IN THE SUPREME COURT, STATE OF WYOMING

2014 WY 111

APRIL TERM, A.D. 2014

September 8, 2014

DAVID CHARLES CROY,

Appellant

(Defendant),

v.

THE STATE OF WYOMING,

Appellee

(Plaintiff).

S-13-0260

Appeal from the District Court of Laramie County

The Honorable Peter G. Arnold, Judge

Representing Appellant:

Office of the State Public Defender: Diane M. Lozano, State Public Defender; 

Tina N. Olson, Chief Appellate Counsel; and Kirk A. Morgan, Senior Assistant 

Appellate Counsel. Argument by Mr. Morgan.

Representing Appellee:

Peter K. Michael, Wyoming Attorney General; David L. Delicath, Deputy 

Attorney General; Jenny L. Craig, Senior Assistant Attorney General; Darrell D. 

Jackson, Faculty Director, Prosecution Assistance Program; David E. Singleton, 

Student Director; and Anthony A. Millette, Student Intern. Argument by Mr. 

Millette.

Before BURKE, C.J., and HILL, KITE*, DAVIS, and FOX, JJ.

*Chief Justice at time of oral argument.
NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in Pacific Reporter Third. 

Readers are requested to notify the Clerk of the Supreme Court, Supreme Court Building, 

Cheyenne, Wyoming 82002, of any typographical or other formal errors so that correction may be 

made before final publication in the permanent volume.
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HILL, Justice.

[¶1] David Croy pled no contest to one count of interference with a police officer. 

Under the plea agreement, the State was to recommend a sentence of not less than three 

years nor more than five years of incarceration. In return, the State would request the 

court to suspend Croy’s sentence and place him on probation for five years. However, 

the district court did not follow this recommendation and instead sentenced Croy to three 

to six years in prison. On appeal, Croy contends that the district court abused its 

discretion in sentencing. Affirmed.

ISSUE

[¶2] Croy presents one issue:

Whether the district court abused its discretion in sentencing 

Croy to three to six years in prison so as to prevent Croy from 

driving while intoxicated in the future.

FACTS

[¶3] On September 21, 2012, Cheyenne police responded to an incident involving 

David Croy. Law enforcement suspected Croy to be intoxicated after smelling the odor 

of alcohol and noticing that Croy seemed confused. Medical responders arrived to 

evaluate Croy who was initially cooperative. Croy then became agitated and flailed his 

right arm. In concern for the safety of the medical personnel, one of the police officers 

grabbed Croy’s arm at which point Croy bit the police officer’s hand. Swelling and 

visible teeth marks resulted from the bite. Croy was charged with one count of felony 

interference with a peace officer under Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 6-5-204(b).

[¶4] On November 13, 2012, in exchange for the State agreeing to recommend 

probation as well as dismissing a different pending case, Croy pled no contest to the 

interference charge. On Croy’s motion to modify bond, Croy was released on his own 

recognizance and allowed to travel to Oregon to visit his ailing mother. The court 

scheduled sentencing for March 4, 2013, but it was delayed three times because Croy 

filed two continuances and failed to appear another time. Eventually, sentencing took 

place on September 16, 2013. At sentencing, the court was to address both a motion of 

revocation and sentencing, but the State chose not to pursue revocation. The State stood 

by their original plea agreement at the sentencing hearing and recommended a three to 

five year sentence which would be suspended and Croy would be placed on probation. 

The district court disregarded this recommendation and instead sentenced Croy to 

incarceration of three to six years.
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[¶5] The district court judge expressed several concerns with Croy’s alcohol problems, 

specifically in regard to Croy’s 11 recorded DUIs:

Mr. Croy, what am I going to tell the mother of the child you 

kill when you’re out drinking and driving? What am I going 

to tell her when she comes in and says, [‘]Great job, Judge

. . .; he had 11 convictions for driving while impaired or 

while under the influence. How could you possibly put him 

back on the street?[’] What am I going to tell her?

Croy responded by stating that he did not have a license or a vehicle. Croy stated he 

would stop himself from drinking in the future, to which the court replied, “But you 

haven’t in the past. There has never been a time when you didn’t drink. I’m sorry, Mr. 

Croy, I’m not going to take a chance.” The court continued:

I know you won’t drink and drive when you’re in prison. I 

have a guarantee of that. I have absolutely no guarantee – and 

I don’t doubt your sincerity; I don’t doubt your honesty that 

you have changed –

. . . .

[but] I have a responsibility to our community, to my 

community, to the people sitting out here –

. . . .

− to take every step I can to keep you from drinking 

and driving. And as I say, I don’t doubt your sincerity. But 

you yourself have told me that alcohol is addictive. And that 

means you have no control over whether or not you drink 

again, because you are addicted. You are an alcoholic.

And I understand that that’s a disease. And you have 

had repeated opportunities to have that disease treated, and 

you decided not to go through with it. I have very little reason 

to believe that this time is different. Because you have gone 

through – your son was killed by a drunk driver. That didn’t 

stop you from drinking and driving. I don’t think anything 

will.

I’m not willing to take that risk. Because I have that 

responsibility to keep you from doing that. And I’m glad to

hear you say that, regardless of what I do, you are still going 

to go through and complete that program, because that’s my 

only sustenance. But I am not going to take the chance that 

you will get a 12th DUI and in the process kill or hurt 

somebody, including yourself.
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I’m obliged to put on the record why I’m not going to 

put you on probation. I hope it’s clear from the record that 

I’m doing it because of your 30-year history of drinking and 

driving, and of being so drunk you don’t even remember what 

the guy looked like that you assaulted.

After discussion regarding facts of the case and defense counsel advocating on behalf of 

Croy, the court issued its sentence:

I’ve carefully reviewed . . . the presentence report, including 

the 10 pages of your criminal history which reflects that you 

have repeatedly committed crimes while on probation for 

crimes previously committed. . . .

. . . .

There was another comment that’s in your presentence report: 

The client will have excuses as to why he cannot attend 

sessions on a regular basis.

The court then sentenced Croy to a term of three to six years of incarceration in the 

Wyoming State Penitentiary. This appeal followed.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

[¶6] A district court is given broad discretion when it comes to sentencing dispositions:

We review a district court’s sentencing decisions for 

abuse of discretion. Roeschlein v. State, 2007 WY 156, ¶ 17, 

168 P.3d 468, 473 (Wyo. 2007). A sentence will not be 

disturbed because of sentencing procedures unless the 

defendant can show an abuse of discretion, procedural 

conduct prejudicial to him, circumstances which manifest 

inherent unfairness and injustice, or conduct which offends 

the public sense of fair play. Id. An error warrants reversal 

only when it is prejudicial and it affects an appellant’s 

substantial rights. Id. The party who is appealing bears the 

burden to establish that an error was prejudicial. Id.

Magnus v. State, 2013 WY 13, ¶ 24, 293 P.3d 459, 467-68 (Wyo. 2013) (quoting Joreski 

v. State, 2012 WY 143, ¶ 10, 288 P.3d 413, 416 (Wyo. 2012)).
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DISCUSSION

[¶7] This Court has demonstrated many times in recent years that it is a very difficult 

bar for an appellant to leap seeking to overturn a sentencing decision on an abuse of 

discretion argument. E.g., Noller v. State, 2010 WY 30, 266 P.3d 867 (Wyo. 2010); 

Sandoval v. State, 2009 WY 121, 217 P.3d 393 (Wyo. 2009); Hubbard v. State, 2008 WY 

12, ¶ 19, 175 P.3d 625, 629 (Wyo. 2008) (stating the burden “is an arduous one”); Smith 

v. State, 2005 WY 113, 119 P.3d 411 (Wyo. 2005). This is due in large part to precedent 

allowing a sentencing court the ability to consider a wide range of factors when imposing 

a sentence:

[District courts] are free, in the exercise of their sentencing 

discretion, to consider victim impact statements, PSI’s and 

other factors relating to the defendant and his crimes in 

imposing an appropriate sentence within the statutory range. 

Garcia v. State, 2007 WY 48, ¶ 10, 153 P.3d 941, 944 (Wyo. 

2007), citing Smith v. State, 2005 WY 113, ¶ 37, 199 P.3d

411 at 422.

Joreski ¶ 13, 288 P.3d at 417. In this case, the district court was statutorily allowed to 

issue a sentence of up to ten years. Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 6-5-204(b) (LexisNexis 2013). By 

sentencing Croy to three to six years of imprisonment, the sentence was at the very least 

within the statutorily allowed range. This Court has given additional language that is 

relevant to Croy’s sentencing regarding the factor of the presentence report:

[A] sentencing recommendation contained in a PSI 

[Presentence Investigation] is one of the factors that a court 

may properly consider in determining the appropriate 

sentence to impose.

Duke v. State, 2009 WY 74, ¶ 15, 209 P.3d 563, 569 (Wyo. 2009). The district court 

listed the careful review of Croy’s presentence report as reason for the incarceration. 

Although the district court did not specifically state it at the sentencing disposition, the 

presentence report recommended incarceration instead of probation due to reasons similar 

to those the court listed.

[¶8] Another factor district courts may consider upon sentencing is the defendant’s 

previous criminal history:

[E]vidence of prior criminal activity is ‘highly relevant to the 

sentencing decision . . .’ and may be considered by the court 
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despite the fact that no prosecution or conviction may have 

resulted.

Mehring v. State, 860 P.2d 1101, 1117 (Wyo. 1993), citing United States v. Hill, 688 F.2d 

18, 20 (6th Cir. 1982). In Croy’s sentencing, the previous DUIs were clearly an issue for 

the district court and a factor which gave the court great concern. Although Croy was not 

being convicted for drinking and driving in this case, Croy was intoxicated at the time of 

this arrest. This Court agrees with the State that alcohol being involved in this arrest 

shows some relation between the present case and the previous DUIs. Safety of the 

community should always be among the considerations for the district court when 

sentencing a defendant. Croy’s previous 11 DUIs evidence a clear risk to the safety of 

the community. By making a connection between the current offense and the previous 

DUIs, the court properly addressed the safety of the community. With deference to the 

district court in mind, it was not inappropriate to mention the previous convictions of 

DUIs.

[¶9] This Court has described four well-recognized purposes for sentencing: 1) 

rehabilitation, 2) punishment, 3) deterrence, and 4) removal from society. Wright v. 

State, 670 P.2d 1090, 1093 (Wyo. 1983). With regard to the last purpose, this Court has 

stated “[r]emoval from society may be necessary to prevent continued criminal action by 

an individual.” Id. As the State acknowledged, the court in this case considered many 

different factors during sentencing. Among the factors considered by the court were: 

review of the presentence report, previous criminal history, committing crimes while on 

probation in the past, the possibility of future drinking and driving, safety of the 

community, failure to complete alcohol treatment in the past (with the addition of listing 

excuses for not completing them), and the fact that the offense in front of the court had 

alcohol involved. Many of those factors include previous criminal activity and risk of 

future criminal activity. By sentencing Croy to incarceration, the district court was 

preventing continued criminal activity.

CONCLUSION

[¶10] We conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion at sentencing when 

considering Croy’s criminal history, such as previous DUIs, with safety of the 

community in mind. Affirmed.