 2001[,] . . . it did 

exist." Because the evidence was undisputed that the resident engineer responsible for a 

particular state highway project would provide Caltrans a set of final as-built plans after 

construction, affixed with an as-built stamp to the contract's design plans to certify the 

project was built according to the plans and in conformity with applicable design 

standards, the fact that the as-built plans for this project (bearing the stamp of resident 

engineer Etezadi affixed on October 23, 2003) did not exist until after construction was 

completed is irrelevant to the important inquiry: was the design contained in Sheet L-3a

in existence, and did it receive prior approval, before construction was commenced? City 
19

and Caltrans produced evidence demonstrating the answer to both questions was yes, and 

plaintiffs' effort to generate a dispute on those questions is unconvincing.10

We are convinced City and Caltrans amply satisfied the prior approval element 

with evidence demonstrating that detailed plans for the Camino Del Sur interchange 

existed and were approved by the necessary persons before construction on the alleged 

"dangerous condition" began, and because plaintiffs did not produce any competent 

evidence creating a triable issue of material fact on the prior approval element, this 

element of design immunity was established as a matter of law. (Grenier, supra, 57 

Cal.App.4th at p. 940 [discretionary approval element may be resolved as an issue of law 

when material facts pertaining to the element are undisputed].)

The Substantial Evidence of Reasonableness Element

The final element of design immunity is whether there is substantial evidence to 

support a conclusion the design was reasonable. A public entity claiming a design 

immunity defense must present substantial evidence supporting the reasonableness of the 

plan or design. (Cornette, supra, 26 Cal.4th at p. 69.) This standard requires a court "to 

apply the deferential substantial evidence standard to determine whether any reasonable 

[public] official could have approved the challenged design. [Citation.] If the record 

 

10 For example, plaintiffs attempt to create some conflict between Belock's reply 

declaration in support of the motion for Summary Judgment and his deposition 

testimony. In his reply declaration, Belock averred he was the City engineer who 

"reviewed the design changes" represented in Supplement A and signed the title page for 

the interchange on August 29, 2001, and that "[o]ne of the approved design changes of 

Supplement A" was the design contained in what ultimately became labeled as Sheet 

L-3a.
20

contains the requisite substantial evidence, the immunity applies, even if the plaintiff has 

presented evidence that the design was defective." (Arreola v. County of Monterey

(2002) 99 Cal.App.4th 722, 757.) Section 830.6 does not require a perfect design, but 

only requires a design that is reasonable under the circumstances. (Hefner v. County of 

Sacramento (1988) 197 Cal.App.3d 1007, 1014-1015.) "By deciding on a 

'reasonableness' standard, the Legislature intended that government officials be given 

extensive leeway in their decisions concerning public property. [¶] A governmental 

entity . . . is entitled to rely on what is apparently competent advice in making legislative 

decisions. The fact that on hindsight that advice may prove to have been flawed is not a 

basis for imposing liability on the governmental entity." (Ramirez, supra, 192 

Cal.App.3d at p. 525.) Accordingly, "as long as reasonable minds can differ concerning 

whether a design should have been approved, then the governmental entity must be 

granted immunity." (Ibid.)

The fact the design was approved by competent professionals can alone establish 

the reasonableness element. (Ramirez, supra, 192 Cal.App.3d at p. 526; accord, Higgins 

v. State of California (1997) 54 Cal.App.4th 177, 187.) The any substantial evidence

standard can also be shown by evidence that the plan or design complied with prevailing 

standards (Weinstein v. Department of Transportation (2006) 139 Cal.App.4th 52, 59) or 

by evidence from an expert testifying as to the reasonableness of the design (Laabs v. 

City of Victorville (2008) 163 Cal.App.4th 1242, 1267), and the mere fact the plaintiff 

produces a conflicting expert opinion will not warrant the forfeiture of design immunity 

because "[a] mere conflict in the testimony of expert witnesses provides no justification 
21

for the matter to go to a lay jury who will then second-guess the judgment of skilled 

public officials." (Ramirez, at pp. 525-526.)

As previously discussed, the design in this case was prepared by Boyle and 

approved by City's engineer Belock. As this court recognized in Compton v. City of 

Santee (1993) 12 Cal.App.4th 591, 597 (Compton), this fact alone supports a finding of

reasonableness. In addition, City and Caltrans provided an expert declaration from Mr. 

Hull, a registered professional civil engineer with extensive experience in state highway 

design planning and traffic engineering, who stated the design of the alleged dangerous 

condition was reasonable under all of the circumstances and was consistent with the 

standards contained in the HDM, which provides independent grounds for the 

determination that the reasonableness element was demonstrated as a matter of law.

(Hefner v. County of Sacramento, supra, 197 Cal.App.3d at p. 1015 ["[o]rdinarily, the 

opinion of a civil engineer as to the reasonableness of a design constitutes 'any'

substantial evidence sufficient to support a design immunity defense under section 

830.6"]; accord, Laabs, supra, 163 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1263-1264 [substantial evidence of 

the reasonableness of a design may be demonstrated by an expert's opinion].)

Plaintiffs, citing Levin v. State of California (1983) 146 Cal.App.3d 410, argue the 

expert opinion submitted by City and Caltrans is insufficient to warrant summary 

judgment on the reasonableness element. However, in Levin, the evidence showed the 

design plan did not conform to state guardrail standards or take into account an additional 

dangerous condition, excessive steepness of a slope. The Levin court, specifically noting 

the "silence of the state's experts" on those key issues, stated, "the mere fact that an 
22

expert witness testifies that in his [or her] opinion, a design is reasonable, does not make 

it so." (Id. at p. 418.) Here, in contrast, Hull's opinion was not silent on the key issues 

but instead explained state standards were complied with: the bike path was located 6.1 

meters from the edge of the eastbound outside shoulder pavement, a "distance far 

exceeding the minimum standard for which a physical barrier would be required." 

Moreover, the bike path was elevated approximately eight feet above the freeway, with a 

2:1 upward slope, and was 30.5 feet from the edge of traveled way (ETW) of the 

freeway. He explained the absence of a positive barrier was reasonable because, even for 

urban frontage roads along freeways, the HDM guideline for the outer separation from 

the ETW of the frontage road to the ETW of the freeway is 26 feet without requiring a 

positive barrier, and because the ETW of the bike path was more than four feet greater 

than that HDM guideline for frontage roads, the absence of a positive barrier did not 

offend HDM guidelines. Levin has no application to this case. We conclude there are 

multiple grounds supporting the trial court's determination that the reasonableness 

element of design immunity was demonstrated as a matter of law.

B. The Changed Circumstances Claim

Plaintiffs contend there are triable issues of fact as to whether section 830.6's 

changed conditions exception to design immunity applies. As explained by this court in 

Compton, supra, 12 Cal.App.4th at page 598, "Design immunity under section 830.6 is 

not perpetual but may be lost as a result of changed circumstances which subsequently 

render the improvement dangerous, if the public entity has received actual or constructive 

notice thereof. [Citation.] If the approved design becomes dangerous by reason of any 
23

change in conditions, and that fact is known to the public entity, the immunity will 

continue for only a reasonable period of time to allow the entity to obtain funds to carry 

out the remedial work of bringing the property back into conformity with a reasonable 

design or plan. [Citation.] Thus, there are at least two predicates to loss of design 

immunity: changed conditions and notice."

Plaintiffs asserted below that there was a doubling of traffic volume on SR-56, 

coupled with a statistically aberrant accident history, and therefore there were changed 

conditions and notice that would cause City and Caltrans to lose protections afforded by 

the design immunity statute. However, the only evidence submitted by plaintiffs in 

support of their claim that traffic volume on SR-56 had doubled between the time this 

segment opened and 2011 (the year of the accident) was a traffic volume report. 

Caltrans's specific objection to that exhibit was sustained and because plaintiffs make no 

assertion on appeal that excluding this exhibit was error, the record contains no

competent evidence traffic doubled from the time the freeway segment opened. (See fn. 

7, ante.) Moreover, although courts have recognized an increase in traffic volume can 

constitute a change in conditions (see, e.g., Baldwin v. State of California (1972) 6 Cal.3d 

424, 427-431), "[i]f the approved design becomes dangerous by reason of [this] change in 

conditions" (Compton, supra, 12 Cal.App.4th at p. 598), some increase in traffic volume 

alone is insufficient to establish a change in conditions for purposes of the loss of design 

immunity (Higgins v. State of California, supra, 54 Cal.App.4th at p. 188), but instead 

must be accompanied by additional proof that the "change in traffic volume changes the 

state standards that apply." (Weinstein v. Department of Transportation, supra, 139 
24

Cal.App.4th at p. 61.) As Weinstein explained, when design immunity attached because 

the design was reasonable at its inception, it is the plaintiff's burden to produce

substantial evidence that the design of the roadway at the accident location had 

subsequently become dangerous because of changed physical conditions. (Id. at p. 61.) 

Weinstein observed that a showing limited to statistics demonstrating increased traffic 

will not suffice absent evidence the statistics "made the condition of the roadway at the 

accident location inconsistent with state standards or would have rendered it 

unreasonable for a public entity to approve the design of the roadway. . . . [E]vidence 

[of] . . . increased traffic alone does not cause a roadway to 'no longer be in conformity 

with' its design or state standards unless a change in traffic volume changes the state 

standards that apply. Plaintiffs produced no evidence that increased traffic volume alone 

mandated a median barrier under the applicable state standards, and they otherwise failed 

to support their claim of loss of design immunity with evidence that changed conditions 

had caused the accident location to become dangerous." (Id. at pp. 60-61.) The same 

rationale applies here: although traffic may have incrementally increased since SR-56 

was fully opened, plaintiffs cite nothing on appeal suggesting they submitted evidence

this change in traffic volume changed the applicable standards so that the accident 

location was no longer in conformity with its design or with the design standards for the 

location.

Plaintiffs also claimed the aberrant accident history supported their claim of a 

change of circumstances. However, the court also sustained Caltrans's objections to the 

exhibits allegedly demonstrating the aberrant accident history and, because plaintiffs 
25

again present no argument on appeal demonstrating that excluding this exhibit was error, 

we conclude plaintiffs produced no competent evidence the allegedly dangerous location 

actually had any aberrant accident history. Moreover, even if the exhibit had not been 

excluded, this evidence would not be sufficient to create a triable issue of fact as to 

changed conditions. Plaintiffs' exhibit purported to show that, between April 2005 and 

May 2011, there were numerous other vehicle incursions into the chain link fence 

running along the bike path between mile markers 3.1 and 7.8.11 However, none of 

those other incursions occurred at the location of the accident site and, indeed, only four 

of the fence repairs listed in plaintiffs' "Bike Path Fence Collision Summary" occurred in 

the nearly two-mile stretch of SR-56 that brackets the accident site. It was incumbent on 

plaintiffs to show not merely that some accidents have occurred, but that there were 

numerous accidents at the site (see, e.g., Dole Citrus v. State of California (1997) 60 

Cal.App.4th 486, 493-494 [one similar incident reported two years preceding accident

insufficient]), and they occurred under substantially similar circumstances (Salas v. 

Department of Transportation (2011) 198 Cal.App.4th 1058, 1072 ["[i]t is well-settled 

that before evidence of previous accidents may be admitted to prove the existence of a 

dangerous condition, it must first be shown that the conditions under which the alleged 

previous accidents occurred were the same or substantially similar to the one in 

 

11 We question whether plaintiffs' characterization of these exhibits—i.e., as showing 

numerous vehicle incursions from the freeway into the bike lane fence—is accurate. For 

example, although the document labeled "Bike Path Fence Collision Summary" does

show numerous repairs to the fence during that period, only a few of those indicate how

the fence was damaged.
26

question"]), and that the numbers were statistically aberrant (Compton, supra, 12 

Cal.App.4th at p. 599 ["it was incumbent on [plaintiff] to show this rate was statistically 

aberrant, i.e., unusual or excessive in some respect"].) Because plaintiffs' showing below 

did not demonstrate numerosity, similarity, or statistical aberrancy, plaintiffs did not 

create a triable issue of fact on whether there were changed conditions of which City and 

Caltrans were on notice for purposes of losing design immunity. We conclude the trial 

court correctly held plaintiffs had not raised a triable issue of fact as to the loss of design 

immunity because of changed conditions.

DISPOSITION

The judgment is affirmed. Defendants are entitled to costs on appeal.

McDONALD, J.

WE CONCUR:

HALLER, Acting P. J.

O'ROURKE, J.