AFFIRM; Opinion Filed November 30, 2023 

S 

In The 

Court of Appeals 

Fifth District of Texas at Dallas 

No. 05-22-01185-CV 

D. CRAIG WALKER, Appellant 

V. 

AMERICAN EXPRESS NATIONAL BANK, Appellee 

On Appeal from the 134th Judicial District Court 

Dallas County, Texas 

Trial Court Cause No. DC-20-18130 

MEMORANDUM OPINION 

Before Justices Carlyle, Smith, and Kennedy 

Opinion by Justice Kennedy 

D. Craig Walker appeals the judgment in favor of appellee American Express 

National Bank (“National Bank”) on its claim against him for breach of a credit 

account agreement. In his first issue, Walker argues National Bank lacked standing 

and capacity because there was insufficient evidence to establish that National Bank 

was a party to the credit account agreement upon which it sued. In his second and 

third issues, Walker urges the trial court improperly permitted National Bank to offer 

evidence at trial in direct contradiction of judicial admissions and factual assertions 

made in National Bank’s original petition and disclosures. Because all dispositive 
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issues are settled in law, we issue this memorandum opinion. See TEX. R. APP.

P. 47.2(a), 47.4. We affirm. 

BACKGROUND

On December 8, 2020, National Bank filed suit against Walker, asserting a 

claim for breach of contract. More particularly, National Bank alleged Walker had 

obtained a credit account from National Bank, entered into a credit account 

agreement with National Bank, and failed to repay all of the credit services, leaving 

an unpaid balance of $60,072.74. In February 2021, National Bank sought and 

obtained default judgment against Walker. The following month, Walker filed a 

motion for new trial, urging, among other things, that the 2011 credit account 

agreement attached to the motion for default judgment named “American Express 

Centurion Bank” (“Centurion Bank”) as the issuer, not “American Express National 

Bank,” and that the motion included no evidence to link National Bank with 

Centurion Bank. In May 2021, the trial court signed an order granting a new trial. 

Approximately one year later, Walker filed his original answer, in which he 

generally denied National Bank’s allegations and asserted several affirmative 

defenses, including that National Bank lacked standing and capacity. 

On June 3, 2022, the case proceeded to a trial before a jury. During that trial, 

National Bank offered evidence that there was “an internal structure change of 

American Express where we went from American Express Centurion Bank to 

American Express National Bank.” National Bank also offered, and the trial court 
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admitted, a certificate of conversion to a national bank from the federal Office of the 

Comptroller of the Currency, which stated that effective April 1, 2018, “American 

Express Centurion Bank” converted to a national banking association under the title 

of “American Express National Bank.” Walker objected to evidence that National 

Bank is the same entity as Centurion Bank as “leading and . . . at variance with the 

pleadings, the affidavits and the initial disclosures.” The trial court reserved the 

question of law and otherwise overruled Walker’s objection. 

At the charge conference, Walker objected to the language in the charge that 

referred to “American Express Centurion Bank” because National Bank did not 

plead or disclose that it was formerly known as “American Express Centurion 

Bank.” The trial court overruled those objections. The jury charge defined 

“Agreement” to refer to the credit account agreement between “American Express 

National Bank formerly known as American Express Centurion Bank” and Walker. 

The jury answered yes to (1) whether Walker agreed to the terms offered by 

“American Express National Bank formerly known as American Express Centurion 

Bank”; (2) whether Walker failed to comply with the Agreement; and (3) whether 

Walker’s failure to comply with the Agreement caused an injury to “American 

Express National Bank formerly known as American Express Centurion Bank.” 

Finally, the jury awarded National Bank $60,072.74 in damages. On July 26, 2022, 

the trial court signed a judgment consistent with the jury’s verdict in favor of 

National Bank and awarding $60,072.74. 
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The following month, Walker filed a motion for judgment notwithstanding 

the verdict and a motion for new trial, in which he urged National Bank identified 

itself in all pleadings, motions, and disclosures as “American Express National 

Bank” despite relying on an agreement that named “American Express Centurion 

Bank” as the issuer. Walker argued that the trial court erred by admitting any 

evidence regarding any relationship between the two entities as contrary to National 

Bank’s judicial admissions in its pleadings or the positions taken in its previously 

filed motions and disclosures. The trial court did not rule on the motion for 

judgment, and the motion for new trial was overruled by operation of law. This 

appeal followed. 

DISCUSSION

In his first issue, Walker argues the trial court erred by denying his motion for 

judgment notwithstanding the verdict (JNOV) on the ground that there was 

insufficient evidence in the record to establish that National Bank was a party to the 

credit account agreement upon which it sued and therefore had standing and capacity 

to bring suit against Walker. In his second and third issues, Walker argues that in 

its petition and in its initial disclosures, National Bank identified the plaintiff as 

“American Express National Bank” and alleged that “American Express National 

Bank” had entered into a credit account agreement with Walker. Walker urges that 

such statements, without ever identifying or otherwise naming “American Express 

Centurion Bank,” are judicial admissions and admitted facts, which National Bank 
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was barred from disputing, such that the trial court improperly admitted any 

evidence contradicting the same. More particularly, Walker argues in that the trial 

court’s decision to admit into evidence a certificate of conversion to a national bank 

from the federal Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, which stated that 

effective April 1, 2018, “American Express Centurion Bank” converted to a national 

banking association under the title of “American Express National Bank.” Because 

this evidence was offered in support of National Bank’s standing and capacity to 

bring suit against Walker, we will address Walker’s second and third issues before 

addressing his first. 

Walker relies on several cases holding that assertions of fact, not plead in the 

alternative, in the live pleadings of a party are regarded as formal judicial 

admissions, which bar the admitting party from later disputing the admitted fact. See 

Holy Cross Church of God in Christ v. Wolf, 44 S.W.3d 562, 568 (Tex. 2001); Lyons 

v. Lindsey Morden Claims Mgmt., Inc., 985 S.W.2d 86, 92 (Tex. App.—El Paso 

1998, no pet.). He also relies on Rule 193.6(a) of the rules of civil procedure, which 

provides, “A party who fails to make, amend, or supplement a discovery response, 

including a required disclosure, in a timely manner may not introduce in evidence 

the material or information that was not timely disclosed.” TEX. R. CIV. P. 193.6(a) 

(further providing for exceptions for “good cause” and showing of lack of unfair 

surprise or prejudice). 
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However, in objecting to the certificate of conversion, Walker’s objection was 

to any evidence that contradicted National Bank’s self-identification in its petition 

and disclosures as the party with whom Walker entered into the credit account 

agreement. This Court has stated that a challenge to a party’s privity of contract is 

a challenge to capacity. See John C. Flood of DC, Inc. v. SuperMedia, L.L.C., 408 

S.W.3d 645, 651 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2013, pet. denied) (citing Landry’s Seafood 

House–Addison, Inc. v. Snadon, 233 S.W.3d 430, 433–34 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2007, 

pet. denied); King–Mays v. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co., 194 S.W.3d 143, 145 (Tex. 

App.—Dallas 2006, pet. denied)). The rules of civil procedure provide for 

challenging the plaintiff’s legal capacity to sue. See id. (citing TEX.R.CIV. P. 93(1)); 

see, e.g. Sixth RMA Partners, L.P. v. Sibley, 111 S.W.3d 46, 56 (Tex. 2003) (citing 

TEX.R.CIV. P. 93; Pledger v. Schoellkopf, 762 S.W.2d 145, 146 (Tex. 1988) (“When 

capacity is contested, Rule 93 requires that a verified plea be filed unless the truth 

of the matter appears of record.”). 

We review a trial court’s decision to admit or exclude evidence for an abuse 

of discretion. See Fleming v. Wilson, 610 S.W.3d 18, 21 (Tex. 2020) (per curiam). 

In arguing his second and third issues, Walker challenges the trial court’s decision 

to admit into evidence a certificate establishing Centurion Bank converted to a 

national bank. His only basis for arguing that the admission of the certificate was 

an abuse of discretion was that it improperly contradicted judicial admissions and 

factual assertions in disclosures. However, the statements Walker characterizes as 
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judicial admissions and factual assertions are instead statements identifying the 

plaintiff and party to the credit account agreement at issue in this case, and Walker 

filed a verified plea challenging National Bank’s capacity to sue. See TEX. R. CIV.

P. 93(1). Therefore, we cannot conclude the trial court abused its discretion in 

admitting the certificate on this record. 

Accordingly, we overrule Walker’s second and third issues. 

In his first issue, Walker argues the trial court erred by denying his motion for 

JNOV on the ground that there was insufficient evidence in the record to establish 

that National Bank was a party to the credit account agreement upon which it sued 

and therefore had standing and capacity to bring suit against Walker. 

A trial court may disregard a jury’s verdict and render a JNOV if no evidence 

supports one or more of the jury’s findings or if a directed verdict would have been 

proper. See Dixie Carpet Installations, Inc. v. Residences at Riverdale, LP, 599 

S.W.3d 618, 624 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2020, no pet.) (citing Tiller v. McLure, 121 

S.W.3d 709, 713 (Tex. 2003)). We review a trial court’s decision to grant or deny a 

motion for JNOV under the legal sufficiency standard of review. See Lutterodt v. 

Emily Lane Owners Ass’n, Inc., No. 05-14-01329-CV, 2016 WL 3381919, at *2 

(Tex. App.—Dallas June 16, 2016, pet. denied) (mem. op.) (citing City of Keller v. 

Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 823 (Tex. 2005) (test for legal sufficiency is same for 

directed verdict, JNOV, and appellate no-evidence review)). We credit evidence 

favoring the jury verdict if reasonable jurors could and disregard contrary evidence 
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unless reasonable jurors could not. See id. (citing Tanner v. Nationwide Mut. Fire 

Ins. Co., 289 S.W.3d 828, 830 (Tex. 2009); Oncor Elec. Delivery Co., LLC v. S. 

Foods Grp., LLC, 444 S.W.3d 699, 703 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2014, no pet.)). We 

will uphold the jury’s finding if more than a scintilla of competent evidence supports 

it. See id. (citing Tanner, 289 S.W.3d at 830. The final test for legal sufficiency 

must always be whether the evidence at trial would enable reasonable and fairminded people to reach the verdict under review. See id. (citing Tanner, 289 S.W.3d 

at 830). 

A party must have both standing and capacity to sue.1

 SuperMedia, L.L.C., 

408 S.W.3d at 650 (citing Austin Nursing Ctr., Inc. v. Lovato, 171 S.W.3d 845, 848 

(Tex. 2005)). This Court has stated that a challenge to a party’s privity of contract 

is a challenge to capacity, not standing.2

 See id. at 651 (citing Snadon, 233 S.W.3d 

at 433–34; King–Mays, 194 S.W.3d at 145). Privity is established by proving the 

1

 “The issue of standing focuses on whether a party has a sufficient relationship with the lawsuit so as 

to have a ‘justiciable interest’ in its outcome, whereas the issue of capacity ‘is conceived of as a procedural 

issue dealing with the personal qualifications of a party to litigate.’” See SuperMedia, 408 S.W.3d at 650 

(citing Austin Nursing Ctr., 171 S.W.3d at 849) (quoting 6A Charles Alan Wright, Arthur R. Miller, and 

Mary Kay Kane, Wright, Miller & Kane, Federal Practice and Procedure: Civil 2d § 1559, at 441 (2d ed. 

1990)). “A plaintiff has standing when it is personally aggrieved, regardless of whether it is acting with 

legal authority; a party has capacity when it has the legal authority to act, regardless of whether it has a 

justiciable interest in the controversy.” See id. (citing Austin Nursing Ctr., 171 S.W.3d at 848–49 (quoting 

Nootsie Ltd. v. Williamson Cnty. Appraisal Dist., 925 S.W.2d 659, 661 (Tex. 1996)); Nine Greenway Ltd. 

v. Heard, Goggan, Blair & Williams, 875 S.W.2d 784, 787 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1994, writ 

denied)) (emphasis in original). 

2

 “While the question of whether a party is entitled to sue on a contract is often informally referred to 

as a question of ‘standing,’ it is not truly a standing issue because it does not affect the jurisdiction of the 

court; it is, instead, a decision on the merits.” See SuperMedia, 408 S.W.3d at 651 (quoting Heartland 

Holdings Inc. v. U.S. Trust Co. of Tex., 316 S.W.3d 1, 6–7 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2010, no 

pet.)); (citing James M. Clifton, I, Inc. v. Premillenium, Ltd., No. 05–08–01528–CV, 2010 WL 2089655 at 

*2 (Tex. App.—Dallas May 26, 2010, no pet.) (mem. op.)). 
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defendant was a party to an enforceable contract with either the plaintiff or someone 

who assigned its cause of action to the plaintiff. See id. 

Here, the evidence admitted at trial showed that in 2011 Walker entered into 

a card member agreement with “American Express Centurion Bank.” National Bank 

offered, and the trial court admitted, a certificate of conversion to a national bank, 

which indicated that effective April 1, 2018, “‘American Express Centurion Bank’ 

Salt Lake City, Utah, converted to a national banking association under the title of 

‘American Express National Bank’ with the Charter No. 25151.” That certificate 

was certified to by an acting comptroller of the currency with the federal Office of 

the Comptroller of the Currency. At trial, William McCarter, testified he was an 

assistant custodian of records for American Express National Bank and that since 

Walker entered into the 2011 card member agreement, there “was an internal 

structure change of American Express where we went from American Express 

Centurion Bank to American Express National Bank.” We conclude this evidence 

constitutes more than a scintilla of evidence to support the trial court’s judgment in 

favor of National Bank. Compare Rizvi v. Am. Express Nat’l Bank, No. 02-19-

00197-CV, 2020 WL 3969585, at *6 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth June 18, 2020, no 

pet.) (mem. op.) (holding as sufficient evidence to support judgment testimony of 

assistant custodian of records that “American Express Bank, FSB” had merged with 

“American Express National Bank” such that the latter could sue upon the accounts 

of the former), with Thomas v. Am. Express Nat’l Bank, No. 05-22-00024-CV, 2022 
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WL 17843546, at *2 (Tex. App.—Dallas Dec. 22, 2022, no pet.) (mem. op.) 

(reversing and rendering judgment where “there is nothing in the record to explain 

the relationship, if any, between Amex National, the party seeking recovery, and 

Amex Centurion, the party with whom Thomas had an agreement”). 

We overrule Walker’s first issue. 

CONCLUSION

We affirm the trial court’s judgment. 

221185F.P05 

 

/Nancy Kennedy/

NANCY KENNEDY 

JUSTICE 
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S 

Court of Appeals 

Fifth District of Texas at Dallas 

JUDGMENT 

D. CRAIG WALKER, Appellant 

No. 05-22-01185-CV V. 

AMERICAN EXPRESS 

NATIONAL BANK, Appellee 

 On Appeal from the 134th Judicial 

District Court, Dallas County, Texas 

Trial Court Cause No. DC-20-18130. 

Opinion delivered by Justice 

Kennedy. Justices Carlyle and Smith 

participating. 

 In accordance with this Court’s opinion of this date, the judgment of the trial 

court is AFFIRMED. 

 It is ORDERED that appellee AMERICAN EXPRESS NATIONAL BANK 

recover its costs of this appeal from appellant D. CRAIG WALKER. 

Judgment entered this 30th day of November 2023.