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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF IDAHO

Docket No. 35209

STATE OF IDAHO,

Plaintiff-Respondent,

v.

ARISTEO GOMEZ,

Defendant-Appellant.

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2011 Opinion No. 11

Filed: March 11, 2011

Stephen W. Kenyon, Clerk

Appeal from the District Court of the Fifth Judicial District, State of Idaho, Cassia

County. Hon. Michael R. Crabtree, District Judge. 

Judgment of conviction for lewd conduct with a minor under the age of sixteen, 

affirmed.

Molly J. Huskey, State Appellate Public Defender; Justin M. Curtis, Deputy 

Appellate Public Defender, Boise, for appellant. Jordan E. Taylor argued.

Hon. Lawrence G. Wasden, Attorney General; Rebekah A. Cudé, Deputy 

Attorney General, Boise, for respondent. Rebekah A. Cudé argued.

________________________________________________

PERRY, Judge Pro Tem

Aristeo Gomez appeals from the judgment of conviction entered upon a jury verdict 

finding him guilty of lewd conduct with a minor under the age of sixteen, Idaho Code § 18-1508. 

He contends that the district court improperly admitted evidence relating to uncharged sexual 

misconduct. We affirm.

I.

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

In 2004, then fifteen-year-old V.B. was living with her mother, F.B., and her mother‟s 

boyfriend,1 Gomez, in Gomez‟s house in Burley. While V.B.‟s mother was gone on vacation, 

V.B. awoke early one morning to Gomez touching her, over her clothes, on her breasts, buttocks, 

 

1 V.B.‟s mother, F.B., testified that she and Gomez are married “[b]y the church,” but not 

by “the civil authorities.” V.B. and her sisters testified variously that Gomez is their stepfather 

and/or their mother‟s boyfriend.
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and vagina. V.B. told him to stop, and Gomez offered her one hundred dollars, as well as some 

clothes, to sleep with him. V.B. told Gomez to get out of her bedroom, and Gomez gave her 

twenty dollars, which V.B.‟s mother had told him to give her, for both her and her brother, and 

then left the room. V.B. locked her door and went back to sleep. V.B.‟s sixteen-year-old brother 

was sleeping in the same bed with her, but he did not wake up. V.B. did not wake her brother to 

tell him what had happened, nor did she tell anyone else about the incident because it was 

“embarrassing.” V.B. also stated that she did not tell her mother because Gomez had previously 

told V.B. that her mother would not believe her, that “no one would believe [her].”

Sometime after this incident, while V.B. was alone in her bedroom talking on the phone 

with her boyfriend, Gomez tried to get into her bedroom. V.B. told her boyfriend not to hang up 

on her. When her boyfriend inquired as to why he should not hang up, she related some 

concerns about Gomez and told him that Gomez was trying to get into her room. V.B.‟s 

boyfriend told her brother about the incident, and her oldest sister, E.B., also learned what had 

happened. In January 2006, V.B. and her sisters met together and discovered that Gomez had 

sexually abused each of them. They approached their mother, F.B., with the allegations, and she 

told them they would talk about it later. F.B. testified at trial that she did not believe them. 

However, V.B. and her sisters went to E.B.‟s residence where they called the police and 

submitted written statements regarding the abuse. Gomez was arrested and subsequently

charged with lewd conduct with a minor under the age of sixteen.

Prior to trial, the State filed a notice of its intent to introduce evidence of other crimes, 

wrongs, or acts as proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or 

absence of mistake or accident pursuant to Idaho Rule of Evidence 404(b), attaching the written 

statements of V.B., as well as her sisters, E.B., M.A.R.B., S.B., and M.L.B. The statements

indicated that Gomez had sexually abused V.B. and her sisters. The State filed a second notice 

of its intent to introduce Rule 404(b) evidence, attaching the written statement of C.G., a friend 

of V.B., as well as related police reports. Gomez filed an objection to the State‟s intent to use 

Rule 404(b) evidence, as well as a motion in limine to exclude such evidence from trial.

At a hearing held on Gomez‟s motion, he argued that the evidence was not relevant to 

any issue other than character or propensity and that its prejudice outweighed its probative value. 

The district court denied the motion, relying upon State v. Phillips, 123 Idaho 178, 845 P.2d 

1211 (1993), but admonished the State that it would not be allowed to mention any uncharged
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sexual misconduct unless an offer of proof was made to the court as was required in the Phillips

case. While the parties and the court indicated that a hearing would be held to entertain the 

State‟s offer of proof, the record is unclear as to whether this occurred. Each of the State‟s 

proposed witnesses included in the notices did, however, testify at trial regarding uncharged

sexual misconduct.

In addition to testifying regarding the charged conduct, V.B. also testified that Gomez 

had touched her on her breasts, buttocks, and vagina on previous occasions. She stated that the 

touching began when she was about twelve or thirteen when Gomez and her mother were living 

in “Paul Housing.” She testified that she would spend the night there on weekends and during 

the summer. V.B. stated that, on one occasion, she was taking a shower and Gomez unscrewed 

the doorknob and tried to get into the bathroom. She also testified that Gomez would make 

inappropriate comments about her vaginal area, saying it was hairy; that he would walk around 

in a towel or his underwear; and that he would expose himself to her when he would get out of 

the shower.

Each of V.B.‟s full sisters also testified regarding similar incidents occurring with 

Gomez. V.B.‟s oldest sister, E.B., testified that Gomez abused her from the time she was twelve 

until she moved out of the house when she was approximately eighteen years old. She testified 

that the first incident occurred when her mother and Gomez were living in a house in Rupert. 

She stated, “[Gomez] grabbed me and hugged me really tight, and he told me that he wanted to 

be with me.” She testified that she understood that to mean Gomez wanted to sleep with her. 

She also testified that she thought Gomez offered her money, but that she did not remember how 

much. She stated no one saw the incident because they were upstairs, and she did not tell anyone 

because she was embarrassed.

E.B. testified that while staying at the house in Rupert, Gomez would touch her in the 

middle of the night. She stated that, on one occasion, she woke up to him next to her in bed 

touching her breasts. She testified that she told Gomez to get out of her bed, and he “grabbed his 

private part . . . and kind of showed it off and walked away.” She testified that her mother was 

sleeping in the bed next to her and her brothers and sisters were sleeping in the bed with her, but 

she was sleeping on the edge. She stated that she would sleep in between her siblings so that 

Gomez could not get to her, but that sometimes she would still sleep on the edge. She testified 

that the touching continued while in Rupert and then when her mother and Gomez moved to Paul 
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Housing. E.B. stated that while in Paul Housing, she would often wake up to Gomez touching 

her, both over and under her clothing, on her breasts and between her legs. E.B. also testified 

that Gomez walked in on her while she was taking a shower and opened the curtain. Whenever 

E.B. threatened to tell her mother about Gomez‟s actions, he would respond, “No, you‟re not 

going to tell her.”

Another sister, M.A.R.B., who is approximately two years younger than E.B. and 

approximately two and one-half years older than V.B., also testified that Gomez abused her until 

she moved out of the house at the age of sixteen. She testified that Gomez “always tried to touch 

me” and related one incident where Gomez grabbed her breasts after her mother had left the 

house to sell tamales. She stated that on another occasion, she was sleeping on the side of the 

bed next to one of her siblings and awoke to find her pants and underwear pulled down from the 

front, and Gomez touching her. M.A.R.B. testified that when she told Gomez not to touch her, 

he asked where E.B. had gone. She told him to leave her alone, and he ultimately left. She 

testified that on another night, she and E.B. were asleep and she woke up to Gomez touching 

E.B.‟s breast. M.A.R.B. also testified that Gomez watched her taking a bath through a hole in 

the door because the doorknob was missing. She stated that she never told anyone because it 

was embarrassing. M.A.R.B. also testified that she did not tell her mother about any of the 

incidents because Gomez told her he would say it was her fault and that she was lying.

S.B., V.B.‟s younger sister, also testified that Gomez began abusing her when she was 

eleven or twelve, and that the first incident occurred when she was passing Gomez in the kitchen. 

S.B. stated that Gomez grabbed her and touched her, over the clothes, on her vagina when she 

walked by him. She testified that no one saw the touching and she did not tell anyone because 

she was embarrassed. S.B. also stated that she woke up early one morning to Gomez touching 

her. She testified that Gomez had pulled his pants down, as well as hers, and that he touched his 

penis against her vagina. She stated that she started to cry and he said, “Come on. I‟ll give you 

$2.” She continued to cry, so Gomez got up, and she put her pants on and ran out. S.B. testified 

that Gomez had also touched her on other occasions and tried to get into the bathroom and grab 

her when she sent her sister to get a towel for her. S.B. testified that she told Gomez she was 

going to tell her mother, to which he responded, “Go ahead and tell her. She won‟t ever believe 

you.”
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M.L.B., V.B.‟s youngest full sister, testified that Gomez abused her for the first time 

while she was watching television in the living room at the age of eleven. M.L.B. stated that 

Gomez came up to her while she was sitting on the couch and started grabbing her breasts and 

tried to touch her in between her legs. She stated that she told him to stop and then left to join 

her half-siblings outside. She testified that another incident occurred while she was sleeping in 

her mother‟s room. She stated that she woke up to Gomez touching her, and she thought he had 

been touching her breasts and in between her legs because her bra and her pants were undone. 

She testified that her half-siblings were sleeping in the same bed, but they did not wake up. 

M.L.B. also testified that Gomez came into the bathroom while she was taking a shower. M.L.B. 

also stated when she told Gomez that she was going to tell her mother, he told her that her 

mother would not believe her.

C.G., a friend of V.B.‟s, also testified at trial. She testified that when she was thirteen or 

fourteen, she spent the night with V.B. at Gomez‟s house in Burley. She stated that she was 

sleeping on a mattress with V.B. and woke up to Gomez touching her vagina over her clothing.

In addition to Gomez‟s motion in limine to exclude Rule 404(b) evidence, he also 

requested a continuing objection prior to E.B.‟s testimony. The court acknowledged the 

objection and stated that it would continue to overrule it based upon the Phillips opinion. 

However, the court did give a limiting instruction stating that the jury was not to infer a “pattern 

of behavior” from E.B.‟s testimony, but that it went to V.B.‟s credibility. Gomez again renewed 

his objection prior to the jury hearing testimony from M.A.R.B., S.B., and C.G, and prior to his 

cross-examination of M.L.B. The court gave a limiting instruction following each objection, 

generally instructing the jury that any other wrongs or acts, if believed, were not to be considered 

as evidence of Gomez‟s character or any propensity to commit such acts and could only be used 

for the limited purposes of proving motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, 

identity, or absence of mistake or accident. The jury was similarly instructed in the final jury 

instructions.

The jury found Gomez guilty of lewd conduct with a child under the age of sixteen. The 

district court entered a judgment of conviction and imposed a unified sentence of twenty years, 

with ten years determinate. Gomez appeals.
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II.

ANALYSIS

Gomez contends that the district court erred by improperly admitting evidence of 

uncharged sexual misconduct in the form of testimony from E.B., M.A.R.B., S.B., M.L.B., and 

C.G.2 He argues that the evidence was not relevant to a material and disputed issue other than 

propensity. Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove a defendant‟s 

criminal propensity. I.R.E. 404(b); State v. Johnson, 148 Idaho 664, 667, 227 P.3d 918, 921

(2010); State v. Winkler, 112 Idaho 917, 919, 736 P.2d 1371, 1373 (Ct. App. 1987). However, 

such evidence may be admissible for a purpose other than that prohibited by I.R.E. 404(b). State 

v. Avila, 137 Idaho 410, 412, 49 P.3d 1260, 1262 (Ct. App. 2002). In determining the 

admissibility of evidence of prior bad acts, the Supreme Court has utilized a two-tiered analysis. 

The first tier involves a two-part inquiry: (1) whether there is sufficient evidence to establish the 

prior bad acts as fact; and (2) whether the prior bad acts are relevant to a material disputed issue 

concerning the crime charged, other than propensity. State v. Grist, 147 Idaho 49, 52, 205 P.3d 

1185, 1188 (2009). Such evidence is relevant only if the jury can reasonably conclude the act 

occurred and the defendant was the actor. Id. We will treat the trial court‟s factual 

determination that a prior bad act has been established by sufficient evidence as we do all factual 

findings by a trial court. State v. Parmer, 147 Idaho 210, 214, 207 P.3d 186, 190 (Ct. App. 

2009). We defer to a trial court‟s factual findings if supported by substantial and competent 

evidence in the record. State v. Porter, 130 Idaho 772, 789, 948 P.2d 127, 144 (1997); Parmer, 

147 Idaho at 214, 207 P.3d at 190. Whether evidence is relevant is an issue of law. State v. 

Atkinson, 124 Idaho 816, 819, 864 P.2d 654, 657 (Ct. App. 1993). Therefore, when considering 

admission of evidence of prior bad acts, we exercise free review of the trial court‟s relevancy 

determination. Id. 

The second tier in the analysis is the determination of whether the probative value of the 

evidence is substantially outweighed by unfair prejudice. Grist, 147 Idaho at 52, 205 P.3d at 

1188. When reviewing this tier we use an abuse of discretion standard. Id. When a trial court‟s 

 

2 As part of his motion in limine, Gomez objected to the State‟s intent to use Rule 404(b) 

evidence, including evidence of prior sexual misconduct with the victim, V.B. On appeal, 

however, Gomez only asserts that the district court erred by admitting the testimony of V.B.‟s 

sisters and friend. As such, we need not address the admissibility of V.B.‟s testimony regarding 

prior bad acts of Gomez.
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discretionary decision is reviewed on appeal, the appellate court conducts a multi-tiered inquiry 

to determine: (1) whether the lower court correctly perceived the issue as one of discretion; 

(2) whether the lower court acted within the boundaries of such discretion and consistently with 

any legal standards applicable to the specific choices before it; and (3) whether the lower court 

reached its decision by an exercise of reason. State v. Hedger, 115 Idaho 598, 600, 768 P.2d 

1331, 1333 (1989). 

A. Specific Articulation

Gomez contends that the district court did not make the required determination, as set 

forth in Grist, that there was sufficient evidence to establish the prior bad acts as fact. He argues 

that while a hearing was scheduled for the State to make its offer of proof, there is no record that 

such a hearing occurred and, as such, this Court cannot review whether the district court made 

the requisite finding. He asserts that the court erred because it failed to make the requisite 

finding on the record.

While Gomez argues that the court was required to make a specific finding, on the 

record, as to whether a jury could reasonably conclude that the prior acts occurred and that the 

defendant was the actor, such a procedure is not always required. This Court recently addressed 

a similar argument in Cooke v. State, 149 Idaho 233, 233 P.3d 164 (Ct. App. 2010). In that case, 

this Court clarified that the district court is only required to make a specific articulation as to 

whether the prior conduct occurred if that question is squarely at issue. Cooke, 149 Idaho at 240, 

233 P.3d at 171. If the question is at issue, a specific articulation is necessary for the 

determination of relevance. Id. Gomez did not argue below that the other crimes, wrongs, or 

acts did not occur; rather, he argued that they were not relevant to any issue other than propensity 

and that the prejudice of that evidence outweighed its probative value. As such, the court was 

never called upon to make a determination on the record as to whether the uncharged acts 

occurred. Therefore, the issue of whether the uncharged misconduct occurred was not before the 

district court, and no specific articulation was required.

B. Relevance

Gomez argues that because the district court did not have the benefit of Grist and 

Johnson, it erred by applying the wrong standard as set forth in State v. Phillips, 123 Idaho 178, 

845 P.2d 1211 (1993). Gomez asserts that Phillips has been implicitly overruled because it 

relied exclusively upon State v. Moore, 120 Idaho 743, 819 P.2d 1143 (1991), and State v. 
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Tolman, 121 Idaho 899, 828 P.2d 1304 (1992), which have been partially overruled by Grist and 

Johnson. The State contends that Grist and Johnson do not preclude admission of the testimony 

of Gomez‟s other victims.

In Grist, the Idaho Supreme Court acknowledged that Moore and Tolman had sometimes 

been “interpreted as creating an exception in child sex cases to the prohibition of character 

evidence.” Grist, 147 Idaho at 51, 205 P.3d at 1187; see also Johnson, 148 Idaho at 668, 227 

P.3d at 922. The Court held, however, that “admission of I.R.E. 404(b) evidence in a child sex 

case is subject to the same analysis as the admission of such evidence in any other case.” Grist, 

147 Idaho at 51, 205 P.3d at 1187. The Court further determined that “[e]vidence of uncharged 

misconduct may not be admitted pursuant to I.R.E. 404(b) when its probative value is entirely 

dependent upon its tendency to demonstrate the defendant‟s propensity to engage in such 

behavior.” Id. at 54, 205 P.3d at 1190.

Grist criticized the rationale set forth in Moore, stating that the Court‟s explanation in 

that case could have just as easily been stated as follows: “If the defendant has committed 

another sex offense, it is more probable that he committed the offense for which he is charged, 

thus reducing the probability that the prosecuting witness is lying, while at the same time 

increasing the probability that the defendant committed the crime.” Id. at 54, 205 P.3d at 1190. 

The unstated premise in Moore was that “[i]f he did it before, he probably did it this time as 

well.” Id. Grist held that “[t]his complete reliance upon propensity is not a permissible basis for 

the admission of evidence of uncharged misconduct.” Id. Nevertheless, Grist declined to 

overrule Moore in its entirety, acknowledging that Moore correctly states: “Where relevant to 

the credibility of the parties, evidence of a common criminal design is admissible.” Grist, 147 

Idaho at 54, 205 P.3d at 1190 (quoting Moore, 120 Idaho at 746, 819 P.2d at 1146).

While we recognize that Grist denotes a shift from Moore and its progeny, we do not 

read that case as prohibiting admissibility of prior bad act evidence entirely. Rather, the 

admissibility of evidence of prior bad acts hinges on the question of whether “its probative value 

is entirely dependent upon its tendency to demonstrate the defendant‟s propensity to engage in 

such behavior.” Grist, 147 Idaho at 54, 205 P.3d at 1190 (emphasis added). If it is, the evidence 

is inadmissible as “complete reliance upon propensity evidence is not a permissible basis for the 

admission of evidence of uncharged conduct.” Id. (emphasis added). In other words, the fact 

that evidence of prior bad acts tends to demonstrate the defendant‟s propensity to engage in such 
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behavior does not necessarily preclude its admissibility. Although evidence of prior bad acts 

may tend to show a defendant‟s propensity to commit a crime, such evidence may still be

admissible under I.R.E. 404(b) if it is relevant for another purpose. See State v. Walker, 109 

Idaho 356, 359, 707 P.2d 467, 470 (Ct. App. 1985).

Evidence of an uncharged sex offense is relevant, and may be admissible, where it proves 

motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or 

accident. See I.R.E. 404(b). Evidence is relevant if it has “any tendency to make the existence 

of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less 

probable than it would be without the evidence.” I.R.E. 401. Grist‟s disapproving evaluation of 

Moore as stating that “[i]f the defendant has committed another sex offense, it is more probable 

that he committed the offense for which he is charged,” should not be read to eviscerate 

I.R.E. 401. As noted above, Grist does not impose a blanket prohibition on all evidence of 

uncharged sex offenses. Rather, the import of Grist is that the “Idaho Rules of Evidence require 

that trial courts treat the admission of evidence of uncharged misconduct in child sex crime cases 

no differently than the admission of such evidence in other cases.” Grist, 147 Idaho at 55, 205 

P.3d at 1191.

Gomez contends that Phillips relied upon the “unstated premise” of Moore and, as such, 

the district court‟s reliance on Phillips was in error. We need not address the continued validity 

of Phillips because we review questions of relevance de novo. See State v. Raudebaugh, 124 

Idaho 758, 764, 864 P.2d 596, 602 (1993). Having reviewed the evidence with respect to the 

uncharged misconduct, we hold that it was relevant to prove opportunity and credibility. 

Nevertheless, because the parties raise several questions regarding the existence of a common 

scheme or plan, we first comment on its application to the facts of this case in light of recent 

Supreme Court decisions.

1. Common scheme or plan

Gomez‟s primary argument on appeal is that the Idaho Supreme Court‟s recent decisions 

in Grist and Johnson make clear that evidence that “a family member allegedly abused juvenile 

females, is irrelevant and inadmissible” as it does not demonstrate a common scheme or plan. 

He contends that following Grist, evidence of similar age and circumstances is insufficient to 

show a common scheme or plan. He further claims that Johnson sets forth what the State must 

establish to admit prior bad acts involving family members. 
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In Johnson, the defendant was charged with molesting his daughter, and the State sought 

to introduce evidence of prior bad acts allegedly occurring with his sister when they were both 

juveniles. Johnson quoted language from Grist, where the Court held that prior uncharged 

sexual misconduct may be admissible “if relevant to prove . . . a common scheme or plan 

embracing the commission of two or more crimes so related to each other that proof of one tends 

to establish the other, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident.” Johnson, 148 

Idaho at 668, 227 P.3d at 922 (quoting Grist, 147 Idaho at 54-55, 205 P.3d at 1190-91) 

(emphasis in original). Johnson explained the rule as follows:

In other words, at a minimum, there must be evidence of a common 

scheme or plan beyond the bare fact that sexual misconduct has occurred with 

children in the past. The events must be linked by common characteristics that go 

beyond merely showing a criminal propensity and instead must objectively tend 

to establish that the same person committed all the acts.

Johnson, 148 Idaho at 668, 227 P.3d at 922. The Johnson Court held:

The [trial] court identified the following characteristics that linked the 

current charged conduct to the prior bad acts to which [Johnson‟s sister] testified: 

(1) both victims were about seven to eight years old; (2) both victims viewed 

Johnson as an “authority figure” because he was an older brother or father; 

(3) both courses of conduct involved Johnson requesting the victim to touch his 

penis. These similarities, however, are sadly far too unremarkable to demonstrate 

a “common scheme or plan” in Johnson‟s behavior. The facts that the two 

victims in this case are juvenile females and that Johnson is a family member are 

precisely what make these incidents unfortunately quite ordinary. The prior acts 

are irrelevant and therefore inadmissible.

Johnson, 148 Idaho at 669, 227 P.3d at 923.

Gomez contends that this case is similar to Johnson because the allegation is that he, a 

family member, abused juvenile females, which, like Johnson, makes the alleged acts 

“unfortunately quite ordinary,” and, therefore, irrelevant and inadmissible. We note that Johnson

does not set forth any particular or unique standard with respect to family members. Indeed, if 

prior instances of misconduct were inadmissible solely because they involved a family member 

abusing juvenile females, a great deal of relevant evidence might be excluded. In Johnson, the 

fact that the defendant had a random, isolated encounter with his sister when they were both 

juveniles bore no relevance on the alleged conduct against his daughter. In other words, the 

events were not “linked by common characteristics that go beyond merely showing a criminal 
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propensity.” Johnson, 148 Idaho at 668, 227 P.3d at 922. As such, the evidence was 

inadmissible.

In this case we note that the specific factual allegations regarding the uncharged sexual 

misconduct with other victims rise above the “generalized similarities” warned of in Johnson.

The uncharged acts in this case do not involve unrelated, isolated instances of sexual misconduct 

from when Gomez was a juvenile, as was the case in Johnson. The uncharged acts with other 

victims and the charged conduct relating to V.B. bear remarkable similarities. Nevertheless, 

because we conclude that the evidence is relevant for opportunity and credibility purposes, we 

need not determine whether they are “linked by common characteristics that go beyond merely 

showing a criminal propensity and instead . . . objectively tend to establish that [Gomez] 

committed all the acts.”

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2. Opportunity and credibility

In this case, the testimony of V.B.‟s sisters and friend tended to prove that Gomez had the 

opportunity to commit the charged crime against V.B. Moreover, the testimony was relevant to 

V.B.‟s credibility. The testimony elicited at trial indicated that V.B.‟s biological parents had 

seven children together, and after V.B.‟s mother and father were divorced, her mother, F.B., later 

 

3 Moreover, while we need not address the admissibility of V.B.‟s testimony with respect 

to prior uncharged sexual misconduct, we note that her testimony was relevant for several 

purposes, including opportunity, credibility, and common scheme or plan. See State v. Tapia, 

127 Idaho 249, 256, 899 P.2d 959, 966 (1995) (concluding that testimony of other instances of 

abuse occurring after the charged conduct was relevant because it reflected the defendant‟s 

common scheme or plan to use his girlfriend‟s influence over the victim, who was her 

granddaughter, to compel her to have sexual intercourse with the defendant, as well as to show 

why the victim waited several months to report the abuse); see also State v. Scovell, 136 Idaho 

587, 590, 38 P.3d 625, 628 (Ct. App. 2001) (evidence of prior misconduct with victim regarding 

when and how the abusive behavior began allowed the jury to see the full picture, putting the 

victim‟s testimony in context, as well as giving the jury the ability to assess whether the victim 

was fabricating her story or telling the truth); State v. Blackstead, 126 Idaho 14, 19, 878 P.2d 

188, 193 (Ct. App. 1994) (concluding that the uncharged criminal acts were in furtherance of an 

underlying plan to commit the charged crime where the uncharged act demonstrated a 

“continuing criminal design” to “groom” the victim by cultivating a relationship with her, 

inducing her into submission to his sexual demands, and procuring her silence through the use of 

drugs). In cases of sexual abuse, evidence of prior sexual misconduct with the victim is 

particularly relevant where it demonstrates a progression of abuse, as the conduct actually 

charged may be only a part of the process.
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had five children with Gomez.4 From the time Gomez and F.B. started living together, they 

moved, incrementally, from a one-bedroom house to a four-bedroom house. In each of their

residences, there were always several individuals living with them, consisting, at various times, 

of their own children, F.B.‟s children (V.B. and her siblings), some spouses and children of 

F.B.‟s children, and other relatives. Due to limited space, V.B. and her siblings often shared 

bedrooms, as well as beds. She testified that, while in the four-bedroom house in Burley, she 

often slept in the living room, but she also slept in and shared a room with her brother. She later 

shared the room with her sisters, S.B. and M.L.B., after they moved into the house. Gomez 

testified, and V.B. acknowledged, that there were as many as twelve people living in that house 

at various times.

With respect to the charged conduct, V.B. testified that the touching occurred while she 

was sleeping in her room and sharing a bed with her brother. Although apparently next to V.B. 

in bed while Gomez was touching her, her brother did not wake up and V.B. did not wake him 

up to stop Gomez or to tell him what had happened. V.B. testified that she thought her brother

was working nights at that time and that was the reason he did not wake up. In spite of V.B.‟s 

explanation, her testimony regarding this incident, by itself, raises issues of opportunity and 

credibility. Moreover, Gomez denied ever touching V.B. inappropriately. Based upon the nature 

of the charged offense and the surrounding circumstances in this case, opportunity and credibility

were material and disputed issues concerning the crime charged.

Indeed, Gomez highlighted in his opening statement that the “essential point” of the 

whole case was “believability.” He argued it was unbelievable that he would go into V.B.‟s 

room, touch her while her older brother slept next to her in the same bed, and talk to her in his 

regular voice, especially in a small home with so many people around. Gomez aggressively 

challenged the validity of V.B.‟s testimony on cross-examination, and questioned whether he

could have had the opportunity to abuse V.B. in the presence of so many people. Gomez argued 

in closing that V.B. testified the incident occurred in the morning, which meant there was “more 

chance that people are going to be walking around doing things.” He also argued that he 

(Gomez) would have to be the “stupidest man in the world” to “touch a 15-year-old girl” and 

 

4

Their youngest child was born approximately one month before trial after Gomez had 

been arrested.
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“talk[] in his regular voice about offering her money about this, about clothes, things such as that 

while a 17-year-old boy is laying next to her.”5 Gomez‟s defense theory was essentially that it 

would have been impossible for him to abuse V.B. in a small house full of people, particularly 

with a sibling sleeping right next to her.

It is evident that the questions of whether Gomez had the opportunity to engage in a lewd 

act with V.B. and whether her account could be believed were squarely before the jury. While 

not addressing the question of “opportunity,” we find the Idaho Supreme Court‟s decision in 

State v. Cardell, 132 Idaho 217, 970 P.2d 10 (1998), instructive in our analysis of this issue. In 

that case, the defendant was a masseuse accused of committing a sexual battery on a sixteenyear-old client. The girl reported that during the massage, Cardell had her disrobe and then 

massaged her breasts and genital area and placed her hand near his groin. The district court 

allowed testimony from three former adult clients who described similar experiences. While the 

district court had focused on whether the testimony of the other massage clients tended to 

corroborate the testimony of the victim, the Court, reviewing the case de novo, held that the 

testimony was relevant to prove the absence of mistake or accident. Cardell, 132 Idaho at 219-

20, 970 P.2d at 12-13.

The Court noted that the “issue of whether Cardell deliberately touched [the victim‟s] 

vaginal area was a material and disputed issue concerning the crime charged” because Cardell 

admitted to massaging the victim‟s breasts and inner thighs, which would have resulted in 

touching the outside of the vaginal area, but he denied ever directly touching or massaging her 

vagina. Id. at 220, 970 P.2d at 13. The Court held:

The testimony of the adult massage clients was relevant to whether 

Cardell‟s touching of [the victim‟s] vaginal area was accidental. These women 

were asked at trial whether they believed that the touching of their vaginal areas 

by Cardell was accidental. The adult clients testified that they did not believe the 

touching was accidental during their massages. This testimony was relevant 

under I.R.E. 404(b) because it tends to show that any touching of [the victim‟s] 

vaginal area by Cardell during massage therapy was not a mistake or accident, 

since other clients testified to similar touching.

Cardell, 132 Idaho at 220, 970 P.2d at 13 (emphasis added).

 

5 V.B. testified that her brother was eighteen years old at the time of the preliminary 

hearing, but that he was sixteen years old and she was fifteen years old at the time of the charged 

conduct.
14

While absence of mistake or accident is not an issue in this case, evidence of “similar 

touching” of prior victims was allowed in Cardell to demonstrate that the touching of the victim, 

in that case, was not accidental. Similarly, evidence of instances involving “similar touching” of 

V.B.‟s sisters and friend demonstrates that Gomez had the opportunity to engage in that type of 

touching under uniquely similar circumstances to the instant case. At oral argument, counsel for 

Gomez conceded that opportunity was at issue in this case, but argued that V.B.‟s sisters could 

have testified generally about Gomez‟s ability to access her room and perhaps find her alone 

without testifying about their own encounters with Gomez. However, the relevance of their

testimony was not only Gomez‟s ability to access the room, but also his ability, in a house full of 

people, to surreptitiously enter V.B.‟s bedroom, while she was sleeping next to her brother, to 

touch her and offer her money to sleep with him. Each of the girls was questioned at trial about 

how Gomez was able to get them alone. They testified that Gomez would capitalize on 

opportunities to catch the girls alone in a room, in the shower, or on the edge of a bed while 

everyone was sleeping. This testimony was necessary to explain how and why Gomez was able 

to abuse V.B. without anyone seeing the abuse, as her testimony, if considered alone, raised 

substantial questions as to how such abuse was possible in a house with little privacy. As stated 

in Grist: “Evidence of uncharged misconduct may not be admitted pursuant to I.R.E. 404(b) 

when its probative value is entirely dependent upon its tendency to demonstrate the defendant‟s 

propensity to engage in such behavior.” Grist, 147 Idaho at 54, 205 P.3d at 1190. Here, as in 

Cardell, the testimony was not entirely dependent upon its tendency to demonstrate Gomez‟s 

propensity to engage in lewd acts. Rather, it was relevant under I.R.E. 404(b) because it tended

to show that Gomez seized the opportunity to secretly touch V.B.‟s breast and genital areas while 

she was sleeping, since other individuals testified that he had exploited other opportunities to 

engage in similar touching.

C. Prejudice

Gomez contends that, even if relevant, the evidence of other uncharged sexual 

misconduct should have been excluded under I.R.E. 403. Specifically, he argues that the 

evidence was “highly prejudicial and extremely cumulative,” and that the jury was 

“overwhelmed with evidence of uncharged conduct,” which likely resulted in Gomez being 

considered as “a man of bad character.” The State responds that the district court did not abuse 

its discretion as it gave several limiting instructions instructing the jury on the proper use of the 
15

evidence. A lower court‟s determination under I.R.E. 403 will not be disturbed on appeal unless 

it is shown to be an abuse of discretion. State v. Enno, 119 Idaho 392, 406, 807 P.2d 610, 624 

(1991); State v. Clark, 115 Idaho 1056, 1059, 772 P.2d 263, 266 (Ct. App. 1989). When a trial 

court‟s discretionary decision is reviewed on appeal, the appellate court conducts a multi-tiered 

inquiry to determine: (1) whether the lower court correctly perceived the issue as one of 

discretion; (2) whether the lower court acted within the boundaries of such discretion and 

consistently with any legal standards applicable to the specific choices before it; and (3) whether 

the lower court reached its decision by an exercise of reason. Hedger, 115 Idaho at 600, 768 

P.2d at 1333.

We recognize that the testimony of V.B.‟s sisters and friend was prejudicial. However, it 

was also highly probative in light of the unique circumstances of the charged conduct. As noted 

above, V.B.‟s testimony regarding the charged conduct, by itself, raised legitimate questions 

about V.B.‟s credibility and whether Gomez would have had the opportunity to abuse her. As 

such, the testimony regarding uncharged acts of sexual misconduct was particularly probative in 

order to demonstrate that Gomez had the opportunity to abuse V.B. in spite of the presence of 

other people and the resultant lack of privacy. As trial counsel argued, the essential point of the 

case was believability, and the circumstances of this case are unbelievable. It is arguably 

unbelievable that Gomez would enter V.B.‟s room, touch her while her brother was sleeping next 

to her in the same bed, and carry on a brief conversation with her. Thus, the testimony of V.B.‟s 

sisters and friend was highly probative as to whether V.B. was telling the truth and whether 

Gomez had the opportunity to abuse V.B.

We also note that the risk of unfair prejudice was diminished as the district court gave a 

limiting instruction relative to each witness who testified about instances of uncharged sexual 

misconduct. See State v. Scovell, 136 Idaho 587, 591, 38 P.3d 625, 627 (Ct. App. 2001) (holding 

that the risk of unfair prejudice was reduced by the trial court‟s instruction that the jurors were 

not to consider the uncharged acts as proof that the defendant had criminal propensities or 

behaved in conformity with them by committing the charged crimes). In these instructions, the 

court consistently stated that the question before the jury was whether there was a touching of 

V.B., not of anyone else. The court also instructed the jury that any other wrongs or acts, if 

believed, were not to be considered as evidence of Gomez‟s character or propensity to commit 

such acts and that they could only be considered for the limited purposes set forth in 
16

I.R.E. 404(b). When instructing the jury prior to the last Rule 404(b) witness‟s testimony, the 

court stated: “I remind you that you can‟t use these other incidents as a propensity to do 

something or that this was what [Gomez] did and, therefore, what he did to [V.B.] he did in 

accordance therewith.” The court similarly instructed the jury in the jury instructions. We 

presume that the jury followed the district court‟s instructions. See State v. Kilby, 130 Idaho 747, 

751, 947 P.2d 420, 424 (Ct. App. 1997); State v. Hudson, 129 Idaho 478, 481, 927 P.2d 451, 454 

(Ct. App. 1996). 

In light of the highly probative nature of the testimony of uncharged sexual misconduct, 

as well as the district court‟s repeated instructions to the jury regarding the proper uses of such 

testimony, we cannot say that the court abused its discretion in allowing V.B.‟s sisters and friend 

to testify regarding instances of previous sexual misconduct. We conclude that the district court 

appropriately balanced the probative value of the evidence of uncharged misconduct against the 

risk of unfair prejudice, and that Gomez has failed to show an abuse of the trial court‟s 

discretion.

III.

CONCLUSION

The testimony of V.B.‟s sisters and friend was relevant to prove opportunity and 

credibility, and the district court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the evidence. 

Therefore, Gomez‟s judgment of conviction for lewd conduct with a minor child under sixteen is 

affirmed.

Judge MELANSON CONCURS.

Judge GUTIERREZ, DISSENTING

I respectfully dissent. Because the district court acted without the benefit of two recent 

Idaho Supreme Court decisions, State v. Johnson, 148 Idaho 664, 667, 227 P.3d 918, 921 (2010),

and State v. Grist, 147 Idaho 49, 52, 205 P.3d 1185, 1188 (2009), in which the Supreme Court 

concluded that the admission of I.R.E. 404(b) evidence in child sex abuse cases is subject to the 

same analysis as the admission of such evidence in any other case, I would vacate the judgment 

of conviction and remand for a new trial.

In Grist, the Supreme Court set forth the new standard for admissibility pursuant to 

I.R.E. 404(b), requiring trial courts to first determine whether there is sufficient evidence to 

establish the other crime or wrong as fact, and whether the fact of another crime or wrong is 
17

relevant to a material disputed issue concerning the crime charged, other than propensity. Grist, 

147 Idaho at 52, 205 P.3d at 1188. The trial court must next engage in a balancing under 

I.R.E. 403 and determine whether the probative value of the evidence is substantially outweighed 

by the danger of unfair prejudice. Id. The Grist Court highlighted the trial court‟s “discomfort 

with the status of I.R.E. 404(b) jurisprudence in Idaho,” where the lower court stated: “I think 

that there has largely been a class of cases that have developed that are unique to sexual abuse 

cases. And I‟m -- I think that I‟m bound to follow that.” Grist, 147 Idaho at 53, 205 P.3d at 

1189. The Supreme Court then concluded:

Although the district court was applying controlling precedent from the 

appellate courts of this state, the district court did not determine whether there 

was sufficient evidence to establish as fact Grist‟s prior uncharged sexual 

misconduct with [his ex-wife‟s daughter] nor did the district court articulate 

whether the evidence was probative because it demonstrated the existence of a 

common scheme or plan or because it tended to otherwise corroborate [the 

victim‟s] testimony.

Grist, 147 Idaho at 53, 205 P.3d at 1189. The Court declined to rule on the admissibility of the 

challenged evidence, leaving that determination for the trial court on remand. The Court did, 

however, instruct trial courts that they must “carefully scrutinize evidence offered as 

„corroboration‟ or as demonstrating a „common scheme or plan‟ in order to avoid the erroneous 

introduction of evidence that is merely probative of the defendant‟s propensity to engage in 

criminal behavior.” Id.

The Idaho Supreme Court acknowledged that some of its previous decisions, State v. 

Tolman, 121 Idaho 899, 828 P.2d 1304 (1992), and State v. Moore, 120 Idaho 743, 819 P.2d 

1143 (1991), had been “interpreted as creating an exception in child sex cases to the prohibition 

of character evidence.” Grist, 147 Idaho at 51, 205 P.3d at 1187. While the Court criticized 

those decisions, it declined to overrule them in their entirety. Nevertheless, the Court 

emphasized that “the scope of evidence that may properly be admitted pursuant to I.R.E. 404(b) 

is no greater in sex crime cases than it is for any other type of case.” Id. at 55, 205 P.3d at 1191. 

The Court concluded that because “the district court determined that the proffered evidence was 

governed by a body of law unique to sexual abuse cases,” the judgment of conviction must be 

vacated and the case remanded for a new trial. Id.

In this case, the district court relied upon State v. Phillips, 123 Idaho 178, 845 P.2d 1211 

(1993), in denying Gomez‟s motion to exclude I.R.E. 404(b) evidence. The Phillips Court 
18

quoted extensively from Moore and Tolman, which have since been overruled in part. The 

district judge noted that he was trial counsel for Phillips and that he argued the case at trial and 

on appeal. Quoting large portions of Phillips, the judge stated that he did not think that Phillips

had ever been overruled, and that he would “adhere to what they did in that case in this case.” 

The judge later commented that the Phillips case “has never set well with this judge,” stating:

Counsel, they teach us in the evidentiary classes that they give new judges 

that there are no rules in sex abuse cases. I don‟t believe that, but I recognize that 

it seems like lawyers that make your arguments are losing, [defense counsel], at 

this point in time. And I have been there.

. . . .

It‟s a tough area of the law. It‟s just a tough area. I was --

[Defense counsel], you argued with fervor; but I can assure you, so did I. 

I put my heart into this argument. I thought it was grossly unfair in the Phillips

trial that they could bring in witnesses that were molested years before, who made 

no criminal complaints. I just thought that was an outrage, but the Supreme Court 

shot me down; and I‟m under a duty to follow the law.

In this case, as in Grist, the district court did not articulate the reasons that the evidence was 

probative. While this would not preclude an appellate court from affirming the lower court‟s 

admittance of challenged evidence, and while I do not necessarily disagree with the majority that 

the evidence may have some relevance, I conclude that because the district court perceived that 

there are “no rules in sex abuse cases,” the appropriate remedy is to vacate the judgment of 

conviction and remand the case for a new trial. This remedy would allow the district court the 

opportunity to consider the admissibility of the evidence in light of Grist and Johnson.

1

The Supreme Court in Grist repeatedly cautioned trial courts to “carefully scrutinize” 

evidence offered under I.R.E. 404(b) for purposes of corroboration or as demonstrating a 

 

1

I note that Grist and Johnson do not necessarily clarify the state of the law regarding the 

admissibility of evidence of prior sexual misconduct. While it is clear that the same standard 

applies in child sex abuse cases as in any other case, the Court‟s refusal to overrule Moore and 

Tolman in their entirety raises a number of questions. Grist and Johnson primarily address the 

question of admissibility of prior bad acts in the context of common scheme or plan. The 

Johnson Court set forth three theories of how courts could require previous bad acts to be linked 

to the charged conduct in order to establish a common plan under Rule 404(b), but then declined 

to adopt any of those theories. Johnson, 148 Idaho at 668 n.3, 227 P.3d at 922 n.3. As such, 

there is still little guidance for trial courts addressing the question of whether some instances of 

prior sexual misconduct may be relevant in a child sex abuse case. Nevertheless, remanding the 

case would still allow the court the opportunity to evaluate the admissibility of the evidence 

without the erroneous application of Moore and Tolman.
19

common scheme or plan. Grist, 147 Idaho at 53-55, 205 P.3d at 1189-1191. The Grist Court 

even noted its previous caution in Tolman, where the Court stated: “We do not suggest today 

that any and all evidence of prior sexual misconduct is admissible in sex crime cases merely by 

placing it under the rubric of corroborative evidence of a common scheme or plan.” Grist, 147 

Idaho at 54, 205 P.3d at 1190 (quoting Tolman, 121 Idaho at 905, 828 P.2d at 1310). This 

caution focuses on the importance of conducting a thorough relevance determination. Even 

relevant evidence, however, does not equate to admissible evidence. The Tolman Court did not 

limit its caution to the relevance inquiry, reminding trial courts that evidence of prior sexual 

misconduct “is still subject to the limitations imposed by I.R.E. 403.” Tolman, 121 Idaho at 905, 

828 P.2d at 1310. I wish to add my caution to trial courts engaging in the weighing under 

I.R.E. 403 of evidence of prior sexual misconduct.

Trial courts are charged with exercising their discretion in determining whether the 

probative value of relevant evidence of prior sexual misconduct is substantially outweighed by 

the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by 

considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence. 

See I.R.E. 403. When a trial court‟s discretionary decision is reviewed on appeal, the appellate 

court conducts a multi-tiered inquiry to determine: (1) whether the lower court correctly 

perceived the issue as one of discretion; (2) whether the lower court acted within the boundaries 

of such discretion and consistently with any legal standards applicable to the specific choices 

before it; and (3) whether the lower court reached its decision by an exercise of reason. State v. 

Hedger, 115 Idaho 598, 600, 768 P.2d 1331, 1333 (1989). While the district court has broad 

discretion in the admission and exclusion of evidence, State v. Perry, 139 Idaho 520, 521, 81 

P.3d 1230, 1231 (2003), such discretion is not without limitation, see State v. Medrano, 123 

Idaho 114, 118, 844 P.2d 1364, 1368 (Ct. App. 1992). The import and limitations of this 

discretion have been described as follows:

[T]his is not a discretion to depart from the principle that evidence of other 

crimes, having no substantial relevancy except to ground the inference that [the] 

accused is a bad man and hence probably committed this crime, must be 

excluded. The leeway of discretion lies rather in the opposite direction, 

empowering the judge to exclude the other-crimes evidence, even when it has 

substantial independent relevancy, if in his judgment its probative value for this 

purpose is outweighed by the danger that it will stir such passion in the jury as to 

sweep them beyond a rational consideration of guilt or innocence of the crime on 

trial. Discretion implies not only leeway but responsibility. A decision clearly 
20

wrong on this question of balancing probative value against danger of prejudice 

will be corrected on appeal as an abuse of discretion. [Emphasis added.]

State v. Stoddard, 105 Idaho 533, 537, 670 P.2d 1318, 1322 (Ct. App. 1983) (quoting 

MCCORMICK, HANDBOOK OF THE LAW OF EVIDENCE § 190 (Cleary ed. 1972)).

I question whether trial judges in Idaho were “empower[ed] . . . to exclude the othercrimes evidence” in the wake of Moore and Tolman. Indeed, I question whether trial judges 

perceived that they had discretion at all to exclude evidence of prior sexual misconduct. While 

this discretion is committed to the trial courts, Idaho‟s appellate courts have not necessarily 

encouraged a thorough analysis under I.R.E. 403 in light of Moore and Tolman. See e.g., State v. 

Cross, 132 Idaho 667, 671, 978 P.2d 227, 231 (1999) (holding that “[b]y following [the] . . . 

decisions in Moore and Tolman, the trial court acted within the boundaries of its discretion and 

reached its decision through an exercise of reason”); State v. Spor, 134 Idaho 315, 320, 1 P.3d 

816, 821 (Ct. App. 2000) (holding that “[b]y following the reasoning in Tolman and Moore, the 

trial court acted within the boundaries of its discretion and reached its decision through an 

exercise of reason”).2 While I do not believe that Moore and Tolman meant to relieve trial courts 

of the requirement to conduct a balancing test under I.R.E. 403,3that may have been the practical 

effect in many subsequent cases. In other words, Idaho‟s appellate courts were complicit in 

perpetuating the incorrect assumption that where evidence of prior sexual misconduct was 

relevant under Moore and Tolman, such evidence automatically survived an I.R.E. 403 analysis 

and was admissible. As such, trial courts have been given little to no guidance on conducting a 

balancing test under I.R.E. 403 of evidence of prior sexual misconduct.

In setting forth the new admissibility standard, Grist offered some guidance, stating:

“The prejudicial effect of [character evidence] is that it induces the jury to 

believe the accused is more likely to have committed the crime on trial because he 

 

2

I do not suggest that trial courts are required to articulate an extensive I.R.E. 403 analysis 

on the record. However, such an articulation does provide a basis upon which an appellate court 

can consider whether the trial court abused its discretion. Nor do I suggest that appellate courts 

are required to set forth extensive analysis of the issue in each case. Some guidance, however, 

might be warranted.

3

Indeed, as noted above, Tolman explicitly stated that evidence of prior sexual misconduct

“is still subject to the limitations imposed by I.R.E. 403.” Tolman, 121 Idaho at 905, 828 P.2d at 

1310. Nevertheless, that caution may have gone unheeded.
21

is a man of criminal character.” State v. Wrenn, 99 Idaho 506, 510, 584 P.2d 

1231, 1235 (1978). Character evidence, therefore, takes the jury away from their 

primary consideration of the guilt or innocence of the particular crime on trial. Id.

The drafters of I.R.E. 404(b) were careful to guard against the admission of 

evidence that would unduly prejudice the defendant, while still allowing the 

prosecution to present probative evidence.

Grist, 147 Idaho at 52, 205 P.3d at 1188. In State v. Pokorney, 149 Idaho 459, 235 P.3d 409 (Ct. 

App. 2010), this Court relied upon Johnson in concluding that the trial court abused its discretion 

in admitting evidence of prior sexual misconduct. We stated:

The Supreme Court, in Johnson, determined that the prior bad act 

evidence was irrelevant and did not, therefore, engage in a Rule 403 analysis. 

However, the Johnson Court did conduct a harmless error analysis and the 

Court‟s discussion of prejudice is instructive. In Johnson, the evidence of his 

crime was limited to the testimony from his daughter. Johnson, 148 Idaho at 669, 

227 P.3d at 923. There was no physical evidence and the case hinged on the 

daughter‟s testimony. Thus, the testimony from Johnson‟s sister and father that 

he committed prior bad acts against his sister had an especially high risk of 

infecting the trial. Even though the trial court gave a limiting instruction for the 

sister‟s and father‟s testimonies, the Court found the error was not harmless. The

Court stated: “Evidence of prior sexual misconduct with young children is so 

prejudicial that there is a reasonable possibility this error contributed to Johnson‟s 

conviction.” Id. at 670, 227 P.3d at 924. “[A]dmitting such propensity evidence 

may reflect „the unstated belief that sexual deviancy is a character trait of 

especially powerful probative value for predicting a defendant‟s behavior.‟” Id.

(quoting State v. Field, 144 Idaho 559, 569-70, 165 P.3d 273, 283-84 (2007)).

“The danger is too great in this sex-abuse case that the jury may have believed the 

prior misconduct demonstrated Mr. Johnson‟s deviant character traits.” Id.

Pokorney, 149 Idaho at 465-66, 235 P.3d at 415-16. We noted in Pokorney that while the 

challenged evidence was relevant as demonstrating consciousness of guilt, it also reflected to the 

jury the defendant‟s sexual deviancy. As such, we concluded: 

Particularly in light of Grist and Johnson, which, again, the district court 

did not have the benefit of, we must conclude that the district court erroneously 

balanced the probative value against the prejudicial effect of the evidence. Even 

with a limiting instruction, there was a high risk that the jury would convict 

Pokorney based upon propensity and sexual deviancy. We are constrained to 

conclude that the unfair prejudice substantially outweighed the probative value of

the evidence. The district court‟s admission of the evidence was an abuse of 

discretion.

Pokorney, 149 Idaho at 466, 235 P.3d at 416.
22

Turning to the evidence in this case, I conclude that the overwhelming effect of the 

evidence of uncharged sexual misconduct was to emphasize to the jury Gomez‟s propensity to 

commit sex crimes. Gomez was charged with one crime, i.e., lewd conduct with V.B., consisting 

of one instance of touching and rubbing her breasts and vagina and offering her money to sleep 

with him. V.B. relayed her account of the charged conduct at trial. She also testified, however, 

regarding acts for which Gomez was not on trial, i.e., that Gomez had touched her on multiple 

occasions while she was sleeping, that he attempted to get into the bathroom while she was in the 

shower, that he made lewd comments to her, that he walked around in his underwear, and that he 

exposed himself to her. Each of V.B.‟s sisters testified to similar encounters with Gomez, 

essentially testifying, without limitation, regarding any instance that they could recall. V.B.‟s 

friend was also allowed to testify about her own alleged encounter with Gomez.

Following Grist, this Court, in State v. Parmer, 147 Idaho 210, 207 P.3d 186 (Ct. App. 

2009), addressed the question of whether the trial court abused its discretion in concluding that 

testimony from eight Rule 404(b) witnesses was unduly cumulative. While we concluded, based 

upon the circumstances of that case, that the court did not abuse its discretion, we noted:

The question of the number of witnesses testifying to prior bad acts is a 

matter of concern under Rule 403 analysis. Since the testimony is inherently 

prejudicial, at some point the number of such witnesses can become excessive and 

overwhelm the probative value of the evidence. This determination is left to the 

discretion of the trial court. The number of witnesses appropriate to establish a 

common scheme or plan, absence of accident or mistake, or intent will vary with 

each case. Thus, the issue cannot be resolved by drawing an arbitrary line. The 

Supreme Court in Grist held that trial courts must make such admissibility 

determinations on a case-by-case basis while remaining cognizant of the potential 

cumulative effect of the evidence and its tendency toward proving propensity and 

bad character. Grist, 147 Idaho at 52, 205 P.3d at 1188.

Parmer, 147 Idaho at 221, 207 P.3d at 197.

In this case, V.B. and five other witnesses testified regarding uncharged sexual 

misconduct. It is not only the number of witnesses, however, that must be considered. The 

number of instances of uncharged sexual misconduct that each witness intends to testify to is 

also important to consider under Rule 403 analysis. Gomez was forced to defend himself not 

only against V.B.‟s accusations regarding one incident, but also against her testimony, as well as 

the testimony of her sisters and friend, regarding allegations beginning in 1996 and stretching 

through 2006. Essentially, Gomez had to challenge the credibility of each one of the accusing 
23

witnesses. As such, there was a high risk that the sheer amount of evidence of uncharged sexual 

misconduct took “the jury away from their primary consideration of the guilt or innocence of the 

particular crime on trial.” Grist, 147 Idaho at 52, 205 P.3d at 1188. In spite of the court‟s 

limiting instructions, it is difficult to imagine how the jury could confine their deliberations to 

the single crime charged when multiple crimes involving six different witnesses were testified to 

at trial. I acknowledge that some of the I.R.E. 404(b) evidence may have even been highly 

probative. However, in exercising their discretion, trial courts must be vigilant in guarding 

against the danger of a jury convicting a defendant, not for the crimes for which he stands trial, 

but for a multitude of crimes for which he has never even been charged. Because there is such a 

danger in this case, and because the district court did not have the benefit of recent case law in 

making its Rule 403 determination, I would vacate the judgment of conviction and remand for a 

new trial.