*

Honorable Hugh Lawson, U.S. District Judge for the Middle District of Georgia, sitting by

designation. 

 1

Because we set aside Scheer's convictions based on this single issue, we decline to address

the other enumerations of error that Scheer raises on appeal. 

United States Court of Appeals,

Eleventh Circuit.

No. 96-4225.

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

Dana SCHEER, Defendant-Appellant.

Feb. 25, 1999.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida. (No. 87-6034-CRHOEVELER), William M. Hoeveler, Judge.

Before EDMONDSON and BIRCH, Circuit Judges, and LAWSON*

, District Judge.

BIRCH, Circuit Judge:

Dana Scheer appeals his convictions for misapplication of bank funds, 18 U.S.C. §§ 2 and

657, and making false statements for the purpose of influencing a financial institution, 18 U.S.C. §§

1014 and 2. Scheer's trial and convictions arise from his participation in a series of transactions that

culminated in the insolvency of the Sunrise Savings and Loan Association. In this appeal, Scheer

raises numerous issues concerning the fairness of his trial, several of which relate to alleged

prosecutorial misconduct. Having reviewed the record with respect to each of these claims, we

conclude that Scheer's claim regarding prosecutorial intimidation of a witness sufficiently

undermines our confidence in the integrity of Scheer's trial and in the verdict to warrant reversal of

Scheer's convictions and, therefore, remand this case for a new trial.1
2

I. BACKGROUND

The facts surrounding the formation and eventual failure of Sunrise Savings and Loan

Association ("Sunrise") have been detailed extensively in several of our prior opinions, see, e.g.,

United States v. Foxman, 87 F.3d 1220 (11th Cir.1996) and United States v. Jacoby, 955 F.2d 1527

(11th Cir.1992). We briefly summarize the facts and allegations relevant solely to the charges

against Scheer and the specific issues raised in this appeal: In 1984, the year in which most of the

events pertinent to this action transpired, Scheer worked as an associate at the law firm of Blank,

Rome, Comiskey, and McCauley ("Blank, Rome"). Scheer's immediate supervisor at that time was

Kenneth Treadwell, a partner at Blank, Rome. Among his duties as an attorney, Scheer routinely

handled real estate closings on behalf of Sunrise, which had been founded by another Blank, Rome

partner, Michael Foxman. In 1984, Robert Jacoby was the president and chairman of the board of

directors at Sunrise. Early in that same year, Sunrise's board of directors entered into a supervisory

agreement with the Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation (FSLIC) and the Florida

Comptroller's Office pursuant to which, inter alia, all future Sunrise loans exceeding a specified

amount would require board approval and "specific supporting documentation demonstrating

compliance with underwriting and credit requirements." Jacoby, 955 F.2d at 1531.

William Frederick and Thomas Moye were co-owners of Commercial Center Development

Corporation, a real estate company that developed commercial properties. Frederick and Moye

began borrowing money from Sunrise in 1980 and, over the course of the next five years, Sunrise

became their exclusive lending institution. By 1983, Frederick and Moye had fallen behind

substantially on the interest payments on their loans but, to maintain the appearance that the

accounts were current, obtained additional loans through overdrafts, or unsecured lines of credit, that
 2

Trial testimony from several witnesses consistently showed the following individuals to have

been present at this meeting: Jacoby; Frederick; William Frame, Sunrise's executive

vice-president for lending operations and a co-defendant at Scheer's trial; Joseph Taber, also a

Sunrise executive vice-president; Thomas Skubal, a Sunrise Mortgage Corporation

vice-president; and Ron Berkovitz, a representative from Alpha Capital Group, which arranged

financing for developers. See e.g., R39 at 3579; R34 at 2912. 

 3

According to the government's theory of the case at trial, setting the amount of the loans at

$500,000.00 or less enabled the various individuals who implemented this plan to circumvent

both the documentation required by the supervisory agreement and the requirement that the loan

be approved by Sunrise's board of directors. 

3

were approved by individuals within Sunrise. By the summer of 1984, Sunrise had loaned

Frederick, Moye, and their business concerns over $150 million. At the same time, Sunrise's outside

auditors discovered that Frederick and Moye's personal accounts collectively were overdrawn by

more than $4 million. As a result, the auditors advised Jacoby that, unless the overdrafts were

satisfied by August 30th, the auditors would not certify Sunrise's financial statements for that fiscal

year. R34 at 2911. According to testimony adduced at trial, Jacoby, Frederick, and several other

individuals associated with Sunrise2 discussed various options for eliminating the Frederick and

Moye overdrafts. See R34 at 2913. The participants at the meeting agreed that Sunrise would

extend loans in the amount of $500,0003

 to various personal acquaintances or relatives of those

attending the meeting; these borrowers would use the funds to purchase property from Frederick

and Moye, who would in turn use those proceeds to cover the overdrafts in their accounts with

Sunrise. The borrowers chosen for these transactions were Charles Powell, an associate of Ron

Berkovitz at Alpha Capital Group; Virginia Valosin, Frederick's cousin and employee; and Meryl

Wood, Frederick's yacht broker. According to the testimony of Taber, at the conclusion of the

meeting Jacoby requested that those present "get it done." Id. at 2918. It is undisputed that on

August 30th and 31st, Sunrise extended lines of credit for real estate, guaranteed by Frederick, to
4

Meryl Wood, Charles Powell, and Virginia Valosin, and that Scheer acted as the closing attorney

for these transactions ("the August 30th transactions"). It was the government's contention at trial

that the loans to each of these individuals constituted sham transactions, whereby Powell, Wood,

and Valosin acted as nominee borrowers to enable Sunrise to extend further credit (that Sunrise

would otherwise be precluded from extending by virtue of the supervisory agreement) to Frederick

and Moye.

In addition, the government introduced evidence at trial demonstrating that, subsequent to

the August 30th transactions, Sunrise purchased from Frederick and Moye a property, referred to

by the parties as "Seawalk," for $13.5 million. See e.g., R34 at 2957. The government argued at

trial that Sunrise purchased Seawalk for more than its fair market value; that this constituted another

attempt to cover the increasingly delinquent interest payments accruing in Frederick's and Moye's

accounts with Sunrise; and that Scheer facilitated this scheme by acting as closing attorney on the

real estate purchase.

The government indicted and prosecuted Scheer for thirteen counts of conspiracy to

misapply bank funds, misapplication of bank funds, and aiding and abetting the making of false

statements on a loan application in relation to both the August 30th and Seawalk transactions. R1

at 436. After a lengthy trial, the jury convicted Scheer of conspiracy to misapply bank funds, as well

as two counts of misapplication of bank funds and two counts of aiding the making of false

statements in connection with the extension of credit to Wood and Valosin on August 30th, 1984;

the jury acquitted Scheer of all counts related to the Seawalk purchase.

In a post-trial order, the district court set aside the conspiracy conviction with respect to

Scheer (as well as his two co-defendants) after finding a variance in the indictment and the proof
5

adduced at trial that substantially prejudiced the defendants. Specifically, the court determined that

the indictment alleged that part of the conspiracy count involved another savings and loan

institution, referred to by the parties as "Crusader," in which these defendants unambiguously never

participated and which occurred prior to their tenure with Sunrise; that the prosecutor argued his

intention to "link up" the evidence but, in fact, never showed any relationship between the events

surrounding Crusader and the evidence that arguably implicated these defendants; and that the

prosecutor made repeated reference to Crusader in his opening and closing statements and in

questions to witnesses, notwithstanding the fact that—as found by the district court—there was no

connection between Crusader and any of the allegations regarding Scheer or his co-defendants.

In its order, the district court further remarked upon multiple instances of prosecutorial

overzealousness and excess, see e.g., R4—817 at 37 ("Apparently, one of the prosecution's

motivations for introducing Crusader evidence was to prejudice these defendants by tainting them

with crimes in which they played no role."); id. at 42 ("The enthusiasm and aggressiveness with

which the prosecution pursued this case ... ultimately led to excesses, some, but certainly not all, of

which have been outlined."); id. at 28 ("The vigor and enthusiasm which powers the successful

prosecution of those guilty of criminal conduct is commendable and should be encouraged. We

must never, however, sanction the excesses which result form [sic] unchecked enthusiasm—excesses

which lead to justifications of the type presented [by the prosecution] here."). The court, however,

found the evidence sufficient to sustain the remaining convictions against Scheer for misapplication

and false statements in connection with the August 30th loans to Wood and Valosin.

Prominent among the instances of possible prosecutorial overreaching described by the

district court in its post-trial memorandum, the court noted that, during the trial, the lead prosecutor
6

apparently issued a verbal threat to a critical witness, Robert Jacoby, who testified on behalf of the

government. The district court held a hearing on the allegation and decided that, although the

incident did "appear[ ] to be an instance of prosecutorial intimidation of a witness," id. at 45, the

defendants had not shown that Jacoby had changed his testimony as a result of the threat. Finding

no connection between the prosecutor's threat and Jacoby's testimony, the court let the convictions

stand. Although we note that the district court's handling of this unwieldy and contentious trial from

start to finish was often exemplary, the following discussion outlines our basis of disagreement with

the court's disposition of this particular issue.

II. DISCUSSION

Scheer presents his claim of prosecutorial misconduct under the rubric of Brady v. Maryland,

373 U.S. 83, 83 S.Ct. 1194, 10 L.Ed.2d 215 (1963). Scheer argues that, in withholding information

regarding the prosecutor's threatening remarks to a key prosecution witness, the government failed

to divulge material impeachment evidence that was, in essence, exculpatory by virtue of its ability

to cast substantial doubt on the credibility of the witness. The facts and allegations underlying this

contention are described briefly below.

A. The Conversation Between Jacoby and Genge

Jacoby was on probation when he testified at Scheer's trial and at the post-trial evidentiary

hearing. At the hearing, Jacoby testified that, during the week end that intervened between the first

and second day of his testimony, he met with Assistant United States Attorney Genge and another

member of the prosecution team, David Batlle, to go over his testimony. Jacoby testified that,

during that conversation,

[Mr. Genge] at some point kind of turns to me and says—he has a funny way of

pointing—kind of points at me and says, "Now, I know you are going to come through for
 4

Genge's reference to "Tony" referred to an agent of the Federal Bureau of Investigation,

Tony Yanketis. See R64 at 27. 

7

us or for me. I know you are going to come through on that, and if you don't come through

on that, Tony4

 is going to put the cuffs on you and you are going to be out of there in 45

seconds."

He kind of rocks back and smiles. He may have done it twice, rocked back and

smiles. I turned to David. I looked at Dave, kind of like, "What is that?" Dave looked at

me. He didn't smile. He just kind of looked sheepishly away, and then we went on.

R64 at 81. Jacoby suggested that he inferred from these remarks that Genge was directing him to

state in his testimony that Jacoby had defrauded Sunrise, see id. at 121, a position that Jacoby had

not taken at his own trial. Jacoby offered conflicting testimony as to whether he had regarded

Genge's comments as a threat that had real possible consequences. Jacoby testified that he had

related this entire event to Frame and Thomas Skubal, a defendant in an earlier criminal proceeding

involving Sunrise. Jacoby suggested, however, that he may have exaggerated his description of his

own response to Genge's remarks to "mollify, placate, or in other words, otherwise deal with Mr.

Skubal ... [who] is a lot more emotionally involved in this case." Id. at 83. Later in his testimony,

Jacoby stated that he "embellished" the importance of the event in order to "help" Frame prepare for

a conviction in this case. See id. at 140-42. In response to yet another round of questioning about

Jacoby's perception of Genge's remarks, Jacoby testified that "I still don't think it was a joking matter

in the sense that it is somebody in my spot wouldn't take it necessarily as a joke." Id. at 138-39.

Jacoby also offered the following observations regarding the effect of Genge's comments on his trial

testimony:

I wasn't—what is the word? I wasn't influenced by it. It did not make me change my

testimony. I didn't lie because of it. I didn't do anything because of it, but it did upset me,

and I would use a different word if I wasn't in the court. I thought it was insensitive, but

again that is probably irrelevant.
 5

At time of the hearing, Skubal operated a pool hall located in a shopping center that Jacoby

managed. 

8

Id. at 83.

Jacoby acknowledged in his testimony that, although the relevant conversation with Genge

took place in October, at the same time he was giving testimony in the case, it is likely that he did

not tell Frame about it until the jury deliberations began in January. See id. at 109. Jacoby also

agreed that he had refused to speak to any of the defendants' lawyers prior to the evidentiary hearing

and, similarly, had refused to speak to the Justice Department regarding its earlier investigation of

Genge. See id. at 94-98.

Thomas Skubal, one of Jacoby's former Sunrise associates, also testified at the evidentiary

hearing. Skubal stated that he had met with Frame and Jacoby at a bar to discuss business5

 sometime

during or after the trial. Skubal offered the following account of what transpired during that

meeting:

A: Well, [Jacoby] had told Frame and myself that Mr. Genge pulled him aside after one of

his days of testimony, and told him that if he didn't start cooperating, shaking his finger at

Jacoby, that he would have the FBI Agent Yanketis take him back to Eglin, or take him back

to prison. I am sorry.

R64 at 27. Skubal testified that Jacoby recounted that Genge intended for Jacoby to be taken "[o]ff

the stand" and back to prison if Jacoby did not "start cooperating." Id. Skubal further testified that

Jacoby had interpreted the prosecutor's comment as a directive to testify that Jacoby had knowingly

and intentionally defrauded the directors of Sunrise and government officials. Id. at 29. Skubal also

noted that, in a subsequent conversation held closer to the time of the hearing, Jacoby told him that
 6

In addition, Skubal testified that, while in prison together, he and Jacoby had coined an

expression, "the wrath of Genge," to refer to the fact that "if we did not cooperate with Mr.

Genge, we did not know what was going to happen to us." Id. at 32. 

9

"in Mr. Genge's mind he may have been joking, but there is no way that he [Jacoby] took it as a

joke." Id. at 35.6

Frame's lawyer, with whom Jacoby spoke briefly about the incident, testified that Jacoby had

told him that "any reasonable person would conclude that what Mr. Genge had said to him was a

threat." Id. at 69-70. He also stated that Jacoby had indicated that he would not provide an affidavit

describing the incident until the trial was over. Id. at 70.

Scheer argues that Genge's remarks constituted critical impeachment evidence that the

government, by concealing this incident, withheld from Scheer at the time of the trial. The

potentially exculpatory nature of these remarks derives from the possibility that Jacoby may have

felt compelled to fully implicate himself, as president of Sunrise, in the knowing, intentional

defrauding of the bank at the risk of having his probation revoked. The import of such a

"confession" would be to fully implicate the defendant-lawyers, who were admittedly involved in

the day-to-day operations of the bank, as equally knowing participants in Jacoby's plan to commit

bank fraud. Had Scheer been able to bring out in his cross-examination of Jacoby the fact that

Jacoby had been intimidated by the assistant U.S. attorney prosecuting this case, the value of

Jacoby's testimony would have been considerably diminished.

 The government contends on appeal, as it did at the evidentiary hearing, that Scheer (and

his co-defendants) waived this claim by failing to raise it immediately when they learned of the

alleged threats to Jacoby. The district court held its evidentiary hearing regarding the allegation of

prosecutorial intimidation of Jacoby several months after the trial had concluded. At that hearing,
10

the defendants' lawyers indicated to the judge that, during the third week of jury deliberations,

Jacoby had advised one of the defendants, William Frame, that he had been threatened by one of the

assistant United States attorneys, Lothar Genge, who was prosecuting the case. Jacoby subsequently

spoke to Frame's lawyer, who notified the attorneys for Scheer and the remaining co-defendant,

Kenneth Treadwell. Immediately following the trial, a representative from the law firm of

Treadwell's lawyer asked the Office of Professional Responsibility ("OPR"), a division of the United

States Department of Justice, to investigate the allegation. OPR referred the matter to the Justice

Department's Office of Public Integrity to conduct a criminal investigation, but the Justice

Department declined to press criminal charges against the prosecutor. Before this investigation had

been completed, however, the defendants had filed with the district court a motion for a new trial

based on these same allegations.

Although we are cognizant both of the duty of a defendant to bring to the trial court's

attention any perceived violations or objections that potentially undermine the integrity of the

process and the concomitant probability that the defendant's failure to voice these challenges in a

timely fashion may result in waiver, see Watkins v. Bowden, 105 F.3d 1344, 1352 n. 16 (11th

Cir.1997), we conclude that the facts of this case militate against the formulaic application of this

well-established procedural principle. As noted by Scheer's trial counsel at the court's hearing,

Jacoby's communication to one of Scheer's co-defendant placed the defendants in a peculiarly

difficult dilemma: On the one hand, they faced the prospect that, by failing to raise this allegation,

they might waive the issue altogether. On the other hand, they also knew that (1) neither Jacoby nor

the prosecutor who allegedly issued the threat would talk to defense counsel during the trial and, as

a result, there was no way to corroborate the allegation; (2) Jacoby may have remained genuinely
11

fearful that the prosecutor would revoke his probation if he testified at an evidentiary hearing

regarding this threat; and (3) this entire trial had been characterized by a considerable rancor

between defense counsel and the lead prosecutor, thereby rendering potentially suspect any serious

allegations of prosecutorial misconduct that lacked substantiation or corroboration. See R64 at 15-

16. Bearing these particular facts in mind, it was reasonable for defense counsel to attempt, in the

first instance, to bring the entire matter to the Justice Department in the hopes of obtaining truthful

testimony from Jacoby without fear of retaliation or repercussion from the same prosecutor who had

issued the threat.

B. The Legal Principles Governing this Case

We determine, at the outset, that some version of the comments by the assistant U.S.

attorney, as described in various accounts at the evidentiary hearing, actually occurred. Genge, the

assistant U.S. attorney who allegedly made the remarks, was present at the evidentiary hearing but

did not testify. The government has never argued that the incident did not occur. The district court,

for purposes of its post-trial order, assumed that the conversation did take place and, after hearing

Jacoby's testimony at the evidentiary hearing, noted that "[t]he Court has little doubt that Jacoby

construed the prosecutor's statement as a threat." R4-817 at 45. Although we acknowledge that

there are slightly different versions of what Genge said to Jacoby on this particular occasion, the fact

that this assistant U.S. attorney made a remark to Jacoby that reasonably could be construed as an

implicit—if not an explicit—threat regarding the nature of Jacoby's upcoming testimony remains

uncontroverted.

 As previously noted by both our court and the Supreme Court "regardless of request,

favorable, exculpatory or impeachment evidence is material, and constitutional error results from
12

its suppression by the government, if there is a reasonable probability that, had the evidence been

disclosed to the defense, the result of the proceeding would have been different." United States v.

Noriega, 117 F.3d 1206, 1218 (11th Cir.1997) (quoting Kyles v. Whitley, 514 U.S. 419, 433, 115

S.Ct. 1555, 1565, 131 L.Ed.2d 490 (1995)) (internal markings and quotation marks omitted). A

reasonable probability of a different result is shown when the government's evidentiary suppression

undermines confidence in the outcome of the trial. Kyles, 514 U.S. at 434, 115 S.Ct. at 1566

(quotation marks and citation omitted). In the case of impeachment evidence, a constitutional error

may derive from the government's failure to assist the defense by disclosing information that might

have been helpful in conducting the cross-examination. United States v. Bagley, 473 U.S. 667, 678,

105 S.Ct. 3375, 3381, 87 L.Ed.2d 481 (1985). In rejecting any distinction between impeachment

evidence and exculpatory evidence in the Brady context, the Supreme Court has observed that "[t]he

jury's estimate of the truthfulness and reliability of a given witness may well be determinative of

guilt or innocence, and it is upon such subtle factors as possible interest of the witness in testifying

falsely that a defendant's life or liberty may depend." Napue v. Illinois, 360 U.S. 264, 269, 79 S.Ct.

1173, 1177, 3 L.Ed.2d 1217 (1959).

 In Hays v. Alabama, 85 F.3d 1492 (11th Cir.1996), we explicitly set forth the factors, as

established by the Supreme Court in Kyles, that necessarily must guide our determination as to the

materiality of evidence: First, " "a showing of materiality does not require demonstration by a

preponderance that disclosure of the suppressed evidence would have resulted ultimately in the

defendant's acquittal,' " id. at 1498 (quoting Kyles, 514 U.S. at 434, 115 S.Ct. at 1566). "Thus,

undisclosed evidence can require a new trial even if it is more likely than not that a jury seeing the

new evidence would still convict." Id. Second, "a defendant need not show there was insufficient
13

evidence to convict in view of the suppressed evidence." Id. Third, "there is no harmless error

review of Bagley errors." Id. Fourth, "materiality is to be determined collectively, not

item-by-item." Id. (internal citation and quotation marks omitted). We review de novo the district

court's determination as to whether a reasonable probability exists that the suppressed evidence

would have change the outcome. Id.

We conclude that the district court did not properly apply either the "materiality" or

"reasonable probability" analysis established by the Supreme Court in Kyles. The district court

found, for instance, that because Jacoby testified that he was upset but not influenced by Genge's

remarks, "[t]he necessary connection between the prosecutor's threats and Jacoby's testimony,

therefore, appears to be absent." R4-817 at 45. The court further observed that, even if Jacoby had

altered his testimony in response to a perceived act of intimidation, "other evidence against Scheer

... was sufficiently compelling to convict [him]." Id. Under both Kyles and Hays, however, Scheer

need not prove that Jacoby in fact changed his testimony. Scheer also is not required to show that,

had the government not suppressed this evidence, other evidence in the case standing alone would

have been insufficient to convict. The relevant inquiry, rather, is whether the suppression of this

information undermines our confidence in the trial. See Kyles, 514 U.S. at 434, 115 S.Ct. at 1566.

Although an evaluation of whether there is a reasonable probability of a different result may

necessitate an examination of the other evidence presented at trial, the Supreme Court expressly has

disavowed a simple "sufficiency of the evidence" test in the Brady /Bagley context:

The possibility of an acquittal on a criminal charge does not imply an insufficient evidentiary

basis to convict. One does not show a Brady violation by demonstrating that some of the

inculpatory evidence should have been excluded, but by showing that the favorable evidence

could reasonably be taken to put the whole case in such a different light as to undermine

confidence in the verdict.
 7

In response to cross-examination revealing that Jacoby had testified at his own criminal trial

that he probably didn't consult Scheer "much" about loans-to-one borrower regulations, Jacoby

subsequently stated that "I didn't say I spoke much to him. I said I spoke to him about it, yes." 

R. Supp. 8 at 1907. 

 8Interestingly, Taber did not corroborate this assertion in his own testimony at Scheer's trial. 

In his direct testimony, Taber stated that he had spoken to Scheer on the telephone regarding the

August 30th transactions. According to Taber, Scheer had told him in that conversation that

Scheer was "having a hard time securing Sunrise's mortgage interest in one of the properties that

was supposed to secure one of the loans." R34 at 2924. Taber also testified extensively about a

meeting held at Sunrise on August 27th, 1984, that Jacoby attended at which the plan to create

14

See Kyles, 514 U.S. at 435, 115 S.Ct. at 1566. (footnote omitted).

 Having reviewed the extensive record in this case with respect to both the trial and the

evidentiary hearing held to explore the relevant Brady violation, we conclude not only that Genge's

threatening remark to Jacoby constituted material impeachment evidence but, moreover, that

disclosure of this evidence to Scheer's counsel would have made a different result reasonably

probable. Our conclusion is informed by the importance and specificity of Jacoby's testimony,

particularly when compared with that of other prosecution witnesses.

C. Why the Prosecutor's Undisclosed Remarks are Material and Exculpatory

Jacoby's testimony was critically important to the government's case. At trial, Jacoby

testified that he had discussed with Scheer the existence of the Frederick overdrafts, see R. Supp.

5 at 1198; that Scheer had attended meetings at Sunrise at which possible solutions to the overdrafts

were discussed, see id. at 1276; and that Scheer had given Jacoby advice regarding federal

regulations governing the amount of credit a bank could extend to a single borrower (the

"loan-to-one" regulations)7

, see R. Supp. 8 at 1907. Jacoby also testified that Joe Taber, a Sunrise

executive, had told Jacoby that Scheer had "chosen the individuals" later allegedly used by Sunrise

as nominee borrowers in the August 30th transactions.8

 R. Supp. 5 at 1284. The government also
loans to nominee borrowers for the purpose of covering Frederick's and Moye's overdrafts was

discussed. On cross-examination by Scheer's counsel, Taber agreed that the prospective

borrowers (including Valosin, Wood, and Powell) were proposed at that meeting; that Scheer

did not attend the meeting; and that Jacoby "actively participated" in the meeting. See R37 at

3438-39. Taber also agreed that Jacoby was present when the August 30th borrowers were

chosen. Finally, in response to a direct question as to whether Taber had ever told Mr. Jacoby

"that Dana Scheer picked the borrowers," Taber responded "No." Id. at 3440. 

15

used Jacoby as a vehicle for introducing a memorandum written by Scheer that the government

suggested, through Jacoby's testimony, constituted evidence of Scheer's efforts to conceal his

involvement in the August 30th transactions. That memorandum, dated August 29, 1984, and

addressed to Scheer's own file, stated, in pertinent part:

I was requested by Rob Jacoby, in a telephone conversation on this date, (Rob Jacoby

was in New York) to close each of these loans. Mr. Jacoby indicated that he had presented

these loans before executive committee in evening session, August 28th, 1984, and had

received their approval.

Mr. Jacoby indicated that upon his return to Palm Beach, he would immediately sign

and forward a memo authorizing me to close these loans, notwithstanding having no surveys,

appraisals, title commitments, utility letters, permit, opinions of counsel, and

notwithstanding the fact that by making several of these loans, we might be violating doing

business laws in the State of Maryland and placing mortgages on parcels which were not

legally able to be subdivided in the event of foreclosure.

Mr. Jacoby indicated that no board approval would be necessary for any of these

loans, and that it was necessary to immediately close as soon as possible.

A letter to file has been dictated by me and is in Mr. Jacoby's office awaiting his

return.

R. Supp. 8 at 1927-28. On direct examination, Jacoby read this memorandum aloud and, in response

to the prosecutor's questions regarding each paragraph, essentially discredited the veracity of each

statement in the memorandum. For example, Jacoby testified that (1) he did not recall asking Scheer

to close the August 30th loans; (2) he did not believe that he had indicated to Scheer that he had

received the approval of the executive committee for the loans; (3) he did not subsequently forward
 9

It is interesting to note that at Jacoby's own trial, at which Jacoby sought to shift

responsibility for many of Sunrise's questionable transactions to bad (or nonexistent) legal

advice from Sunrise's Blank, Rome lawyers, the government introduced the "Scheer

Memorandum" as evidence that Blank, Rome had acted in good faith with respect to Sunrise; 

that Jacoby had not relied on his attorneys' faulty legal judgment regarding the legality of these

transactions; and that the lawyers at Blank, Rome simply were executing the wishes of their

client, Sunrise. Indeed, it was Jacoby who sought unsuccessfully to exclude the Scheer

Memorandum from evidence at his trial, and the government that prevailed in introducing the

memorandum to demonstrate the law firm's lack of culpability. Through Jacoby's testimony at

Scheer's trial, however, the government sought to demonstrate that, in composing this

memorandum, Scheer had attempted to "cover" his participation in the August 30th transactions

by making it appear that, notwithstanding Scheer's legal advice to the contrary, Jacoby had

requested that he close the relevant loans. 

16

to Scheer a memorandum authorizing the loans; and (4) he did not receive a letter from Scheer when

he returned from his trip to his office.9

 R. Supp. 5 at 1304-07.

Finally, Jacoby offered the following testimony on redirect examination:

Q: Well, Mr. Jacoby, during the period of time beginning 1983 and continuing through 1984,

sir, let me just ask you this:

Did you knowingly and intentionally cause false internal reports, such as loan to one

borrower reports, to be filed at Sunrise. Yes or no?

A: I participated in that, yes.

Q: And did you do that knowingly and intentionally?

A: I was conscious of it, yes.

Q: Did you take those actions, sir, with intent to defraud Sunrise?

A: Some of the actions I took I knew I was doing something that was not to the benefit of

Sunrise.

Q: Did you know it was wrong?

A: I knew some of it was wrong, yes.
 10Valosin had gone to the office of Blank, Rome with Moye's sister, Sandy, on the previous

day, August 30th, at Frederick's direction, presumably to execute these same documents. After

arriving at the Blank, Rome offices, however, Moye and Treadwell had a heated argument that

caused Moye to inform Valosin that they would have to leave. By the next day, Moye

apparently had changed his mind about Valosin signing the documents necessary to close the

loan. See R40 at 3872-74. 

17

R. Supp. 10 at 2386. Jacoby further testified that he consciously acted to misapply funds in

connection with the August 30th loan closings; that he intentionally misapplied funds in connection

with the Seawalk purchase. See id. at 2387-88. Jacoby noted that Scheer was "involved" in these

wrongful acts, "[m]ore so as to the August 30th. I am not certain at all as to Seawalk." Id. at 2388.

Although we do not apply a "sufficiency of the evidence" test to the testimony of other

witnesses at Scheer's trial, we do note that the importance of Jacoby's testimony—and his credibility

in relation to that testimony—cannot be evaluated in isolation from the less conclusive testimony

offered by other witnesses. Several of the individuals who borrowed money from Sunrise in relation

to the August 30th transactions, denominated by the government as "nominee borrowers," testified

at Scheer's trial. Virginia Valosin, for instance, testified that, on August 31st, 1984, she signed a

series of documents at the office of Commercial Development Corporation10 that effectively granted

to her a line of credit of $500,000.00. Valosin further stated that, at the time she signed these papers,

her net worth was approximately $1,000.00; that she had never actually applied for the loan she

received, nor provided any financial documentation to support the loan; and that she signed a

document stating that she, as the applicant of the loan, was not acting as an agent or nominee on

behalf of another person, although she knew that this statement was false. On cross-examination,

however, Valosin indicated that she may not have read most of the documents she signed and that

she assumed the transactions were valid because she trusted Frederick. See R40 at 3918. In
18

response to Scheer's inquiry as to whether Valosin believed that she was actually purchasing

property, identified as the "Greentree parcel," Valosin stated that she was familiar with the property

in question; that she understood that she "was borrowing $500,000.00 that would have been

guaranteed by a portion of property that they were transferring to [Valosin's] name," id. at 3920;

that she knew that Frederick had guaranteed the loan; and that Frederick's guarantee of the loan

made her "more secure" in signing the documents. Id. at 3920-22. During Valosin's testimony, the

government placed into evidence the closing papers on Valosin's loan indicating that Scheer was the

closing attorney and had witnessed Frederick's signature as guarantor on the loan. Valosin testified

that she had no actual communication or contact with Scheer regarding the loan documents she had

signed. Id. at 3920.

Wood testified that, on August 30th, 1984, he met in a Blank, Rome conference room with

Scheer and Frederick to execute what he believed to be a valid real estate transaction involving the

extension of credit to Wood for approximately $305,000.00. Wood testified that Scheer and

Frederick instructed him to sign or initial a stack of documents; that he attempted to read the

documents but was instructed by Scheer, jokingly, to "sign. Don't read." R39 at 3656-57. Wood

also testified that, in response to his request that he receive copies of the documents he had signed,

Scheer laughed. See id. Wood stated that, at the time he signed these loan documents, Scheer knew

that Wood was Frederick's yacht broker. Id. at 3658-59.

Powell's account of his August 30th meeting with Scheer differed sharply from that offered

by Wood. Powell, a real estate broker, testified that at the time he purchased the Frederick

properties, he understood that Frederick would be liable for the interest on the loan in exchange for

Powell giving him the option to purchase back the property. See R48 at 6011. Powell further noted
19

that, based on his experience at numerous real estate closings, this particular closing was not

unusual; that Scheer and Treadwell had suggested that Powell read the documents he was signing;

and that Powell did read the documents and found them to be satisfactory. Id. at 6017-18. Powell

also stated that, at the time of the closing, he believed that he was receiving free and clear title to

the properties he had purchased. See R49 at 6363.

Lucy Holton, a Blank, Rome real estate paralegal, testified that she had worked closely with

Scheer on many real estate transactions. Holton stated that she had been present during the real

estate closing with Wood but did not elaborate as to her specific recollection of that meeting. Holton

agreed when asked, however, that Scheer customarily "explain[ed] to borrowers who were asking

questions, to answer their questions about the details of their loans ... [and to] give copies to

borrowers of their loan documents." R33 at 2663-64. During Holton's testimony, the government

introduced two series of checks pertaining to the August 30th transactions that bore Scheer's

signatures; the first set contained the description "Frederick Workout" and the name of the borrower

in the check legend, but this identification, along with Scheer's signature, had been removed. The

second series of checks identified in the same space the name of the borrower and the purchased

properties. See id. at 2599. The government also introduced carbon copies of these checks, in which

information in the memorandum section had been crossed out. See id. at 2607. These carbons did

not contain Scheer's signature. In response to Scheer's questions regarding the duplicate set of

checks, Holton testified that she had ordered new checks from Blank, Rome's bookkeeping

department with respect to the August 30th transactions to reflect the proper names of the borrowers;
 11Although many other witnesses testified at the trial of Scheer and his two co-defendants, we

have excerpted or summarized portions of the trial transcript containing testimony described by

both Scheer and the government as highly relevant (and, in some cases, damaging) to Scheer. 

20

that nobody had told her to obliterate information on the checks; and that Scheer had never told her

to conceal any information regarding these closings. Id. at 2658-60.11

It is clear that the government presented some testimony that implicated Scheer in the

relevant Sunrise transactions. This testimony, however, was neither uniform nor overwhelming in

showing that Scheer knowingly misapplied funds; more importantly, it was not cumulative in

relation to Jacoby's testimony. Jacoby was central to the government's case precisely because he

was an "insider" with respect to each and every aspect of this case. In theory, Jacoby, as president

of Sunrise, was uniquely positioned to know the precise involvement of each banker or lawyer in

each transaction alluded to by the government. Moreover, by acknowledging on redirect full

culpability for his conduct at Sunrise (though reluctantly, to be sure), Jacoby effectively undermined

Scheer's effort to distance himself from any intentional scheme to misapply funds or to argue that

he was unaware that the loans he had closed were illegitimate. Finally, Jacoby's testimony

discrediting Scheer's memorandum to Jacoby potentially invalidated a piece of evidence that would

have been critical in showing that Jacoby had requested Scheer to close the August 30th loans

notwithstanding Scheer's advice to the contrary.

In short, Jacoby was a crucial prosecution witness. Again, we do not imply that he was the

only witness who testified against Scheer, nor do we suggest that there was not other compelling

testimony that could support Scheer's conviction. Rather, it is because of the relative importance

of Jacoby's testimony that we view his credibility to the jurors as so fundamental to Scheer's

convictions. See Kyles, 514 U.S. at 436, 115 S.Ct. at 1569 (where Court determined that
21

government's non-disclosure of exculpatory statements by eyewitnesses undermined confidence in

verdict, Court observed that "[d]isclosure of [these] statements would have resulted in a markedly

weaker case for the prosecution and a markedly stronger one for the defense."). It is worth

observing that the government chose to begin and end its summation with a pointed recapitulation

of Jacoby's testimony. Toward the beginning of his closing statement, Genge discussed in depth the

reasons why the jury should credit Jacoby's testimony and, shortly thereafter, read extensive

quotations from Jacoby's testimony directly implicating Scheer. See R57 at 7777-80. Genge

concluded his summation by reading, again, directly from Jacoby's testimony, quoted earlier here,

in which Jacoby stated not only that he had acted with intent to defraud Sunrise but, moreover, that

he had done so with the "involvement" of Scheer and his co-defendants. See id. at 7878-79. Finally,

after completing his reading of relevant portions of Jacoby's testimony, Genge stated:

That was Mr. Jacoby. You heard him. You saw him. It is for you to judge his

testimony and to evaluate it in light of everything else you have heard in this case. Was he,

is he, did he lie before you? He is trying to pull the wool over your eyes, or somebody else?

I respectfully submit to you and I leave you with this final thought. In assessing Mr.

Jacoby's testimony, assess his by the same standards that you are going to apply to Mr.

Powell's testimony, and if you do that in all respects, I am confidant that you will return a

true and just verdict in this case and we cannot ask for anything more. Thank you very

much.

Id. at 7879.

It is thus reasonable to infer that the government, too, viewed both the content of Jacoby's

testimony and his credibility before the jury as vital for obtaining convictions against the defendants.
 12Indeed, it is interesting that Jacoby testified that Scheer was more involved in the August

30th loans than in the Seawalk purchase and, consistent with this characterization, the jury

convicted Scheer of the August 30th transactions but acquitted him of any involvement in

Seawalk. Similarly, Jacoby testified that one of Scheer's co-defendants, Treadwell, was less

involved in the August 30th loans but very involved in Seawalk; the jury convicted Treadwell of

the events surrounding Seawalk but acquitted him of the August 30th deals. 

 13Jacoby's assertion that he did not necessarily understand the importance of receiving

government support in obtaining a reduction in sentence or probation strains credulity. Jacoby

had already received a substantial reduction in his sentence after the government filed a motion

under Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure 35(b), based on Jacoby's substantial cooperation. It

22

At the close of a trial that lasted more than three months and involved numerous witnesses, it was

of Jacoby's testimony that the prosecutor sought to remind the jury as deliberations began.12

For the sake of clarity, we observe, again, that Genge's intimidating remarks to Jacoby were

potentially exculpatory in nature because knowledge of this incident would have allowed Scheer

powerfully to impeach the credibility of Jacoby—a witness whose credibility was central to the

prosecutorial effort here. In fact, the extent to which the jury should credit Jacoby's testimony was

a recurring theme at different points in the trial. Jacoby testified repeatedly that he had been given

immunity from future prosecution if he testified truthfully at Scheer's trial, but had no other

agreement with the government in exchange for testimony. Jacoby testified extensively as to false

statements he had given at his own trial, see R. Supp. 6 at 1428-32, and conceded that Genge had

referred to him as "a brazen perjuror" in a sentencing memorandum, id. at 1563. Jacoby testified

that, although he hoped his testimony at Scheer's trial would result in a reduction in his probation,

neither he nor his lawyers had, thus far, discussed this possibility with the government. See R. Supp.

7 at 1644-45. In the context of Jacoby's testimony before the grand jury, Jacoby also stated that,

although he had an expectation that Genge would report his cooperation to the district court, he was

unaware that he would not get a reduction in sentence without the government's support.13 See R.
is therefore unlikely that Jacoby did not comprehend the crucial role that the government plays

in sentence reductions. 

23

Supp. 6 at 1579. As alluded to earlier, Genge spoke for several minutes during his closing argument

at Scheer's trial explicitly about Jacoby's credibility. As part of his discussion regarding Jacoby's

credibility, Genge stated, for example:

And also, you will recall Mr. Nathan [Treadwell's lawyer] pointed out for you that

at Mr. Jacoby's sentencing, I referred to him or I characterized his own testimony at his trial

as perjurious and I characterized him as a perjurious witness at that point.

And Mr. Nathan is going to make a big issue out of that, but again, ultimately, it isn't.

That's sort of a side issue in a sense, because ultimately it is important for you to determine

whether Mr. Jacoby testified truthfully before you in this case. That's going to be for you

really to decide.

Now, clearly, I mean, Mr. Jacoby did commit perjury at his first trial and no one can

condone that, but I think we can all to some extent perhaps understand that someone is going

to lie to protect himself, but will that person also like [sic] under oath to protect—not to

protect, but, in fact, to convict innocent people?

R57 at 7758. Bearing in mind the considerable importance of Jacoby's testimony, Jacoby's

credibility thus was a focal point for both the prosecution and the defense. The prosecution

expressly presented Jacoby as someone who had lied at his own trial but, in this case, had no reason,

motive, or inclination to lie. The defense, in its attempts to impeach Jacoby's credibility, was armed

with little more than a reiteration of the prosecution's openly acknowledged characterization of

Jacoby as a "brazen perjuror" at his criminal proceeding. Given the fact that the government had

elicited from Jacoby information regarding his previous history of giving perjured testimony, it was

reasonable for the jury to assume that it now knew the most damaging available information about

Jacoby's believability.
24

In reaching a determination that the prosecutor's remarks in this instance constituted material

impeachment evidence that affected the integrity of these proceedings, it is important to emphasize

what the case is not about: Although Jacoby testified under immunity, this case does not involve

any other type of cooperation agreement that Jacoby might have breached while on the witness

stand. Indeed, Jacoby repeatedly disavowed the existence of any agreement or promise by the

government in exchange for his testimony. To be sure, Jacoby may have hoped for or expected to

derive some future benefit from giving testimony favorable to the government, but there was no

outstanding agreement between Jacoby and the government at the time of his testimony. We

reiterate this point for the following reason: Although we do not countenance prosecutorial threats

or intimidation of witnesses under any circumstances, we do acknowledge that, where a witness has

agreed to cooperate with the government and give certain testimony in exchange for a reduction in

sentence or probation, for instance, but fails to give the proffered testimony, it would hardly be

unusual or inappropriate for the prosecutor to remind the witness of the terms of their agreement.

In this instance, however, there was no agreement or promise about which the prosecutor may have

been "reminding" Jacoby. The record is devoid of any reference or indication that Jacoby

reasonably should have feared that his probation would be revoked entirely based on the nature of

his testimony. It is therefore difficult for us to construe Genge's comments as anything other than

an attempt to intimidate Jacoby into testifying "correctly."

It is also critical to observe that, whether Genge intended his remark to intimidate Jacoby or,

as Jacoby later testified, to be a "joke" is immaterial to our analysis. The record supports the

inference that Jacoby understood the remark to be a threat, and we have little difficulty concluding

that Scheer could have used this information to undermine the credibility of a witness whose
 14In its post-trial order, the district court found that the government had nullified Treadwell's

immunity agreement in bad faith and had breached the terms of the agreement. R4-817 at 20 &

28. Consistent with this determination, the court reinstated Treadwell's immunity and dismissed

the indictment against him. 

25

credibility was already a prominent issue in the case. Moreover, it is worth noting that the record

also supports the inference that Jacoby had ample reason to take Genge's remarks seriously. Jacoby

testified at the evidentiary hearing that he was aware, while in prison, that the government had at

first given Treadwell, a Blank, Rome partner and one of Scheer's co-defendants, full immunity in

exchange for his cooperation but, subsequently, revoked the immunity and indicted him along with

Scheer. R64 at 133-34. For purposes of this discussion, the fact that Jacoby knew—prior to his

conversation with Genge regarding the necessity that Jacoby provide "cooperative" testimony—that

the government had revoked its promised immunity to Treadwell lends credence to the possibility

that Jacoby genuinely was fearful that Genge could—and might—carry out his threat to return

Jacoby to jail.14

In sum, we are convinced that Scheer's knowledge of the incident between Genge and

Jacoby, at which Genge intimated that Jacoby's failure to testify in a "cooperative" fashion might

result in his return to prison, was material information that might have substantially undermined the

critical value of Jacoby's testimony. As a result, the government's failure to communicate this

information to Scheer effectively undermines our confidence in the integrity of the verdict. See

Kyles, 514 U.S. at 434, 115 S.Ct. at 1566 ("One does not show a Brady violation by demonstrating

that some of the inculpatory evidence should have been excluded, but by showing that the favorable

evidence could reasonably be taken to put the whole case in such a different light as to undermine

confidence in the verdict."). Had Scheer been able to use knowledge of this incident to impeach the
26

credibility of this critically important witness, whose credibility had already been called into

question by the government, there is a reasonable probability that the outcome of the proceeding

would have been different.

III. CONCLUSION

Scheer asks that we set aside his convictions for misapplication of bank funds and making

false statements on an application for funds to a bank. Having reviewed the extensive record in this

case, we conclude that the prosecutor's potentially intimidating remarks to a critical government

witness undermines our confidence in the verdict such that, had information regarding this incident

been known to Scheer at the time the incident allegedly occurred, there is a reasonable probability

that the result of the proceeding would have been different. We therefore REVERSE Scheer's

convictions and REMAND this case for a new trial.