*This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of

the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. This court generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3. UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Filed 10/21/96 TENTH CIRCUIT

MILDRED PEARSON, Personal Representative of the Estate of Denny Pearson and Mildred Pearson, an individual, Plaintiff - Appellant, v. CITY OF OKLAHOMA, a municipal corporation; W. B. SMITH, LT., individually; RON REINERT, individually; EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICE AUTHORITY, a public trust; KEVIN WADE BARNES, individually and in his representative capacity as an employee of the city of Oklahoma City; WADE GRAY, individually and in his representative capacity as an employee of the city of Oklahoma City; SAM GONZALES, Chief of Police of the Oklahoma City Police Department, individually, Defendants - Appellees. No. 95-6404 (D.C. No. CV-94-1166-T) (Western District of Oklahoma)

ORDER AND JUDGMENT *1 By driving in that manner, Barnes violated police department policy requiring the use of

a siren and overhead lights when officers exceed the speed limit. Before KELLY , BRISCOE and LUCERO , Circuit Judges.

Denny Pearson was killed in Oklahoma City, Oklahomawhen he was struck by a police vehicle as he walked to work. Alleging violations of 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and state law, plaintiff, Pearson’s wife and t he personal representative of his estate, brought suit against the police officer inv olved in the accident, Kevin Wayne Barnes; two other police officers, Wade Gray and W. B. Smith; the Chief of Police, Sam Gonzales; the City of Oklahoma City; the emergency medical technician, Ron Reinert; and Reinert’s employer, th e Emergency Medical Service Authority (“EMSA”). The district court granted sum mary judgment to all defendants on plaintiff’s § 1983 claims and dismiss ed the state law claims without prejudice. Plaintiff now appeals the dismissal of his § 1983 claims against all defendants except W.B. Smith. The facts, briefly stated, are that before dawn on September 10, 1993, Pearson was walking on a street in an industrial ar ea when he was struck from behind by a police car driven by Officer Barnes. Officer Barnes was responding to an audible alarm at a nearby office building. B arnes was driving 70 to 75 miles per hour in a 50 mile-per-hour zone, and was not us ing his siren or overhead lights. 1 Upon impact with Barnes’ vehicle, Pearson’s legs were amputated below-3-

the knees and his body was thrown 245 feet. He suf fered multiple traumatic injuries, including a skull fracture and ruptured l iver. Immediately after the accident, at approximately 5: 45 a.m., Barnes and his backup officer, Wade Gray, requested an EMSA ambula nce. The ambulance arrived at approximately 5:52 a.m. An EMSA paramed ic, Ron Reinert, determined that Pearson was dead. Because of that determination, Reinert did not initiate any life-saving procedures or transport Pe arson to a hospital. The district court ruled that Barnes did not violat e Pearson’s constitutional rights, and that, absent a constitutional violation by Barnes, plaintiff could not bring claims against the City or Officer Gonzales f or inadequate training or an unconstitutional policy. The district court also r uled that EMSA and Reinert did not violate Pearson’s constitutional rights, as the evidence showed that Pearson was dead when the ambulance and Reinert arrived at the accident. Alternatively, the court reasoned that even if Pearson was still a live, the evidence does not show that EMSA and Reinert acted in a manner that shocks the conscience. Finally, the district court ruled that Officer Gray was qualifie dly immune from plaintiff’s § 1983 claim because, even if Gray had a constitution al obligation to render medical care, that obligation was not clearly estab lished at the time of the accident.2In her complaint, plaintiff also alleged violations of her rights to procedural due proces s

and equal protection. She does not pursue those claims on appeal. -4- We review the grant of summary judgment de novo, ap plying the same standard the district court applied, Fed. R. Civ. P . 56(c). Committee for the First Amendment v. Campbell , 962 F.2d 1517, 1521 (10th Cir. 1992). Summary judgment is appropriate if the record “show[s] thatthere is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is enti tled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). We review the record in the light most favorable to plaintiff, the non-moving party. See Uhlrig v. Harder , 64 F.3d 567, 571 (10th Cir. 1995). Plaintiff contends that Barnes violated Pearson’s s ubstantive due process rights by recklessly creating the danger that resul ted in his death. 2 This court acknowledged in Medina v. City & County of Denver , 960 F.2d 1493, 1496-97 (10th Cir. 1992), that an officer’s reckless conduc t may result in liability where that conduct is “directed toward the plaintiff.” T his occurs where: (1) the plaintiff is a member of a limited and spec ifically definable group, (2) the defendant’s conduct specifically putthe members of that group at substantial risk of serious, immediat e, and proximate harm, (3) the risk was obvious or known, and (4) th e defendant acted recklessly in conscious disregard of that risk. Id. We clarified in Uhlrig v. Harderthat the defendant’s reckless conduct must also “shock the conscience” in order to violate a p laintiff’s substantive due process rights. 64 F.3d at 572.3 Because we cannot conclude that Barnes’ conduct was directed towards Pearson, we

need not address whether the conduct shocks the conscience under Uhlrig

. -5- In Apodaca v. Rio Arriba County Sheriff’s Dep’t , 905 F.2d 1445, 1446-47 (10th Cir. 1990), a case similar to the one at hand , we concluded that a deputy sheriff responding to a silent burglar alarm was me rely negligent when he hit a car as he rounded a curve, driving 20-30 miles per hour over the speed limit. Although it was dark and had been sleeting and rain ing, the deputy sheriff did not activate his siren or overhead lights. Id. at 1446. Nevertheless, we determined that the case boiled down to “driving too fast for road and visibility conditions,” which, at most, amounted to negligence. Id. at 1446 n.3. After carefully reviewing the entire record, we agr ee with the district court that there is no basis for distinguishing the prese nt case from Apodaca

. Moreover, even if we were to find that Barnes’ cond uct of exceeding the speed limit without his siren or overhead lights was reck less, the record does not show that such conduct was directed toward Pearson, as c ontemplated by Medina , 960 F.2d at 1496-97. 3 Absent a constitutional violation by Officer Barn es, the failureto-train and unlawful-policy claims against the City and Police Chief Gonzales, which are premised upon such a violation, also fail . See Hinton v. City of Elwood , 997 F.2d 774, 782 (10th Cir. 1993). Plaintiff’s claim against Officer Gray is based on his failure to give Pearson emergency medical treatment. Immediately a fter the accident, Officer-6-

Gray arrived at the scene and called for an ambulan ce. Appellee’s Supp. App. at 65. Plaintiff points out that Gray did not touch P earson or attempt to administer CPR. Gray, however, thought Pearson was dead. App ellant’s App., Vol. 1 at 229. The district court properly concluded that Gr ay is entitled to qualified immunity. Even if the due process clause required Gray to provide emergency medical treatment beyond calling for an ambulance, that duty was not clearly established when the accident occurred. See Wilson v. Meeks , 52 F.3d 1547, 1555 (10th Cir. 1995). Finally, plaintiff protests the dismissal of her cl aims against EMSA and Reinert. With careful analysis, the district courtexplained why it granted summary judgment to EMSA and Reinert. Appellant’s App., Vol. II at 497-501. We affirm the grant of summary judgment to EMSA and Reinert for substantially the reasons stated by the district court. AFFIRMED. Appellant’s Motion to Strike is DENIED.

ENTERED FOR THE COURT

Carlos F. Lucero Circuit Judge