*

 Pursuant to Local Rule 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not be

published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in Local Rule 47.5.4.

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT

_______________________

No. 95-40708

_______________________

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

versus

JOHN LIPARI; MARCELLO NANDO DEROSA,

Defendants-Appellants.

_________________________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Southern District of Texas

(C-95-CR-45)

_________________________________________________________________________________

May 12, 1997

Before JOLLY, JONES and WIENER, Circuit Judges.

EDITH H. JONES, Circuit Judge:*

Appellants John Lipari and Marcello Nando DeRosa appeal their convictions and

sentences after a jury found them guilty of aiding and abetting in the possession with intent to

distribute more than 100 kilograms of marijuana in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) and 18 U.S.C.
2

§ 2 (“Count 1") and conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute more than 100 kilograms of

marijuana in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846 (“Count 2”). Finding no reversible error below, we affirm.

FACTUAL BACKGROUND

In early 1994, Jesus Vasquez (“Vasquez”) met with Francisco Villalobos

(“Villalobos”) and offered to pay him $40,000 to transport 100 kilograms of marijuana from Texas

to Michigan. Villalobos conveyed this information to his long-time friend, appellant Marcello Nando

DeRosa (“DeRosa”). The two decided to pay someone else $10,000 to transport the contraband, and

Villalobos and DeRosa would then split the remaining $30,000 between themselves.

DeRosa contacted his friend, appellant John Lipari (“Lipari”) because he knew that

Lipari worked as a horse trainer at a ranch and had access to a horse trailer that would be suitable for

transporting the marijuana. After discussing the prospective drug transaction with DeRosa, Lipari

contacted Barry Coplin (“Coplin”) and asked Coplin if he would be interested in transporting the

marijuana from Texas to Michigan for $10,000. Coplin agreed. He, Lipari, and Coplin’s fiancée

Maria Clowers (“Maria”) then drove to DeRosa’s home in California where they agreed that Coplin

would drive to McAllen, Texas, pick up the marijuana, and transport it in a horse trailer provided by

Lipari to Lansing, Michigan. 

To carry out the plan, Coplin rented a pickup truck and picked up the horse trailer at

the ranch where Lipariworked. He then drove to a shopping center parking lot near DeRosa’s house,

unhooked the horse trailer, and left it there. Later that evening, Coplin, DeRosa, and Villalobos met

in the parking lot to examine the trailer. The three men estimated that the trailer would hold

approximately 300 pounds of marijuana beneath the floorboards. 
1 Sherrie was released shortly after her arrest and returned to California.

3

At that time, Villalobos agreed to make the trip to Texas with Coplin and to pay for

all expenses along the way. DeRosa gave Coplin approximately $500 in cash for Coplin’s family’s

expenses during Coplin’s absence. The men agreed that Coplin would contact DeRosa once he

arrived in Michigan with the marijuana. The plan was that once they arrived in Michigan, Villalobos

would pay Coplin his $10,000 “transportation” fee.

Coplin and Villalobos drove to Texas to pick up the load of marijuana. DeRosa

remained in California. After they had acquired the marijuana, Villalobos and Vasquez decided that

Coplin should be accompanied by a woman on the drive to Michigan to look less suspicious at the

border patrol checkpoint at Fulfurrias, Texas. Coplin asked his fiancée Maria if she would be

interested in riding. She refused, but agreed to contact her ex-sister-in-law Sherrie Clowers

(“Sherrie”) who agreed to accompany Coplin to Michigan. DeRosa purchased an airline ticket to

Texas for Sherrie and gave her money for food on her trip.

On March 24, 1994, as Coplin and Sherrie began their drive to Michigan, Villalobos

and Vasquez drove ahead of them in a rental car to inspect the checkpoint to see if it looked safe for

the drugs to travel through. After being satisfied that it was safe, Villalobos called Coplin’s pager

indicating that it was safe to proceed. Villalobos and Vasquez then drove to a rest area just south

of the checkpoint and watched until they saw the trailer drive by. Villalobos and Vasquez then

returned to McAllen, Texas where Villalobos caught a flight to Lansing, Michigan to await the arrival

of the marijuana. However, unbeknownst to Villalobos and Vasquez, Coplin and Sherrie were

arrested at that checkpoint.1 Upon his arrest, Coplin gave a statement to the police.
4

Villalobos became concerned when Coplin failed to arrive in Michigan and contacted

DeRosa, but DeRosa had not yet heard from Coplin. After waiting another day for word from

Coplin, Villalobosflew back to California where DeRosa informed himthat Coplin had been arrested

and was cooperating with the authorities, and that the police were looking for Villalobos. Villalobos

immediately fled to Tijuana, Mexico and again contacted DeRosa. DeRosa met Villalobos in Tijuana

and reiterated to Villalobos that Coplin had “snitched” to the police.

OnMay31, 1994, Liparicontacted San Diego police officer Ronald Shankles. During

an interview between Lipari and Shankles, Lipari implicated DeRosa in the crime. On July 31, 1994,

Officer Shankles and another officer interviewed DeRosa. During that interview, DeRosa implicated

Lipari in the crime. On March 8, 1995, a grand jury indicted Lipari, DeRosa, and Villalobos.

On the morning ofLipari’s and DeRosa’strial, Villalobos pled guiltyto the conspiracy

count pursuant to a plea agreement with the government and became the government’s primary

witness. DeRosa moved for a continuance on the basis of surprise; the judge denied the motion. 

After a two-day trial, Lipari and DeRosa were found guilty of both counts of the

indictment. Lipari was sentenced to 63 months of imprisonment, to be followed by five years of

supervised release, a $500 fine, and a $100 mandatory special assessment. DeRosa was sentenced

to 108 months of imprisonment, to be followed by five years ofsupervised release, a $1000 fine, and

a $100 mandatory special assessment. Both Lipari and DeRosa appeal asserting several grounds of

error. 
2 United States v. Thomas, 12 F.3d 1350, 1358 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 511 U.S. 1095

(1994).

3 See id. (relying on United States v. Galvan, 949 F.2d 777, 782-83 (5th Cir. 1991)).

4 See id.

5 See United States v. Singh, 922 F.2d 1169, 1173 (5thCir.), cert. denied, 500 U.S. 938

(1991).

6 See id.

5

DISCUSSION

A. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE

DeRosa assertsthat there wasinsufficient evidence to sustain his conviction for Count

1; Lipari complains that there was insufficient evidence to sustain his convictions for both counts.

Because neither DeRosa nor Lipari filed a motion for a judgment of acquittal pursuant to FED. R.

CRIM. P. 29, we restrict our review of their claims to consideration of whether their convictions

resulted in a “manifest miscarriage of justice.”2 Such a miscarriage would exist only if the record is

devoid of evidence pointing to guilt, or ifthe evidence on a key element ofthe offense wasso tenuous

that a conviction would be shocking.3 In making this determination, we view the evidence in the light

most favorable to the government.4

1. DeRosa

The evidence supporting DeRosa’s conviction for aiding and abetting the possession

with intent to distribute marijuana is sufficient if it establishes that DeRosa became associated in the

criminal venture, participated in, and in some way acted to further it.5 Generally, the same evidence

will support both a conspiracy and an aiding and abetting conviction.6
7 391 U.S. 123, 88 S.Ct. 1620 (1968).

6

At a minimum, the evidence established that DeRosa presented the drug deal to

Coplin, introduced Coplin to Villalobos and vouched for his trustworthiness, advanced $500 to

Coplin to pay for Coplin’s family expenses during Coplin’s absence, and bought the airline ticket to

fly Sherrie to Texas so that she could ride with Coplin through the border checkpoint. The evidence

is sufficient to support DeRosa’s conviction. 

2. Lipari

Lipari argues that there is insufficient evidence to support his possession convictions

because he lacked the requisite intent to aid and abet, did not seek to make this criminal venture

succeed, and did not join the conspiracy. These claims are without merit.

The evidence established that Lipari understood that the purpose of the venture was

to transport marijuana, participated in the planning meeting that took place at DeRosa’s home,

recruited Coplin into the venture, and acquired the horse trailer used to transport the marijuana.

Whether or not Lipari wasto be paid for his assistance and did voluntarily become part ofthe criminal

transaction, it is easily inferred from this evidence that Lipari possessed the requisite intent. The

evidence is sufficient to support his convictions.

B. RIGHT TO CONFRONTATION

DeRosa and Lipari argue that their convictionsshould be reversed because the district

court erred in permitting the testimony of Officer Shankles regarding statements made by both

DeRosa and Lipari-- each implicating the other -- in violation ofBruton v. United States.

7

 In Bruton,

the Supreme Court held that a defendant’s Sixth Amendment right to confrontation is violated when

(1) co-defendants are tried jointly, (2) one defendant’s extrajudicial statement is used to implicate
8 See id. at 126.

9 See United States v. Kelly, 973 F.2d 1145, 1150 (5th Cir. 1992) (relying on United

States v. Basey, 816 F.2d 980, 1005 (5th Cir. 1987)).

10 See United States v. Beaumont, 972 F.2d 91, 95 (5th Cir. 1992).

11 See United States v. Alford, 999 F.2d 818, 821 (5th Cir. 1993).

12 See id.

7

another defendant in the crime, and (3) the confessor does not testify at trial and thereby is notsubject

to cross examination.8 However, a statement admitted in violation of Bruton may be harmless if the

statement’s impact is insignificant in light of the other evidence presented against the defendant.9 

As Officer Shankles’s testimony was admitted at their trial without objection, we

review only for plain error.10 Apart from Officer Shankles’s testimony, the government presented

testimony from Coplin, Villalobos, and Maria establishing that DeRosa and Lipari were directly

involved in this conspiracy. Any error from the admission of the testimony of Officer Shankles

regarding the statements of Lipari and/or DeRosa did not constitute plain error.

C. CONTINUANCE

DeRosa and Lipari contend that the district court erred in denying DeRosa’s motion

for continuance after learning on the morning of trial that co-conspirator Villalobos planned to plead

guilty and testify for the government. We review a district court’s denial of a motion for continuance

for abuse of discretion.11 The district court abused its discretion if the denial of DeRosa’s motion for

continuance severely prejudiced his defense.12

The government attempted to negotiate plea agreements with Villalobos, DeRosa, and

Lipari up to the date of trial. On May 31, during a final pretrial conference attended by DeRosa and
8

Lipari, the government revealed that it waslikelythat Villalobos would plead guiltyand testify against

Lipari and DeRosa at their trial. The district court then addressed the attorneys for DeRosa and

Lipari: 

THE COURT: ... And if, Mr. Burns [DeRosa’s trial counsel], Mr. Daniele [Lipari’s

trial counsel], things take a turn that this gentleman has a plea that might impact on

the two of your clients, would that make a difference in your trial on Monday? 

MR. BURNS: It shouldn’t, Your Honor.

THE COURT: Okay.

On the morning ofthe trial, counselfor DeRosa learned that Villalobos had indeed entered into a plea

agreement with the government; DeRosa’s counsel moved for continuance claiming surprise, that he

had justreceived the details ofVillalobos’sinterview and needed additionaltime to obtain information

to rebut Villalobos’s statements. The district court denied his request.

DeRosa contends that he was prejudiced by the denial of his continuance request

because additional time would have permitted him to learn of Villalobos’s prior felony drug record,

and his history of drug smuggling and committing perjury. We find this argument to be without

merit. DeRosa had five days to investigate Villalobos after learning of the possibility that Villalobos

would enter into a plea agreement with the government. Considering the overwhelming evidence of

guilt presented, the denial ofDeRosa’s motion for continuance did not severely prejudice his defense.
13 373 U.S. 83, 83 S.Ct. 1194 (1963).

14 See Green, 46 F.3d at 464 (citing United States v. Bagley, 473 U.S. 667, 676, 105

S.Ct. 3375, 3380(1985)).

15 See id. (relying on Bagley). 

16 See United States v. Green, 46 F.3d 461, 464 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___,

115 S.Ct. 2629 (1995).

9

D. FAILURE TO DISCLOSE EVIDENCE

DeRosa next complains that the government withheld information from him

concerning Villalobos’s criminal history in violation of Brady v. Maryland.

13

 Brady provides that

a defendant is entitled to have the government disclose evidence favorable to him, including evidence

useful to the defendant for impeachment purposes.14 Evidence subject to this rule must be favorable

to an accused such that, had it been disclosed to the defense, the result of the proceeding would have

been different.15 We review alleged Brady errors de novo.

16

 

DeRosa contends that, during the pendency of this appeal, he uncovered evidence

never disclosed to him by the government showing that at least five felony drug counts pending

against Villalobos were dismissed in exchange for histestimony against previous co-indictees and that

he perjured himself. The record fails to show that the government withheld the information from

DeRosa. Further, even if DeRosa’s claims that the government withheld this information were true,

there was no violation of Brady because the information which DeRosa seeks to include was

cumulative of DeRosa’s admissions on the witness stand to two previous drug convictions and to a

sentencing deal in this case. Additional fodder for impeachment would not likely have changed the

outcome of this trial.
17 See Beaumont, 972 F.2d at 95. DeRosa did not object to the introduction of coconspirator statements at trial.

10

E. ADMISSION OF CO-CONSPIRATOR STATEMENT

DeRosa and Lipari argue that the district court erred by permitting Officer William

Bussey to testify about Coplin’s post-arrest statements. As neither DeRosa nor Lipari objected to

this testimony at trial, we review for plain error.17 

They argue that because the sole purpose ofOfficer Bussey’stestimonywasto bolster

Coplin’s testimony, its introduction, coupled with the testimony elicited from Officer Shankles,

constituted plain error in that it seriously impaired DeRosa’s right to a fair trial.

Coplin testified that after his arrest, he told Officer Bussey the details of his

involvement in the conspiracy. When DeRosa’s counsel cross-examined Coplin about his post-arrest

statements to Officer Bussey, he asked Coplin several times whether Coplin had omitted information

in his post-arrest statements. Later in the trial, Officer Bussey testified for the government:

Q. Do you recall specific details that you talked about with Mr. Coplin?

A. Yes, sir, I do.

Q. You heard histestimony earlier, isthere anything significant that was different

from your earlier conversations with him?

A. No, sir, I can’t think of anything offhand that was different than what he had

initially told me.

This is the testimony about which they complain. Their complaint is without merit. 

The defense “opened the door” to this inquiry by cross-examining Coplin about the

content of his post-arrest statements in an effort to impeach him. The government was entitled to
18 See United States v. Wallace, 32 F.3d 921, 930 (5th Cir. 1994).

19 See United States v. McCaskey, 9 F.3d 368, 380 (5th Cir. 1993), cert. denied, ___

U.S. ___, 114 S.Ct. 1565 (1994). 

20 See Wallace, 32 F.3d at 930.

11

rehabilitateCoplin’stestimony byeliciting corroborating testimony fromOfficer Bussey. The district

court did not err by permitting this testimony. 

F. INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL

DeRosa raises his ineffective assistance of counsel claim for the first time on appeal.

Claims alleging ineffective assistance of counsel cannot be resolved on direct appeal unless the

defendant has adequately raised the issue in the district court.18 Exception to this rule is made only

if the record is sufficiently developed with respect to the merits of the ineffectiveness claim.19 The

record is not sufficiently developed in regard to DeRosa’s claim, and we, therefore, will not review

it. DeRosa remains free to pursue this ineffective assistance of counsel claim in accordance with 28

U.S.C. § 2255.20

G. SENTENCING

Both DeRosa and Lipari complain regarding the calculation of their sentences. 

1. DeRosa

Based on the recommendation made by the U.S. Probation Office in its Pre-Sentence

Investigation Report (“PSI”), the district court found that DeRosa acted as a manager or supervisor

of the conspiracy and increased his offense level by three points under § 3B1.1(b) of the Guidelines.

DeRosa contendsthat hisrole in the conspiracywas notsignificant enough to be characterized asthat

of a manager or supervisor.
21 See United States v. Liu, 960 F.2d 449, 456 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 506 U.S. 957

(1992).

22 See U.S. v. Sherrod, 964 F.2d 1501, 1506 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 506 U.S. 1041

(1993).

12

We review the district court’s factual determinations under the Guidelines for clear

error.21 A finding of fact is not clearly erroneous if it is plausible in light of the record viewed in its

entirety.22

In determining whether a defendant played a supervisor/manager role in an offense,

a court should consider such factors asthe exercise of decision-making authority, the

degree of participation in planning or organizing the offense, and the degree of control

and authority exercised over others.

U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1, Application note 3.

The evidence presented at trial established, at a minimum, that DeRosa was

responsible for the decision to use the horse trailer to transport the marijuana, recruited Lipari into

the conspiracy, hosted a preliminary meeting at his home during which he explained the details of the

drug transportation scheme to Coplin, called Coplin to informhimwhen the time had come for Coplin

to drive to Texas, introduced Coplin to Villalobos and reassured Villalobos of Coplin’s

trustworthiness, was contacted by Villalobos and Coplin while they were in Texas and was to be

contacted again whenCoplin arrived in Michigan with the drug load, and paid to fly Sherrie to Texas.

In light of the evidence, the district court’s finding that DeRosa was a supervisor or manager is not

clearly erroneous.
23 Under § 3B1.2, a defendant’s offense level can be reduced by four levels “[i]f the

defendant was a minimal participant in any criminal activity,” and by two levels “[i]f the defendant

was a minor participant in any criminal activity.” U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2(a),(b) (West 1995). In cases

falling between minor and minimal involvement, the reduction is by three levels. See id. 

24 Section 3B1.2(a), Application Note 1.

25 Section 3B1.2, Application Note 3.

26 United States v. Thomas, 932 F.2d 1085, 1092 (5th Cir. 1991), cert. denied, 502 U.S.

1038 (1992).

13

2. Lipari

Lipari argues that the district court erred in not finding that he was entitled to

reduction under § 3B1.2 for having minor or minimal role in the conspiracy.23 His argument is

without merit.

The Guidelines define a minimal participant as one who is “plainly among the least

culpable of those involved in the conduct of a group,” as indicated by “the defendant’s lack of

knowledge or understanding of the scope and structure of the enterprise and of the activities of

others.”24 Lipari was not a minimal participant. He was fully aware of the drug transportation

scheme in which he participated. By his own admission to Officer Shankles, he knew that the plan

was to transport contraband from Texas to Michigan, and he knew that the contraband to be

transported was marijuana.

Under the Guidelines, a minor participant is defined as one who is “less culpable than

most other participants, but whose role could not be described as minimal.”25 “It is improper for a

court to award a minor participation adjustment simply because a defendant does less than the other

participants. Rather, the defendant must do enough less so that he at best was peripheral to the

advancement ofthe illicit activity.”26 The district court’s finding that Lipari was not merely a “minor”
27 See United States v. Edwards, 65 F.3d 430, 432 (5th Cir. 1995).

28 See United States v. Navejar, 963 F.2d 732, 734 (5th Cir. 1992).

14

participant is supported by the record. Lipari recruited Coplin into the conspiracy and provided the

conspiracy with the use of the horse trailer. It cannot be said that Lipari was at best peripheral to the

advancement of the conspiracy. The district court’s finding is not clearly erroneous.

Lipari argues also argues that the district court made two legal errors in applying §

3B1.2 of the Guidelines. We review alleged legal errors in the application of the Guidelines de

novo.

27 Lipari asserts that the district court (1) may have erroneously believed that a downward

adjustment was not allowed in cases of drug possession and (2) impermissibly considered Lipari’s

previous criminal record as a basis for denying him minor role status.

Lipari’s claims have no merit. First, although the district judge stated that she was

unsure whether a minor role adjustment was permissible in cases of drug possession, she asked both

the government and Lipari whether her assessment of the law was correct. Both Lipari and the

government assured the court that a downward adjustment would be permissible. Second, as

discussed supra, the district court did not err in refusing to find that he played a minor role in this

offense. 

Finally, Lipari argues that the district court erred by failing to make express findings

as to the amount of marijuana for which he should be held accountable. Lipari’s PSI computed his

base offense level at 26, reflecting at least 100 but less than 400 kilograms of marijuana. The

sentencing court adopted the findings in Lipari’s PSI without objection; we, therefore, review for

plain error.28
29 United States v. Lopez, 923 F.2d 47, 50 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 500 U.S. 924 (1991)

(relying on United States v. Mourning, 914 F.2d 699, 703 (5th Cir. 1990)).

15

“Questions of fact capable of resolution by the district court upon proper objection

at sentencing can never constitute plain error.”29 In the absence of any objection, the district court

was permitted to adopt the recommendation of the probation officer in the PSI and did not err in so

doing. The evidence indicated that it was reasonably foreseeable to Lipari that 300 pounds of

marijuana could be involved in the conspiracy. 

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the convictions and sentences of both appellants are

AFFIRMED.