IN THE SUPREME COURT, STATE OF WYOMING

2016 WY 27

OCTOBER TERM, A.D. 2015

March 2, 2016

DEREK EARL HILL,

Appellant

(Defendant),

v.

THE STATE OF WYOMING,

Appellee

(Plaintiff).

S-15-0133

Appeal from the District Court of Park County

The Honorable Steven R. Cranfill, Judge 

Representing Appellant:

Office of the State Public Defender: Diane M. Lozano, State Public Defender; 

Tina N. Olson, Chief Appellate Counsel. Argument by Ms. Olson.

Representing Appellee:

Peter K. Michael, Wyoming Attorney General; David L. Delicath, Deputy 

Attorney General; Jenny L. Craig, Senior Assistant Attorney General; Joshua C. 

Eames, Assistant Attorney General. Argument by Mr. Eames.

Before BURKE, C.J., and HILL, DAVIS, FOX, and KAUTZ, JJ.

NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in Pacific Reporter Third. 

Readers are requested to notify the Clerk of the Supreme Court, Supreme Court Building, 

Cheyenne, Wyoming 82002, of any typographical or other formal errors so that correction may be 

made before final publication in the permanent volume.
1

FOX, Justice.

[¶1] A jury found Derek Earl Hill guilty of five counts of reckless endangering, three 

counts of aggravated assault, and one count of eluding police. He appeals his conviction 

claiming there was insufficient evidence of aggravated assault, the district court abused 

its discretion when it admitted evidence of law enforcement officers’ reactions to a fired 

shot, and there was prosecutorial misconduct during closing arguments. We affirm. 

ISSUES

[¶2] 1. Was the evidence presented at trial sufficient to prove Mr. Hill threatened to 

use the weapon he was carrying?

2. Did the district court abuse its discretion when it permitted evidence of law 

enforcement officers’ reactions to the fired shot?

3. Did the district court abuse its discretion when it denied Mr. Hill’s motion for 

mistrial based upon prosecutorial misconduct?

4. Did the prosecutor’s comments during closing misstate the law, or constitute

improper vouching?

FACTS

[¶3] Lelon Tucker, his wife Nichelle Tucker, and their three children (ages four, two,

and six months) went to the Red Lakes area near Cody to practice shooting early in the 

evening. The couple left the children in their Avalanche with the windows rolled down 

while they shot at targets that they had set against a berm. After they had been there a 

while, Mr. Tucker noticed a car (occupied by Mr. Hill) sitting on the hill about 500 yards 

away. The Tuckers had finished shooting and taken their two older children out of their 

Avalanche to go to the bathroom. They were preparing to leave when Mr. Tucker 

noticed that Mr. Hill’s car had moved to within 100 yards of them. Mr. Tucker was not 

comfortable with the situation, so he and his wife quickly loaded the children into the 

Avalanche and began to drive home.

[¶4] Shortly thereafter, Mr. Hill’s car got “up on [the] rear end of [the Tuckers’] 

vehicle,” near the bumper, and began revving its engine. Mr. Tucker pulled over twice to 

allow Mr. Hill to drive around him, but both times Mr. Hill pulled over and stopped 

behind Mr. Tucker’s truck. After he pulled over a third time, Mr. Tucker backed up. Mr. 

Hill backed up as well. Mr. Tucker began driving again and pulled over one last time; 

Mr. Hill stopped about fifty yards behind him. Mr. Tucker then turned his truck around 

and headed toward Mr. Hill’s car.
2

[¶5] Both Mr. Tucker and his wife testified that as they got closer, they noticed a rifle 

on the dash of the car, facing out the windshield, pointed directly at them, and that Mr. 

Hill peeled away from them. Mr. Tucker testified that he then instructed his wife to call 

911, turned his vehicle around, and began to follow Mr. Hill’s car. He testified that Mr. 

Hill slid his car sideways so that the driver’s side was facing toward the Tuckers’ truck,

and he decided to “punch it,” driving directly through the space in front of Mr. Hill’s car. 

According to Mr. Tucker, Mr. Hill followed the Tuckers at a close distance, but 

eventually dropped back as they approached Cody.

[¶6] Cody police officers Scott Burlingame and Eric Wright (who was in training at the 

time) responded to the 911 call. The officers were in the vehicle together when they

located Mr. Hill’s car. As the officers approached Mr. Hill’s car, they observed it make

turns without signaling and run through two stop signs. Officer Burlingame turned on his

overhead lights and siren and Mr. Hill sped away from the officers, reaching a speed of 

90 miles per hour in a 30 mile-per-hour zone. They pursued Mr. Hill as he headed back 

toward the Red Lake area over a rutted gravel road. Officers Burlingame and Wright

were joined by Park County Sheriff Deputy JJ Schwindt, who pulled in behind their 

vehicle, and the chase headed out of the Cody city limits. Because of the rough road, Mr. 

Hill’s car started to bottom out, began leaking fluid, and eventually came to a stop. By 

this time, the sun had gone down and it was getting dark.

[¶7] After Mr. Hill’s car stopped, the Cody officers stopped their vehicle, and Deputy 

Schwindt pulled a little behind them. Officer Burlingame had his overhead light bar, 

headlights, and spotlight on. Mr. Hill got out of his car, holding an assault rifle. The law 

enforcement officers ordered him to “[s]how us your hands” and “[g]et on the ground,” 

but Mr. Hill took off running. About ten seconds later, a shot was fired. Officer 

Burlingame told Officer Wright and Deputy Schwindt to “take cover.” He turned his 

lights and spotlight off and advised other units that were approaching to turn their lights 

off as well. Approximately two minutes later, three more shots were fired in the distance.

[¶8] Mr. Hill testified that as he took off running, he “ended up tripping and sliding, 

discharging the first” shot; that he did not fire at the officers; and that when that shot

discharged, the barrel was pointed toward the ground.

[¶9] Both Officers Burlingame and Wright testified that when the first shot was fired,

they did not see any muzzle flash from the rifle. Officer Burlingame testified he did not 

see any dirt fly up after the first shot. Deputy Schwindt testified that he saw Mr. Hill 

“turn[] slightly back towards our direction,” and “saw a muzzle flash come from the end 

of the rifle” when the first shot was fired, but did not see any dirt fly up. No bullets or 

spent casings were recovered from the scene. Mr. Hill was apprehended the next day.
3

[¶10] A jury convicted Mr. Hill of five counts of reckless endangering, three counts of 

aggravated assault, and one count of eluding police. Mr. Hill timely perfected this 

appeal. Additional facts, testimony, and argument will be set forth below, as necessary.

DISCUSSION

I. Was the evidence presented at trial sufficient to prove Mr. Hill threatened to use 

the weapon he was carrying?

[¶11] Mr. Hill was convicted of three counts of aggravated assault, one count for each 

law enforcement officer who was on the scene when the shots were fired. He argues that 

the State presented insufficient evidence to establish beyond a reasonable doubt that he 

threatened to use a drawn deadly weapon because it did not prove that he made an actual 

threat. Mr. Hill maintains that because he was running away from the police officers, 

made no verbal threats as he ran, and the rifle was not pointed toward the officers, he 

never made an “actual threat” as required for aggravated assault.

[¶12] Our standard of review of sufficiency of the evidence claims is well established.

[W]e review that evidence with the assumption that the 

evidence of the prevailing party is true, disregard the 

evidence favoring the unsuccessful party, and give the 

prevailing party the benefit of every favorable inference that 

we may reasonably draw from the evidence. We will not 

reweigh the evidence nor will we re-examine the credibility 

of the witnesses.

Levengood v. State, 2014 WY 138, ¶ 11, 336 P.3d 1201, 1203 (Wyo. 2014) (quoting 

Brown v. State, 2014 WY 104, ¶ 8, 332 P.3d 1168, 1171-72 (Wyo. 2014)).

[¶13] We recently explained that in applying this standard, 

[W]e must determine whether a rational trier of fact 

could find the essential elements of the crime were proven 

beyond a reasonable doubt. In other words, we do not 

consider whether or not the evidence was sufficient to 

establish guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, but [instead] 

whether or not the evidence could reasonably support such a 

finding by the factfinder.

Id. at ¶ 12, 336 P.3d at 1203(internal citations and quotation marks omitted); see also 

Oldman v. State, 2015 WY 121, ¶ 5, 359 P.3d 964, 966-67 (Wyo. 2015).
4

[¶14] Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 6-2-502(a)(iii) (LexisNexis 2015) states:

(a) A person is guilty of aggravated assault and battery if 

he:

. . . .

(iii) Threatens to use a drawn deadly weapon on 

another unless reasonably necessary in defense of his person, 

property or abode or to prevent serious bodily injury to 

another[.]

[¶15] We have defined the phrase “threatens to use” as requiring “proof of an actual 

threat of physical injury during the act of employing a deadly weapon.” Johnston v. 

State, 747 P.2d 1132, 1134 (Wyo. 1987). We explained that the mere presence of a

weapon in hand is insufficient to satisfy the “threatens to use” element. Id.; see also 

Gunderson v. State, 925 P.2d 1300, 1304 (Wyo. 1996). In Johnston, we also approved of 

the trial court’s instruction to the jury defining a “threat”:

A threat is an expression of an intention to inflict pain, injury,

or punishment. It may be expressed by words or acts, or a 

combination of words and acts. Considering all of the 

circumstances of the case, you must decide whether the 

defendant’s words and acts amounted to an express or implied 

statement of his intention to use a drawn deadly weapon to 

inflict pain, injury, or punishment.

747 P.2d at 1135.

[¶16] In Cox v. State, 829 P.2d 1183, 1185 (Wyo. 1992), an intoxicated defendant 

approached a police officer, brandishing a hunting knife. In upholding his conviction for 

aggravated assault, we held that “[a]s a general intent crime, aggravated assault requires 

only that intent which may be inferred from doing the act which constitutes the offense 

charged; i.e. slashing back and forth with the hunting knife.” Id. at 1186.

[¶17] Mr. Hill insists that because he made no verbal threats to the officers and because 

the evidence does not conclusively prove the rifle was pointed in the direction of the 

officers when it was shot, he could not have threatened to use the rifle against the officers 

as he ran away. We disagree. The lack of a verbal threat does not necessarily defeat a 

charge of aggravated assault. A threat to use a drawn deadly weapon may be proven 

solely by a defendant’s actions or may be proven by words, or a combination of words 

and actions. Johnston, 747 P.2d at 1133 (threat “may be expressed by words or acts, or a 

combination of words and acts”). Further, the notion that the rifle may not have been 
5

pointed in the direction of the officers at the time it was fired does not mean that a jury 

could not properly infer that the shot was an expression of an intention to inflict pain, 

injury, or punishment. See Hart v. State, 2003 WY 12, ¶¶ 6, 10, 62 P.3d 566, 569-70

(Wyo. 2003) (holding handgun in the air for victim to see was sufficient to constitute a 

threat).

[¶18] We have previously found sufficient evidence to uphold a conviction for

aggravated assault where no one saw the defendant with a weapon and where there was 

no evidence that he had the weapon in his immediate possession. In Ewing v. State, 2007 

WY 78, ¶ 4, 157 P.3d 943, 944 (Wyo. 2007), the defendant had retreated to his shed, and

when officers arrived on the scene and attempted to open the doors, he yelled, “Any 

[m...... f......] that comes in that door is going to get shot, then I’ll shoot myself in the 

head.” At that point, the officers withdrew and the confrontation ultimately ended when 

officers fired pepper spray into the shed, forcing the defendant out. Id. at ¶ 4, 157 P.3d at 

944-45. There was testimony that there had been a rifle on the floor of the shed two days 

before the incident, and when the officers entered the shed, they found the rifle in the 

open. Id. at ¶ 15, 157 P.3d at 947. We held that “those facts, combined with [the 

defendant’s] statement that he was going to shoot the officers, allowed for the reasonable 

inference . . . that the rifle was ‘drawn’” and supported the jury’s conclusion that the 

defendant had committed an aggravated assault. Id. at ¶ 16, 157 P.3d at 947.

[¶19] We have also found sufficient evidence where the weapon was not pointed toward 

the victim. In Hart v. State, 2003 WY 12, 62 P.3d 566 (Wyo. 2003), the defendant, 

angered by a breakup with his ex-wife, went to the front door of her parents’ home, and 

ordered her father to let him in. Id. at ¶ 6, 62 P.3d at 569. After her father told him to go 

home and cool off, the defendant responded by pulling a gun out of the back of his pants. 

Id. He held the gun up, pointing it toward the sky directly in front of a window, so that 

her father could see. Id. When it became apparent he would not be allowed to enter the 

home, the defendant walked toward his pickup truck, stopped, shot four rounds into his 

ex-wife’s pickup truck, and then drove off. Id. On Hart’s appeal for insufficient 

evidence, we affirmed, holding that “given Hart’s demands and his display of a deadly 

weapon to the man resisting his demands, we are satisfied that a jury could rationally 

conclude that Hart made an actual threat to use a drawn deadly weapon [on his ex-wife’s 

father].” Id. at ¶ 10, 62 P.3d at 569-70.

[¶20] Similarly, in this case, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the 

State, we find sufficient evidence for the jury to have rationally concluded that Mr. Hill 

threatened to use his rifle on the three officers. When the officers began pursuing Mr. 

Hill’s vehicle, he ran two stop signs, he proceeded to speed away from the officers

reaching a speed of 90 miles per hour, and when his vehicle stopped, he fled on foot with 

his AK-74 rifle in hand, despite orders from the law enforcement officers to show them 

his hands and get on the ground. He turned slightly back toward the officers and fired a 

single shot. He continued to run away from the officers and, about two minutes later, 
6

fired three more shots. Given that the law enforcement officers had been in pursuit of 

Mr. Hill, and Mr. Hill’s response, which included defying their orders and carrying a 

deadly weapon and firing it as he ran away from them, we are convinced that a jury could 

rationally conclude that Mr. Hill made an actual threat to use a drawn deadly weapon on 

the officers. 

II. Did the district court abuse its discretion when it permitted evidence of law 

enforcement officers’ reactions to the fired shot?

[¶21] Mr. Hill challenges the district court’s decision to allow testimony of the officers 

on the scene regarding their reactions once the first shot had been fired. Defense counsel 

filed a pre-trial motion in limine seeking to exclude evidence of what counsel 

characterized as “victim impact” testimony. Counsel argued that the State should be 

precluded from “discussing or inquiring about subjective fear of the officers as it is not 

relevant to the existence of an actual threat of physical injury” and is “highly prejudicial 

and designed to prejudice the fact finder.” The district court denied the motion, and 

defense counsel renewed his objection to the testimony at trial.

[¶22] Because Mr. Hill raised objections during trial, we review the trial court’s 

evidentiary rulings for an abuse of discretion:

Evidentiary rulings are within the sound discretion of 

the trial court and include determinations of the 

adequacy of foundation and relevancy, competency, 

materiality, and remoteness of the evidence. This 

Court will generally accede to the trial court’s 

determination of the admissibility of evidence unless 

that court clearly abused its discretion.

Brock v. State, 2012 WY 13, ¶ 23, 272 P.3d 933, 939-40 

(Wyo. 2012) (quoting Edwards v. State, 2007 WY 146, ¶ 7, 

167 P.3d 636, 637 (Wyo. 2007)). “The ultimate issue that we 

decide in determining whether there has been an abuse of 

discretion is whether or not the court could have reasonably 

concluded as it did.” Edwards v. State, 973 P.2d 41, 45 

(Wyo. 1999) (quoting State v. McDermott, 962 P.2d 136, 138 

(Wyo. 1998)).

Lawrence v. State, 2015 WY 97, ¶ 10, 354 P.3d 77, 80 (Wyo. 2015). “Upon a finding of 

abuse of discretion, we must then determine whether the error was prejudicial. ‘Error is 

prejudicial if there is a reasonable possibility that the verdict might have been more 

favorable to the defendant if the error had not been made.’” Toth v. State, 2015 WY 86A, 

¶ 29, 353 P.3d 696, 705-06 (Wyo. 2015) (citation omitted).
7

[¶23] There were three officers on the scene at the time the shots were fired: Cody 

police officers Scott Burlingame and Eric Wright, and Deputy JJ Schwindt from the Park 

County Sheriff’s Office. At trial, all three law enforcement officers testified regarding 

the events transpiring immediately after Mr. Hill exited his vehicle.1 

[¶24] Officer Burlingame testified:

Q. [State’s counsel]: Approximately how long from the 

time that Mr. Hill exited the car until that shot was fired?

A. [Officer Burlingame]: Approximately ten seconds.

Q. All right. And what did you do then?

A. I took cover behind my vehicle.

Q. Why did you do that?

A. I was in fear for my life. I told the other officers that 

were on the team -- Deputy Schwindt had just arrived and 

Eric Wright. You can hear me say “Take cover.” We got 

down behind our vehicles for fear of being shot.

Q. Can you explain why?

A. Yeah. We didn’t want to get shot.

. . . .

Q. All right. When you say “Take cover,” what does that 

mean?

A. Get down. Get behind something that could potentially 

help stop bullets.

Q. And what did you do?

 

1 Mr. Hill challenges the admissibility of certain testimony given by both Officer Burlingame and Officer 

Wright, but does not complain of error with respect to the testimony of Deputy Schwindt. Thus, Deputy 

Schwindt’s description of the events will not be discussed here. 
8

A. I got down behind -- I believe it was my passenger side, 

right behind my passenger-side rear wheel.

. . . .

Q. All right. Now, in terms of what you did next, what’s 

going through your head? What’s your plan as a law 

enforcement officer in this circumstance?

A. I advised, I think, fairly quickly the other units to make 

sure they turned their lights off. We didn’t know where the 

suspect had gone at that point. I didn’t know if he was just 

out there laying in the sage brush. I had no idea. While we 

were -- while we were kind of formulating a plan on how to 

get everybody in there, we heard a couple more shots being 

fired.

Q. Okay. Do you recall specifically how many additional 

shots you heard fired?

A. Three.

[¶25] Officer Burlingame was asked whether he had a “heightened sense of the 

possibility of being injured” and he responded, “Absolutely.” He went on to explain, 

“Given the circumstances, a suspect that I’m pursuing gets out of the vehicle with a rifle, 

. . . I obviously assumed that I was being shot at and told my trainee, ‘You need to get 

down,’ and the same thing with [Deputy Schwindt].”

[¶26] And, when asked why he turned his lights off, Officer Burlingame responded:

A. Right. I turned my lights off, because we were exposed. 

It’s no different than sitting around a campfire. When you’re 

sitting around a campfire, you can’t see but ten feet past that 

campfire. Shut all the lights off, and your eyes acclimate. 

You can see obviously anybody standing just outside --

outside of the light that you could see in, and we were very 

far exposed. And, again, I radioed to the incoming units. I

didn’t want them to get shot.

Q. You felt like you were in danger?

A. Absolutely.
9

[¶27] Officer Wright, a trainee in the Cody Police Department, who was riding with 

Officer Burlingame, also testified.

Q. [State’s counsel]: When you heard the shot, what did 

you do?

A. [Officer Wright]: We immediately took cover. I mean, I 

felt very threatened at the time. I think that’s a police 

officer’s worst nightmare. I guess at one point I thought in 

my short career -- it may be over. I felt very threatened at 

that point.

Q. All right. When you say “take cover,” can you explain 

what you did exactly?

A. Sure. Officer Burlingame and I just basically stepped 

out of the vehicle with the doors open. Once we heard the 

report of the rifle, we scurried to the back of the vehicle to try 

and get even more cover between us, and I guess the person

that was shooting towards us.

. . . .

Q. Okay. Now, you’re in the cover position. What happens 

next?

A. Well, there were three officers out there, Officer 

Burlingame and myself and Deputy Schwindt, and I knew 

that Deputy Schwindt was behind us somewhere. 

Immediately after the shots were fired I radioed that, and I 

believe Officer Burlingame also radioed shots fired.

We had other officers on the way. And, again, it was 

dark. I had no idea where our suspect was, so we were just 

hunkered down behind the car and waiting for our backup to 

arrive.

. . . .

Q. All right. Okay. Now, the first shot that you heard, talk 

about the report of the rifle, the sound of the shot.
10

A. You know, I’m a pretty avid hunter, so I understand 

what guns sound like. And so when the suspect fled the 

vehicle and I heard that sound, there was no question in my 

mind that was a gun.

And in my situation I thought it was coming right at me, 

so I was scared at that point.

Mr. Hill claims that the district court abused its discretion by allowing this testimony.

[¶28] Mr. Hill first asserts that this testimony is victim impact testimony and, therefore, 

should not have been admitted. Generally, “[t]he testimony of victims of a crime 

describing how it affected their lives after the crime is irrelevant” with respect to the 

question of whether a crime has been committed. Jensen v. State, 2005 WY 85, ¶ 16, 116 

P.3d 1088, 1094 (Wyo. 2005) (citing Moore v. State, 2003 WY 153, ¶ 27, 80 P.3d 191, 

198 (Wyo. 2003)). Mr. Hill also argues that the statements by the law enforcement 

officers regarding whether they felt threatened are irrelevant; and, even if they are 

relevant, their probative value is exceeded by the danger of unfair prejudice.

[¶29] The testimony of Officers Burlingame and Wright is not victim impact testimony 

because it does not tend to establish how the crime affected their lives. Rather, their 

testimony concerned the immediate aftermath of the first shot, when they were on the 

scene and still responding to the initial 911 call. See Jensen, 2005 WY 85, ¶ 17, 116 P.3d 

at 1094 (“The testimony did not tend to establish the impact of this crime on [the 

victim’s] or [her son’s] lives[.]”). The question that must be answered, however, is

whether the testimony that the officers thought they were being shot at, feared for their 

lives, and took cover is relevant and, if so, whether any probative value is outweighed by 

the danger of unfair prejudice.

Before evidence can be admissible, it must be relevant. 

Evidence is relevant if it has “any tendency to make the 

existence of any fact that is of consequence to the 

determination of the action more probable or less probable 

than it would be without the evidence. . . .”

Relevant evidence may be excluded, however, if “its 

probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of 

unfair prejudice.”

Thomas v. State, 2006 WY 34, ¶ 28, 131 P.3d 348, 356 (Wyo. 2006) (quoting Hernandez 

v. State, 976 P.2d 672, 676 (Wyo. 1999)).
11

[¶30] “In criminal cases, evidence is always relevant if it tends to prove or disprove one 

of the elements of the crime charged.” Hernandez v. State, 976 P.2d 672, 676 (Wyo. 

1999) (quotations marks and citations omitted). The victim’s response, injury, or 

perception of threat is not an element of the crime of aggravated assault with a deadly 

weapon. Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 6-2-502(a)(iii). By contrast, other criminal statutes require a 

victim to perceive the alleged threat in order to establish the existence of the crime. For 

example, first-degree sexual assault, under Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 6-2-302(a)(ii) (LexisNexis 

2015), includes as an element “the victim reasonably believes that the actor has the 

present ability to execute these threats[.]” There is no such element in aggravated assault 

under § 6-2-502(a)(iii), and we will not read language into a statute that is otherwise clear 

and unambiguous. See Wyo. Cmty Coll. Comm’n v. Casper Cmty Coll. Dist., 2001 WY 

86, ¶ 16, 31 P.3d 1242, 1249 (Wyo. 2001). Thus, as a general matter, “[w]e are not 

concerned with the subjective reaction of the victim.” Levengood, 2014 WY 138, ¶ 19, 

336 P.3d at 1205.

[¶31] The State argues, however, that the testimony of the officers is relevant to the 

question of whether Mr. Hill actually threatened them with his weapon. The proper 

inquiry under W.R.E. 401 is whether the victims’ responses to the alleged threat tend to 

prove or disprove the existence of the threat.

[¶32] We have considered the admissibility of victims’ responses to an alleged threat in 

other cases. For example, in Jensen, the victim testified that she was “terrified” and 

stated: “I thought I was going to die. I thought my son was going to die.” 2005 WY 85, 

¶ 14, 116 P.3d at 1093. She also testified that she remembered her son “crying a lot.” Id. 

The investigating officer, who arrived after the victim called 911 from a nearby 

convenience store, described her as “visibly upset,” “shaking,” crying, and “clinging to 

her child.” Id. On appeal, Jensen claimed that because the elements of aggravated 

assault have nothing to do with the emotional state of the victims, this testimony was 

irrelevant and deprived him of his right to a fair trial. Id. We disagreed, holding:

Jensen’s theory of the case was that [the victim] was lying 

about the confrontation and that he had never threatened [the 

victim] or [her son], only himself. The testimony regarding 

the emotional state of [the victim] and [her son] during and in 

the immediate aftermath of the assault tends to disprove the 

assertion that [the victim’s] accusations were calculated.

Id. at ¶ 17, 116 P.3d at 1094.

[¶33] Likewise, in Gunderson, we looked to the victim’s state of mind and her reaction 

to the defendant’s conduct as relevant evidence of a threat in determining the sufficiency 

of the evidence:
12

[The victim] further testified that she considered 

[defendant’s] statement to be a personal threat toward her and 

that she believed her life was in danger. The fact that the 

victim got out of the car and ran across a field in her bare feet 

reinforces her statement that she believed she was actually 

being threatened.

We conclude that the jury reasonably inferred 

that [defendant’s] actions with the gun constituted an actual 

threat[.]

925 P.2d at 1304.

[¶34] And, in Johnston v. State, 747 P.2d 1132 (Wyo. 1987), evidence of the victim’s 

state of mind was considered in determining the sufficiency of the evidence to convict 

Mr. Johnston of aggravated assault. “Asked if [the victim] was acting in an aggressive 

way, his mother responded, ‘He acted scared * * * he was just scared.’ Even [another 

witness] testified that he felt threatened by having a knife pointed at him earlier in the 

affray.” Id. at 1136.

[¶35] By contrast, in Levengood, the defendant challenged the sufficiency of the 

evidence on appeal. 2014 WY 138, ¶ 2, 336 P.3d at 1202. The trial court had admitted 

evidence of the victim’s state of mind, some of which was favorable to the defendant. 

This Court stated that “[w]e are not concerned with the subjective reaction of the victim. 

Instead, we must objectively consider the actions of the defendant, and decide whether a 

rational trier of fact could infer [that there had been an actual threat].” Id. at ¶ 19, 336 

P.3d at 1205. It is important to note that the question in Levengood was sufficiency of 

the evidence, and the standard of review for sufficiency of the evidence requires us to 

disregard evidence favoring the defendant. In Levengood, the victim’s state of mind was 

favorable to the defendant and, therefore, our standard of review did not allow its 

consideration. Nevertheless, we held that the victim’s testimony was not relevant to the 

question of whether there was an actual threat. Id. 

[¶36] Our examination of the testimony of Officers Burlingame and Wright leads us to 

conclude that their testimony had some relevance under W.R.E. 401. Like the testimony 

in Jensen, Gunderson, and Johnston, the officers’ testimony that they hid behind their 

vehicles is relevant to the existence of an actual threat. The objective actions taken by 

the officers in the immediate aftermath of the shot, such as taking cover behind their 

vehicles, were relevant to explain the unfolding events, and under our precedent may 

have been relevant to the question of whether the conduct of Mr. Hill posed an actual 

threat. We turn then to the question of whether evidence of the officers’ actions was 

unduly prejudicial under W.R.E. 403. 
13

[¶37] W.R.E. 403 provides that relevant evidence “may be excluded if its probative 

value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the 

issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or 

needless presentation of cumulative evidence.” This balancing test is assigned to “the 

sound discretion of the trial court.” Downing v. State, 2011 WY 113, ¶ 4, 259 P.3d 365, 

366 (Wyo. 2011); Jennings v. State, 806 P.2d 1299, 1305 (Wyo. 1991). “For us to

conclude that a trial court abused its discretion in weighing evidence under W.R.E. 403, 

‘the appellant must show that the testimony has little or no value and that it was 

extremely inflammatory or introduced solely for the purpose of inflaming the jury.’” 

Wimbley v. State, 2009 WY 72, ¶ 20, 208 P.3d 608, 613 (Wyo. 2009) (quoting Jennings, 

806 P.2d at 1305). The objective testimony of the officers concerning their actions in the 

aftermath of the first shot, when examined in context, was relevant to the question of 

whether there was an actual threat and did not put Mr. Hill at risk of being unfairly 

prejudiced. 

[¶38] However, we agree that any probative value of the law enforcement officers’ 

subjective fears is outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. Specifically, the 

following testimony is of very little probative value and presented a danger of unfair 

prejudice:

• “I felt threatened.”

• “[T]hat’s a police officer’s worst nightmare.”

• “I was in fear for my life.”

• “You felt you were in danger? Absolutely.”

• “I felt very threatened at the time. I think that’s a police officer’s worst 

nightmare. I guess I thought at one point in my short career – it may be over.”

[¶39] The officers’ testimony regarding their subjective fear has little or no relevance to 

the question of whether there was a threat, an element of the crime that does not require 

any specific response from the victim. As the Colorado Supreme Court has stated:

Evidence that the victim was generally nervous and afraid 

after an alleged crime is not necessarily relevant to the 

question whether the crime was committed by the defendant. 

Even where the victim’s state of mind is relevant for other 

purposes, such as whether a crime occurred, there is danger 

that the prejudicial character of the evidence may overshadow 

its probative value. CRE 403. 
14

People v. Haymaker, 716 P.2d 110, 113 (Colo. 1986). Moreover, any probative value of 

this evidence is outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice which lies in the possibility 

of a jury sympathizing with police officers who have placed their lives in danger for the 

protection of the public. See People v. Blue, 724 N.E.2d 920, 934 (Ill. 2000) (holding 

that garments of police officer “tip the evidentiary scale from items that are merely useful 

to those that are aimed directly at the sympathies, or outrage, of the jury. These are not 

just bloody clothes, but the clothes of a police officer, which . . . are uniquely ‘charged 

with emotion.’”). The trial court’s decision to allow that testimony was an abuse of 

discretion.

[¶40] We now must determine whether that error was prejudicial. “Error is prejudicial if 

there is a reasonable possibility that the verdict might have been more favorable to the 

defendant if the error had not been made.” Toth v. State, 2015 WY 86A, ¶ 29, 353 P.3d 

696, 705-06 (Wyo. 2015) (citation omitted). In this instance, we cannot say Mr. Hill has 

established that the verdict might have been more favorable had this evidence not been 

admitted. The other evidence against Mr. Hill, including the high speed chase, his 

attempt to evade the officers, his disregard of the officers’ commands for him to stop, his 

flight from the officers when he exited his vehicle, and the firing of his weapon, was 

overwhelming. As a result, we find that the error was not prejudicial. 

III. Did the district court abuse its discretion when it denied Mr. Hill’s motion for 

mistrial based upon prosecutorial misconduct?

[¶41] Mr. Hill claims that the prosecutor engaged in prosecutorial misconduct in closing 

argument. The majority of the prosecutor’s comments which Mr. Hill now claims 

amount to prosecutorial misconduct, formed the basis of defense counsel’s motion for 

mistrial or new trial.

[¶42] We review the denial of a motion for mistrial for abuse of discretion. McGill v. 

State, 2015 WY 132, ¶ 8, 357 P.3d 1140, 1444 (Wyo. 2015). An abuse of discretion 

occurs where the district court could not have reasonably concluded as it did. Id. at ¶ 8, 

357 P.3d at 1144; Yellowbear v. State, 2008 WY 4, ¶ 66, 174 P.3d 1270, 1295 (Wyo. 

2008); Thomas, 2006 WY 34, ¶ 10, 131 P.3d at 352; Gunnett v. State, 2005 WY 8, ¶ 15, 

104 P.3d 775, 779 (Wyo. 2005).

Boiled down to its essence, the process is this: (1) 

when a motion for mistrial or new trial is presented, the 

district court considers the motion and grants it if justice so 

requires; (2) justice requires that the motion be granted only if 

the appellant has been prejudiced because his or her 

substantial rights were abridged; (3) if the motion is denied, 

and that denial is appealed, we review that denial for an abuse 

of discretion; (4) abuse of discretion has occurred where the 
15

district court could not have reasonably concluded as it did. 

With specific regard to claims of prosecutorial misconduct 

during closing argument, we consider the alleged 

misconduct in the context of the entire argument, and the 

entire record, with the determinative factor being whether, 

in the absence of the error, the verdict might have been 

more favorable to the accused. Phillips v. State, 2007 WY 

25, ¶ 8, 151 P.3d 1131, 1133-34 (Wyo. 2007); see also Talley 

v. State, 2007 WY 37, ¶ 9, 153 P.3d 256, 260 (Wyo. 2007); 

Butcher v. State, 2005 WY 146, ¶ 39, 123 P.3d 543, 554 

(Wyo. 2005)[,overruled on other grounds by Wilkerson v. 

State, 2014 WY 136, 336 P.3d 1188 (Wyo. 2014)]; Burton v. 

State, 2002 WY 71, ¶¶ 11-12, 46 P.3d 309, 313 (Wyo. 2002). 

Yellowbear, 2008 WY 4, ¶ 68, 174 P.3d at 1295-96 (emphasis added).

[¶43] The prosecutor began his closing statement with the following:

Ladies and Gentlemen of the jury, we had some light 

moments during the last three days. We had some references 

to things that we all thought were funny or humorous, but the 

bottom line is that this is a deadly serious case, deadly serious 

for the Tucker family, deadly serious for the law enforcement 

officers involved, deadly serious for the community; and we 

need to look at all of the facts individually and look at the 

credibility of the witnesses.

(Emphasis added.) The prosecutor also commented that Mr. Hill had “basically a war 

wagon that he is driving with two AKs and hundreds of rounds. And he is cruising into 

town.”

[¶44] Mr. Hill contends that the prosecutor’s statements that the matter is “deadly 

serious for the community” and reference to the “war wagon” were improper because 

they raised a community outrage argument, which is prohibited. See Gayler v. State, 957 

P.2d 855, 861 (Wyo. 1998) (recognizing that an appeal to jury to join the war on drugs by 

convicting the defendant was prosecutorial misconduct).

[¶45] “The rule of law against community outrage arguments is clear and unequivocal. 

‘This Court has frequently admonished prosecutors to seek convictions by presenting 

evidence of guilt, rather than by arousing the passions and prejudices of jurors against 

societal evils.’” Hernandez v. State, 2010 WY 33, ¶ 23, 227 P.3d 315, 322-23 (Wyo. 

2010) (citations omitted).
16

Arguments which are calculated to appeal to the jury’s 

prejudice or passion are improper because they pose a risk 

that the accused may be convicted for reasons wholly 

irrelevant to his guilt or innocence. Accordingly, it is 

improper for a prosecutor to encourage the jury to convict a 

defendant in order to protect the community rather than upon 

the evidence presented at trial.

Burton, 2002 WY 71, ¶ 15, 46 P.3d at 314 (citations omitted).

[¶46] The jury heard evidence that Mr. Hill had two assault weapons and hundreds of 

rounds of ammunition with him when the events in question transpired. In considering 

Mr. Hill’s motion for mistrial, the district court noted that the “war wagon [statement] . . . 

is a strong statement, but there were two weapons with a lot of ammunition.” While this

statement did contain descriptive, colorful language, we cannot say that the district court 

abused its discretion in finding it was a reasonable summary of the evidence already 

before the jury. See Yellowbear, 2008 WY 4, ¶ 72, 174 P.3d at 1297 (allowing 

prosecutor to call defendant “father from hell” was not an abuse of discretion given the 

nature of the evidence). However, the district court did not address the comment that the 

war wagon was “cruising into town.” That portion of the comment also was a true 

statement of the facts and standing alone it would not amount to a community outrage 

argument. However, in conjunction with the prosecutor’s argument that the case is 

“deadly serious to the community,” the statement that the war wagon was cruising into 

town does raise an improper community outrage argument. It was clearly a statement 

made to convince the jury that the entire town was in danger. It was prosecutorial 

misconduct to make that claim.

[¶47] The State concedes the statement that this case “is deadly serious to the 

community” was, indeed, prosecutorial misconduct, but argues that it did not result in 

material prejudice. The State also argues that the “war wagon” statement did not 

materially prejudice Mr. Hill. To determine whether Mr. Hill was prejudiced, we must 

evaluate these comments “in the context of the entire argument, and with reference to the 

entire record.” Hernandez, 2010 WY 13, ¶ 25, 227 P.3d at 323. We are unable to 

conclude that these two comments, made in the beginning of closing argument, had the 

effect of persuading the jury to return a guilty verdict. Considering these comments in 

the context of the entire argument, and the entire record, including the evidence regarding 

Mr. Hill’s confrontation with the Tucker family, his flight from law enforcement officers 

and the subsequent firing of his weapon, we are not convinced that, in the absence of the 

error, the verdict would have been more favorable to Mr. Hill. See Yellowbear, 2008 WY 

4, ¶ 68, 174 P.3d at 1295-96. These comments, improper as they were, did not prejudice

Mr. Hill and, as a result, do not warrant reversal. Accordingly, we conclude that the 

district court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to grant a mistrial on this basis.
17

[¶48] Next, Mr. Hill characterizes the prosecution’s comments about two witnesses as 

improper vouching for the credibility of those witnesses. Because “[i]t is within the 

exclusive province of the jury to determine the credibility of the witnesses,” it is 

improper for the prosecution or another witness to comment concerning the credibility of 

another witness. McGill, 2015 WY 132, ¶ 9, 357 P.3d at 1144; see also Fennell v. State, 

2015 WY 67, ¶ 31, 350 P.3d 710, 722 (Wyo. 2015).

[¶49] The first alleged improper vouching comment concerns the State’s expert witness, 

Dr. Hamby. During closing, the prosecutor described Dr. Hamby as “one of the best 

witnesses that I have seen testify.” The State concedes that this comment was 

prosecutorial misconduct, but argues that Mr. Hill was not prejudiced by the comment. 

We agree.

[¶50] Dr. Hamby was an expert witness called by the prosecution to testify regarding the 

capability of the assault rifle to fire accidentally. Dr. Hamby testified that the chances of 

firing three shots in fairly rapid succession accidentally with Mr. Hill’s firearm are “nil 

because it would . . . require pulling the trigger three times in order to discharge it three

times.” This evidence became largely irrelevant because when Mr. Hill testified, he 

explained that he fired a second series of three rapid shots, not because he fell and 

accidentally fired them (which he had originally told one of the officers after his arrest),

but because he saw “perhaps a skunk” and he fired at it on the “spur of the moment.” Dr. 

Hamby also testified that when a person who sees muzzle flash from a gun like the one 

used by Mr. Hill fire at night, it does not necessarily mean that the gun is pointed at the 

person because, while the majority of the flash will come out of the barrel of the gun, 

some would also probably come out the side. This testimony was at least arguably 

helpful to Mr. Hill, who had contended that his rifle was pointed toward the ground and 

not in the direction of the law enforcement officers when the first shot went off.

[¶51] Mr. Hill was not prejudiced when the prosecution improperly vouched for Dr. 

Hamby because he was a witness whose testimony was largely irrelevant and potentially 

helpful to Mr. Hill. The district court did not abuse its discretion in denying Mr. Hill’s 

motion for mistrial on improper vouching for Dr. Hamby.

[¶52] Mr. Hill also contends that the prosecutor improperly vouched for Mrs. Tucker. 

During his closing argument, the prosecutor stated: “[Mrs. Tucker] felt threatened for her 

family. She explained that threat on the stand very well.” The State asserts that this 

comment did not amount to vouching, but rather was an argument that Mrs. Tucker felt 

threatened by Mr. Hill’s actions.

[¶53] The law is “clear that a prosecutor cannot personally vouch for the credibility of a 

state’s witness.” Fennell, 2015 WY 67, ¶ 31, 350 P.3d at 722. In Dysthe v. State, 2003 

WY 20, ¶¶ 28-30, 63 P.3d 875, 886 (Wyo. 2003), we found improper vouching in the 

prosecutor’s comment that “[t]hese witnesses, despite the fact that they are users, were 
18

credible. They were very credible.” Similarly, in Browder v. State, 639 P.2d 889, 894-95 

(Wyo. 1982), we found a series of statements by the prosecutor to be improper vouching, 

including the prosecutor’s statements that if you believe the inference made by the 

defense that there was a deal made, “you have to throw me out as a liar because I said it 

then and he said it and it’s not so. Not so[,]” and “I thoroughly believe her story.” And

we have held that it is “unprofessional conduct for the prosecutor to express his or her 

personal belief or opinion as to the truth or falsity of any testimony or evidence of the 

guilt of the defendant.” Id. at 893 (quoting ABA Standards for Criminal Justice, The 

Prosecution Function, Standard 3-5.8 (1980)).

[¶54] The prosecutor’s comment that Mrs. Tucker “explained that threat very well on 

the stand” does not rise to the level of improper vouching. During the trial, Mr. Hill’s 

counsel questioned Mrs. Tucker regarding her 911 call. He stressed the fact that Mrs. 

Tucker never told the 911 operator that they were being threatened.

[¶55] This line of questioning raised the issue of whether Mrs. Tucker’s failure to tell

the 911 dispatcher that she was threatened meant that she did not feel threatened at the 

time.

2

Prosecutors may properly review the evidence that was admitted at trial and may 

suggest to the jury inferences based upon that evidence. Browder, 639 P.2d at 893. In 

this instance, the prosecutor was not communicating his belief that Mrs. Tucker was a 

credible witness or that she was telling the truth; rather, he was making the point that 

Mrs. Tucker’s testimony described the threat that she felt Mr. Hill posed to her family. 

The district court’s refusal to grant a mistrial on the basis of that comment was, therefore,

not an abuse of discretion.

[¶56] Finally, Mr. Hill argues that during closing argument the prosecutor misstated the 

testimony of Deputy Schwindt. During closing, the prosecutor argued:

Deputy Schwindt’s testimony was clear. Five to ten seconds 

out, he has -- he can see the defendant, and he can see the 

defendant turn towards them and he can see the muzzle 

blast.

So in determining the credibility of witnesses you 

need to compare that testimony, Deputy Schwindt’s 

testimony, that he saw the muzzle blast. He saw the gun 

pointed in this direction towards the law enforcement 

officers and it go off.

 

2 Mr. Hill’s conduct with respect to the Tucker family led to reckless endangering charges, in violation of 

Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 6-2-504(b) (LexisNexis 2015). Mr. Hill did not object to the admissibility of the 

evidence of Mrs. Tucker’s subjective feelings of being threatened with respect to those charges and we 

will not consider the question here. 
19

Mr. Hill argues that this summary of Deputy Schwindt’s testimony was an improper 

misstatement of the evidence because Deputy Schwindt never stated that he saw the gun 

pointed toward the law enforcement officers.

[¶57] Deputy Schwindt actually testified: “He turned slightly back towards our 

direction. I will say ‘our.’ And I heard -- well, I saw a muzzle flash come from the end 

of the rifle and then a report, or the sound of the shot.” He also had the following 

exchange:

Q. [State’s Counsel]: And specifically again, what did you 

see that person do?

A. [Deputy Schwindt]: As he approached the rise, you 

mean?

Q. Yes.

A. Right at, I would say, approximately the top of the rise, I 

just saw the rifle come slightly back and . . .

Q. Back in what direction?

A. Towards our -- towards our direction, as opposed to 

being directly away.

Q. Okay. So the person stopped; is that correct?

A. I can’t say he stopped.

Q. Okay.

A. He appeared to keep running, which -- but the rifle, from 

where I had seen it be in more of, I guess, in a way manner 

come back slightly toward our direction. Then I saw the 

muzzle flash.

[¶58] The discrepancy between the prosecutor’s summary of Deputy Schwindt’s 

testimony and Deputy Schwindt’s actual testimony appears in the word “slightly” used by 

Deputy Schwindt to describe the direction the rifle was pointed. As we have stated: “In 

analyzing claims of prosecutorial misconduct, we review the entire context of the 

prosecutor’s statements, as well as the trial testimony and evidence to determine whether 

the prosecutor’s review of the evidence and comments about it were unsubstantiated by 
20

the record.” James v. State, 888 P.2d 200, 207 (Wyo. 1994). The district court 

concluded that the prosecutor’s summary was consistent with Deputy Schwindt’s 

testimony: “[w]ith respect to Officer Schwindt, that’s how I understood his testimony, 

was that it may not have been pointed directly, but it was pointed back in the general 

direction.” We agree. The prosecutor’s summary of the evidence is substantiated by the 

record. The district court did not abuse its discretion when it found no misconduct 

occurred.

IV. Did the prosecutor’s comments during closing misstate the law, or constitute 

improper vouching?

[¶59] Mr. Hill also takes issue with the prosecutor’s statements during closing regarding 

what constitutes a threat, his comparison between Mr. Hill’s and Mr. Tucker’s testimony,

and his comments as to Mr. Hill’s credibility. No objections were made during trial 

regarding these instances of alleged prosecutorial misconduct. We therefore review them 

for plain error. Collins v. State, 2015 WY 92, ¶¶ 9-10, 354 P.3d 55, 57 (Wyo. 2015); 

Fennell, 2015 WY 67, ¶ 23, 350 P.3d at 719; Anderson v. State, 2014 WY 74, ¶ 40, 327 

P.3d 89, 99 (Wyo. 2014). “Plain error exists when: 1) the record is clear about the 

incident alleged as error; 2) there was a transgression of a clear and unequivocal rule of 

law; and 3) the party claiming the error was denied a substantial right resulting in 

material prejudice.” Collins, 2015 WY 92, ¶ 10, 354 P.3d at 57 (citation omitted). 

“Reversal as a result of prosecutorial misconduct is not warranted unless a reasonable 

probability exists that absent the error the defendant may have enjoyed a more favorable 

verdict.” Oldman, 2015 WY 121, ¶ 13, 359 P.3d at 970 (citation omitted). “Allegations 

of prosecutorial misconduct are settled by reference to the entire record and ‘hinge on 

whether a defendant’s case has been so prejudiced as to constitute denial of a fair trial.’” 

Gonzalez-Ochoa v. State, 2014 WY 14, ¶ 15, 317 P.3d 599, 604 (Wyo. 2014) (quoting

Schreibvogel v. State, 2010 WY 45, ¶ 39, 228 P.3d 874, 887 (Wyo. 2010)).

[¶60] Mr. Hill argued that the prosecutor misstated the law when he said the following:

All the officers’ testimonies state that they saw the weapon in 

his hands during his attempt to flee. But threaten to use, there 

is no better way to exhibit the threat than to actually use the 

weapon. In this case Mr. Hill was armed and willing to use 

the weapon. He fired the weapon. And that satisfies the 

element of threatening to use a drawn deadly weapon. There 

is absolutely no evidence before the Court or before the jury 

that those shots were in defense of anything.

[¶61] Mr. Hill has met the first prong of the plain error test because the incident alleged 

as error is plainly reflected in the transcript of the trial. The second prong requires us to 

examine whether there has been a violation of a clear and unequivocal rule of law. We 
21

have said that “[c]ounsel are allowed wide latitude during the scope of their closing 

arguments, and a prosecutor may comment on all of the evidence in the record and 

suggest reasonable inferences from that evidence.” Lindstrom v. State, 2015 WY 28, 

¶ 32, 343 P.3d 792, 800 (Wyo. 2015) (citation omitted). However, “[e]ven unintentional 

misstatements of the law are misconduct by a prosecutor.” Anderson, 2014 WY 74, ¶ 39, 

327 P.3d at 99.

[¶62] Mr. Hill argues that the statement by the prosecution that the fact the shot was 

fired satisfies the element of a threat was a violation of the rule prohibiting prosecutors 

from misstating the law. Mr. Hill contends that there are numerous situations in which 

the mere firing of a shot, in and of itself, would not constitute a threat and, as a result, this 

statement was a violation of the law. The State contends this language was not a 

statement of the law at all, but, rather, it was argument that firing an assault rifle while 

attempting to flee pursuing officers is a threat to use that weapon against the officers. We 

agree.

[¶63] The prosecutor was only arguing that the evidence in the case satisfied the element 

of “threatening to use a drawn deadly weapon,” rather than making a statement of law. 

This is not a case like Anderson, 2014 WY 74, ¶ 38, 327 P.3d at 99, where the prosecutor 

attempted to restate and explain the law. Here the prosecutor was properly arguing that 

the evidence satisfied the elements of the crime charged. The fact that a weapon was 

fired was evidence that the jury could consider in the context of all the evidence when it 

determined whether an actual threat existed. The prosecutor’s statement did not stand 

alone as a statement of the law, but was preceded by reference to the officers’ testimony 

of the gun in Mr. Hill’s hand as he attempted to flee, and followed by the statement that 

there was no evidence “those shots were in defense of anything.” In that context, the 

prosecutor was merely making a closing argument about the sufficiency of the evidence. 

He did not misstate the law and no prosecutorial misconduct occurred.

[¶64] Mr. Hill also contends that the prosecutor invaded the province of the jury when 

he pointed to discrepancies between Mr. Hill’s and Mr. Tucker’s testimony and when he 

commented on Mr. Hill’s credibility. Mr. Hill has met the first prong of the plain error 

test because the incidents alleged as error are plainly reflected in the transcript of the trial.

Mr. Hill takes issue with the prosecutor’s statement that “Mr. Tucker’s testimony is in 

conflict with Mr. Hill’s testimony. Mr. Tucker’s testimony is accurate and reflects what 

was recovered at the Red Lake area, State’s Exhibit No. 8.” That statement was made 

during the course of the prosecutor’s discussion of the evidence concerning where the 

rifle was in Mr. Hill’s car:

Next, he says that he never raised the firearm above his 

legs. He places the firearm between his legs but never raises 

it up. That is inconsistent with Mr. Tucker’s testimony, 
22

because Mr. Tucker says, Yeah, I saw a gun that was on the 

dashboard. It was pointed in our direction, and I can say it 

was a semiautomatic type rifle. In fact, I think it was 

probably like an AK rifle.

So Mr. Tucker’s testimony is in conflict with Mr. 

Hill’s testimony. Mr. Tucker’s testimony is accurate and 

reflects what was recovered at the Red Lake area, State’s 

Exhibit No. 8 [the AK-74 rifle]. So you have that 

inconsistency.

(Emphasis added.)

[¶65] Mr. Hill also points to the following comments made by the prosecutor:

• “So let’s assume that [Mr. Hill] was being harassed by the Tuckers, which is 

not the case, but let’s assume that, what would rational behavior be? Get out 

of there. Get out of there as fast as he could.”

• “I think that it is very interesting that Mr. Hill when he testified talked about 

shooting a skunk, because, quite frankly, his version of events stink. They 

stink. And they’re not credible.”

• [Mr. Hill’s] version of events that he testified to are not consistent with reality

in some instances. They are not consistent with certainly credible evidence.

(Emphasis added.)

[¶66] As we explained above, see supra ¶ 53, a prosecutor may not personally vouch for 

the credibility of a witness. Fennell, 2015 WY 67, ¶ 31, 350 P.3d at 722; Dysthe, 2003 

WY 20, ¶¶ 28-30, 63 P.3d at 886; Browder, 639 P.2d at 894-95. However, “[i]n the 

context of closing argument, it has long been the rule in Wyoming that it is not reversible 

error for a prosecutor to argue that a defendant is a liar when the evidence supports a 

reasonable inference that such is in fact the case.” Collins, 2015 WY 92, ¶ 34, 354 P.3d 

at 64.

[¶67] In Collins, the defendant argued that it was plain error for the prosecutor to tell the 

jury that it had a choice between finding the defendant guilty or concluding that the child 

witness in that case had lied. Id. at ¶ 33, 354 P.3d at 64. We held that the comment had 

not violated a clear and unequivocal rule of law because the prosecutor made “it clear 

that the choice is in the hands of the jury.” Id. at ¶ 34, 354 P.3d at 64. In Barela v. State, 

787 P.2d 82, 84 (Wyo. 1990), the prosecutor stated:
23

People can lie in Court and people do lie in Court. . . . If you 

lie long enough, and you lie, and you keep up with this story, 

and I contend that this is a story that Mr. Barela made up, you 

will lie. . . . He lied throughout this, the court proceeding, 

and he has a real motive to lie.

On review for plain error, we concluded:

When these statements are read in the context of the 

complete argument, it is apparent that the prosecutor was not 

attempting to induce the jury to base their factual 

determination on his beliefs or opinions. Rather, he was 

articulating the State’s position upon inferences to be drawn 

from the evidence. It was argument pure and simple. The 

prosecutor was careful to make it clear that the decision was 

in the hands of the jury. As to the statement that defendant 

was lying, when there is express contradictory testimony, as 

there was here, the inference that at least one of the witnesses 

is lying is a reasonable one.

Barela, 787 P.2d at 84.

[¶68] Likewise, here, the prosecutor made it clear in his argument that he was pointing 

to contradictions in the testimony of Mr. Hill and others, and that the jury would have to 

examine those inconsistencies. Mr. Hill’s testimony conflicted with Mr. and Mrs. 

Tucker’s testimony and it was not improper for the prosecutor to point out areas of 

conflict and argue why one version of the events that took place was more believable 

than another. In short, the comments made by the prosecutor were argument supported 

by the evidence. As a result, he did not violate a clear and unequivocal rule of law.

CONCLUSION

[¶69] There was sufficient evidence for a jury to have rationally concluded that Mr. Hill 

threatened to use a drawn deadly weapon on the three law enforcement officers who were 

on the scene when he emerged from his vehicle. While the district court abused its 

discretion when it admitted evidence of law enforcement officers’ subjective responses to 

a fired shot, that error was not prejudicial. The district court did not abuse its discretion 

in denying Mr. Hill’s motion for mistrial. Finally, the prosecutor’s statements during 

closing regarding what constitutes a threat, his comparison between Mr. Hill’s and Mr. 

Tucker’s testimony, and his comments regarding Mr. Hill’s credibility did not constitute 

plain error. We affirm Mr. Hill’s conviction.