J-S01008-21

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA

v.

ANTHONY UVON STARKS 

Appellant

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 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 831 MDA 2020

Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered December 31, 2019

In the Court of Common Pleas of York County Criminal Division at No(s): 

CP-67-CR-0007085-2018

BEFORE: LAZARUS, J., McCAFFERY, J., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*

MEMORANDUM BY LAZARUS, J.: FILED MARCH 02, 2021

Anthony Uvon Starks appeals from the judgment of sentence, entered 

in the Court of Common Pleas of York County, after a jury convicted him of 

first- and second-degree murder.

1

 After our review, we affirm in part and 

vacate in part.

On October 25, 2018, Tarsha Eaddy drove from her home in Maryland 

to the King’s Inn Motel in York County, Pennsylvania to check on her mother, 

Edna Pinder (“Decedent”), whom she had been unable to contact for several 

days. N.T. Jury Trial, 11/19/19, at 99-101. Upon her arrival, Eaddy did not 

see Decedent’s car—which Decedent never loaned to anyone—in the motel’s 

parking lot. Id. at 101-02, 111. Eaddy entered the motel through a side 

____________________________________________

* Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.

1 18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 2502(a) and (b), respectively. 
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entrance and went upstairs to Decedent’s unit, where she knocked on the 

door. Id. at 102-03. Eaddy could hear the television but received no 

response, so she proceeded to the lobby and asked the front desk clerk to 

unlock Decedent’s door. Id. at 103, 105. Upon entering the apartment, 

Eaddy saw numerous pieces of mail on the floor. Id. at 105. As she proceeded 

further into the apartment, Eaddy saw Decedent in a basket in the corner and 

began screaming. Id. at 107. She testified that Decedent was “slumped 

against the wall, and her head was positioned to the side in a very unnatural 

way. There was vomit coming from her mouth and it was very apparent that 

she was not alive.” Id. at 107. Eaddy noted that Decedent’s cell phone was 

missing. Id. at 109. Eaddy was aware that Decedent had been in a 

relationship with Starks, but believed that relationship had ended years 

earlier. Id. at 110. 

Amber Kress, the Decedent’s neighbor, heard Eaddy’s screams and went 

to Decedent’s apartment, where she called 9-1-1. Id. at 143-44. Kress 

testified that she had heard screams coming from Decedent’s apartment a few 

days earlier, between 3:00 and 4:00 in the morning, but thought little of it as 

there was always fighting in the building. Id. at 144-45. Kress was familiar 

with Starks and believed that he had been living with Decedent. Id. at 146. 

Officer Thomas Ewald of the York City Police Department responded to 

the scene. Upon entering the Decedent’s unit, Officer Ewald observed the 

Decedent lying in a basket with apparent blood in her mouth. Id. at 154. 

Realizing she was deceased, Officer Ewald called for a supervisor and a 
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coroner. Id. When the coroner arrived, Officer Ewald assisted her in moving 

the body to the floor, at which time he observed several puncture marks over 

the Decedent’s left breast/heart area. Id. at 155. He also observed blood 

spatter “from the right to the left, where the victim was.” Id. at 156. He saw 

blood spatter on the east, west, and north walls of the apartment, as well as 

a bloody handprint on the bed sheets and small smears of blood on the wall. 

Id. at 156, 159-60. Officer Ewald also observed three empty bottles of vodka 

and three containers of prescription medication. Id. at 159-60. Officer Ewald 

stated that the unit’s window, which was over seven feet from the bedroom 

floor, was unopened when he arrived on the scene. Id. at 162-63. 

Deputy Coroner Tanya Zech of the York County Coroner’s Office was 

dispatched to the scene. She testified that she observed “blood splatter, . . . 

empty vodka bottles, . . . men’s boxer briefs, [and a] baseball cap laying on 

the floor[,] and personal effects.” Id. at 168. Deputy Coroner Zech observed 

the Decedent lying in a basket; there was “bloody purge” coming from her 

mouth and the tips of her fingers and toes were dehydrated and blackened, 

indicating that she had been there “for a decent amount of time.” Id. In

moving the Decedent’s body to the floor to be placed in a body bag, Deputy

Coroner Zech observed several wounds and lacerations to the chest. Id. at 

181. Having observed those wounds, she ceased her assessment and called 

for detectives, as she believed the Decedent’s death to be suspicious. Id. 

York City Police Detective Daniel Craven responded to the scene in his 

capacity as a certified crime technician. Id. at 192. After being verbally 
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informed that a search warrant had been obtained for the premises, he 

entered the Decedent’s apartment, performed a walk-through, and began 

taking photographs. Id. at 194. Detective Craven noted that there were 

blood stains and spatter on the walls, bed sheets, and pillow cases. Id. at 

198-203. He also observed a black baseball hat, a pair of men’s blue boxer 

shorts, a bag of dirty laundry, and mail addressed to Starks. Id. at 202-03. 

He noted that the window was closed with no signs of forced entry. Id. at 

200. Detective Craven collected several items from the scene, including: a 

change of address form dated October 12, 2018, changing Starks’ address to 

the Decedent’s residence at the King’s Inn Motel, id. at 210; mail addressed

to Starks from the Social Security Administration, id. at 211; two bottles of 

vodka, id. at 215; a cigarette butt, id. at 216; and bed sheets and pillowcases.

Id. 

York City Police Detective Christopher Perry served as the lead crime 

scene technician on the case. #Id. at 220. Shortly after arriving at and 

assessing the scene, Detective Perry left to secure a search warrant. After 

doing so, he returned to the crime scene. He noted that the front door to the 

apartment showed no signs of a break-in and that the lock and hinges 

appeared to be in working order. Id. at 224. Similarly, the window was closed 

and locked from the inside and showed no signs of tampering. Id. at 225. 

Although there was soil on the ground outside the window, there was no 

evidence inside the apartment of soil or any other material that would suggest 

entry through the window. Id. at 245. Later that night, Detective Perry
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learned that the Decedent owned a black Chrysler 200, which was not present 

in the parking lot of the motel. Id. at 228. He entered the vehicle’s 

information into the National Crime Information Computer (“NCIC”) to enable 

a “stop and hold” to be placed on the vehicle in the event it was located. Id. 

On October 31, 2018, Detective Perry was informed that the Decedent’s 

vehicle had been located in Baltimore, Maryland, with Starks behind the wheel. 

Id. at 231. After obtaining a warrant to search the car, Detective Perry 

recovered a knife, an unopened bottle of bleach, and a towel from the vehicle. 

Id. at 236-37. 

Doctor Rameen Starling-Roney, a forensic pathologist, performed the 

autopsy on Decedent. He concluded that her body was in a state of “mild

decomposition” and was past the 12-to-24-hour period of rigor mortis. Id. at 

267. Toxicology analysis revealed the presence of diphenhydramine, which is 

the main ingredient in Benadryl, in Decedent’s blood, as well as cocaine and 

alcohol. Id. at 266. Doctor Starling-Roney observed eleven stab wounds to 

the upper-left corner of the chest, one stab wound on the level of the left 

nipple, one stab wound to the middle chest, and one stab wound on the left 

forearm—possibly a defensive wound. Id. at 268-70. He testified that the 

cause of death was multiple sharp force injuries and the manner of death was 

homicide. Id. at 271. 

Ross Dean, the owner of the King’s Inn Motel, testified that he was 

familiar with Decedent and Starks and believed them to be paramours living 

together at the motel. Id. at 277. Dean testified that the property had a 
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surveillance system comprised of 16 cameras that recorded 24 hours a day. 

Id. He stated that, during the period of October 21 through 25, 2018, the 

system was working properly, but that it would not have been unusual for the 

time stamps to be slightly off. Id. at 278. Dean testified that there was a 

camera positioned such that it would have captured anyone entering or 

leaving Decedent’s apartment door. Id. at 281. 

Josh Seiple, an employee of a pawn shop in York City called “York Buy 

Sell Trade,” testified that, on October 22, 2018, Starks came into the store at 

10:03 a.m. and sold a Samsung S7 Edge cell phone using a Maryland state 

identification card issued in Starks’ name. Id. at 284-86. 

York City Police Detective Anthony Fetrow subsequently reviewed 

interior video surveillance footage from York Buy Sell Trade and observed 

Starks selling the phone to Seiple at approximately 10:00 a.m. on October 22, 

2018.2 Id. at 299-301. Detective Fetrow also viewed surveillance video from 

a nearby convenience store showing Starks exiting Decedent’s vehicle and 

walking in the vicinity of York Buy Sell Trade at approximately 8:11 a.m. on 

October 22, 2018. Id. at 304. A second video from the convenience store 

showed Starks walking in the direction of the pawn shop at approximately 

9:39 a.m. on that same date. Id. at 304-05. A third video shows Starks 

exiting the pawn shop after selling the phone and walking toward the driver’s 

____________________________________________

2 Detective Fetrow testified that the time stamp on the video was 

approximately 25 minutes behind actual time. N.T. Jury Trial, 11/19/18, at 

297. 
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side of Decedent’s vehicle. Id. at 305. Detective Fetrow also recovered the 

phone Starks sold to the pawn shop and confirmed it as Decedent’s cell phone. 

Id. at 312. 

Detective David Swinney, of the Baltimore County Police Department, 

testified that he is a member of the warrant task force assigned to the U.S. 

Marshals’ fugitive task force. N.T. Jury Trial, 11/20/18, at 346. In that 

capacity, he was provided with Starks’ name and a description of Decedent’s 

vehicle, as well as information that Starks frequented the area of 25th Street 

and Greenmount Avenue in Baltimore City. Id. at 347-48. On October 31, 

2018, Detective Swinney and members of the fugitive task force apprehended 

Starks while he was driving Decedent’s vehicle and placed him under arrest. 

Id. at 349. During a search incident to arrest, Detective Swinney found two 

credit cards in the Decedent’s name in Starks’ front pocket. Id. at 350. 

Finally, York City Police Detective Travis Sowers testified that he 

interviewed the Decedent’s family and confirmed that Decedent was last heard 

from at 1:32 a.m. on the morning of October 21, 2018, via a text message to 

her sister. Id. at 355-56. Detective Sowers subsequently viewed all

surveillance video from King’s Inn Motel, beginning from the last time 

Decedent was known to be alive.3 Id. at 357, 359. Detective Sowers testified 

that there were no gaps in the footage and that the relevant portions came 

____________________________________________

3 Detective Sowers testified that he had received information that Decedent 

was seen at a grocery store at some point on October 21, 2018. He watched 

the surveillance video from that point until the time police arrived at the 

apartment on October 25, 2018. N.T. Jury Trial, 11/20/18, at 358-59.
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from two cameras—Channel 5, located in the hallway outside Decedent’s 

apartment, and Channel 7, located near an exit of the building near where 

Decedent’s vehicle was parked. Id. at 359-60. Detective Sowers compiled 

the relevant footage on two DVDs, which were admitted as Commonwealth 

Exhibits 65 (Channel 5) and 66 (Channel 7). Id. He testified that the time 

indicated on the video was twenty minutes behind actual time and that no one 

other than Decedent and Sowers was ever seen entering Decedent’s 

apartment. Id. at 360, 363. 

Detective Sowers testified that the first video clip, at 11:23 p.m. on 

October 21, 2018, showed Starks and the Decedent outside the Decedent’s 

apartment. Id. at 361. Starks had just exited the apartment and appeared 

to be wearing the same jacket he was seen in the next morning at the pawn 

shop. Id. at 362. Approximately seven minutes later, at 11:30 p.m., Starks 

was seen re-entering Decedent’s apartment. Id. Twenty minutes after that, 

at 11:50 p.m., Decedent is seen exiting her unit. Id. at 363. Thereafter, at 

12:11 a.m. on October 22, 2018, Decedent is seen returning to her apartment. 

Id. at 364. She was never seen alive on video again. Id. 

Approximately one hour after Decedent was last seen entering her 

apartment, at 1:11 a.m., Starks is seen exiting the unit alone. Id. at 365. 

Detective Sowers testified that Starks appeared to be walking “much faster” 

than in previous video clips. Id. at 366. Starks is then captured entering the 

Decedent’s vehicle and driving away. Id. at 367. Ten minutes later, at 1:22 

a.m., Starks is seen re-entering Decedent’s apartment. Id. Five minutes 
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later, at 1:27 a.m., Starks is captured on video removing a television from 

Decedent’s apartment and placing it in her vehicle at 1:28 a.m. Id. He then 

enters the vehicle and drives away. Id. at 368. Starks returns approximately 

fifty minutes later, at 2:12 a.m., and re-enters Decedent’s apartment. Id.

Thereafter, at 5:13 a.m., Starks is captured exiting Decedent’s 

apartment carrying several bags filled with “unknown items.” Id. at 370. 

Starks placed some of the bags in Decedent’s vehicle before re-entering 

Decedent’s apartment at 5:15 a.m. Id. at 370-71. At 5:16 a.m., Starks is 

captured leaving Decedent’s apartment for the final time, carrying several 

items, including the bleach bottle later found in Decedent’s car. Id. at 371. 

Finally, at 5:21 a.m., Starks departs in Decedent’s vehicle and does not return. 

Id. at 372. Between the last time Starks departed and the time Tarsha Eaddy 

enters on October 25, 2018, no one is ever seen entering or leaving

Decedent’s apartment. Id. at 373. 

Starks was charged with criminal homicide and robbery. On November 

18, 2019, Starks proceeded to a jury trial before the Honorable Gregory M. 

Snyder on charges of first-, second-, and third-degree murder.4 On November 

20, 2019, the jury convicted Starks of murder in the first and second degree. 

On December 31, 2019, Judge Snyder sentenced Starks to two concurrent 

terms of life imprisonment without the possibility of parole. Starks filed a 

post-sentence motion, which the trial court denied on May 19, 2020. Starks 

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4 The Commonwealth withdrew the robbery charge during trial. 
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filed a timely notice of appeal, followed by a court-ordered Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) 

concise statement of errors complained of on appeal. He raises the following 

claims for our review:

1. Whether the evidence was insufficient to support [] Starks’ 

conviction of murder of the first degree where the Commonwealth 

failed to prove Starks perpetrated the killing and the jury’s finding 

of guilt was based on mere conjecture and speculation.

2. Whether the evidence was insufficient to sustain [] Starks’ 

conviction for murder of the second degree where the 

Commonwealth failed to prove Starks killed the Decedent during 

the perpetration of a robbery.

Brief of Appellant, at 4 (unnecessary capitalization omitted). 

Starks’ claims both challenge the sufficiency of the evidence 

underpinning his convictions. 

Because a determination of evidentiary sufficiency presents a 

question of law, our standard of review is de novo and our scope 

of review is plenary. Commonwealth v. Sanchez, [] 36 A.3d 

24, 37 ([Pa.] 2011). In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, 

we must determine whether the evidence admitted at trial and all 

reasonable inferences drawn therefrom, viewed in the light most 

favorable to the Commonwealth as verdict winner, were sufficient 

to prove every element of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. 

Commonwealth v. Von Evans, 163 A.3d 980, 983 (Pa. Super. 

2017). “[T]he facts and circumstances established by the 

Commonwealth need not preclude every possibility of innocence.” 

Commonwealth v. Colon–Plaza, 136 A.3d 521, 525–[]26 (Pa. 

Super. 2016) (quoting Commonwealth v. Robertson–Dewar, 

829 A.2d 1207, 1211 (Pa. Super. 2003)). It is within the province 

of the fact-finder to determine the weight to be accorded to each 

witness’s testimony and to believe all, part, or none of the 

evidence. Commonwealth v. Tejada, 107 A.3d 788, 792–[]93 

(Pa. Super. 2015). The Commonwealth may sustain its burden of 

proving every element of the crime by means of wholly 

circumstantial evidence. Commonwealth v. Mucci, 143 A.3d 

399, 409 (Pa. Super. 2016). Moreover, as an appellate court, we 

may not re-weigh the evidence and substitute our judgment for 
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that of the fact-finder. Commonwealth v. Rogal, 120 A.3d 994 

(Pa. Super. 2015).

Commonwealth v. Williams, 176 A.3d 298, 305–06 (Pa. Super. 2017).

Starks first challenges the sufficiency of the evidence as it relates to his 

conviction for first-degree murder. 

An individual commits first-degree murder when he intentionally 

kills another human being; an intentional killing is defined as a 

“willful, deliberate[,] and premeditated killing.” 18 Pa.C.S.[A.] §§ 

2501, 2502(a), (d). To sustain a conviction for first-degree 

murder, the Commonwealth must prove that: (1) a human being 

was unlawfully killed; (2) the accused was responsible for the 

killing; and (3) the accused acted with malice and a specific intent 

to kill. Sanchez, 36 A.3d at 37. Moreover, a fact-finder may infer 

the intent to kill “based on the accused’s use of a deadly weapon 

on a vital part of the victim's body.” Id. The intimacy involved in 

stabbing one’s victim to death clearly indicates malice and specific 

intent. See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Marrero, [] 687 A.2d 

1102, 1105 ([Pa.] 1996).

Commonwealth v. Ballard, 80 A.3d 380, 390 (Pa. 2013).

Starks argues that the verdict in this case was based upon “mere 

conjecture and speculation,” as the Commonwealth presented no murder 

weapon, scientific evidence, or witness testimony linking him to the crime. 

Brief of Appellant, at 24. He argues that his mere presence at the scene of 

the crime, before or during its commission, is insufficient to establish that he 

was the perpetrator, and that no reliable inference of guilt can be drawn from 

presence alone. Id. at 25-26. Starks argues that the video surveillance 

footage offered by the Commonwealth “did not show all entry points to the 

apartment[—specifically the window—]and left room for alternative suspects 

to be missed.” Id. at 28. 
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Moreover, Starks highlights the fact that the pawn store manager 

interacted with him while he was wearing the same clothes he would have 

worn during the murder, but did not mention that he observed any blood or 

injuries on Starks or that Starks was acting unusually. Id. at 29. Similarly, 

police found no bloody clothing in the Decedent’s car and did not note any 

bruises, cuts, or other marks on Starks’ person, all of which is inconsistent 

with the nature of the killing. Id. Starks further points to the dearth of 

physical evidence—in particular, the failure of the Commonwealth to pursue 

DNA testing on any evidence recovered from the crime scene. Id. at 30. 

Starks also alleges that the Commonwealth could provide no motive for the 

killing and did not produce any witnesses to the crime. Id. at 31. Finally, 

Starks places “great importance” on the fact that neither Deputy Coroner Zech 

nor Dr. Starling-Roney was able to pinpoint a time of death and, as a result, 

“it was certainly possible that the Decedent was killed sometime after Starks 

left the apartment at 5:13 a.m. on October 22, 2018[, but before] the body 

was found” on October 25. Id. at 32-33. He is entitled to no relief. 

As noted above, the Commonwealth may sustain its burden by means 

of wholly circumstantial evidence. Williams, supra. Here, there was ample 

circumstantial evidence pointing directly to Starks as the only person who 

could have killed the Decedent. First, Detective Sowers testified that he 

watched all of the surveillance video obtained from King’s Inn Motel and that 

Starks and the Decedent were the only two people to enter and exit the 

Decedent’s apartment between the last time Decedent was seen alive and the 
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time her body was discovered. The only other point of ingress to Decedent’s 

apartment was a window that was located more than seven feet from the 

bedroom floor. That window was found to be locked from the inside, with the 

curtains drawn. Significantly, although there was dirt on the ground outside 

the window, there was no evidence of dirt or other material in the apartment 

that would have indicated someone had entered from the window. 

Moreover, within hours of the last time Decedent was observed on 

camera entering her apartment for the final time, Starks was seen carrying 

various items, including a television set, from the Decedent’s apartment and 

loading it into the Decedent’s vehicle. He also pawned the Decedent’s cell 

phone and was apprehended days later driving her vehicle and in possession 

of several of her credit cards. 

The cases Starks cites in support of his claim are unavailing. Starks 

refers us to our Supreme Court’s decision in Commonwealth v. Woong 

Knee New, 47 A.2d 450 (Pa. 1946), to support his contention that his 

presence at or around the time of Decedent’s murder is insufficient to prove 

his guilt. In that case, the Court reversed the defendant’s conviction for firstdegree murder, despite the defendant’s admission that he had been with the 

victim around the time of the murder, as there was no evidence tending to 

prove that the defendant committed the crime, or casting doubt on the equally 

likely possibility that an unknown assailant killed the victim after the 

defendant left his company. Id. at 468. In reversing New’s conviction, the 

Pennsylvania Supreme Court noted that:
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When two equally reasonable and mutually inconsistent inferences 

can be drawn from the same set of circumstances, a [fact-finder] 

must not be permitted to guess which inference it will adopt, 

especially when one of the two guesses may result in depriving a 

defendant of his life or his liberty.

Id. 

Starks also cites In Interest of J.B., 189 A.3d 390 (Pa. 2018), in which 

the Court vacated a juvenile’s adjudication of delinquency for murder, finding 

evidence that he was in the home just prior to the killing and that there were 

no signs of forced entry did not “yield the sole reasonable inference that J.B. 

was the murderer.” Id. at 420. Citing New, the Court reiterated that “mere 

presence at the scene of a murder before, or even during its commission, does 

not establish sufficient evidence of a defendant's guilt of that offense.” Id. 

These cases are distinguishable from the matter sub judice. In fact, the 

Supreme Court stated in New that evidence of a defendant’s presence at the 

scene of the crime is sufficient to convict where there is evidence that no one 

else was with the victim at that time. Id. at 456 (“Furthermore, if he was 

with [the victim] when he was killed, that fact alone is not sufficient to convict 

him of [the victim’s] murder unless there was evidence that no one else 

was with [the victim] at that time.”) (emphasis added). Indeed, that is 

precisely the case here. 

The Commonwealth presented ample evidence supporting the “sole 

reasonable inference” that Starks was the perpetrator. See J.B., supra. In 

particular, video surveillance evidence demonstrated that no one but Starks 

and the Decedent entered or exited the door of Decedent’s apartment from 
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the time she was last known to be alive until the time her lifeless body was 

discovered. Starks emphasizes that there was no surveillance video footage 

of the Decedent’s window and, thus, it is possible that someone entered the 

apartment there. However, multiple witnesses testified that the window was 

closed and locked from the inside at the time the Decedent’s body was 

discovered, and there was no other evidence that anyone had used the window 

as a means of ingress. As the Commonwealth aptly points out in its brief, it 

would have been impossible for anyone to exit through the window and leave 

it closed and locked behind them, and surveillance video would have captured 

anyone departing through the apartment’s door. 

In light of the foregoing, we conclude that the evidence, viewed in the 

light most favorable to the Commonwealth as verdict-winner, was sufficient 

to prove that (1) Decedent was unlawfully killed; (2) Starks was responsible 

for the killing; and (3) Starks acted with malice and a specific intent to kill.5 

Ballard, supra. Accordingly, we affirm his conviction for first-degree murder.

Starks next challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting his 

conviction for second-degree murder. Because we have already concluded 

that the evidence was sufficient to prove that Starks caused Decedent’s death, 

____________________________________________

5 While Starks does not directly challenge the intent element of his first-degree 

murder conviction, as we previously stated, “the intimacy involved in stabbing 

one’s victim to death clearly indicates malice and specific intent.” Ballard, 

80 A.3d at 390. Here, the evidence demonstrated that Decedent sustained 

fourteen stab wounds to her body. This, alone, is sufficient to establish the 

specific intent to kill.
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we will focus our inquiry on Starks’ claim that the evidence was insufficient to 

prove he did so during the perpetration of a robbery. 

“A criminal homicide constitutes murder of the second degree when it is 

committed while defendant was engaged as a principal or an accomplice in 

the perpetration of a felony.” 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2502(b). “Perpetration of a 

felony” is defined, in relevant part, as the act of “engaging in . . . the 

commission of . . . robbery[.]” Id. at (d). “The purpose of the felony murder 

rule is to deter one about to commit a felony in which a reasonable man 

knows, or should know, that death may result, by making him criminally 

responsible for any such deaths.” Commonwealth v. Spallone, 406 A.2d 

1146, 1147-48 (Pa. Super. 1979). 

Here, Starks argues that the accused “must form the intent to commit 

the underlying felony prior to the actual killing for the fact finder to infer the 

malice element required to sustain a second-degree murder conviction.” Brief 

of Appellant, at 36. Starks asserts that, because the exact time of death is 

unknown, “there was no evidence upon which the jury could reasonably infer 

Starks killed the Decedent during the perpetration of the robbery” and “any 

inference the jury made as to when the intent to rob was formed would be 

mere speculation[.]” Id. at 38. In support of his claim, Starks relies upon 

this Court’s decision in Spallone, supra. In that case, the defendant stabbed 

and killed the victim after they had quarreled. The defendant then ran outside

for a few seconds, then ran back in, cut the victim’s pants pocket with the 

scissors, and removed his wallet. The defendant subsequently entered a plea 
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of guilty to murder, generally, and the trial court found him guilty of seconddegree murder because he had killed while perpetrating a robbery, even 

though the court specifically concluded that he had not formed the intent to 

rob until after the murder was committed. On appeal, this Court reversed, 

reasoning:

Since an accused cannot be perpetrating or attempting to carry 

out a felony unless, at the time of the prohibited acts, he has 

formed the intent to commit the felony, a killing cannot be in the 

course of perpetrating or attempting to perpetrate a felony if the 

accused, as here found by the court, forms the intent to commit 

the felony only after the killing.

Id. at 1147.

The Commonwealth, in turn, argues that “evidence that the intent to 

commit the dangerous felony arose before the killing can be established 

through acts occurring shortly after the killing.” Brief of Appellee, at 32. 

Accordingly, here, the Commonwealth alleges it sustained its burden by 

presenting evidence that Starks “went to great effort not only to take multiple 

large items . . . but to pawn them off as immediately as he could[.]” Id. at 

32-33. The Commonwealth argues that “[t]here was no break in the chain of 

events that would suggest the intent to perpetrate a felony arose later, unlike 

cases where the predicate felony occurred well before the homicide, or even 

at a different location altogether.” Id. at 33.

We are constrained to conclude that the Commonwealth did not satisfy 

its burden of proving that Starks committed the killing of Decedent in the 

course of committing a robbery. The Commonwealth did not establish a time 
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of death. Video evidence shows Decedent last entering her apartment at 

12:11 a.m. on October 22, 2018. He is seen leaving the apartment an hour 

later and returning at 1:22 a.m. Not until 1:27 a.m. was Starks captured 

leaving Decedent’s apartment with a television set. The Commonwealth 

presented no evidence as to what occurred in the apartment between 12:11 

a.m. and 1:27 a.m. As a result, any inferences the jury may have drawn from 

the evidence presented could only have been based on pure speculation. 

Indeed, given the facts possessed by the jury, it would have been equally 

reasonable to infer that Starks murdered the Decedent and subsequently 

absconded with her property as an opportunistic afterthought. As the 

Supreme Court stated in New, “[w]hen two equally reasonable and mutually 

inconsistent inferences can be drawn from the same set of circumstances, a 

[fact-finder] must not be permitted to guess which inference it will adopt, 

especially when one of the two guesses may result in depriving a defendant 

of his life or his liberty.” New, 47 A.2d at 468. 

The Commonwealth argues that evidence of intent to commit a 

dangerous felony arose prior to the killing may be established through acts 

occurring shortly after the killing. However, the cases upon which the 

Commonwealth relies for that proposition are inapposite. In Commonwealth 

v. Williams, 950 A.2d 294 (Pa. 2008), the Supreme Court found sufficient 

evidence to support a robbery conviction where the appellant convinced the 

victim to clean out the bed of his semi-trailer, climbed in after him, came up 

behind him, and shot him dead. Id. Appellant immediately closed the rear 
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door of the trailer and drove off in the victim’s rig; he was later found in 

possession of credit cards and personal property belonging to the victim. Id.

at 1258. In Commonwealth v. Robertson, 463 A.2d 1133 (Pa. Super. 

1983), the appellant was convicted of first-degree murder and robbery. 

Appellant argued that the evidence was insufficient to establish robbery 

because he only stole from the victim after he was dead, and “one cannot rob 

a dead man.” Id. at 1136. The Court rejected this claim, finding that, prior 

to the victim’s killing, the defendant and the victim had been engaged in a 

dispute over money allegedly owed by the victim to the defendant and that, 

prior to killing the victim, defendant said to him: “Yeah, well, you ain’t going 

nowhere till I get my money.” Id. In Commonwealth v. Legg, 417 A.2d 

1152 (Pa. 1980) (plurality), the appellant and victim engaged in sex and 

subsequently argued. Appellant stabbed the victim in the back with a knife

and then stole her wallet, keys, money, and automobile. The appellant was 

convicted of second-degree murder and robbery. On appeal, he raised 

sufficiency claims, as well as a challenge to the trial court’s jury charge, 

wherein the court had instructed the panel that “the intent to commit the 

felony of robbery may be formed by the actor . . . either before or after the 

infliction of the fatal wound.” Id. at 1154 (emphasis added). The Court 

reversed on the basis that the jury instruction was faulty, as it allowed for 

conviction where the intent to commit robbery was not formed until after the 

killing. In Commonwealth v. Ford, 650 A.3d 433 (Pa. 1994), the Supreme 

Court upheld convictions of, inter alia, first-degree murder and robbery, where 
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the appellant went into the back room of a store where he worked and stabbed 

to death the owner and another employee. The drawer of the store’s cash 

register was left open, with coins strewn on the floor, and appellant was later 

found in possession of a wad of cash that the owner was known to carry in 

her bra, which was found ripped off her body. Finally, in Commonwealth v. 

Giles, 456 A.2d 1356 (Pa. 1983), the Court affirmed convictions for seconddegree murder and robbery. In that case, the victim lived in an apartment 

above a bar owned by the appellant’s family. In accordance with her custom, 

the victim had gone to the bar to pick up her monthly food stamps and social 

security check; appellant was present in the bar when the victim did so. Later 

that same afternoon, the victim was found dead in her apartment. Her bureau 

drawers were pulled out, their contents on the floor; the decedent’s open 

purse was on the floor, and an envelope in the top drawer of the decedent's 

bureau was stained with blood. 

These cases are all distinguishable from the instant matter. In 

Williams, Robertson, Ford, and Giles, there was record evidence from 

which a jury could have reasonably inferred that the defendants possessed 

the intent to commit robbery prior to killing the victims. In Legg, although 

the Court suggested that the evidence was, in fact, sufficient to convict the 

appellant, this statement was made without analysis and amounted to nothing 

more than mere dicta due to the Court’s ultimate disposition based on the jury 

instruction. 
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In sum, the Commonwealth here failed to present any evidence that 

would allow a jury to reasonably infer, without simply guessing, that Starks 

possessed the intent to rob the Decedent prior to or at the time he killed her. 

New, supra; Spallone, supra. Accordingly, we are constrained to vacate 

his conviction for second-degree murder. 

Judgment of sentence for first-degree murder affirmed; judgment of 

sentence for second-degree murder vacated.6 Jurisdiction relinquished.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 03/02/2021

____________________________________________

6 Here, Starks was sentenced to concurrent terms of life imprisonment. 

Because our reversal of his second-degree murder conviction does not upset 

the trial court’s sentencing scheme, we need not remand for resentencing. 

See Commonwealth v. Lomax, 8 A.3d 1264, 1268 (Pa. Super. 2010) 

(“Because we can vacate the indecent assault sentence without disturbing the 

overall sentencing scheme, we need not remand.”).