United States District Court

EASTERN DISTRICT OF TEXAS

SHERMAN DIVISION

LOWER, LLC,

 Plaintiff, 

v. 

AMCAP MORTGAGE, LTD., et al.,

 Defendants. 

§

§

§

§

§

§

§

§

§

§

Civil Action No. 4:23-cv-685

Judge Mazzant

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

Pending before the Court is Defendant Jason Ozment’s Motion to Compel Arbitration

(Dkt. #29). Defendant Amcap Mortgage, Ltd. filed its Second Corrected Joinder in Jason 

Ozment’s Motion to Compel Arbitration (Dkt. #32). Defendants Kristen Mastrorilli and Ron 

Hankins also filed their Joinder in Jason Ozment’s Motion to Compel Arbitration (Dkt. #45). 

Having considered the relevant pleadings, the Court hereby ORDERS that Defendants’ Jason 

Ozment, Kristen Mastrorilli and Ron Hankins Motions are GRANTED. The Court further 

ORDERS that Defendant Amcap Mortgage, Ltd.’s Motion is DENIED in part.

Additionally, Defendants Kristen Mastrorilli, Ron Hankins and Natalie Boyd filed their

Request for Expedited Ruling on Jason Ozment’s Motion to Compel Arbitration (Dkt. #53).

Defendant Jason Ozment also filed his Corrected Emergency Request for Ruling on Motion to 

Compel Arbitration (Dkt. #69). However, having considered the motions and the relevant 

pleadings, the Court hereby ORDERS that Defendants’ Motions are DENIED as moot.

Case 4:23-cv-00685-ALM Document 76 Filed 05/30/24 Page 1 of 18 PageID #: 957
2

BACKGROUND

I. Factual Background

Plaintiff Lower, LLC (“Lower”) offers residential mortgage loans and refinancing 

products for potential home buyers and current homeowners (Dkt. #1 at p. 1). Defendants Jason 

Ozment (“Ozment”), Kristen Mastrorilli (“Mastrorilli”), Ron Hankins (“Hankins”), and 

Natalie Boyd (“Boyd”) are former employees (collectively, the “Former Employees”) of Lower

(Dkt. #1 at p. 4). During their tenure at Lower, the Former Employees worked together in Lower’s 

Plano, Texas office (Dkt. #1 at p. 10). Ozment is now employed by Defendant Amcap Mortgage, 

Ltd. (“Amcap”) (Dkt. #1 at p. 3).

A. Factual Background Specific to Ozment

Ozment was hired by Lower as Branch Manager and Vice President in April of 2021 (Dkt. 

#1 at p. 6). At that time, the parties executed a “Branch Manager, VP Employment Agreement” 

effective as of April 13, 2021, which was superseded by the “Branch Manager, VP Employment 

Agreement” effective as of September 1, 2021 (“Ozment Employment Agreement”) (Dkt. #1 at 

p. 6). Section 6.7 of the Ozment Employment Agreement contains an arbitration clause stating the 

following:

With the exception of claims by the Employer against Employee for injunctive relief 

and related damages asserted by the Employer, Employee agrees that any and all 

disputes, controversies, claims, or differences between the Employer and Employee 

that directly or indirectly relate to or arise out of Employee’s employment with the 

Employer or out of this Agreement or its breach, shall be arbitrated by JAMS....

The claims, disputes, and controversies covered by Section 11 [sic]1 include, 

without

limitation, any claims, disputes, or controversies (a) that directly or indirectly relate

1 Ozment indicates that this is a typographical error in the Ozment Employment Agreement (See Dkt. #29 at p. 3). 

Therefore, the Court presumes this provision is referring to Section 6.7 of the Ozment Employment Agreement

because there is no Section 11 (See Dkt. #29-2).

Case 4:23-cv-00685-ALM Document 76 Filed 05/30/24 Page 2 of 18 PageID #: 958
3

to or arise out of Employee’s employment with Company or this Agreement, (b)

that are based on a tort theory of liability, including defamation, liable, slander, false 

light, intentional infliction of emotional distress, tortious interference, negligence, 

assault, battery, invasion of privacy, and any other violation of a legal duty not based 

in contract that gives rise to damages of whatever nature, ....

(Dkt. #29 at p. 3). On or about September 1, 2021, Lower and Ozment also executed a Mutual

Arbitration Agreement (“Ozment Arbitration Agreement”) (Dkt. #29 at p. 3). The Ozment 

Arbitration Agreement provides that, except as provided therein, Lower and Ozment agree to the 

following:

[A]ll legal disputes and claims between them shall be determined exclusively by 

final and binding arbitration. Claims subject to this Agreement include without 

limitation all claims pertaining to [Ozment’s] employment or other relationship 

with [Lower] (including application for or termination of employment or other 

relationship or any background check process associated with same) and all claims 

for discrimination, harassment or retaliation; wages, overtime, or other 

compensation; breach of any express or implied contract; negligence or other tort; 

or violation of any federal, state, or local law.

(Dkt. #29-3 at p. 2). Importantly, Section 5 of the Ozment Arbitration Agreement also indicates:

Except as noted in the following paragraph, the arbitrator, and not any federal, state, 

or local court, shall have exclusive authority to resolve any dispute relating to the 

formation, enforceability, applicability, or interpretation of this Agreement, 

including without limitation any claim that it is void or voidable. The parties waive 

the right to have a court determining the enforceability of this Agreement 

(Dkt. #29-3 at p. 3). 

Lower has brought claims against Ozment for breach of fiduciary duty, conspiracy to breach 

fiduciary duty, tortious interference with current and prospective contractual relationships, 

trespass, unjust enrichment, fraud, and conspiracy to commit fraud and requests both actual 

damages and permanent injunctive relief.

Case 4:23-cv-00685-ALM Document 76 Filed 05/30/24 Page 3 of 18 PageID #: 959
4

B. Factual Background Specific to Mastrorilli

Mastrorilli was employed by Lower as a loan processor (Dkt. #47 at p. 2). Mastrorilli 

worked with loan officers to “confirm that potential customers were eligible to receive a loan from 

Lower and that a loan to potential customers would not create undue risk of harm to Lower” (Dkt. 

#47 at p. 2).

Mastrorilli, as part of her employment agreement, executed a Mutual Arbitration 

Agreement (“Mastrorilli Arbitration Agreement”) (Dkt. #45-1 at p. 10). The Mastrorilli 

Arbitration Agreement provides that, except as provided therein, Lower and Mastrorilli agree to 

the following:

[A]ll legal disputes and claims between them shall be determined exclusively by 

final and binding arbitration. Claims subject to this Agreement include without 

limitation all claims pertaining to [Mastrorilli’s] employment or other relationship 

with [Lower] (including application for or termination of employment or other 

relationship or any background check process associated with same) and all claims 

for discrimination, harassment or retaliation; wages, overtime, or other 

compensation; breach of any express or implied contract; negligence or other tort; 

or violation of any federal, state, or local law.

(Dkt. #45-1 at p. 8). Importantly, Section 5 of the Mastrorilli Arbitration Agreement also indicates:

Except as noted in the following paragraph, the arbitrator, and not any federal, state, 

or local court, shall have exclusive authority to resolve any dispute relating to the 

formation, enforceability, applicability, or interpretation of this Agreement, 

including without limitation any claim that it is void or voidable. The parties waive 

the right to have a court determining the enforceability of this Agreement 

(Dkt. #45-1 at p. 9).

Lower has brought claims against Mastrorilli for fraud and conspiracy to commit fraud

(Dkt. #1 at p. 27-29).

Case 4:23-cv-00685-ALM Document 76 Filed 05/30/24 Page 4 of 18 PageID #: 960
5

C. Factual Background Specific to Hankins

Lower employed Hankins to identify potential customers and work with underwriters to 

qualify potential customers for a loan (Dkt. #1 at p. 14). Hankins, as part of his employment 

agreement with Lower, also executed a Mutual Arbitration Agreement (“Hankins Arbitration 

Agreement”) (Dkt. 45-2 at p. 20).

The Hankins Arbitration Agreement provides that, except as provided therein, Lower and 

Hankins agree to the following:

[A]ll legal disputes and claims between them shall be determined exclusively by 

final and binding arbitration. Claims subject to this Agreement include without 

limitation all claims pertaining to [Hankins’] employment or other relationship with 

[Lower] (including application for or termination of employment or other 

relationship or any background check process associated with same) and all claims 

for discrimination, harassment or retaliation; wages, overtime, or other 

compensation; breach of any express or implied contract; negligence or other tort; 

or violation of any federal, state, or local law.

(Dkt. #45-2 at p. 18). Importantly, Section 5 of the Hankins Arbitration Agreement also indicates: 

Except as noted in the following paragraph, the arbitrator, and not any federal, state, 

or local court, shall have exclusive authority to resolve any dispute relating to the 

formation, enforceability, applicability, or interpretation of this Agreement, 

including without limitation any claim that it is void or voidable. The parties waive 

the right to have a court determining the enforceability of this Agreement 

(Dkt. #45-2 at p. 19). 

Lower has brought claims against Hankins for fraud and conspiracy to commit fraud (Dkt. 

#1 at p. 27-29). 

D. Factual Background Specific to Boyd

Boyd was employed by Lower as an underwriter or loan officer2 (Dkt. #1 at pp. 3–4). Boyd 

was responsible for confirming that potential customers met eligibility qualifications to receive a 

2 Boyd has not submitted an employment agreement or arbitration agreement for review by the Court.

Case 4:23-cv-00685-ALM Document 76 Filed 05/30/24 Page 5 of 18 PageID #: 961
6

loan by Lower (Dkt. #1 at p. 14). Lower has brought claims against Boyd for fraud and conspiracy

to commit fraud (Dkt. #1 at pp. 27–29).

E. Factual Background Specific to Amcap

Amcap now employs Ozment (Dkt. #1 at p. 3). Lower alleges that Amcap and Ozment 

agreed that Ozment would leave Lower and accept employment with Amcap (Dkt. #1 at p. 11). 

Lower also alleges that Amcap and Ozment agreed that Amcap would offer employment to the rest 

of the Former Employees (Dkt. #1 at p. 11). In furtherance of the agreement and plan between 

Ozment and Amcap, Ozment is said to have removed Lower’s confidential and trade secret 

information (Dkt. #1 at p. 11). Amcap is now benefitting from Ozment’s alleged wrongful retention 

of that information (Dkt. #1 at p. 11).

Lower alleges claims against Amcap for conspiracy to breach fiduciary duty, tortious 

interference with current and prospective contractual relationships, and unjust enrichment (Dkt. 

#1 at pp. 20, 22, 25). Lower also requests permanent injunctive relief against Amcap (Dkt. #1 at p. 

16). There is no arbitration agreement between Lower and Amcap (See Dkt. #1).

II. Procedural Background

Lower filed the present case against Defendants in this Court on July 27, 2023 (See Dkt. 

#1). On October 5, 2023, Lower submitted a Demand for Arbitration to JAMS indicating its intent 

to arbitrate additional3 claims against Ozment (the “Ongoing Arbitration”) (Dkt. #29 at p. 2). On 

October 26, 2023, Ozment filed his Motion to Compel Arbitration (Dkt. #29). On November 7, 

2023, Lower filed its Response in Opposition to Defendant Jason Ozment’s Motion to Compel 

3 The parties dispute whether the claims filed by Lower against Ozment in the arbitration tribunal are different or 

identical to the claims filed by Lower against Ozment in this Court (See Dkt. #29 at p. 2).

Case 4:23-cv-00685-ALM Document 76 Filed 05/30/24 Page 6 of 18 PageID #: 962
7

Arbitration and Dismiss Jason Ozment from Lawsuit (Dkt. #33). On November 14, 2023, Ozment 

filed his Reply to Plaintiff’s Response to Motion to Compel Arbitration (Dkt. #36). 

On October 27, 2023, Amcap filed its Second Corrected Joinder in Jason Ozment’s Motion 

to Compel Arbitration (Dkt. #32). On November 7, 2023, Lower filed its Response in Opposition 

to Defendant Amcap Mortgage, Ltd.’s Second Corrected Joinder in Jason Ozment’s Motion to 

Compel Arbitration (Dkt. #34). On November 14, 2023, Amcap filed its Joinder in Jason Ozment’s 

Reply to Plaintiff’s Response to Motion to Compel Arbitration and Supplement to Reply (Dkt. 

#37). 

On January 3, 2024, Mastrorilli and Hankins filed their Joinder in Jason Ozment’s Motion 

to Compel Arbitration (Dkt. #45). On January 17, 2024, Lower filed its Response in Opposition to 

Defendants Kristen Mastrorilli and Ron Hankins’ Joinder in Jason Ozment’s Motion to Compel 

Arbitration (Dkt. #47). On January 24, 2024, Mastrorilli and Hankins filed their Reply to Response 

of Lower to Joinder in Jason Ozment’s Motion to Compel Arbitration (Dkt. #52).

Mastrorilli, Hankins, and Boyd filed their Request for Expedited Ruling on Jason Ozment’s 

Motion to Compel Arbitration (Dkt. #53) on January 25, 2024. Ozment filed his Corrected 

Emergency Request for Ruling on Motion to Compel Arbitration (Dkt. #69) on April 29, 2024.

LEGAL STANDARD

Under the Federal Arbitration Act (“FAA”), parties to a contract may agree that an 

arbitrator rather than a court will resolve disputes arising out of the contract. Henry Schein, Inc. v. 

Archer & White Sales, Inc., 139 S. Ct. 524, 527 (2019). The FAA provides that written agreements 

to arbitrate controversies arising out of an existing contract “shall be valid, irrevocable, and 

enforceable, save upon such grounds as exist at law or in equity for the revocation of any contract.” 

Case 4:23-cv-00685-ALM Document 76 Filed 05/30/24 Page 7 of 18 PageID #: 963
8

9 U.S.C. § 2. “The FAA was designed to overrule the judiciary’s long-standing refusal to enforce 

agreements to arbitrate and to place such agreements upon the same footing as other contracts.” 

Volt Info. Scis., Inc. v. Bd. of Trustees of Leland Stanford Junior Univ., 489 U.S. 468, 478 (1989) 

(cleaned up). The FAA establishes “a liberal federal policy favoring arbitration agreements” and 

“requires courts to enforce agreements to arbitrate according to their terms.” CompuCredit Corp. 

v. Greenwood, 565 U.S. 95, 97 (2012).

Although there is a strong federal policy favoring arbitration, it “does not apply to the 

determination of whether there is a valid agreement to arbitrate between the parties.” Lloyd’s 

Syndicate 457 v. FloaTEC, L.L.C., 921 F.3d 508, 516 n. 5 (5th Cir. 2019) (quoting Will-Drill Res., 

Inc. v. Samson Res. Co., 352 F.3d 211, 214 (5th Cir. 2003)). The FAA “does not require parties to 

arbitrate when they have not agreed to do so.” Volt, 489 U.S. at 478. Rather, “arbitration is a 

matter of contract and a party cannot be required to submit to arbitration any dispute which he has 

not agreed so to submit.” United Steelworkers of Am. v. Warrior & Gulf Nav. Co., 363 U.S. 574, 582 

(1960). The FAA “simply requires courts to enforce privately negotiated agreements to arbitrate, 

like other contracts, in accordance with their terms.” Volt, 489 U.S. at 478.

When considering a motion to compel arbitration, courts apply a two-step framework. 

First, the Court must determine “whether the parties entered into any arbitration agreement at 

all.” Kubala v. Supreme Prod. Servs., Inc., 830 F.3d 199, 201 (5th Cir. 2016). “This first step is a 

question of contract formation only—did the parties form a valid agreement to arbitrate some set 

of claims.” IQ Prods. Co. v. WD-40 Co., 871 F.3d 344, 348 (5th Cir. 2017), cert. denied, 138 S. Ct. 

2620 (2018). To determine whether there is a valid agreement to arbitrate, courts “apply ordinary 

state-law principles that govern the formation of contracts.” Webb v. Investacorp, Inc., 89 F.3d 252, 

Case 4:23-cv-00685-ALM Document 76 Filed 05/30/24 Page 8 of 18 PageID #: 964
9

258 (5th Cir. 1996). If the Court finds that there is a valid agreement to arbitrate, it proceeds to the 

second question: whether the claim at issue is covered by the arbitration agreement. IQ Prods., 871 

F.3d at 348. In the second step, the Court must determine “whether legal constraints external to 

the parties’ agreement foreclosed the arbitration of those claims.” Webb, 89 F.3d at 258 (5th Cir. 

1996) (quoting Mitsubishi Motors Corp. v. Soler Chrysler-Plymouth, Inc., 473 U.S. 614, 628 (1985)). 

This second question usually is for the Court, unless the arbitration clause contains a valid 

delegation clause for an arbitrator to determine whether the claim falls within the arbitration 

agreement. Kubala, 830 F.3d at 202.

The party seeking to compel arbitration must prove the existence of an agreement to 

arbitrate by a preponderance of the evidence. Grant v. Houser, 469 F. App’x 310, 315 (5th Cir. 

2012). Once the Court determines that there is a valid agreement to arbitrate, the strong federal 

policy favoring the enforcement of the arbitration agreements applies, and all ambiguities must be 

resolved in favor of arbitration. Banc One Acceptance Corp. v. Hill, 367 F.3d 426, 429 (5th Cir. 2004). 

As the Supreme Court has stated: “An order to arbitrate the particular grievance should not be 

denied unless it may be said with positive assurance that the arbitration clause is not susceptible of 

an interpretation that covers the asserted dispute. Doubts should be resolved in favor of coverage.” 

AT & T Techs., Inc. v. Commc’ns Workers of Am., 475 U.S. 643, 650 (1986).

ANALYSIS

I. The arbitrability of Lower’s claims against Ozment, Mastrorilli, and Hankins

must be determined by an arbitrator pursuant to the parties’ delegation clauses.

The Supreme Court has instructed that courts must look no further than the arbitrability 

of a particular claim when determining whether to compel arbitration. Indeed, “courts must 

examine a complaint with care to assess whether any individual claim must be arbitrated,” and 

Case 4:23-cv-00685-ALM Document 76 Filed 05/30/24 Page 9 of 18 PageID #: 965
10

“[t]he failure to do so is subject to immediate review.” KPMG LLP v. Cocchi, 565 U.S. 18, 22 

(2011). 

However, “parties may agree that the ‘gateway’ question of arbitrability should be decided 

by an arbitrator, rather than a court.” See Beaumont Foot Specialists, Inc. v. United Healthcare of 

Texas, Inc., No. 1:15-CV-216, 2015 WL 9703796, at *2 (E.D. Tex. Dec. 22, 2015), report and 

recommendation adopted, No. 1:15-CV-216, 2016 WL 165023 (E.D. Tex. Jan. 14, 2016) (citing Rent–

A–Ctr., W., Inc. v. Jackson, 561 U.S. 63, 68–69 (2010)). “Pursuant to such a ‘delegation’ clause, 

an arbitrator is empowered to determine whether the agreement in fact requires the parties to 

arbitrate the dispute at hand.” Id. (citing Rent–A–Ctr., W., Inc., 561 U.S. at 68–69). “[This] is true 

even if the court thinks that the argument that the arbitration agreement applies to a particular 

dispute is wholly groundless.” Henry Schein, Inc. v. Archer & White Sales, Inc., 586 U.S. 63, 69 

(2019).

In Rent–A–Center, the plaintiff argued that because he was required to sign the arbitration

agreement as a condition of his employment, the agreement was unconscionable. 561 U.S. at 68–

69. The agreement contained the following delegation clause: 

The Arbitrator, and not any federal, state, or local court or agency, shall have 

exclusive authority to resolve any dispute relating to the interpretation, 

applicability, enforceability or formation of this Agreement, including, but not 

limited to any claim that all or any part of this Agreement is void or voidable. 

Rent-A-Ctr., W., Inc., 561 U.S. 63, 66. The Supreme Court held that, pursuant to the delegation 

clause, “any challenge to the validity of the Agreement as a whole [should be left] for the 

arbitrator.” Rent–A–Ctr., W., Inc., 561 U.S. at 72.

Here, Ozment, Mastrorilli, and Hankins’ arbitration agreements with Lower each contain 

the following provision:

Case 4:23-cv-00685-ALM Document 76 Filed 05/30/24 Page 10 of 18 PageID #: 966
11

[T]he arbitrator, and not any federal, state, or local court, shall have exclusive 

authority to resolve any dispute relating to the formation, enforceability, 

applicability, or interpretation of this Agreement, including without limitation any 

claim that it is void or voidable. The parties waive the right to have a court 

determine the enforceability of this Agreement but may seek a court order 

delegating such questions to the arbitrator

(Dkt. #29-3 at p. 3; Dkt. #45-1 at p. 9; Dkt. #45-2 at p. 19).4 This provision is almost identical to 

the provision at issue in Rent-A-Center. It follows, then, that this provision is a valid and enforceable 

delegation clause. Ozment, Mastrorilli, and Hankins each agreed with Lower that an arbitrator 

shall make the arbitrability determination. 

Lower does not challenge its “assent to the agreement (including the delegation clause)” 

or argue that the provision does not delegate the issue of arbitrability to the arbitrator. See Beaumont 

Foot Specialists, 2015 WL 9703796, at *2; see Van Buren v. Pro Se Planning, Inc., No. 14–2099, 2014 

WL 6485653, at *5 (E.D. La. Nov. 18, 2014) (“[T]he Plaintiff’s failure to articulate a specific 

challenge to the delegation clause requires the Court to abstain from deciding the merits of any 

dispute concerning enforceability of the arbitration agreement or the underlying contract and refer 

the matter to arbitration.”). Therefore, the Court takes no position on the enforceability or scope 

of the arbitration clause regarding Lower’s claims against Ozment, Mastrorilli, and Hankins. The 

4 Ozment raises the presence of this provision for the first time in his Reply brief (See Dkt. #36 at p. 1). Amcap, 

Mastrorilli, and Hankins joined in Ozment’s Reply (Dkt. #37; Dkt. #52). “Generally, neither this court nor the district 

courts of this circuit will ‘review arguments raised for the first time in [a] reply brief.’” RedHawk Holdings Corp. v. 

Schreiber Tr. of Schreiber Living Tr., 836 F. App’x 232, 235 (5th Cir. 2020) (quoting Peteet v. Dow Chem. Co., 868 F.2d 

1428, 1437 (5th Cir. 1989)); Springs Indus., Inc. v. Am. Motorists Ins. Co., 137 F.R.D. 238, 239 (N.D. Tex. 1991) (district 

court following the “court’s practice of declining to consider arguments raised for the first time in a reply brief”). 

“On occasion, however, a district court may consider arguments and evidence raised for the first time in a reply brief 

without abusing its discretion ‘so long as it gives the non-movant an adequate opportunity to respond prior to a 

ruling.’” RedHawk, 836 F. App’x at 235 (quoting Thompson v. Dall. City Attorney’s Office, 913 F.3d 464, 471 (5th Cir. 

2019) (internal citations omitted)). Because Lower had the opportunity to file a sur-reply and opted not to, the Court 

will exercise its discretion and consider the provision. See L.R. CV-7(f) (“A sur-reply responding to issues raised in the 

reply may be served and filed within seven days from the date the reply is served.”).

Case 4:23-cv-00685-ALM Document 76 Filed 05/30/24 Page 11 of 18 PageID #: 967
12

arbitrability of these claims should be determined by an arbitrator in accordance with the parties’ 

arbitration agreements.

II. Lower is not compelled to arbitrate its claims against Amcap at this time.

There is no arbitration agreement between Amcap and Lower. However, Amcap, as a 

nonsignatory, has moved to compel Lower to arbitrate its claims against Amcap (See Dkt. #32).

Though there is a valid and enforceable delegation clause in the underlying contract, the Court 

determines the arbitrability of claims against nonsignatories. See Newman v. Plains All Am. Pipeline, 

L.P., 23 F.4th 393 (5th Cir. 2022) (Despite the existence of a delegation clause, “[i]t is up to us—

not an arbitrator—to decide whether [a nonsignatory] can enforce the [] arbitration agreement.”); 

see also Moore v. Maverick Nat. Res., LLC, No. CV H-20-591, 2020 WL 6431905 (S.D. Tex. Oct. 15, 

2020), report and recommendation adopted, No. CV H-20-591, 2020 WL 6392854 (S.D. Tex. Nov. 

2, 2020) (delegation clause did not expressly state that it applied to claims against nonsignatories, 

so the court decided arbitrability of claims against nonsignatories) (applying Texas law); Rivera v. 

Rent A Ctr., Inc., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 101959, 2015-Ohio-3765, 2015 WL 5455882, ¶ 9 (deeming 

the issue a “proverbial chicken or the egg conundrum,” but concluding the court would determine 

the issue of arbitrability despite existence of delegation clause) (applying Ohio law).

Generally, in order to be subject to arbitral jurisdiction, a party must be a signatory to a 

contract containing an arbitration clause. Bridas S.A.P.I.C. v. Gov’t of Turkmenistan, 345 F.3d 347, 

353 (5th Cir. 2003). However, a nonsignatory may be bound to submit to arbitration in some 

circumstances. Bridas, 345 F.3d at 355. The Court must first look to “background principles of 

state contract law, like equitable estoppel,” to determine if an arbitration agreement can be 

enforced against nonsignatories. Newman, 23 F.4th at 399. 

Case 4:23-cv-00685-ALM Document 76 Filed 05/30/24 Page 12 of 18 PageID #: 968
13

“[T]raditional principles of state law allow a contract to be enforced by or against 

nonparties to the contract through . . . estoppel.” Arthur Andersen LLP v. Carlisle, 556 U.S. 624, 

631 (2009). Ohio5 state law provides that a nonsignatory may enforce an arbitration agreement 

against a signatory under some circumstances. Indeed, Ohio has recognized an “alternate estoppel 

theory” which is “limited to situations where a nonsignatory tries to bind a signatory to 

arbitration.” I Sports, 8th Dist. No. 83349, 157 Ohio App.3d 593, 2004-Ohio-3113, 813 N.E.2d 4, ¶ 

14. Arbitration may be compelled by a nonsignatory against a signatory when there is a “close 

relationship between the entities involved, as well as the relationship of the alleged wrongs to the 

nonsignatory’s obligations and duties in the contract . . . and [the fact that] the claims were 

intimately founded in and intertwined with the underlying contract obligations.” Id. In other 

words, “[t]he signatory will be estopped from attempting to avoid arbitration because their claims 

against the nonsignatory are integrally related to the contract containing the arbitration clause.”

U.S. Bank N.A. v. Wilkens et al., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 96617, 2012-Ohio-1038, 2012 WL 892898, 

¶ 54. However, “arbitration agreements apply to nonsignatories only in rare circumstances.” I 

Sports, 8th Dist. No. 83349, ¶ 14 (citing Westmoreland v. Sadoux, 299 F.3d 462, 465 (5th Cir. 2002)

5 Ozment, Mastrorilli, and Hankins’ employment agreements each contain a choice of law provision providing that the 

laws of the State of Ohio apply (Dkt. #29-2 at p. 11; Dkt. #45-1 at p. 6; Dkt. #45-2 at p. 15). “A federal court is required 

to follow the choice of law rules of the state in which it sits.” Resolution Tr. Corp. v. Northpark Joint Venture, 958 F.2d 

1313, 1318 (5th Cir. 1992) (citing Klaxon v. Stentor Elec. Mfg. Co., 313 U.S. 487, 496 (1941)). “Under the Texas rules, 

in those contract cases in which the parties have agreed to an enforceable choice of law clause, the law of the chosen 

state must be applied.” Id. (citing DeSantis v. Wackenhut Corp., 793 S.W.2d 670, 678 (Tex. 1990)). No party disputes 

whether the employment agreements or choice of law clauses are enforceable. Thus, Texas choice of law rules apply, 

and Ohio law supplies the elements of each of Lower’s causes of action. Accordingly, the Court will apply Ohio state 

law in determining whether Amcap can compel Lower to arbitrate its claims. See Hurley v. Emigrant Bank, No. 3:19-

CV-0011-B, 2019 WL 5537330, at *4 (N.D. Tex. Oct. 25, 2019) (where there was a Delaware choice-of-law provision

in the underlying agreement, Delaware law governed whether a nonsignatory could compel a signatory to arbitrate 

under an equitable estoppel theory).

Case 4:23-cv-00685-ALM Document 76 Filed 05/30/24 Page 13 of 18 PageID #: 969
14

Though Amcap and Lower have no direct agreement to arbitrate, Ozment and Lower do in 

the Ozment Employment Agreement. Therefore, the Court must analyze whether Lower’s claims 

against Amcap are integrally related to the Ozment Employment Agreement. Lower alleges claims 

against Amcap for conspiracy to breach fiduciary duty, tortious interference with current and 

prospective contractual relationships, and unjust enrichment (Dkt. #1 at pp. 20, 22, 25). Lower 

also requests permanent injunctive relief against Amcap (Dkt. #1 at p. 16).

In Ohio, “[w]here estoppel has been extended to ‘intertwined claims,’ it is generally 

applied in two circumstances: (1) where a signatory must rely on the terms of the written agreement 

in asserting claims against a nonsignatory and (2) where the signatory alleges substantially 

interdependent misconduct by both the nonsignatory and one or more signatories to the contract.”

I Sports, 8th Dist. No. 83349, ¶¶ 16, 17, 20 (quoting Grigson v. Creative Artists Agency, L.L.C., 210 

F.3d 524, 527 (5th Cir. 2000)). “Whether equitable estoppel should be applied will turn on the 

facts of each case.” Id. (quoting Grigson, 210 F.3d at 527.).

Under the first circumstance, “[i]t is not sufficient that the plaintiff’s claims touch matters 

concerning the agreement or that the claims are dependent upon the agreement.” In I Sports, the 

Ohio court explained this distinction. See I Sports, 8th Dist. No. 83349. There, the plaintiff brought 

a claim for interference with contractual relations. Id. The court held that the claim did not arise 

out of the agreement at issue. Id. Rather, the claim merely related to alleged actions by the 

nonsignatories that “affected the business relationship and obligations created by the agreement 

between the two signatories.” Id. The court specifically explained that “[t]his distinction is 

important. [The plaintiff] does not need to rely upon terms within the agreement to assert its 

Case 4:23-cv-00685-ALM Document 76 Filed 05/30/24 Page 14 of 18 PageID #: 970
15

claims, but, instead, its claims are dependent upon the business relationship created by the 

agreement.” Id. Therefore, the plaintiff’s claim was not intertwined with the agreement. Id.

Similarly here, Lower has brought a claim against Amcap for tortious interference with 

current and prospective contractual relationships. Based on the reasoning in I Sports, the Court 

concludes that this claim against Amcap is not intertwined with the agreement between Lower and 

Ozment. Therefore, Lower should not be compelled to arbitrate its claim for tortious interference 

with current and prospective contractual relationships against Amcap.

Additionally, Lower has brought a claim for unjust enrichment against Amcap. However, 

Lower need not rely on the terms of the agreement between it and Ozment to advance this claim

against Amcap. Thus, Lower’s claim against Amcap for unjust enrichment is not intertwined. See 

Fucci v. Bowser, No. 2:20-CV-00004, 2023 WL 6391506, at *8 (D. Utah Oct. 2, 2023) (finding that 

claim for unjust enrichment against nonsignatory was not intertwined with the underlying 

agreement) (applying Ohio law). Lower should not be compelled to arbitrate its claim for unjust 

enrichment against Amcap.

Finally, Lower’s claim against Amcap for conspiracy to breach a fiduciary duty does not 

rely on the terms of the underlying agreement such that it is intertwined. See Fucci, 2023 WL 

6391506, at *8 (finding that claim for breach of fiduciary duty against nonsignatory was not 

intertwined with the underlying agreement) (applying Ohio law). However, the second exception

for intertwined claims appliesto this claim. Under the second exception, Ohio’s alternate estoppel 

theory may be applied “when the signatory to the contract [containing the arbitration clause] 

alleges substantially interdependent and concerted misconduct by both the non-signatory and one 

or more of the signatories to the contract.” Fucci, 2023 WL 6391506, at *8 (applying Ohio law).

Case 4:23-cv-00685-ALM Document 76 Filed 05/30/24 Page 15 of 18 PageID #: 971
16

“The purpose of [concerted misconduct] exception is to prevent ‘arbitration proceedings between 

the two signatories’ from being ‘rendered meaningless,’ thereby thwarting ‘the federal policy in 

favor of arbitration.’ Id. (citing Grigson, 210 F.3d at 527).

Here, Lower has alleged a claim against both Amcap and Ozment for conspiracy to breach 

a fiduciary duty. However, as discussed supra, an arbitrator must determine whether Lower’s claim 

against Ozment for conspiracy to breach a fiduciary duty is arbitrable. Therefore, though the

alternate estoppel theory does apply to Lower’s conspiracy claim, the Court cannot determine the 

arbitrability of the claim at this time.

Lastly, Lower’s request for a permanent injunction against Amcap is not intertwined. A 

permanent injunction is not a claim at all, but rather a request for relief that is granted after the 

claims at issue are either litigated or arbitrated. See Madej v. Maiden, 951 F.3d 364 (6th Cir. 2020)

(“[A]n injunction is a remedy, not a claim.”); Confessore v. Hood, No. 1:22-CV-302-MAC-CLS, 

2022 WL 21746651, at *4 (E.D. Tex. Oct. 3, 2022), report and recommendation adopted, No. 1:22-

CV-302, 2022 WL 21746653 (E.D. Tex. Nov. 3, 2022) (permanent injunction was a form of 

“ultimate relief” sought by the plaintiff). Thus, it does not fall under any theory of alternate 

estoppel.

Based on the foregoing, the Court concludes the following regarding Lower’s claims: 1) 

Lower’s claim against Amcap for tortious interference with current and prospective contractual 

relationships is not arbitrable; 2) Lower’s claim against Amcap for unjust enrichment is not 

arbitrable; and 3) Lower’s claim against Amcap for conspiracy to breach fiduciary duty is 

intertwined with the Ozment Employment Agreement such that it is arbitrable, so long as an 

arbitrator finds that Lower’s claim against Ozment for conspiracy to breach fiduciary duty is 

Case 4:23-cv-00685-ALM Document 76 Filed 05/30/24 Page 16 of 18 PageID #: 972
17

arbitrable. If an arbitrator does not find that Lower’s claim against Ozment for conspiracy to breach 

fiduciary duty is arbitrable, then Lower’s claim against Amcap for the same is not arbitrable either.

Additionally, Lower’s request for a permanent injunction against Amcap is not arbitrable.

III. Boyd has not moved to compel arbitration, nor has she submitted an arbitration 

agreement, so claims against her remain in this Court.

“The party seeking to compel arbitration bears the burden of establishing the existence of 

a written arbitration agreement.” Wisdom v. Experian Info. Sols., Inc., No. 4:23-CV-93-ALM-KPJ, 

2023 WL 9058868 (E.D. Tex. Nov. 30, 2023), report and recommendation adopted, No. 4:23CV93, 

2024 WL 23136 (E.D. Tex. Jan. 2, 2024) (citation omitted). A party may meet this burden by 

submitting a signed agreement between the parties. Id.

Ozment allegesthat “all Defendants” agree to arbitrate Lower’s claims against them (Dkt. 

#36 at p. 2). And Boyd, along with Mastrorilli and Hankins, indicate in their joint request for an 

expedited ruling on Ozment’s motion to compel arbitration that they have a “strong[] desire to 

join in the [Ongoing] Arbitration” (Dkt. #53 at p. 1). Additionally, in Mastrorilli’s and Hankins’ 

motion for joinder, their counsel states that “[a]lthough I do not represent Natalie Boyd, I am 

informed that she has an identical arbitration agreement with Lower, LLC” (Dkt. #45 at p. 1). 

However, Boyd has not moved to compel arbitration, nor has she submitted any arbitration 

agreement between herself and Lower. Consequently, the Court concludes that Lower cannot be 

compelled to arbitrate its claims against Boyd at this time.

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, it is ORDERED that Defendant Jason Ozment’s Motion to 

Compel Arbitration (Dkt. #29) is GRANTED. Plaintiff Lower, LLC’s claims against Defendant 

Case 4:23-cv-00685-ALM Document 76 Filed 05/30/24 Page 17 of 18 PageID #: 973
18

Jason Ozment shall be submitted to an arbitrator to determine arbitrability pursuant to the parties’ 

delegation clause.

It is further ORDERED that Defendants Kristen Mastrorilli’s and Ron Hankins’ Joinder 

in Jason Ozment’s Motion to Compel Arbitration (Dkt. #45) is GRANTED. Plaintiff Lower, 

LLC’s claims against Defendants Kristen Mastrorilli and Ron Hankins shall be submitted to an 

arbitrator to determine arbitrability pursuant to the parties’ delegation clause.

It is further ORDERED that Defendant Amcap Mortgage, Ltd.’s Second Corrected 

Joinder in Jason Ozment’s Motion to Compel Arbitration (Dkt. #32) is DENIED in part. Plaintiff 

Lower, LLC is not compelled to arbitrate its claims against Defendant Amcap Mortgage, Ltd. for 

1) tortious interference with current and prospective contractual relationships and 2) unjust 

enrichment. 

It is further ORDERED that Defendants Kristen Mastrorilli’s, Ron Hankins’, and Natalie 

Boyd’s Request for Expedited Ruling on Jason Ozment’s Motion to Compel Arbitration (Dkt. #53) 

is DENIED as moot.

It is further ORDERED that Defendant Jason Ozment’s Corrected Emergency Request 

for Ruling on Motion to Compel Arbitration (Dkt. #69) is DENIED as moot.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

Case 4:23-cv-00685-ALM Document 76 Filed 05/30/24 Page 18 of 18 PageID #: 974