2021 IL App (2d) 190764-U 

No. 2-19-0764 

Order filed March 5, 2021

NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23(b) and is not precedent 

except in the limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(1).

______________________________________________________________________________ 

IN THE

APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

SECOND DISTRICT

______________________________________________________________________________ 

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE ) Appeal from the Circuit Court

OF ILLINOIS, ) of McHenry County. 

) 

Plaintiff-Appellee, ) 

) 

v. ) No. 17-CF-905 

) 

ARTAVEUS S. LOWE, ) Honorable 

) Robert A. Wilbrandt Jr.,

Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge, Presiding.

______________________________________________________________________________ 

JUSTICE McLAREN delivered the judgment of the court.

Justices Schostok and Birkett concurred in the judgment.

ORDER

¶ 1 Held: The evidence showed that defendant was aware of a substantial probability that a 

festival he attended was held in a public park, and therefore he was properly 

convicted of unlawful presence of a child sex offender in a public park. The State 

presented evidence that, on the day of the festival, (1) the park entrance had a large, 

clearly visible sign declaring that it was a city park, and (2) the area had other 

features of a public park. The trial court properly credited this evidence over 

contrary evidence presented by defendant.

¶ 2 Defendant, Artaveus S. Lowe, appeals his conviction of unlawful presence of a child sex 

offender in a public park (720 ILCS 5/11-9.4-1(b) (West 2016)). He contends that the State failed 
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to prove him guilty beyond a reasonable doubt because there was insufficient evidence that he 

knew that he was in a public park. We affirm.

¶ 3 I. BACKGROUND

¶ 4 Defendant, a convicted child sex offender, was indicted based on the allegation that, on 

September 2, 2017, he was knowingly present in Milky Way Park, a public park in Harvard, 

Illinois. The indictment further alleged that defendant had previously been convicted of unlawful 

presence of a child sex offender in a public park in 2010. In July 2019, a bench trial was held.

¶ 5 Detective Verle Leard of the Harvard Police Department testified that he was assigned to 

work at the Harvard Balloon Festival at Milky Way Park on September 2, 2017, from 2:00 p.m. to 

10:00 p.m. The park was public, with an address of 300 Lawrence Road in Harvard. Leard 

described the park as a large grassy area with baseball and soccer fields, playgrounds, and a couple 

of pole barns. The balloon festival was held across the entire park and included bouncy houses

and a couple of carnival rides. On the side of the park with the balloons were food and craft 

vendors. At around 3:00 p.m. on September 2, 2017, there were thousands of people at the festival 

ranging in age from children to adults. 

¶ 6 Leard testified that there were two entrances to the Milky Way Park. The main entrance 

was off Lawrence Road. There was also a smaller entrance off Ratzlaff Street. Leard was shown 

a photo, which he identified as a photo he took in March 2019 of the park sign at the Lawrence 

Road entrance. Leard testified that the photo accurately depicted what the sign looked like on 

September 2, 2017. The photo was admitted into evidence. The photo depicts a wide column 

crossed with a horizontal sign. On the sign is written “Milky Way Park,” and on the column is 

written, “City of Harvard” and “300 Lawrence Road” (the street address). A police officer stands 
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next to the sign for scale. Leard testified that the officer was five foot, seven inches tall. We note 

that the sign is at least half again as tall as the officer.

¶ 7 Leard was shown another photo, which he identified as a photo he took in March 2019 of 

the park sign at the Ratzlaff Street entrance. Leard testified that the photo accurately depicted 

what the sign looked like on September 2, 2017. The photo was admitted into evidence. The sign 

in the photo states “City of Harvard” and “Milky Way Park” and contains a directional arrow. 

Leard testified that the sign at the Ratzlaff Street entrance is two-sided but smaller than the sign at 

the Lawrence Road entrance.

¶ 8 On September 2, 2017, at about 3:15 p.m., Leard was called by Officer Todd Oczus to meet 

with him about a disturbance in a parking lot in the center of the park. Leard described the parking 

lot as an overflow lot between the two entrances. He said that “[a]s you pull into the park on 

Lawrence Road, there’s a large paved area. But then when that gets full, it goes into a gravel area 

which is still for parking.” When Leard arrived, he spoke with defendant and learned that he was 

a registered sex offender. Defendant said that he knew that he was not supposed to be in a park 

but that he did not know that the festival was being held in a park. When asked which entrance he 

used to enter the festival, defendant pointed to the main entrance at Lawrence Road. He offered 

no explanation for not knowing that the location was a park. Leard told defendant that he would 

deal with the matter later and advised defendant to leave. Defendant and his family then got into

their car and left via the main entrance on Lawrence Road.

¶ 9 Leard later learned that defendant was previously convicted of unlawful presence of a child 

sex offender in a park. (Documentation of defendant’s conviction was entered into evidence 

without objection.) Leard then conferred with the State’s Attorney’s Office about charging 

defendant with a felony instead of a misdemeanor.
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¶ 10 On cross-examination, Leard agreed that the sign at the Lawrence Road entrance was onesided and angled such that its front was not visible as one approached the park on Lawrence Road 

from the south. (We note from the photo, however, that the front of the sign would be very 

conspicuous once one reaches the park entrance on Lawrence Road.) Leard acknowledged that 

the park sign at the Ratzlaff Street entrance was “relatively small,” though two-sided. Leard agreed 

that the park looked different during the festival than on a normal day. He did not recall if on the 

day of the festival the Lawrence Road entrance had signage about parking, but he was sure that 

the park sign at that entrance was not obstructed that day. 

¶ 11 Officer Oczus testified that he was working at the balloon festival on September 2, 2017, 

when he responded to a report of people arguing. Oczus spoke to the people involved, including 

defendant. Oczus testified that he considered Milky Way Park a public park. He provided a 

general description of the park consistent with Leard’s. 

¶ 12 At the end of the State’s case, defendant moved for a directed verdict, arguing that the State 

failed to prove that he was knowingly in a public park. That motion was denied.

¶ 13 Defendant’s girlfriend, Melissa Freund, testified for the defense. She had never been to 

Harvard before September 2, 2017. When her mother, Christina Freund, mentioned that taking a 

hot air balloon ride was “on her bucket list,” Melissa began looking for opportunities for such 

rides. She learned of the Harvard Balloon Festival on Facebook. Defendant introduced into 

evidence an August 30, 2017, screenshot from Melissa’s phone of a Facebook advertisement for 

the balloon festival. The advertisement did not provide a location but provided a link for the 

details. Melissa did not click the link because she “didn’t see the need to,” as she was going to 

search for the festival in Google Maps. She was also concerned that the link could be a virus. She 

typed “Harvard Balloon Fest” into Google Maps to find directions to the festival. Melissa 
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identified a screenshot of her cell phone showing the map result. The screenshot showed virtual 

“map pins” for Milky Way Park and the Harvard Balloon Festival. The pins were separated by 

what appeared to be a road. The State objected to admission of the screenshot. The trial court 

expressed concern as the map result provided no addresses nor contained a legend or otherwise 

indicated the distance between the park and the festival. Though the court found that the relevance 

was “minimal at best,” the court overruled the State’s objection and allowed the screenshot into 

evidence. Melissa testified that she wanted to make sure that the balloon festival was a safe place 

for defendant to do. She stated that, when trying to figure out how to get to the location, she did 

not find anything that made her believe that the festival was in Milky Way Park.

¶ 14 Melissa, her brother, her two children, Christina, and defendant all went to the balloon 

festival. Melissa’s brother was driving, and she was with defendant in the back seat. Melissa did 

not know if they approached the park from the north or the south. She did not see a sign that said 

“Milky Way Park.” When Melissa was shown the photo of the sign at the Lawrence Road entrance 

and was asked if she saw that sign when she and the others approached the park, she replied that 

the sign was covered with a white sheet that said “[p]arking” and “handicap parking” and showed 

an arrow. When they pulled into the area, she saw a lot of people, a ticket booth, bouncy houses, 

and food vendors. “[T]here was something on the other side,” but she did not walk to where that 

was. She did not see playground equipment, baseball diamonds, basketball courts, or football 

fields. “[F]rom [her] vantage point in the parking lot, items such as the playground equipment 

were obstructed by other things[.]”

¶ 15 After they arrived, Melissa got into an argument with Christina. The police came and asked 

Melissa if they knew that the area was a park. She told them “no.” The police left to find Christina, 

who had gone to “the other side,” and then the family all got in the car and left. Melissa said that 
2021 IL App (2d) 190764-U 

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at no point while she was at the festival did she think that she was in a public park. On crossexamination, she said that she knew that festivals and carnivals were sometimes held in parks but 

that she had also seen them in parking lots.

¶ 16 Christina testified that she had not previously been to the Harvard Balloon Festival or 

Milky Way Park. When they arrived at the park, she did not see a sign that read “Milky Way 

Park” or otherwise indicated that the area was a park. She saw instead “a sign in the front which 

was covered with a white sign that said parking, handicap.” She saw bouncy houses, food trucks, 

tents, concessions, and a flea market. She did not initially see baseball fields or playground 

equipment, but she later went to a location where she saw playground equipment. Melissa’s 

children played on the equipment. Defendant was not with them at that time, and the playground 

equipment could not be seen from where the car was parked because other items were obstructing 

it from view. Christina admitted that the festival was a public event and that there were some 

grassy areas and some gravel areas. When asked where she thought the festival was being held if 

not in a park, she said: “I really thought that—farmers donate property sometimes. Maybe the 

farmer had a balloon, and he was in this club. I don’t know.”

¶ 17 Defendant testified that he had not been to Harvard before he went to the balloon festival. 

When Christina asked about the festival, he agreed to go but wanted to make sure that it was not 

in a park. Melissa researched the festival, and defendant asked her questions to verify the festival’s 

location. He testified that “[a]nything that we looked at never stated it was a park or anything like 

that at all.” They were under the impression that it was just going to be a balloon ride, and they 

were not “expecting, like, [a] festival and all this other stuff.” When they arrived at the park, 

defendant did not see a sign for a park. He saw only a sign covered with a sheet with directions 

about parking and handicap parking. The sign was in the shape of a cross. Defendant did not see 
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playground equipment. He saw a field of dried corn with an opening cut out for the balloon rides. 

He also saw concession stands and a flea market on “the other side.” He never went to the “other 

side.” He had not been to a festival before. He had been to carnivals, but these were held in private 

parking lots, such as movie theaters, and not in public parks. Defendant stated that he did not 

know that the balloon festival was in a park and that he had no intention of going to a park. He 

was upset to learn that the area was actually a park.

¶ 18 On cross-examination, defendant admitted that he did not ask anyone at the location 

whether it was a public park. When questioned about his previous conviction of unlawful presence 

of a child sex offender in a public park, defendant explained that he did not know that it was park 

then either, that his girlfriend took him there, and that he left when he learned that it was a park.

¶ 19 Officer Oczus testified in rebuttal that, on September 2, 2017, he spent about two hours 

standing at the intersection by the Lawrence Road entrance directing traffic. He said that the park 

sign at the Lawrence Road entrance was not covered with a white sheet. There was a separate sign 

about handicap parking. This sign “was on Lawrence Road before you came up to the entrance” 

and it was not so large as to obstruct the view of the park sign. According to Oczus, the Facebook 

advertisement for the festival said that it was at Milky Way Park and supplied the address. 

¶ 20 The trial court found defendant guilty. The court noted that the statute required proof that 

defendant was knowingly in a public park and that, under the statutory definition, “[k]nowledge 

of a material fact includes awareness of the substantial probability that the fact exists.” 720 ILCS 

5/4-5(a) (West 2016). Thus, the “real issue,” the court stated, was “[d]id [defendant] have a 

substantial probability that he was in a public park?” The court found the State’s witnesses credible 

and the defense witnesses “certainly less so.” The court then recited the “issues that the court takes 

into consideration in determining whether the defendant was aware of a substantial probability that 
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the place was a park.” Specifically, the court found: (1) there were signs at the entrances to the 

property stating “Milky Way Park” and these signs were not obstructed by white sheets or other 

signs; (2) large crowds of adults and children were in attendance; (3) the property had rides and 

bouncy houses; (4) there was playground equipment visible to at least part of defendant’s party; 

and (5) the event was advertised as being sponsored by the City of Harvard. Ultimately, based on 

the totality of the circumstances, the court stated: 

“would somebody who drives past a sign that says Milky Way Park, pulls into a parking 

lot where there are hundreds of children and people around, there are children rides around, 

there’s gym equipment around, there’s booths around, would somebody have a substantial 

— would there be a substantial probability that this is in a public place? And I think the 

answer is yes.

And I think the defendant knew all of those things.”

Defendant’s motion for a new trial was denied, and he was sentenced to three years’ incarceration. 

Defendant appeals.

¶ 21 II. ANALYSIS

¶ 22 Defendant contends that the State failed to prove him guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. 

Specifically, he argues that the evidence did not establish that he knew that he was in a public park.

¶ 23 When a criminal defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence, “ ‘the relevant 

question is whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any 

rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable 

doubt.’ ” (Emphasis in original.) People v. Collins, 106 Ill. 2d 237, 261 (1985) (quoting Jackson 

v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979)). The trier of fact is responsible for resolving conflicts in the 

testimony, weighing the evidence, and determining what inferences to draw, and a reviewing court 
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ordinarily will not substitute its judgment on these matters for that of the trier of fact. People v. 

Cooper, 194 Ill. 2d 419, 431 (2000). A reviewing court will not retry the defendant nor “substitute 

its judgment for that of the trier of fact on issues involving the weight of the evidence or the 

credibility of witnesses.” People v. Jackson, 2020 IL 124112, ¶ 64. A reviewing court will not 

overturn a conviction “unless the evidence is so improbable or unsatisfactory that it creates a 

reasonable doubt of the defendant's guilt.” Id. Furthermore, even when the defendant provides 

uncontradicted testimony, “the trier of fact is not obligated to accept all or any part of that 

testimony, but may assess the probabilities, the reasonableness of any defense offered and reject 

any or all of defendant’s account in favor of the State’s circumstantial evidence of guilt.” People 

v. Hendricks, 253 Ill. App. 3d 79, 90 (1993).

¶ 24 To prove defendant guilty, the State was required to establish that defendant was 

knowingly present in any public park building or on real property comprising any public park. 720 

ILCS 5/11-9.4-1(b) (West 2016).

“A person knows, or acts knowingly or with knowledge of:

(a) The nature or attendant circumstances of his or her conduct, described by the 

statute defining the offense, when he or she is consciously aware that his or her conduct is 

of that nature or that those circumstances exist. Knowledge of a material fact includes 

awareness of the substantial probability that the fact exists.”

(b) The result of his or her conduct, described by the statute defining the offense, 

when he or she is consciously aware that that result is practically certain to be caused by 

his conduct.” 720 ILCS 5/4-5 (West 2016).

¶ 25 “Knowledge, as an element of a criminal offense, is a question of fact for the trier of fact 

to decide.” People v. Monteleone, 2018 IL App (2d) 170150, ¶ 26. “Direct proof of a defendant’s 
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knowledge is unnecessary, and a defendant’s knowledge can be inferred from the surrounding 

facts and circumstances.” Id. “ ‘Knowledge may be, and ordinarily is, proven circumstantially.’ ” 

Id. (quoting People v. Ortiz, 196 Ill. 2d 236, 260 (2001)).

¶ 26 Here, defendant denied knowing that the festival was held in a public park and contended 

that the sign to the park was covered with a sheet providing parking directions. Defendant’s 

testimony as to the shape of the sign was consistent with his statement to Leard that he entered the 

park off Lawrence Road. The State’s evidence contradicted defendant’s description of the sign at 

the Lawrence Road entrance. Oczus testified that, during the two hours he worked near the 

Lawrence Road sign on September 2, 2017, that sign was neither covered with a sheet nor 

obstructed by a nearby sign that provided directions to handicap parking. Besides a large and

unobstructed sign declaring it so, there were other indicia that the area was a public park, such as 

that the festival was advertised as being sponsored by the City of Harvard, large crowds of adults 

and children were in attendance, and the area had grassy areas and amusements for children. The 

trial court specifically credited the State’s witnesses over the defense witnesses. We will not 

disturb that credibility assessment. Thus, we conclude that a rational trier of fact could find that 

the State proved beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant was aware of a substantial probability 

that the festival was in a public park.

¶ 27 Defendant contends, however, that the trial court applied the wrong legal standard to the 

element of knowledge. He argues that, by stating that “there [was] a substantial probability that 

[the festival was] in a public place,” the trial court improperly focused on what defendant should 

have known instead of what he actually knew. See People v. Nash, 282 Ill. App. 3d 982, 986 

(1996) (“knew or should have known” is the improper standard for judging knowledge in a 

criminal case). We disagree. “In a bench trial, such as this, a trial judge is presumed to know the 
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law and to follow it, and this presumption is rebutted only when the record affirmatively shows 

otherwise.” People v. Ressa, 2019 IL App (2d) 170439, ¶ 31. The court’s analysis as a whole 

shows that it applied the proper standard. The court quoted verbatim from the statute: 

“[k]nowledge of a material fact includes awareness of the substantial probability that the fact 

exists” (720 ILCS 5/4-5(a) (West 2016)). The court then proceeded to list facts that it believed 

were relevant to whether “the defendant was aware of a substantial probability that the place was 

a park.” (Emphasis added). In the portion of its analysis where defendant claims the court strayed 

from the proper standard, the court concluded from the facts it cited that “there [was] a substantial 

probability that [the festival was] in a public place.” However, the court then immediately tied in 

the issue of defendant’s knowledge by remarking that defendant “knew all of these things,” namely 

the facts giving rise to the “substantial probability” that the court found. Thus, the court applied 

the proper standard in finding defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.

¶ 28 III. CONCLUSION

¶ 29 The evidence was sufficient to find defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. 

Accordingly, the judgment of the circuit court of McHenry County is affirmed. 

¶ 30 Affirmed.