[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

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No. 19-14914

Non-Argument Calendar

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D.C. Docket No. 3:18-cv-00051-MTT

VICTOR MCPHIE, 

 Plaintiff-Appellant,

 versus

MIKE YEAGER, 

in his individual capacity, 

TONY BROWN, 

in his individual capacity, 

LENN WOOD, 

in his individual capacity, 

 Defendants-Appellees.

________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Northern District of Georgia

________________________

(June 25, 2020)

Before GRANT, LUCK and MARCUS, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM: 

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Victor McPhie appeals the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor 

of Mike Yeager, Tony Brown, and Lenn Wood (collectively, “Coweta defendants”) 

on McPhie’s race discrimination and conspiracy claims, brought under 42 U.S.C. §§ 

1981, 1983, 1985(3). On appeal, McPhie argues that the district court: (1) erred in 

granting summary judgment to the Coweta defendants on his race discrimination 

claim because he identified similarly situated individuals they treated more 

favorably and he sufficiently showed that their reasons for transferring him were 

pretextual; (2) erred in applying qualified immunity to the Coweta defendants 

because they had an independent personal stake in violating his constitutional rights; 

and (3) erred in granting summary judgment to the Coweta defendants on his 

conspiracy claim because the independent personal stake exception to the intracorporate conspiracy doctrine applied. After careful review, we affirm.1

We review the grant of summary judgment de novo. Hallmark Developers, 

Inc. v. Fulton Cty., 466 F.3d 1276, 1283 (11th Cir. 2006). Summary judgment is 

proper if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact 

and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). In 

deciding whether a genuine dispute of material fact exists that defeats summary 

judgment, courts will believe the evidence of the non-movant and draw all justifiable 

1 As the district court noted, McPhie abandoned his hostile work environment and intentional 

infliction of emotional distress claims below by not addressing them in his response to the 

motion for summary judgment, and McPhie does not challenge that determination on appeal.

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inferences in his favor. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 255 (1986).

Generally, we do not consider an issue not raised in the district court, and raised for 

the first time on appeal, since the district court never had a chance to examine it. 

Access Now, Inc. v. Sw. Airlines Co., 385 F.3d 1324, 1331 (11th Cir. 2004).

First, we are unpersuaded by McPhie’s claim that the district court erred in 

granting summary judgment to the Coweta defendants on his race discrimination 

claim. Employees are protected against racial discrimination under 42 U.S.C. §§ 

1981, 1983. See 42 U.S.C. §§ 1981(a), 1983. Claims against state actors or 

allegations of § 1981 violations must be brought under § 1983. Baker v. 

Birmingham Bd. of Educ., 531 F.3d 1336, 1337 (11th Cir. 2008).

In analyzing disparate treatment claims supported by circumstantial evidence, 

we generally use the framework of McDonnell Douglas. Burke-Fowler v. Orange 

Cty., 447 F.3d 1319, 1323 (11th Cir. 2006). Under that framework, a plaintiff 

initially establishes a prima facie case of disparate treatment by showing that: (1) he 

was a member of a protected class; (2) his employer subjected him to an adverse 

employment action; (3) it treated him less favorably than others similarly situated 

outside his protected class; and (4) he was qualified for the job. Id. If he makes a 

prima facie case, the burden of production shifts to the employer to give a legitimate, 

non-discriminatory reason for its actions. Lewis v. City of Union City, 918 F.3d 

1213, 1221 (11th Cir. 2019) (en banc). If the employer meets its burden, the plaintiff 

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must then prove that the employer’s reason is a pretext for illegal discrimination, an 

obligation that merges with the plaintiff’s ultimate burden of persuasion. Id.

To make a valid comparison, the plaintiff must show that the employer treated 

similarly situated individuals outside his protected class more favorably. Id. The 

comparator’s misconduct must be similar in all material respects. Id. at 1226. A 

similarly situated comparator will have engaged in the same basic misconduct as the 

plaintiff, will have been subject to the same employment policy, will ordinarily have 

been under the same supervisor, and will share the plaintiff’s employment or 

disciplinary history. Id. at 1227-28. In other words, the plaintiff and his comparators 

must be sufficiently similar that they cannot be reasonably distinguished. Id.

To show pretext, the plaintiff must identify weaknesses, inconsistencies, or 

contradictions in the employer’s articulated legitimate reasons for its action so that 

a reasonable factfinder would find them unworthy of credence. Alvarez v. Royal 

Atl. Developers, Inc., 610 F.3d 1253, 1265 (11th Cir. 2010). The plaintiff cannot 

recast an employer’s articulated non-discriminatory reasons or substitute his 

business judgment for that of the employer’s. Id. The plaintiff must meet a proffered 

reason that might motivate a reasonable employer head on and rebut it, and cannot 

simply quarrel with the wisdom of the reason. Id. at 1265-66. The pretext inquiry 

focuses on the employer’s beliefs, not the employee’s. Id. at 1266. Federal courts 

are not super-personnel departments, and the wisdom of an employer’s business 

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decision is irrelevant if it was not made with a discriminatory motive. Id. A reason 

cannot be pretext for discrimination unless it is shown both that the reason was false, 

and that discrimination was the real reason. Brooks v. Cty. Comm’n of Jefferson 

Cty., 446 F.3d 1160, 1163 (11th Cir. 2006). Nepotism as a basis for employment 

decisions without discriminatory intent does not constitute discrimination. Platner 

v. Cash & Thomas Contractors, Inc., 908 F.2d 902, 905 (11th Cir. 1990).

A plaintiff can also survive summary judgment by presenting a convincing 

mosaic of circumstantial evidence that creates a triable issue concerning the 

employer’s discriminatory intent. Chapter 7 Tr. v. Gate Gourmet, Inc., 683 F.3d 

1249, 1255 (11th Cir. 2012). A plaintiff may use non-comparison circumstantial 

evidence to raise a reasonable inference of intentional discrimination and thereby 

create a triable issue. Id. If the circumstantial evidence is sufficient to raise a 

reasonable inference that the employer discriminated against the plaintiff, the 

plaintiff has presented a prima facie case. Id. at 1256.

Here, the district court correctly granted summary judgment in favor of the 

Coweta defendants on McPhie’s disparate treatment claim. For starters, McPhie 

failed to establish a prima facie case of race discrimination because his identified 

comparators were not similarly situated in all material respects. See Lewis, 918 F.3d 

at 1221, 1226. As the record reveals, McPhie was transferred from his supervisory 

position in the Crime Suppression Unit (“CSU”) to a non-supervisory position in the 

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Crime Investigations Division (“CID”), both units in the Investigations Division, 

without any change in pay or benefits for two reasons. First, he was transferred 

because of trust issues between McPhie and his direct supervisor, Tony Brown,

concerning the use of a confidential informant, and second, he was transferred 

because of an investigation into a complaint from Nathan Ross, one of McPhie’s 

subordinates, about how McPhie assigned cases as a supervisor. Notably, however, 

McPhie’s specific identified comparators outside his protected class all failed as 

valid comparators because they had materially different circumstances and conduct 

from McPhie’s. See Lewis, 918 F.3d at 1227-28. As McPhie concedes, the alleged 

misconduct of his comparators -- including Kevin Keeble, Dave Fischer, Clint 

Reynolds, John LaChance, and Corey Mauldin -- all was different from his own and 

most of it occurred while they were off duty. 

McPhie argues, nevertheless, that his identified comparators were similarly 

situated because they were subjected to the same personnel policies, their conduct 

was more egregious than his own, and they were all under the disciplinary authority 

of Mike Yeager, the Sheriff of Coweta County. But while Yeager had the ultimate 

disciplinary authority over them all, he was not their direct supervisor and he 

delegated that supervision because of the large size of the Sheriff’s Office. Further, 

the fact that the misconduct of McPhie’s identified comparators was serious does 

not make their misconduct similar to McPhie’s, especially since it was reasonably 

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distinguishable from his. See Lewis, 918 F.3d at 1227-28. Thus, McPhie failed to 

show that his identified comparators were similarly situated in all material respects.

Moreover, McPhie did not show that the Coweta defendants’ legitimate, nondiscriminatory reasons for his transfer were pretextual. See Burke-Fowler, 447 F.3d 

at 1323. McPhie relied on an after-the-fact investigation by Patricia Palmer, Human 

Resources Director for Coweta County. However, while Palmer’s report questioned 

the wisdom of the Coweta defendants’ decision to transfer McPhie, the report did 

not suggest that the reasons were false and that discrimination was the real reason 

for his transfer. See Alvarez, 610 F.3d at 1265-66; Brooks, 446 F.3d at 1163. 

Instead, Palmer concluded that Ross’s complaint about McPhie did not seem to 

justify his transfer to the CID, but she did not say that basis was false. She also 

expressly noted that McPhie’s transfer was not based on his race or ethnicity.

Further, Palmer’s investigation focused on Ross’s complaint and not on the 

additional reason for his transfer -- that he had trust issues with his supervisor, 

Brown, about confidential informants. And to the extent Palmer’s report was 

concerned about nepotism in hiring McPhie’s replacement, even if it was present, 

that does not amount to racial discrimination. See Platner, 908 F.2d at 905. In any 

event, McPhie cannot use Palmer’s report as a substitute for the Coweta defendants’ 

business judgment and to quarrel with the wisdom of their transfer decision. See

Alvarez, 610 F.3d at 1265-66. Without something more, McPhie failed to show that 

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the Coweta defendants’ reasons for the transfer -- Ross’s complaint and Brown’s 

trust issues -- were false and that the real reason was discrimination.

McPhie also failed to show a convincing mosaic of circumstantial evidence 

that would create an inference of discrimination, even assuming he preserved this 

issue for appeal. As for using Palmer’s report as non-comparison circumstantial 

evidence, her report does not raise a reasonable inference of discrimination. Chapter 

7 Tr., 683 F.3d at 1255-56. Palmer’s report scrutinized the investigation by Lenn 

Wood into McPhie’s conduct and the transfer decision, but the record showed it was 

not uncommon for Wood to perform this type of investigation and there was no 

reasonable inference of discrimination based on the interviewees Wood chose. 

Further, while Palmer’s report questioned some of the decisions made, her findings

pointed to nepotism and not racial discrimination, and nepotism is not actionable. 

See Platner, 908 F.2d at 905. Nor does McPhie’s evidence about his comparators 

give rise to a convincing mosaic of discrimination -- both Clint Reynolds, a 

Caucasian deputy, and Brandon Harris, an African American deputy, left their 

positions after domestic violence. As for his reliance on derogatory remarks, 

McPhie retracted in his deposition his claim that Brown had used one, and Palmer 

found no history of derogatory remarks. On this record, McPhie’s circumstantial 

evidence is not sufficient to raise a reasonable inference that the Coweta defendants 

discriminated against him based on his race. See Chapter 7 Tr., 683 F.3d at 1256.

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In short, McPhie failed to show that a reasonable jury would find the Coweta 

defendants’ legitimate, non-discriminatory reasons for transferring him to be 

pretextual, and we affirm the grant of summary judgment on his race discrimination 

claim. See Alvarez, 610 F.3d at 1265.

We also find no merit to McPhie’s claim that the district court erred in 

granting summary judgment to the Coweta defendants on his conspiracy claim. To 

establish a § 1985(3) conspiracy claim, the plaintiff must show an agreement 

between two or more people to deprive him of his civil rights. 42 U.S.C. § 1985(3). 

Under the intra-corporate conspiracy doctrine, the acts of corporate agents are 

attributed to the corporation itself, which negates the multiplicity of actors necessary 

for the formation of a conspiracy. Grider v. City of Auburn, 618 F.3d 1240, 1261 

(11th Cir. 2010). A corporation cannot conspire with its employees and its 

employees, when acting within the scope of their employment, cannot conspire 

among themselves. Id. An exception to the intra-corporate conspiracy doctrine 

arises where a corporate agent has an independent personal stake in achieving the 

corporation’s illegal objective. Dickerson v. Alachua Cty. Comm’n, 200 F.3d 761, 

770 (11th Cir. 2000). However, we have not adopted this exception. See, e.g., id.

To obtain reversal of a district court judgment that is based on multiple, 

independent grounds, an appellant must convince us that every stated ground for the 

judgment against him was incorrect. Sapuppo v. Allstate Floridian Ins. Co., 739 

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F.3d 678, 680 (11th Cir. 2014). If an appellant fails to properly challenge one of the 

grounds on which the district court based its judgment, he abandons any challenge 

of that ground, and we will affirm the judgment. Id.

Here, McPhie abandoned his conspiracy claim by not challenging all the 

multiple, independent grounds on which the district court based its grant of summary 

judgment. See id. Specifically, McPhie has not challenged the district court’s 

rejection of his conspiracy claim based on his failure to allege that he was deprived 

of a constitutional right and to produce any evidence of this deprivation. Further, he 

does not argue that the district court erred in determining that his conspiracy claim 

was barred by the intra-corporate conspiracy doctrine. Instead, all McPhie argues 

on appeal is that the independent personal stake exception to the intra-corporate 

conspiracy doctrine applies. Therefore, we summarily affirm the district court’s 

judgment because McPhie failed to challenge all the court’s alternative rulings. See

id. Finally, because we need not reach the issue, we decline to address the district 

court’s alternative conclusion that the Coweta defendants were entitled to qualified 

immunity. 

AFFIRMED.

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