# IMMC.COM_2018_0706_FIN.ENG.xhtml.1_EN_ACT_part1_v4.docx

european flagEUROPEAN COMMISSION

Brussels, 26.10.2018

COM(2018) 706 final

REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL

The application of the Union competition rules to the agricultural sector

{SWD(2018) 450 final}

REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL

The application of the Union competition rules to the agricultural sector

1.Introduction

1.Under Article 225(d) of Regulation (EU) No 1308/2013 ('CMO')
  1
  the Commission shall present to the European Parliament and the Council, by 31 December 2017,
  a report on the application of the competition rules to the agricultural sector,
  in particular on the operation of Articles 209, 210 and 169, 170 and 171 CMO.

2.This report is based on input from national competition authorities ('NCAs'), Member States and private organisations to the Commission, studies of the European Commission on producer organisations in the olive oil, arable crops and beef &veal sector (2017) and on interbranch organisations (2016).

3.'Agricultural sector' covers the products listed in Article 1 (2) and Annex I CMO.

4.The report covers the period from 1 January 2014 to mid-2017, as far as derogations from the competition rules in the CMO are concerned and from 1 January 2012 to mid-2017 for the description of antitrust investigations ('the Period').
  2
   
  The Commission Staff Working document provides additional information on the derogations and the antitrust investigations.

1.1.The Union competition rules

5.Article 101 Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) prohibits agreements between two or more independent market operators which restrict competition. These cover in particular price fixing arrangements, which remove incentives to improve production and are serious infringements. Under Article 101(3) TFEU agreements are exempted from the prohibition in Article 101(1) if they generate objective economic benefits that outweigh the negative effects of
  a restriction of competition, e.g. by contributing to improving the production or distribution of goods, while allowing consumers a fair share of the resulting benefit. The restriction must also be indispensable and competition must not be eliminated. Operators assess themselves whether the conditions of Article 101 TFEU are fulfilled.
  3

6.The agricultural sector can also benefit from exemptions under general competition rules, e.g. the so-called Specialisation Block Exemption Regulation (SBER).
  4
   
  If parties produce or process products jointly and the parties' combined market shares do not exceed 20% of the relevant market for the processed products,
  the SBER allows joint sales of such products. This is relevant e.g. for cooperatives, which often engage in processing activities.

7.Article 102 TFEU prohibits firms holding a dominant position on a given market to abuse that position, e.g. by charging unfair prices or by limiting output.

1.2.The application of the EU competition rules to the agricultural sector

8.The TFEU grants a special status to the agricultural sector. Under Article 42 TFEU, the Union competition rules apply to production of and trade in agricultural products only to the extent determined by the European Parliament and the Council, within the framework of Article 43(2) TFEU and taking into account the five objectives of Article 39 TFEU. The objectives are increasing productivity, achieving a fair living standard of the agricultural community, market stabilisation, assuring availability of supplies and ensuring reasonable consumer prices. The European Court of Justice recognises the precedence of the common agricultural policy over the objectives of the Treaty in the field of competition.
  5
  It acknowledges that the maintenance of effective competition is one of the objectives of the common agricultural policy and common organisation of markets.
  6

2.derogations from Article 101(1) TFEU

9.The Union competition rules apply to the production of and trade in agricultural products, unless the CMO states otherwise (Article 206 CMO). The CMO contains derogations from the application of Article 101 TFEU, which either apply to all or some agricultural sectors or deal with specific situations.

10.The below graph describes the framework of competition rules and derogations before 1 January 2018.
  7

Graph 1

Competition rules before 01.01.2018

11.Many of these derogations apply to the work of recognised producer organisations (PO), whose activities are described in Article 152 CMO; others apply to farmers and farmers' associations (Article 209) and Article 210 CMO applies to vertical cooperation in the supply chain by recognised interbranch organisations.

11.

Many of these derogations apply to the work of recognised producer organisations (PO), whose activities are described in Article 152 CMO; others apply to farmers and farmers' associations (Article 209) and Article 210 CMO applies to vertical cooperation in the supply chain by recognised interbranch organisations.

12.As regards specifically the fruit &vegetables sector, concerning the activities of a PO Article 160 CMO requires producer members to market their entire production concerned through the PO. Under Article 11 of Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2017/891
  8
  , the main activity of POs in the fruit &vegetables sector relates to the concentration of supply and the placing on the market of the products of their members. In a recent case concerning fruit & vegetables POs, the European Court of Justice stated that, subject to conditions, Article 101 TFEU may not apply to certain activities (e.g. planning of volumes, adoption of a pricing policy) of such POs.
  9
  Annual reports of Member States show that POs/ APOs marketed around 50% of the total fruit & vegetables output in the EU in 2015.

12.

As regards specifically the fruit &vegetables sector, concerning the activities of a PO Article 160 CMO requires producer members to market their entire production concerned through the PO. Under Article 11 of Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2017/891

8

, the main activity of POs in the fruit

&

vegetables sector relates to the concentration of supply and the placing on the market of the products of their members. In a recent case concerning fruit & vegetables POs, the European Court of Justice stated that, subject to conditions, Article 101 TFEU may not apply to certain activities (e.g. planning of volumes, adoption of a pricing policy) of such POs.

9

Annual reports of Member States show that POs/ APOs marketed around 50% of the total fruit & vegetables output in the EU in 2015.

13.The recognition of POs and APOs is granted by the Member States. Currently,
  there are more than 1700 recognised POs and 60 APOs in the EU in the fruit &vegetables sector. This is due to EU co-financing for the operational programmes being allocated to recognised POs. In the milk sector there are about 300 recognised POs and 7 APOs. There are around 1200 recognised POs and nine APOs in the other sectors, mainly for meat, olive oil and cereals.
  10

13.

The recognition of POs and APOs is granted by the Member States. Currently,

there are more than 1700 recognised POs and 60 APOs in the EU in the fruit &vegetables sector. This is due to EU co-financing for the operational programmes being allocated to recognised POs. In the milk sector there are about 300 recognised POs and 7 APOs. There are around 1200 recognised POs and nine APOs in the other sectors, mainly for meat, olive oil and cereals.

10

14.While this report is limited to the period mentioned in paragraph 4, two recent developments should be mentioned.

14.

While this report is limited to the period mentioned in paragraph 4,

two recent developments

should be mentioned.

15.Firstly, the European Court of Justice decided in the Endives judgment
  11
  that practices such as coordination of volume and pricing policies as well as exchanges of commercially sensitive information between producer organisations (POs) and their associations (APOs) are prohibited under Article 101 TFEU. The Court also found that, under certain conditions, Article 101 TFEU may not apply within recognised POs and associations of producer organisations (APOs) to such activities carried out by a given PO/APO. The practices at hand must in particular be strictly necessary for and proportionate to carrying out the objectives assigned to the PO/APOs by EU legislation.

15.

Firstly, the European Court of Justice decided in the Endives judgment

11

that practices such as coordination of volume and pricing policies as well as exchanges of commercially sensitive information

between

producer organisations (POs) and their associations (APOs) are prohibited under Article 101 TFEU. The Court also found that, under certain conditions, Article 101 TFEU may not apply

within recognised

POs and associations of producer organisations (APOs) to such activities carried out by a given PO/APO. The practices at hand must in particular be

strictly necessary

for and

proportionate

to carrying out the objectives assigned to the PO/APOs by EU legislation.

16.Secondly, as of 1 January 2018, Article 152 CMO, as amended by the Omnibus Regulation, provides for a derogation from Article 101 TFEU for recognised POs/APOs. To rely on the derogation, the PO/APO must integrate at least one activity of the producer members (e.g. transport, storage), genuinely exercise the activity, concentrate supply and place products of their members on the market.

16.

Secondly, as of 1 January 2018, Article 152 CMO, as amended by the Omnibus Regulation, provides for a derogation from Article 101 TFEU for

recognised POs/APOs.

To rely on the derogation, the PO/APO must integrate at least one activity of the producer members (e.g. transport, storage), genuinely exercise the activity, concentrate supply and place products of their members on the market.

2.1.General competition derogations in the CMO

2.1.1.Article 209 CMO

17.Article 209 (1) 2nd paragraph CMO, which has existed with similar wording since 1962, is a general derogation from Article 101 (1) TFEU for farmers working together. The agreements shall not (i) jeopardise the objectives of Article 39 TFEU, (ii) entail an obligation to charge an identical price and (iii) exclude competition.
  As farmers assess the applicability of the derogation to the agreement themselves without informing the Members States or the Commission, the Commission has no data on how often farmers relied on this derogation. In competition investigations, parties rarely referred to Article 209 CMO.

18.The competition authority in the Netherlands dealt with the predecessor article to Article 209 CMO – Article 176 of Regulation 1234/2007 - in two investigations.
  In one of these, in 2012, the National Competition Authority ("NCA") fined a group of agricultural producers, wholesalers and processors for an agreement that limited the production of silver-skin onions. The parties to the agreement also shared price information in order to align prices and obtain the highest possible price level.
  In order to support the agreement they bought several competing onion producers that after the acquisition would no longer produce silver-skin onions. The parties argued that the agreement could be covered by the derogation, because it was needed to increase the productivity and yield of the production as well as to obtain reasonable prices. The NCA found that the derogation did not apply since 1) the parties were not part of a national market organisation, 2) the yearly output quotas were intended to raise prices above the competitive level and the agreement did not contribute to ensuring that supplies reach consumers at reasonable prices and 3) the agreements entailed charging identical prices.

2.1.2.Article 210 CMO – Agreements by Interbranch Organisations (IBO)

19.Under Article 210 CMO, recognised IBOs can rely on a derogation from Article 101(1) TFEU. They must notify their agreements to the Commission and if the Commission does not find them incompatible with Union rules within 2 months after having received full notification, Article 101(1) TFEU does not apply. The agreement may not entail price or quota fixing or lead to market partitioning or create other competition distortions. The Commission has received two notifications from IBOs under this article.

20.In January 2015, the Commission did not object to an agreement of the Centre National Interprofessionnel de l'Economie Laitière (CNIEL) which established price grids for certain milk characteristics. As the milk price depends on its composition and quality, the regional organisations of CNIEL publish values for various technical milk specifications based on different parameters of milk (e.g. fat content, origin of the milk based on type of cattle, criteria for health and hygiene) which lead to bonuses or penalties in relation to the base price. Milk farmers and buyers may on a voluntary basis refer in their contracts to the published grids to agree on a premium or penalty in relation to the basic milk price.

21.In June 2017, the Commission did not object to the agreement of the French interbranch organisation Comité national interprofessionnel de la pomme de terre (CNIPT) establishing a price indicator for potatoes. The price indicator is based on aggregated data of how farmers in the past have been remunerated for certain potato varieties. Publishing this information aims at increasing the knowledge of the supply chain. Potato farmers and buyers may on a voluntary basis refer to the published price indicator in their individual contracts.

22.There are currently 128 recognised interbranch organisations in nine Member States of the European Union, with the vast majority of these IBOs in France and Spain (65, respectively 27 IBO). Most of the interbranch organisations operate in the wine and fruit and vegetables sector.
  12

2.2.Sector specific derogations in the CMO

2.2.1.Contractual negotiations

23.During the period covered by this report, in four sectors - olive oil, beef/veal and certain arable crops and milk and milk products - the CMO provided the possibility for the POs to negotiate supply contracts for the sale of the respective products of their members. The measures had in common the strengthening the bargaining position of farmers in relation to their downstream partners, but the conditions and activities authorised under these provisions differ.

24.Since 2012, under Article 149 CMO in the milk sector, recognised POs, subject to quantitative limitations, can engage in contractual negotiations without being required to concentrate supply and place products of their members on the market or to integrate an efficiency enhancing activity of their producers. A PO can negotiate
  a price for the delivery of raw milk to processors. The implementation of this provision was described in Commission reports of 2014 and 2016.
  13
   Nine Member States reported deliveries of raw milk in 2016 under contracts collectively negotiated. The volume collectively negotiated amounted to 22.8 million tonnes, corresponding to 15% of total milk deliveries in the EU in 2016. The sector specific derogation for milk in Article 149 CMO is still applicable.

25.Since 2014, Articles 169, 170 and 171 CMO allowed joint sales and sales-related activities of agricultural products in the sectors of olive oil, beef and veal, and arable crops by producers through recognised POs. Subject to quantitative limitations, the PO may negotiate supply contracts, provided that it concentrates supply and places the products of its members on the market. It further needs to integrate at least one activity of its producer members, which should be likely to generate significant efficiencies. In 2015, the Commission adopted Guidelines on the application of these provisions.
  14
  The provisions have been repealed as of 1 January 2018 by Regulation (EU) 2017/2393. While the derogations concerning olive oil, beef/veal and certain arable crops have been repealed, they continue legally to be relevant for those activities, which took place before the amendments of the Omnibus Regulation entered into force on 1 January 2018.

26.In order to benefit from the derogation for these three sectors, the PO must provide the competent authority of its Member State with the volume of the product covered by the negotiations. The Member State must inform the Commission. Since the entry into force of the CMO, the Commission has not received any such notifications.

27.In 2017 the Commission launched a study on Producer Organisations and their activities in the three sectors. The results show that there are many more
  non-recognised POs/APOs than recognised POs/APOs. The total number of recognised and non-recognised POs and APOs is around 1 400 entities in the olive oil sector; around 800 in the beef and veal sector and around 1 600 in the arable crops sector.

28.The results also show that about two-third of POs and APOs carry out contractual negotiations and, that virtually all those POs and APOs who do so also carry out at least one of the efficiency-enhancing activities required by Articles 169-171 of
  the CMO Regulation, the most common efficiency-enhancing activities being quality control, distribution/transport and procurement of inputs. POs carry out these efficiency-enhancing activities first and foremost because they consider that these activities improve their position in negotiations with buyers. No PO has fulfilled all administrative requirements (recognition and notification of volumes negotiated)
  to benefit from the derogation.

2.2.2.Other sector derogations, including crisis measures

29.Articles 150 and 172 CMO allow POs to agree to adapt supply to demand and ensure value added and quality of certain products. For the supply of PDO/PGI cheeses
  15
  , France has applied supply management for eight and Italy for four cheeses under application of Article 150 CMO. A similar possibility for the supply of PDO/PGI ham has so far only been used by Italy, Article 172 CMO. For wine, France (17 cases) and Spain (1 case) notified the Commission of having laid down marketing rules for supply regulation in accordance with Article 167 CMO.

30.In the sugar sector, Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2016/1166
  16
  allows sugar processors and sugar beet growers to agree to share value and losses between them, subject to certain conditions. The value sharing clause is optional and should only be agreed between one sugar processor (i.e. no cooperation of several processors) and beet growers at the same time. Parties cannot fix prices for beet.
  The value sharing is widely used, i.e. in 35 out of the 42 agreements within the trade
  17
  , for which the Commission obtained information.

31.Article 33 CMO provides for the possibility of producer organisations in the fruit and vegetables sector to implement various measures under operational programmes, inter alia production planning and crisis measures. These measures are co-financed by the EU. In 2015, the EU financial assistance for crisis measures accounted for EUR 50 million.

32.In a situation of severe market imbalance, Article 222 CMO allows agreements of recognised POs/APOs and IBOs in all agricultural sectors for a limited period of six months, which can be prolonged once. Such crisis measures to e.g. withdraw products from the market have been authorised by the Commission during the milk crisis from April 2016 to April 2017. The Commission has not received any information that this authorisation has been used.

2.3.Article 101(3) TFEU

33.Agreements reached between independent producers e.g. on quantities and sales can be exempted under Article 101(3) TFEU, if the conditions described in paragraph 5 above are met.

34.In 2013 the NCA in Latvia, in an ex officio investigation, assessed a joint processing agreement by two dairy cooperatives that included raw milk price fixing under national competition law (equivalent to Article 101 (3) TFEU). The NCA found that the agreement could be exempted, as all the conditions were met.

35.In 2013, the NCA in France initiated an investigation based on a complaint and fined five pig slaughterers for agreeing on quantities of pork meat to be bought from farmers producing live pigs. The aim was to lower the prices paid to farmers.
  The NCA also fined an association of slaughterers for sending price instructions to its members. Further, seven slaughterhouses, an association of slaughterers and
  an auction market buyer federation were fined for collectively agreeing on a base price to be paid to farmers. Concerning the last infringement, the parties argued that their agreement could be exempted under Article 101(3) TFEU. The NCA concluded that even if the parties could demonstrate that fixing a base price contributed to improving the meat production, the other conditions were not fulfilled because
  a fixed base price did not promote economic progress and the practice did not allow consumers to enjoy a fair share of any resulting benefit.

3.Investigations by competition authorities in the agricultural sector

36.In the period from 1 January 2012 to mid-2017 ('the Period'), European competition authorities
  18
   have concluded about 126 investigations with about 41 investigations still ongoing, leading to a total of 167 investigations. The highest number of investigations was carried out by the NCAs in Austria (24), Denmark (22), Greece (21) and by the European Commission (22).

3.1.Main product categories investigated

37.The competition authorities' investigations cover a wide range of agricultural products, but the following product categories were investigated most frequently: milk and dairy (34%), meat (19%), fruit and vegetables (12%) and cereals (10%). A number of investigations also took place in the categories of oilseeds, oils and fats (5%), sugar (5%) and rice (2%).

38.The infringements detected by the competition authorities which resulted in
  a financial penalty concern a variety of agricultural products, including: milk and dairy products (26%), fruit and vegetables (22%), meat in general (16%), oilseeds, oil and fats (10%), others products, e.g. natural vinegar, wine, cereals, wine, cotton, sugar (26%).

3.2.Entities subject to investigations

39.The entities subject to investigations conducted by competition authorities are: processors (36%), retailers (15%), other types of associations (11%), agricultural producers, (9%), wholesalers (9%), agricultural producer organisations (9%), general associations of farmers (9%), others (7%), associations of producer organisations (4%).

40.The entities subject to decisions where competition authorities found an infringement of competition rules are: processors (39%), retailers (26%), wholesalers (12%), other types of associations (7%), agricultural producers (5%), agricultural producers organisations (4%), others (4%), associations of producers organisations (3%).

41.Processors are the entities most frequently represented in the investigations.
  For example, in 2014 the NCA in Germany fined the three major German sugar processors for forming a 'territorial cartel' which meant that they would limit their sales of sugar in Germany to their respective home sales areas. They also agreed on prices and quantities to be sold. The aim was to obtain the highest possible prices.
  In two other ex-officio cases for instance, in 2012 and 2013 the NCAs in France and Germany respectively fined 17 and 22 large flour mills for jointly agreeing on sales prices, the quantities they would sell and which customers each mill would limit their sales to. In another example, in an ex-officio case from 2012 the NCA in Greece fined the processors (private companies, cooperatives and an association of processors) of poultry meat for jointly i.a. fixing the selling prices of their products and preventing imports of chickens.

3.3.Main sources of investigations

42.As to the origins of the investigations, competition authorities opened the majority of the investigations following complaints (from suppliers, competitors or customers). The authorities opened other proceedings on their own initiative after becoming aware of potential anti-competitive practices through market information.

3.4.Types of complainants

43.The complainants are varied and essentially include: agricultural producers (23%), processors (19%), others (15%), agricultural producer organisations (13%), individual persons (7%), wholesalers (5%), retailers (5%), other types of associations (5%), agricultural associations of producer organisations (3%), local authorities (3%), general associations of farmers (2%).

44.This shows that agricultural producers alone or in a partnership are the most important source of complaints. Investigations only led to findings of infringements in about one fourth of the investigations covered by this report. This proportion is lower for investigations triggered by complaints of agricultural producers: out of

  25 investigations opened in the Period following complaints lodged by agricultural producers, only 4 investigations led to the adoption of a decision finding
  an infringement. Agricultural producers often make their complaints public at
  the time they submit them to competition authorities and thereby undermine
  the chances that the authorities can collect evidence of possible infringements.

45.Competition authorities have nevertheless identified several practices that were directly detrimental to farmers. For example, on the basis of a complaint the NCA in Spain fined buyers who agreed to pay lower prices to farmers for raw milk and who allocated farmers between themselves. In another example, on the basis of
  a complaint, the NCA in France fined buyers of live pigs because they had agreed on the quantities they planned to purchase from farmers with a view to reducing
  the price for the animals. NCAs for instance also intervened to relax the exclusivity conditions imposed by dominant cooperatives on farmers. In those cases, competition authorities enabled farmers to supply several processing cooperatives with raw milk (in Sweden) and sugar beet (in France), thereby widening options for producers to obtain higher prices and allowing them to increase their output
  (for example for sugar beets at the time of removal of quotas).

3.5.Outcomes of investigations

46.The antitrust investigations in the agricultural sector that were closed during the Period led to four different types of outcomes:

a.infringement decisions with fines, i.e. the competition authorities required an entity to stop the infringement and to pay a pecuniary penalty (about half of the concluded cases);

b.infringement decisions without fines, i.e. the competition authorities required an entity to stop the infringement without a pecuniary penalty
  (a few of the concluded cases);

c.commitment decisions, i.e. the competition authorities did not decide whether there was an infringement and adopted a decision that makes the commitment offered by the entity under investigation legally binding, thereby removing any potential concerns (a few of the concluded cases) ;

d.closures without decision, i.e. closure of the proceedings by the competition authorities during a preliminary phase of the investigation due to lack of evidence (among these investigations the rejections of complaints must be taken into account), because disproportionate efforts were necessary to meet the requisite burden of proof or because of the need to set priorities (about half of the concluded cases).

3.6.Types of infringements investigated

Figure 1

Numbers of main types of infringements investigated in the Period 01/2012-06/2017
  19

47.European competition authorities have investigated vertical agreements (38% of investigations in the Period), i.e. agreements between entities operating on different levels of the production. For example, NCAs investigated agreements between processors and retailers establishing a minimum retail price e.g. in in Slovakia for one case concerning dairy products and in Bulgaria for three cases concerning sunflower oil. The NCA in Austria concluded 23 investigations into agreements between processors and retailers on minimum retail prices on dairy, meat and flour products. In some other cases, competition authorities concluded that an infringement was unlikely and therefore closed the investigation. For example,
  the NCA in Croatia initiated an investigation based on a complaint concerning an agreement between the representatives of the milk producers and milk processors, concerning the calculation of the purchase price of milk. The NCA found that the negotiations and arrangements for milk purchase prices were not considered problematic under competition rules.

47.

European competition authorities have investigated

vertical agreements

(

38%

of investigations in the Period), i.e. agreements between entities operating on different levels of the production. For example, NCAs investigated agreements between processors and retailers establishing a minimum retail price e.g. in in

Slovakia

for one case concerning dairy products and in

Bulgaria

for three cases concerning sunflower oil. The NCA in

Austria

concluded 23 investigations into agreements between processors and retailers on minimum retail prices on dairy, meat and flour products. In some other cases, competition authorities concluded that an infringement was unlikely and therefore closed the investigation. For example,

the NCA in

Croatia

initiated an investigation based on a complaint concerning an agreement between the representatives of the milk producers and milk processors, concerning the calculation of the purchase price of milk. The NCA found that the negotiations and arrangements for milk purchase prices were not considered problematic under competition rules.

48.European competition authorities have investigated horizontal agreements,
  i.e. agreements between two or more actual or potential competitors (38%),
  e.g. agreements between producers fixing the price of an agricultural product.
  For example, in an ex-officio investigation, the NCA in Cyprus found that
  an agricultural association of producer organisations infringed competition rules by concluding with its farmers, members of the association, distribution agreements for raw cow milk which included specific terms for determining the price of raw milk. In other cases, competition authorities concluded that an infringement was unlikely and therefore closed the investigation. For example, the NCA in Poland closed its investigation into a complaint due to lack of evidence that simultaneous and relatively fast price changes (namely reduction) of industrial apples purchased by processors resulted from a price-fixing agreement.

48.

European competition authorities have investigated

horizontal agreements

,

i.e. agreements between two or more actual or potential competitors (

38%

),

e.g.

agreements between producers fixing the price of an agricultural product.

For example, in an ex-officio investigation, the

NCA in

Cyprus

found that

an agricultural association of producer organisations

infringed competition rules by concluding with its farmers, members of the association, distribution agreements for raw cow milk which included specific terms for determining the price of raw milk. In other cases, competition authorities concluded that an infringement was unlikely and therefore closed the investigation. For example, the NCA in

Poland

closed its investigation into a complaint due to lack of evidence that simultaneous and relatively fast price changes (namely reduction) of industrial apples purchased by processors resulted from a price-fixing agreement.

49.Competition authorities have also investigated agreements that were both vertical and horizontal because they involved several levels of the supply chain and they involved at each level several, if not all, competitors. For example, in 2015
  the European Commission ex officio looked into agreements that national associations of agricultural producers publicly reported to have reached with national associations of processors and national associations of retailers in France.
  The agreements aimed at raising prices of some dairy and meat products and excluding supplies of producers from other Member States by committing the retailers to source 100% of the relevant products in France. The Commission intervention ensured that French supermarket shelves were not reserved for French products, thus preventing a damaging cycle of retaliations for all farmers in the Internal Market and the cases have been closed. Several NCAs investigated similar agreements.

49.

Competition authorities have also investigated agreements that were

both vertical and horizontal

because they involved several levels of the supply chain and they involved at each level several, if not all, competitors. For example, in 2015

the

European Commission

ex officio looked into agreements that national associations of agricultural producers publicly reported to have reached with national associations of processors and national associations of retailers in

France

.

The agreements aimed at raising prices of some dairy and meat products and excluding supplies of producers from other Member States by committing the retailers to source 100% of the relevant products in France. The Commission intervention ensured that French supermarket shelves were not reserved for French products, thus preventing a damaging cycle of retaliations for all farmers in the Internal Market and the cases have been closed. Several NCAs investigated similar agreements.

50.Competition authorities have further investigated potential abusive conduct by dominant operators (24%). These abuses mainly involved strategies to foreclose competitors, such as exclusivity obligations, minimum purchasing obligations, refusals to supply and so-called exploitative abuses, such as unjustified contractual obligations. In some cases, NCAs have found that dominant companies abused their dominant positions, for instance by refusing to supply their products to certain customers. In one example, in 2012, based on a complaint the NCA in Finland proposed a fine on a dairy cooperative for abusing its dominant position by selling fresh milk at artificially low prices. The NCA found that the cooperative's motivation for low prices was to evict all other processors from the market, including small dairies, so the dominant processor would become the only milk processor in the market - allowing it then to raise the prices again.

50.

Competition authorities have further investigated potential

abusive conduct by dominant operators

(

24%

). These abuses mainly involved strategies to foreclose competitors, such as exclusivity obligations, minimum purchasing obligations, refusals to supply and so-called exploitative abuses, such as unjustified contractual obligations. In some cases, NCAs have found that dominant companies abused their dominant positions, for instance by refusing to supply their products to certain customers. In one example, in 2012, based on a complaint the NCA in

Finland

proposed a fine on a dairy cooperative for abusing its dominant position by selling fresh milk at artificially low prices. The NCA found that the cooperative's motivation for low prices was to evict all other processors from the market, including small dairies, so the dominant processor would become the only milk processor in the market - allowing it then to raise the prices again.

51.All cases of abusive conduct by dominant operators detected by competition authorities concern the milk and dairy sector.

51.

All cases of abusive conduct by dominant operators detected by competition authorities concern the milk and dairy sector.

52.Sometimes, the cases were closed due to lack of evidence. For example, the NCA in Sweden closed an investigation due to lack of evidence concerning a complaint that a dominant company was paying retailers not to sell the products of competitors.

52.

Sometimes, the cases were closed due to lack of evidence. For example, the NCA in

Sweden

closed an investigation due to lack of evidence concerning a complaint that a dominant company was paying retailers not to sell the products of competitors.

3.7.Types of infringements found

53.The types of infringement detected by the competition authorities can be classified as follows: agreements on price (46%), agreements on output (13%), information exchange on output, market shares and customers (13%), market sharing agreement (10%), information exchange on price (10%), abuses of dominant position, involving strategies to foreclose competitors, such as predatory prices, exclusionary rebates, excessive and unfair prices (8%). In a number of cases, the competition authorities found that there were several infringements at the same time.

Figure 2

Main types of infringements detected by competition authorities in
  the Period

01/2012-06/2017

3.8.Consultations and monitoring activities

3.8.

Consultations and monitoring activities

54.Further, competition authorities provide advice on the application of competition rules. In the Period, NCAs have received 46 such consultations for advice in
  the agricultural sector. Consultation requests come from operators, but also from authorities e.g. on the subject of new legislation.

54.

Further, competition authorities provide advice on the application of competition rules. In the Period, NCAs have received 46 such

consultations for advice

in

the agricultural sector. Consultation requests come from operators, but also from authorities e.g. on the subject of new legislation.

55.An important work of the NCAs also consists in monitoring activities. In the Period, NCAs have conducted 53 monitoring and related activities concerning the application of competition rules to the agricultural sector. Such work typically includes sector investigations, adoption of reports and advocacy work.

55.

An important work of the NCAs also consists in monitoring activities. In the Period, NCAs have conducted 53

monitoring and related activities

concerning the application of competition rules to the agricultural sector. Such work typically includes sector investigations, adoption of reports and advocacy work.