[J- 49 - 2023 ] IN THE SUPREME COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA MIDDLE DISTRICT TODD, C.J., DONOHUE, DOUGHERTY, WECHT, MUNDY, BROBSON, JJ.

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, Appellee

v.

MARCUS WOMACK, Appellant : : : : : : : : : : : : No. 110 MAP 2022 Appeal from the Order of the Superior Court at No. 445 MDA 2021 dated April 29, 2022 Affirming the Judgment of Sentence of the Huntingdon County Court of Common Pleas, Criminal Division, at No. CP

- 31

- CR

- 0000851

- 2018 entered November 12, 2020. ARGUED: September 14, 2023

O PINION

JUSTICE MUNDY DECIDED: May 31, 2024 I. Introduction In this discretionary appeal, we consider the computation of time for the purposes of Pa.R.Crim.P. 600 where the Commonwealth files two different criminal complaints against a defendant arising out of the same criminal episode

. For the reasons that follow, we affirm the Superior Court’s order denying relief. II. Background On October 6, 2017, law enforcement officers, including Pennsylvania State Trooper Andrew Corl, executed a search warrant at the home of Tyler and Bobbi Martin in Huntingdon County. The search followed a year

- long investigation, which revealed that Appellant , Marcus Wo mack , had been selling drugs from that location. During the search, law enforcement officer s recovered from Appellant’s person a large sum of[ J

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- 2 money, drugs, and a stolen firearm. They also found an additional stolen firearm elsewhere in the residence. Ap pellant was placed under arrest. That same day, Trooper Corl filed a criminal complaint (“first complaint”) , charging Appellant with nine offenses , including possession with intent to deliver (“PWID”), conspiracy to commit PWID, and possession of a firear m by a person prohibited

. The trial court set Appellant’s bail at $250,000.00. Unable to post bail, Appellant remained in custody. Following the execution of the search warrant, Trooper Corl learned from the Martins and other arrestees more information about the scope of Appellant’s drug enterprise, which extended to both Philadelphia and Pittsburgh. Law enforcement officers executed additional search warrants. Trooper Corl also reviewed data from Appellant’s cell phone, which had been seized during the search that took place on October 6, 2017. His preliminary review of this information revealed the possibility of a more sophisticated operation than originally anticipated. Based on the foregoing , the Huntingdon C ounty District Attorney’s Office sought the assistance of the Office of the Attorney General (“OAG”) in pursuing additional charges

. The OAG accepted jurisdiction and submitted the case to a statewide investigating grand jury. During this time, at the r equest of the OAG, the Huntingdon County District Attorney’s Office placed the first complaint on hold. The grand jury investigation commenced in late 2017 and ended on October 23, 2018. 1 On October 31, 2018 , the Commonwealth filed another criminal comp laint (“second complaint”), charging Appellant
with a total of twenty

- eight offenses including four counts of PWID, conspiracy to commit PWID, and two counts of corrupt organizations. The charges alleged in the second complaint were not identical to the first complaint but were based upon evidence gathered

1 On April 10, 2018, Appellant, who remained incarcerated, moved for nominal bail pursuant to Pa.R.Crim.P. 600(D)(2) . The trial court granted the motion, but Appellant remained in custody due to a parole detainer from a previous case in Philadelphia.[ J

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- 3 by law enforcement before, during, and shortly after Appellant’s arrest and the filing of charges in the first complaint. The OAG’s grand jury investigation also led to the arrest of over thirty other individuals for drug

- r elated criminal activity. On February 13, 2019, Appellant moved to dismiss the second complaint pursuant to Pa.R.Crim.P. 600(D) (1)

. 2 After a hearing, the trial court denied the motion

. On March 13, 2019, Appel lant similarly moved to dismiss the first complaint on Rule 600 grounds

. The trial court granted this motion on May 9, 2019 , and the Commonwealth did not appeal. Soon thereafter, the OAG filed an amended second complaint, reducing the number of charges f rom twenty

- eight to thirteen and providing date ranges , some of which were after the filing of the initial complaint for the remaining counts of PWID. On September 6, 2019, at a pre

- trial conference, Appellant rejected the Commonwealth’s plea offer of 111⁄2 to 23 years’ imprisonment, asserting the trial court should have gra n ted his motion to dismiss the second complaint under Rule 600

. In light of this, Appellant asked the trial court to certify the issue for an interlocutory appeal nunc pro tunc

. Though the trial court granted this request, Appellant failed to file such appeal and instead filed another Rule 600 motion alleging the Commonwealth attempted to

2 Rul e 600(D) (1) provides: When a defendant has not been brought to trial within the time periods set forth in paragraph (A), at any time before trial, the defendant's attorney, or the defendant if unrepresented, may file a written motion requesting that the c harges be dismissed with prejudice on the ground that this rule has been violated. A copy of the motion shall be served on the attorney for the Commonwealth concurrently with filing. The judge shall conduct a hearing on the motion. Pa.R.Crim.P. 600(D)(1).[ J

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- 4 circumvent Rule 600 by filing two criminal complaints based on the same criminal conduct. Th e trial court similarly denied this motion on August 11, 2020. 3 On October 8, 2020, Appellant proceeded to a bench trial on the second complaint. The trial court found Appellant guilty of the following offenses: three counts of PWID, conspiracy to commit PWID, dealing in proceeds of unlawful activity, corrupt organiza tions, possession of a firearm by a person prohibited, carrying a firearm without a license, and criminal use of a communication facility. He was acquitted of the remaining charges. On November 12, 2020, Appellant was sentenced to an aggregate term of 39 to 90 years’ imprisonment. He received 224 days of credit for time served from October 6, 2017 to April 10, 2018. This spanned the period of time between Appellant’s arrest on the first complaint and the date the state parole detainer was lodged. He ti mely appeal ed to the Superior Court, maintaining the trial court erred by denying his motion to dismiss the second complaint and asserting that the computation of time for Rule 600 purposes should have been based on the filing date of the first complaint. The Superior Court affirmed in a unanimous, unpublished memorandum decision. See Commonwealth v. Womack , 445 EDA 2021; 2022 WL 1284618 (Pa. Super. filed April 29, 2022). The court recognized that “Rule 600 does not specify which start date to use when two complaints are filed against one defendant ,” but explained that “the second complaint generally provides the starting point for the calculation” where “the first complaint was properly dismissed. ” Id. at *6 (citing Commonwealth v. Genovese , 425 A.2d 367, 370 (Pa. 1981)). It noted , however, that if the Commonwealth attempts to circumvent Rule 600, then the first complaint becomes the starting point for calculation
purposes. Id. (citing Commonwea lth v. Whitaker , 359 A.2d 174, 177 (Pa. 1976);

3 Appellant, whose sentence on the Philadelphia c ase expired on August 7, 2020, was released from custody on his own recognizance.[ J

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- 5 Commonwealth v. Lynn , 815 A.2d 1053, 1058 (Pa. Super. 2003)) . The court also noted that the Commonwealth “does not get the benefit of the filing date of an identical second complaint” where it fails to exerci se due diligence in “prosecuting its first complaint.” Id. (citing Meadius , 870 A.2d at 808). The court then discussed two cases it found particularly instructive. It first recounted this Court’s decision in Commonwealth v. Earp , 382 A.2d 1215 (Pa. 197 8). Id. Earp was charged with murder, conspiracy, and other offenses. Both the murder and conspiracy charges were dismissed after a preliminary hearing, while the remaining offenses were held for court. The Commonwealth subsequently arrested Earp for the

same m urder and conspiracy, which kept him confined between his first arrest and trial. Id. (citing Earp , 382 A.2d at 1216 ) . A plurality of this Court determined that the speedy trial period “begins to run on al l charges arising out of a criminal transaction u pon the initiation of criminal proceedings charging the defendant with any offense arising out of that transaction.” Id. ( quoting Earp , 382 A.2d at 1217 ). It also found instructive Commonwealth v. Simms , 500 A.2d 801 (Pa. 1985), which involved a two

- comp laint scenario with different charges. 4 Id. T here, t he Commonwealth initially filed a complaint charging Simms with aggravated assault , but f ollowing the victim’s death , filed a second complaint charging Simms with criminal homicide. Id. (citing Simms , 500 A.2d at 802). In finding that the date of the second complaint controlled, this Court held that “[i]n cases where an aggravated assault charge is filed, the victim later dies, and, thereafter, a homicide complaint is filed, the [speedy trial] period for trial on the homicide charge should

4 It is unclear whether the first complaint in Simms was withdrawn, dismissed, or neither prior to the filing of the second c omplaint. Simms , 500 A.2d at 803 (“[T] he record does not reveal what disposition was made of the complaint initially filed against [Simms] charging him with the offense of aggravated assault. It is not clear that the complaint was ever formally withdrawn or dismissed, and there is no evidence that any judicial review of the matter occurred. ”).[ J

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- 6 be deemed to commence with the filing of the latter complaint. 5 Id. (citing Simms , 500 A.2d at 804). Based on the foregoing, the court discerned no abuse of discretion or error of law
in the trial court’s decision denying Appellant’s motion to dismiss the second complaint. In its view, based on Simms , “[t]he difference between the offenses charged in the complaints demonstrates that the Commonwealth did not try to circumvent Rule 600.” Id. at *7 (citing Simms , 50 0 A.2d at 803

- 04). As the second complaint was filed on October 31, 2018, the court used this as the starting point for its Rule 600 calculations. It explained that approximately 230 days of pre

- trial delay were caused by Appellant . The court also
recog nized that Rule 600 was suspended from March 16, 2020 through October 8, 2020 due to the COVID

- 19 pandemic and thus time excludable

. Even so, the court highlighted its skepticism concerning “ the Commonwealth’s tactics in leaving [the first complaint]
open despite not intending to prosecute it.” Id. at *8. It nevertheless concluded that the Commonwealth’s lack of diligence in prosecuting the first complaint was “irrelevant [to] the Rule 600 calculation of [the second complaint].” Id. The court therefore affirmed Appellant’s judgment of sentence. Appellant filed a petition for allowance of appeal , which this Court granted to consider the following question: Does Rule 600 run from the first or second criminal complaint when the first complaint is still pending against a defendant who is in pretrial detention and the second complaint is premised on grand jury proceedings that subsumed the case underlying the first complaint? Commonwealth v. Womack , 288 A.3d 865 (Pa. 2022) ( per curiam ). III. Parties’ Arguments

5 Both Earp and Simms involved Pa.R.A.P. 1100, t he predecessor to Rule 600. In contrast to the current version, Rule 1100 required the Commonwealth to bri n g a defendant to trial within 180 days of filing its complaint.[ J

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- 7 Appellant asks this Court to find that “Rule 600 runs from the filing date of a first complaint unless the Commonwealth demonstrates that it exercised due diligence throughout the prosecution of the two complaints, which also focuses on the period of delay between the filing of the two complaints.” Appellant’s Brief at 29. Turning to the plain language of Rule 600, Appellant argues the rule clearly establishes that due diligence is require d to obtain the benefit of prosecution. He then notes that the Comment to Rule 600 states :
In cases in which the Commonwealth files a criminal complaint, withdraws that complaint, and files a second complaint, the Commonwealth will be afforded the benefit of the date of the filing of the second complaint for purposes of calculating the time for trial when . . . t he Commonwealth has exercised due diligence

. . . . Id. at 31 (quoting Pa.R.Crim.P. 600, Comment )

. 6 In light of this Comment, Appellant asserts “there is no justifiable reason” that the due diligence standard does not also apply here, where the Commonwea lth filed two complaints involving different charges. Id . at 31. He then explains that this Comment , derived from our decision in Commonwealth v.
Meadius , 870 A.2d 802 (Pa. 2005) , suggests that the Commonwealth must act with due diligence as to the first complaint and demonstrate that its use of an investigating grand jury was reasonable. Id. at 31

- 32. With regard to investigating grand juries, Appellant notes the Commonwealth is not required to submit its case to one in order to prosecute. Nor does any law prevent the prosecutor from withdrawing from one where it is apparent investigation is no longer necessary. He therefore concludes that requiring th e Commonwealth to demonstrate the reasonable necessity of an investigating grand jury would not disturb the prosecutor’s authority and would advance the dual purposes of Rule 600, those being “ more effectively protect[ing] the right of criminal defendants to a speedy trial, and the efficient

6 This Comment is discussed infra , where it is reproduced in its entirety.[ J

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- 8 administration of justice.” Id. at 32

- 33 (quoting Commonwealth v. Harth , 252 A.3d 600 , 615 (Pa. 2021) (additional quotations omitted)). Appellant asserts that due diligence here would require the Commonwealth to prese nt some evidence to justify his continued detention and the lack of action on his first complaint

. Id. at 33. To the extent the Commonwealth asserts due diligence only applies to the second complaint in this case, Appellant maintains we have declined to adopt such a construction. Id. at 34 (citing Meadius , 870 A.2d at 808

- 810 (Eakin, J., dissenting)). He argues this approach would allow the Commonwealth to “hide behind the sluggish [investigating grand jury] process

– a product of [its own] operation

– when the process may not be reasonably necessary to prosecute a particular defendant.” Id. at 34. Applying this test, Appellant asserts the Commonwealth failed to exercise due diligence. He maintains the first complaint served no purpose other than keeping him “on ice,” knowing the initial complaint would never b e pursued while continuing on with the investigating grand jury. He avers the Commonwealth has failed to present any evidence that the grand jury was necessary to shroud its investigation in secrecy or as a prosecutorial tool to investigate him in particu lar. Id. at 37. Appellant recognizes that the record demonstrates Trooper Corl compiled an extensive amount of evidence just prior to and after Appellant’s arrest, which served as the “cornerstone of the Commonwealth’s case.” Id. The Commonwealth there fore knew most of what it learned about his involvement shortly after the first complaint was filed. Finally, Appellant suggests the Commonwealth had several courses of action it could have taken that did not involve the first complaint sitting in limbo w hile it pursued other options. Id. at 38. I n conclusion, Appellant asks this Court to reverse the Superior Court’s decision and find that Rule 600 began running when the first complaint was filed

. Because Appellant’s trial commenced[ J

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- 9 more than 365 days af ter the first complaint was filed and the Commonwealth failed to demonstrate due diligence, dismissal was warranted. Conversely, the Commonwealth maintains the lower courts applied longstanding speedy trial precedent concerning two complaint cases and r eached the correct conclusion that the clock began when it filed the second complaint. It similarly points out that the Comment to Rule 600, which relies on Meadius , provides that the speedy trial period begins with the second complaint where the Commonwe alth’s new filing is “necessitated by factors beyond its control, the Commonwealth has exercised due diligence, and the refiling is not an attempt to circumvent the time limitation of Rule 600. ” Commonwealth’s Brief at 22 ( quoting Pa.R.Crim.P. 600, Commen t). In its view, these considerations are especially compelling in cases like this one where the Commonwealth files new charges based upon new evidence. The Commonwealth then discusses Simms , which it purports involved a two

complaint scenario similar to this case

. As noted above , the Commonwealth charged Simms with aggravated assault, but following the victim’s death, filed a second complaint charging Simms with homicide. This Court concluded that the speedy trial period began to run with th e second complaint, considering “events beyond the control of the prosecution [ ] operated to change the nature of the offense for which [the] defendant [was] to be tried.” Id. (citing Simms , 500 A.2d at 802

- 04). The Commonwealth avers that the differenc e in charges between the first and second complaint in Simms negated any inference that the Commonwealth attempted to circumvent then

- Rule 1100, now Rule 600. Id. at 22

- 23. In its view, the critical question instantly is “whether the Commonwealth could h ave charged the crimes brought in the second complaint at the time of the filing of the first complaint, but instead chose to delay the charges in order to circumvent Rule 600.” Id. at 23. The Commonwealth asserts that cannot be the case where the second[ J

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- 10 complaint involves new charges that could not have been filed at the time of the first complaint. Id. The Commonwealth rejects Appellant’s assertion “ that the Commonwealth knew enough at the time of the first complaint to charge him with all the crimes brought in the second complain t ” as factually incorrect, as determined by the trial court, and also
irrelevant. Id. at 23

- 24. The Commonwealth explains that any issue concerning delay in bringing the first trial i s a moot point because that case was dis missed under Rule 600 , and a ny delay in bringing the second case is a non - issue because Rule 600 does not begin until charges are brought. It goes on to explain that much of what was charged in the second complaint was not known when the first complaint was filed. Id. at 25

- 30 ( citing Trial Ct. Op., 4/21/21, at 32

- 34 ). The Commonwealth disagrees with Appellant’s claim that it “nefariously used the first complaint as a ‘placeholder’ to keep him ‘on ice’ during the subsequent investigation.” Id. at 30. It maintains it could not have known what evidence it would uncove r from its investigation, which is the point of investigations. The Commonwealth goes on to explain that its investigation “produced over 20 new witnesses and revealed that [Appellant] was not the bit player he appeared to be when the charges were filed. He was a leading member of a sophisticated trafficking ring consisting of more than 30 other conspirators.” Id. at 31. The Commonwealth acknowledges that it should have withdrawn the first complaint sooner after realizing the subsequent investigation pr oduced significant evidence, but nonetheless points out that Appellant “received relief on those original charges, and sentencing credit for all the time he served on them. ” Id. In light of the foregoing, the Commonwealth asks us to affirm the Superior C ourt’s order denying relief. 7

7 Appell ant ’s reply brief reiterates many of the same point s addressed in his principal brief. See generally Appellant’s Reply Brief.[ J

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- 11 IV. Analysis Our standard of review in evaluating speedy trial issues is “ whether the trial court abused its discretion, and our scope of review is limited to the trial court's findings and the evidence on the record, vie wed in the light most favorable to the prevailing party .” Commonwealth v. Wholaver , 989 A.2d 883 , 899 (Pa. 2010) (citing Meadius , 870 A.2d at 805 ) . “An abuse of discretion is not merely an error of judgment, but if in reaching a conclusion the law is overridden or misapplied, or the judgment exercised is manifestly unreasonable, or the result of partiality, prejudice, bias or ill

- will

. . . discretion is abuse d .” Commonwealth v. Bradford , 46 A.3d 693 , 700 (Pa. 2012) (citation omitted)). This Court has previously explained that Rule 600 was adopted in order “to protect defendants’ constitutional rights to a speedy trial under the Sixth Amendment of the United States Constitution and Article I, Section 9 of the Pennsylvania Constitution, in response t o the United States Supreme Court’s decision in Barker v. Wingo , 407 U.S. 514 (1972). Id. at 701 (citation omitted). We have also recognized that “Rule 600 has the dual purpose of both protecting a defendant’s constitutional speedy trial rights and prote cting society’s right to effective prosecution in criminal cases.” Id. (citations omitted). “In determining whether an accused’s right to a speedy trial has been violated, consideration must be given to society’s right to effective prosecution of crimina l cases, both to restrain those guilty of crime and to deter those contemplating it. ” Simms , 500 A.2d at 805 (quoting Commonwealth v. Johnson , 409 A.2d 308, 311 n.4 (Pa. 1979)). Turning to its text, Rule 600 requires that “[t] rial in a court case in which a written complaint is filed against the defendant shall commence within 365 days from the date on which the complaint is filed. ” Pa.R.Crim.P. 600 (A) (2)(a). Rule 600 further provides: (C) Computation of Time (1) For purposes of paragraph (A), periods of delay at any stage of the proceedings caused by the Commonwealth when the Commonwealth has[ J

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- 12 failed to exercise due diligence shall be included in the computation of the time within which trial must commence. Any other periods of delay shall be excluded from the computation.

. . . (D) Remedies (1) When a defendant has not been brought to trial within the time periods set forth in paragraph (A), at any time before trial, the defendant's attorney, or the defendan t if unrepresented, may file a written motion requesting that the charges be dismissed with prejudice on the ground that this rule has been violated. A copy of the motion shall be served on the attorney for the Commonwealth concurrently with filing. The ju dge shall conduct a hearing on the motion.
Pa.R.Crim.P. 600(C) (1)

- (D) (1)

. Rule 600 does not explicitly address the way in which two

- complaint scenarios should be handled , and t his Court has had minimal opportunity to examine the rule in that
context. The most recent case addressing such a scenario is Meadius . There, the Commonwealth filed a criminal complaint charging Meadius with several offenses , including forgery and insurance fraud on January 16, 2001

. Meadius , 870 A.2d at 803. The Co mmonwealth was unable to proceed with the preliminary hearing on three occasions for various reasons and ultimately withdrew the complaint. Id. On March 27, 2001, a fter receiving assurances from various witnesses concerning their ability to testify
at a future preliminary hearing, the Commonwealth filed a second complaint alleging the identical offenses

. Id. Meadius was scheduled to proceed to trial on February 4, 2002, which would have been more than one year after the first complaint , but not the seco nd complaint, was filed. Id. Meadius moved to dismiss the charges with prejudice under Rule 600, asserting the Commonwealth failed to bring him to trial within the period of time required by law. Id. at 803

- 04. The trial court granted Meadius’ motion to dismiss , reasoning the Commonwealth failed to comply with Rule 600 . Because the Commonwealth failed to bring Meadius to[ J

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- 13 trial within one year of filing the first complaint, it was not entitled to the benefit of t he filing date of the second identical complaint. Id. at 804. In doing so , the trial court rejected the Commonwealth’s argument that the case was controlled by Commonwealth v. Whiting , 500 A.2d 806 (Pa. 1985). In Whiting , the Commonwealth sought dismiss al of its case at the preliminary hearing and filed a n identical second complaint almost one year later. This Court calculated the speedy trial period from the filing date of the second complaint, finding the record did not demonstrate any effort by the C ommonwealth to evade or manipulate the speedy trial period. Id. (citing Whiting , 500 A.2d at 806

- 808). The trial
court in Meadius distinguished Whiting on the basis that Whiting involved “dismissal by an impartial magistrate, not withdrawal of charges by executive action.” Id. at 804. It instead found applicable the two

- part test set forth in Commonwealth v. Sires , 424 A.2d 1386 (Pa. 1981)

. There , this Court found that the speedy trial period begins with the second complaint where : “(1) the first complaint was properly dismissed by a competent judicial authority; and (2) the record does not reveal any prosecutorial attempt to circumvent or evade the rule’s mandate.” Id. at 804 (ci ting Sires , 424 A.2d at 1387)

. Finding neither prong met, the trial court granted Meadius’ motion to dismiss. The Superior Court reversed , applying Whiting

. It viewed Whiting more broadly than the trial court, emphasizing the fact that “the initial comp laint in Whiting was dismissed on the Commonwealth’s motion without independent review by the district magistrate, thus prompting this Court to deem it ‘a voluntary withdrawal of the prosecution by the Commonwealth.’” Id. at 804 (citation omitted)

. The S uperior Court also found the Commonwealth had not attempted to circumvent or manipulate Rule 600

. Id. at 804

- 05. On appeal, the Meadius Court first examined the text of Rule 600 and noted its plain language makes clear that a trial court must grant a Rule 600 motion “unless it finds the Commonwealth has exercised due diligence and that the circumstances occasioning[ J

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- 14 the postponement were b eyond its control.” Id. at 805. We acknowledged that previous case law, particularly Whitin g, provided some support for the position that such Rule 600 matters should be disposed of based solely on whether the Commonwealth attempted to evade or manipulat e the speedy trial requirements. Id. at 806 (citing Whiting , 500 A.2d at 808). We explained, however, that Whiting “ did not consider a scenario where the Commonwealth’s failure to act diligently precipitates a withdrawal of the complaint follow ed by a re

- filing of identical charges.” Id. at 807. In addition to considering the Commonwealth’s intent to evade or manipulate Rule 600, the Meadius Court believed the appropriate test should also consider the Commonwealth ’s exercise of due diligence , explaining: The rule’s focus upon allowing the prosecution time extensions only where it has acted diligently and where the delays in question were caused by factors beyond its control supports an interpretation whereby it must forego the benefit of a se cond filing date when these conditions are not met. Indeed, a contrary result would undermine the rule’s own facial requirements directed to prosecutorial diligence , as well its objectives , which include advancing society’s interest in seeing those accuse d of crime prosecuted in a timely manner, as well as ensuring the efficient management of criminal cases as a means of avoiding substantial backlogs[.] Id. at 808 (internal citations omitted) (emphasis added)

. Applying this standard, in light of the trial court’s findings, the Meadius Court found the Commonwealth failed to proceed with due diligence in bringing Meadius to trial in the required time period. It therefore reversed the Superior Court’s decision and reinstated that of the trial court. Id. Tho ugh the specific provision of Rule 600 at issue in Meadius is no longer present in the current version of the rule , Rule 600(C)(1) imposes a due diligence requirement on the Commonwealth. Additionally, the test developed in Meadius appears in the Comments of the current version of Rule 600 and continues to be applied to cases involving two

- complaint scenarios

. That Comment states:[ J

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- 15 In cases in which the Commonwealth files a criminal complaint, withdraws that complaint, and files a second complaint, the Commonwealth will be afforded the benefit of the date of the filing of the second complaint for purposes of calculating the time for trial when the withdrawal and re

- filing of charges are necessitated by factors beyond its control, the Commonwealth has exercised due diligence, and the refiling is not an attempt to circumvent the time limitation of Rule 600. See Commonwealth v. Meadius , 582 Pa. 174, 870 A.2d 802 (2005). See Pa.R.Crim.P. 600, Comment.
W e find the Meadius test applicable herein , as it seeks to reach a balance between the twin aims of Rule 600. We first address due diligence. This Court has explained that it is the Comm onwealth’s burden to demonstrate due diligence by a preponderance of the evidence to avail itself of an exclusion under Rule 600. See Commonwealth v. Selenski , 9 9 4 A.2d 1083, 1089 (Pa. 2010)

. Perhaps most importantly, this Court has recognized that “ [d] u e diligence is fact

- specific, to be determined case

- by

- case; i t does not require perfect vigilance and punctilious care, but merely a showing the Commonwealth has put forth a reasonable effort.” Id. In the context of Meadius , and other similar two

- complaint
cases, the due diligence inquiry relates to whether the Commonwealth’s basis for filing the second complaint was precipitated by its lack of diligence in prosecuting the first complaint. Meadius , 870 A.2d at 807. That is b ecause, more often than not, two

complain t cases involve a situation where the Commonwealth re - files an identical complaint due to some barrier in prosecuting its initial complaint

. When the Commonwealth fails to exercise diligence with respect to the fir st complaint , it does not receive the benefit of the filing date of the second identical complaint. Here, t he Commonwealth’s filing of the second complaint cannot be attributed to a lack of diligence in prosecuting the first complaint, but is directly t ied to its need for further investigati on after discovering that Appellant’s drug enterprise extended beyond the jurisdiction of Huntingdon County. The relevant period of time for due diligence purposes under the unique facts of this case therefore becomes the period of time[ J

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- 16 between the filing of the first and second complaint. Here, t he Commonwealth’s undertaking of grand jury proceedings can only be understood as an exercise of due diligence. As mentioned previously, the OAG’s grand jury investigation was necessitated by the revelation the A ppellant ’ s criminal conduct extended beyond Huntington C ounty and throughou t the C ommonwealth. The OAG’s in vestigation began almost immediately after learning additional information that grand jury proceedings would be necessary , and
t he second complaint was filed promptly after the conclusion of those proceedings. Although the Commonwealth concedes it could h ave withdrawn the first complaint while the investigation occurred, Appellant’s R ule 600 challenge to the first complaint resulted
in dismissal of that complaint. Dismissal of the second complaint , however, is clearly not the proper remedy. Appellant’s r etrospective focus on the result of the grand jury proceedings also misconstrues the due diligence inquiry, as due diligence is not outcome based but rather an assessment of the Commonwealth’s affirmative actions. See Selenski , 9 9 4 A.2d at 1089

. Nevertheless , it is clear the Commonwealth’s grand jury investigation bore fruit in the form of additional charges against Appellant that were not , and could not have been, included in the Commonwealth’s initial complaint. See Trial Ct. Op., 4/21/21, at 3 2

- 35. We reject Appellant’s argument to the contrary as unsupported by the record. See Wholaver , 989 A.2d at 809; Bradford , 46 A.3d at 700. 8

8 In his concurring opinion, Justice Wecht initially expresses hesitation with our decision not to “engage independently in the close, record

- based inspection of the charges that is required in a case like this[,]” but ultimately agrees with our decision to do so given the thoroughness of the trial court’s opinion. Wecht, J., Concurring at 12

- 13. To be clear, our reliance on the trial court’s analysis in this case rests not only on the fact that the trial court’s opinion was indeed extremely thorough, but also on the standard of review being an abuse of discretion. As such, the trial court’s deter minations carry a degree of deference. In many cases involving Rule 600, this Court has stressed the consideration owed to the trial court’s factual findings and analysis , where supported by the record , in resolving motions for dismissal. See e.g. , Meadi us , 870 A.2d at 808.[ J

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- 17 We must now address the remaining Meadius factors, specifically, whether the Commonwealth’s filing of the s econd complaint was necessitated by factors beyond its
control and whether its actions were an attempt to circumvent or manipulate the timing requirements of Rule 600. Meadius , 870 A.2d at 808. As to the former , the Commonwealth ’s filing of the second complaint was the result of becoming aware of additional information after the first complaint was filed . This information was made available only after multiple arrestees came forward with additional information following the exec ution of the October 6, 2017 search warrant, which ultimately led the Commonwealth to conduct additional investigation through the grand jury process

. As such, we conclude the Commonwealth’s filing of the second complaint was necessitated by factors beyon d its control. With respect to the final factor , the Commonwealth’s filing of the second complaint was not an attempt to manipulate the speedy trial requirements . As noted above, many
two

- complaint cases involve the re

- filing of a second complaint with charges identical to the first complaint. In these cases, the goal is to extend the speedy trial clock where factors came in the way of a speedy prosecution the first time around. In contrast, the second complaint in this case involved some of the same c harges from the first complaint but also included additional charges based on information discovered during the grand jury process. The filing of additional charges based on additional information is hardly an attempt to evade the speedy trial requirement s, but rather an effort to hold Appellant
accountable to the full extent of his criminal activity. We therefore conclude the Commonwealth’s filing of the second complaint was not a n attempt to manipulate the[ J

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- 18 speedy trial requirements. As the Commonwealth has met each of the Meadius factors, the Superior Court properly denied Appellant’s motion to dismiss

. 9
V. Conclusion
W here the Commonwealth files two different criminal complaints against a defendant , the Commonwealth receives the benefit of the filing date of the second complaint for Rule 600 purposes where it demonstrate s that it acted with due diligence between the period in which the complaints were filed. The Commonwealth must also establish that the filing of the second complaint was necess itated by factors beyond its control and that its actions were not an attempt to circumvent or manipulate the speedy trial requirements. Under the specific facts of this case, the Commonwealth has met these requirements

. 10 We therefore affirm the order of the Superior Court denying Appellant’s motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 600.

9 Appellant’s argument focuses solely on which complaint controls the starting point of the Rule 600 calculation. He does not contend that his trial was untimely from the date of the second complaint to the commencement of his trial. In any event, we agree with the Superior Court that, considering the delays attributable to Appellant and the trial court, Rule 600 was not violated. See Womack , 2022 WL 1284618 at *9.

10 Justice Donohue author s a concurring opinion disagreeing with our application of the Meadius framework. She explains: “[I]t is only where the second set of charges is part of the same criminal episode as the first set of charges and where the evidentiary basis for those charges was available to the Commonwealth at the t ime the first complaint was filed that the Meadius test comes into play.” Donohue, J., Concurring at 3 (emphasis added)

. With respect to the former, i t is difficult to deny that the charges in both criminal complaints arose from the same underlying drug trafficking incident in a general sense , though much of the information supporting the charges in the second complaint was unknown to the authorities when the first complaint was filed. We acknowledge that t he discovery of new information necessitating the filing of a second complaint does not lend itself to a straightforward application of the Meadius test, but nonetheless find its due diligence approach of assessing whether the charges in the second complai nt could have been brought with the first is appropriate under the circumstances. We are hesitant to inject compulsory joinder principles into our analysis here where there is clearly no such issue. Section 110 details when a subsequent prosecution is ba rred by a former prosecution for different offenses and only applies where, inter alia, the first prosecution resulted in an acquittal or conviction

. See 18 Pa.C.S. § 110 . That is not the case herein.[ J

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- 19 Chief Justice Todd and Justices Dougherty, Wecht and Brobson join the opinion. Justice Donohue files a concurring opinion. Justice Wecht files a concurring opini on.

Additionally, Section 109 explains when a prosecution is barred by a former prosecution for the same offense and none of the circumstances contained therein apply instantly. See 18 Pa.C.S. § 109 ( explaining when prosecution barred by former prosecution for same offense). Thus, although the Commonwealth fil ed two complaints arising from the same conduct, Appellant was never prosecuted for the offenses in the first as contemplated by Sections 109 and 110

.