FILED

APR 10 2020

SUSAN M. SPRAUL, CLERK

U.S. BKCY. APP. PANEL

OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT ORDERED PUBLISHED

UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL

OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT

In re:

ROBERT EDWARD ZUCKERMAN,

Debtor.

ROBERT EDWARD ZUCKERMAN,

Appellant,

v.

HENRY CRIGLER; EDWARD P. ALBINI; CHRIS

BOWERMAN; HENRY P. CRIGLER; K.

OWYOUNG CRIGLER; GARY DEZORZI;

ERHARD YORK, TRUSTEE; GRAHAM

GETTEMY; VERN FUNG; EDWARD KEANE;

KATHERINE MANN; FREDERICK MANN; JIM

NORD, MEIN TRUST; GARY RICIOLI; MARY

LOU SCHMIDT; CHARLES SEBRANEK; LINDAY

SINCLAIR; GREGG VERNON;

BAP No. CC-19-1200-TaFS

Bk. No. 1:18-bk-11150-VK

Adv. No. 1:18-ap-01081-VK

OPINION
MATTHEW ZDANEK; PATRICIA BARNES;

KEN BOWERMAN; DALE DAVIS; JACINDA

DUVAL; LOUISE ESCHER YORK; ROBERT P.

GILMAN; BILL HING; GARY HOLBROOK;

LILLIAN LAPHAM; VITO LOVERO; JIM NORD,

PATRICK FAMILY TRUST; EVELINA DALE

PERITORE; JUSTIN POENG; LEON SANDERS;

MARK SCHULTE; RICHARD SEVERSEN;

WALTER SPIRIDONOFF; CARMEN VIOLIN;

NANSI WEIL,

Appellees.

Argued and Submitted on February 27, 2020

at Pasadena, California

Filed – April 10, 2020

Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court

for the Central District of California

Honorable Victoria S. Kaufman, Bankruptcy Judge, Presiding

 

Appearances: Kathryn M. Davis argued for appellant; Edward

McCutchan, Jr. of Sunderland McCutchan, LLP on brief

for appellees Edward P. Albini, Henry Crigler, Chris

Bowerman, Henry P. Crigler, K. Owyoung Crigler, Gary

DeZorzi, Erhard York, Trustee, Graham Gettemy, Vern

Fung, Edward Keane, Katherine Mann, Frederick Mann,

Jim Nord, Mein Trust, Gary Ricioli, Mary Lou Schmidt,

Charles Sebranek, Linday Sinclair, Gregg Vernon,

Matthew Zdanek, Patricia Barnes, Ken Bowerman, Dale

2
Davis, Jacinda Duval, Louise Escher York, Robert P.

Gilman, Bill Hing, Gary Holbrook, Lillian Lapham, Vito

Lovero, Jim Nord, Patrick Family Trust, Evelina Dale

Peritore, Justin Poeng, Leon Sanders, Mark Schulte,

Richard Seversen, Walter Spiridonoff, Carmen Violin, and

Nansi Weil.

 

Before: TAYLOR, FARIS, and SPRAKER, Bankruptcy Judges.

TAYLOR, Bankruptcy Judge:

INTRODUCTION

Debtor Robert E. Zuckerman appeals from the bankruptcy court’s

summary judgment order (“Order”) excepting from discharge under 

§ 523(a)(2)(A)1 a debt for fraud and elder abuse reduced to judgment in

state court. We agree with the bankruptcy court’s determination that

Appellees were entitled to summary judgment based on the preclusive

effect of the state court’s judgment. Therefore, we AFFIRM.

1

 Unless specified otherwise, “chapter “and “section” references are to the

Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. §§ 101–1532, “Rule” references are to the Federal Rules of

Bankruptcy Procedure, “Civil Rule” references are to the Federal Rules of Civil

Procedure, and “CCP” references are to the California Code of Civil Procedure.

3
FACTS2

A. The State Court Action and Judgment

In 2009, Appellees and others (collectively, “Plaintiffs”) sued

Mr. Zuckerman (“State Court Action”), beginning a seven-year slog to hold

him accountable for intentional misrepresentation, concealment (fraud),

promises without intent to perform, conspiracy to defraud, and elder

abuse. He and his counsel, Raul Garcia, were strategically absent

throughout the state court litigation, failing to comply with a staggering

number of discovery requests and sanctions orders3—possibly to duck

liability, but ultimately with serious consequences. One such order

(“Admissions Order”) deemed the following admitted by Mr. Zuckerman

for his failure to respond to requests for admissions:

1. . . . Zuckerman engaged in fraud [–] intentional

misrepresentation as alleged in the second amended

2

 Mr. Zuckerman omitted from his excerpts of the record the bankruptcy court’s

prior ruling (“Ruling”) that included its reasoning for entering the Order on appeal and

key evidentiary rulings. As the omitted Ruling is a necessary portion of the record, we

are entitled to presume that its contents are harmful to his position and to affirm or

dismiss his appeal summarily. See Rule 8018(b)(1); Cmty. Commerce Bank v. O'Brien (In re

O'Brien), 312 F.3d 1135, 1137 (9th Cir. 2002); Gionis v. Wayne (In re Gionis), 170 B.R. 675,

680–81 (9th Cir. BAP 1994). Nonetheless, we obtained a copy of the Ruling and will take

judicial notice of it and other documents filed in the bankruptcy court’s dockets, as

appropriate. See Atwood v. Chase Manhattan Mortg. Co. (In re Atwood), 293 B.R. 227, 233

n.9 (9th Cir. BAP 2003). 

3

 Appellees and a third-party to this appeal, Richard Abel, detailed the

unanswered discovery and sanctions orders in filings in Adv. Proc. Nos.

1:18-ap-01081-VK and 1:18-ap-01086-VK.

4
complaint[]. . . .

2. . . . Zuckerman engaged in fraud – concealment as alleged in

the second amended complaint[] . . . .

3. . . . Zuckerman engaged in fraud – promise without intent to

perform as alleged in the second amended complaint[] . . . .

4. . . . Zuckerman engaged in elder abuse as alleged in the

second amended complaint[] . . . .

5. . . . Zuckerman engaged in a conspiracy to defraud as alleged

in the second amended complaint[] . . . .

In early 2015, Appellees tried their case against Mr. Zuckerman.

Neither he nor Mr. Garcia showed up for trial, and the state court entered

judgment against him. The court later vacated the judgment per

Mr. Garcia’s CCP § 473 request for relief therefrom. 

In late 2016, the court again held trial. Mr. Zuckerman did not

appear, despite notices to appear in lieu of subpoena. While Mr. Garcia

appeared, he did so solely to stop trial through various motions.

First, he moved to dismiss the case because Appellees did not bring it

to trial within the five-year period prescribed by CCP § 583.310. The state

court denied the motion because Mr. Zuckerman had previously agreed

that CCP § 583.310 would not apply. Next, he requested a stay while he

sought a writ of prohibition restraining the court from trying the case. The

court denied the request. Finally, he moved to withdraw as

5
Mr. Zuckerman’s counsel, stating that he was not ready to proceed with

trial. The court denied the motion and directed the parties to proceed with

the trial.

The court asked where Mr. Zuckerman was. Mr. Garcia responded

that “strategically our plan was not to proceed with the trial,” and

“tactically, we were going to ask for a stay.” (Emphasis added.) He also

indicated that he believed Mr. Zuckerman “just came out of surgery on

Friday.” Then, after confirming that he would not be arrested for leaving,

he left the courtroom.

In Mr. Zuckerman’s absence, the court held an uncontested trial

under CCP § 594, which included witness testimony and documentary

evidence.

The court entered judgment against Mr. Zuckerman the next day. It

later amended the judgment (“Judgment”) to increase the total award to

$15,135,096 to account for attorney’s fees and costs. The Judgment notes

Mr. Zuckerman’s deemed admissions and provides that, after the evidence

at trial, the court renders judgment against Mr. Zuckerman, “who engaged

in a joint venture to intentionally, purposefully and maliciously defraud

each of the plaintiffs in this matter finding damages under the plaintiffs’

third amended complaint’s causes of action for intentional

misrepresentation, concealment, promise without intent to perform and

elder abuse[.]” The Judgment included findings related to the fraud.

6
Mr. Garcia filed an appeal, which was dismissed for failure to file

required documents.

B. The Nondischargeability Action and Summary Judgment

Mr. Zuckerman filed for bankruptcy about a year later. Appellees

filed an adversary complaint to except from his discharge the debt owed to

them under the Judgment, pursuant to § 523(a)(2)(A). 

They later moved for summary judgment, arguing that the Judgment,

together with the doctrine of issue preclusion, entitled them to judgment as

a matter of law. Mr. Zuckerman opposed.

Following argument at two hearings, the bankruptcy court relied on

issue preclusion and entered its Order granting Appellees summary

judgment. Mr. Zuckerman appealed.

JURISDICTION

The bankruptcy court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1334 and

157(b)(1) and (b)(2)(I). We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 158,

notwithstanding that the bankruptcy court did not memorialize its

judgment in a separate document as required by Civil Rule 58(a), made

applicable by Rule 7058. The parties waived the separate-document

requirement, and 150 days have elapsed since the bankruptcy court entered

its Order. See Fed. R. Bankr. P. 8002(a)(5)(A)(ii); Bankers Tr. Co. v. Mallis, 435

U.S. 381, 387-88 (1978). And “[t]he court’s failure to comply with the

separate-document requirement of Rule 58(a). . . does not affect the validity

of an appeal.” Fed. R. Bankr. P. 8002 advisory committee’s note to 2018

amendment.

7
ISSUE

Did the bankruptcy court err in granting summary judgment under

§ 523(a)(2)(A) based on issue preclusion?

STANDARDS OF REVIEW

We review de novo a bankruptcy court’s decision to grant summary

judgment and except a debt from discharge under § 523. Black v. Bonnie

Springs Family Ltd. P’Ship (In re Black), 487 B.R. 202, 210 (9th Cir. BAP 2013).

We also review de novo a bankruptcy court’s determination that issue

preclusion was available. Id. If issue preclusion is available, we then review

the application for an abuse of discretion. Id. Under that standard, we

reverse where the bankruptcy court applied the wrong legal standard, it

misapplied the correct legal standard, or its factual findings are illogical,

implausible, or without support in inferences that may be drawn from the

facts in the record. See TrafficSchool.com, Inc. v. Edriver Inc., 653 F.3d 820, 832

(9th Cir. 2011).

We may affirm on any ground supported by the record. In re Black,

487 B.R. at 211.

DISCUSSION

Summary judgment is appropriate when the pleadings and

supplemental materials show that there is no genuine issue as to any

material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of

law. Roussos v. Michaelides (In re Roussos), 251 B.R. 86, 91 (9th Cir. BAP

8
2000). A properly-supported summary judgment motion cannot be

defeated by the mere existence of some alleged factual dispute. Id. The

requirement is that there be no genuine issue of material fact. Anderson v.

Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247-48 (1986). Only disputes over facts that

might affect the outcome of the lawsuit may defeat a summary judgment

motion. Id. at 248. That is, if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury

could return a verdict for the nonmoving party, then the dispute over a

material fact is genuine. Id.

The issue preclusive effect of a state court judgment may be the basis

for granting summary judgment in a dischargeability proceeding. See

Grogan v. Garner, 498 U.S. 279, 284-85 & n.11 (1991). Federal courts “must

give to a state-court judgment the same preclusive effect as would be given

that judgment under the law of the State in which the judgment was

rendered.” Migra v. Warren City Sch. Dist. Bd. of Educ., 465 U.S. 75, 81 (1984).

Thus, we apply California law.

In California, issue preclusion prevents parties from re-litigating an

issue if: (1) the issue is identical to that decided in a former proceeding; 

(2) the issue was actually litigated in the former proceeding; (3) the issue

was necessarily decided in the former proceeding; (4) the decision in the

former proceeding is final and on the merits; and (5) the party against

whom preclusion is sought is the same as, or in privity with, the party to

the former proceeding. Lucido v. Super. Ct., 51 Cal. 3d 335, 341-43 (1990).

9
Even if all five requirements are satisfied, however, its application must be

consistent with the public policies of “preservation of the integrity of the

judicial system, promotion of judicial economy, and protection of litigants

from harassment by vexatious litigation[.]” Id. at 343.

The party asserting issue preclusion bears the burden of proving all

the requisites for its application. Kelly v. Okoye (In re Kelly), 182 B.R. 255, 258

(9th Cir. BAP 1995). To sustain this burden, the party must introduce a

record sufficient to reveal the controlling facts and the exact issues litigated

in the prior action. Id. Any reasonable doubt as to what was decided in the

prior action will weigh against applying issue preclusion. Id.

We need not, and do not, address the bankruptcy court’s

unchallenged determination that the fourth (decision is final) and fifth

(same parties) issue preclusion criteria are met. And we conclude that

Appellees produced evidence showing that there is no genuine issue as to

any material fact that the other criteria are met; namely, that judgment was

entered in their favor against Mr. Zuckerman on actual fraud claims after

trial. Mr. Zuckerman did not dispute the validity of their evidence. Nor did

he produce affirmative evidence that would demonstrate that a genuine

issue of material fact exists regarding the entry of judgment for actual fraud

after trial or that application of issue preclusion would contravene public

policy. Thus, the bankruptcy court properly granted summary judgment

based on issue preclusion.

10
A. There is an “identity of issues.”

Taking the disputed issue preclusion criteria in turn, the first

(identical issue) is met. Section 523(a)(2)(A) provides that a debt may be

excepted from discharge to the extent it was obtained by “false pretenses, a

false representation, or actual fraud, other than a statement respecting the

debtor’s or an insider’s financial condition[.]” Section 523(a)(2)(A) requires

proof by a preponderance of the evidence that: (1) the debtor made the

representations; (2) at the time the debtor knew they were false; (3) the

debtor made them with the intention and purpose of deceiving the

creditor; (4) the creditor relied on such representations; and (5) the creditor

sustained the alleged loss and damage as the proximate result of the

representations having been made. Lee v. Tcast Commc’ns, Inc. (In re Jung

Sup Lee), 335 B.R. 130, 136 (9th Cir. BAP 2005).

Actual fraud under California law mirrors these elements, as follows:

(1) a misrepresentation (false representation, concealment, or

nondisclosure); (2) knowledge of falsity; (3) intent to defraud (i.e., to induce

reliance); (4) justifiable reliance; and (5) resulting damage. Engalla v.

Permanente Med. Grp., Inc., 15 Cal. 4th 951, 974 (1997). Mirroring one

another, an actual fraud finding satisfies the “identical issue” criteria for

issue preclusion in a § 523(a)(2)(A) action.4In re Jung Sup Lee, 335 B.R. at

136. In this case, there is an “identity of the issues” because the Judgment

4

 As explained infra, Mr. Zuckerman filed an unsolicited supplemental brief that

we decline to consider. The brief contends, inter alia, that actual fraud under California

law does not mirror actual fraud under § 523(a)(2)(A). His contention runs contrary to

established precedent and is rejected. 

11
explicitly provides that Mr. Zuckerman is liable for fraud.

Nevertheless, Mr. Zuckerman argues on appeal that in finding issue

preclusion applies, the bankruptcy court impermissibly relied on a general

finding of fraud that was imputed to him solely on a conspiracy theory

basis in the absence of a specific finding of a misrepresentation by him. We

believe he is essentially arguing that the elements of actual fraud are not

the same as those under § 523(a)(2)(A) in this case. It is not evident from

the excerpts of record that he adequately raised this argument to the

bankruptcy court. We therefore need not consider it. Stewart v. U.S.

Bancorp, 297 F.3d 953, 956 n.1 (9th Cir. 2002).

 But even if he had raised it in the bankruptcy court, his argument

fails; the Judgment is against him alone, makes clear that he was the sole

defendant at the time of trial, and finds that he was “the central figure in

charge” of the fraudulent scheme. Moreover, and contrary to

Mr. Zuckerman’s urging, the Judgment does include findings relating to

his fraudulent misrepresentations to Plaintiffs. For example, the state court

explicitly found that he fraudulently obtained $6,435,000 in loans from

Plaintiffs with no intent to use the money in a development project or to

repay their loans and, in fact, no part of the loans were ever used in any

manner for the project. And the state court explicitly found that he

overvalued the security for the loans through his misrepresentations and

concealment of their true worth.

12
Mr. Zuckerman further complains that Appellees failed to allege and

argue that the specific issues to be preclusively determined by the

bankruptcy court were identical to those decided in the State Court Action.

We disagree; Appellees argued in their summary judgment motion that the

§ 523(a)(2)(A) elements were “established by the four corners” of the

Judgment, which they had incorporated by reference in their complaint. 

B. The issues were “actually litigated.”

As for the “actually litigated” requirement, Mr. Zuckerman argues

that the Judgment is fundamentally a default judgment because (1) his

liability was allegedly largely based on defaulted admissions that included

conclusions of law; and (2) he was allegedly abandoned by his counsel at

the time of trial.5

 And he contends that as a default judgment, it has no

preclusive effect because the state court did not make express findings

upon fraud allegations. We disagree.

1. The state court held an uncontested trial.

This is not a default scenario; while Mr. Zuckerman and his counsel

chose not to attend trial, Mr. Zuckerman had answered the operative

5

 While unclear in his opening brief, Mr. Zuckerman seems to suggest in his reply

brief that the alleged abandonment is relevant to both the “actually litigated” and

public policy criteria. We only address it in the public policy portion of this

memorandum because, as discussed infra, the state court was obliged to treat the trial as

nothing less than an actual trial in light of Mr. Zuckerman’s participation in the

proceedings, including answering the operative complaint and appearing through

counsel at the outset of trial. And to the extent that he submits the state court treated it

as anything less, his window to challenge the Judgment on that basis closed prepetition.

There having been an actual trial on Appellees’ fraud claims, the issues were “actually

litigated” notwithstanding any alleged abandonment.

13
complaint, participated in the litigation before trial, and received actual

notice of trial and a subpoena for his attendance at trial. See Jorge v. Mannie

(In re Mannie), 258 B.R. 440, 445 n.3 (Bankr. N.D. Cal. 2001) (“A judgment

after trial is not a default judgment simply because the defendant fails to

appear at trial.”). 

Appellees exercised their only remedy for Mr. Zuckerman’s

absence–they moved the state court to proceed with the trial in absentia

under CCP § 594 and introduced their evidence to sustain their causes of

action. See Wilson v. Goldman, 274 Cal. App. 2d 573, 576 (1969) (“Where the

defendant who has answered fails to appear for trial the plaintiff’s sole

remedy is to move the court to proceed with the trial and introduce

whatever testimony there may be to sustain the plaintiff’s cause of action.”

(citation and internal quotation marks omitted)). Sections 585 and 594 of

the Code of Civil Procedure do not authorize the entry of default in the

event a defendant does not appear at the time an action is called for

hearing where an answer is on file. Id. Thus, the uncontested trial held by

the state court was only uncontested in the sense that Mr. Zuckerman was

not present to participate. See id. at 577 n.1. His answer was on file and was

effective, and Appellees were required to prove all the essential

controverted allegations of their complaint. Id.

Because it would have been improper for the state court to strike

Mr. Zuckerman’s answer and enter default, Appellees’ fraud claims were

14
necessarily “actually litigated” under CCP § 594 and must have been

resolved in their favor by the Judgment. See Thomas v. Housing Auth. of the

Cty. of L.A., No. CV 04-6970MMMRCX, 2005 WL 6136432, at *11 (C.D. Cal.

June 3, 2005); accord Garner v. Lehrer (In re Garner), 56 F.3d 677, 680 (5th Cir.

1995) (holding, with respect to a Texas judgment entered after a

post-answer default and uncontested trial at which evidence was

presented, that “[a]ccording to Texas law, the issues were properly raised

and actually litigated; accordingly, we find they were fully and fairly

litigated for collateral estoppel purposes”), abrogation on other grounds

recognized in Caton v. Trudeau (In re Caton), 157 F.3d 1026 (5th Cir. 1998).

2. The Judgment’s reference to admissions is irrelevant.

Mr. Zuckerman argues that the record raises a material question as to

whether the Judgment was actually the result of an uncontested trial

because it referenced his deemed admissions of certain conclusions of law

and, he argues, the state court relied on such admissions in the face of

insufficient evidence at trial. We reject these arguments.

As an initial matter, the bankruptcy court was not required to

question how the state court reached its decision; that type of inquiry

would amount to an impermissible collateral attack on the Judgment. See

Lopez v. Emerg. Serv. Restoration, Inc. (In re Lopez), 367 B.R. 99, 106 (9th Cir.

BAP 2007) (“Under state law, a litigant may not collaterally attack a final

judgment for nonjurisdictional errors.”). But see Younie v. Gonya (In re

15
Younie), 211 B.R. 367, 375 (9th Cir. BAP 1997) (“A state court judgment is

subject to collateral attack if the judgment was procured by extrinsic

fraud.”). Mr. Zuckerman squandered his opportunities to challenge the

Admissions Order and Judgment in that regard—he failed to timely: 

(1) seek relief from the deemed admissions; (2) move for relief from

judgment or a new trial; or (3) prosecute his appeal. See CCP §§ 473(b), 657,

659(a), and 2033.300.

Moreover, the Judgment does not make clear that all the fraud causes

of action were decided on the sole basis of the deemed admissions; it

merely recites that the Admissions Order deemed Mr. Zuckerman to have

admitted to fraudulent intentional misrepresentation, fraudulent

concealment, fraudulent promise without intent to perform, and

conspiracy to defraud, all as alleged in the second amended complaint.6

Further, to the extent that the state court relied solely on admitted

conclusions of law, Mr. Zuckerman provided no authority that would

foreclose the application of issue preclusion on that basis under California

law.7 We see no reason why it would be foreclosed. California law provides

6

 In his reply brief, Mr. Zuckerman untimely argues for the first time that the

Judgment improperly relied on the Admissions Order because the second amended

complaint was superseded by a third amended complaint. However, the latter

complaint apparently contained nearly identical allegations, except that it alleged

damages in dollar amounts. And again, challenges to the validity of the Judgment

should have been made long ago.

7

 In fact, he asserts in his reply brief that “it is unclear whether under California

law admissions obtained as a result of a procedural penalty in a contested action (rather

than a default judgment), are sufficient to satisfy the ‘actually litigated’ requirement.”

16
that a party may, in writing, “request that any other party to the action

admit . . . the truth of specified matters of fact, opinion relating to fact, or

application of law to fact. A request for admission may relate to a matter that

is in controversy between the parties.” CCP § 2033.010 (emphasis added).

Any matter so admitted “is conclusively established against the party

making the admission in the pending action[.]” CCP § 2033.410(a). A

judgment can be properly entered based on admitted conclusions of law.

See Wilcox v. Birtwhistle, 21 Cal. 4th 973, 982-83 (1999) (“Parties often

propound requests for admission covering the ultimate facts of the case

that, if admitted, are outcome determinative. The propounding party who

gets ‘lucky’ and receives no response then notices a motion for a deemed

admitted order . . . . If the propounding party does not receive a response

by the hearing . . . he ‘hits the jackpot’ and ‘wins’ an irrevocable deemed

admitted order disposing of the lawsuit.”); see also Grace v. Mansourian, 240

Cal. App. 4th 523, 528-29 (2015). And a judgment rendered based on

deemed admissions can be given preclusive effect in subsequent

proceedings. As explained by a California Court of Appeal in the context of

a defensive application of issue preclusion,

[the defendant would] not [be] seeking to utilize the request for

admissions and failure to respond [by plaintiffs], but rather it

[would be] utilizing the former [judgment] establishing that

[defendant] was not liable to plaintiffs. The request for

admissions and failure to respond are not truly relevant to the

present motion for summary adjudication of issues since there

is presently no issue as to their effect. That issue was

determined in a prior proceeding.

17
Allis-Chalmers Corp. v. Super. Ct., 168 Cal. App. 3d 1155, 1159 (1985). Cf.

Johnson v. W3 Inv. Partners (In re Johnson), BAP No. SC-17-1194-LBF, 2018

WL 1803002, at *9 (9th Cir. BAP Apr. 16, 2018) (deemed admissions in a

stipulated judgment may be given preclusive effect in a § 523(a)(2)(A)

proceeding).

Mr. Zuckerman’s best argument would be to analogize to federal

preclusion law under which a judgment’s reliance on deemed admissions

is problematic if the admissions were obtained from a wholly inactive

litigant. For example, in Internal Revenue Service v. Palmer (In re Palmer), 207

F.3d 566 (9th Cir. 2000), the Ninth Circuit considered “whether a fraud

determination by the Tax Court, which resulted from a [debtor’s] failure to

controvert the Commissioner’s allegations of fraud and otherwise to

participate in the proceedings, collaterally estop[ped him] from contesting

the fraud in a subsequent bankruptcy proceeding.” Id. at 567. The debtor

had initiated proceedings to obtain a redetermination of his tax liability,

and the IRS filed an answer that included affirmative allegations of tax

fraud. Id. The debtor did nothing thereafter. He fatally failed to respond to

the fraud allegations and oppose the IRS’s motion for an order deeming the

allegations admitted. The Tax Court granted the IRS’s motion. The IRS then

moved for summary judgment, which the debtor also failed to oppose. The

Tax Court granted summary judgment and found that the debtor had

18
engaged in tax fraud based on the deemed admissions. When the debtor

subsequently sought to discharge his income tax debts in bankruptcy, the

IRS asserted issue preclusion as a bar. The Ninth Circuit concluded that

issue preclusion was not available because the debtor’s “‘deemed

admissions’ came at too incipient a stage of litigation that he had

abandoned at the outset to permit a conclusion that the fraud issue was

‘actually litigated.’” Id. at 568. 

But in this case, Mr. Zuckerman did not abandon the State Court

Action. He participated in the litigation by filing an answer with

affirmative defenses, a cross-complaint, demurrers, and other motions, and

by appearing telephonically or through counsel at case conferences and at

the commencement of trial. Therefore, his failure to contest the discovery

sanctions motion, to seek to set aside the deemed admissions, and to

personally appear at trial should not impact the preclusive effect of the

Judgment. See Thomas, 2005 WL 6136432, at *12 n.39.

3. The “express findings” rule is inapplicable.

Mr. Zuckerman also argues that issue preclusion cannot be applied

because the state court failed to make “express findings” as to each element

necessary under § 523(a)(2)(A). Issues are “actually litigated” in a default

judgment scenario only where either (1) the record shows an express

finding upon an allegation for which preclusion is sought; or (2) the court

in the prior proceeding necessarily decided the issue. See Baldwin v.

19
Kilpatrick (In re Baldwin), 249 F.3d 912, 919 (9th Cir. 2001). This “express

findings” doctrine is inapplicable; the Judgment is not a default judgment. 

C. The issues were “necessarily decided.”

Even if it were a default judgment, we need not address the

sufficiency of the state court’s findings because it necessarily decided the

issues. Id. The Judgment provides at several places that Mr. Zuckerman is

liable for fraud and awarded punitive damages. The Judgment “necessarily

included a determination of all of the facts required for actual fraud under

California law.” In re Younie, 211 B.R. at 374.

Because the identical issues were actually litigated and necessarily

decided, we conclude that the bankruptcy court did not err in determining

issue preclusion was available. 

D. Applying preclusion does not contravene public policy.

Neither did the bankruptcy court abuse its discretion in applying

issue preclusion. “[T]hree fundamental policies . . . support the application

of issue preclusion in appropriate cases: ‘preservation of the integrity of the

judicial system, promotion of judicial economy, and protection of litigants

from harassment by vexatious litigation.’“ Bouzaglou v. Haworth (In re

Bouzaglou), BAP No. CC-17-1253-SKuF, 2018 WL 4062299, at *8 (9th Cir.

BAP Aug. 13, 2018) (quoting Lucido, 51 Cal. 3d at 343). “[T]he trial court’s

decision to apply issue preclusion ultimately is a matter of discretion,

which turns on whether its application is consistent with these policies.” Id.

20
Mr. Zuckerman asserts that the bankruptcy court’s application of

issue preclusion contravened public policy because his attorney

“abandoned” him at trial. And he urges (for the first time in his reply brief)

that due process militates against giving preclusive effect to the Judgment

due to the “abandonment.” But “[d]ue process demands only that litigants

have the opportunity to be heard, not that they avail themselves of that

opportunity. The due process rights to notice and hearing prior to a civil

judgment are subject to waiver.”Garamendi v. Golden Eagle Ins. Co., 116 Cal.

App. 4th 694, 706 n.4 (2004) (citation and internal quotation marks

omitted). 

Here, the record suggests that Mr. Zuckerman was aware of

Mr. Garcia’s strategy at trial (i.e., to move for a case stay or dismissal) and

chose to gamble that Mr. Garcia would prevail, obviating his obligation to

attend trial. But he lost that bet. The court stated that it believed

Mr. Garcia’s exit was a “tactical maneuver, which he may have discussed

or not discussed with Mr. Zuckerman, to confound the court proceedings

for whatever reason they might have.” Such maneuvering was consistent

with Messrs. Zuckerman and Garcia’s prior delay tactics. 

Based on this record, the bankruptcy court correctly noted that 

[e]ven if [Mr. Zuckerman] was unaware that Mr. Garcia would

move to withdraw at the time, there was a risk that trial would

proceed, yet [he] decided not to appear. Disregarding a

judgment on this basis would improperly encourage

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defendants not to appear at trial and subsequently to attack the

judgment on the basis that they did not have an opportunity to

litigate their defense.

Thus, applying issue preclusion preserved the integrity of the judicial

system and did not violate Mr. Zuckerman’s due process rights. He has, at

best, a potential malpractice claim against Mr. Garcia. See Las Vegas Land &

Dev. Co., LLC v. Wilkie Way, LLC, 219 Cal. App. 4th 1086, 1093 (2013). 

Further, Appellees would be prejudiced if they were required to retry

the issues after litigating the State Court Action for seven years. Moreover,

the integrity of the judicial system depends on federal courts giving full

faith and credit to state court judgments. It would be a waste of judicial

resources for the bankruptcy court to conduct yet another trial.

For all these reasons, the bankruptcy court did not abuse its

discretion in applying issue preclusion to the Judgment.

E. Summary judgment in favor of all Appellees was proper.

Mr. Zuckerman claims that the bankruptcy court erred in granting

summary judgment in favor of fourteen of the Appellees (“14 Appellees”)

who allegedly either were dismissed from the State Court Action or

assigned their claims to Richard Abel—a plaintiff in a separate

nondischargeability action against Mr. Zuckerman. In opposing summary

judgment, Mr. Zuckerman first argued that judgment was not proper as to

the 14 Appellees on the alleged basis that they had been dismissed from the

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State Court Action prior to entry of the Judgment. But the record before the

bankruptcy court did not support his argument.8 The record merely

consisted of: (1) the 14 Appellees’ 2012 request for voluntary dismissal; and

(2) the state court’s 2014 order denying Mr. Zuckerman’s demurrer in

which it noted that certain unnamed plaintiffs had transferred their claims

to Mr. Abel, but that the assignments had no effect on the viability of such

claims as held by Mr. Abel.

Mr. Abel proffered the only evidence regarding potential

assignments or dismissals. The bankruptcy court ruled much of this

evidence inadmissible. And to the extent admissible, the evidence predated

the Judgment. It was not improper for the bankruptcy court to rely on the

face of the Judgment, which unequivocally determined Mr. Zuckerman

liable to the 14 Appellees for fraud. Mr. Abel, who is not a party to this

appeal but who has timely filed his own nondischargeability action, must

seek relief before the state court to address any mistake he perceives in the

Judgment regarding assigned claims. The dispute regarding who owns the

claims is between the 14 Appellees and Mr. Abel, not Mr. Zuckerman.

F. Mr. Zuckerman’s request to file a supplemental brief is denied. 

After oral argument, Mr. Zuckerman filed a request to file a

supplemental brief. Rule 8014(f) governs such a request. We deny the

8

 Mr. Zuckerman had ample time to proffer evidence in support of his argument;

the court continued the hearing for that purpose.

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request because we did not ask for supplemental briefing, the request does

not meet the requirements of Rule 8014(f), and the supplemental brief does

not bring any new legal authority to the attention of the Panel.

Even if we were to consider the briefing, it would not change any of

the conclusions that we have reached in this memorandum. In the briefing,

Mr. Zuckerman implores us to conclude that the bankruptcy court erred in

giving the Judgment preclusive effect because Appellees did not include in

their summary judgment motion their state court complaint upon which

the Judgment was entered. He argues that by omitting the complaint from

the summary judgment papers, Appellees failed to meet their burden to

show that there was no genuine issue that the state court found

Mr. Zuckerman liable for actual fraud as opposed to some other type of

fraud that may not require proof of the same elements as § 523(a)(2)(A)

fraud. We disagree.

As the moving party, Appellees bore the initial burden of production

as to each material fact upon which they had the burden of persuasion at

trial; their showing must have been sufficient for the bankruptcy court to

hold that no reasonable trier of fact could find other than for them. See

Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248. They met this burden by introducing a 14-page

Judgment that contained detailed findings that Mr. Zuckerman was liable

for intentional misrepresentation, concealment (fraud), promises without

intent to perform, conspiracy to defraud, and elder abuse and that awarded

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Appellees compensatory and California Civil Code § 3294 punitive

damages for such fraud.

Where, as here, “the moving party has carried its burden under Civil

Rule 56(c), its opponent must do more than simply show that there is some

metaphysical doubt as to the material facts.” Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co., Ltd.

v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586 (1986). “The mere existence of a

scintilla of evidence . . . will be insufficient; there must be evidence on

which the jury could reasonably find for [the opposing party].” Anderson,

477 U.S. at 252. The opposing party cannot “rest upon the mere allegations

or denials of [its] pleading but must instead produce evidence that sets

forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.” Estate of

Tucker ex rel. Tucker v. Interscope Records, Inc., 515 F.3d 1019, 1030 (9th Cir.

2008) (internal citation and quotation marks omitted). And inferences are

not drawn out of thin air; the opposing party must produce a factual

predicate from which the inference may be drawn. Richards v. Nielsen

Freight Lines, 602 F. Supp. 1224, 1244-45 (E.D. Cal. 1985), aff’d, 810 F.2d 898,

902 (9th Cir. 1987). 

Here, Mr. Zuckerman inadequately opined that the fraud determined

in the Judgment could have been based on constructive fraud, vicarious

liability/alter ego, or joint venture/agency without providing any evidence

that the Judgment was for anything other than actual fraud. If Appellees in

fact had pleaded a species of fraud other than actual fraud in their

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operative state court complaint, then Mr. Zuckerman could have, should

have, and almost certainly would have submitted the complaint to the

bankruptcy court in opposition to Appellees’ summary judgment motion.

Without doing so, he simply raised an unsupported “metaphysical doubt”

as to the nature of the fraud determined by the state court in the face of

overwhelming evidence that it is for actual fraud. He therefore failed to

meet his burden to show that there was a genuine dispute as to this issue.

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that the bankruptcy court did

not commit reversible error in granting summary judgment on the basis of

the preclusive effect of the Judgment. We AFFIRM the Order.

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