J-A07016-23

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA

v.

JAMES SMITH 

Appellant

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 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 115 EDA 2022

Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered November 15, 2021

In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Criminal Division at 

No(s): CP-51-CR-0001692-2021, 

CP-51-CR-0002286-2020

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA

v.

JAMES SMITH 

Appellant

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 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 116 EDA 2022

Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered November 15, 2021

In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Criminal Division at 

No(s): CP-51-CR-0001692-2021, 

CP-51-CR-0002286-2020

BEFORE: DUBOW, J., McLAUGHLIN, J., and McCAFFERY, J.

MEMORANDUM BY McLAUGHLIN, J.: FILED JUNE 26, 2023

James Smith appeals from the judgment of sentence following his 

convictions for rape of a child, unlawful contact with a minor, corruption of 

minors, involuntary deviate sexual intercourse with a child, and aggravated 
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indecent assault of a person less than 13 years of age.1 He challenges the trial 

court’s exclusion of a proposed voir dire question and the sufficiency of the 

evidence to sustain his conviction for unlawful contact with a minor. We affirm.

The trial court summarized the facts in this case as follows:

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Under docket CP-51-CR-0002286-2020, M.B. (born December 3, 

2011) testified to the following facts. M.B. lived with her mother[]; 

her grandfather []; her sister, [J.]; and her younger brother, [L.]. 

At one point, M.B.’s friend A.G. and A.G.’s mother also lived in the 

same house. [Smith] frequently visited the home. M.B. knew 

[Smith] as a close friend of her mother’s and called him, “Uncle 

James.” [Smith] often took M.B., his son, A.G., and [L.] to the 

park and to the store alone. 

M.B. recalled the first time [Smith] made her feel uncomfortable. 

[Smith] played games with the children, one of which involved 

physically lifting up the kids and throwing them onto the couch. 

When [Smith] lifted M.B. into the air, he did not throw her on the

couch, but instead touched her vagina. [Smith] repeated this 

pattern of behavior throughout the house. 

On a separate occasion, [Smith] grabbed M.B. from the living 

room and led her into the kitchen. [Smith] laid M.B. on top of a 

freezer and pulled down her pants. [Smith] then took off his pants 

and inserted his penis into her vagina. M.B. testified that she felt 

pain when [Smith] inserted his penis into her vagina, but neither 

M.B. nor [Smith] said anything to each other.

On several occasions, [Smith] performed oral sex on both M.B. 

and A.G. in the basement of the house. One day, [Smith] followed 

M.B., A.G., [L.], and his children to the basement to watch the 

kids play basketball. M.B. and A.G. sat on a three-to-four-foothigh black table. [Smith] approached the young girls and pulled 

down their pants. [Smith] proceeded to take his pants off and 

performed oral sex on both girls. Neither girl[] nor [Smith] spoke 

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1 18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 3121(c), 6318(a)(1), 6301(a)(1)(ii), 3123(b), and

3125(a)(7), respectively.

2 Smith adopted the court’s factual summary for purposes of this appeal. See

Smith’s Br. at 6.
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to one another. M.B. testified that this happened several times, 

and on one occurrence, [Smith] inserted his penis inside M.B.’s

vagina. On another occasion, [Smith] inserted his penis into A.G. 

while M.B. sat next to her on the table. M.B. further testified that 

this happened several times. 

[Smith’s] last attempted incident with M.B. occurred on A.G.’s 

eighth birthday. On A.G.’s eighth birthday, M.B.’s mother left the 

house to run errands, leaving M.B., [L.], [J.], and [J.]’s friend 

behind in the house. [Smith] came to the house, picked up M.B. 

and led her upstairs to her mother’s room. [Smith] closed the door 

and tried to pull down M.B.’s pants. M.B. kicked [Smith] away 

from her and told him to stop. M.B. told [Smith] that she was

going to call her mom to which he replied, “I’ll tell her for you.”

M.B. went into her room, grabbed her phone, and cried as she 

texted her mother to tell her about [Smith’s] actions. 

Under docket CP-51-CR-000169-2021, A.G. (born March 19, 

2012) testified to the following facts. For some time, A.G. lived. . 

. with her mother, M.B., M.B.’s mother, M.B.’s grandfather, M.B.’s 

sister, and M.B.’s brother. A.G. lived at the house until she turned 

eight years old. A.G. and M.B. are best friends, describing their 

relationship as “like sisters.” While A.G. lived at the house, 

[Smith], who A.G. also identified as “Uncle James,” often visited 

the home. A.G. said [Smith] treated her like his own niece, even 

though [Smith] was not related to her. When [Smith] visited the 

house, he played with A.G. by picking her up in the air and playing 

hide-and-seek with her. 

A.G. remembered that [Smith] started to do things that made her 

feel uncomfortable and that she did not understand. These things 

took place in the basement of the house, in M.B.’s grandfather’s 

room, and M.B.’s mother’s room. In the living room, [Smith] threw 

A.G. into the air and performed oral sex on her. This happened 

several times. 

On another occasion, A.G. recalled being in the basement 

watching the other children play basketball. While both girls sat 

on his lap, [Smith] touched their vaginas, and penetrated A.G.’s 

vagina with his finger. A.G. remembered another time when

[Smith] told her to get onto the black table, where she laid down 

on her stomach. [Smith] then pulled A.G.’s pants down and 

performed anal sex on her. During another time in the basement, 

[Smith] asked and tried to put his penis into A.G.’s mouth. 
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A.G. testified that she saw [Smith] also do these things to M.B.

More than once, A.G. saw [Smith] insert his penis into M.B.’s 

vagina while M.B. laid on her back on the basement table. A.G.

also testified that [Smith] tried to make M.B. perform oral sex on 

him. [Smith] took his penis out of his pants and “would just show 

it.” [Smith] then told M.B. to lick his penis. 

On A.G.’s eighth birthday, A.G. and her mother went to M.B.’s 

house where they saw police outside. After going inside of the 

house, A.G.’s mother came back to the car and asked A.G. 

whether [Smith] touched her. A.G. answered “yes.”

Trial Court Opinion, filed June 1, 2022, at 1-4 (citations to trial transcript and 

footnote omitted). 

Prior to trial, Smith submitted proposed voir dire questions to the trial 

court, including the question, “Are you more likely to believe the testimony of 

a child alleging sexual abuse because you do not believe a child could lie about 

sexual abuse?” The Commonwealth objected to that question. N.T., 6/22/21, 

at 9. The trial court agreed with the Commonwealth and excluded that

question from jury selection. Id. at 10. 

After a jury trial, Smith was convicted of the above-referenced offenses. 

He was sentenced to an aggregate term of 30 to 60 years’ incarceration 

followed by 10 years’ probation. This appeal followed.

Smith raises the following two issues:

1. Did not the trial court deprive [Smith] of his right to a fair and

impartial jury by refusing to ask prospective jurors on voir dire 

whether they believed a child could lie about being sexually 

abused, which prevented [Smith] from potentially uncovering 

prejudicial biases or fixed opinions that would have disqualified 

jurors from serving? 

2. Was not the evidence insufficient to convict [Smith] of both 

counts of 18 Pa.C.S.[A] § 6318, unlawful contact with a minor, 

where there was no evidence that he had any contact or 
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communication with the two children as contemplated by the 

statute?

Smith’s Br. at 3.

First, Smith argues that the trial court’s exclusion of his proposed voir 

dire question violated his right to a fair and impartial jury. Smith’s Br. at 13. 

He notes that the Commonwealth’s entire case hinged on M.B. and A.G.’s 

testimony, which was uncorroborated by physical or medical evidence. Id. at 

10. Therefore, he argues that the jury’s verdict would necessarily rest on its 

evaluation of the victims’ credibility. Id. Smith contends that he had the right 

to explore whether any prospective jurors had a preconceived belief that a 

child would not lie about being sexually abused. Id. at 14-15. He emphasizes 

that allegations of child sexual abuse, such as those in this case, may carry 

significant emotional impact which may make a juror incapable of rendering a 

fair verdict. Id. at 14. Smith further argues that certain jurors may be 

predisposed to credit a child victim’s testimony simply because of the victim’s 

young age. Id. He thus maintains that the court erred by failing to pose his 

proposed question or make a comparable inquiry. Id. at 20.

The purpose of voir dire is to aid the empaneling of a “competent, fair, 

impartial, and unprejudiced jury[.]” Commonwealth v. Holt, 273 A.3d 514, 

546 (Pa. 2022) (citation omitted). “The decision on whether or not counsel 

may propose their own questions of potential jurors during voir dire is a matter 

left solely within the discretion of the trial court.” Commonwealth v. 

Paolello, 665 A.2d 439, 451 (Pa. 1995). The trial court’s decision “will not be 

reversed on appeal absent palpable error.” Holt, 273 A.3d at 547. “[V]oir dire 
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is not to be used to attempt to ascertain a prospective juror’s present 

impressions or attitudes.” Commonwealth v. Ritter, 615 A.2d 442, 447 

(Pa.Super. 1992) (citation omitted). Nor may attorneys use it “to ascertain 

the effectiveness of potential trial strategies.” Paolello, 665 A.2d at 451.

Here, the trial court found that the proposed voir dire question was 

improperly intended to gain insight into the juror’s present impressions about 

how they would weigh M.B. and A.G.’s testimony. Trial Ct. Op. at 10-11. The 

court found that because it gave prospective jurors a proper instruction during 

voir dire on how to evaluate witness credibility, no error occurred from its 

refusal to allow Smith’s proposed question. Id. at 11.

The trial court did not abuse its discretion in excluding Smith’s proposed 

question. The question wholly involved the victims’ credibility, was essentially 

argumentative, and impermissibly sought to gauge jurors’ receptiveness to 

possible defense strategies. See Ritter, 615 A.2d at 447; Paolello, 665 A.2d 

at 451. Moreover, the court’s other questions and statements to potential 

jurors adequately addressed concerns about prospective jurors’ ability to be 

impartial. The court informed the members of the panel that they would be 

asked to determine if witnesses were “telling the truth, lying or simply 

mistaken.” N.T., 6/22/21, at 15. It explained that they would do so 

“considering what were their opportunities to see, hear or understand a 

particular fact or incident and determine if a witness is credible,” and that they 

were to do so using “the same standard for everyone, regardless of a person’s 
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status of what they do for a living.” Id.3It then advised them that Smith was 

charged with sexually abusing two children between the ages of six and eight

and asked if they could be fair and impartial considering the nature of the 

charges. Id. at 20-22. Smith offers no authority mandating that courts ask 

prospective jurors whether they believe a victim of a particular category of 

crime could lie, and we are aware of none. Instead, he cites cases upholding 

challenges to the denial of voir dire questions relating to potentially 

controversial social issues, such as racial and law enforcement prejudice, tort 

reform, and sexual orientation, that could affect jurors’ overall ability to be 

impartial. Accordingly, the court did not abuse its discretion in excluding 

Smith’s question from voir dire.

Smith next argues that the evidence was insufficient to support his 

conviction for unlawful contact with a minor under 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 6318.

4

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3 The court stated:

You will be asked to evaluate the credibility of the testimony of 

witnesses as to their truthfulness and accuracy. In other words, 

you will determine if they’re telling the truth, lying or simply 

mistaken. 

You will do this considering what were their opportunities to see, 

hear or understand a particular fact or incident and determine if a 

witness is credible[. Y]ou are to use the same standard for 

everyone, regardless of a person’s status of what they do for a 

living.

N.T., 6/22/21, at 15.

4 Smith does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence underlying his 

remaining convictions. See Smith’s Br. at 20.
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Smith’s Br. at 20. He maintains that the statute “punishes communications 

aimed at enticing a minor to engage in sexual acts” and he “communicated 

nothing to the [victims] for the purpose of luring them or enticing them 

sexually before he abused them repeatedly.” Id. at 11. Smith argues the only 

times he uttered any words to M.B. and A.G. “were after he had already 

sexually assaulted each of them multiple times.” Id. at 21. He states that the

crime of unlawful contact with a minor “is complete at the time of the 

communication and is distinct from subsequent sexual assaults or attempts.” 

Id. at 11-12. Otherwise, according to Smith, the statute results in virtually 

every individual who sexually assaults a child being automatically guilty of the 

additional crime of unlawful conduct with a minor. Id. at 25. 

Our standard of review when reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of 

the evidence is de novo, while “our scope of review is limited to considering 

the evidence of record, and all reasonable inferences arising therefrom, 

viewed in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth as the verdict 

winner.” Commonwealth v. Rushing, 99 A.3d 416, 420-21 (Pa. 2014). 

“Evidence will be deemed sufficient to support the verdict when it establishes 

each material element of the crime charged and the commission thereof by 

the accused, beyond a reasonable doubt.” Commonwealth v. Widmer, 744 

A.2d 745, 751 (Pa. 2000). The trier of fact is free to believe, all, part, or none 

of the evidence presented when making credibility determinations. 

Commonwealth v. Beasley, 138 A.3d 39, 45 (Pa.Super. 2016). “[T]his 

Court may not substitute its judgment for that of the factfinder, and where 
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the record contains support for the convictions, they may not be disturbed.” 

Commonwealth v. Smith, 146 A.3d 257, 261 (Pa.Super. 2016).

The crime of unlawful contact with a minor is defined, in relevant part,

as intentional contact with a minor “for the purpose of engaging in” certain 

prohibited activity:

(a) Offense defined.--A person commits an offense if he is 

intentionally in contact with a minor, or a law enforcement officer 

acting in the performance of his duties who has assumed the 

identity of a minor, for the purpose of engaging in an activity 

prohibited under any of the following, and either the person 

initiating the contact or the person being contacted is within this 

Commonwealth:

(1) Any of the offenses enumerated in Chapter 31 (relating 

to sexual offenses).

18 Pa.C.S.A. § 6318(a)(1). 

The statute defines “contacts” as “[d]irect or indirect contact or 

communication by any means”: 

Direct or indirect contact or communication by any means, 

method or device, including contact or communication in person 

or through an agent or agency, through any print medium, the 

mails, a common carrier or communication common carrier, any 

electronic communication system and any telecommunications, 

wire, computer or radio communications device or system.

18 Pa.C.S.A. § 6318(c).

The “contact” element can be satisfied by communication, either verbal 

or non-verbal, and the statute does not require that events occur in any 

particular sequence. That is, the “contact” may occur before, at the beginning 
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of, or during other conduct, so long as it is “for the purpose of engaging in”

an enumerated offense: 

[T]he crime of [u]nlawful [c]ontact with a [m]inor focuses on 

communication, verbal or non-verbal, and does not depend upon 

the timing of the communication. Thus, it matters not whether the 

communication occurred at the outset of or contemporaneously 

with the contact; once the communicative message is relayed to 

a minor, the crime of unlawful contact is complete. Thus, the 

statute is best understood as “unlawful communication with a 

minor,” for by its plain terms, it prohibits communication with a 

minor for the purpose of carrying out certain sex acts.

Commonwealth v. Davis, 225 A.3d 582, 587 (Pa.Super. 2019) (emphasis 

in original) (internal citation omitted). 

Here, the court found the evidence was sufficient to sustain Smith’s 

conviction for unlawful contact with a minor as to M.B. It determined that 

Smith instructing M.B. to perform oral sex on him, physically taking M.B. to 

another room to perform sexual acts on her, taking her clothes off, and taking 

his clothes off constituted verbal and non-verbal communications for the 

specific purpose of engaging in sexual conduct with a child. Trial Ct. Op. at 9.

Similarly, the court found the evidence was sufficient to support Smith’s 

conviction for unlawful contact with a minor as to A.G. Id. A.G. testified that 

Smith told her to lay on a table on her stomach and then he anally raped her. 

Id. Smith also instructed A.G. to perform oral sex on him. Id. The court found 

that Smith’s “commands were verbal precursors to illicit sexual acts with 

A.G.[,]” and his “actions clearly demonstrate[d] the type of communication 

and contact covered under the statute.” Id.
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Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth,

as verdict winner, we find that the evidence was sufficient to prove that Smith 

communicated with the victims both verbally and physically for the purpose 

of engaging in illegal sexual activities. By his own admission in his appellate 

brief, Smith asked both M.B. and A.G. to perform oral sex on him and told A.G 

to lay on a table immediately before sexually assaulting her. See Smith’s Br. 

at 21. These statements demonstrate the type of communication 

contemplated by the statute.

Smith’s argument that application of Section 6318 results in virtually 

every individual who sexually assaults a child being automatically guilty of the 

additional crime of unlawful conduct with a minor is erroneous. This Court has 

held that evidence that a defendant engaged in sexual contact with a minor, 

by itself, is insufficient to support an unlawful contact with a minor conviction.

See Commonwealth v. Leatherby, 116 A.3d 73, 80 (Pa.Super. 2005) 

(vacating unlawful contact with a minor conviction as to minor who testified 

only that defendant came into her room and touched her breasts and buttocks

without saying anything).

5 Rather, to sustain a conviction under Section 6318, 

the defendant must have been in some contact or communication with the 

victim for the purpose of engaging in specified prohibited conduct. Here, the 

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5 See also Commonwealth v. Letham, No. 1259 WDA 2020, 2022 WL 

122460, at *4 (Pa.Super. filed January 13, 2022) (unpublished mem.) 

(vacating unlawful contact with a minor conviction where evidence was that 

defendant came into a room where minor was standing and immediately 

grabbed her breasts without saying anything or positioning her in anyway).
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evidence established Smith communicated with M.B. and A.G. for the purpose 

of sexually assaulting them. Therefore, the evidence was sufficient to prove 

the “contact” element of the crime of unlawful contact with a minor. Smith’s 

sufficiency claim fails.

Judgment of sentence affirmed. 

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 6/26/2023