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IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF TEXAS

SHERMAN DIVISION

DARLENE BALISTRERI-AMRHEIN,

 Plaintiff,

v.

CHIEF JUDGE BRENDA RHOADES, et 

al.,

 Defendants.

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Civil Action No. 4:23-cv-861-SDJ-KPJ

REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION

OF UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE

The above-styled case was referred to the undersigned for pretrial proceedings under 

28 U.S.C. § 636. Having reviewed the pleadings and filings in this case, the Court recommends 

dismissal without prejudice pursuant to Rule 41(b) because Plaintiff Darlene Balistreri-Amrhein 

(“Ms. Amrhein”) did not comply with the terms of a pre-filing injunction (the “Pre-Filing 

Injunction”) issued against her.

I. BACKGROUND

On February 1, 2013, United States Magistrate Judge Renée Harris Toliver 

(“Judge Toliver”) in the Northern District of Texas recommended that the Pre-Filing Injunction be 

issued against Ms. Amrhein. See Amrhein v. Riechert, No. 12-cv-3707, 2013 WL 1155473, at *14–

*15 (N.D. Tex. Feb. 1, 2013), R. & R. adopted, 2013 WL 1174571 (N.D. Tex. Mar. 21, 2013). In 

support thereof, Judge Toliver noted that Ms. Amrhein had initiated several related actions against 

many of the same defendants. See id. at *13–*14. Judge Toliver also noted that Ms. Amrhein’s 

claims were “utterly meritless,” and that her pattern of “contumacious conduct” would “not 

cease . . . absent some sort of sanction.” Id. On March 21, 2013, Senior United States District 

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Judge A. Joe Fish (“Judge Fish”) adopted Judge Toliver’s recommendation and issued the

following Pre-Filing Injunction:

Darlene Amrhein is prohibited from filing any new civil action in any United 

States district court unless she first files a motion requesting leave of court to do 

so and attaches thereto copies of (1) her proposed complaint, (2) the magistrate 

judge’s findings, conclusions and recommendation in this case, (3) this court’s 

order accepting the findings, conclusions and recommendation of the United States 

Magistrate Judge, and (4) the judgment in this case.

Amrhein, 2013 WL 1174571, at *1. Many other Courts in this District, including the undersigned, 

have similarly noted Ms. Amrhein’s pattern of vexatious (and utterly frivolous) litigation. See, e.g., 

Amrhein v. United States, No. 16-cv-223, 2017 WL 9251674, at *4 (E.D. Tex. June 23, 2017) 

(citing a number of cases filed by Ms. Amrhein and concluding that, in each of those cases, 

Ms. Amrhein “filed flurries of largely incomprehensible motions, letters, and other requests for 

relief . . . , resulting in her being deemed by other courts as a vexatious litigant”), R. & R. adopted, 

2017 WL 3886761 (E.D. Tex. Sept. 6, 2017), aff’d, 740 F. App’x 65 (5th Cir. 2018) (per curiam); 

Balistreri-Amrhein v. Universal Ins. Co. of N. Am., No. 21-cv-224, 2022 WL 17731827, at *1 

(E.D. Tex. Oct. 31, 2022) (noting that other courts have found Ms. Amrhein to have a “particularly 

egregious history of filing frivolous cases”), R. & R. adopted, 2023 WL 175159 (E.D. Tex. Jan. 12, 

2023), appeal dismissed, No. 23-40097, 2024 WL 659366 (5th Cir. Jan 4, 2024).1

In Ms. Amrhein’s previous litigation before the Court, the undersigned stayed the case 

pending a status conference. Balistreri-Amrhein, 2022 WL 17731827, at *1. At the status 

conference, the Court noted the terms of the Pre-Filing Injunction and warned Ms. Amrhein that 

the Court intended to maintain the stay until she complied with its terms. Id. at *2. After several 

months—and despite the Court’s warning—Ms. Amrhein failed to comply with the terms of the 

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Indeed, the Fifth Circuit has warned Ms. Amrhein against filing “future frivolous, repetitive, or otherwise abusive 

filings,” and cautioned that doing so “will result in the imposition of sanctions.” Amrhein, 740 F. App’x at 67.

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Pre-Filing Injunction. Id. at *2–*3. On this basis, the Court recommended that Ms. Amrhein’s 

claims be dismissed. Id. at *3. Thereafter, the District Judge adopted the Court’s recommendation. 

Balistreri-Amrhein, 2023 WL 175159, at*1.

On September 26, 2023, Ms. Amrhein initiated the present action by filing a complaint (the 

“Complaint”) (Dkt. 1) against four federal judges (the “Judges”) arising under the Racketeer 

Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (“RICO”). See Dkt. 1 at 1. While the Complaint (Dkt 1) 

is incomprehensible and largely comprised of ad hominem attacks, the thrust of Ms. Amrhein’s 

allegations is that the Judges issued a number of unfavorable decisions against her. See generally 

Dkt. 1. Ms. Amrhein did not file a motion requesting leave to file the Complaint (Dkt. 1), and she 

did not append Judge Toliver’s report and recommendation, Judge Fish’s memorandum adopting 

that recommendation, or the final judgment in that case.

Also on September 26, 2023, Ms. Amrhein filed the Motion to Proceed In Forma Pauperis

(Dkt. 3), wherein Ms. Amrhein represents that she is unemployed and has little cash resources and 

significant expenses. See Dkt. 3 at 2–6. On October 17, 2023, Ms. Amrhein filed the Rico Act & 

False Claims Act Case(s) Statements (Dkt. 5), which—including the attachments—spans over 

1,000 pages. See Dkts. 5; 5-1; 5-2; 5-3.

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2 Ms. Amrhein also filed a request to change venue (the “Motion to Change Venue”) (Dkt. 4), wherein she appears to 

object to this case being referred to the undersigned. See Dkt. 4 at 1 (“I am also in process of interviewing out of state 

Attorneys & Law Firms that will change venue due to the Facts of this Lawsuit, Bias, Prejudice, Conflict of Interest, 

Retaliation, Violations of U.S. & Texas Constitutional Right!”); see also Dkt. 1 at 4, 14, 18, 20–21 (objecting to prior 

rulings by the undersigned in other cases brought by Ms. Amrhein). To the extent Ms. Amrhein seeks disqualification

on this basis, the Court declines to do so. After careful consideration of the applicable law, the Court concludes that 

its impartiality may not reasonably be called into question. See 28 U.S.C. § 455(a)–(b); Amrhein, 740 F. App’x at 66–

67 (“[Ms.] Amrhein contends that the court has a conflict of interest because the court and several of its judges and 

clerk of court were named as defendants in this case based on this court’s decision in Amrhein v. La Madeleine, Inc., 

589 F. App’x 258 (5th Cir. 2015). These assertions are frivolous. Adverse judicial rulings alone do not support a claim 

of bias unless they ‘reveal an opinion based on an extrajudicial source or if they demonstrate such a high degree of 

antagonism as to make fair judgment impossible.’” (citations omitted)).

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II. LEGAL ANALYSIS

“Rule 41(b) authorizes the district court to dismiss an action sua sponte for failure to 

prosecute or comply with a court order.” Griggs v. S.G.E. Mgmt., L.L.C., 905 F.3d 835, 844 

(5th Cir. 2018). Such authority “flows from the court’s inherent power to control its docket” and 

may be effectuated “with or without notice to the parties.” Boudwin v. Graystone Ins. Co., 756 F.2d 

399, 401 (5th Cir. 1985) (citing Link v. Wabash R.R. Co., 370 U.S. 626 (1962)). This power clearly 

extends to a plaintiff’s failure to comply with a pre-filing injunction. See, e.g., Williams v. 

Williams, No. 20-cv-917, 2021 WL 1535416, at *3 (W.D. Tex. Apr. 17, 2021) (recommending 

dismissal with prejudice under Rule 41(b) because the plaintiff “failed to comply with a court order 

by filing [the] suit without permission”), R. & R. adopted, 2021 WL 11698527 (W.D. Tex. June 21, 

2021); Stanford v. Godbey, No. 20-cv-115, 2020 WL 7700632, at *3 (N.D. Tex. Dec. 10, 2020) 

(recommending dismissal with prejudice under Rule 41(b) for failure to comply with pre-filing 

injunction), R. & R. adopted, 2020 WL 7698741 (N.D. Tex. Dec. 28, 2020); Liu v. Flowers Davis, 

PLLC, No. 17-cv-263, 2017 WL 10403342, at *2 (E.D. Tex. May 9, 2017) (recommending 

dismissal without prejudice under Rule 41(b) because the plaintiff “ignored” pre-filing injunction 

on “multiple” occasions), R. & R. adopted, ECF No. 28 (E.D. Tex. July 11, 2017); BalistreriAmrhein, 2022 WL 17731827, at *3 (recommending dismissal for failure to comply with pre-filing 

injunction).

In the present case, Ms. Amrhein has—once again—failed to comply with the terms of the 

Pre-Filing Injunction. Ms. Amrhein did not file a motion seeking leave to file the Complaint 

(Dkt. 1). Likewise, Ms. Amrhein failed to attach any of the documents required by the Pre-Filing 

Injunction, including a copy Judge Toliver’s report and recommendation, Judge Fish’s 

memorandum adopting that report and recommendation, and the final judgment rendered in that 

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case. Furthermore, the Court has previously warned Ms. Amrhein regarding the existence and 

nature of the Pre-Filing Injunction, yet she continues to flagrantly disregard that warning by filing 

defective lawsuits. See Balistreri-Amrhein, 2022 WL 17731827, at *3. In the last year alone, 

Ms. Amrhein has filed several RICO cases in the Eastern District of Texas—none of which comply 

with the Pre-Filing Injunction. See Balistreri-Amrhein v. Universal Ins. Co. of N. Am., No. 23-cv776 (E.D. Tex.); Balistreri-Amrhein v. Fish, No. 23-cv-828 (E.D. Tex.); Balistreri-Amrhein v. 

Hercules, No. 23-cv-862 (E.D. Tex.); Balistreri-Amrhein v. Universal Ins. Co. of N. Am., No. 23-

cv-901 (E.D. Tex.). Thus, the Court concludes that dismissal without prejudice pursuant to

Rule 41(b) is appropriate.3

III. RECOMMENDATION

For the foregoing reasons, the Court recommends that Ms. Amrhein’s claims be 

DISMISSED WITHOUT PREJUDICE and any pending motion be DENIED AS MOOT.

Within fourteen (14) days after service of the magistrate judge’s report, any party may 

serve and file written objections to the findings and recommendations of the magistrate judge. 

28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(C).

A party is entitled to de novo review by the district court of the findings and conclusions 

contained in this report only if specific objections are made, and failure to timely file written 

objections to any proposed findings, conclusions, and recommendations contained in this report 

3 Dismissal with prejudice is only appropriate where there is “a clear record of delay or contumacious conduct by the 

plaintiff” and “lesser sanctions would not serve the best interests of justice.” Griggs, 905 F.3d at 844 (quoting Gates 

v. Strain, 885 F.3d 874, 883 (5th Cir. 2018)). “In most cases, a plain record of delay or contumacious conduct is found 

if one of the three aggravating factors is also present: (1) delay caused by the plaintiff; (2) actual prejudice to the 

defendant; or (3) delay as a result of intentional conduct.” Id. (quoting Stearman v. Comm’r, 436 F.3d 533, 535 

(5th Cir. 2006)) (internal quotation marks omitted). Dismissal with prejudice is likely appropriate here given 

Ms. Amrhein’s flagrant and repeated disregard of the Pre-Filing Injunction. See Williams, 2021 WL 1535416, at *3; 

Stanford, 2020 WL 7700632, at *3. However, “[l]esser sanctions such as fines or dismissal without prejudice are 

usually appropriate before dismissing with prejudice.” Wright v. LBA Hosp., 754 F. App’x 298, 299 (5th Cir. 2019) 

(per curiam) (quoting Bryson v. United States, 553 F.3d 402, 403 (5th Cir. 2008)) (internal quotation marks omitted). 

Thus, in an abundance of caution, the Court recommends dismissal without prejudice.

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shall bar an aggrieved party from appellate review of those factual findings and legal conclusions 

accepted by the district court, except on grounds of plain error, provided that the party has been 

served with notice that such consequences will result from a failure to object. Id.; Thomas v. Arn, 

474 U.S. 140, 148 (1985); see also Douglass v. United Servs. Auto Ass’n, 79 F.3d 1415, 1417 

(5th Cir. 1996) (en banc), superseded by statute on other grounds, 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1) 

(extending the time to file objections from ten to fourteen days).

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