UNPUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

JONATHAN M. GREENE, 

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.  No. 99-2646

CONSOLIDATED FREIGHTWAYS

CORPORATION OF DELAWARE,

Defendant-Appellee. 

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Eastern District of Virginia, at Norfolk.

Robert G. Doumar, Senior District Judge.

(CA-99-384-2)

Argued: December 7, 2000

Decided: January 23, 2001

Before WILKINS, MICHAEL, and MOTZ, Circuit Judges.

Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion. 

COUNSEL

ARGUED: Judd B. Mendelson, STEINGOLD & MENDELSON,

Portsmouth, Virginia, for Appellant. James Willard Walker, Glen

Allen, Virginia, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: James W. Morris, III,

Robert J. Toy, MORRIS & MORRIS, Richmond, Virginia, for Appellee.
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. See

Local Rule 36(c). 

OPINION

PER CURIAM: 

Jonathan M. Greene appeals an order of the district court granting

summary judgment to Consolidated Freightways Corporation of Delaware (Consolidated) in Greene’s action concerning an injury he suffered while working as a police officer for the City of Chesapeake,

Virginia. Finding no error, we affirm. 

I.

The record, viewed in the light most favorable to Greene, demonstrates the following. Greene and twelve other officers traveling on

bicycles were passed very closely by a tractor-trailer driven by Delmar Parker for Consolidated Freightways Corporation of Delaware.

Parker did not slow down as he passed the officers in their lane and

sounded his horn for three or four seconds. Several of the officers

approached the vehicle when Parker stopped at a traffic light. Parker

was asked to produce his driver’s license and to pull his vehicle to the

side of the road, but he refused. When he was asked to exit the cab,

he rolled his window up. In response to Parker’s recalcitrance, Chesapeake Officer Terrance Myers entered the cab from the passenger

side. 

Greene, who had been near the rear of the bicycle group, then

arrived on the scene. His fellow officers had surrounded the truck on

all sides, including in the front, where officers were standing on the

ground straddling their bicycles. As Greene reached the tractor-trailer,

the gears of the truck engaged. At that point, Greene proceeded to the

driver’s side of the cab, opened the door, and told Parker, "This is the

last time you’re going to be told to step from the cab." J.A. 19 (internal quotation marks omitted). Parker took the truck out of gear but

refused to exit. Greene then put a "control hold" on Parker, and began

to drag him out of the truck. Id. When Parker’s foot came off the

2 GREENE v. CONSOLIDATED FREIGHTWAYS
brake, however, the truck began to roll forward. Parker asked Greene

to allow him to set the parking brake. Greene and Parker then went

back into the cab and Parker engaged the parking brake. 

As Greene was about to pull Parker from the cab, Greene realized

that Parker would hit his head on the ground. Accordingly, Greene

changed his position, planning to fall to the ground with Parker and

use his own body to shield Parker from the impact with the ground

below. When they fell, Parker indeed landed on Greene, and Greene

injured his shoulder. 

Greene filed suit in state court against Parker and Consolidated for

damages suffered as a result of Parker’s alleged negligence. Parker

was dismissed from the suit during the litigation, and the action was

removed to federal court. Consolidated subsequently moved for summary judgment, claiming that as a matter of law Greene’s claim was

barred by (1) the fireman’s rule, (2) Greene’s assumption of the risk

of his injury, and (3) Greene’s contributory negligence. The district

court granted the motion, concluding as a matter of law (1) that the

fireman’s rule barred Greene’s claim, (2) that Greene assumed the

risk of injury when he decided to throw himself and Parker from the

truck, and (3) that Parker’s conduct did not proximately cause

Greene’s injury. 

II.

Greene does not dispute that he assumed the risk of his injury as

a matter of law when he decided to pull Parker out of the truck and

use his own body to shield Parker from hitting the ground. However,

Greene argues that application of the rescue doctrine precludes a conclusion that his assumption of the risk defeats his claim as a matter

of law. Greene maintains that he reasonably believed that his actions

were necessary to protect the officers in front of the rig. 

We review the grant of summary judgment de novo, viewing the

disputed facts in the light most favorable to Greene. See Figgie Int’l,

Inc. v. Destileria Serralles, Inc., 190 F.3d 252, 255 (4th Cir. 1999).

Summary judgment is appropriate "if the pleadings, depositions,

answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the

affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any mateGREENE v. CONSOLIDATED FREIGHTWAYS 3
rial fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter

of law." Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). 

A plaintiff assumes the risk of his injuries when he intentionally

encounters a known danger. See Young v. Lambert, 482 S.E.2d 823,

826 (Va. 1997). The assumption of risk defense is limited, however,

by the rescue doctrine, which allows a plaintiff to recover when he

has placed himself in danger in order to protect others from "apparent

immediate peril of death or serious bodily harm." Commonwealth v.

Millsaps, 352 S.E.2d 311, 313 (Va. 1987); see id. at 313-14. The circumstances must be sufficiently dire "as to induce a reasonable belief

that some person is in imminent peril." Id. at 314 (internal quotation

marks omitted). 

Here, Greene admitted in his deposition that Parker took the truck

out of gear as soon as Greene entered the cab and before Greene put

Parker into the control hold. Greene also admitted that Parker

engaged the parking brake before Greene took Parker out of the vehicle. Notwithstanding that the vehicle was secured at that point,

Greene contends that he knew that "Parker could engage and disengage[ ] the gears of the truck at will." Brief of Appellant at 20. However, once Greene had entered the cab and the truck was secured,

there simply was no ground for a reasonable belief that the officers

in front of the truck were in any immediate peril. Accordingly, the

district court correctly held as a matter of law that the rescue doctrine

did not apply and that Greene’s recovery was barred by the doctrine

of assumption of risk.* We therefore affirm the order of the district

court granting summary judgment against Greene.

AFFIRMED

*Because we affirm the grant of summary judgment on this basis, we

do not address Greene’s arguments regarding the fireman’s rule and

proximate cause. 

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