DA 11-0704

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA

2013 MT 6

IN RE THE MARRIAGE OF:

TERANCE PATRICK PERRY,

 Petitioner and Appellee,

 and

KAREN JANE PERRY,

 Respondent and Appellant.

APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Fourth Judicial District,

In and For the County of Missoula, Cause No. DR 09-841

Honorable Robert L. Deschamps, III, Presiding Judge

COUNSEL OF RECORD:

For Appellant:

Linda Osorio St. Peter; St. Peter Law Offices, P.C.; Missoula, Montana

For Appellee:

Gail H. Goheen; Gail H. Goheen, P.C.; Hamilton, Montana

Submitted on Briefs: September 12, 2012

 Decided: January 15, 2013

Filed:

__________________________________________

Clerk

January 15 2013
2

Justice Jim Rice delivered the Opinion of the Court. 

¶1 Appellant Karen Jane Perry (Karen) appeals the Fourth Judicial District Court’s 

order denying her request to disqualify and enjoin attorney Gail H. Goheen (Goheen) 

from representing Appellee Terance Patrick Perry (Terance) in this proceeding. We 

affirm and address the following issues:

¶2 1. Did the District Court err by denying Karen’s motion to disqualify Goheen as 

counsel for Terance pursuant to Rule 1.20 of the Montana Rules of Professional 

Conduct?

¶3 2. Did Goheen violate her duty to Karen under Rule 1.9 of the Montana Rules of 

Professional Conduct?

¶4 3. Did the District Court err by permitting Goheen to testify at the 

disqualification hearing?

¶5 4. Did the District Court err by relying on privileged communications between 

Goheen and Karen?

¶6 5. Was Karen denied due process when the District Court relied on documents 

and sworn testimony not subject to cross examination?

¶7 6. Did the District Court err by determining that Karen abused the rules of 

disqualification?

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

¶8 On December 4, 2009, Terance filed for dissolution of his marriage to Karen in 

Missoula County. Karen subsequently filed a dissolution proceeding in Massachusetts, 

which was dismissed for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. Terance is a partner of the 

law firm of Datsopoulos, MacDonald & Lind, P.C. in Missoula. Terance was represented 

by three different attorneys before filing a notice of withdrawal and substitution of 

counsel on January 24, 2011, naming himself as counsel of record. On February 25, 
3

2011, Terance filed a subsequent substitution of counsel naming Goheen as his counsel of 

record. 

¶9 In January 2008, before any dissolution proceedings were filed, Karen contacted 

Goheen’s office in Hamilton seeking legal advice concerning the potential filing of a

dissolution action. Karen spoke with Goheen’s assistant, Kailah Van Note (Van Note), 

and later Goheen herself. 

¶10 Karen filed a motion to disqualify Goheen and an application for a preliminary 

injunction on March 1, 2011. Terance opposed the motion and filed two office 

memorandums and affidavits from Goheen and Van Note regarding their telephone 

conversations with Karen. A disqualification hearing was held on November 7, 2011. 

Two days before the hearing, Karen filed a motion to strike the office memorandums and 

affidavits as privileged, asserting that the documents “included information which is 

harmful to [Karen].” The District Court took the motion under advisement, granted the 

parties’ motion to seal the documents from public access, limited Goheen’s testimony 

about the documents, and did not permit Karen to cross-examine Goheen about the 

documents.

¶11 At the hearing, Karen testified that she provided personal information about 

herself and Terance during one telephone conversation with Van Note and two telephone 

conversations with Goheen. Karen said the conversations with Goheen lasted 45 minutes 

and 3 minutes, respectively. She said that she gave information about the marriage, 
4

including domestic abuse1 and finances, and that she asked for legal advice on her 

“position,” which she described as: “[w]here I wanted to end up. If I could end up at a 

certain place. What would happen if I stayed here. What happen if I left here. Goals of 

settlement. My weaknesses and fears.” Karen testified that she identified individuals 

who were present during domestic disputes. She said Goheen quoted her a “ridiculously 

enormous” retainer, but conceded that she was never sent a retainer agreement and that 

Goheen had “denied representation.” Karen admitted awareness of some sort of conflict

between Goheen and Datsopoulos, MacDonald & Lind. Karen testified that she thought 

the information she gave to Goheen’s office would be confidential. When asked by her

counsel why she believed she had an attorney-client confidential relationship with 

Goheen in 2008, Karen said “[b]ecause it was promised to me.” 

¶12 When asked “[h]ow does Gail Goheen’s representation of your husband now, in 

this dissolution of marriage that he brought three years later, harm you,” Karen 

responded:

[P]sychologically, it’s like getting beat up again by him. It’s like I can’t 

trust anybody. There’s nobody I can turn to. He took away everything and 

everybody I could trust. And now he’s done it again with somebody who I 

confided in, who’s now on the opposite side of the table. And it – I – I’m 

betrayed again. It’s another form of abuse and control . . . 

When asked “[i]s there anything in the communications [from Goheen], even within the 

brief of the attachments, that you feel have already harmed you,” Karen responded,

“Yeah . . . I’ve been called a liar. I’ve been discredited already.” 

 

1 Terance denies the abuse allegations, the validity of which are beyond the scope of this appeal.
5

¶13 Overruling Karen’s objections that Goheen “can’t testify to attorney-client 

communications and that she cannot be an advocate and material witness,” the District 

Court permitted Goheen to offer testimony about the length of the telephone 

conversations, her office procedures, and background information established in the court 

file. Goheen testified without another attorney questioning her. Goheen admitted to 

having one conversation with Karen in January 2008, which she said lasted less than 12 

minutes because the time entry information on the record was left blank and it is her 

office policy that time information is left blank when a conversation lasts 12 minutes or 

less. Goheen denied having a second conversation with Karen. Explaining her office 

procedures for new clients, Goheen stated:

Whenever I meet with a client, Your Honor, I don’t do it over the 

phone, in the sense of getting information. I sit down and I meet with the 

client for a half a day, usually, is my first meeting with a client on a divorce 

action.

It’s at that time that I go over everything I can think of, in terms of –

at least broadly, in terms of the scope of the case, what the assets may be, 

the liabilities may be, whether there are children, what the nature of the 

relationship is with the party. All details.

I’m not interested in it, information, in terms of any details prior to 

that time. And my policy is that I never give anybody a retainer quote until 

I get all that information.

. . .

So I can state unequivocably [sic] that I would not have given a 

retainer quote to Karen Perry, or any other client under these circumstances.

Goheen said she was aware that Karen’s husband was an attorney at Datsopoulos, 

MacDonald & Lind and that she does not represent someone against an attorney in 

Ravalli or Missoula County when the opposing attorney is from a firm that she regularly 

faces in divorce cases. Goheen said she did not remember the details of a conversation 
6

with Karen, relying on the office memorandums created from her and Van Note’s 

conversations with Karen. Goheen said that a 45 minute telephone conversation did not 

occur, and that her telephone records indicate she made a two or three minute telephone 

call to refuse the case and refer Karen to someone else. Goheen said she was notified by 

Karen’s current attorney that Karen had contacted Goheen’s office in September 2009 

and in January 2010 but that her telephone records revealed only two telephone 

conversations with Karen in January 2008. Van Note also testified about Goheen’s office 

procedures.

¶14 Throughout the hearing, Goheen referred to, and Karen repeatedly objected to, the 

office notes, memorandums, and the related affidavits, which were the subject of Karen’s 

motion to strike. After the hearing, the District Court issued an order stating:

Before issuing its ruling, the Court requests that Ms. Goheen submit a 

sealed copy of the “Note” from her office discussed at the hearing, along 

with any other relevant materials generated by Ms. Goheen or her staff 

pertaining to [Karen’s] communications with Ms. Goheen and/or her office, 

for in camera review.

After receiving this information, the District Court denied Karen’s motion to disqualify 

and application for a preliminary injunction. The court kept the documents sealed from 

public access. It found that no attorney-client relationship existed between Karen and 

Goheen, commenting that it was “hard to believe that, as a seasoned paralegal, Karen 

‘reasonably believed’ she had an attorney-client relationship with Ms. Goheen.” The 

District Court reasoned that Karen’s motion to disqualify was “a tactic designed to delay 

resolution of this case and force hardship and increased litigation expenses upon 
7

Terance,” and “disqualification of Ms. Goheen would be unjust and unreasonably harsh 

in this case.” Karen appeals.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

¶15 “A district court’s denial of a motion to disqualify is reviewed for an abuse of 

discretion.” Krutzfeldt Ranch, LLC v. Pinnacle Bank, 2012 MT 15, ¶ 13, 363 Mont. 366, 

272 P.3d 635 (citing Schuff v. A.T. Klemens & Son, 2000 MT 357, ¶ 26, 303 Mont. 274, 

16 P.3d 1002). An abuse of discretion occurs if the district court acted “arbitrarily 

without the employment of conscientious judgment or exceed[ed] the bounds of reason, 

in view of all the circumstances, ignoring recognized principles resulting in substantial 

injustice.” Schuff, ¶ 27. “The existence of an attorney-client relationship is generally a 

question of fact.” Krutzfeldt, ¶ 14 (citations omitted). “We review a district court’s 

factual determinations for clear error.” Krutzfeldt, ¶ 14 (citation omitted). District 

courts have broad discretion to determine the admissibility of evidence, including oral 

testimony, and we review for abuse of discretion. Clark v. Bell, 2009 MT 390, ¶ 16, 353 

Mont. 331, 220 P.3d 650; State v. Snell, 2004 MT 334, ¶ 17, 324 Mont. 173, 103 P.3d 

503.

¶16 “While the denial of a temporary or permanent injunction is reviewed for 

‘manifest abuse of discretion,’ deference is not applied to the district court’s conclusions 

of law, which are reviewed de novo to determine whether its interpretation of the law is 

correct.” Krutzfeldt, ¶ 13 (citing City of Whitefish v. Bd. of Co. Commrs. of Flathead Co., 

2008 MT 436, ¶ 7, 347 Mont. 490, 199 P.3d 201; Jefferson Co. v. Dept. of Envtl. Quality, 
8

2011 MT 265, ¶ 16, 362 Mont. 311, 264 P.3d 715). “Ultimately, it is this Court’s 

‘constitutional mandate to fashion and interpret the Rules of Professional Conduct.’” 

Krutzfeldt, ¶ 15 (quoting In re Rules of Prof. Conduct, 2000 MT 110, ¶ 9, 299 Mont. 321, 

2 P.3d 806).

DISCUSSION

¶17 1. Did the District Court err by denying Karen’s motion to disqualify Goheen as 

counsel for Terance pursuant to Rule 1.20 of the Montana Rules of Professional 

Conduct?

¶18 Karen claims that the District Court erred by not disqualifying Goheen because an 

implied attorney-client relationship was formed between Karen and Goheen when Karen 

gave Goheen information that was “confidential” in nature, citing Krutzfeldt and 

Pro-Hand Services Trust v. Monthei, 2002 MT 134, 310 Mont. 165, 49 P.3d 56. Terance 

argues that the District Court correctly found that there was “nothing disclosed by Karen 

to Ms. Goheen or her staff ‘that could be significantly harmful’ to Karen in this matter” 

to warrant disqualification under Rule 1.20 of the Montana Rules of Professional 

Conduct. Karen replies that she is “psychologically harmed” by the fact that Terance has 

hired Goheen and “[t]he district court did not properly address the correct standard or 

pertinent issue relative to Rule 1.20(c) with respect to the harm to Karen in determining 

Goheen’s conflict of interest.” (Emphasis in original.)
9

¶19 We have not yet addressed a lawyer’s duty to prospective clients under the 

Montana Rules of Professional Conduct as amended in 2004.2 We considered this 

relationship under prior rules in Pro-Hand Services, stating:

An implied attorney-client relationship may result when a prospective 

client divulges confidential information during a consultation with an 

attorney for the purpose of retaining the attorney, even if actual 

employment does not result. . . . In determining whether an implied 

attorney-client relationship exists, we will examine whether the alleged 

client reasonably believed that such relationship was formed.

Pro-Hand Services, ¶ 14 (internal citations omitted). Our ruling in Pro-Hand Services

was based upon former Rule 1.9, entitled “Conflict of Interest, Former Client,” requiring 

an analysis of whether confidential information had been exchanged. We adopted the 

Ninth Circuit’s “reasonable probability” rule to determine whether confidences were 

disclosed. Pro-Hand Services, ¶ 15 (citing Trone v. Smith, 621 F.2d 994, 998 (9th Cir. 

1980)). If confidential information was not disclosed, then an attorney-client relationship 

did not exist. Pro-Hand Services, ¶ 14. “If an attorney-client relationship was not 

formed, there is no conflict of interest,” Pro-Hand Services, ¶ 13, and an attorney could 

then represent a client in a matter that was adverse to the former prospective client.

¶20 In 2004, Rule 1.20, entitled “Duties to Prospective Clients” was adopted. Rule 

1.20 defines and addresses a lawyer’s relationship with a prospective client. It provides 

in its entirety:

 

2

See Or., In Re: Revising the Montana Rules of Professional Conduct (Mont. Feb. 17, 2004) 

(No. 03-264).
10

(a) A person who consults with or has had consultations with a 

lawyer about the possibility of forming a client-lawyer relationship with 

respect to a matter is a prospective client.

(b) Even when no client-lawyer relationship ensues, a lawyer who 

has had consultations with a prospective client shall not use or reveal 

information learned in the consultation(s), except as Rule 1.9 would permit 

with respect to information of a former client.

(c) A lawyer subject to paragraph (b) shall not represent a client 

with interests materially adverse to those of a prospective client in the same 

or a substantially related matter if the lawyer received information from the 

prospective client that could be significantly harmful to that person in the 

matter, except as provided in paragraph (d). If a lawyer is disqualified from 

representation under this paragraph, no lawyer in a firm with which that 

lawyer is associated may knowingly undertake or continue representation in 

such a matter, except as provided in paragraph (d).

(d) Representation is permissible if both the affected client and the 

prospective client have given informed consent, confirmed in writing, or: 

(1) the disqualified lawyer is timely screened from any participation in the 

matter and is apportioned no part of the fee therefrom; and (2) written 

notice is promptly given to the prospective client.

M. R. Pro. C. 1.20.

¶21 Instead of determining whether an attorney-client relationship was created by 

disclosure of confidential information, Rule 1.20 creates duties to the prospective client 

“[e]ven when no client-lawyer relationship ensues.” M. R. Pro. C. 1.20(b). Generally, 

and subject to exceptions discussed herein, a lawyer may not “use or reveal information 

learned in the consultation(s)” with a prospective client. M. R. Pro. C. 1.20(b). Pertinent 

to the present issue, Rule 1.20 also prohibits a lawyer from representing a party with 

“interests materially adverse” to the prospective client in the same or substantially related 

proceeding “if the lawyer received information from the prospective client that could be 

significantly harmful to that person in the matter.” M. R. Pro. C. 1.20(c). Thus, Rule 

1.20 does not merely consider whether information was divulged by the prospective 
11

client but whether such information could be significantly harmful to that person in that 

or a related matter. Rule 1.18 of the American Bar Association’s Model Rules of 

Professional Conduct (Model Rules) is nearly identical to Montana Rule 1.20. The 

Committee Comments to Model Rule 1.18 state “the lawyer is not prohibited from 

representing a client with interests adverse to those of the prospective client in the same 

or a substantially related matter unless the lawyer has received from the prospective 

client information that could be significantly harmful if used in the matter.” Model R. 

Prof. Conduct 1.18 cmt. 6 (ABA 2012).

¶22 Our recent holding in Krutzfeldt dealt with the distinction between current and 

former clients. Hoskins, an attorney representing the Krutzfeldts, joined the Crowley 

Fleck firm, which represented a party opposing the Krutzfeldts. Crowley argued that the 

Krutzfeldts necessarily became Hoskins’ former clients, and were no longer current 

clients, when Hoskins joined Crowley. Krutzfeldt, ¶ 20. We rejected this argument and 

concluded that Hoskins did not withdraw from representing the Krutzfeldts, that 

Krutzfeldts were current clients when Hoskins joined Crowley, and a concurrent conflict 

of interest existed among Hoskins, Krutzfeldts, and Crowley. Krutzfeldt, ¶ 26.

¶23 The rule enforced in Krutzfeldt applied to current clients, where the proponent of 

the motion to disqualify “must offer sufficient proof that the continued representation of 

one party by the attorney or firm will prejudice or adversely impact the rights of another 

party in the matter pending before the court.” Krutzfeldt, ¶ 17 (quoting Schuff, ¶ 36). 

Rule 1.20 applies to prospective clients and prohibits representation of a party with 
12

materially adverse interests in the same or substantially related proceeding if the 

prospective client divulged information to the lawyer that could be significantly harmful 

to the prospective client in the matter.

¶24 Karen is a “prospective client” as defined by Rule 1.20(a) (“A person who 

consults with or has had consultations with a lawyer about the possibility of forming a 

client-lawyer relationship with respect to a matter is a prospective client.”). Karen called 

Goheen’s office more than once and spoke with Van Note and Goheen concerning 

representation. The question here does not depend on whether an attorney-client 

relationship was established or whether Karen reasonably believed such a relationship 

was formed, as in Pro-Hand Services, ¶¶ 13-15. Rather, under Rule 1.20, the question is 

whether the information conveyed in Karen’s conversations could be significantly 

harmful to Karen in this dissolution proceeding.3

¶25 After hearing the testimony, the District Court found that the information 

conveyed by Karen to Goheen was not harmful to Karen. The court found that Goheen’s 

office documentation of Karen’s phone calls and the testimony of Goheen and Van Note 

were credible and that “there was nothing disclosed by Karen to Ms. Goheen or her staff 

‘that could be significantly harmful’ to Karen in this matter.” Karen claims a personal or 

psychological victimization by Goheen’s representation of Terance. While we do not 

 

3

 Even if Pro-Hand Services governed here, Karen did not persuade the District Court that an 

implied attorney-client relationship had been established by her reasonable belief a relationship 

had been formed. Pro-Hand Services, ¶ 14. Karen acknowledged that Goheen declined 

representation of her due to a conflict of some nature between Goheen’s firm and Datsopoulos, 

MacDonald & Lind. Because it is necessary for resolution of the issues raised herein, we affirm 

the District Court’s conclusion that an implied relationship was not formed.
13

minimize the significance of such an effect, Rule 1.20 requires that the lawyer receive 

“information” that is “significantly harmful” to Karen in the proceeding. M. R. Pro. C. 

1.20(c). Karen did not establish that any information she divulged to Goheen in the 

telephone calls several years earlier could have any impact on the proceeding, 

particularly since, as discussed below, Goheen was not associated as counsel until three 

years into the proceeding, by which time substantially more information had been 

disclosed than the information Karen claims to have shared during those phone calls. We 

therefore conclude that the District Court did not abuse its discretion in denying Karen’s 

motion to disqualify under Rule 1.20.

¶26 2. Did Goheen violate her duty to Karen under Rule 1.9 of the Montana Rules of 

Professional Conduct?

¶27 Karen claims that Goheen violated Rule 1.9 of the Montana Rules of Professional 

Conduct, which Karen labels the “duty of loyalty,” by representing Terance. Karen’s 

argument under Rule 1.9, entitled “Duties to Former Clients,” is premised upon her 

assumption that an implied attorney-client relationship was established between her and 

Goheen, making Karen a “former client.” However, as noted above, Karen failed to 

establish an attorney-client relationship, and thus the portion of her argument premised 

thereon fails. Karen also argues that Goheen violated Rule 1.9 by using or disclosing 

information Karen had divulged to her. Because the provisions of Rule 1.9 regarding use 

of former client information are incorporated by Rule 1.20, governing the duties to 

prospective clients, we take up Karen’s argument in that regard.
14

¶28 Rule 1.20(b) provides that “a lawyer who has had consultations with a prospective

client shall not use or reveal information learned in the consultation(s), except as Rule 1.9 

would permit with respect to information of a former client.” M. R. Pro. C. 1.20(b). In 

turn, Rule 1.9 states, in pertinent part:

(c) A lawyer who has formerly represented a client in a matter or 

whose present or former firm has formerly represented a client in a matter 

shall not thereafter: (1) use information relating to the representation to the 

disadvantage of the former client except as these Rules would permit or 

require with respect to a client, or when the information has become 

generally known; or (2) reveal information relating to the representation 

except as these Rules would permit or require with respect to a client.

M. R. Pro. C. 1.9(c). 

¶29 Additionally, Rule 1.6, “Confidentiality of Information,” generally governs a 

lawyer’s use of client information, and provides:

(a) A lawyer shall not reveal information relating to the 

representation of a client unless the client gives informed consent, the 

disclosure is impliedly authorized in order to carry out the representation or 

the disclosure is permitted by paragraph (b).

(b) A lawyer may reveal information relating to the representation 

of a client to the extent the lawyer reasonably believes necessary: (1) to 

prevent reasonably certain death or substantial bodily harm; (2) to secure 

legal advice about the lawyer’s compliance with these Rules; (3) to 

establish a claim or defense on behalf of the lawyer in a controversy 

between the lawyer and the client, to establish a defense to a criminal 

charge or civil claim against the lawyer based upon conduct in which the 

client was involved or to respond to allegations in any proceeding 

concerning the lawyer’s representation of the client; or (4) to comply with 

other law or a court order.

M. R. Pro. C. 1.6.

¶30 As established under Issue 1, Karen has not demonstrated that Goheen received 

information that could be significantly harmful to her in this proceeding. At the 
15

disqualification hearing, the District Court first limited Goheen’s testimony to 

information that was “generally known.” M. R. Pro. C. 1.9(c)(1). The parties had 

previously filed information detailing Karen’s and Terance’s personal information, the 

parties’ financial situations, and Karen’s affidavits alleging spousal abuse. In its order, 

the District Court found that “any information regarding Terance’s alleged abuse of 

Karen is now moot given what Karen herself subsequently disclosed early on in this 

case.” The District Court permitted Goheen to testify concerning the background 

information in the court file, then permitted Goheen to testify as to the length of the 

telephone conversations with Karen, and Goheen’s office procedures. It was permissible 

under the Rules for Goheen to use this information about her previous contact with Karen

“to respond to allegations in any proceeding concerning the lawyer’s representation of the 

client.” M. R. Pro. C. 1.6(b)(3). The District Court properly limited Goheen’s testimony 

to prevent disclosure of Karen’s confidences, if any. See Pro-Hand Services, ¶ 16. 

¶31 Karen’s allegations against Goheen are generalized and vague. Goheen’s limited 

use of Karen’s information was permitted under Rules 1.6(b) and 1.9(c), and Goheen did 

not violate a duty to Karen.

¶32 3. Did the District Court err by permitting Goheen to testify at the 

disqualification hearing?

¶33 In a related issue, Karen challenges the District Court’s ruling that permitted 

Goheen to testify in any manner at the hearing. Karen claims this was error because 

Goheen did not qualify as a “necessary witness” under Rule 3.7 of the Montana Rules of 

Professional Conduct. Terance responds that Goheen’s testimony falls under the 
16

exceptions within Rule 3.7 because it was related to the nature of the legal services 

provided to Karen, M. R. Pro. C. 3.7(a)(2), and because disqualification would render a 

substantial hardship to Terance, M. R. Pro. C. 3.7(a)(3).

¶34 Rule 3.7, entitled “Lawyer as Witness,” provides, in pertinent part:

(a) A lawyer shall not act as advocate at a trial in which the lawyer 

is likely to be a necessary witness unless: (1) the testimony relates to an 

uncontested issue; (2) the testimony relates to the nature and value of legal 

services rendered in the case; or (3) disqualification of the lawyer would 

work substantial hardship on the client.

M. R. Pro. C. 3.7(a). Other jurisdictions have defined the term “necessary witness” in 

this context as a witness whose testimony is both admissible and unavailable by other 

means. See i.e. Brown v. Spectrum Networks, Inc., 904 N.E.2d 576, 580-81 (Ohio 2008); 

Sec. Gen. Life Ins. Co. v. Super. Ct., 718 P.2d 985, 988 (Ariz. 1986).4 If the advocatewitness lawyer knows she will be a necessary witness, it is her burden to establish an 

exception to Rule 3.7. See Klupt v. Krongard, 728 A.2d 727, 741 (Md. 1999) (citations 

omitted). Committee Comments to Model Rule 3.7, which is identical to Montana Rule

3.7, explain:

Paragraph (a)(2) recognizes that where the testimony concerns the extent 

and value of legal services rendered in the action in which the testimony is 

 

4A third prong is commonly required in cases where party A calls opposing party B’s attorney in 

an attempt to disqualify opposing party B’s attorney. “[W]hen an attorney is sought to be 

disqualified from representing his client because an opposing party desires to call the attorney as 

a witness, the motion for disqualification should not be granted unless the following factors can 

be met: First, it must be shown that the attorney will give evidence material to the determination 

of the issues being litigated; second, the evidence cannot be obtained elsewhere; and, third, the 

testimony is prejudicial or may be potentially prejudicial to the testifying attorney’s client.” 

Smithson v. U.S. Fid. & Guar. Co., 411 S.E.2d 850, 856 (W. Va. 1991). See also Klupt v. 

Krongard, 728 A.2d 727, 740 (Md. 1999); LeaseAmerica Corp. v. Stewart, 876 P.2d 184, 192 

(Kan. App. 1994).
17

offered, permitting the lawyers to testify avoids the need for a second trial 

with new counsel to resolve that issue. Moreover, in such a situation the 

judge has firsthand knowledge of the matter in issue; hence, there is less 

dependence on the adversary process to test the credibility of the testimony.

Model R. Prof. Conduct 3.7 cmt. 3. The Model Rule Comments add: “paragraph (a)(3) 

recognizes that a balancing is required between the interests of the client and those of the 

tribunal and the opposing party.” Model R. Prof. Conduct 3.7 cmt. 4.

¶35 Goheen sought leave to testify concerning the nature of the legal services provided 

by her office and in support of her position that disqualification would work a substantial 

hardship for Terance. Although the District Court did not expressly find that Goheen was 

a necessary witness, it impliedly did so by allowing Goheen to testify but carefully

limited the scope of her testimony to subjects discussed above. We conclude that 

Goheen’s testimony was properly taken pursuant to Rule 3.7(a)(2), permitting a lawyer’s 

testimony relating to the nature of legal services rendered. We thus decline to address 

Terance’s argument that Goheen’s disqualification would work a hardship to Terance 

under Rule 3.7(a)(3). We affirm the District Court’s actions.5

¶36 4. Did the District Court err by relying on privileged communications between 

Goheen and Karen?

¶37 Karen argues that Goheen’s office memorandum, Goheen’s and Van Note’s 

handwritten notes, and the “Note” that the District Court required Goheen to produce 

after the hearing, were confidential communications and the District Court’s reliance 

 

5

 The District Court did note its surprise that Goheen intended to testify without the assistance of 

counsel and said “I think that’s a problem.” However, the District Court permitted the testimony 

and did not comment further on the issue in its order. The issue is not fully analyzed in the 

briefing, and we decline to address it further.
18

upon them violated the attorney-client privilege, which she did not waive. Karen moved 

to strike this evidence shortly before the hearing. Terance responds that there was no 

attorney-client relationship, and, even if so, Karen waived the privilege by filing the 

motion to disqualify Goheen.

¶38 The attorney-client privilege is one of the professional relationship privileges 

recognized by the statutory provisions governing evidence:

(1) An attorney cannot, without the consent of the client, be 

examined as to any communication made by the client to the attorney or the 

advice given to the client in the course of professional employment. 

(2) A client cannot, except voluntarily, be examined as to any 

communication made by the client to the client’s attorney or the advice 

given to the client by the attorney in the course of the attorney’s 

professional employment.

Section 26-1-803, MCA (2011). Regarding statutory privileges, Rule 503 of the Montana 

Rules of Evidence provides that “[a] person upon whom these rules confer a privilege 

against disclosure waives the privilege if the person . . . voluntarily discloses or consents 

to disclosure of any significant part of the privileged matter. This rule does not apply if 

the disclosure itself is privileged.” M. R. Evid. 503(a). The attorney-client privilege may 

be impliedly waived “if a party injects into . . . litigation an issue that requires testimony 

from its attorneys or testimony concerning the reasonableness of its attorneys’ conduct” 

or “where a party makes assertions in the litigation or asserts a claim that in fairness 

requires the examination of the protected communications.” Dion v. Nationwide Mut.

Ins. Co., 185 F.R.D. 288, 294 (D. Mont. 1998) (internal quotations and citations omitted). 

“An implied waiver of the attorney[-]client privilege occurs when (1) the party asserts the 
19

privilege as a result of some affirmative act, such as filing suit; (2) through this 

affirmative act, the asserting party puts the privileged information at issue; and 

(3) allowing the privilege would deny the opposing party access to information vital to its 

defense.” Dion, 185 F.R.D. at 295.

¶39 Dion involved more typical personal injury and “bad faith” litigation where the 

insurer sought to exclude communications between it and the attorney expert witness. 

Dion, 185 F.R.D. at 291, 295-96. The court found that the insurer had waived the 

privilege by its litigation actions. Dion, 185 F.R.D. at 295-96. Similarly, Karen’s actions 

necessarily waived the evidentiary privilege. Karen, a former prospective client of 

Goheen, filed a motion to disqualify Goheen on the basis of the consultations between 

her and Goheen’s office. As Dion noted, “in fairness,” Goheen’s defense against Karen’s 

claim required examination of the protected communications. Dion, 185 F.R.D. at 294. 

“The doctrine of waiver by implication reflects the notion that the attorney-client 

privilege ‘was intended as a shield, not a sword.’” Dion, 185 F.R.D. at 295 (citations 

omitted). Thus, even if Karen had established that an implied attorney-client relationship 

existed, Karen’s claims that privileged information was being misused and that Goheen 

should be disqualified put these communications at issue and waived any attorney-client 

privilege. Allowing Karen’s invocation of the privilege to deny Goheen’s use of her 

office’s notes would eliminate “access to information vital” to Goheen’s defense to the 

motion and prevent the court from properly analyzing the claim. Dion, 185 F.R.D. at 

295.
20

¶40 5. Was Karen denied due process when the District Court relied on documents 

and sworn testimony not subject to cross examination?

¶41 Karen contends that her right to due process was denied when the court took under 

advisement her motion to strike the documents from Goheen’s office and did not permit 

Karen to cross-examine Goheen about the documents. The motion had been filed shortly 

before the hearing. Terance notes that the District Court also limited the scope of 

Goheen’s and Van Note’s testimony pending its decision on the motion to strike. 

¶42 However, Karen’s brief offers no supporting law or analysis for her state 

constitutional law claim. Rule 12 of the Montana Rules of Appellate Procedure requires 

that an argument section of a brief “contain the contentions of the appellant with respect 

to the issues presented, and the reasons therefor, with citations to the authorities, statutes,

and pages of the record relied on.” M. R. App. P. 12(1)(f). This Court has stated it will 

not consider unsupported issues or arguments and “is under no obligation to locate 

authorities or formulate arguments for a party in support of positions taken on appeal.” 

In re Marriage of Damschen, 2011 MT 297, ¶ 41, 363 Mont. 19, 265 P.3d 1245 (citing 

Leichtfuss v. Dabney, 2005 MT 271, ¶ 37 n. 8, 329 Mont. 129, 122 P.3d 1220; In re 

Marriage of McMahon, 2002 MT 198, ¶ 6, 311 Mont. 175, 53 P.3d 1266). We thus 

decline to consider this issue further.

¶43 6. Did the District Court err by determining that Karen abused the rules of 

disqualification?

¶44 Karen challenges the District Court’s comments that “[d]isqualification rules can 

be abused by clients. Such is the case at hand,” and “the Court is concerned that Karen’s 
21

motion to disqualify is, in reality, a tactic designed to delay resolution of this case and 

force hardship and increased litigation expenses upon Terance.” Karen argues that 

Terance has delayed and raised the cost of this proceeding by choosing Goheen to 

represent him, and that there is no evidence that Karen manipulated or abused the 

disqualification rules.

¶45 We have reviewed Karen’s claims under the Montana Rules of Professional 

Conduct at face value and decided them without regard to her personal motives in the 

litigation. Despite the District Court’s comments, we believe it nonetheless likewise 

properly applied the Rules and reached the correct conclusions. Thus, the comments 

made regarding Karen’s motives had no impact on the outcome of this proceeding.

¶46 Affirmed.

/S/ Jim Rice

We concur: 

/S/ Mike McGrath

/S/ Patricia O. Cotter

/S/ Beth Baker

/S/ Brian Morris