Filed 7/29/16 P. v. Flores CA4/1

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

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COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION ONE

STATE OF CALIFORNIA

THE PEOPLE,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

ERIK AUSTIN FLORES et al.,

Defendant and Appellant.

 D069899

 (Super. Ct. No. FVI1403349)

APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Bernardino County, Debra 

Harris, Judge. Affirmed as modified.

Athena Shudde, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and 

Appellant Erik Austin Flores.

Gregory L. Cannon, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and 

Appellant Mariah Rita Sugg.

Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant Attorney 

General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, Eric A. Swenson, Lynne G. 
2

McGinnis and Jennifer B. Truong, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and 

Respondent.

Defendant Erik Flores is the father of three young children (John Doe 1, John Doe 

2, and Jane Doe) who were the victims of the charged offenses. The information alleged 

that, between April 1, 2011, and June 5, 2014, Flores committed torture (Pen. Code,

§ 206, count 3)1 and child abuse (§ 273a, subd. (a), count 4) on Jane Doe. The 

information further alleged that, during that same period, Flores committed torture 

(§ 206, count 7) and child abuse (§ 273a, subd. (a), count 8) on John Doe 2. The 

information further alleged that, during the same period, Flores committed child abuse 

(§ 273a, subd. (a), count 10) on John Doe 1. Finally, the information specifically alleged 

that Flores personally inflicted great bodily injury (§ 12022.7, subd. (d)) on the victims in 

connection with counts 4, 8 and 10.

Defendant Mariah Sugg had an "off-and-on" girlfriend relationship with Flores, 

and was separately charged with the same set of offenses against the same victims, but 

with differing windows of commission. The information alleged that, between 

December 1, 2012, and June 5, 2014, Sugg committed torture (§ 206, count 1) and child 

abuse (§ 273a, subd. (a), count 2) on Jane Doe. The information further alleged that Sugg 

committed torture (§ 206, count 5) and child abuse (§ 273a, subd. (a), count 6) on John 

Doe 2. The information further alleged Sugg committed child abuse (§ 273a, subd. (a), 

count 9) on John Doe 1. Finally, the information specifically alleged that Sugg 

 

1 All further statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise noted.
3

personally inflicted great bodily injury (§ 12022.7, subd. (d)) on the victims in connection 

with counts 2, 6 and 9.

The jury convicted Flores and Sugg on all counts, and found true the allegations 

Sugg personally inflicted great bodily injury in connection with counts 2 and 6 and that 

Flores personally inflicted great bodily injury in connection with counts 4 and 8. The 

court sentenced each defendant to two life terms plus six years, and imposed but stayed 

the sentence on the remaining convictions and true findings.

On appeal, Flores argues the court prejudicially erred by instructing the jury it 

could return guilty verdicts on the torture counts as an aider and abettor of Sugg under the 

natural and probable consequences doctrine. He also asserts the evidence was 

insufficient to support the torture convictions because there was no evidence either he or 

Sugg had the specific intent to cause cruel or extreme pain or suffering for the purposes 

of revenge, persuasion or any sadistic purpose.2 In Sugg's separate appeal, she claims 

section 273a, subdivision (a), is unconstitutional based on vagueness and, alternatively, 

that the court was sua sponte required to instruct that the jury could not find her guilty of 

 

2 Flores also asserts, in a claim joined in by Sugg, there are clerical errors in the 

minute order and abstract of judgment that must be corrected, because the court's oral 

pronouncement of sentence imposed a life term on counts 3 and 7 (as to Flores) and 

counts 1 and 5 (as to Sugg) but the minute order and abstract of judgment show a term of 

seven years to life was imposed on each of those counts. Flores and Sugg argue, and the 

People concede, that because the court's oral pronouncement of sentence controls over 

the minute order and abstract of judgment (People v. Farell (2002) 28 Cal.4th 381, 384, 

fn. 2), it must be corrected to show life terms on each of the correct counts. We agree 

and, on remand, the trial court shall correct the minute orders and abstracts of judgment 

to reflect imposition of life terms on counts 3 and 7 as to Flores and counts 1 and 5 as to 

Sugg. (People v. Mitchell (2001) 26 Cal.4th 181, 186-187.)
4

violating section 273a under the "willfully . . . permits" prong of that statute unless the 

jury found she had a duty to control Flores's conduct.

FACTS3

A. Background

Flores is the father of John Doe 1, John Doe 2, and Jane Doe. The children's 

biological mother left Flores and took the children with her to Oregon in September 

2011, but a few months later she sent the children to live with Flores because she had no 

money and was unable to care for them. She expected that it would be a temporary 

placement and that she would take the children back after she found a good job.

Flores was living with Janice N. (his then-girlfriend) and Janice's mother (Claudia) 

when the children were sent to live with him. Because Flores and Janice were homeless 

but Janice had a job, Flores would drive Janice to work and then take the children to the 

park, and they would return to Claudia's home after Janice finished work. Claudia 

noticed the children always returned home hungry, and she asked Flores on several 

occasions whether the children ate during the day, but Flores responded angrily by telling 

her, "Don't tell me f--- what to do with my kids, what to feed my kids."

 

3 Where, as here, a defendant contends the evidence is insufficient to support his 

conviction, we must "review the whole record in the light most favorable to the judgment

below to determine whether it discloses substantial evidence—that is, evidence which is 

reasonable, credible, and of solid value—such that a reasonable trier of fact could find the 

defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt." (People v. Johnson (1980) 26 Cal.3d 557, 

578.) We state the facts in the light most favorable to the judgment.
5

Janice's aunt and uncle, Jose and Erika, also saw that Flores's children were 

skinny, hungry, dirty and neglected. Jose offered them food every time he saw them, and 

they would eat over and over again, consuming as much as possible. When Jose offered 

the children food while Flores was present, the children would ask Flores for permission 

to eat, which Jose thought was unusual. When he learned Flores, Janice and the children 

were living out of their car, Jose offered to let the children stay with him and his wife, 

and Flores accepted. The children lived with Jose and his wife for a couple of months 

beginning around April 2012. The children were pale and hungry when they came to live 

with Jose, and ate "a lot" during the months they lived with him. One day, while 

changing Jane Doe's diaper, Claudia noticed her genital area looked very red and swollen, 

and they suspected there had been sexual abuse, but made no report of the suspected 

abuse until later.4

Jose wanted to keep the children but ultimately had to return them after Flores 

called police and claimed Jose had kidnapped them. When police came to Jose's home, 

Jose did not mention the suspected sexual abuse but did say the children were not ready 

to go home because Flores had no home, but police told Jose that Flores was the father 

 

4 Jose and Erika enrolled the children in preschool and daycare, and the owner of 

the daycare (Ms. Moran) noticed Jane Doe did not talk (which Moran thought unusual for 

that age), kept to herself, and her hair was thin. They had to feed Jane Doe, even though 

she was two years old, and Moran saw Jane Doe's ribs protruded. Moran also noticed 

Jane Doe would flinch when her diaper was changed and that her "private area looked 

swollen." Moran ultimately reported her concerns of possible sexual abuse because of 

the flinching and the swelling around Jane Doe's genital area.
6

and could take the children. Jose reported the suspected sexual abuse after Flores 

removed the children from Jose's home.

B. Flores's Relationship With Sugg

By the summer of 2012, after Flores regained custody of his children from Jose, he 

and his children had moved to Hesperia, California. A social worker, apparently 

responding to Jose's report of possible abuse, visited the children at Flores's mother's 

home sometime in May 2012 to investigate the condition of the children. When the 

social worker visited them, they appeared healthy. After a few follow-up visits that 

summer, including one after Flores and the children moved in with Sugg, the social 

worker closed the case.

Flores was involved in an "off-and-on" romantic relationship with Sugg. By 

August of 2012, Flores and the children had moved in with Sugg, and they were living 

with Sugg when the authorities finally intervened in June 2014 to remove the children 

from their care.5

C. The 2014 Reports and Actions

Sonia Jorge worked as a clerk at a grocery store in Hesperia, California. 

Beginning sometime in the first quarter of 2014, Jorge noticed Sugg (accompanied by a 

small boy and small girl) frequenting the store on Mondays. Both children were "so 

 

5 In a statement to police after the children were taken away, Flores said he moved 

in with Sugg to help with rent and expenses. He said he had moved back in with his 

mother for a period beginning in October 2013 because she had back surgery and needed 

his help, but by March 2014 Flores and the children had moved back in with Sugg.
7

skinny" they were "almost bones." On one occasion, the girl's forehead was bruised and 

the boy had a black eye. Another employee asked Sugg if she could give the children 

some change. When the children lifted their hands to accept the change, they were 

looking at Sugg and their hands were shaking. Jorge also offered the children a cookie, 

but Sugg refused the offer, saying they could not have cookies because they would make 

a mess in the car. Jorge responded she was sure they were good kids, but Sugg said they 

were only good around other people and told Jorge she could take the children. Jorge 

telephoned the Department of Children's Services (DCS) and reported the bruising she 

had seen and provided DCS with Sugg's license plate number, but DCS did not follow up 

on that report.

In May 2014 Sugg and Flores went to a beauty school to enroll Sugg in a program 

offered at the school. They were accompanied by Jane Doe and John Doe 2. The school 

director, Ms. Armas, saw the children were so thin their skin hung off their arms and they 

were able to sit side by side in a normal chair. She tried to talk to the children, but they 

"had no energy whatsoever." John Doe's eyes were dark and sunken, and he had dark 

circles under his eyes. He also had bruises on his forehead and shins, and his skin had no 

color.6

Armas telephoned the San Bernardino County Department of Children and Family 

Services and reported Flores and Sugg, and told the authorities the children looked 

 

6 Other people at the beauty school were equally shocked by the children's

appearance, looking like they had come out of a horror movie. One witness indicated 

they sat in a chair, holding hands, and did not move or make a sound, and "you could just 

see and sense the fear . . . of these kids."
8

malnourished, emaciated, and looked as though they'd been in a concentration camp. 

Ms. Jones, a social services worker, went to Sugg's home on May 22, 2014, to investigate 

the report, but Sugg told her that Flores was not home and said Jones would need Flores's

permission to have contact with the children. Jones returned a week later, after obtaining 

Flores's permission, and saw the children in their backyard. John Doe 2 and Jane Doe 

appeared thin, and Jane Doe (then four years old) was wearing a diaper and not speaking. 

Sugg told Jones they received food stamps and WIC nutrition money for Jane Doe, and 

Jones checked and found there was adequate food in the house. Sugg told Jones that 

Sugg cared for the children during the day while Flores was in school, and claimed she 

fed the children during the day and typically at night. Jones told Sugg a public health 

nurse would be coming to their home.

Jones spoke with the nurse on June 5, 2014, who expressed concerns about 

possible malnourishment. Jones contacted Flores and told him he needed to get the 

children to a doctor as soon as possible. After several conversations, he told Jones he 

could not get an appointment until the end of June. Jones was uncomfortable with that 

timetable but Flores became upset at her insistence that immediate action was required 

and demanded to talk to a supervisor. That request was accommodated, and Flores then 

called Jones back and asked if taking the children to an emergency room would "just end 

this." Jones agreed, and Flores took the children to an emergency room.

The emergency room doctor diagnosed the children with severe malnutrition and 

neglect and told Jones the children needed to be admitted to a hospital within a week. 

The next day, Jones obtained a detention warrant and removed the children from Flores
9

and Sugg's home. Jones stopped at a McDonald's with the children and John Doe 2 ate 

all of his breakfast, part of Jane Doe's breakfast, and said he was still hungry and 

repeatedly asked for more food. Jane Doe vomited 20 to 30 minutes after eating. Jones 

also changed Jane Doe's diaper and notice she was inflamed and red, and flinched when 

Jones wiped her. Jane Doe's vagina appeared "a lot more open than what a four-year 

old's vagina . . . should look like, it looked like there was a hemorrhoid and discharge."

Dr. Massi, a forensic pediatrician, examined John Doe 2 and Jane Doe. He 

concluded their condition resulted from deprivation of adequate nutrition for a long 

period of time. Jane Doe's condition was "approaching death": she was four years ten

months old but weighed only 22 pounds. John Doe 2, who was five years old but 

weighed just over 32 pounds, could have died had he not been hospitalized. Both had 

abnormally low heartbeats that were concerning, had developed Lanugo from prolonged 

malnutrition, and had suffered pancreatic injury. Jane Doe also had scarring and trauma 

to her genitalia consistent with having been penetrated, and showed behavioral signs of 

emotional trauma as well. John Doe 2 had scrapes and abrasions on his legs, left 

shoulder and forehead. Dr. Massi also explained the deleterious consequences of their 

condition over the remainder of their lives. The social worker who had investigated the 

condition of the children in mid-2012 saw them again after they had been detained in 

June 2014 and described them as "[u]nrecognizable" at that time.

D. Evidence from John Doe 1 and John Doe 2

A social worker interviewed John Doe 2, who described Sugg as his "new mom 

that's mean." John Doe 2 told the social worker that Sugg did not feed him or his brother, 
10

and John Doe 2 told Flores about that. John Doe 2 told the social worker Sugg made him 

stay outside and in the garage when Flores was gone, but Flores told John Doe 2 that he 

did not want to stand up for the children because they were too old and did not behave for 

him. Sugg beat John Doe 1 and John Doe 2 because she wanted them to go outside. 

John Doe 2 told the social worker that, in one incident, Sugg beat him with a belt and 

didn't care that it made him bleed. Flores saw this and told her to stop, and physically 

assaulted Sugg, but Flores then left the house and left the children alone with Sugg.

John Doe 1 testified at trial that Sugg was abusive, including making them run 

around the car in the garage at night until they had to go to bed. He described an 

occasion when Sugg and Flores punished the children (because John Doe 2 took some 

cookies while John Doe 1 was supposed to be watching him) by making all three children 

spend part of the night in the garage without blankets. John Doe 1 testified he was scared 

because he thought the garage was full of spiders that would bite him, but Flores and 

Sugg were laughing about it.

Sugg did not feed them enough food,7 and Flores was aware the children were not 

getting enough food. Sugg forced the children to do exercises all day while she watched 

television or laughed at them. She denied their requests for more food, and even denied 

requests for water and made them stand in the corner for asking for water. On one 

occasion, John Doe 1 saw Jane Doe drinking water from the toilet.

 

7 For example, John Doe 1 told a detective Sugg would give a him a third of a cup 

of macaroni and cheese for dinner, or would strip off the breading from a single corn dog 

and give him one half of the remaining meat for his meal while she consumed the rest.
11

Sugg hit all three children, including the use of a belt and a hanger, and did so 

without explanation. Flores also hit the children. Sugg frequently made the children 

stand in the corner, from breakfast until lunch, and John Doe 1 often did not know why. 

When Flores came home, he did not stop it, but made them continue standing in the 

corner. Sugg assigned John Doe 1 over 30 chores, including cleaning the toilets, which 

were impossible to complete in a single day. Sometimes he had to stand in the corner all 

day as punishment for not finishing his chores the previous day, and was only allowed to 

sit to eat his meals. Sugg also punished the children by forcing them to do exercises, like 

pushups, sit-ups, jumping jacks, or running in place, and sometimes required such 

exercise all day until it was bedtime. Flores was aware of Sugg's methods of punishment 

and disagreed with them; although Flores occasionally took the children away for a few 

days, he always returned to Sugg with the children.

E. The Defense

When asked if he had ever seen the children mistreated, a neighbor testified he 

never saw anything out of the ordinary.

II

ANALYSIS OF FLORES'S APPELLATE CLAIMS

A. The Aider and Abettor Instruction Was Proper

Flores argues the court's instructions were prejudicially erroneous because this 

permitted the jury to find Flores guilty of the nontarget offense of torture if it concluded 

(1) he aided and abetted Sugg in the target offense of felony child abuse and (2) the 

torture by Sugg was a natural and probable consequence of the felony child abuse he 
12

aided and abetted. He argues that, under People v. Chiu (2014) 59 Cal.4th 155 (Chiu), 

that instruction was erroneous and the error cannot be deemed harmless.

Aider and Abettor Liability

An aider and abettor may be convicted for crimes committed by the direct 

perpetrator under two alternative theories: under direct aiding and abetting principles and 

under the so-called "natural and probable consequences doctrine." (People v. McCoy

(2001) 25 Cal.4th 1111, 1117-1118.) Under direct aiding and abetting principles, the 

defendant is guilty of the intended (or "target") offense if he or she acted with knowledge 

of the criminal purpose of the direct perpetrator and with an intent or purpose either of 

committing, or of encouraging or facilitating commission of, the target offense. (Id. at 

p. 1118.) However, an aider and abettor can also be guilty of unintended crimes under 

the "natural and probable consequence" doctrine: when the aider and abettor acts with 

knowledge of the criminal purpose of the direct perpetrator and with an intent or purpose 

either of committing, or of encouraging or facilitating commission of, the target offense, 

he or she is guilty of both the intended (target) crime and any other offense (the 

"nontarget offense") committed by his or her confederate that was a "natural and probable 

consequence" of the target crime he or she aided and abetted. (Id. at p. 1117; accord, 

People v. Sattiewhite (2014) 59 Cal.4th 446, 472 [" ' "an aider and abettor is guilty not 

only of the offense he intended to encourage or facilitate, but also of any reasonably 

foreseeable offense committed by the perpetrator he aids and abets" ' "].) Under the 

natural and probable consequences doctrine, "[b]ecause the nontarget offense is 

unintended, the mens rea of the aider and abettor with respect to that offense is irrelevant 
13

and culpability is imposed simply because a reasonable person could have foreseen the 

commission of the nontarget crime. It follows that the aider and abettor will always be 

'equally guilty' with the direct perpetrator of an unintended crime that is the natural and 

probable consequence of the intended crime." (People v. Canizalez (2011) 197 

Cal.App.4th 832, 852.)

Chiu

In Chiu, supra, 59 Cal.4th 155, the court addressed whether an aider and abettor 

who knew of and intended to facilitate a target offense could be convicted of the 

nontarget offense of premeditated murder under the natural and probable consequences 

doctrine if the direct perpetrator committed premeditated murder and premeditated 

murder was a natural and probable consequence of the target crime. Chiu concluded that, 

although an aider and abettor may be convicted of premeditated murder under direct

aiding and abetting principles, an aider and abettor cannot be convicted of the nontarget 

offense of first degree premeditated murder under the natural and probable consequences 

doctrine, but may only be convicted of second degree murder under that doctrine. (Id. at 

pp. 158-159, 165.)

Chiu, after noting it had not considered aider and abettor liability for first degree 

premeditated murder under the natural and probable consequences doctrine, articulated 

its reasons for concluding an aider and abettor cannot be convicted of the nontarget 

offense of first degree premeditated murder under that doctrine. (Chiu, supra, 59 Cal.4th 

at pp. 163-167.) Chiu noted the natural and probable consequences doctrine is a common 

law doctrine "firmly entrenched in California law" (id. at p. 163) but, because it is not 
14

part of the statutory scheme, the court "may . . . determine the extent of aiding and 

abetting liability for a particular offense, keeping in mind the rational function that the 

doctrine is designed to serve and with the goal of avoiding any unfairness which might 

redound from too broad an application." (Id. at p. 164.) Chiu recognized aider and 

abettor culpability under the natural and probable consequences doctrine "is vicarious in 

nature" because it is " 'not premised upon the intention of the aider and abettor to commit 

the nontarget offense because the nontarget offense was not intended at all. It imposes 

vicarious liability for any offense committed by the direct perpetrator that is a natural and 

probable consequence of the target offense. [Citation.] Because the nontarget offense is 

unintended, the mens rea of the aider and abettor with respect to that offense is irrelevant 

and culpability is imposed simply because a reasonable person could have foreseen the 

commission of the nontarget crime.' [Quoting People v. Canizalez, supra, 197 

Cal.App.4th at p. 852)]." (Chiu, at p. 164.)

Chiu explained the natural and probable consequences doctrine is based on the 

principle that liability extends to reach " 'the actual, rather than the planned or "intended"

crime, committed on the policy [that] . . . aiders and abettors should be responsible for the 

criminal harms they have naturally, probably, and foreseeably put in motion.' [(Quoting 

People v. Luparello (1986) 187 Cal.App.3d 410, 439.)]" (Chiu, supra, 59 Cal.4th at 

pp. 164-165, italics added by Chiu.) Chiu concluded that, because the application of the 

natural and probable consequences doctrine does not depend on the foreseeability of 

every element of the nontarget offense but instead (at least in the context of murder under 

the natural and probable consequences doctrine) has focused on the reasonable 
15

foreseeability of the actual resulting harm, "the legitimate public policy concern of 

deterring aiders and abettors from aiding or encouraging the commission of offenses that 

would naturally, probably, and foreseeably result in an unlawful killing . . . is served by 

holding them culpable for the perpetrator's commission of the nontarget offense of 

second degree murder." (Id. at p. 165.) Chiu declared that limiting aider and abettor 

liability under the natural and probable consequences doctrine to second degree murder 

is:

"consistent with reasonable concepts of culpability. Aider and 

abettor liability under the natural and probable consequences 

doctrine does not require assistance with or actual knowledge and 

intent relating to the nontarget offense, nor subjective foreseeability 

of either that offense or the perpetrator's state of mind in committing 

it. [Citation.] It only requires that under all of the circumstances 

presented, a reasonable person in the defendant's position would 

have or should have known that the nontarget offense was a 

reasonably foreseeable consequence of the act aided and abetted by 

the defendant. [Citation.] [¶] However, this same public policy 

concern loses its force in the context of a defendant's liability as an 

aider and abettor of a first degree premeditated murder. First 

degree murder, like second degree murder, is the unlawful killing of 

a human being with malice aforethought, but has the additional 

elements of willfulness, premeditation, and deliberation, which 

trigger a heightened penalty. [Citation.] That mental state is 

uniquely subjective and personal. It requires more than a showing of 

intent to kill; the killer must act deliberately, carefully weighing the 

considerations for and against a choice to kill before he or she 

completes the acts that caused the death. [Citations.] Additionally, 

whether a direct perpetrator commits a nontarget offense of murder 

with or without premeditation and deliberation has no effect on the 

resultant harm. The victim has been killed regardless of the 

perpetrator's premeditative mental state. Although we have stated 

that an aider and abettor's 'punishment need not be finely calibrated 

to the criminal's mens rea' [(quoting People v. Favor (2012) 54 

Cal.4th 868, 878)], the connection between the defendant's 

culpability and the perpetrator's premeditative state is too 

attenuated to impose aider and abettor liability for first degree 
16

murder under the natural and probable consequences doctrine, 

especially in light of the severe penalty involved and the above 

stated public policy concern of deterrence." (Chiu, supra, 59 

Cal.4th at pp. 165-166, italics added.)

Analysis

Flores, although acknowledging Chiu examined only an aider and abettor's 

liability for first degree murder on a natural and probable consequences theory, asserts 

the same rationale employed in Chiu should apply to an aider and abettor's liability for 

torture on a natural and probable consequences theory, because torture is also focused on 

the mental state of the direct perpetrator rather than on the pain inflicted on the victim. 

(See, e.g., People v. Pre (2004) 117 Cal.App.4th 413, 419-420.) 

We conclude Chiu is limited to an aider and abettor's liability on a natural and 

probable consequences theory for first degree murder, and the animating concerns of 

Chiu are not sufficiently analogous to extend its application to an aider and abettor's 

liability on a natural and probable consequences theory for torture. First degree murder, 

apart from the felony-murder variety, requires both that the direct perpetrator acted with 

the specific intent to kill and that the direct perpetrator acted willfully, deliberately and 

with premeditation. (Chiu, supra, 59 Cal.4th at p. 166.) Our Supreme Court in Chiu held 

the latter components of that mental state (the willful, deliberate and premeditated aspect) 

was unique, explaining "[t]hat mental state is uniquely subjective and personal. It 

requires more than a showing of intent to kill; the killer must act deliberately, carefully 

weighing the considerations for and against a choice to kill before he or she completes 

the acts that caused the death." (Ibid.) However, although our Supreme Court concluded 
17

that policy reasons will excuse the aider and abettor from vicarious liability for the 

enhanced punishments applicable to first degree murder, it also concluded public policy 

underlying aider and abettor liability does not excuse the accomplice entirely, but instead 

is satisfied by an accomplice's second degree murder conviction: "In the context of 

murder, the natural and probable consequences doctrine serves the legitimate public 

policy concern of deterring aiders and abettors from aiding or encouraging the 

commission of offenses that would naturally, probably, and foreseeably result in an 

unlawful killing. A primary rationale for punishing such aiders and abettors—to deter 

them from aiding or encouraging the commission of offenses—is served by holding them 

culpable for the perpetrator's commission of the nontarget offense of second degree 

murder. (People v. Knoller (2007) 41 Cal.4th 139, 143, 151-152 . . . [second degree 

murder is the intentional killing without premeditation and deliberation or an unlawful 

killing proximately caused by an intentional act, the natural consequences of which are 

dangerous to life, performed with knowledge of the danger and with conscious disregard 

for human life].)" (Chiu, supra, 59 Cal.4th at p. 165.)

In contrast, the crime of torture is akin to the crime of second degree murder and 

imposes punishment when the perpetrator causes a harm and has a specific mental state. 

Moreover, torture is not divided into degrees in which a uniquely subjective or personal 

intent element elevates the punishment above that imposed for a lesser form of torture. 

Finally, the public policy concerns discussed in Chiu are satisfied if Flores is held 

culpable (as an aider and abettor) for Sugg's conduct under the natural and probable 

consequences doctrine, because he aided and abetted the target offense of felony child 
18

abuse and facilitated escalation of that conduct into the nontarget offense.8 We conclude 

that, because Chiu approved liability for an aider and abettor for second degree murder 

under the natural and probable consequences doctrine, and the policy factors that 

animated Chiu to disapprove first degree murder culpability lack sufficient analogues to 

extend Chiu to aider and abettor liability for torture under the natural and probable 

consequences doctrine, the court did not err in instructing the jury on aider and abettor 

liability.

B. Substantial Evidence Supports the Convictions for Torture

Flores secondarily argues the evidence was insufficient to support the convictions 

for torture, because there is no substantial evidence either he or Sugg intended to inflict 

severe pain and suffering, and there was insufficient evidence they intended to inflict 

such pain for a purpose proscribed by statute.

Legal Framework

The crime of torture, as set forth in section 206, provides: "Every person who, 

with the intent to cause cruel or extreme pain and suffering for the purpose of revenge, 

extortion, persuasion, or for any sadistic purpose, inflicts great bodily injury as defined in 

 

8 Our evaluation of Flores's argument, and our conclusion Chiu's limitations on the 

natural and probable consequences doctrine should not be extended to the offenses here, 

proceeds from the unstated assumption the jury found Flores guilty of felony child abuse 

(and the greater related crime of torture) on aiding and abetting principles rather than as 

the direct perpetrator of the felony child abuse and torture. However, we note the jury 

found true the allegations Flores personally inflicted great bodily injury in connection 

with the felony child abuse of the victims of the torture charged in counts 3 and 7, which 

undercuts the assumption the jury found him guilty based on aider and abettor principles. 

(See fn. 15, post.)
19

Section 12022.7 upon the person of another, is guilty of torture. [¶] The crime of torture 

does not require any proof that the victim suffered pain." Thus, "torture has two 

elements: (1) a person inflicted great bodily injury upon the person of another, and (2) the 

person inflicting the injury did so with specific intent to cause cruel and extreme pain and 

suffering for the purpose of revenge, extortion, persuasion, or for any sadistic purpose." 

(People v. Baker (2002) 98 Cal.App.4th 1217, 1223.)

When evaluating a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, our role is limited. 

The appellate court " 'must "review the whole record in the light most favorable to the 

judgment below to determine whether it discloses substantial evidence—that is, evidence 

which is reasonable, credible, and of solid value—such that a reasonable trier of fact 

could find the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt." [Citations.] [¶] . . . But it is 

the jury, not the appellate court, which must be convinced of the defendant's guilt beyond 

a reasonable doubt. [Citation.] Therefore, an appellate court may not substitute its 

judgment for that of the jury.' " (People v. Sanchez (1998) 62 Cal.App.4th 460, 468, 

quoting People v. Ceja (1993) 4 Cal.4th 1134, 1138-1139.) We must " ' "presume in 

support of the judgment the existence of every fact the trier could reasonably deduce 

from the evidence" ' " (People v. Davis (1995) 10 Cal.4th 463, 509), and we may not 

reweigh the evidence or reevaluate the credibility of witnesses. (People v. Green (1997) 

51 Cal.App.4th 1433, 1437.) "Before a judgment of conviction can be set aside for 

insufficiency of the evidence to support the trier of fact's verdict, it must clearly appear

that upon no hypothesis whatever is there sufficient evidence to support it." (People v. 

Rehmeyer (1993) 19 Cal.App.4th 1758, 1765.)
20

Analysis

The first element of torture requires evidence Flores or Sugg intended to inflict 

extreme or severe pain. (People v. Burton (2006) 143 Cal.App.4th 447, 452.) The courts 

have recognized that "[i]ntent is rarely susceptible of direct proof and usually must be 

inferred from the facts and circumstances surrounding the offense" (People v. Pre, supra, 

117 Cal.App.4th at p. 420), and "[a]bsent direct evidence of such intent, the 

circumstances of the offense can establish the intent to inflict extreme or severe pain."

(Burton, at p. 452.) Flores does not dispute that prolonged starvation or excessive 

corporal punishment can qualify as extreme or severe pain within the meaning of the 

torture statute,9 and instead asserts only that there was no evidence they intended their 

conduct to inflict severe pain. However, a jury may consider all of the circumstances 

(People v. Misa (2006) 140 Cal.App.4th 837, 843), including the severity of the injuries 

(People v. Burton, supra, 143 Cal.App.4th at p. 452) to determine whether the defendant 

intended to inflict cruel or extreme pain. Here, two of the victims were so obviously 

emaciated that a lay witness testified it looked as though they'd been in a concentration 

camp, and the doctor who examined them testified Jane Doe's condition was 

"approaching death" and that John Doe 2 could have died had he not been hospitalized. 

 

9 Both forms of abuse appear to qualify under the torture statute (see People v. 

Lewis (2004) 120 Cal.App.4th 882, 887 [stating in dicta that withholding food and water 

causing starvation can qualify as torture]; People v. Assad (2010) 189 Cal.App.4th 187, 

196 [beating with hose and belt]), and there is ample evidence from which a jury could 

conclude Flores and Sugg inflicted both forms of physical abuse here.
21

There was substantial evidence from which a jury could infer Flores and Sugg intended to 

inflict cruel and extreme pain on these victims.

Flores alternatively argues there is no substantial evidence to satisfy the second 

prong of torture because, even assuming the evidence supported a finding that Flores and 

Sugg intended to cause cruel and extreme pain and suffering, there was no evidence they 

did so "for the purpose of revenge, extortion, persuasion, or for any sadistic purpose." 

However, inflicting cruel and extreme pain and suffering to discipline children appears to 

be encompassed within the torture statute (see, e.g., People v. Jennings (2010) 50 Cal.4th 

616, 685 [noting deliberate act of starving a child when employed as a behavior 

modification technique can qualify as torture]), and there is evidence from which a jury 

could have concluded Sugg employed beatings and food deprivation to discipline Flores's

children, and Flores knew of and acquiesced to Sugg's methods.10

We conclude there was evidence from which a jury could have inferred Flores and 

Sugg inflicted great bodily injury on the victims with the intent to cause cruel and 

 

10 For example, when Sugg elected to discipline all three children (because one had 

eaten a cookie without permission) by making them sleep in the garage without blankets, 

and despite the distress it caused the children, Flores and Sugg were in the house 

laughing about it. Sugg also disciplined the children by making them stand all day in a 

corner and, when Flores returned home, he did nothing to relieve the children of that 

punishment; instead, they continued to have to stand in the corner. Indeed, when John 

Doe 2 told Flores about Sugg's mistreatment of them, Flores said he would not stand up 

for the children because they were too old and were not well-behaved. On another 

occasion, when Sugg disciplined John Doe 2 by making him stand outside while 

everyone else was inside eating dinner, Flores did not countermand that discipline but 

instead told John Doe 2 to "just roll with it."
22

extreme pain and suffering for the purpose of persuasion, and therefore we affirm the 

convictions for torture as alleged in counts 3 and 7 against Flores.

III

ANALYSIS OF SUGG'S APPELLATE CLAIMS

Sugg argues section 273a is unconstitutionally vague under the rationale of People 

v. Heitzman (1994) 9 Cal.4th 189 (Heitzman) because it facially permits a defendant to be 

convicted if he or she "permits" a child to suffer the requisite injury at the hands of 

another without expressly limiting its reach to defendants who were under an affirmative 

duty to act to protect the child from such injury. Sugg alternatively asserts that, even 

assuming the statute can be given the judicial gloss Heitzman superimposed on section 

368, reversal is still required because the trial court's instructions did not sua sponte 

incorporate that narrowing construction, and such omission cannot be deemed harmless 

under Chapman v. California (1967) 386 U.S. 18 or even under the lesser standard of 

People v. Watson (1956) 46 Cal.2d 818, 836, and therefore asserts we should reverse all 

of the convictions.

A. Legal Framework

Section 273a

Section 273a has been described as "an omnibus statute that proscribes essentially 

four branches of conduct." (People v. Sargent (1999) 19 Cal.4th 1206, 1215 (Sargent). 

The court in People v. Valdez (2002) 27 Cal.4th 778, 783 (Valdez), characterized those 

four branches of proscribed conduct as follows: 
23

"As relevant here, [section 273a] provides: 'Any person who, under 

circumstances or conditions likely to produce great bodily harm or 

death, [1] willfully causes or permits any child to suffer, or [2] 

inflicts thereon unjustifiable physical pain or mental suffering, or [3] 

having the care or custody of any child, willfully causes or permits 

the person or health of that child to be injured, or [4] willfully causes 

or permits that child to be placed in a situation where his or her 

person or health is endangered, shall be punished by imprisonment 

in a county jail not exceeding one year, or in the state prison for two, 

four, or six years.' [Fn. omitted.]"

The courts have also stated that "a violation of [section 273a] can occur in a wide 

variety of situations: the definition broadly includes both active and passive conduct, i.e., 

child abuse by direct assault and child endangering by extreme neglect." (People v. 

Smith (1984) 35 Cal.3d 798, 806.) In cases in which the defendant directly inflicted the 

requisite injury, the mens rea for the offense is the general intent to perform the 

underlying injurious act. (Sargent, supra, 19 Cal.4th at pp. 1219-1224.) However, in 

examining the so-called "indirect abuse" (Valdez, supra, 27 Cal.4th at p. 784) or 

" 'passive conduct' " (Sargent, at p. 1216) context, in which the defendant's actions or 

inactions indirectly cause the requisite harm to the child, Valdez concluded the mens rea 

for those aspects of section 273a criminalizing conduct that "willfully causes or permits"

the requisite injury is a criminal negligence standard. (Valdez, at pp. 787-791.)

Heitzman

In Heitzman, supra, 9 Cal.4th 189, our Supreme Court addressed a void-forvagueness challenge to a section 368, a statute "based almost verbatim on section 

273a . . . ." (Valdez, supra, 27 Cal.4th at p. 788.) Heitzman summarized the void-forvagueness principles by explaining that a penal statute must " 'define the criminal offense 
24

with sufficient definiteness that ordinary people can understand what conduct is 

prohibited and in a manner that does not encourage arbitrary and discriminatory 

enforcement.' (Kolender v. Lawson (1983) 461 U.S. 352, 357 . . . ; [citation].) [¶] It is 

established that in order for a criminal statute to satisfy the dictates of due process, two 

requirements must be met. First, the provision must be definite enough to provide a 

standard of conduct for those whose activities are proscribed. [Citations.] Because we 

assume that individuals are free to choose between lawful and unlawful conduct, 'we 

insist that laws give the person of ordinary intelligence a reasonable opportunity to know 

what is prohibited, so that he [or she] may act accordingly. Vague laws trap the innocent 

by not providing fair warning.' (Grayned v. City of Rockford (1972) 408 U.S. 104, 108

. . . ; [citation].) [¶] Second, the statute must provide definite guidelines for the police in 

order to prevent arbitrary and discriminatory enforcement." (Heitzman, supra, 9 Cal.4th 

at p. 199.)

The Heitzman court evaluated a challenge to a segment of section 368, which 

facially criminalized passive conduct (resulting in the requisite injury) by a certain 

category of persons, under these void-for-vagueness principles. (Heitzman, supra, 9 

Cal.4th at p. 193.) The court began by noting the structure of section 368 "reaches two 

categories of offenders: (1) any person who willfully causes or permits an elder to suffer, 

or who directly inflicts, unjustifiable pain or mental suffering on any elder, and (2) the 

elder's caretaker or custodian who willfully causes or permits injury to his or her charge, 

or who willfully causes or permits the elder to be placed in a dangerous situation." (Id. at 

p. 197.) The Supreme Court in Heitzman examined whether a defendant in the former 
25

category, who the prosecutor acknowledged was not the victim's caretaker or custodian 

prosecutable under "that portion of the statute pertaining to caretakers or custodians" (id. 

at p. 206), could constitutionally be prosecuted as a member of the "any person" category 

of potential defendants when her culpability under section 368 rested on her inaction. 

(Id. at pp. 206-214; Valdez, supra, 27 Cal.4th at p. 785 ["[i]n [Heitzman] . . . we 

addressed the class of persons who, in addition to caretakers and custodians, had a duty to 

prevent elder abuse"].)

Heitzman, after observing the statute "may be applied to a wide range of abusive 

situations, including within its scope active, assaultive conduct, as well as passive forms 

of abuse, such as extreme neglect" (Heitzman, supra, 9 Cal.4th at p. 197), noted the 

defendant in that case was charged under former section 368, subdivision (a), with 

"willfully permitting" her elder father to suffer the requisite injury. (Ibid.) Heitzman,

concluding "[i]t was thus her failure to act, i.e., her failure to prevent the infliction of 

abuse on her father, that created the potential for her criminal liability under the statute"

(ibid.), therefore examined the constitutionality of that portion of section 368 imposing

criminal liability for the failure to act as applied to "any person who willfully . . . 

permits" the requisite injury. (Heitzman, supra, 9 Cal.4th at p. 197.) Heitzman began 

with the recognition that, "[u]nlike the imposition of criminal penalties for certain 

positive acts, which is based on the statutory proscription of such conduct, when an 

individual's criminal liability is based on the failure to act, it is well established that he or 

she must first be under an existing legal duty to take positive action." (Ibid.) The duty to 

take positive action can find its source in the statute itself. (Id. at p. 198 ["[a] legal duty 
26

to act is often imposed by the express provisions of a criminal statute itself"].) 

Alternatively, "[w]hen a criminal statute does not set forth a legal duty to act by its 

express terms, liability for a failure to act must be premised on the existence of a duty 

found elsewhere" (ibid.), such as another criminal or civil statute or "a common law duty 

based on the legal relationship between the defendant and the victim, such as that 

imposed on parents to care for and protect their minor children." (Ibid.) Heitzman

summarized the "void for vagueness" challenge presented there by stating that, "for 

criminal liability to attach under section 368[, subdivision] (a) for willfully permitting the 

infliction of physical pain or mental suffering on an elder, a defendant must first be under 

a legal duty to act. Whether the statute adequately denotes the class of persons who owe 

such a duty is the focus of the constitutional question presented here." (Id. at p. 199.)

Heitzman concluded section 368, subdivision (a), insofar as it purported to 

criminalize the willful failure to prevent abuse by the class of potential defendants 

encompassed by the "any person" language of section 368, would be void for vagueness 

without a limiting principle that a person falling within that class had an affirmative duty 

to act to prevent the harm to the victim, because neither the statutory language itself nor 

the case law construing it contained that limitation. (Heitzman, supra, 9 Cal.4th at 

pp. 199-207 ["In sum, contrary to constitutional requirements, neither the language nor 

subsequent judicial construction of section 368[, subdivision] (a) provides adequate 

notice to those who may be under a duty to prevent the infliction of abuse on an elder. 

Moreover, the statute fails to provide a clear standard for those charged with enforcing 

the law."].) However, Heitzman then explained that, although the court: 
27

"determined that the portion of section 368[, subdivision] (a) 

purporting to impose on any person the duty to prevent the infliction 

of pain or suffering on an elder fails to meet the constitutional 

requirement of certainty[,] [b]efore declaring a statute void for 

vagueness, . . . we have an obligation to determine whether its 

validity can be preserved by 'giv[ing] specific content to terms that 

might otherwise be unconstitutionally vague.' (Associated Home 

Builders etc., Inc. v. City of Livermore (1976) 18 Cal.3d 582, 598 

. . . ; [citations].) Indeed, we cannot invalidate a statute as 

unconstitutionally vague if ' "any reasonable and practical 

construction can be given to its language." ' (Walker v. Superior 

Court (1988) 47 Cal.3d 112, 143 . . . ; [citation].) [¶] As we shall 

explain, the constitutionally offensive portion of the statute is indeed 

susceptible of a clarifying construction . . . ." (Heitzman, at p. 209, 

italics added.)

The Heitzman court ultimately concluded the validity of the challenged portion of 

section 368, subdivision (a), could be preserved by giving the "constitutionally offensive 

portion of the statute . . . a clarifying construction," (Heitzman, supra, 9 Cal.4th at p. 209) 

and did so by superimposing on the "any person who willfully . . . permits" (id. at p. 197) 

portion of the statute a judicial gloss that limited its reach to those who had an affirmative 

duty to exert control over the actor causing or directly inflicting the injury on the victim. 

(Id. at pp. 212-214 ["[A] special relationship between the defendant and the person 

inflicting pain or suffering on the elder does provide the basis for a reasonable and 

practical interpretation of the statutory language at issue here. Under such a statutory 

construction, in order for criminal liability to arise for permitting an elder to suffer 

unjustifiable pain or suffering, a defendant must stand in a special relationship to the 

individual inflicting the abuse on the elder such that the defendant is under an existing 

duty to supervise and control that individual's conduct."].) Thus, Heitzman preserved the 

validity of the challenged portion of section 368, subdivision (a), by judicially construing 
28

the "any person who . . . willfully . . . permits " portion of the statute to limit its reach to 

those persons who, by statutory or common law principles, had an affirmative duty to 

exert control over the actor causing or directly inflicting the injury on the victim.

B. The Due Process Claim

Sugg argues that, under Heitzman, section 273a is unconstitutionally vague. We 

begin by noting that Sugg raises no challenge to the constitutionality of those portions of 

section 273a, subdivision (a), that impose criminal penalties on that class of persons "who

. . . willfully causes . . . or inflicts . . . unjustifiable physical pain or mental suffering" on a 

child, nor does she challenge to the constitutionality of those portions of section 273a, 

subdivision (a), that impose criminal penalties on the class of persons who "hav[e] the 

care or custody of any child" and either "willfully cause[] or permit[] the person or health 

of that child to be injured" or "willfully cause[] or permit[] that child to be placed in a 

situation [in which] his or her person or health is endangered."11 Instead, Sugg 

challenges only the constitutionality of that aspect of section 273a, subdivision (a), 

 

11 Other courts have rejected void-for-vagueness challenges to the liability imposed 

on persons having the care and custody of the child (see, e.g., People v. Beaugez (1965) 

232 Cal.App.2d 650, 655-657), and Heitzman (although questioning the statute insofar as 

it imposed liability on a noncaretaker who "willfully permits" the victim to be injured) 

expressed no concerns with the "caretaker" aspects of the statute, because Heitzman

expressly observed that "[b]ased on their status as [victim's] caretakers, felony criminal 

liability was properly imposed on Richard, Sr., and Jerry pursuant to section 368[, 

subdivision (a) for the role they played in bringing about their father's demise." 

(Heitzman, supra, 9 Cal.4th at pp. 214-215.) Indeed, Heitzman noted that once a

defendant has assumed custody and care over the victim, the duty to affirmatively act to 

protect a victim is inherent in the statutory scheme. (Id. at p. 208 & fn. 16.)
29

which, as in Heitzman, imposes criminal penalties on "any person who . . . willfully . . .

permits" the requisite injury to be inflicted.

We conclude that, because "the legislative history reflects that the language of 

section 368[, subdivision] (a) derives verbatim from the felony child abuse statute, 

section 273a" (Heitzman, supra, 9 Cal.4th at pp. 204-205), the same limiting construction 

adopted by Heitzman can appropriately be adopted as an overlay to "the constitutionally 

offensive portion of the statute" (id. at p. 209), and thereby preserve the constitutionality 

of section 273a. Accordingly, we follow our Supreme Court's analysis in Heitzman and 

construe that portion of section 273a that imposes criminal penalties on noncaretakers 

who "willfully permit[]" the requisite injury to be inflicted on a victim is limited to those 

persons who had an affirmative duty, under statutory or common law principles, to exert 

control over the actor who caused or directly inflicted the injury on the victim. As so 

construed, we follow Heitzman and conclude section 273a comports with relevant due 

process principles, and we therefore reject Sugg's assertion that section 273a is 

unconstitutional.

C. The Instructional Claim

Sugg argues that, even if adopting Heitzman's limiting construction preserves the 

constitutionality of that portion of section 273a—the section 368 counterpart of which 

was examined in Heitzman, reversal of her convictions is nevertheless required because 

there was instructional error in not instructing on the principles embodied in Heitzman. 

Sugg argues the trial court instructed the jury on all possible theories of guilt embodied in 

section 273a, including the "constitutionally offensive portion of the statute" (Heitzman, 
30

supra, 9 Cal.4th at p. 209) of being a person who "willfully permit[ted]" the requisite 

injury to be inflicted. Sugg asserts that, as to this aspect of the court's instructions, the 

court erred by not sua sponte instructing the jury (under Heitzman) it could only convict 

Sugg as a "person who . . . willfully permit[ted]" the requisite injury to be inflicted if the 

jury also found Sugg had an affirmative duty, under statutory or common law principles, 

to exert control over Flores as the person who caused or directly inflicted the injury on 

the victims. Absent this clarifying instruction, Sugg asserts that (although it is possible 

the jury convicted Sugg based on one of the other correct theories) it is possible the jury 

convicted her on all counts under a legally erroneous theory, i.e. that she "willfully 

permit[ted]" Flores to inflict the injuries without a prefatory finding by the jury that she 

had a duty to control his actions. She asserts such error requires reversal unless this court

can conclude, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the jury based its verdict on a legally 

accurate theory, and she argues the facts presented here cannot support that conclusion.

No Sua Sponte Instructional Obligation Arose Under the Evidence Here

We initially reject Sugg's claim that, on the facts presented here, the trial court was 

sua sponte obligated to provide a clarifying instruction that the jury could only convict 

Sugg if it found she had an affirmative duty to exert control over Flores. Although the 

sua sponte obligation requires a trial court to "instruct on general principles of law that 

are commonly or closely and openly connected to the facts before the court and that are 

necessary for the jury's understanding of the case . . . [citations] . . . [and instruct] upon 

every theory of the case supported by substantial evidence, including defenses that are 

not inconsistent with the defendant's theory of the case" (People v. Montoya (1994) 7 
31

Cal.4th 1027, 1047), that sua sponte obligation arises only for "an issue 'closely and 

openly' connected with the case." (Id. at p. 1050.) Here, the evidentiary presentation, as 

well as the prosecution's theory, was that both Sugg and Flores either directly inflicted or 

caused the requisite injuries to the victims (by denying them adequate food and water and 

punishing them by forcing them to exercise until they were exhausted, or by hitting them 

or forcing them to sleep in the garage), or at a minimum that both Sugg and Flores had 

custody and care of the victims and permitted the other caretaker to inflict those injuries. 

On this set of facts, the "constitutionally offensive portion of the statute" (Heitzman, 

supra, 9 Cal.4th at p. 209) had no close and open applicability to this case, because the 

other statutory grounds were applicable to Sugg. Because the theories under which Sugg 

was prosecuted fell squarely within those portions of section 273a that did not trigger the 

application of the "constitutionally offensive portion of the statute" (Heitzman, at p. 209), 

the principles adopted by Heitzman pertaining to which bystanders might also be liable 

for willfully permitting the injury to be inflicted were not so " 'closely and openly'

connected with the case" (Montoya, supra, 7 Cal.4th at p. 1050) that the sua sponte 

instructional obligation arose in this case.12 (Cf. People v. McKelvey (1991) 230 

 

12 Sugg's argument appears to be that there was some evidence from which the jury 

could have concluded Flores was the direct perpetrator of denying the children adequate 

food (because the children were denied adequate food even before Flores moved in with 

Sugg), and she merely permitted this pattern of conduct to continue after Flores and the 

children moved in with her. Although that evidence (even if credited) may have provided 

an argument for exoneration under the prong of section 273a criminalizing the direct

infliction of the requisite injury (Sargent, supra, 19 Cal.4th at pp. 1219-1224), the 

evidence was overwhelming that Sugg was a person who was at least a joint caretaker of 

the children, which triggered liability under those prongs in which a caretaker or 
32

Cal.App.3d 399, 404 [court noted portion of statute potentially uncertain because it "does 

not describe those persons liable for permitting or causing a dependent adult to suffer"

but rejected defendant's vagueness challenge because his conduct was clearly 

encompassed by a different portion of statute because he had care and custody of 

victim].)

 

custodian willfully permitted injury to his or her charge (Heitzman, supra, 9 Cal.4th at 

p. 197), and not a mere bystander to whom Heitzman's analysis might have sufficient 

application to trigger sua sponte instructional obligations. Under these facts, "the trial 

court was under no obligation to sift through the evidence to identify an issue that 

conceivably could have been, but was not, raised by the parties, and to instruct the jury, 

sua sponte, on that issue. (See, e.g., People v. Wade (1959) 53 Cal.2d 322, 334-335 . . . 

['[T]he trial court cannot be required to anticipate every possible theory that may fit the 

facts of the case before it and instruct the jury accordingly. The judge need not fill in 

every time a litigant or his counsel fails to discover an abstruse but possible theory of the 

facts. [¶] . . . [¶] . . . [The defendant's] theory . . . was not one that the evidence would 

strongly illuminate and place before the trial court. On the contrary, it was so far under 

the surface of the facts and theories apparently involved as to remain hidden from even 

the defendant until the case reached this court on appeal. The trial court need not, 

therefore, have recognized it and instructed the jury in accordance with it. Omniscience 

is not required of our trial courts.'].) The instructions given the jury were adequate in light 

of the evidence presented, and the trial court was under no obligation further to instruct 

the jury, sua sponte." (People v. Montoya, supra, 7 Cal.4th at p. 1050.)
33

Any Instructional Defect Was Harmless13

We alternatively conclude that, even if the court should have provided a different 

instructional charge to the jury, any instructional error was harmless beyond a reasonable 

doubt. The instructions included numerous legally correct theories on which a jury could 

have relied to convict Sugg of violating section 273a (and of the greater related offenses 

of torture): that Sugg was "the individual inflicting the abuse" (Heitzman, supra, 9 

Cal.4th at p. 212) because she "willfully . . . inflict[ed] unjustifiable physical pain or 

mental suffering" on the victims or "willfully cause[d]" the victims to suffer that injury 

(§ 273a, subd. (a)), or that Sugg was a caretaker or custodian who permitted the victim to 

be injured or endangered. (Heitzman, at p. 214 ["the statutory scheme also provides that 

a caretaker or custodian who causes or permits injury or physical endangerment will

incur criminal liability".]) However, we agree that, by including the "or permitted"

 

13 It appears the court's instructions, if the court had merely omitted the words "or 

permitted" from segment 1-B of its instruction, would have been accurate and required no 

amplification under Heitzman. Sugg's argument regarding sua sponte instructional 

error—that once the court included the "willfully . . . permits" prong it was also required 

to instruct the jury to determine whether the defendant owed a duty to control the actions 

of the actual perpetrator—does not assert (nor did Heitzman suggest) a similar limiting 

principle with its corresponding instructional obligation applies to caretakers who 

"willfully permit[]" the child to suffer such injury. Indeed, Heitzman appears to accept 

that, unlike the bystander liability on which Heitzman was focused, the duty of a child's 

caretaker to protect against injury is not a duty to control the acts of a third party, but is 

instead a duty to protect the victim's well-being. (See Heitzman, supra, 9 Cal.4th at 

p. 198 [noting a "criminal statute may also embody a common law duty based on the 

legal relationship between the defendant and the victim, such as that imposed on parents 

to care for and protect their minor children," and citing with approval People v. Burden

(1977) 72 Cal.App.3d 603, 615, in which the court noted defendant father was under 

common law duty to care for young son].)
34

language, when divorced from that aspect of the instruction describing Sugg's liability in 

her capacity as a caretaker or custodian for the victims and without inclusion of 

Heitzman's limiting principles, the jury was provided a potentially legally incorrect 

theory for convicting Sugg.

However, even when a jury is provided a potentially legally incorrect theory, a 

reviewing court may nevertheless affirm when that error can be deemed harmless beyond 

a reasonable doubt. (People v. Calderon (2005) 129 Cal.App.4th 1301, 1306 [harmless

beyond a reasonable doubt standard applies when prosecutor presents both correct and 

incorrect theories of guilt to jury].) As explained by the court in People v. Brown (2012) 

210 Cal.App.4th 1, 12-13:

"Although the general rule in cases involving a legally inadequate

theory 'has been to reverse the conviction because the appellate court 

is " 'unable to determine which of the prosecution's theories served 

as the basis for the jury's verdict' " ' [(quoting People v. Guiton

(1993) 4 Cal.4th 1116, 1130)], even this type of error can, in an 

appropriate case, be harmless: 'If other aspects of the verdict or the 

evidence leave no reasonable doubt that the jury made the findings 

necessary [with respect to the element of the crime at issue], the 

erroneous . . . instruction [on that element] was harmless.' (People v. 

Chun (2009) 45 Cal.4th 1172, 1205 . . . ; see People v. Harris (1994) 

9 Cal.4th 407, 424 . . . [harmless error test traditionally applied to 

misinstruction on the elements of an offense is 'whether it appears 

"beyond a reasonable doubt that the error complained of did not 

contribute to the verdict obtained" ' (quoting Chapman v. 

California[, supra,] 386 U.S. 18, 24) . . . .) ' "To say that an error 

did not contribute to the verdict . . . is . . . to find that error 

unimportant in relation to everything else the jury considered on the 

issue in question, as revealed in the record." ' [(Quoting People v. 

Harris, supra, at p. 430, italics omitted.)]"

We conclude the inclusion of the legally erroneous theory was harmless beyond a 

reasonable doubt. The evidence showed Sugg was a direct perpetrator of the requisite 
35

injuries caused by depriving the children of the necessary nutrition,14 and/or the 

children's caretaker liable insofar as Sugg permitted them to suffer the requisite injuries, 

and the closing arguments of counsel never suggested Sugg's liability was premised on 

anything other than her conduct as a direct perpetrator or caregiver for the children. (Cf. 

People v. Aguilar (1997) 16 Cal.4th 1023, 1036 [court considers closing argument to 

evaluate whether legally erroneous alternative theory was harmless].) The prosecution's 

summation emphasized her role as the direct perpetrator of starving the children, and well 

as her role as a caretaker of the children, and Sugg's counsel did not argue she was not a 

direct perpetrator in the level of nutrition given to the children but instead merely argued 

she was herself anorexic and believed the level of nutrition given to the children was 

appropriate.

We reject Sugg's argument that the inclusion of the legally erroneous theory 

cannot be deemed harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Her principal argument appears 

to rest on her claim that, because the evidence was "weak and conflicting" on whether she 

 

14 When "other aspects of the verdict . . . leave no reasonable doubt" that the jury 

rested its verdict on a legally correct theory, the inclusion of a legally incorrect theory 

may be deemed harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. (Cf. People v. Chun, supra, 45 

Cal.4th at p. 1205.) Here, other aspects of the verdict reinforce our conclusion the jury 

based its verdict on a legally correct theory that Sugg directly caused the injuries. The 

jury was instructed on, and found true, the allegations that Sugg personally inflicted great 

bodily injury on Jane Doe in connection with Sugg's section 273a, subdivision (a),

offense against Jane Doe, and that Sugg personally inflicted great bodily injury on John 

Doe 2 in connection with Sugg's section 273a, subdivision (a), offense against John Doe 

2. The determination Sugg personally inflicted the injuries associated with the section 

273a offenses appears incompatible with a determination she was guilty of the underlying 

offenses as a mere bystander who failed to prevent Flores from inflicting the great bodily 

injuries.
36

was a caregiver for the victims (in that the evidence permitted the conclusion she acted as 

the primary caregiver only two days week while Flores was home providing care for the 

victims for the rest of the time), it was possible the jury convicted her of the offenses as a 

mere bystander who "permitted" Flores to inflict the injuries on the victims. However, 

that argument disregards that the evidence overwhelmingly demonstrated she was "the 

individual inflicting the abuse" (Heitzman, supra, 9 Cal.4th at p. 212), which renders her 

status as a caregiver irrelevant.15

Moreover, even assuming the jury concluded Sugg merely "permitted" (rather than 

directly inflicted) the requisite injury, the fact Flores was a caregiver (or even the 

principal caregiver) is irrelevant to whether Sugg also qualified as a caregiver who could 

be liable under section 273a for permitting the children to suffer the requisite harm, and 

the evidence overwhelmingly established she was a caregiver for the victims: (1) Flores 

and Sugg lived together with the children as a family unit for many months; (2) the 

children described her as their "new mom" and as "act[ing] as [their] stepmom"; (3) Sugg 

was the sole caregiver for at least part of the week, and (4) Sugg dispensed discipline for 

the children while they lived under the her roof. The fact Sugg was not their biological 

 

15 John Doe No. 2 told the social worker Sugg was mean and personally denied food 

to them, and personally used corporal discipline with a belt and made him bleed. John 

Doe No. 1 testified Sugg personally denied adequate food to them (and even scolded him 

when he tried to share his food with his siblings) even though there was food in the 

refrigerator, personally used a belt to inflict corporal discipline, and also punished the 

children by requiring them to sleep in the garage (as a punishment for one of them taking 

some cookies) or stand in a corner for an entire day or do exercises until they were

"falling down."
37

mother, and not wed to Flores, is irrelevant to whether she had "care and custody" over 

the victims within the meaning of the statute. (People v. Morales (2008) 168 Cal.App.4th 

1075, 1083 [" '[t]he terms "care or custody" do not imply a familial relationship but only 

a willingness to assume duties correspondent to the role of a caregiver' "].) As the court 

explained in People v. Perez (2008) 164 Cal.App.4th 1462, 1476: "[T]he relevant 

question in a situation involving an individual who does not otherwise have a duty 

imposed by law or formalized agreement to care for a child (as in the case of parents or 

babysitters), is whether the individual in question can be found to have undertaken the 

attendant responsibilities at all. 'Care,' as used in the statute, may be evidenced by 

something less than an express agreement to assume the duties of a caregiver. That a 

person did undertake caregiving responsibilities may be shown by evidence of that 

person's conduct and the circumstances of the interaction between the defendant and the 

child; it need not be established by an affirmative expression of a willingness to do so. 

[Fn. omitted.]" For all of these reasons, we are convinced beyond a reasonable doubt that 

inclusion of the legally erroneous theory was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.

DISPOSITION

The matter is remanded to the trial court with instructions that the court shall 

correct the minute orders and abstracts of judgment to reflect imposition of life terms on 

counts 3 and 7 as to Flores and counts 1 and 5 as to Sugg and, as so modified, the 

judgment is affirmed.
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McDONALD, J.

WE CONCUR:

BENKE, Acting P. J.

IRION, J.