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STATE OF MICHIGAN 

COURT OF APPEALS 

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN, 

 Plaintiff-Appellee, 

UNPUBLISHED 

June 20, 2017 

v No. 330292 

Macomb Circuit Court 

DONNA KAY SCRIVO, LC No. 2014-003257-FC 

 Defendant-Appellant. 

Before: MARKEY, P.J., and METER and SHAPIRO, JJ. 

PER CURIAM. 

 Defendant appeals as of right her jury trial convictions of first-degree premeditated 

murder, MCL 750.316(1)(a), disinterment, mutilation, defacement, or carrying away of a human 

body (mutilation of a human body), MCL 750.160, and removing a body without medical 

examiner permission, MCL 52.204. The trial court sentenced defendant to life in prison without 

parole for the first-degree murder conviction, 57 months to 10 years in prison for the mutilation 

of a human body conviction, and one year for the removal of a body conviction. We affirm. 

I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND 

 Defendant’s convictions arise from the death of her son, 32-year-old Ramsay Scrivo, and 

the dismemberment of his body, the remains of which were discovered in 12 pieces near Fred 

Moore Highway and Allington Road in St. Clair County. The prosecution presented evidence 

that defendant drugged her son with Xanax,1

 strangled him, dismembered his body, and scattered 

the remains along the highway. 

 Defendant was living with the victim at the time of his death. The victim’s neighbors 

testified that they last saw him on January 24, 2014. On January 30, 2014, defendant was 

observed in a silver SUV along Fred Moore Highway and Allington Road driving slowly and 

 

1

 Xanax is a brand name for the prescription drug alprazolam and is used to treat anxiety 

disorder; symptoms of a Xanax overdose include “extreme drowsiness, confusion, impaired 

coordination, diminished reflexes, fainting, or coma.” Everyday Health, What is Xanax 

(Alprazolam) <http://www.everydayhealth.com/drugs/xanax> (accessed May 19, 2017). 
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disposing of something from the SUV. Earlier that day, and also on the previous day, defendant 

was seen by the victim’s neighbors loading large garbage bags into her vehicle. Later that day 

authorities found the victim’s remains scattered in bags along Fred Moore Highway and 

Allington Road. Along with the victim’s remains, authorities also found a power saw that was 

the same model number that witnesses recalled defendant purchasing from a Lowe’s store earlier 

that week.2

 A subsequent search of the victim’s home did not reveal any large blood stains, but 

investigators did testify to a strong smell of bleach and the existence of small blood stains. One 

of the victim’s neighbors also testified that between January 25 and January 30 she heard a saw 

being used and that during the same time, she smelled both a burning and chemical odor 

emanating from the victim’s apartment. 

 The medical examiner who performed the victim’s autopsy, Dr. Daniel Spitz, testified 

that the cause of death was asphyxiation and that, due to large amounts of Xanax in his system, 

he believed that the victim had been drugged before being killed. Defendant had a prescription 

for Xanax and a search revealed 10.5 pills missing from her most recent prescription. An 

analysis of defendant’s and the victim’s cell phone records also did not reveal any calls made 

from the defendant to the victim after January 24 despite several witnesses testifying that 

defendant asked them if they had seen the victim and defendant’s filing of a missing person’s 

report for the victim. 

 Defendant testified in her own defense. According to her testimony, on the morning of 

January 26, 2014 she observed a masked man in the victim’s room who said he was going to kill 

the victim. Defendant testified that this man tied her to the bed and then brought her back into 

the victim’s bedroom when he had finished killing the victim. Defendant testified that the man 

remained five days but that she never saw his face due to the mask he was wearing. Defendant 

stated that the man then made her help dispose of the victim’s body threatening to harm further 

members of her family if she did not comply. 

I. PROSECUTORIAL MISCONDUCT 

 Defendant argues that she was denied a fair trial by the prosecutor’s conduct of (1) asking 

questions and commenting on her exercise of her right to remain silent after her arrest; (2) 

introducing inadmissible and irrelevant evidence; and (3) yelling at and arguing with witnesses. 

Although some of the prosecutor’s conduct was improper, we disagree that it prejudiced 

defendant or denied her a fair trial.3

 

2

 Although the saw found along the highway matched the model number of the one defendant 

purchased earlier that week, because the saw did not have a specific identification number on it, 

it could not be definitively determined that the saw found on the highway was the exact saw that 

defendant purchased. 

3

 Defendant did not object to the alleged questions and comments regarding her right to remain 

silent or to the alleged introduction of evidence that she was a bad person. Therefore, these 

claims are unpreserved and are reviewed for plain error affecting substantial rights. People v 

Jackson, 313 Mich App 409, 425; 884 NW2d 297 (2015). Defendant did object to some 
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A. DEFENDANT’S RIGHT TO REMAIN SILENT 

 During the prosecutor’s cross-examination of defendant, the following exchange 

occurred: 

Q. You see, you were picked up on the night of January 31, 2014. You 

spoke to the police for two hours that night. You didn’t tell them this story, did 

you? 

A. No, sir. 

The exchange continued: 

Q. That, but you, we had to wait 16 months to hear this story about this 

intruder? 

* * * 

A. The night that the Detective [Margaret] Eidt walked me to the holder 

cell I was pretty crazed. But I do remember asking: Can you please talk to me 

tomorrow afternoon? And I got no response. 

Q. Well, wasn’t there a reason? 

A. Then I asked my first attorney to please let me do, talk to them and do 

a polygraph test. 

Q. You invoked Miranda.[4

] We can’t talk to you after you say that. That 

is why we don’t come to you. They can’t ask those questions. 

Then again, during his closing argument, the prosecutor argued:

 Next, another thing, okay, point I was making during cross. She sees the 

murderer for six days, gives the height, weight, sound of the voice, looks at his 

face. . . . Do you not think that those are significant number of clues? 

* * * 

 But we sit on it instead. We play the martyr. She prefers to remain 

charged and 16 months before I hear the details, mother of the year. I don’t think 

so. 

instances of the prosecutor yelling at or arguing with witnesses. The trial court then instructed 

the prosecutor to control his tone and not argue with the witness. Therefore, these claims are 

preserved and are reviewed “de novo to determine if the defendant was denied a fair and 

impartial trial.” People v Thomas, 260 Mich App 450, 453; 678 NW2d 631 (2004). 

4 Miranda v Arizona, 384 US 436; 86 S Ct 1602; 16 L Ed 2d 694 (1966). 
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 “[I]f a person remains silent after being arrested and given Miranda warnings, that 

silence may not be used as evidence against that person.” People v Shafier, 483 Mich 205, 212; 

768 NW2d 305 (2009). “[A] defendant’s post-arrest, post-Miranda silence cannot be used to 

impeach a defendant’s exculpatory testimony.” Id. at 213 (citations omitted). Additionally, 

while a prosecutor is allowed to inquire about a defendant’s silence to rebut a defendant’s claim 

that she told the same exculpatory story to police upon arrest, Shafier, 483 Mich at 214 n 10, 

defendant had not offered any testimony about telling the police her exculpatory story at the time 

the prosecutor first made inquiries about her post-arrest, post-Miranda silence. While defendant 

did eventually testify that she told an officer in the hospital about the masked man, this testimony 

came only after the prosecutor’s initial questioning of her silence and invocation of Miranda. 

This initial questioning was, therefore, clearly improper. 

 However, because there was no objection, our review is limited to determining whether 

the prosecutor’s conduct amounted to plain error that affected defendant’s substantial rights. 

People v Jackson (On Reconsideration), 313 Mich App 409, 425; 884 NW2d 297 (2015). 

Therefore, defendant is not entitled to relief unless the prosecutor’s actions “affected the 

outcome of the lower court proceedings.” People v Carines, 460 Mich 750, 763; 597 NW2d 130 

(1999). Given the strength of the evidence in this case, we do not believe the prosecutor’s 

improper comments affected the outcome of the trial. 

 A saw was used, in part, to dismember the victim’s body, and during the time that the 

victim was missing, defendant purchased the same type of saw as was found near the victim’s 

body with his blood on it. The victim had a significantly elevated level of Xanax in his system, 

defendant had a prescription for Xanax, and 10.5 pills from her prescription were unaccounted 

for at the time of her arrest. Defendant was seen carrying black bags out of the victim’s 

condominium and putting them into a silver Blazer. She was also seen driving the Blazer and 

dumping items that were later determined to be the victim’s body parts. She subsequently took 

items out of the Blazer, removed the license plate, and donated the vehicle. The victim’s blood 

was found in the vehicle. When defendant reported the victim missing, she was wearing gloves 

similar to those found with the victim’s body parts. Her DNA was also found on one of those 

gloves. Several witnesses testified that defendant told them that she called the victim after he 

went missing, but there were no calls from her phone to the victim’s phone after January 25, 

2014. 

 Additionally, defendant’s own account of events was not credible. She presented no 

corroborating evidence for her account that a masked man was responsible for her son’s murder 

and thereafter stayed at the home for five days to dismember the body, all the while she was able 

to go to a Lowe’s store and to her car insurance agent. And her testimony that this masked man 

also injured her was contradicted by several witnesses who saw her during the week preceding 

her arrest and who testified that she did not have visible injuries. Accordingly, defendant cannot 

establish prejudice, and despite the prosecutor’s improper conduct, she is not entitled to relief on 

this basis. 

B. INTRODUCTION OF CHARACTER EVIDENCE 

 Defendant argues that the prosecutor improperly presented character evidence to show 

that she is a bad person. Several of defendant’s claims of error come from the testimony of 
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Allison Furtaw, who was the defendant’s sister-in-law and the victim’s aunt. The others come 

from the prosecutor’s comments during defendant’s own testimony and during the testimony of 

defense witness, Ann Cusmano. 

 Initially, we agree with defendant that portions of the prosecutor’s cross examination of 

her were improper. Specifically, the prosecutor acted inappropriately during the following 

exchange concerning defendant’s other son, Jason: 

Q. Okay. But now you’re not afraid for Jason and the niece any more and 

the nephew? 

A. Do you see my son Jason here? 

Q. Hell, I haven’t seen him since this case started. He won’t return my 

calls? 

A. You got that right. 

Q. Because he doesn’t like you, and he thinks something else happened. 

A. And he verbally told you that? 

Q. Not me, but somebody else. 

A. We’re going with hearsay. 

 Q. Oh, your whole testimony is hearsay. Okay. Don’t talk to me about 

hearsay. 

The prosecutor’s comment was not a question and, as defendant argues, it suggested that Jason 

believed defendant may have been involved in the victim’s death. Additionally, the prosecutor’s 

questioning was overly argumentative. However, defense counsel objected, the trial court 

sustained the objection, and the prosecutor was instructed by the trial court to pose a question 

and not argue with the witness. Therefore, any prejudice caused by the prosecutor’s improper 

conduct was swiftly and appropriately corrected by the trial court. People v Mann, 288 Mich 

App 114, 121-122; 792 NW2d 53 (2010) (concluding that the appropriate response to an 

improper remark by the prosecutor is a limiting instruction). 

 During his examination of Furtaw, the prosecutor elicited testimony that one of the 

causes of defendant’s husband’s death was an infection on his hip where defendant had given 

him a B-12 injection. The prosecutor also elicited testimony from Furtaw that at least implied 

that defendant had been terminated from her previous job due to possible misconduct. 

Defendant argues that such testimony should have been excluded under MRE 404(b), which 

states that “[e]vidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the character of 

a person in order to show action in conformity therewith.” In both instances, we agree with 

defendant that Furtaw’s testimony should have been excluded. While Furtaw’s testimony about 

the death of defendant’s husband at most suggests defendant was somehow accidentally 

responsible for her husband’s death, it is not at all clear why this testimony was in any way 
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relevant and given its potential for prejudice, it should have been excluded. Additionally, while 

the questions about defendant’s separation from her past employment were arguably aimed at 

rebutting statements defense counsel made in his opening statement, we also fail to see the 

relevance of this testimony and agree that it had the potential to draw attention to defendant’s 

character in an impermissible way. 

 However, defendant has not framed this issue as evidentiary error and has instead 

claimed that the prosecutor committed misconduct by eliciting this testimony. Our 

determination that the testimony should have been excluded is made in the abstract and not in the 

context of reviewing an evidentiary ruling of the trial court. Had the trial court admitted the 

testimony and permitted the argument over objections, it is likely that such a ruling would have 

amounted to a proper exercise of its discretion not subject to reversal on appeal. The fact that the 

prosecution had a colorable argument for the admissibility of these portions of Furtaw’s 

testimony is sufficient for us to conclude that its actions did not amount to misconduct, even if 

we ultimately disagree on the underlying evidentiary question. 

 Defendant also argues that the prosecutor improperly portrayed her as a bad person 

during his questioning of Ann Cusmano. Defendant had called Cusmano as a defense witness, 

and she testified that defendant was a good mother whom Cusmano did not believe was capable 

of hurting her sons. Then, on cross examination, the prosecutor challenged Cusmano’s 

testimony by stating, “Because in fact she is such a good mother that Jason wants nothing to do 

with her; won’t take her phone calls, isn’t coming back from New Orleans. That is how good of 

a mother she is.” Because defendant opened the door concerning her character as a mother, it 

was not improper for the prosecution to attempt to rebut the same, MRE 404(a)(1), including by 

making references to specific instance of conduct on cross-examination, MRE 405(a). 

Defendant also complains that the prosecutor improperly yelled at and argued with Cusmano. 

During the prosecutor’s cross-examination of Cusmano, defense counsel objected that the 

prosecutor was arguing with the witness. The trial court directed the prosecutor to control his 

tone. This instruction alleviated any prejudicial effect. 

C. CUMULATIVE EFFECT OF ERRORS 

 Lastly, defendant argues that the cumulative effect of the prosecutor’s improper conduct 

denied her a fair trial. “[T]he cumulative effect of several errors can constitute sufficient 

prejudice to warrant reversal where the prejudice of any one error would not.” People v 

LeBlanc, 465 Mich 575, 591; 640 NW2d 246 (2002). As discussed, the prosecutor improperly 

asked questions about and commented on defendant’s right to remain silent, suggested that Jason 

believed defendant was guilty, and argued with witnesses. However, in this case, evidence of 

defendant’s guilt was clearly overwhelming. Given that, as well as the trial court’s curative 

instructions, we not find sufficient prejudice to undermine confidence in the reliability of the 

jury’s verdict. See id. at 591 n 12 (finding that a claim of cumulative error also requires a 

showing of prejudice). 

II. INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL 

 In order to obtain relief on an ineffective assistance of counsel claim, defendant must 

show first, “that counsel’s performance was deficient,” and second, that “the deficient 
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performance prejudiced the defense.” Strickland v Washington, 466 US 668, 687; 104 S Ct 

2052; 80 L Ed 2d 674 (1984). “A defendant must overcome a strong presumption that the 

assistance of his counsel was sound trial strategy . . . .” People v Sabin (On Second Remand), 

242 Mich App 656, 659; 620 NW2d 19 (2000). To establish prejudice under Strickland, a 

defendant is required to show that there exists a “reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s 

unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.” Strickland, 466 

US at 694. “A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the 

outcome.” Id. “Because the defendant bears the burden of demonstrating both deficient 

performance and prejudice, the defendant necessarily bears the burden of establishing the factual 

predicate for his claim.” Jackson, 313 Mich App at 432 (citation and quotation marks omitted).5

A. FAILURE TO OBJECT TO THE PROSECUTOR’S CONDUCT 

 Defendant argues that trial counsel should have objected to (1) the prosecutor’s questions 

and comments regarding her right to remain silent; and (2) the prosecutor’s interjection of 

inadmissible and irrelevant evidence. As discussed in Part I, the prosecutor’s questions and 

comments regarding defendant’s right to remain silent were improper. Further, the prosecutor 

improperly suggested that the victim’s brother, Jason, believed defendant was involved in the 

victim’s death. Trial counsel’s failure to object to these errors was not objectively reasonable. 

Nonetheless, trial counsel’s failure to object did not prejudice defendant given the trial court’s 

instruction that the lawyers’ comments are not evidence and the overwhelming evidence of 

defendant’s guilt. In light of this body of evidence, there is no reasonable probability that the 

outcome of trial would have been different if defense counsel had objected. 

B. FAILURE TO CALL EXPERT WITNESSES 

 Defendant argues that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to call expert witnesses to 

testify regarding (1) the ingestion and metabolization of Xanax, (2) the ability of a 100-pound, 

60-year-old woman to strangle and move a 250-pound, 32-year-old man; and (3) defendant’s 

bruises following her arrest. Defendant argues that such experts would have supported the 

testimony of the medical examiner that the Xanax could not have been injected, attested to the 

improbability of defendant forcing or deceiving the victim into ingesting enough Xanax to 

induce unconsciousness, attested to the improbability of defendant manually strangling and 

moving the victim from the bedroom to the bathtub, and showed that defendant’s bruising had 

occurred earlier in the week before her arrest. 

 Decisions regarding whether to retain witnesses, including expert witnesses, are 

presumed to be matters of trial strategy. People v Payne, 285 Mich App 181, 190; 774 NW2d 

714 (2009). “[T]he failure to call a witness can constitute ineffective assistance of counsel only 

when it deprives the defendant of a substantial defense.” Id. (citation and quotation marks 

omitted). Defendant has not made an offer of proof regarding the proposed expert testimony she 

 

5

 Because no hearing pursuant to People v Ginther, 390 Mich 436; 212 NW2d 922 (1973), was 

held to create a factual record, our review is limited to mistakes apparent on the record. People v 

Hurst, 205 Mich App 634, 641; 517 NW2d 858 (1994). 
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believes should have been presented at trial. She merely speculates that expert witnesses could 

have provided testimony favorable to the defense. Without an appropriate offer of proof, 

defendant has failed to establish the factual predicate for her claim. She has failed to show that 

such expert witnesses would have affected the outcome of the trial. 

C. FAILURE TO CALL OFFICER DRULA AS A WITNESS 

 Defendant argues that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to secure the testimony of 

Officer Jessica Drula concerning statements defendant claims she made to Drula. According to 

trial counsel, Drula would have testified that while she was removing defendant’s handcuffs, 

defendant asked Drula to stand in front of a little man staring at her, even though there was no 

one behind Drula. Defendant then allegedly told Drula, “[T]hat little man in black looked just 

like the one that killed my son.” Defendant argues that her trial counsel should have sought to 

secure Drula’s testimony about what defendant said to her under MRE 803(1), the present sense 

impression exception to the hearsay rule. However, while defense counsel initially sought to 

admit Drula’s testimony as a non-hearsay, prior consistent statement, when the trial court 

rejected that argument,6

 trial counsel alternatively sought admission of the statement under MRE 

803(1) arguing that defendant’s statement to Drula was a statement describing or explaining an 

event or condition while defendant was perceiving the event or condition or immediately 

thereafter. Accordingly, defendant’s contention on appeal is incorrect. Trial counsel did seek to 

introduce the testimony under the same theory presented by defendant on appeal, but the trial 

court disagreed and denied the admission of the testimony.7

D. FAILURE TO REQUEST A MISTRIAL 

 Defendant argues that trial counsel should have requested a mistrial after the penalties for 

the crimes charged were inadvertently included in the instructions given to the jury. After the 

jury was selected, the jurors were handed a packet of instructions. As the trial court began to 

give the instructions, trial counsel approached the bench and informed the court that the felony 

information was attached to the jury instructions, which identified the penalties for each offense. 

The prosecution had prepared the instructions, and it could not explain how this had happened. 

The trial court asked each juror what he or she saw. Eight jurors indicated that they had read the 

 

6

 The trial court rejected this argument and ruled that because the statement was made after 

defendant was in custody and, thus, had a motive to fabricate, the statement could not qualify as 

a prior consistent statement. 

7

 Defendant was ordered to attend an evaluation relative to criminal responsibility at the State’s 

Center for Forensic Psychology. Additionally, defendant’s trial counsel requested the trial court 

appoint an independent expert for an evaluation of criminal responsibility, and the trial court 

granted this request. While the results of these evaluations are not contained in the record, 

presumably they were not favorable to an insanity defense, as defendant did not present an 

insanity defense at trial, and she has not argued that trial counsel was ineffective for failure to 

pursue such a defense on appeal. 
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first sheet. Of those, four jurors indicated that they had read the penalties.8

 The trial court 

instructed those jurors not to share the penalties with their fellow jurors. Then, after conducting 

its own research, the trial court ruled that the error was harmless and that it intended to give a 

“very strong” curative instruction to the jurors. Defendant’s trial counsel stated that his 

“independent research led [him] to no case law which would deem this anything other than 

harmless error,” and requested that the trial court give the additional curative instruction. The 

trial court then instructed the jury that the possible penalty should not influence its decision. 

 Defendant has failed to overcome the presumption that trial counsel’s decision to request 

a curative instruction, rather than a mistrial, was sound trial strategy. Further, “[a] mistrial is 

warranted only when an error or irregularity in the proceedings prejudices the defendant and 

impairs his ability to get a fair trial.” People v Waclawski, 286 Mich App 634, 708; 780 NW2d 

321 (2009) (citation and quotation marks omitted). Because a curative instruction was given, 

and jurors are presumed to follow their instructions, People v Graves, 458 Mich 476, 486; 581 

NW2d 229 (1998), the fairness of the trial was not affected, nor was defendant prejudiced. Thus, 

trial counsel’s failure to request a mistrial was not unreasonable, and there is no reasonable 

probability that it affected the outcome of the trial. 

E. FAILURE TO OBJECT TO THE ADMISSION OF AUTOPSY PHOTOGRAPHS 

 Defendant argues that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object to the admission 

of autopsy photographs. During the testimony of Dr. Spitz, the prosecution admitted into 

evidence several autopsy photographs. Trial counsel indicated that he had no objection because 

any objectionable material had been eliminated after a motion in limine was filed and the 

attorneys conferred. We have held that autopsy photographs may be relevant where the nature, 

type, and location of a victim’s injuries are at issue and where the photographs are necessary to 

illustrate and augment the complex medical testimony. People v Unger, 278 Mich App 210, 

257; 749 NW2d 272 (2008). Moreover, “[w]hile gruesome photographs should not be admitted 

solely to garner sympathy from the jury, a photograph that is admissible for some other purpose 

is not rendered inadmissible because of its gruesome details.” People v Mesik (On 

Reconsideration), 285 Mich App 535, 544; 775 NW2d 857 (2009). 

 Defendant has failed to overcome the presumption of sound trial strategy given that trial 

counsel successfully moved to exclude the autopsy photographs that he believed were 

objectionable. Moreover, contrary to defendant’s argument, the photographs were relevant 

because the photographs showed the post-mortem cuts and charring described by Dr. Spitz, the 

blue plastic material on the victim’s body, and the mark on the victim’s neck, which Dr. Spitz 

testified was related to the cause of death. The photographs also helped explain Dr. Spitz’s 

testimony that some of the cuts were made by a saw. The photographs were not admitted solely 

to garner sympathy from the jury. Because the photographs were relevant and not unfairly 

prejudicial, they were admissible, and trial counsel was not ineffective for failing to further 

object to their admissibility. 

 

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 Juror Numbers 2 and 12 only saw the penalties for Count 1, and Juror Numbers 3 and 4 saw the 

penalties for Counts 1 and 3. 
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F. FAILURE TO OBJECT TO CERTAIN EVIDENCE FROM CRIME SCENE 

 Defendant argues that trial counsel should have objected to the admission of certain 

evidence arguing that that evidence was tainted when the victim’s cousin, James Scrivo, was 

allowed to walk through the crime scene. Detective Sergeant Jay Cohoe testified that James 

Scrivo was with the officers during the second search of the victim’s condominium and that he 

recovered the ashes of the victim’s father from the kitchen but that he did not take or touch 

anything else. Thus, contrary to defendant’s argument, there was no indication that any evidence 

was tainted and an objection would have been futile. 

G. FAILURE TO PERSUADE DEFENDANT NOT TO TESTIFY 

 Defendant argues that trial counsel should have persuaded her not to testify. At trial, 

defendant affirmed that she understood that she had the right to remain silent, her attorney had 

explained that right to her, and she understood that she could choose to testify, but would be 

subject to cross-examination by the prosecutor. Defendant indicated that she wished to testify, 

that she had given it a lot of thought, and that she was certain. During cross-examination by the 

prosecutor, however, defendant said, “Sir, I didn’t want to testify. I’m going to be confused. 

I’m going to misspeak.” 

 “A defendant’s right to testify in his own defense arises from the Fifth, Sixth, and 

Fourteenth Amendments of the United States Constitution. Although counsel must advise a 

defendant of this right, the ultimate decision whether to testify at trial remains with the 

defendant.” People v Bonilla-Machado, 489 Mich 412, 419; 803 NW2d 217 (2011) (citations 

omitted). Because it was defendant’s decision whether to testify, her claim that trial counsel was 

ineffective for failing to persuade her not to testify is meritless. Despite her subsequent 

indication on cross-examination that she did not want to testify, she clearly stated that defense 

counsel had explained to her that she had the right not to testify, that she had given the issue 

much thought, and that she was certain that she wanted to testify when she was questioned by her 

attorney. Trial counsel explained defendant’s rights to her, but he could not persuade her not to 

exercise her right to testify. Therefore, trial counsel was not ineffective. 

H. CUMULATIVE EFFECT OF ERRORS 

 Defendant argues that the cumulative effect of trial counsel’s errors requires reversal of 

her convictions. “[T]he cumulative effect of several errors can constitute sufficient prejudice to 

warrant reversal where the prejudice of any one error would not.” People v LeBlanc, 465 Mich 

at 591. However, as our Supreme Court explained, “ ‘cumulative error,’ properly understood, 

actually refers to cumulative unfair prejudice, and is properly considered in connection with 

issues of harmless error.” Id. at 591 n 12. As discussed earlier, trial counsel’s failure to object to 

two instances of the prosecutor’s improper conduct did not prejudice defendant given the 

overwhelming evidence of defendant’s guilt. Accordingly, there was no unfair prejudice to 

accumulate. 

III. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE 

 Defendant argues that there was insufficient evidence to support her conviction of firstdegree premeditated murder. In reviewing a claim that the evidence was insufficient to support a 
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conviction, we must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution to 

determine whether a rational trier of fact could find that the essential elements of the crime were 

proven beyond a reasonable doubt. People v Bennett, 290 Mich App 465, 471-472; 802 NW2d 

627 (2010). “Circumstantial evidence and any reasonable inferences arising from that evidence 

can constitute satisfactory proof of the elements of a crime.” People v Allen, 201 Mich App 98, 

100; 505 NW2d 869 (2000). We “will not interfere with the jury’s determinations regarding the 

weight of the evidence and the credibility of the witnesses.” People v Unger, 278 Mich App 

210, 222; 749 NW2d 272 (2008). 

 As we have already discussed, the evidence of defendant’s guilt in this case was strong 

enough to preclude a finding of prejudice concerning defendant’s claims of prosecutorial 

misconduct or ineffective assistance of counsel. Therefore, the evidence was certainly sufficient 

to justify a rational trier of fact’s determination that defendant committed each element of the 

charged offenses. Defendant argues that the prosecution failed to prove how the victim ingested 

Xanax and how she could have strangled and moved the victim. However, the prosecution was 

not required to prove the exact details of how defendant committed the crime. The evidence 

presented, as well as the reasonable inferences that could be drawn from that evidence were 

sufficient to show that defendant committed each element of the charged offense. The jury 

apparently did not find credible defendant’s testimony that a man wearing a mask committed the 

offenses, and we will not interfere with that determination. See People v Solloway, 316 Mich 

App 174, 180; 891 NW2d 255 (2016) (“[T]he reviewing court will not interfere with the factfinder’s role of deciding the credibility of witnesses.”). 

 Affirmed. 

/s/ Jane E. Markey 

/s/ Patrick M. Meter 

/s/ Douglas B. Shapiro