*This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the

doctrines of law of the case, res judicata and collateral estoppel. The court

generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order

and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.

F I L E D

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

SEP 15 2000

PATRICK FISHER

Clerk

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

TENTH CIRCUIT

DAVID GUZMAN,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

JOSEPH POLISAR, Chief of Police;

MARTIN CHAVEZ, Mayor,

Defendants-Appellants.

No. 99-2060

(District of New Mexico)

(D.C. No. CIV-97-1279-MV)

ORDER AND JUDGMENT*

Before TACHA, BRORBY, and MURPHY, Circuit Judges. 

I. INTRODUCTION

Plaintiff David Guzman brought suit against defendants Joseph Polisar and

Martin Chavez (collectively “Defendants”), respectively the former Chief of

Police and Mayor of Albuquerque. See 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Following a non-jury

trial, the district court found that Guzman had spoken out about discrimination in
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the Albuquerque Police Department (“APD”), and that the Defendants retaliated

against Guzman because of that speech in violation of the First Amendment. The

district court found that the Defendants retaliated by mediating a discrimination

claim in bad faith, specifically by refusing to hand over certain documents

requested by Guzman during the mediation. Defendants appealed, arguing inter

alia that there was insufficient evidence to support the district court’s finding that

they were involved in the decision not to turn over the documents. This court

agrees. Because there was no evidence to link these individuals to the alleged

retaliatory act, we exercise our jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and

reverse.

II. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

 Guzman, who is Hispanic, was a police officer with the Albuquerque

Police Department from June 1976 until his resignation in August 1998. He rose

to the position of Sargent in 1983, and in the years following he sought to be

promoted to Lieutenant. The process by which an officer in the APD is promoted

to Lieutenant includes both a written and an oral examination, with only the most

successful candidates on the written examination qualifying to take the oral

examination. Guzman passed the written examination on seven different

occasions, but he failed the oral examination each time and, thus, was never

promoted. 
1Guzman and Polisar had also been involved in a dispute in the mid-1980s

which led to a verbal altercation between the two men.

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Throughout Guzman’s career at APD, he was both a member of and held

leadership positions in several police unions, including the Chicano Police

Officers’ Association, the Latino Peace Officers’ Association, and the New

Mexico Peace Officers’ Association. As a union representative, Guzman met

with Defendant Chavez when Chavez was a mayoral candidate. Guzman sought

to discuss issues which included the perceived discrimination against Hispanic

police officers at the APD and the selection of the next Chief of Police. Chavez

became upset and refused to discuss these issues. The police unions thereafter

endorsed another candidate.

When Polisar was appointed Chief of Police, he refused to meet with

Guzman to discuss union members’ concerns, including concerns over

discrimination.1

 Guzman asked then-mayor Chavez to persuade Polisar to meet

with union leaders. Chavez refused Guzman’s request, and he and Guzman

exchanged threats.

In 1994, Guzman participated in a class action lawsuit, which became

known as the “Alianza” lawsuit, in which the plaintiffs alleged various forms of

anti-Hispanic discrimination in the APD. Defendants in the Alianza lawsuit

included the City of Albuquerque (“City”) and Defendants Chavez and Polisar. 
2The Alianza defendants refused to mediate the claims of police officer Gil

Najar, another police union leader, and Najar was not a party to the tolling

agreement. All of the Alianza lawsuit plaintiffs except for Najar and Guzman

resolved their claims through mediation.

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Guzman and the other plaintiffs eventually agreed to dismiss the suit in exchange

for the City’s agreement to toll the statute of limitations on most of the individual

plaintiffs’ claims. This arrangement was reduced to a written document, the

“Tolling Agreement,” in which the parties also stated their intention to mediate

most of the Alianza plaintiffs’ claims.2

Guzman participated in three mediation sessions. Participants at these

sessions included Guzman, his attorney, and police officer Sal Baragiola. During

the mediation, Guzman asked to see the documents which were prepared by

examiners at his past oral examinations. Guzman hoped and believed that these

documents would explain why he did not qualify for promotion, either by

identifying mistakes he had made or by revealing any possible biases on the part

of the examiners. Baragiola told Guzman that he requested the documents from

Deborah Martinez, an employee of the City’s Human Resources department, but

that she refused to release them. Guzman’s attorney also requested the

documents directly from Martinez, but she was denied access to them as well. As

a result of these refusals, Guzman terminated the mediation.
3Guzman’s testing file was also the subject of a discovery dispute in this

litigation. The documents were turned over to Guzman during the trial, and the

district court gave Guzman the opportunity to conduct additional discovery based

on the documents.

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Guzman then initiated this lawsuit, in which he alleged that the

Defendants: 1) discriminated against him by failing to promote him because of

his Hispanic national origin, in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment; and 2)

retaliated against him for his speech on discrimination, in violation of the First

Amendment. Guzman originally named as defendants Polisar, Chavez, and

Baragiola, all in their official and individual capacities. Pursuant to pre-trial

motions, Guzman stipulated to the dismissal of Baragiola in both his individual

and official capacity, and to the dismissal of Chavez and Polisar in their official

capacities. 

A bench trial was held in October 1998 and, following an extensive recess

during which Guzman conducted additional discovery, was concluded in January 

1999.3

 The district court issued findings of fact and conclusions of law stating

that: 1) Guzman had failed to show that Defendants discriminated against him by

denying him a promotion; but 2) Defendants had retaliated against Guzman

because of his protected speech by mediating his Alianza claims in bad faith. 

The district court specifically found that the Defendants retaliated against

Guzman by refusing to turn over the oral examiners’ documents, and that without
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those documents his efforts at mediation necessarily failed. The district court

awarded Guzman $75,000 in compensatory damages, and Defendants appealed.

III. DISCUSSION

A. Standard of Review

Defendants challenge specific findings of fact made by the district court. 

This court reviews findings of fact under the clearly erroneous standard. See

Fed. R. Civ. P. 52(a); Salve Regina College v. Russell, 499 U.S. 225, 233 (1991). 

“A finding of fact is not clearly erroneous unless it is without factual support in

the record, or if the appellate court, after reviewing all the evidence, is left with

the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made.” Las Vegas Ice &

Cold Storage Co. v. Far West Bank, 893 F.2d 1182, 1185 (10th Cir. 1990)

(quotations omitted). 

B. No Evidence of Action by the Defendants

Defendants argue that the district court’s finding of fact number thirty-five

was clearly erroneous:

35. Mr. Guzman has shown that his speech on

discrimination in the Albuquerque Police Department

was a substantial factor or a motivating factor in

Defendants’ refusal to disclose, despite the existence of

a signed confidentiality agreement and other guarantees

of confidentiality, his testing records so that any of his

efforts at mediation necessarily failed. 
4

In his brief, Guzman also argues that when the Defendants offered to

mediate the Alianza lawsuit, they already knew that the City’s policy was to

refuse access to the oral examination records, and therefore the offer to mediate

was made in bad faith. We do not read the district court’s findings of fact and

conclusions of law as relying on this theory. Moreover, our review of the record

has also failed to reveal evidence of any prior knowledge by the Defendants of the

City’s policy with regard to releasing testing records. 

5

In light of our conclusion above, we need not reach the Defendants’

arguments that 1) there was insufficient evidence to support the district court’s

finding that the testing documents were withheld in retaliation for Guzman’s

speech and 2) all of Guzman’s evidence on damages related to his discrimination

claim, and thus there was insufficient evidence to support the district court’s

award of damages.

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Specifically, Defendants argue that no evidence was presented at trial from which

the district court could have found that they were involved in withholding the

documents Guzman requested during mediation. Based on an independent review

of the record, this court agrees. No evidence was presented at the trial which

would link these two individuals to the decision to withhold the documents or to

any other act which would defeat Guzman’s efforts at mediation.4 Because there

is no evidence of personal involvement by the Defendants, we reverse.5

 See

Grimsley v. MacKay, 93 F.3d 676, 680 (10th Cir. 1996). 
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IV. CONCLUSION 

For the reasons stated above, this court reverses the decision of the

District Court for the District of New Mexico and remands with instructions to

the district court to vacate its judgment and enter judgment for the Defendants.

ENTERED FOR THE COURT:

Michael R. Murphy

Circuit Judge