IN THE

TENTH COURT OF APPEALS

No. 10-13-00399-CR

PAUL CRANSTON STEELE,

Appellant

v.

THE STATE OF TEXAS,

Appellee

From the County Court

Falls County, Texas

Trial Court No. 12-09271

MEMORANDUM OPINION

In one issue, appellant, Paul Cranston Steele, challenges his conviction for 

assault-family violence. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 22.01(a)(1) (West Supp. 2014). 

Specifically, Steele argues that he was egregiously harmed by the charge, which 

included instructions about three separate culpable mental states and an instruction 

that jury unanimity was not required as to the applicable culpable mental state. 

Because we conclude that Steele was not egregiously harmed by the charge, we affirm.
Steele v. State Page 2

I. BACKGROUND

In the instant case, Steele was accused of intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly 

causing bodily injury to Kimberly Craft, by punching her in the left arm. See id. The 

indictment alleged that Steele committed assault-family violence against Craft on May 

10, 2012. Thereafter, the case proceeded to trial.

At the conclusion of the evidence, the jury was instructed regarding the law of 

the case. The charge included definitions for the intentional, knowing, and reckless 

culpable mental states, as well as the following language: “The jury does not have to 

agree on whether the defendant either intentionally or knowingly or recklessly injured 

the victim[;] but each juror must find that the state has proven one of the intents as 

required above.” It is this language that is the basis for Steele’s appellate complaint.

The jury ultimately found Steele guilty of the charged offense. Thereafter, the 

trial court assessed punishment at confinement in the county jail for one year with a 

$500 fine. The trial court also certified Steele’s right of appeal, and this appeal followed.

II. ANALYSIS

In his sole issue, Steele asserts that the jury charge was egregiously harmful 

because it drew undue attention to the culpable mental states. More specifically, Steele 

contends that the charge included three separate culpable mental states and an 

instruction that jury unanimity was not required as to the applicable culpable mental 

state. According to Steele, the instruction regarding unanimity amounted to an 

improper judicial comment. And as a result of the complained-of error, Steele alleges 
Steele v. State Page 3

that the charge instructions marshaled “the law in favor of the State,” which “implicates 

the trial court’s required appearance of neutrality.”

A. Applicable Law

In reviewing a jury-charge issue, an appellate court’s first duty is to determine 

whether error exists in the jury charge. Hutch v. State, 922 S.W.2d 166, 170 (Tex. Crim. 

App. 1996). If error is found, the appellate court must analyze that error for harm. 

Middleton v. State, 125 S.W.3d 450, 453-54 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003). If an error was 

properly preserved by objection, reversal will be necessary if the error is not harmless. 

Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985). Conversely, if error was 

not preserved at trial by a proper objection, a reversal will be granted only if the error 

presents egregious harm, meaning appellant did not receive a fair and impartial trial. 

Id. To obtain a reversal for jury-charge error, appellant must have suffered actual harm 

and not just merely theoretical harm. Sanchez v. State, 376 S.W.3d 767, 775 (Tex. Crim. 

App. 2012); Arline v. State, 721 S.W.2d 348, 352 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986).

Steele admits that he did not object to the jury charge; thus, he must show 

egregious harm. See Almanza, 686, S.W.2d at 171. In examining the record for egregious 

harm, we consider the entire jury charge, the state of the evidence, the final arguments 

of the parties, and any other relevant information revealed by the record of the trial as a 

whole. Olivas v. State, 202 S.W.3d 137, 144 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). Jury-charge error is 

egregiously harmful if it affects the very basis of the case, deprives the defendant of a 

valuable right, or vitally affects a defensive theory. Stuhler v. State, 218 S.W.3d 706, 719 

(Tex. Crim. App. 2007); Sanchez v. State, 209 S.W.3d 117, 121 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006).
Steele v. State Page 4

B. Discussion

As noted above, Steele complains about the following instruction contained in 

the charge: “The jury does not have to agree on whether the defendant either 

intentionally or knowingly or recklessly injured the victim[;] but each juror must find 

that the state has proven one of the intents as required above.” On appeal, Steele does 

not contend that the instruction is an incorrect statement of the law. Instead, Steele 

argues that the instruction constitutes an improper judicial comment because it was 

unnecessary, and because it focuses “the jury’s attention on the type of evidence.”

Under Texas law, the trial court must provide the jury with “a written charge 

setting forth the law applicable to the case; not expressing any opinion as to the weight 

of the evidence, not summing up the testimony, discussing facts or using any argument 

in [its] charge calculated to arouse the sympathy or excite the passions of the jury.” TEX.

CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 36.14 (West 2007); see Walters v. State, 247 S.W.3d 204, 208 

(Tex. Crim. App. 2008). “The law applicable to a case plainly includes laws from any 

source concerning which a jury instruction is necessary for resolution of the factual 

issues presented.” Atkinson v. State, 923 S.W.2d 21, 27 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996). 

The choice of language by the trial judge, though trying to clarify the 

statute, is inappropriate if its draws particular attention to the evidence 

regarding the defendant’s state of mind. Even a seemingly neutral 

instruction about a particular type of evidence constitutes an 

impermissible comment on the weight of the evidence because such an 

instruction singles out a particular piece of evidence for special attention.

Russell v. State, 43 S.W.3d 66, 69 (Tex. App.—Waco 2001, no pet.) (citing TEX. CODE CRIM.

PROC. ANN. art. 36.14; Zani v. State, 758 S.W.2d 233, 245 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988)). 
Steele v. State Page 5

Based on our review of the record, we do not believe that the complained-of 

instruction constitutes an impermissible comment on the weight of the evidence. The 

trial court’s instruction is a correct, neutral statement of the law regarding unanimity 

and the operative criminal statute and does not “pluck out any specific piece of 

evidence.”1 See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 22.01(a); see also Walters, 247 S.W.3d at 214 

(noting that “all jury instructions relating to a Penal Code offense or defense must be 

statutorily based”); Ngo v. State, 175 S.W.3d 738, 745 n.21 & 746-50 (Tex. Crim. App. 

2005) (“The unanimity requirement is undercut when a jury risks convicting the 

defendant on different acts, instead of agreeing on the same act for a conviction.”); 

Francis v. State, 36 S.W.3d 121, 125 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) (holding that a jury charge 

which allows for a non-unanimous verdict concerning what specific criminal act the 

defendant committed is error); Kitchens v. State, 823 S.W.2d 256, 258 (Tex. Crim. App. 

1991) (stating that although the indictment may allege differing methods of committing 

an offense in the conjunctive, it is proper to instruct the jury in the disjunctive). 

Accordingly, we cannot conclude that the complained-of instruction constituted an 

improper judicial comment and, thus, was erroneously included in the charge. See 

Brown v. State, 122 S.W.3d 794, 800-01 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003).2

 

1 The operative statute—section 22.01(a) of the Penal Code—provides that a person commits 

assault if he “intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly causes bodily injury to another, including the 

person’s spouse . . . .” TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 22.01(a) (West Supp. 2014).

2

In Brown, the Court of Criminal Appeals noted the following:

But when the trial court, the only source of law the jury has, picks out only one such 

inference and instructs the jury that that one, through rebuttable, is a presumption 

provided by law, the court gives the force of law to that one possible 
Steele v. State Page 6

And even if the complained-of instruction was erroneously included in the 

charge, Steele has not adequately demonstrated that he was egregiously harmed. In 

particular, the jury heard testimony regarding Craft’s injuries and saw numerous 

pictures depicting her injuries. Moreover, as stated above, the complained-of 

instruction was a correct, neutral statement of the law meant to clarify the applicable 

culpable mental states. Furthermore, neither Steele’s counsel nor the prosecutor 

mentioned the instruction in closing arguments. And finally, Steele does not 

demonstrate that he suffered actual harm as a result of the complained-of instruction. 

See Sanchez, 376 S.W.3d at 775 (requiring appellant to demonstrate actual, not merely 

theoretical, harm to obtain a reversal for jury-charge error); see also Arline, 721 S.W.2d at 

352 (same). Therefore, based on the foregoing, we overrule Steele’s sole issue on 

appeal. 

III. CONCLUSION

We affirm the judgment of the trial court.

AL SCOGGINS

Justice

 

inference . . . . Instructing the jury that it does constitutes, in effect, a comment on the 

weight of the evidence. . . . Finally, a court’s jury instruction could violate article 36.14 

less obviously. For example, it might obliquely or indirectly convey some opinion on the 

weight of the evidence by singling out that evidence and inviting the jury to pay 

particular attention to it. On this near end of the “improper-judicial comment” spectrum 

is an instruction that is simply unnecessary and fails to clarify the law for the jury.

122 S.W.3d 794, 800-01 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003).
Steele v. State Page 7

Before Chief Justice Gray,

Justice Davis, and

Justice Scoggins

(Chief Justice Gray concurring with a note)*

Affirmed

Opinion delivered and filed April 23, 2015

Do not publish

[CR25]

*(Chief Justice Gray concurs in the judgment to the extent it affirms the trial court’s 

judgment. A separate opinion will not issue.)