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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

STATE OF WASHINGTON,

Respondent,

v.

DRAKE MICHAEL MCDANIEL,

Appellant.

No. 72430-4-1

DIVISION ONE

UNPUBLISHED OPINION

FILED: November 24, 2014

Trickey, J. — Drake McDaniel appeals from the judgment entered on a jury's

verdict finding him guilty offirst degree robbery and first degree unlawful possession ofa

firearm. He contends that (1) the trial court erred by declining to instruct the jury on a

lesser included offense to first degree robbery and (2) his constitutional right to a public

trial was violated. Finding no error, we affirm.

FACTS

On April 24, 2012, Jazmyne Montgomery drove Donteise Mosely to a Walgreen's

parking lot and parked next to a Cadillac. Mosely had arranged to sell marijuana to a

man named Budha. He stored the marijuana in a lunch box in the trunk of Montgomery's

vehicle. Mosely also placed a smaller bag of marijuana in the glove compartment.

McDaniel exited the Cadillac and entered the rear passenger's side of

Montgomery's vehicle. Mosely did not recognize McDaniel, who had identified himself as

"YB."1 Mosely and McDaniel shared a marijuana cigarette.

3 Report of Proceedings (RP) at 239.
No. 72430-4 / 2

Moselyshowed McDaniel the small bag of marijuana from the glove compartment.

Shortly thereafter, McDaniel pointed a gun at Moselyand said that he was robbing him.

At around the same time, another man—later identified as Jonathan Williamsemerged from the passenger's side of the Cadillac. Williams opened the driver's side

door where Montgomery was sitting and pressed what Montgomery believed to be a gun

against her hip. Williams ordered Montgomery to look away from him. Mosely testified

he could see Williams pushing Montgomery against the car frame and holding what

appeared to be a black pistol.

Mosely gave McDaniel the bag of marijuana and unlatched the trunk from the

inside of the vehicle. McDaniel removed the keys from the vehicle's ignition and took

Montgomery's purse. McDaniel then went to the trunk to remove the lunch box containing

marijuana. McDaniel andWilliams drove away in the Cadillac.

McDaniel was soon arrested, and the State charged him with two counts ofrobbery

in the first degree (counts Iand II) and unlawful possession of a firearm in the first degree

(count III). Count Iconcerned the robbery of Montgomery's property.

McDaniel testified at trial. When asked why Williams was standing next to the

driver's side window during the incident, McDaniel responded that Williams was simply

greeting Mosely and Montgomery. McDaniel also testified that Mosely pointed a gun at

him after discovering that he had used counterfeit bills to pay for the marijuana. According

to McDaniel, atthat point, Williams went tothedriver's side window toascertain what was

occurring inside the vehicle. When he saw Mosely with a gun in hand, Williams made a

gesture intimating that he had a gun. McDaniel denied seeing Williams with a firearm,

however, during the incident. He also denied using force to take Montgomery's purse.
No. 72430-4 / 3

Defense counsel presented the theory that McDaniel committed theft, and not first

degree robbery, because McDaniel did not use or threaten to use force when taking

Montgomery's property. Accordingly, defense counsel proposed that the jury be

instructed on third degree theft as a lesser offense of first degree robbery as charged in

count I. The trial court denied defense counsel's request.

Ajury convicted McDaniel offirst degree robbery, as charged in count I, and first

degree unlawful possession ofa firearm, as charged in count III. Thejury found McDaniel

not guilty offirst degree robbery of marijuana as charged in count II.

McDaniel appeals.

ANALYSIS

Jury Instructions

McDaniel first contends that the trial court erroneously declined to instruct the jury

on third degree theft as a lesserincluded offense of first degree robbery. We disagree.

Washington statutes provide that a defendant charged with an offense has an

"'unqualified right'" to have the jury pass on a lesser included offense if there is "'even the

slightest evidence'" that he may have committed only that offense. State v. Parker, 102

Wn.2d 161, 163-64, 683 P.2d 189 (1984) (quoting State v. Young, 22 Wash. 273, 276-

77, 60 P. 650 (1900)). Atwo-pronged test is applied to determine when a lesser included

offense instruction mustbe given: First, each elementofthe lesser included offense must

be a necessary element of the offense charged (the legal prong) and, second, the

evidence in the case must support an inference that the lesser included crime was

committed (the factual prong). State v. Workman. 90 Wn.2d 443, 447-48, 584 P.2d 382

(1978).
No. 72430-4/4

Here, there is no dispute as to the legal prong. The State contends, however, that

the evidence does not support the factual prong. Consequently, only the factual prong is

at issue here.

We review a decision on the factual prong for abuse of discretion. State v. LaPlant,

157Wn.App. 685,687, 239 P.3d 366 (2010). To satisfy the factual prong,some evidence

must be presented that affirmatively establishes the defendant's theory on the lesser

included offense. State v. Fowler, 114 Wn.2d 59, 67, 785 P.2d 808 (1990) (citing State

v. Rodriguez, 48 Wn. App. 815, 820, 740 P.2d 904, review denied, 109 Wn.2d 1016

(1987)), overruled on other grounds by State v. Blair, 117 Wn.2d 479, 816 P.2d 718

(1991). When determining whether the evidence at trial supported the giving of an

instruction, we view the supporting evidence in the light mostfavorable to the party that

requested the instruction. State v. Fernandez-Medina, 141 Wn.2d 448, 455-56, 6 P.3d

1150(2000).

As previously mentioned, McDaniel asserted the theory at trial that he committed

theft, not robbery, because he did not use or threaten to use force when taking

Montgomery's property. "Theft" means "[t]o wrongfully obtain or exert unauthorized

control over the property or services of another or the value thereof, with intent to deprive

him orher ofsuch property or services." RCW 9A.56.020(1 )(a). Aperson is guilty of third

degree theft if he or she commits theft of property that does not exceed $750 in value.

RCW9A.56.050(1)(a).

The essential elements of first degree robbery, under the to-convict instructions

provided here, included: (1) unlawfully taking property from Montgomery; (2) acting with

intent to commit theft of the property; (3) committing the taking "against the person's will
No. 72430-4 / 5

by thedefendant's oran accomplice's useorthreatened use of immediate force, violence

or fear of injury to that person;" (4) and using "force or fear ... to obtain or retain

possession of the property or to prevent or overcome resistance to the taking" ofthat

property.2 Thus, the primary distinction between third degree theft and first degree

robbery as charged here was whether McDaniel or Williams used orthreatened to use

force during the commission of the crime.

Here, McDaniel hasfailed todemonstrate that theevidence affirmatively supported

the inference that he committed third degree theft. To support his argument, he relies on

his own testimony at trial, where he denied possessing a gun, denied seeing Williams

with a gun, and denied using force while taking Montgomery's purse. But additional

evidence adduced at trial showed that Williams, as an accomplice, threatened to use

force during the crime. Montgomery testified that Williams had pressed agun against her

while McDaniel seized her purse and keys. Mosely corroborated Montgomery's testimony

by describing his observation of Williams holding a gun against Montgomery during the

robbery. Indeed, McDaniel testified that when he saw Williams gesture toward his waist,

he "believed that either [Williams] had a gun or he was trying to make the impression that

he had a gun."3 The evidence did not affirmatively establish that no force or threat of

force was used during the commission of the crime. McDaniel fails to establish that a

lesser included offense instruction was appropriate. The trial court did not abuse its

discretion.

2Clerk's Papers at 62; RCW 9A.56.190.

3 6 RP at 636.
No. 72430-4 / 6

Public Trial Right

McDaniel next contends that his constitutional right to a public trial was violated4

when the trial court failed to conduct a Bone-Club5 analysis before directing trial counsel

to exercise peremptory challenges in writing and during a side bar discussion, which, he

argues, constituted a closure.

During jury selection, counsel exercised their peremptory challenges by indicating

the jurors theywished to excuse on a written form. This process was not reported by the

court reporter, as the record indicates:

(Peremptory challenges exercised.)

THE COURT: Counsel.

(Side bar held which was not reported.)161

However, the peremptory challenges were held while court was in session and

while the courtroom was accessible to the public. After receiving the written form, the trial

court announced, and the reporter recorded, the selected jurors and excused the

remaining prospective jurors. Later that day, the trial court filed the written form listing

the jurorsexcused by counsel's peremptory challenges.

Washington appellate courts have repeatedly rejected this argument and similar

ones. State v. Webb Wn. App. , 333 P.3d 470 (2014); State v. Dunn. 180 Wn.

App. 570, 321 P.3d 1283 (2014); State v. Love, 176 Wn. App. 911, 309 P.3d 1209 (2013),

petition for review filed. No. 89619-4 (Wash. Nov. 21, 2013). We decline to departfrom

those decisions here. The trial court committed no error.

4 The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution and article I, section 22 of the

Washington State Constitution guarantee a defendant's right to a public trial.

5 State v. Bone-Club. 128 Wn.2d 254, 906 P.2d 325 (1995).

6RP (Jury Voir Dire) at 26.
No. 72430-4 / 7

Affirmed.

WE CONCUR:

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