RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION

Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)

File Name: 20a0329p.06

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

ANGELA D. FUERST,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

SECRETARY OF THE AIR FORCE,

Defendant-Appellee.

┐

│

│

│

│

│

│

│

┘

No. 19-4139

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Southern District of Ohio at Dayton.

No. 3:18-cv-00316—Thomas M. Rose, District Judge.

Decided and Filed: October 14, 2020

Before: BOGGS, STRANCH, and THAPAR, Circuit Judges.

_________________

COUNSEL

ON BRIEF: David M. Duwel, DUWEL LAW, Dayton, Ohio, for Appellant. Kevin Koller, 

UNITED STATES ATTORNEY’S OFFICE, Cincinnati, Ohio, for Appellee.

_________________

OPINION

_________________

THAPAR, Circuit Judge. The Merit Systems Protection Board is a federal agency that 

adjudicates disputes between other federal agencies and their employees. Usually, employees 

must appeal the Board’s decisions to the Federal Circuit. But Angela Fuerst chose to appeal a 

Board order to a federal district court. That court found that it lacked jurisdiction. We agree and 

affirm. 

>
No. 19-4139 Fuerst v. Sec’y of the Air Force Page 2

I.

Three years after she started working for the Air Force, Angela Fuerst had a bad fall at a 

military base. Although the fall left her disabled, she returned to work part-time. She and the 

Air Force discussed potential accommodations that would allow her to work a full eight-hour 

day. But after several years, they still had not reached a resolution, and Fuerst still could not 

work a full day. The Air Force removed Fuerst from service after determining that her ability to 

work only part-time was affecting the office’s mission.

The Department of Labor subsequently determined that Fuerst was no longer disabled. 

Fuerst then applied to participate in a fast-track reemployment program for civil-service 

employees who were removed from service because of a disability but have since recovered. 

5 U.S.C. § 8151(b); 5 C.F.R. § 353.301(b). She asked the Air Force to place her on the 

appropriate priority reemployment list, but it did not act on her request. Fuerst v. Dep’t of Air 

Force, Nos. CH-0752-15-0187-I-1, CH-0353-15-0193-I-1, 2017 WL 747767 (M.S.P.B. Feb. 22, 

2017). 

Fuerst appealed to the Merit Systems Protection Board. She argued (1) that the Air Force 

was wrong to remove her from service and that her removal was motivated by disability 

discrimination, and (2) that she had a right to be placed on the priority reemployment list. Id. 

The Board disagreed that her removal was improper or motivated by discrimination, but 

determined that Fuerst should have been put on the reemployment list. Id. The Board ordered 

the Air Force to place Fuerst on that list retroactively and to hire her for any job she would have 

been given had she been on the list in the first place. Id. The Air Force searched for qualifying 

positions and eventually offered Fuerst two jobs at her pay grade. Fuerst v. Dep’t of the Air 

Force, No. CH-0353-15-0193-C-1, 2018 WL 3496994 (M.S.P.B. July 18, 2018). Fuerst did not 

accept the Air Force’s offers. Id.

Fuerst believed that the Air Force had negotiated in bad faith and thus had not complied 

with the Board’s mandate. So she returned to the Board and petitioned it to enforce its order. Id. 

The Board ruled that the Air Force had indeed complied by offering her two suitable jobs. Id. It 

denied Fuerst’s petition. Id.
No. 19-4139 Fuerst v. Sec’y of the Air Force Page 3

Fuerst then appealed the Board’s denial of her petition to a federal district court. The Air 

Force moved to dismiss this claim for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, arguing that the Federal 

Circuit has exclusive jurisdiction over the appeal. The district court agreed and dismissed the 

claim. Fuerst appealed.

II.

In the Civil Service Reform Act, Congress set out a path for federal employees like

Fuerst to challenge serious personnel actions (such as removal from service). The first stop is an 

appeal to the Merit Systems Protection Board.* 5 U.S.C. § 7513(d). Then, if the employee is 

unsatisfied with the Board’s decision, she can seek judicial review once the Board’s order 

becomes final. Id. § 7703(a)(1). In general, judicial review of the Board’s decisions is the job of 

the Federal Circuit—and only the Federal Circuit. Id. § 7703(b)(1)(A). But the path takes a 

different turn when the employee thinks that discrimination motivated the adverse personnel 

action. Rather than going to the Federal Circuit for judicial review, she follows the procedures 

described in the relevant anti-discrimination law—which is to say, she files a case in federal 

district court. See id. § 7703(b)(2); Kloeckner v. Solis, 568 U.S. 41, 46 (2012). The 

discrimination cases that qualify for this different jurisdictional path are called “mixed cases.” 

Kloeckner, 568 U.S. at 44; see also 5 U.S.C. § 7702(a)(1); 29 C.F.R. § 1614.302(a)(2) (defining 

“[m]ixed case appeals”). 

To bring a mixed case, an employee must complain that she has been “affected by an 

action which [she] may appeal to the Merit Systems Protection Board” and “allege[] that a basis 

for the action was [unlawful] discrimination.” 5 U.S.C. § 7702(a)(1); see id. § 7703(b)(2). Thus, 

a mixed case has to be based on an action that is (1) appealable to the Board, and (2) motivated 

in part by discrimination. 

This case is about the first of these two requirements—whether there was an appealable

agency action at the root of Fuerst’s complaint. Not all discriminatory actions are appealable: 

*An employee alleging discrimination can also file a complaint with her agency first and then appeal the 

agency’s decision either to the Merit Systems Protection Board or to the district court. 29 C.F.R. § 1614.302(b), 

(d)(1)(i). Fuerst did not take that path (and the existence of that option does not affect the analysis), so we do not 

discuss it further here. 
No. 19-4139 Fuerst v. Sec’y of the Air Force Page 4

a law, rule, or regulation must specifically authorize the appeal of any personnel action. 5 U.S.C. 

§ 7701(a); 5 C.F.R. § 1201.3(a). For example, Congress has authorized the Board to hear 

appeals of serious actions like removals from service or suspensions longer than fourteen days. 5 

U.S.C. §§ 7512–13; 5 C.F.R. § 1201.3(a)(1). And the failure to include an eligible employee on 

the priority reemployment list is also an action appealable to the Board. 5 C.F.R. §§ 353.301, 

353.304, 330.214. Appealable actions like these are the basis of any mixed case; Fuerst can’t 

have a mixed case—or get to the district court—without one. See 5 U.S.C. § 7702(a)(1).

Fuerst’s first case before the Board qualified as a mixed case. She (1) identified two 

appealable personnel actions—the Air Force’s decision to remove her and its failure to put her 

on the reemployment list. She also (2) alleged that disability discrimination prompted one of 

those personnel actions (the removal). As a result, that first case checked all the boxes, and 

Fuerst had a chance to appeal the Board’s decision to a district court. At first, she did just that. 

Fuerst v. Dep’t of the Air Force, No. 3:17-CV-184, 2018 WL 1587454, at *1 (S.D. Ohio Apr. 2, 

2018). But she ultimately decided not to pursue the appeal. Id.

Instead, Fuerst went back to the Air Force and hoped it would offer her a job. (The 

Board had, after all, ordered the Air Force to appoint Fuerst to any position she would have 

received if it had put her on the reemployment list when she first asked.) The Air Force offered 

her two jobs. But Fuerst did not believe the previous order was being carried out in good faith, 

so she returned to the Board and complained that the Air Force was not complying with the 

previous order.

This time, Fuerst didn’t have a mixed case. While you could say that an agency action 

(bad-faith negotiation) was at the root of her complaint, the law does not provide Fuerst a 

mechanism by which to “appeal” this action to the Board. See Oja v. Dep’t of the Army, 

405 F.3d 1349, 1355 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (stating that a breach by the agency is not an action 

appealable to the Board). What she could do was petition the Board to enforce its previous 

order, so that’s what she did. 5 U.S.C. § 1204(a)(2).

Why does this matter? Because that distinction affects where she can seek judicial 

review of the Board’s decision. If Fuerst’s second case was an appeal of an agency action—as 
No. 19-4139 Fuerst v. Sec’y of the Air Force Page 5

defined by the relevant law—then it could have qualified as a mixed case reviewable by the 

district court. But since it wasn’t an appeal of an agency action—and instead a petition for 

enforcement—it could not be a mixed case within the district court’s jurisdiction. 

That’s true even though Fuerst petitioned the Board to enforce an order issued in a mixed 

case. See Oja, 405 F.3d at 1355. It may seem counterintuitive at first, but it makes sense. The 

Board’s task in mixed cases is to “decide both the issue of discrimination and the appealable 

action[s].” 5 U.S.C. § 7702(a)(1). By the time Fuerst petitioned for enforcement, the Board had 

decided those issues already (indeed, if it had not, there would have been no order for it to 

enforce). Fuerst had a chance to ask a district court to review those decisions. She didn’t. And 

the question before the Board this time around was different: Did the Air Force comply with the 

earlier order or not? The Board said yes, and Fuerst can seek judicial review of this decision. 

But she must do that the ordinary way, by appealing to the Federal Circuit. Id. § 7703(b)(1)(A); 

see, e.g., Oja 405 F.3d at 1355.

We affirm.