# Patent

## Title
Apparatus and method for dynamic smoothing

## Abstract

An apparatus and a method for receiving and processing noisy communications signals automatically varies multiple processing parameters to both improve signal-to-noise ratio and to minimize delays in responding to changes in the incoming signal. The signal-to-noise ratio is improved with relatively stable signals by increasing the number of samples used in forming a processed signal value. In response to changes in signal input, the number of samples used in processing is substantially decreased while the sampling rate is substantially increased until the incoming signal exhibits an increased degree of stability. As the incoming signal becomes more stable, the number of samples used in performing a processed signal value is increased toward maximum and the sample rate is decreased. In an apparatus, noisy signals from an ambient condition sensor can be processed in control circuitry, which incorporates executable instructions, for carrying out signal processing with automatic multi-parameter variations in response to incoming signal characteristics. Processed signal values can be displayed locally or made available to a larger system.

## Background
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The invention pertains to processing of noisy signals as might be present as outputs of condition sensors. Sensor output signals are processed so as to improve response times and to reduce the effects of noise. More particularly, the invention pertains to an apparatus and a method for varying processing characteristics to improve performance of the detector.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
It has been recognized that there is an advantage to suppressing the effects of noise present on sensor outputs so as to minimize, for example, false positives. In this regard, it has been known that if a signal with noise, a raw signal, is averaged over a large number of samples, for example 128 samples, it will have less resulting noise than if averaged over a smaller number, such as four samples. The disadvantage of using the larger number of samples is that delay is introduced into the processed signal which becomes very slow in responding to changes in the raw signal.
One approach has been disclosed and described in Tice et al U.S. Pat. No. 5,831,524 entitled System and Method For Dynamic Adjustment Of Filtering In An Alarm System. While useful for their intended purpose, such systems do tend to introduce a degree of delay in the processed signals. It would be preferable if such response delays could be further minimized.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of am exemplary detector in accordance with the present invention;
FIGS. 2A, B and C are a flow diagram of signal processing in accordance with the present invention; and
FIG. 3 is a graph illustrating characteristics of signals processed in accordance with the present invention.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS
While embodiments of this invention can take many different forms, specific embodiments thereof are shown in the drawings and will be described herein in detail with the understanding that the present disclosure is to be considered as an exemplification of the principles of the invention and is not intended to limit the invention to the specific embodiment illustrated.
Detectors and methods in accordance with the present invention exhibit a fast response to signal changes, for example produced by changing ambient conditions along with an improved signal-to-noise ratio. Communications signals as well as signals from sensors can be processed accordingly.
The method incorporates variable averaging which is used to remove the noise. A variable averaging equation varies and dynamically changes the number of samples in response to incoming signals. For example, the number of samples used for forming an average, hence suppressing or removing noise, can vary from one to k where k can be, for example, equal to 128 or higher.
The processing method can carry out signal averaging using fewer samples where the incoming signals are varying. A larger number of samples, hence a higher degree of averaging, can be used for signals that are not varying appreciably.
The lesser number of samples results in a shorter response time such that the processed signal will follow the changes in the incoming signal. At the same time, the sample rate can be substantially increased thereby improving response time during transition intervals. The number of samples can again be increased if the incoming signal stabilizes. The trade-off is that more noise will be present than during those time intervals where the incoming signals from the sensor are not varying as much. In that circumstance, a larger number of samples can be used which produces a greater degree of averaging, and an improved signal-to-noise ratio.
In a disclosed embodiment, an exponential averaging equation is used. For example:

AVGSIG=(PrevAVGSIG*(K−1)+CURR SIG.)/K.

The following are relevant for the above equation:

    
    
        K=number of samples;
        AVGSIG=the present averaged signal value;
        PREVAVSIG=the prior averaged signal value.
    
    


In the above equation, each new sampled signal value contributes 1/K to the current averaged signal value.
This signal processing can be used to process outputs from gas, smoke, beam, fire, heat, and humidity type sensors or detectors. It can also be used to remove noise from communication signals of all types.
The method of implementing a dynamic averaging coefficient that changes with time can include the use of a short term averaging method or equation and a long term averaging method or equation. At least one dynamic averaging coefficient must be used in at least one averaging equation.
An example of short term averaging methods that can be used to remove the peaks of noise, especially the peaks that extend beyond 2 sigma from the mean are minimum and maximum routines. An example of a minimum routine is where the processing selects the smallest of three running consecutive values if the noise is greater than the long term averaged value. Similarly, a corresponding maximum routine can be used where the noise is less than the long term averaged value.
If the noise is a normal distribution, then the probability of noise occurring above +2 sigma is only 0.0228 for a single sample. The probability of noise being above, 2 sigma for three consecutive samples is 0.0000118 or around 1900 times less likely. The minimum of three averaging routine will help remove noise. A long term averaging routine is still needed to obtain the absolute accuracy of the signal; and provides a reference for the minimum of three averaging routine.
Instead of the minimum routine, another example of a short term averaging equation is an average of 8–10 running samples. When this short term average is between levels based upon the noise and deviates significantly from the long term averaging equation, then the averaging coefficient in the long term averaging equation can be reduced. During this time, the long term averaging equation S/N ratio decreases significantly, perhaps as low as K=1. However, the long term averaging equation now responds faster to come up to the short term averaging equation level. After the short term averaging equation level is reached, the averaging coefficient can be increased to again establish a high signal-to-noise ratio for accurate measurement.
This dynamic type operation provides a fast adjustment to new levels of the signal. Further, a high degree of noise suppression can be achieved for obtaining an accurate signal measurement with a high signal-to-noise ratio.
Other long term averaging equations and short term averaging equations can be used without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. As noted above, the source of the raw signal to be processed is not a limitation of the invention.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a detector 10 which embodies the present invention. The detector 10 includes at least one sensor 12 which responds to a selected ambient condition. The sensor 12 could, for example, be at least one of a gas sensor, a smoke sensor, a radiant energy or beam sensor, a fire sensor, a heat sensor, or a humidity sensor. Raw output CB from sensor 12, via, for example, line 12a, can be coupled to control circuits which could be implemented in part with a processor 14.
Processor 14 has associated therewith one or more executable programs 14a which can process the signals CB, line 12a, in accordance with the present invention. Processed signals, for example, indicated symbolically on line 14b can in turn be converted to displayable values. These values can be displayed at a local display 16. The displayed values can be indicative of parts per million of gas concentration, percent of concentration of gases, smoke or the like or a percent of an expected lower explosion level for combustible gases.
It will be understood that the detector 10 could be carried in a housing 20 and could be a self-contained device. Alternately, the detector 10 can be part of a larger alarm system.
FIGS. 2A, B and C illustrate steps of an exemplary processing method 100 in accordance with the invention. In an initial step 102, variables can be initialized. For example, the following variables can be initialized:
ADJ=1; and K=128 (K is indicative of the number of samples).
In a step 104, a raw signal value CB on line 12a is sampled. In a step 106, an adjusted signal value CB is formed dependent on the value of the parameter ADJ. In a step 108, MIN 3 noise processing is carried out to select the minimum of the last three sensor values CB. The minimum is set equal to LO.
In a step 110, MAX3 noise processing is carried out to select the maximum of the last three signal values CB. The maximum is established and set equal to HI.
In a step 112, the LO value, step 108 and the HI value, step 110, are averaged. In a step 114, AVG noise is determined. This value is used to set threshold or trip levels as discussed subsequently, steps 132a, 134a. 
In steps 120a, b, c and d and 122a, b, c and d, the adjusted CB value, step 106, is compared to the current AVG CB value in a process which tends to reduce noise induced variations relative to the AVG CB value.
In steps 120a . . . d, the adjusted sample value CB is compared to the average sample value AVG CB and if greater, then a “FILTER” parameter value is established, step 120c or d. Similarly, in steps 122a, b, c, and d, the adjusted signal value CB is compared to the average signal value AVG CB and if less than or equal to same, a value of the parameter “FILTER” is set in step 122c or d. 
In step 124, the value of K is increased.
In step 126, the number of samples is compared to a speed-up or, reduced, number of samples. In the event that K exceeds same, the value of K is clamped to a reduced number of samples, step 128. This produces a speed-up condition, where fewer samples are used for the averaging process. As a result, the processed sampled signal values AVG CB track the changing signal values CB, step 104, with minimal delay.
In step 130, an updated AVG CB value is established based on the number of samples, and the value of K. In steps 132a, b, c and 134a, b, c, a comparison is made, and acted on to pick up significant variations of signal CB from the AVG CB value.
Steps 132a, b and c are responsive to an increasing CB value. In step 132a, a threshold is increased in the presence of more noise. In response thereto, the number of samples is reduced immediately to a relatively low value such as K=4, step 132b. The value of a time-out parameter T is initialized in step 132c. The time-out parameter T establishes the duration of higher sample rate.
Similarly, steps 134a, b, c, are responsive to a decreasing CB value. In the step 134a, a threshold is decreased in the presence of less noise. During time interval T the processing is also speeded up by using a reduced number of samples, steps 132b, 134b. 
In step 138, the time parameter T is increased. In step 140, the time parameter T is compared to a predetermined maximum. If the time parameter T exceeds the maximum, it is clamped to that value in a step 142. In the event that it does not exceed that value, the speed-up parameter SU is set to a value which reduces the number of samples, step 144.
At the end of the speed-up interval, step 146, the speed-up parameter SU is set equal to zero. This enables the number of samples to increase. In a step 150, the two most recent values CB1 and CB2 are up-dated.
The AVG CB value can be converted to a displayable indicium in a step 152. In a step 154, the value of the speed-up parameter SU is evaluated to establish the time interval to the next sample, steps 156a, b. Hence, as the incoming signals exhibit variations, the number of samples is decreased and the sample rate is increased. Conversely, when the incoming signals stabilize, the number of samples increases and the sample rate is decreased.
The processing methodology 100 is illustrated in connection with the graphs of FIG. 3. Graph 200 corresponds to instantaneous raw signal values CB from any source, such as from sensor 12, line 12a. In a region between 15 and approximately 180 seconds, the values of the signal 200, CB are substantially stable although overlaid with noise. During this interval, the value of K, graph 202, the number of samples, remains substantially constant at 128, see step 128.
Graph 206 corresponds to the processed value AVG CB, see step 130. In the region between 15 to approximately 180 seconds, this value is substantially constant with random-type noise suppressed.
Where at approximately 180 seconds, the value 200 of the signal CB drops precipitously 202-1 due to a change in the sensed environmental condition, the value of the number of samples K, see 204, drops immediately, indicated at 204, to K=4, step 134b, at 204a. For the next several seconds, region 204b, the sample rate is increased, step 156a while at the same time, the value of K is permitted to increase from a value of four samples to a value of 16 samples.
The value of K is clamped to 16 samples, for example, during the remainder of the speed-up interval 204c which lasts until approximately 215 seconds. At this time, 204d, the sample interval reverts to one second, step 156b and the value of K is permitted to increase back toward 128, step 128.
During the speed-up interval, as illustrated in FIG. 3, the averaged signal value AVG CB 208a tracks the declining raw signal value CB closely thereby minimizing smoothing delays due to fewer numbers of samples and a higher sample rate. At the end of the speed-up interval 204d, approximately 215 seconds, the value of AVG CB again corresponds to the raw signal output value 200 in the absence of noise. The AVG CB value 208b continues to experience increasing degrees of averaging in that the value of K is continually increasing, 204e, subsequent to the end of the speed-up interval 204d at approximately 215 seconds.
It will be understood that the source of the raw input signal is not a limitation of the invention. Also, the illustrated methodology 100 could be varied without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, neither specific sample rates nor numbers of samples are limitations of the invention.
As those of skill in the art will understand, the time-out interval, set by parameter T, step 132c, can be implemented using a hardwired timer circuit. Alternately, the time-out interval can be implemented with executable instructions, such as 14a, in combination with processor 14.
From the foregoing, it will be observed that numerous variations and modifications may be effected without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. It is to be understood that no limitation with respect to the specific apparatus illustrated herein is intended or should be inferred. It is, of course, intended to cover by the appended claims all such modifications as fall within the scope of the claims.

## Claims

1. An apparatus comprising:
a signal input;
a processed signal output;
control circuitry coupled to the input and the output, the circuitry including executable instructions for sampling a received signal at a first rate, forming an averaged signal based on a first number of samples, further instructions for evaluating a variability characteristic of the received signal and for simultaneously altering both the sample rate and number of samples and including a timer for determining when the sample rate is to be altered again.

2. An apparatus as in claim 1 which includes additional instructions for incrementally altering the number of samples during a selected time interval.

3. An apparatus as in claim 2 which includes an ambient condition sensor coupled to the signal input.

4. An apparatus as in claim 3 which includes a display, coupled to the control circuitry, which displays information pertaining to the ambient condition.

5. An apparatus as in claim 4 where the display is configured to present alpha-numeric information pertaining to the ambient condition.

6. An apparatus as in claim 5 where the sensor comprises a sensor of a selected fluid.

7. An apparatus as in claim 2 where the additional instructions linearly alter the number of samples during the selected time interval.

8. An apparatus as in claim 2 where the additional instructions linearly alter the number of samples during at least one of sampling at the first rate, or, sampling at the altered rate.

9. An apparatus as in claim 1 which includes a display, coupled to the control circuitry, which displays information pertaining to the received signal.

10. An apparatus as in claim 1 which includes executable instructions to maintain the altered sample rate until the timer times out.

11. An apparatus as in claim 1 which includes an ambient condition sensor coupled to the signal input.

12. An apparatus as in claim 1 where the timer is implemented as one of executable instructions in combination with a hardware processor, or, a hardwired timing device.

13. A detector responsive to an environmental condition comprising:
at least a first sensor generating an output representative of the sensed environmental condition, the output including noise that is not representative of the sensed environmental condition; a processor and executable instructions that process and average the sensor's output to remove at least some of noise and produce a processed signal where the degree of averaging is altered as a function of time in response to at least one of the output or the signal, and including instructions to evaluate the processed signal;
where the executable instructions establish at least first and second sample rates with the second sample rate higher than the first; and


establish at least a second degree of averaging with the second degree less than the degree of averaging;
which includes instructions which simultaneously alter both selected sample rate and a number of samples and including a timer for determining when the sample rate is to be altered again.

14. A detector as in claim 13 which includes additional instructions for incrementally altering a number of samples during a selected time interval.

15. A detector as in claim 14 where the additional instructions linearly alter the number of samples during the selected time interval.

16. A detector as in claim 14 where the additional instructions linearly alter the number of samples during at least one of sampling at a first rate, or, sampling at an altered rate.

17. A detector as in claim 13 which includes a display, coupled to the processor, which displays information pertaining to the received signal.

18. A detector as in claim 13 which includes executable instructions to maintain the altered sample rate until the timer times out.

19. A detector as in claim 13 where the timer is implemented as one of executable instructions in combination with the processor, or, a hardwired timing device.

20. An apparatus comprising:
a signal input;
control circuitry coupled to at least the input, the circuitry including first software that samples a received signal at a first rate, forming an averaged signal based on a first number of samples, and second software that evaluates variability of the received signal and simultaneously alters both the sample rate and number of samples in response thereto.

21. An apparatus as in claim 20 which includes one of software, or a circuit to establish at time interval.

22. An apparatus as in claim 21 where an altered sample rate is maintained during, at least, the time interval.

23. An apparatus as in claim 20 where the second software reduces the number of samples from the first number in response to increasing variability of the received signal.

24. An apparatus as in claim 20 where the second software increases a sample rate of the received signal from the first rate in response to increasing variability of the received signal.

25. An apparatus as in claim 20 where the second software increases the number of samples from the first number in response to decreasing variability of the received signal.

26. An apparatus as in claim 20 where the second software decreases a sample rate of the received signal for the first rate in response to decreasing variability of the received signal.

27. A detector responsive to an environmental condition comprising:
at least a first sensor generating an output representative of the sensed environmental condition, the output including noise that is not representative of the sensed environmental condition;
a processor and executable instructions that process and average the sensor's output to remove at least some of noise and produce a processed signal where the degree of averaging is altered as a function of time in response to at least one of the output or the signal, and including instructions to evaluate the processed signal where the executable instructions include:
instructions for sampling a noisy signal;
instructions for establishing an average noise parameter for the signal;
instructions for updating a parameter indicative of a number of signal samples to be used in averaging the sensor's output;
instructions for forming the average of the sensor's output;
instructions for comparing the averaged sensor output value to a representation of the average noise parameter, and responsive thereto, including further instructions for altering a sample rate parameter and for altering the number of signal samples used averaging the sensor's output.

28. A detector as in claim 27 which includes:
additional instructions for continuously varying the number of signal samples.

29. A detector as in claim 27 which includes:
additional instructions for establishing a range over which the number of signal samples can be altered.

30. A detector as in claim 27 which includes:
additional instructions for establishing a time interval during which the number of signal samples can be varied.

31. A detector as in claim 27 where the sensor comprises a sensor of a selected fluid.