2014 IL App (4th) 140360

NOS. 4-14-0360, 4-14-0361, 4-14-0362 cons.

IN THE APPELLATE COURT

OF ILLINOIS

FOURTH DISTRICT

In re: F.P., a Minor,

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS,

Petitioner-Appellee,

v. (No. 4-14-0360)

LATAISHA PRICE,

Respondent-Appellant.

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In re: D.P., a Minor,

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS,

 Petitioner-Appellee,

 v. (No. 4-14-0361)

LATAISHA PRICE,

 Respondent-Appellant.

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In re: F.Y., a Minor,

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS,

 Petitioner-Appellee,

 v. (No. 4-14-0362)

LATAISHA PRICE,

 Respondent-Appellant.

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Appeal from

Circuit Court of

Sangamon County

No. 12JA16

No. 12JA17

No. 12JA18

Honorable

Esteban F. Sanchez, 

Judge Presiding.

PRESIDING JUSTICE APPLETON delivered the judgment of the court, with 

opinion.

Justices Harris and Holder White concurred in the judgment and opinion.

OPINION

¶ 1 In these three consolidated cases, respondent, Lataisha Price, appeals from 

judgments terminating her parental rights to three children: F.P., D.P., and F.Y. 

FILED

September 30, 2014

Carla Bender

4th District Appellate

Court, IL
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¶ 2 The trial court's finding that she is an "unfit person" is not against the manifest 

weight of the evidence. The court's other finding, that it would be in the children's best interest 

to terminate her parental rights, is neither an abuse of discretion nor against the manifest weight 

of the evidence. Therefore, we affirm the trial court's judgments in the three cases.

¶ 3 I. BACKGROUND

¶ 4 A. Shelter Care

¶ 5 F.P. is a boy born on September 27, 2007. D.P. is a girl born on July 18, 2006. 

F.Y. is a boy born on March 12, 2003.

¶ 6 On February 24, 2012, in three separate cases, the State filed petitions to 

adjudicate F.P., D.P., and F.Y. to be neglected minors and to make them wards of the court.

¶ 7 That same day, the trial court held a shelter-care hearing, in which, on the basis of 

a stipulation by respondent, the court found probable cause to believe that the children were 

neglected. The court awarded temporary custody and guardianship to the Illinois Department of 

Children and Family Services (DCFS).

¶ 8 B. Adjudicating the Children To Be Neglected Minors

and Making Them Wards of the Court

¶ 9 On September 13, 2012, respondent signed a stipulation to one of the allegations 

of neglect, namely, that the children had been in an environment injurious to their welfare in that 

she had been using drugs. See 705 ILCS 405/2-3(1)(b) (West 2012). That same day, on the 

basis of the stipulation, the trial court found the children to be neglected.

¶ 10 On October 25, 2012, the trial court made the children wards of the court and 

awarded custody and guardianship to DCFS.

¶ 11 C. Motions To Terminate Parental Rights 
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¶ 12 On November 5, 2013, in all three cases, the State filed motions for the 

termination of parental rights. In each case, the State alleged that respondent met the following 

statutory definitions of an "unfit person": (1) she had failed to maintain a reasonable degree of 

interest, concern, or responsibility as to the minor's welfare (see 750 ILCS 50/1(D)(b) (West 

2012)); (2) she had failed to make reasonable efforts to correct the conditions that had been the 

basis for removing the minor from her (see 750 ILCS 50/1(D)(m)(i) (West 2012)); (3) within 

nine months after the adjudication of neglect, she failed to make reasonable progress toward the 

return of the minor (see 750 ILCS 50/1(D)(m)(ii) (West 2012)); and (4) within any nine-month 

period after the end of the initial nine-month period following the adjudication of neglect, she 

failed to make reasonable progress toward the return of the minor (see 750 ILCS 50/1(D)(m)(iii) 

(West 2012)).

¶ 13 D. The Hearing on the Issue of 

Whether Respondent Was an "Unfit Person"

¶ 14 1. The Exclusion of Sammy Wright as a Party

Whose Parental Rights the State Sought To Terminate 

¶ 15 The trial court consolidated the three cases for hearing, and on February 20, 2014, 

it held a hearing on the issue of whether respondent was an "unfit person" as alleged in the 

motions to terminate parental rights. 

¶ 16 At the beginning of the hearing, the assistant State's Attorney, Ali Orr, told the 

trial court that, although the State was seeking to terminate the parental rights of respondent and 

unknown fathers, the State was not seeking, as of yet, to terminate the parental rights of Sammy 

Wright, the father of F.P. (The fathers of D.P. and F.Y. were unknown.)

¶ 17 2. Judicial Notice
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¶ 18 Also at the beginning of the hearing, Orr requested the trial court to take judicial 

notice of three orders it previously entered in each case. The first order was the adjudicatory 

order of September 13, 2012, which found the child's environment to be injurious due to 

respondent's use of drugs. The second order was the dispositional order of October 25, 2012, 

which made the child a ward of the court. The third order was the dispositional order of October 

31, 2013, which denied further visitation to respondent. The court asked the other attorneys if 

they objected to the proposed judicial notice. They had no objection, and therefore the court 

took judicial notice of the three previous orders. 

¶ 19 The trial court then heard evidence on the question of whether respondent and 

the unknown fathers were "unfit persons." Two witnesses testified in this hearing: Elizabeth 

Unsworth testified for the State, and respondent testified on her own behalf.

¶ 20 3. The Testimony of Elizabeth Unsworth

¶ 21 a. The Two Periods When She Was the Caseworker

¶ 22 Elizabeth Unsworth testified she was employed at Rutledge Youth Foundation as 

a foster-care caseworker and that, from January to March 2013 and August 2013 to the present, 

she was the caseworker assigned to the three children. (The initial nine-month period after the 

adjudication of neglect was September 13, 2012, to June 13, 2013. Unsworth was the 

caseworker for three months, January to March 2013, of that nine-month period.)

¶ 23 b. The Reason Why the Children Came Into Care

¶ 24 Unsworth had learned from "the integrated assessment" why the children came 

into care. Before she could testify to what "the integrated assessment" said, respondent's 

attorney, Sara Mayo, made a hearsay objection. The trial court asked Orr:
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"THE COURT: And for what purpose are you introducing 

that?

MS. ORR: To go towards what the parents needed to make 

progress for, in order to have the children returned to their care.

THE COURT: So, not for the truth of the matter asserted, 

but to establish what she did or did not do with regard to the case?

MS. ORR: Yes, Your Honor.

THE COURT: The objection is overruled. You may 

proceed.

A. It's my understanding, based on the integrated 

assessment, that [respondent] came to the attention of DCFS when 

she was arrested for attempting to sell [D.P.] and two other 

children to men or woman [sic]—I don't know the people that she 

was attempting to contact about this—for money in exchange for 

the children providing sex services." 

¶ 25 c. The Service Plans

¶ 26 Four service plans were established for the family members. The first one 

covered the period of April to July 2012. The second one covered the period of August 2012 to 

February 2013. The third one covered the period of February to August 2013. The fourth one 

covered the period of August 2013 to February 2014.

¶ 27 Unsworth assumed that respondent had received a copy of the first two service 

plans, but because Unsworth was not the caseworker when the first two service plans were 

initiated, she could not testify, from firsthand knowledge, that respondent had received a copy of 
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them. She could testify from firsthand knowledge, however, that respondent received the third 

and fourth service plans, because she remembered meeting with respondent at Dwight 

Correctional Center and discussing with her the third service plan, and also because she had 

respondent's signatures acknowledging receipt of the third and fourth service plans in the mail.

¶ 28 All four service plans gave respondent the following tasks. She was to obtain a 

substance-abuse assessment and mental-health assessment, and she was to follow through with 

any recommendations. She was to attend parenting classes. She was to obtain adequate housing 

and employment. She was to participate in the community by establishing relationships with 

family-service providers and community groups.

¶ 29 Of those tasks, the only one that respondent ever completed was undergoing 

substance-abuse treatment. Being in prison hindered her from doing most of the other tasks.

¶ 30 d. The Discontinuation of Visitation

¶ 31 Respondent was having supervised visits with the children, but "visitation ended 

in April of 2012 due to incarceration." At that time, respondent was in the Sangamon County 

jail, which did not allow visitation. Afterward, she was imprisoned in Dwight Correctional 

Center, and visitation started up again, but visitation proved impractical because of the difficulty 

of keeping the children from dispersing. "[A] correctional officer had to inform [respondent] 

that she had to have the kids with her." Finally, in December 2012, "on the recommendation of 

the therapist," "a critical decision was made to suspend visits due to the fact that the children had 

a difficult time following visitation and before visitation as well."

¶ 32 Respondent continued sending the children cards and letters, however.

¶ 33 4. The Testimony of Respondent
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¶ 34 Respondent testified she had been incarcerated for two years and that she 

presently was in Logan Correctional Center. Her expected date of release was March 19, 2015. 

¶ 35 On August 2, 2013, she completed substance-abuse treatment with an 

organization called "Wells." 

¶ 36 She would complete mental-health counseling in 15 days, on March 7, 2014.

¶ 37 She began parenting classes before her imprisonment but had not completed them. 

She could not take parenting classes in Dwight Correctional Center, because the outside 

organization that taught the parenting classes refused to enroll anyone who had to register as a 

sex offender.

¶ 38 She wanted to receive visits from her children, but "they" kept telling her she 

could not do so.

¶ 39 When asked why her children had been removed from her custody, she answered: 

"It was said that I tried to sell my daughter." (We will take judicial notice that, according to the 

official website of the Sangamon County circuit clerk, respondent pleaded guilty to one count of 

indecent solicitation of a child (720 ILCS 5/11-6(a) (West 2012)) on July 13, 2012, in Sangamon 

County case No. 12-CF-212 and was convicted of that offense on her guilty plea. See 

http://records.sangamoncountycircuitclerk.org/sccc/DisplayDocket.sc; Nordine v. Illinois Power 

Co., 32 Ill. 2d 421, 428 (1965) (courts may take judicial notice of public records, such as 

decisions of the Illinois Public Utilities Commission); People v. Young, 355 Ill. App. 3d 317, 321 

n.1 (2005) (the appellate court may take judicial notice of information on the official website of 

the Illinois Department of Corrections).) 

¶ 40 Attorney Mayo asked respondent:
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"Q. [(By Ms. Mayo):] Why do you think the Court should 

not find you unfit?

A. Cause I'm changing to be a better person now. I'm 

going to be a better person when I get out. I'm doing [Alcoholics 

Anonymous (AA)] meetings now, too, also.

Q. So, you're also doing AA?

A. Yes.

Q. And how often do you do those?

A. Every Tuesday.

Q. And how do you think that you will be a better parent?

A. I do things with my kids that I should do. I take them 

places, and I'm not going to drink and do drugs anymore. So, I'm 

going to be a better parent and better person." 

¶ 41 5. The Trial Court's Finding

¶ 42 After hearing the testimony and the arguments of counsel, the trial court found the 

State had proved respondent to be an "unfit person"—but only in the sense that she failed to 

make reasonable progress during the first nine months after the adjudication of neglect. The 

court stated:

"While I find that [respondent] has maintained a reasonable 

degree of interest, concern, or responsibility as to the minor's 

welfare, and she did make some efforts, both before and after her 

incarceration, based upon Ms. Unsworth's testimony and the 

evidence adduced during that testimony, I find that [respondent] 
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failed to make reasonable progress toward the return of the minor 

children [to] her within nine months. Specifically, the period of 9-

13-12 to 6-13-13.

As the children are not, today, prepared to be returned to 

her, she has not completed all of her services. For example, just to 

name [three], parenting classes, housing, employment.

Now, the argument made by Ms. Mayo is that she's 

incarcerated, and true. So, she cannot secure housing or 

employment. However, in order for us to wait until 2015 and 

beyond, I do not believe it's appropriate because these children 

have been waiting for some time. It is my belief that, for those 

reasons, and because she's failed to make reasonable progress as 

alleged in Paragraph C, 8C, of the petition, the Court is going to 

find that [respondent] is an unfit parent.

With regard to unknown fathers, the Court also finds that 

unknown fathers are unfit parents as to each of the children on the 

finding of unfitness and [respondent] as to each of the children as 

well."

¶ 43 In the motions to terminate parental rights, paragraph 8(c) alleged that respondent 

was an "unfit person" in the sense that she had "failed to make reasonable progress towards the 

return of the minor to [her] within 9 months after an adjudication of [n]eglect." See 750 ILCS 

50/1(D)(m)(ii) (West 2012).

¶ 44 E. The Best-Interest Hearing
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¶ 45 On April 16, 2014, the trial court held a best-interest hearing. The State called 

one witness, Unsworth, and respondent called two witnesses, Betty Price and Lachendra Price.

¶ 46 1. The Testimony of Elizabeth Unsworth

¶ 47 Unsworth testified that, since February 2012, F.P., age 6, and D.P., age 7, had 

lived together in the same specialized foster home, with a nonrelative as the foster parent. The 

placement was specialized "due to behaviors they were displaying in the home."

¶ 48 Both F.P. and D.P. were "making progress." F.P., who had attention deficit/

hyperactivity disorder, was doing better in school. D.P. likewise had become "less aggressive" at 

school and more temperate at home, with fewer "outbursts"; she had gotten "better about 

accepting things as they [were] and not how she want[ed] them to be." The two of them went to 

ABC Counseling once a week "for sexual behaviors that they displayed upon the case opening," 

and they also saw another counselor, in Rochester, "to help with coping skills and also with 

behavior and addressing anger and different emotions."

¶ 49 Although the foster mother, Odessa Rolfe, was unwilling to adopt F.P. and D.P., 

considering that she already had adopted a seven-year-old, "her preference[] [was] to be there for 

them until something [was] found." She was giving F.P. and D.P. "a structured home with close 

supervision," which is what they needed "[d]ue [t]o their behaviors." Unsworth was "looking for 

adoptive placement" for D.P. but "not so much" for F.P., considering that his father, Sammy 

Wright, still had his parental rights.

¶ 50 The third child, F.Y., age 10, was placed in a separate foster home, with a 

nonrelative, a woman named Cox (the record does not appear to reveal her first name). He had 

been there since December 2012. This placement likewise was "specialized due to behaviors 
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that he was showing in the home[:] [t]he sexual behaviors as well as the outbursts and acting 

out."

¶ 51 Because of her poor health, Cox did not intend to adopt F.Y. Nevertheless, it was 

her "preference" to "provide him permanency until an adoptive placement [could] be found."

¶ 52 F.Y. was "stable in his foster home," and he was receiving the same counseling as 

his two siblings. He was "making progress" in the counseling sessions and in school, where he 

had an individualized educational plan to address a "slight speech impediment."

¶ 53 Orr asked Unsworth:

 "Q. Is it important that these minors not be moved from their current foster 

homes until a permanent placement is found?

A. Yes.

Q. Why so?

A. They need stability, and to move them without having an adoptive 

placement would be problematic for their progress with counseling and things."

¶ 54 The last time the three children saw respondent was in November 2012. 

Unsworth did not perceive any attachment between the children and respondent, and she did not 

think any harm would result to the children if the parental rights of respondent and the unknown 

fathers were immediately terminated.

¶ 55 On cross-examination by Mayo, however, Unsworth admitted that, "[m]aybe like 

once a month," the children mentioned their mother. She also admitted that although they never 

"mentione[d] wanting to go home with their [mother]," they had remarked that they missed her.

¶ 56 On cross-examination by the guardian ad litem, Gregory Sronce, Unsworth 

testified that Sammy Wright was a potential placement for his son, F.P., and that the two of them 
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visited regularly. Unsworth also answered yes when Sronce asked her whether "the children 

[had] expressed any interest or [had] verbalize[d] any interest in being adopted in the future."

¶ 57 2. The Testimony of Betty Price

¶ 58 Betty Price testified that she was respondent's aunt and that before the children 

came into care, she saw respondent with them "[a]t least once a month." "She was always good 

with the kids," Betty Price said, and the children were affectionate toward respondent, and she 

was affectionate toward them.

¶ 59 In the past two years, ever since the children came into care, Betty Price saw them 

only two times: in August 2013, in a McDonald's restaurant, and at another, unspecified time at 

"the foster mother['s] [house]." In the restaurant, the children were visiting with an older sister, 

who was not in care. The children recognized Betty Price and came up to her, and the interaction 

was "great." Mayo asked her:

"Q. And when they recognized you, did they make any 

comments to you?

A. Yeah. They always do. The first thing they say is, 

'Have you seen my mom? Have you talked to my mom?'

Q. And when you talk to them, do you ever ask about when 

they're going home with mom or when mom will be back in their 

life?

A. All the time."

¶ 60 In Betty Price's opinion, terminating respondent's parental rights would "totally 

destroy those kids" and would "destroy [respondent] also."

¶ 61 3. The Testimony of Lachendra Price
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¶ 62 Lachendra Price testified that she was respondent's first cousin and that before the 

children came into care, she saw respondent with the children "[m]aybe four days out of a week." 

Mayo asked her:

"Q. And when you observed [respondent] and her children, 

what was their interaction like?

A. Basically, like some days we would go to the park 

together. The kids love they mom. No discipline. No discipline. 

We sit down and talk. The kids, I have children myself. They run 

around and play. [Respondent] come in. They come in. She feeds 

the kids. Eventually, I go home."

¶ 63 The children were affectionate toward respondent, and she was affectionate 

toward them. The children showed no fear of her. Their relationship with their mother "seemed 

appropriate." 

¶ 64 Mayo asked Lachendra Price:

"Q. How was [respondent] at mothering the children?

A. She was great with mothering the children. The 

youngest was stuck to her like glue. I use to tell her, 'Put that boy 

down,' and she wouldn't put him down, but she was great at 

mothering her children. She showed affection, love, hugs, kisses."

¶ 65 After "this case came into care about two years ago," Lachendra Price saw "the 

youngest three with the lady that they're staying with." This was in the summer of 2013, and the 

lady let her "talk to them."

¶ 66 Mayo then asked Lachendra Price:
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"Q. I'm going to talk to you about the two separate cases, 

okay. Let's talk about the younger kids, the younger two?

A. Uh-huh.

Q. Where did you see them at?

A. I seen them at the public aid office.

Q. They were with their foster mom?

A. Yes."

According to Lachendra Price, the two younger children ran up to her on this occasion, gave her 

a hug, and "the oldest boy," F.Y., asked her whether she had seen his mother. Lachendra Price 

told him yes. He then asked her, " 'When is my mom coming to get us?' " She replied to him 

that she did not know.

¶ 67 Mayo asked Lachendra Price:

"Q. *** Did the younger two ask any questions about their 

mom?

A. The little girl. She asked me, like, she say, 'Can we go 

over your house? Is my mom going be at your house? Can we go 

over to your house?' I told her she wasn't going to be at my house 

that day.

Q. How did the little girl react to that?

A. She asked me for my telephone number.

Q. Did she seem sad, she wouldn't get to see her mom?

A. Yes.

Q. Now, you said you saw [F.Y.] about a week ago?
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A. Yes.

Q. And where did you see him?

A. He was outside the store.

Q. And who was he with?

A. He was with an older woman. She never introduced us.

Q. Did he recognize you?

A. Yeah. I didn't even see him. He seen me first. He ran 

up and gave me a hug.

Q. Great. When he ran up and gave you a hug, did he talk 

about his mom?

A. Yeah. He asked me, do I know when his mom comes 

home.

Q. Did he make any mention of missing her or wanting to 

see her?

A. He said that he's ready to go back with his mom and he 

wanted to be around family."

¶ 68 In Lachendra Price's opinion, "it would hurt the kids just as well as [respondent]" 

if her parental rights were terminated.

¶ 69 After hearing the testimony and the arguments by counsel, the trial court found it 

would be in the best interest of the three children to terminate the parental rights of respondent 

and the unknown fathers. The court reasoned: "In this case, the children are stable in their 

home, foster home. Based upon the conduct of Ms. Price, they are happy. They're adapting 
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well, and [they are] cared [for] and loved in those homes. I hope that we can find a place for 

them that provides permanency."

¶ 70 II. ANALYSIS

¶ 71 A. The Finding That Respondent Was an "Unfit Person"

¶ 72 1. The Problem That Unsworth's Tenure as Caseworker 

Was for Only Three Months in the Nine-Month Period

¶ 73 To reiterate, the trial court found that respondent failed to make reasonable 

progress during the initial nine-month period following the adjudication of neglect, i.e., 

September 13, 2012, to June 13, 2013. See 750 ILCS 50/1(D)(m)(ii) (West 2012). Respondent 

observes, however, that Unsworth was the only witness the State called in the fitness hearing and 

that, according to her testimony, she was the caseworker for only three months, January to March 

2013, in approximately the middle of the nine-month period. Respondent argues that because the 

State's only witness, Unsworth, had personal knowledge of only three months in the middle of 

the nine-month period, her testimony could not possibly qualify as "clear and convincing 

evidence" that respondent failed to make reasonable progress throughout the nine-month period. 

In re M.S., 302 Ill. App. 3d 998, 1002 (1999).

¶ 74 Unsworth, however, had personal knowledge of the goals in the service plans. To 

acquire that knowledge, all she had to do was read the service plans.

¶ 75 In each service plan, the goals were the same: obtain a substance-abuse 

assessment and mental-health assessment and follow any resulting recommendations, complete a 

parenting course, obtain adequate housing and employment, and participate in the community by 

establishing relationships with family-service providers and community groups.

¶ 76 We do not have to take Unsworth's word for it that respondent failed to make 

reasonable progress on most of those goals. We can take respondent's word for it. Although 
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respondent testified she had completed substance-abuse treatment and that she still was attending 

AA meetings, and although she testified she would complete mental-health counseling in 15 

days, she admitted she had not completed a parenting course. And, obviously, she had not 

obtained adequate housing and employment, considering that, according to her own testimony, 

she had been imprisoned for the past two years and would not be released until 2015.

¶ 77 2. The Reason for the Removal

¶ 78 Respondent argues: "Another example of [Unsworth's] lack of personal 

knowledge is when the witness indicated that the reason for the removal of the children was 

because the Appellant/Mother was attempting to sell one of the children." But, again, we do not 

have to take Unsworth's word for it. Sronce asked respondent in the fitness hearing: "What is 

your understanding of why this case came into existence?" Respondent answered: "It was said 

that I tried to sell my daughter." We also have taken judicial notice of the information on DOC's 

website.

¶ 79 3. Imprisonment and Reasonable Progress

¶ 80 According to respondent, when the trial court found her to be an "unfit person" 

because of a failure to make reasonable progress during the initial nine months after the 

adjudication of neglect (see 750 ILCS 50/1(D)(m)(ii) (West 2012)), the court made a finding that 

was against the manifest weight of the evidence, considering that respondent's imprisonment 

hindered her from completing some of the goals in her service plan. Respondent argues that, 

under In re Gwynne P., 346 Ill. App. 3d 584 (2004), we should "consider [her] incarceration."

¶ 81 In Gwynne P., the trial court found the mother to be an "unfit person" on five 

statutory grounds: failure to maintain a reasonable degree of concern, interest, or responsibility 

(750 ILCS 50/1(D)(b) (West 2002)); failure to make reasonable progress (750 ILCS 
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50/1(D)(m)(iii) (West 2002)); failure to make reasonable efforts (750 ILCS 50/1(D)(m)(i) (West 

2002)); repeated incarceration (750 ILCS 50/1(D)(s) (West 2002)); and depravity (750 ILCS 

50/1(D)(i) (West 2002)). Gwynne P., 346 Ill. App. 3d at 590. The trial court also found it would 

be in the child's best interest to terminate the mother's parental rights, and accordingly the trial 

court did so. Id. at 588.

¶ 82 In affirming the trial court's judgment (id. at 589), the appellate court upheld the 

statutory ground of repeated incarceration (id. at 598), but the appellate court concluded that the 

remaining four statutory grounds were against the manifest weight of the evidence (id. at 593, 

596-97, 599). 

¶ 83 Because it actually was unnecessary to discuss the remaining four statutory 

grounds, given that there was sufficient evidence of one statutory ground, repeated incarceration, 

and only one statutory ground was enough to support a finding that someone was an "unfit 

person" (see M.S., 302 Ill. App. 3d at 1002), the appellate court's comments on the remaining 

four statutory grounds are dicta. See Exelon Corp. v. Department of Revenue, 234 Ill. 2d 266, 

277 (2009) (a dictum is an expression of opinion that is unnecessary to the outcome). 

Nevertheless, they are judicial dicta as opposed to obiter dicta. Instead of being "unrelated to 

the essence of the controversy" (Wolf v. Meister-Neiberg, Inc., 194 Ill. App. 3d 727, 730 (1990)), 

they are "expression[s] of opinion upon *** point[s] *** argued by counsel and deliberately 

passed upon by the court" (emphasis and internal quotation marks omitted) (Exelon, 234 Ill. 2d at 

277). Judicial dicta have precedential effect. Cates v. Cates, 156 Ill. 2d 76, 80 (1993). 

Therefore, we should not ignore the discussion of reasonable progress in Gwynne P. just because 

the discussion is a dictum, for it is a judicial dictum. 
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¶ 84 The factual context of the dictum is as follows. Three days before the child was 

born, the mother was arrested for possession of a controlled substance. The child was born and 

tested positive for cocaine and heroin. About two months later, the mother went to prison and 

was placed in disciplinary segregation. Gwynne P., 346 Ill. App. 3d at 589.

¶ 85 During the entire nine-month period after the adjudication of neglect, the mother 

remained in prison, and for eight of those nine months, she was in disciplinary segregation. The 

service plan required her to do four things: (1) undergo a drug and alcohol assessment, (2) 

undergo a psychological evaluation, (3) take parenting classes, and (4) receive any recommended 

counseling. In segregation, however, the only available services were psychological evaluation 

and counseling. The mother underwent a psychiatric evaluation while in segregation, and the 

psychiatrist did not recommend any psychiatric treatment. Although the mother was unable to 

participate in any other services while she was in segregation, she put her name on the waiting 

lists for parenting classes and a drug assessment. As soon as she was released from segregation, 

she began parenting classes, and she finished the parenting course a week after the nine-month 

period ended. She remained on the waiting list for a drug assessment, and she began substance 

abuse classes after she was transferred to another prison a few months later. Id. at 595.

¶ 86 The appellate court held:

"Because [the mother] took several steps toward 

completing the services in her service plan, including her persistent 

efforts to schedule visits with Gwynne P., we find [the mother] 

made a minimum measurable or demonstrable movement toward 

reunification. The court's finding that she failed to make 
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reasonable progress was against the manifest weight of the 

evidence." (Emphasis added.) Id. at 595-96. 

¶ 87 Respondent says: "The Gwynne court took into consideration the situation in 

which the mother was in [sic]. She was in the Department of Corrections." The Gwynne court 

did not explicitly say, however, that because the mother was in prison during the nine-month 

period, less progress should have been required of her than otherwise should have been required. 

Instead, the Gwynne court found that the mother had made "a minimum measurable or 

demonstrable movement toward reunification"—as if reasonable progress were minimal 

progress. Id. at 596. The Gwynne court obtained this standard of "a minimum measurable or 

demonstrable movement toward [reunification]" from In re Sheltanya S., 309 Ill. App. 3d 941, 

953-54 (1999) (Gwynne P., 346 Ill. App. 3d at 594), and, ultimately, the standard is a garbling of 

what the appellate court said in In re Austin, 61 Ill. App. 3d 344, 350 (1978): "Accordingly, the 

term 'reasonable progress' requires[,] at a minimum[,] measurable or demonstrable movement 

toward the goal of return of the child." There is a big difference between saying that reasonable 

progress requires, at a minimum, measurable or demonstrable movement and saying that it 

requires a minimum measurable or demonstrable movement.

¶ 88 We have held that "reasonable progress" is an "objective standard" and that a 

parent has made reasonable progress when "the progress being made by a parent to comply with 

directives given for the return of the child is sufficiently demonstrable and of such a quality that 

the court, in the near future, will be able to order the child returned to parental custody." 

(Emphasis in original.) In re L.L.S., 218 Ill. App. 3d 444, 461 (1991); see also In re Daphnie E., 

368 Ill. App. 3d 1052, 1067 (2006); In re Jordan V., 347 Ill. App. 3d 1057, 1068 (2004); In re 

B.W., 309 Ill. App. 3d 493, 499 (1999); In re K.P., 305 Ill. App. 3d 175, 180 (1999). If all a 
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parent had to do was make "a minimum measurable or demonstrable movement toward 

reunification," it could be years before the parent was prepared for reunification. Gwynne P., 

346 Ill. App. 3d at 596. Attending only one half-hour class would be a minimal movement 

toward reunification, but this movement, or progress, might be less than reasonable. Therefore, 

we adhere to L.L.S., and we decline to follow Gwynne P., because it applies an incorrect 

definition of "reasonable progress."

¶ 89 When we review the evidence in the fitness hearing, it is unclear to us that, "in the 

near future," the trial court would have been able to return the children to respondent's custody. 

L.L.S., 218 Ill. App. 3d at 461; see also Wilmette Partners v. Hamel, 230 Ill. App. 3d 248, 256 

(1992) ("For a judgment to be against the manifest weight of the evidence, an opposite 

conclusion must be clearly evident."). After her release from prison in 2015, respondent still 

would have to take parenting classes and obtain suitable housing. Time in prison is included in 

the nine-month period during which reasonable progress must be made. In re J.L., 236 Ill. 2d 

329, 343 (2010). Arguably, respondent failed to make reasonable progress during the nine 

months following the adjudication of neglect because, as of the date of the fitness hearing, the 

children could not be returned to her in the near future. That her personal circumstances 

prevented her from making reasonable progress is irrelevant to the "objective standard." L.L.S., 

218 Ill. App. 3d at 461. 

¶ 90 B. The Finding That It Was in the Children's Best Interest

To Terminate Respondent's Parental Rights

¶ 91 For essentially two reasons, respondent argues the trial court made a decision that 

was against the manifest weight of the evidence when it found that terminating her parental 

rights would be in the children's best interest.
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¶ 92 First, respondent points out that DCFS "had not found adoptive placements for the 

children." Actually, only two of the children were available for adoption: D.P. and F.Y. 

Sammy Wright had not yet been found to be an "unfit person" as to his son, F.P. Although the 

lack of an adoptive placement for D.P. and F.Y. was a factor to consider, it did not necessarily 

preclude a finding that terminating respondent's parental rights would be in D.P.'s and F.Y.'s best 

interest. See In re J.R., 342 Ill. App. 3d 310, 322 (2003); In re D.M., 336 Ill. App. 3d 766, 775 

(2002); In re Tashika F., 333 Ill. App. 3d 165, 170-71 (2002); In re B.S., 317 Ill. App. 3d 650, 

665 (2000). "[T]he child[ren's] interest in a loving, stable[,] and safe home environment" might 

best be served by "freeing [them] for adoption," even if no one had offered, as of yet, to adopt 

them. In re D.T., 212 Ill. 2d 347, 363-64 (2004). Nor did Wright's retention of his parental 

rights to F.P. necessarily preclude a finding that it would be in F.P.'s best interest to terminate 

respondent's parental rights. See In re S.J., 233 Ill. App. 3d 88, 122 (1992); In re S.M., 219 Ill. 

App. 3d 269, 277 (1991); In re Sims, 30 Ill. App. 3d 406, 412 (1975).

¶ 93 Second, respondent recounts the testimony of her relatives that the children were 

attached to her, and she to them, and that the children repeatedly expressed a longing to return 

home to her. On the other hand, Unsworth, while granting there was some attachment between 

respondent and the children, testified that she never heard the children express a desire to return

home to respondent and that, rather, they had expressed a desire to be adopted. "The [trial] 

court's determination [of the children's best interest] lies within its sound discretion, especially 

when it considers the credibility of testimony presented at the best interests hearing; that 

determination will not be reversed unless it is against the manifest weight of the evidence or the 

trial court has abused its discretion." In re Jaron Z., 348 Ill. App. 3d 239, 261-62 (2004). Even

though the children were attached to their mother, and she to them, a child's feeling of 
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attachment (705 ILCS 405/1-3(4.05)(d)(i) (West 2012)) is only one of the considerations in 

section 1-3(4.05) of the Juvenile Court Act of 1987 (705 ILCS 405/1-3(4.05) (West 2012)). 

Other considerations are "the physical safety and welfare of the child, including food, shelter, 

health, and clothing" (705 ILCS 405/1-3(4.05)(a) (West 2012)), and "the child's sense of 

security" (705 ILCS 405/1-3(4.05)(d)(ii) (West 2012)). One could infer, from Unsworth's 

testimony, that, even at their young ages, the children sensed that adoption—or, failing that, 

staying where they were—would be best for their welfare and security. It would be hard to 

disagree with that perception. The trial court did not abuse its discretion or make a finding that 

was against the manifest weight of the evidence when it found that terminating respondent's 

parental rights would be in the children's best interest. 

¶ 94 III. CONCLUSION

¶ 95 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the trial court's judgment.

¶ 96 Affirmed.