IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT NASHVILLE

Assigned on Briefs November 14, 2018

RONNA LYN UEBER v. ANTHONY JAMES UEBER

Appeal from the Chancery Court for Williamson County

No. 44714 Joseph Woodruff, Judge

___________________________________

No. M2018-02053-COA-T10B-CV

___________________________________

This is an accelerated interlocutory appeal from the trial court’s denial of Appellant’s 

motion for recusal. Because the record contains insufficient evidence of bias requiring

recusal under Tennessee Supreme Court Rule 10B, we affirm.

Tenn. Sup. Ct. R. 10B Interlocutory Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery 

Court is Affirmed.

KENNY ARMSTRONG, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which D. MICHAEL 

SWINEY, C.J., and W. NEAL MCBRAYER, J., joined.

Ronna Lyn Ueber, Franklin, Tennessee, Pro Se.

Gregory D. Smith, Brenton H. Lankford, and Ann Ralls Niewold, Nashville, Tennessee, 

for the appellee, Anthony James Ueber, 

Russ Heldman, Franklin, Tennessee, Pro Se. 

Robert Todd Jackson, Brentwood, Tennessee, Pro Se.

OPINION

I. Background

This recusal appeal stems from two underlying rulings by the trial court. The first 

ruling concerns Appellant Ronna Lyn Ueber’s divorce from Anthony James Ueber. The 

trial of that matter took place on February 12, 13, and 14, 2018, and the trial court’s order 

01/31/2019
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granting the divorce was entered on April 13, 2018. Attorneys Russ Heldman and Robert 

Todd Jackson represented Ms. Ueber during the divorce. On June 1, 2018, Messrs. 

Heldman and Jackson moved to withdraw based upon Ms. Ueber’s non-payment of legal 

expenses and fees. Subsequently, they moved for permission to apply funds they had 

received as result of their representation of Ms. Ueber toward their outstanding legal fees, 

expenses and costs, and also sought a judgment for their remaining legal fees for 

representation in the divorce proceedings. A series of responses and other motions filed 

by Ms. Ueber then followed. Following a hearing on August 30, 2018, the trial court 

granted the attorneys’ motion awarding unpaid attorneys’ fees in the amount of 

$101,801.80. The trial court’s September 25, 2018 judgment awarding unpaid attorneys’ 

fees is the other ruling by the trial court giving rise to Ms. Ueber’s recusal motion.

1

 

Messrs. Heldman and Jackson together with Mr. Ueber are the “Appellees” in this case. 

Ms. Ueber filed her motion for recusal seven months after entry of the divorce 

ruling and two months after the hearing on the motion for attorneys’ fees. Her motion 

filed on October 26, 2018 alleged that the trial court should recuse itself from both the 

divorce case and the ancillary matter regarding attorneys’ fees for the following reasons: 

(1) Perceived Bias, (2) Actual Bias, (3) Loss of Impartiality, (4) Violation 

of Plaintiffs Constitutionally Guaranteed Rights, Including Due process 

which includes a right to be heard, a right to present evidence, and a right to 

witness testimony, a right to sufficiency of process, and for (5) Use of

Threat of Force, Oppression Under Color of Law to Deprive Plaintiffs 

Rights and Privileges Secured by Constitution of the United States, and (6) 

Violation of Judicial Canons. 

Specifically, Ms. Ueber’s motion to recuse alleged that the trial court: (1) failed to report 

attorney misconduct; (2) violated her due process rights by seizing her property and 

denying her a trial by jury; (3) violated judicial canons by making statements that were 

intimidating and condescending; (4) made specific findings that Ms. Ueber was not 

credible, which she argued “amounts to unauthorized practice of law and . . . practicing 

law from the bench . . . evidencing bias and loss of impartiality.” 

On October 31, 2018, the trial court entered its order denying Ms. Ueber’s motion 

for recusal. The trial court’s order states in relevant part:

The [trial court] concludes that Wife is dissatisfied with a number of rulings 

 

1 Ms. Ueber has appealed the trial court’s rulings under Rule 3 of Tennessee Rules of Appellate 

Procedure, and these appeals are still pending in this Court. The subject of the instant appeal, which Ms. 

Ueber brings involves only the trial court’s denial of her motion for recusal, and our holding herein does 

not bear on the Rule 3 appeals.
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the [trial court] made in the course of her recently concluded divorce trial, 

and in the course of the hearing on her former trial counsels’ claim for a 

judgment to liquidate their statutory attorney fees lien. Wife contends the 

[trial court] is unfairly biased against her and relies on the rulings made by 

the [trial court] during the course of those proceedings as evidence of that 

bias. Wife offers no proof whatsoever of any event or action taken by the 

[trial court] other than on the record during those proceedings. She merely 

points out rulings made by the [trial court] she contends are legally 

erroneous and argues the inference that bias against her personally is the 

wellspring of this legal error.

Ms. Ueber appeals. 

After reviewing the filings and supporting documents, we have determined that 

oral argument is unnecessary in this matter. Accordingly, we will act summarily on the 

appeal in accordance with sections 2.05 and 2.06 of the Tennessee Supreme Court Rule

10B and will consider the case on the submissions of the parties and the attachments 

thereto.

II. Issues

Although Appellant presents four issues for review, the only order this Court may 

review on an appeal pursuant to Tennessee Supreme Court Rule 10B is the trial court’s 

order denying a motion to recuse. Duke v. Duke, 398 S.W.3d 665, 668 (Tenn. Ct. App. 

2012) (“Pursuant to [Tennessee Supreme Court Rule 10B], we may not review the 

correctness or merits of the trial court’s other rulings[.]”). Accordingly, the sole issue is 

whether the trial court erred in denying the Appellant’s motion for recusal. Garner v.

Garner, No. W2016-01213-COA-T10B-CV, 2016 WL 4249479, at *2 (Tenn. Ct. App. 

Aug. 10, 2016).

III. Standard of Review

At the outset, we note that Appellant is proceeding pro se in this appeal.2 It is well 

settled that pro se litigants must comply with the same standards to which lawyers must 

adhere. “Pro se litigants who invoke the complex and technical procedures of the courts 

assume a very heavy burden.” Irvin v. City of Clarksville, 767 S.W.2d 649, 652 (Tenn. 

Ct. App. 1989). As previously explained by this Court:

Parties who decide to represent themselves are entitled to fair and equal 

treatment by the courts. The courts should take into account that many pro 

se litigants have no legal training and little familiarity with the judicial 

 

2 Ms. Ueber also acted pro se during the attorneys’ fee portions of the trial proceeding.
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system. However, the courts must also be mindful of the boundary between 

fairness to a pro se litigant and unfairness to the pro se litigant’s adversary. 

Thus, the courts must not excuse pro se litigants from complying with the 

same substantive and procedural rules that represented parties are expected 

to observe.

Jackson v. Lanphere, No. M2010-01401-COA-R3-CV, 2011 WL 3566978, at *3 (Tenn. 

Ct. App. Aug.12, 2011) (quoting Hessmer v. Hessmer, 138 S.W.3d 901, 903 (Tenn. Ct. 

App. 2003)). 

Tennessee Supreme Court Rule 10B requires appellate courts to review a trial 

court’s ruling on a motion for recusal de novo with no presumption of correctness. Tenn. 

Sup. Ct. R. 10B, § 2.01. The party seeking recusal bears the burden of proof, and “any 

alleged bias must arise from extrajudicial sources and not from events or observations 

during litigation of a case.” Williams by & through Rezba v. HealthSouth Rehab. Hosp. 

N., No. W2015-00639-COA-T10B-CV, 2015 WL 2258172, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. May 8, 

2015) (citing McKenzie v. McKenzie, No. M2014-00010-COA-T10B-CV, 2014 WL 

575908, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 11, 2014)). 

IV. Analysis

Before we undertake our analysis of whether the trial court erred by denying Ms. 

Ueber’s motion for recusal, we must first address some procedural issues raised by 

Appellees. Messrs. Jackson and Heldman argue that Ms. Ueber’s motion for recusal was 

not timely filed and therefore, her motion should be denied. Tennessee law requires 

recusal motions to be filed “promptly after the facts forming the basis for the motion 

become known.” Kinard v. Kinard, 986 S.W.2d 220, 228 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1998). This 

requirement prevents a party from preserving an allegedly prejudicial event as an “ace-inthe-hole” to be used when the result of the trial is unfavorable. See Bracey v. Bracey, 

No. M2014-01865-COA-R3-CV, 2016 WL 2585771, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 26, 

2016) (no perm. app. filed ). Here, Appellant waited seven months after the entry of the 

divorce decree and over two months after the judgment on attorneys’ fees to file her 

motion for recusal. While Appellant’s motion is arguably somewhat untimely, Tennessee

law concerning appeals filed under Rule 10B gives this Court some discretion to waive 

certain procedural deficiencies in order to reach the merits of a motion filed under Rule 

10B. See Bean v. Bailey, 280 S.W.3d 798, 803 (Tenn. 2009), (considering the 

substantive merit of recusal issue despite a “considerable passage of time between the 

assignment of the case to [the trial court] and the formal filing of the motion for 

recusal”); Boren v. Hill Boren, PC, 557 S.W.3d 542, 548 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2017), 

(considering the substantive merit of a recusal issue in Rule 10B appeal despite 

“Petitioner’s failure to seek recusal in a timely manner”). Therefore, we will proceed to 

address this appeal on the merits of the case despite the allegation of untimeliness.
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In addition to the issue of timeliness, Mr. Ueber argues that procedurally 

Appellant’s motion for recusal is defective on its face. Tennessee Supreme Court Rule 

10B, § 1.01 states that any motion seeking the recusal of a judge “shall be supported by 

an affidavit under oath or a declaration under penalty of perjury on personal knowledge

and by other appropriate materials” (emphasis added). In support of her motion for 

recusal, Ms. Ueber filed her own affidavit attesting to the contents of her motion, and she 

also filed the affidavit of John Anthony Gentry, who was in the courtroom during the 

hearing on attorneys’ fees. Both affidavits are sworn and state that they are made 

“pursuant to the penalties of perjury” and “are true and correct . . . to the best of my 

knowledge information and belief.” Because these affidavits do not contain the specific 

words “on personal knowledge,” Mr. Ueber argues that the affidavits are of no effect to 

satisfy the requirement that recusal motions be accompanied by an affidavit. 

In Beaman v. Beaman, No. M2018-01651-COA-T10B-CV, 2018 WL 5099778, at 

*13 (Tenn. Ct. App. Oct. 19, 2018), this Court rejected the argument that an affidavit or 

declaration must contain the specific words “on personal knowledge” in order for this 

Court to conclude that its contents are so based. The Beaman court determined that 

“such ‘magic words’ were not necessary” if a “fair interpretation” of the affidavit 

demonstrated substantial compliance with the requirements of the rule. Beaman, 2018 

WL 5099778, at *13. In relevant part, the Beaman court concluded:

A fair interpretation of Wife’s counsel’s declaration in this case 

demonstrates that it was based on personal knowledge even though it did 

not expressly state that it was based “on personal knowledge.” Unlike the 

affidavit at issue in Berg, the declaration in this case did not include 

qualifying language necessarily negating the conclusion that it was based 

on personal knowledge. Cf. Berg, 2018 WL 3612845, at *3 (holding that an 

affidavit that included an oath attesting that the statements contained 

therein were “true to the best of [the affiant’s] knowledge, information and 

belief” was insufficient to signify that it was based on personal knowledge 

and therefore insufficient to support a Rule 10B motion for recusal).

Id. See In re Samuel P., No. W2016-01592-COA-T10B-CV, 2016 WL 4547543, at *2 

(Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 31, 2016) (concluding that the sworn statement in Father’s affidavit 

satisfied the requirement under Rule 10B when it stated that the “foregoing is true to the 

best of my knowledge, information and belief.”) Here, the affirmation language in the 

affidavits is the same as the language discussed in the case of Berg v. Berg, No. M2018-

01163-COA-T10B-CV, 2018 WL 3612845, *4 (Tenn. Ct. App. July 27, 2018) and cited 

by the Beaman court. However, as in Beaman, it is apparent from the substance of the 

disputed affidavits here that they are based on the personal knowledge of the affiants. 

Mr. Gentry’s affidavit chronicles the events he personally witnessed in court on August 

30, 2018. For example, Mr. Gentry’s affidavit states the following: 
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After recess/lunch break from approximately 12:00PM to 2:30PM, I reentered Judge Woodruff’s courtroom and seated myself in the front row of 

the courtroom gallery where I had been previously seated. Upon entry into 

the courtroom, Attorney Russ Heldman proceeded directly to where I was 

seated, extended his hand for a handshake and introduced himself to me. I

shook Mr. Heldman’s hand and told him my name[.]

Likewise, Ms. Ueber’s affidavit, affirming the contents of her recusal motion, is replete 

with events she witnessed in court, both in her divorce trial and the hearing on attorneys’ 

fees. Her recusal motion contains statements that could only be made on her personal 

knowledge. For example, Ms. Ueber’s motion includes the following exchange:

THE COURT: All right, then they will be Exhibits 11 through 15 for 

identification and let’s go through them and I will see if Mr. 

Heldman and Mr. Jackson have any objection to the Court receiving 

those exhibits. 

MS. UEBER: Two things going on. The first question for you, the 

actual response to motion itself just to clarify, Your Honor, do you 

have a copy of most recent - . . . 

THE COURT: If you filed it, it will be in the file.

MS. UEBER: Okay, I was just concerned because at the beginning of 

today it sounded like there might have been some confusion about 

the - - . . . 

THE COURT: Let’s get to it, Exhibit No. 11 for identification. 

Because it is apparent from the content of these affidavits that they were made on 

personal knowledge, the affidavits comport with the rule, and Ms. Ueber’s motion is not 

procedurally deficient on its face. 

Turning to the question of recusal, the legal principles applicable to this case were 

set forth in In Re: Samuel P., No. W2016-01592-COA-T10B-CV, 2016 WL 4547543, at 

*2 (Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 31, 2016) (no perm. app. filed):

The party seeking recusal bears the burden of proof. Williams, 2015 WL 

2258172, at *5; Cotham v. Cotham, No. W2015-00521-COA-T10B-CV, 

2015 WL 1517785, at *2 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 30, 2015) (no perm. app. 

filed). “[A] party challenging the impartiality of a judge ‘must come 

forward with some evidence that would prompt a reasonable, disinterested 

person to believe that the judge’s impartiality might reasonably be 
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questioned.’” Duke, 398 S.W.3d at 671 (quoting Eldridge v. Eldridge, 137 

S.W.3d 1, 7-8 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2002)). When reviewing requests for 

recusal alleging bias, “it is important to keep in mind the fundamental 

protections that the rules of recusal are intended to provide.” In re A.J., No. 

M2014-02287-COA-R3-JV, 2015 WL 6438671, at *6 (Tenn. Ct. App. Oct. 

22, 2015), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Feb. 18, 2016). “The law on judicial 

bias is intended ‘to guard against the prejudgment of the rights of litigants 

and to avoid situations in which the litigants might have cause to conclude 

that the court had reached a prejudged conclusion because of interest, 

partiality, or favor.’” Id. (quoting Bean v. Bailey, 280 S.W.3d 798, 803 

(Tenn. 2009)).

The terms “bias” and “prejudice” usually refer to a state of mind or attitude 

that works to predispose a judge for or against a party, but not every bias, 

partiality, or prejudice merits recusal. Watson v. City of Jackson, 448 

S.W.3d 919, 929 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2014) (citing Alley v. State, 882 S.W.2d 

810, 821 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1994)). “‘Even though the judge is expected to 

have no bias at the beginning of the trial, he must, perforce, develop a bias 

at some point in the trial; for the decision at the conclusion of the trial is 

based upon the impressions, favorable or unfavorable, developed during the 

trial.’” Id. at 933 (quoting Spain v. Connolly, 606 S.W.2d 540, 544 (Tenn. 

Ct. App. 1980)). To merit disqualification, the prejudice must be of a 

personal character, directed at the litigant, and stem from an 

extrajudicial source resulting in an opinion on the merits on some basis 

other than what the judge learned from participation in the case. Id. at 

929. “A trial judge’s opinions of the parties or witnesses that are based 

on what he or she has seen at trial are not improper and ‘generally do[ 

] not warrant recusal.’” Id. at 933 (quoting Neuenschwander v. 

Neuenschwander, No. E2001-00306-COA-R3-CV, 2001 WL 1613880, at 

*11 (Tenn. Ct. App. Dec. 18, 2001)). Consistent adverse rulings may lead 

a party to wish for another trial judge, but they do not provide a basis for 

requiring the trial judge’s recusal from the case. Runyon v. Runyon, No. 

W2013-02651-COA-T10B, 2014 WL 1285729, at *10 (Tenn. Ct. App. 

Mar. 31, 2014). Adverse rulings usually are not sufficient to establish bias. 

Duke, 398 S.W.3d at 671 (citing State v. Cannon, 254 S.W.3d 287, 308 

(Tenn. 2008)). “‘Rulings of a trial judge, even if erroneous, numerous and 

continuous, do not, without more, justify disqualification.’” Id. (citing 

Alley, 882 S.W.2d at 821).

In Re: Samuel P., No. W2016-01592-COA-T10B-CV, 2016 WL 4547543, at *2 (Tenn. 

Ct. App. Aug. 31, 2016) (no perm. app. filed) (emphasis added). From our review of Ms. 

Ueber’s brief, her arguments that the trial judge was biased fall into two general 

categories: (1) the trial court’s alleged failure to follow precedent and its purportedly
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incorrect rulings; and (2) statements made by the court that Appellant characterizes as 

intimidating and condescending and further evidence of bias. We will address each 

argument in turn. 

A. Rulings by the Trial Court

Appellant has not alleged any extrajudicial source of bias. In Re: Samuel P., 

2016 WL 4547543, at *2. Instead, her allegations of bias stem entirely from rulings 

made during or as a result of various hearings. Consequently, her request for recusal is 

subject to a higher burden than if it arose from extrajudicial sources. Runyon v. Runyon, 

No. W2013-02651-COA-T10B-CV, 2014 WL 1285729, at *6 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 31, 

2014). The alleged bias must be so pervasive that it denies a litigant a fair trial. 

McKenzie v. McKenzie, No. M2014-00010-COA-T10B-CV, 2014 WL 575908, at *3 

(Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 11, 2014). Here, Appellant presents no evidence that the trial court 

was actually prejudiced or unfairly biased. Additionally, Appellant presents no evidence 

that the trial court reached a prejudged conclusion because of its alleged bias, partiality, 

or prejudice. Moreover, Appellant presents no evidence that the trial court entered any 

ruling to the detriment of Appellant due to its alleged bias. Instead, Ms. Ueber simply 

alludes to the trial court’s adverse decisions after they have been rendered and claims 

bias. As previously stated, a trial judge’s adverse rulings are not sufficient to establish 

bias. State v. Cannon, 254 S.W.3d 287, 308 (Tenn. 2008). The Tennessee Supreme 

Court has explained:

[T]he mere fact that a judge has ruled adversely to a party or witness . . . 

is not grounds for recusal. . . . If the rule were otherwise, recusal would 

be required as a matter of course since trial courts necessarily rule 

against parties and witnesses in every case, and litigants could 

manipulate the impartiality issue for strategic advantage, which the 

courts frown upon.

Davis v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 38 S.W.3d 560, 565 (Tenn. 2001). 

In her motion, Ms. Ueber alleges that the trial court is “guilty of gender bias.” As 

support for her claim of gender bias, Ms. Ueber contends that the trial court ignored proof 

of Husband’s abusive conduct; however, she does not specify in what way the trial court 

ignored Husband’s conduct to her detriment. Additionally, Ms. Ueber cites a pre-trial 

decision by the trial court to grant Mr. Ueber $400,000 to purchase a house, and the trial 

court’s refusal to grant her $50,000 to pay off credit cards and maintain her new business 

as proof of its gender bias.3 While the division of marital assets is an appropriate issue 

for Ms. Ueber’s Rule 3 appeal, it is not germane under Rule 10B. Furthermore, in her 

 

3

In the Final Decree of Divorce, it appears that the trial court included the $400,000 pretrial distribution to Husband in the final allocation of assets. 
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motion to recuse submitted to the trial court, we note that Ms. Ueber does not allege 

gender bias. 

Concerning the trial court’s ruling on attorneys’ fees, Ms. Ueber contends that the 

trial court violated her due process rights by failing to grant her a trial by jury on the issue 

of attorneys’ fees, thereby “seizing her property.” The right to a jury trial guaranteed by 

Tenn. Const. art. I, § 6 is one of the most valuable personal rights protected by the 

Constitution of Tennessee. Harbison v. Briggs Bros. Paint Mfg. Co., 209 Tenn. 534, 

540, 354 S.W.2d 464, 467 (1962). Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 38.02 provides 

that:

Any party may demand a trial by jury of any issue triable of right by jury 

by demanding the same in any pleading specified in Rule 7.01 or by 

endorsing the demand upon such pleading when it is filed, or by written 

demand filed with the clerk, with notice to all parties, within fifteen (15) 

days after the service of the last pleading raising an issue of fact.

In civil cases, however, the right is not self-enforcing. Nagarajan v. Terry, 151 S.W.3d 

166, 174 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2003). A party who desires a jury trial must file and serve a 

timely demand for a jury in accordance with Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 38.02. 

Parties who fail to comply with Rule 38 will be deemed to have waived their right to a

jury trial. Tenn. R. Civ. P. 38.05; Nagarajan, 151 S.W. 3d at 175; Gribble v. Buckner,

730 S.W.2d 630, 633 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1986). In her supplemental response to the motion 

for attorneys’ fees, Ms. Ueber argues that “disputed legal fees are clearly a separate civil 

cause of action and [she] cannot be deprived of her property without trial by jury.” 

However, at no point in her response or any pleading in the record does she specifically 

request a trial by jury. 

Ms. Ueber also contends that the trial court violated her right to due process by 

preventing her from fully presenting her case. At the end of the hearing on attorneys’ 

fees, in which she represented herself, the trial court offered Ms. Ueber five minutes to 

summarize her argument. She responded that five minutes was not enough time, at which 

point, the trial court instructed her to sit down, without granting her the aforementioned 

five minutes. Ms. Ueber avers that this is a violation of her due process rights. The law 

gives trial courts inherent, common-law authority to control their dockets and the 

proceedings in their courts. Hodges v. Attorney Gen., 43 S.W.3d 918, 921 (Tenn. Ct. 

App. 2000). “[T]he trial judge ... is ultimately responsible for every aspect of the 

orchestration of a trial.” State v. Milam, No. M2008-00695-CCA-R3-CD, 2010 WL

744398, at *18 (Tenn. Crim. App. Mar. 3, 2010) (quoting State v. McCray, 614 S.W.2d 

90, 93 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1981). In this case, the record simply does not support Ms. 

Ueber’s contention that the trial court behaved in a manner that was biased or intended to 

violate her due process rights. Furthermore, there is no allegation in Appellant’s recusal 

motion that the other side was given more than five minutes to summarize their position.
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During both the divorce proceedings and the hearing on attorneys’ fees, the trial 

court found Ms. Ueber to be “not credible.” Ms. Ueber argues that making these 

credibility findings “amounts to unauthorized practice of law and . . . practicing law from 

the bench . . . evidencing bias and loss of impartiality.” The trial court found that these 

arguments had “no substantive merit.” In Wells v. Tennessee Board of Regents, 9 

S.W.3d 779 (Tenn. 1999), the Tennessee Supreme Court explained that 

trial courts are able to observe witnesses as they testify and to assess their 

demeanor, which best situates trial judges to evaluate witness credibility. 

See State v. Pruett, 788 S.W.2d 559, 561 (Tenn. 1990); Bowman v. 

Bowman, 836 S.W.2d 563, 566 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1991). Thus, trial courts 

are in the most favorable position to resolve factual disputes hinging on 

credibility determinations. See Tenn-Tex Properties v. Brownell-Electro, 

Inc., 778 S.W.2d 423, 425-26 (Tenn. 1989); Mitchell v. Archibald, 971 

S.W.2d 25, 29 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1998). 

Wells, 9 S.W.3d at 783. Generally, appellate courts will not re-evaluate a trial judge’s 

assessment of witness credibility absent clear and convincing evidence to the contrary. 

See Humphrey v. David Witherspoon, Inc., 734 S.W.2d 315, 315-16 (Tenn. 1987); 

Bingham v. Dyersburg Fabrics Co., Inc., 567 S.W.2d 169, 170 (Tenn. 1978). Again, 

Ms. Ueber did not allege that the credibility determinations were made based on anything 

other than the evidence presented in court and the trial court’s observation of Ms. Ueber 

during court proceedings. Without more, this claim lacks merit to support a motion for 

disqualification or recusal. 

As evidence of the trial court’s bias and the denial of her due process rights, Ms. 

Ueber cites Messrs. Heldman and Jackson’s purported warnings that “she would not get a 

fair ruling with the trial court.” With regard to this claim, the trial court’s order states in 

pertinent part:

[Ms. Ueber] offers the uncorroborated assertion that her former trial 

counsel “repeatedly informed” her that the [trial court] “disliked her” and 

was biased and prejudiced against her during the course of the divorce trial. 

Wife claims her lawyer advised her that certain litigation tactics could turn 

out to be “very risky.” From this warning [Ms. Ueber] concludes her 

lawyers were warning her the [trial court] was biased against her, when in 

fact, the proof offered at the hearing was that her lawyers had obtained 

what they believed was a favorable settlement offer from [Mr. Ueber], they 

advised her to accept it, and they cautioned her that she risked a less than 

favorable outcome if she rejected the offer and took her case to trial. 

This assertion by Ms. Ueber that her that her former trial attorneys warned her that she 

would not get a fair trial with the judge is not supported by other appropriate material as 
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required by Tennessee Supreme Court Rule 10B, section 1.01. As such, Ms. Ueber’s 

bare assertion without any type of corroboration is legally insufficient to provide a basis 

for the judge’s recusal as to this claim.

Finally, Ms. Ueber cites the trial court’s refusal to report attorney misconduct as 

proof of the trial court’s failure to follow established precedent. Specifically, she alleges 

that Mr. Ueber’s attorney issued illegal subpoenas, and the trial court failed to report this 

to the Board of Professional Responsibility. However, there are no subpoenas in the 

record for our review, and Ms. Ueber fails to provide any information on why the 

subpoenas were illegal. In addition, the record does not contain a transcript or a 

recitation of the trial court’s ruling on the purportedly illegal subpoenas. In short, there is 

no basis for our review of this issue. 

B. Statements Made by the Trial Court

Tennessee Supreme Court Rule 10, Canon 2, Rule 2.8 (B) states:

A judge shall be patient, dignified, and courteous to litigants, jurors, 

witnesses, lawyers, court staff, court officials, and others with whom the 

judge deals in an official capacity, and shall require similar conduct of 

lawyers, court staff, court officials, and others subject to the judge’s 

direction and control.

Tenn. Sup. Ct. R. 10, Canon 2, Rule 2.8. Ms. Ueber argues that the trial court violated

this rule and cites to three statements made by the trial court during the hearing on 

attorneys’ fees. 

Ms. Ueber prepared a spreadsheet of assets and liabilities and attempted to enter it 

into evidence as Exhibit 11 during the hearing on attorneys’ fees. While the parties were 

pre-marking exhibits to enter into evidence, Appellant alleges that the trial court 

repeatedly interrupted her and did not allow her to explain the significance of Exhibit 11. 

The trial court asked Ms. Ueber whether Exhibit 11 might be classified as a Rule 1006 

summary, but Ms. Ueber did not understand the question. When Ms. Ueber explained 

that she was not familiar with that particular rule of evidence, the trial court stated, 

“Then maybe you should have hired a lawyer to represent you.” Ms. Ueber took 

great offense to this statement, arguing that it demonstrates a “profound lack of patience” 

and an “extreme bias” toward her in violation of “due process clauses.” The trial court 

determined that it would postpone ruling on Exhibit 11 until opposing counsel had an 

opportunity to review it. However, Ms. Ueber refused to follow the trial court’s 

instructions to proceed to her next exhibit. Instead, Ms. Ueber continued to argue the 

relevance of Exhibit 11. After repeatedly asking her to proceed to the next exhibit, the 

trial court warned, “If you say another word about Exhibit [11], I’m going to have a 

deputy escort you to a holding cell.” Ultimately Messrs. Jackson and Heldman 
- 12 -

indicated that they had no opposition to the exhibit, and the trial court admitted Exhibit 

11 into evidence; thus, no harm or prejudice to Ms. Ueber. 

Lastly, as evidence of bias, Ms. Ueber alleges that during the hearing on attorneys’ 

fees, the trial court stated, “Didn’t you read the motion? I assume you can read.” 

“[J]udicial remarks during the course of a trial that are critical or disapproving of, or even 

hostile to, counsel, the parties, or their cases, ordinarily do not support a bias or partiality 

challenge.” McKenzie v. McKenzie, No. M2014-00010-COA-T10B-CV, 2014 WL 

575908, at *4 (Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 11, 2014) (quoting United States v. Adams, 722 F.3d 

788, 837 (6th Cir. 2013)(internal citations omitted)); Albuquerque Bernalillo Cnty. Water 

Utility Authority, 229 P.3d 494, 511 (N.M 2010). As set out above, Tennessee Supreme 

Court Rule 10, Canon 2, Rule 2.8 requires a judge to be “courteous to litigants.” Indeed, 

a judge should endeavor to diffuse a litigant’s frustrations rather than exacerbate them. 

However, reviewing the trial court’s statements during the hearing in context, as recited 

by Ms. Ueber, it is clear that the statements were made after several warnings that were 

continually ignored by Ms. Ueber. Even the most patient judge can become frustrated. A 

judge’s irritation or exasperation does not establish the objective personal bias that would 

prevent a fair assessment of the merits of the case. McKenzie, 2014 WL 575908, at *5. 

As such, Ms. Ueber has failed to meet her burden to show “a reasonable basis for 

questioning the judge’s impartiality.” State v. Hester, 324 S.W.3d 1, 73 (Tenn. 2010); In 

re Conservatorship of Tate, No. M2012-01918-COA-10B-CV, 2012 WL 4086159, at *2-

3 (Tenn. Ct. App. Sept. 17, 2012). Consequently, the record does not support the 

conclusion that the trial court erred in denying Ms. Ueber’s motion for recusal. 

V. Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the trial court’s order denying the motion for 

recusal. Costs on the appeal are assessed against the Appellant, Ronna Lyn Ueber and 

her surety, for all of which execution may issue if necessary.

_________________________________

KENNY ARMSTRONG, JUDGE