Slip Op. 11- 

UNITED STATES COURT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE 

FORD MOTOR COMPANY, 

 Plaintiff, 

 v. 

UNITED STATES, 

Defendant. 

 

 Before: Judith M. Barzilay, Senior Judge 

 Court No. 03-00115 

 

OPINION

[The court grants Defendant’s motion for summary judgment.] 

 Date: November 28, 2011 

Grunfeld, Desiderio, Lebowitz, Silverman & Klestadt, LLP (Ned H. Marshak, Robert B. 

Silverman, and Frances P. Hadfield) and Paulsen K. Vandevert (Of Counsel), for plaintiff Ford 

Motor Company. 

Tony West, Assistant Attorney General; Barbara S. Williams, Attorney in Charge, International 

Trade Field Office, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, United States Department of 

Justice (Edward F. Kenny); Office of Chief Counsel, International Trade Litigation, United 

States Customs and Border Protection (Beth C. Brotman, Of Counsel), for defendant United 

States. 

BARZILAY, Senior Judge: This case returns to the court on remand from the Court of 

Appeals for the Federal Circuit. See Ford Motor Co. v. United States, 635 F.3d 550 (Fed. Cir. 

2011). In its motion for summary judgment, Plaintiff Ford Motor Company (“Ford”) challenges 

U.S. Customs and Border Protection’s (“Customs”) denial of Ford’s claims for reliquidation of 

certain entries and a refund of duties pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1520(d). Pl.’s Br. 8-28. Defendant 

United States cross-moves for summary judgment, arguing that the § 1520(d) claims were 

untimely because Ford did not file its North American Free Trade Agreement (“NAFTA”) 
Court No. 03-00115 Page 2 

certificates of origin – a requisite component of the claims – within one year of importation.1 

Def.’s Br. 5-15. Plaintiff responds that Customs’ regulation 19 C.F.R. § 10.112 excuses the late 

filing of its certificates. Pl.’s Br. 8-11, 13-20; Pl.’s Resp. 6-15. The court has jurisdiction 

pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1581(a). For the reasons below, the court grants Defendant’s motion for 

summary judgment and denies Plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment. 

I. Background 

 Between January 1997 and January 1999, Ford imported certain automotive parts into the 

United States from Canada. Def.’s Br. 2. The parties have agreed to use Entry No. 231-

2787386-9, imported on June 27, 1997, as a representative entry to resolve the legal issues before 

the court. Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Statement of Undisputed Material Facts (“Undisputed Facts”) 1-

2. Ford did not at the time of entry assert that the goods were eligible for duty-free treatment 

under NAFTA and Customs liquidated the goods as entered. Undisputed Facts 2. On May 13, 

1998, Ford electronically filed post-importation Claim No. 3801-98-351235 and therein sought a 

refund of the duties it paid and reliquidation of its entry pursuant to § 1520(d). Undisputed Facts 

3. Ford did not submit copies of the certificates of origin for this entry until November 5, 1998, 

more than one year after the date of importation. Undisputed Facts 4. Customs at the Port of 

Detroit denied Ford’s claim, stating that “[t]he NAFTA Certificate of Origin was not furnished 

within one year of the date of importation.” Undisputed Facts 5. Ford protested the denial of its 

§ 1520(d) claim and Customs denied this protest on the same grounds on August 29, 2002. HQ 

228654 (Aug. 29, 2002), available at 2002 WL 31641984. Ford challenged this denial before 

 

1

 Defendant also argues that Customs properly denied the protest on the grounds that Ford failed 

to make statements that satisfy the regulatory requirements for a valid § 1520(d) claim. Def.’s 

Br. 15-16. Plaintiff counters that Ford’s statements substantially complied with the applicable 

regulations. Pl.’s Br. 24-28. Because the court finds that the claim was untimely, and thus 

otherwise invalid, it is unnecessary to reach this question. 
Court No. 03-00115 Page 3 

the court. On January 12, 2010, the court held that it did not have jurisdiction to hear Ford’s suit 

on the grounds that Customs had not made a protestable decision in denying Ford’s refund claim. 

On March 21, 2011, however, the Federal Circuit reversed and remanded the case for further 

proceedings. See Ford Motor Co., 635 F.3d 550. 

II. Standard of Review

 An action warrants summary judgment “if the pleadings, discovery and disclosure 

materials on file, and any affidavits show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact 

and that the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” USCIT R. 56(c). “A material 

fact is one that might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law.” Marriott Int’l 

Resorts, L.P. v. United States, 586 F.3d 962, 968 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (quoting Anderson v. Liberty 

Lobby Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986)) (internal quotation marks omitted). 

The Court reviews Customs’ denial of a protest de novo. 28 U.S.C. § 2640(a)(1). A 

Customs decision does not enjoy a statutory presumption of correctness on questions of law, 

Universal Elecs. v. United States, 112 F.3d 488, 492 (Fed. Cir. 1997), but may be entitled to 

“respect proportional to its ‘power to persuade.’” United States v. Mead Corp., 533 U.S. 218, 

220 (2001) (quoting Skidmore v. Swift & Co., 323 U.S. 134, 140 (1944)). The degree of respect 

the Court accords “will depend upon the thoroughness evident in [Customs’] consideration, the 

validity of its reasoning, its consistency with earlier and later pronouncements, and all those 

factors which give it power to persuade, if lacking power to control.” Skidmore, 323 U.S. at 140. 

III. Discussion

Under NAFTA Article 502(3), importers may file post-importation claims for refunds of 

duties paid on goods that would have qualified for preferential tariff treatment when entered. 

North American Free Trade Agreement art. 502(3), Dec. 17, 1992, 32 I.L.M. 289 (1993). 
Court No. 03-00115 Page 4 

Congress codified this provision in § 1520(d), which, like Article 502(3), requires that refund 

claims be filed “within 1 year after the date of importation” and include (1) “a written declaration 

that the good qualified under the applicable rules at the time of importation,” (2) “copies of all 

applicable NAFTA Certificates of Origin,” and (3) “such other documentation and information 

relating to the importation of the goods as the Customs Service may require.”2 § 1520(d)(1)-(3). 

As directed by the statute, Customs enacted implementing regulations that reaffirm the one-year 

time limitation on refund claims, see 19 C.F.R. § 181.31, and specify five requisite components 

of a claim, including copies of all certificates of origin for the entries, see § 181.32(b)(1)-(5). 

 Plaintiff argues that § 1520(d) and the governing regulations do not require importers to 

file the certificates of origin within one year. Pl.’s Br. 11-12; Pl.’s Resp. 13-14. Instead, 

Plaintiff interprets the time restriction as applying only to § 1520(d) “claims,” as distinguished 

from the accompanying certificates.3 Pl.’s Br. 11-12; Pl.’s Resp. 13-14. 

 

2

 On October 21, 2011, while this case was pending before the court, Congress amended 

§ 1520(d) to extend its application to goods entered under three additional trade agreements. See 

United States – Panama Trade Promotion Agreement Implementation Act, Pub. L. No. 112-43, 

§ 206, 125 Stat. 487, 520 (2011); United States – Columbia Trade Promotion Agreement 

Implementation Act, Pub. L. No. 112-42, § 206, 125 Stat. 462, 484 (2011); United States – 

Korea Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act, Pub. L. No. 112-41, § 205, 125 Stat. 428, 449 

(2011). 

3

 Much of the instant dispute arises out of a confusion regarding what constitutes a “claim” 

within the meaning of § 1520(d) and § 181.31. Plaintiff’s framing of the issue is understandable: 

A claim exists when the importer files a request with Customs for a refund of duties and alleges 

its goods qualified for duty-free treatment. A certificate of origin must accompany, but is 

distinct from, the refund “claim.” See generally Pl.’s Br. The Federal Circuit, in holding that 

the court has jurisdiction, distinguished between “notice of a party’s § 1520(d) claim” and the 

accompanying “certificate of origin.” Ford Motor Co., 635 F.3d at 557. The Federal Circuit 

limited its holding, however, to the issue of jurisdiction and explicitly recognized the distinction 

“between the jurisdictional nature of the requirement that notice of a § 1520(d) claim be timely 

filed . . . and the non-jurisdictional nature of a § 1520(d) claim’s content requirements such as 

certificates of origin.” Id. at 556 (noting “§ 1520(d)’s formalities, such as timely filing a 

certification of origin”). On remand, this court focuses on the substantive requirements for a 
Court No. 03-00115 Page 5 

Customs rejected this argument in its denial of Ford’s protest. See HQ 228654. There, 

Customs found that a valid refund claim exists only when the importer has filed all the 

documentation that § 1520(d) and § 181.32(b)(1)-(5) require, including copies of applicable 

certificates of origin. Id. at 7. Customs noted that no language in the statute or regulations 

restricts the one-year limitation to only the first element of the claim, the written declaration. Id.; 

see § 1520(d)(1); § 181.32(b)(1). Following this clear logic, Customs concluded that importers 

must file all components of a claim, including copies of the certificates of origin, within one year 

of importation.4

 HQ 228654 at 7-8, 12-14. 

The analysis in HQ 228654 is thorough and well-reasoned. Customs grounded its 

conclusions in the plain language of § 1520(d) and §§ 181.31-.32 and responded adequately to 

Ford’s arguments on protest (some of which Ford now repeats before the court). See id. at 8-15. 

Notably, Customs’ interpretation accords with the court’s own, de novo reading of the relevant 

authority. The court therefore finds that HQ 228654 is entitled to Skidmore deference and that 

§ 1520(d) and the implementing regulations require importers to file within one year of 

importation copies of applicable certificates of origin.5 

 Plaintiff avers that the one-year limitation cannot apply to all elements of a § 1520(d) 

claim because the final statutory element, § 1520(d)(3), requires importers to supply “such other 

documentation and information” that Customs may require. Pl.’s Br. 12-13. Ford reasons that 

 

NAFTA refund claim. In that vein and as is discussed infra, the court adopts Customs’ position 

that copies of certificates of origin are necessary components of a valid § 1520(d) claim. 

4

 Customs noted, however, that the certificates need not accompany the written declaration, so 

long as they are filed within one year of importation. HQ 228654 at 11. 

5

 The court agrees with Defendant that Plaintiff’s reference to Customs’ Reconciliation Program, 

which waives the necessity of submitting certificates of origin with refund claims, is inapposite. 

Def.’s Resp. 16-18. Plaintiffs’ entries were not subject to the program and the court’s inquiry 

must focus on the statutory and regulatory scheme which governed Plaintiff’s entries. 
Court No. 03-00115 Page 6 

Customs could request additional information from importers pursuant to this subsection more 

than one year after importation and that, as a result, the court cannot interpret the one-year 

requirement as extending to all elements of the claim. Pl.’s Br. 12-13. As noted, Customs has 

already enumerated the requisite “other documentation and information” in subsections (3) 

through (5) of § 181.32(b). See § 181.32(b)(3)-(5); see also HQ 228654 at 14. These 

subsections require the importer to file certain information regarding third parties’ knowledge of 

the entries and other existing claims and protests. See § 181.32(3)-(5). Importers must similarly 

file these statements within one year of importation. See id.; see also HQ 228654 at 14. This 

argument is therefore unavailing. 

The court turns next to Plaintiff’s argument that § 1520(d) must be read in harmony with 

Customs’ regulation § 10.112. Because the statute directs that refund claims be administered “in 

accordance with regulations prescribed by [Customs],” Plaintiff maintains that § 10.112 applies 

and excuses the untimely filing of its certificates of origin. Pl.’s Br. 8-11, 13-20; Pl.’s Resp. 6-

15. Section 10.112 provides that 

[w]henever a free entry or a reduced duty document, form, or statement required to be 

filed in connection with the entry is not filed at the time of the entry or within the period 

for which a bond was filed for its production, but failure to file it was not due to willful 

negligence or fraudulent intent, such document, form, or statement may be filed at any 

time prior to liquidation of the entry or, if the entry was liquidated, before the liquidation 

becomes final. 

19 C.F.R. § 10.112. The Court has previously found that this “remedial regulation” deserves 

broad interpretation. See, e.g., Gulfstream Aerospace Corp. v. United States, 21 CIT 1083, 

1096-97, 981 F. Supp. 654, 667 (1997) (“Gulfstream”); Aviall of Tex., Inc. v. United States, 18 

CIT 727, 732-33, 861 F. Supp. 100, 105 (1994) (“Aviall”). The Federal Circuit has cautioned, 

however, “that an importer cannot use section 10.112 to circumvent the clear mandate of 
Court No. 03-00115 Page 7 

NAFTA and 19 U.S.C. § 1520(d) . . . .” Xerox Corp. v. United States, 423 F.3d 1356, 1365 (Fed. 

Cir. 2005) (“Xerox”). 

In deciding whether § 10.112 applies to the NAFTA refund scheme governed by 

§ 1520(d) and §§ 181.31-.32, the court must “attempt to give full effect to all words contained 

within th[e] statute [and] regulation[s], thereby rendering superfluous as little of the statutory or 

regulatory language as possible.” Glover v. West, 185 F.3d 1328, 1332 (Fed. Cir. 1999); accord

Duncan v. Walker, 533 U.S. 167, 174 (2001) (“It is our duty to give effect, if possible, to every 

clause and word of a statute.” (citation and quotation marks omitted)). For this reason, Plaintiff’s 

argument fails. Adopting Plaintiff’s position (that § 10.112 allows an importer to file its 

certificates of origin more than one year after importation) would force the court to read out of 

the statute and regulations the clear instruction that importers must file “within 1 year after the 

date of importation . . . a claim that includes . . . copies of all applicable NAFTA Certificates of 

Origin.” § 1520(d); accord § 181.31, .32(b)(2). The importance to the NAFTA refund scheme 

of these two requirements – that (1) claims be filed within one year and (2) include copies of 

certificates of origin – is obvious. These obligations are thrice repeated in NAFTA, the 

corresponding statute, and Customs’ implementing regulations. Moreover, the legislative history 

of § 1520(d) “overwhelmingly reiterates the one-year time period for claiming entitlement to a 

refund premised on NAFTA eligibility.” Xerox Corp., 423 F.3d at 1362; see H.R. Rep. No. 103-

361(I), at 38 (1993) (“In order to qualify for such reliquidation, the importer must, within one 

year after the date of importation, file a NAFTA claim in accordance with the implementing 

regulations, which includes . . . copies of all applicable NAFTA certificates of origin . . . .”); S. 

Rep. No. 103-189, at 22 (1993) (same). The court cannot read § 10.112 to ease the content 
Court No. 03-00115 Page 8 

requirements for claims under § 1520(d) and § 181.31-.32 as it would render fundamental 

aspects of the statute and regulations void.6

 

This conclusion is bolstered by the nature of the regulations at issue. In balancing the 

strict one-year requirement of § 181.31 with the permissive allowance of § 10.112, the court 

must prefer the specific regulation to the general one. See Arzio v. Shinseki, 602 F.3d 1343, 1347 

(Fed. Cir. 2010) (“A basic tenet of statutory construction is that a specific statute takes 

precedence over a more general one. . . . This canon of construction applies to the interpretation 

of regulations as well as statutes.”). Customs drafted § 181.31 to apply expressly to postimportation claims for refunds of duties in cases where no claims for preferential tariff treatment 

were filed at entry. In so doing, Customs drafted the regulation to mirror the requirements 

provided by the statute, which, in turn, mirrors NAFTA Article 502(3).7

 In contrast, § 10.112, 

enacted in 1960, is a broad provision with undefined boundaries which makes no reference to 

NAFTA refund claims or reliquidation. See § 10.112. Sections 181.31 and 181.32 undoubtedly 

control over this more general regulation. 

Unfortunately for Plaintiff, reliance upon Aviall and Gulfstream is unhelpful in this 

context. Pl.’s Br. 17-20. While these cases highlight the broad reach of § 10.112, including its 

preeminence over other (mandatory) regulatory provisions, neither address the issue of whether 

 

6

 Defendant argues that § 10.112 is inapplicable because the regulation covers only forms and 

documents required at the time of entry, which NAFTA certificates of origin are not. Def.’s Br. 

11-14; Def.’s Reply 8-12. The court is skeptical of this interpretation as it is at variance with the 

plain language of the regulation and appears to be needlessly restrictive. See § 10.112. 

Nevertheless, because § 10.112 otherwise does not cover certificates of origin required for 

§ 1520(d) claims, the court need not resolve this issue. 

7

 Section 181.33 also explicitly addresses Customs’ authority to deny NAFTA refund claims: 

“The port director may deny a claim for a refund filed under this subpart if the claim was not 

filed timely, [or] if the importer has not complied with the requirements of this subpart . . . .” 

§ 181.33(d)(1). 
Court No. 03-00115 Page 9 

§ 10.112 would apply if its application would render meaningless statutory (and treaty-based) 

requirements.8

 See Gulfstream, 21 CIT at 1096-97, 981 F. Supp. at 667; Aviall, 18 CIT at 732-

33, 861 F. Supp. at 105. As discussed, the court believes that it cannot. Accordingly, § 10.112 

does not excuse the late filing of NAFTA certificates of origin for § 1520(d) refund claims. 

IV. Conclusion

 The court recognizes that, in attempting to obtain preferential tariff treatment, Ford was 

operating in a nascent legal regime with fastidious rules for importation. Nonetheless, the court 

must respect Customs’ lawful adherence to the controlling statute and regulations. For the 

reasons stated, it is hereby 

ORDERED that Defendant’s motion for summary judgment is granted, and it is further 

ORDERED that Plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment is denied. 

Dated: November 28, 2011 /s/ Judith M. Barzilay 

 New York, NY Judith M. Barzilay, Senior Judge 

 

8

 Unlike Aviall and Gulfstream, the court in Corrpro Cos. v. United States, 28 CIT 1523 (2004) 

(not reported in F. Supp.), rev’d on other grounds, 433 F.3d 1360 (Fed. Cir. 2006) (“Corrpro”), 

squarely addressed the issue of whether § 10.112 excuses the late filing of certificates of origin 

for § 1520(d) purposes. Adopting the reasoning in Aviall that § 10.112 “does not limit its 

application to certain documents” and should be interpreted broadly, the court held that § 10.112 

applies to NAFTA refund claims: “[T]he Court holds that 19 C.F.R. § 10.112 supercedes 19 

C.F.R. §§ 181.31 and 181.32 . . . . [U]nder [§ 10.112], Corrpro may submit its NAFTA 

Certificates of Origin at any time prior to liquidation, barring willful negligence or fraudulent 

intent in compliance.” Corrpro Cos., 28 CIT at 1532. The Federal Circuit reversed this holding 

on alternative (jurisdictional) grounds. See Corrpro Cos., 433 F.3d 1360. Only in dicta did the 

Federal Circuit discuss the requirements for a § 1520(d) claim: “In order to make a valid NAFTA 

claim, an importer must submit a written declaration and the appropriate Certificates of Origin. 

An importer may not circumvent these statutory and regulatory requirements.” Id. at 1365 

(internal citations omitted); accord Xerox Corp., 423 F.3d at 1365 (“Simply put, we may not 

construe 19 C.F.R. § 10.112 to increase the one-year time period for making a post-importation 

NAFTA claim and thus increase the Court of International Trade’s jurisdiction . . . .”). The 

court believes the Federal Circuit’s dicta in Corrpro and its jurisdictional holding in Xerox, while 

not controlling, nevertheless cancel the persuasive weight the court would normally give to a 

previous decision by this Court. See Nucor Corp. v. United States, 32 CIT __, ___, 594 F. Supp. 

2d 1320, 1380 n.47 (2008) (noting that “intervening changes in governing law necessarily affect 

the persuasive authority of previous decisions of the [Court]”).