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IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF TEXAS

TYLER DIVISION

JAMES RALPH ODOM,

Plaintiff,

v. 

GREGG COUNTY SHERIFF’S 

DEPARTMENT, ET AL.,

Defendants.

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CIVIL ACTION NO. 6:23-CV-00032-JCBJDL

REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION OF

UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 

On January 19, 2023, Plaintiff James Ralph Odom, an inmate confined at the Gregg County 

Jail, Longview, Texas, proceeding pro se and in forma pauperis, filed this civil rights action 

pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983, alleging multiple instances of excessive force by Gregg County Jail 

staff. (Doc. No. 1.) This case was referred to the undersigned for findings of fact, conclusions of 

law, and recommendations for the disposition of the action. (Doc. No. 2.) 

BACKGROUND

1. Odom’s Original Complaint

In his original complaint, Odom alleged three instances of excessive force by Gregg 

County Jail staff. In the first incident, Odom claims that he suffered injuries to his back, elbow, 

and shoulder when several guards, including “Deputy Grizzle” and “Jailer Ramo,” restrained 

Odom. (Doc. No. 1.) In the second incident, Odom claims that he suffered mental trauma and 

injuries to his arm when “Jailer Owens” grabbed Odom’s arm through his cell door’s food slot and 

tased him. Id. And in the third incident, Odom claims that “Deputy Hoover” deployed a chemical 

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agent into Odom’s unventilated cell and left him inside for thirty minutes. Id. Odom also claims 

that Hoover took his Bible and did not return it. Id. The original complaint names as defendants 

the Gregg County Sheriff’s Department, Deputy Grizzle in his official capacity only, and Jailer 

Ramo, Jailer Owens, and Deputy Hoover in their individual capacities. Id. Odom is requesting 

money damages and to be moved from the north unit to the south unit of the Gregg County Jail. 

Id.

2. The Court’s Order for a More Definite Statement

Upon review, the court determined that Odom’s complaint failed to provide sufficient 

information for the court to properly evaluate the merits of his claims. On May 2, 2023, the court 

ordered Odom to submit a more definite statement of the facts involved in each of these claims by 

submitting a response to the questions detailed in the order. (Doc. No. 17.) Specifically, the court 

asked Odom to answer the following questions regarding each instance of force:

a. On what date did the incident occur?

b. Identify by name the officers who used force against you.

c. Where did the use of force occur?

d. Fully describe the situation immediately before the use of force or assault.

e. Before the use of force occurred, did you do anything that the defendant(s) 

may have thought was a verbal threat or threatening move, however wrong 

the defendant(s) might have been? If so, give details.

f. Describe in detail what injuries you sustained as a result of the assault.

g. Describe what the officer did to you to cause the injury.

h. Were you escorted to the Medical Department?

i. Did a nurse or other medical provider come to your cell to document your 

injuries?

j. Were you hospitalized? 

k. What treatment and/or medication have you been given, if any, for your 

injuries for that use of force?

l. What is your medical condition now? 

m. Did the defendant(s) sustain any injuries during the use of force? 

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n. Have you been involved in any other incidents with the same officers?

o. Did you receive a disciplinary case connected to the use of force incident?

If yes, for what infraction were you charged.

p. Did you file a grievance regarding the officer(s)’ actions in the use of force 

incident?

Id. The court’s order also instructed Odom to respond to these questions by copying each question 

as posed by the court and then writing the answer underneath each question in numbered 

paragraphs that correspond to the question being answered. Id. 

3. Odom’s Response to the Court’s Order for a More Definite Statement

On May 12, 2023, Odom submitted his response to the court’s order for a more definite 

statement. (Doc. No. 19.) The response does not follow the above-noted question and answer 

format. Rather, his response only answers some of the questions posed, in a single paragraph 

spanning three pages, and without any reference to which answer is in response to which question.

See id. However, the court gleaned the following information from the response: 

a. Odom’s Preexisting Injuries: Odom’s has several preexisting injuries due to a 

motorcycle accident, including injuries to his left shoulder, lower back, and ribs, as 

well as head and brain trauma. 

b. The First Incident: 

i. The first incident occurred three days after he was arrested on the third floor 

of the north jail unit. 

ii. Odom was injured when several guards, including Deputy Grizzle and Jailer 

Ramo, restrained Odom after Odom had fashioned a weapon from a broom 

handle and used it, along with other inmates, to attack jail staff. He says 

Ramo rammed him to the ground with a shield and bent his elbow back. He 

claims, however, that this force was unnecessary because Grizzle and Ramo 

knew he had already abandoned the stick before they restrained him. 

iii. In his original complaint, Odom says his left elbow and shoulder, and lower 

back were injured but that his lower back “stopped hurting.” (Doc. No. 1, 

at 5.) But in his response to the order for a more definite statement, he says

his preexisting back injury was aggravated by the altercation and he does 

not give any further explanation of his shoulder injury. See (Doc. No. 19.)

iv. Odom was not escorted to the medical department or a hospital and was not 

seen by a medical provider or otherwise treated for his injuries. 

v. The defendants were not hurt during the altercation.

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vi. Odom did not receive a disciplinary case due to the altercation.

vii. Odom did file a grievance regarding the use of force.

c. The Second Incident:

i. Odom says he can’t remember where the second incident occurred.

ii. In his original complaint, Odom says Jailer Owens grabbed his arm through 

his cell door’s food slot. (Doc. No. 1, at 5.) The response does not elaborate 

on the incident except to say that Owens “did not use her chain of command 

and acted on her own.” He also says that Owens is not taser certified.

iii. Odom says he did not receive any medical treatment.

iv. His response does not explain what he was doing immediately before the 

incident or if there is any reason Owens might have found Odom’s conduct 

threatening. See (Doc. No. 19.)

d. The Third Incident:

i. Odom says the third incident occurred on January 9, 2023, in his cell.

ii. Odom claims that Deputy Hoover opened his cell door and used a chemical 

agent. He says that his cell does not have ventilation.

iii. He also contends that during this incident, Hoover took his Bible, threw it 

on the ground, and refused to return it. He claims that Hoover took his Bible

to punish him.

iv. Odom says that he suffered spiritual harm due to Hoover taking his Bible

and never returning it. He does not, however, allege that he suffered any 

harm from the gassing. His response is primarily concerned with the fact 

that his Bible was taken and not returned. See (Doc. No. 19.)

v. Odom did receive a disciplinary case due to the incident. He says that the 

reason was “destruction of property.” 

LEGAL STANDARD

Under 28 U.S.C. § 1915A, a court shall review, before docketing if feasible or in any event 

as soon as practicable after docketing, any complaint in a civil action wherein a prisoner seeks 

redress from a governmental entity or officer, or employee of a governmental entity. During its 

review, the court must identify cognizable claims or dismiss the complaint or any portion thereof 

if the complaint is frivolous, malicious, or fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted. 

See 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(b)(1). Section 1915A applies regardless of whether the plaintiff has paid a 

filing fee or is proceeding in forma pauperis (“IFP”). See Martin v. Scott, 156 F.3d 578, 579 (5th 

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Cir. 1998) (“The plain language of [§ 1915A] indicates that it applies to any suit by a prisoner . . . 

regardless of whether that prisoner is or is not proceeding IFP.”).

A complaint fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted where it does not allege 

sufficient facts which, taken as true, state a claim that is plausible on its face and thus does not 

raise a right to relief above the speculative level. See Montoya v. FedEx Ground Packaging Sys. 

Inc., 614 F.3d 145, 149 (5th Cir. 2010) (citing Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 

(2007)); see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 8 (To state a plausible claim for relief, a pleading must contain 

(1) “a short and plain statement of the grounds for the court’s jurisdiction,” (2) “a short and plain 

statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief,” and (3) “a demand for the 

relief sought”). A claim has factual plausibility when the pleaded factual content allows the court 

to draw reasonable inferences that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged. See Hershey 

v. Energy Transfer Partners, L.P., 610 F.3d 239, 245 (5th Cir. 2010); Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 

662, 678 (2009). A pleading offering “labels and conclusions” or a “formulaic recitation of the 

elements of a cause of action” will not suffice, nor does a complaint which provides only naked 

assertions that are devoid of further factual enhancement. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678.

The pleading of a pro se plaintiff is to be “liberally construed” and is “held to less stringent 

standards than formal pleadings drafted by lawyers.” Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007) 

(quoting Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 106 (1976)). Nevertheless, even with pro se litigants, 

“conclusory allegations or legal conclusions masquerading as factual conclusions” are not 

sufficient for a well-pleaded complaint. Taylor v. Books A Million, Inc., 296 F.3d 376, 378 (5th 

Cir. 2002) (quoting S. Christian Leadership Conf. v. S. Ct. of State of La., 252 F.3d 781, 786 (5th 

Cir. 2001)). If the facts alleged in a complaint do not permit the court to infer more than the mere 

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possibility of misconduct, a plaintiff has not shown entitlement to relief. See Rios v. City of Del 

Rio, Tex., 444 F.3d 417, 421 (5th Cir. 2006).

DISCUSSION

I. The Gregg County Sheriff’s Department

Odom’s complaint names the Gregg County Sheriff’s Department as a defendant in this 

case, but the Sheriff’s Department does not have jural authority. Under Federal Rule of Civil 

Procedure 17(b), a party to a lawsuit must have the capacity to be sued. A department of a local 

government entity must “enjoy a separate legal existence” to be subject to a lawsuit. Darby v. 

Pasadena Police Dep’t, 939 F.2d 311, 313 (5th Cir. 1991). The Fifth Circuit has held that Texas 

does not allow county or municipal police departments to be sued directly. Id. at 313–14; see also

Crull v. City of New Braunfels, Texas, 267 Fed. App’x 338, 341–42 (5th Cir. 2008) (unpublished) 

(“Therefore, the Police Department is not a separate legal entity apart from the City and the district 

court did not err in dismissing the claims against the Police Department.”).

Here, Gregg County Sheriff’s Department is a subsidiary department of Gregg County. 

Odom does not allege that Gregg County has provided any jural authority to the Sheriff’s 

Department to engage in litigation or that the Sheriff’s Department has a separate legal existence. 

Therefore, Odom’s claims against the Sheriff’s Department should be dismissed as the Sheriff’s 

Department is a non-jural entity.

II. Deputy Grizzle & Jailer Ramo

Odom alleges that approximately one week after he was arrested and booked into the Gregg 

County Jail, he fashioned a weapon from a broom handle and used it to “run” at the guards because 

he was unsatisfied with his dorm room in the jail. (Doc. No. 19, at 1.). Odom appears to allege that

other inmates also took part in the assault. Id. In response, Deputy Grizzle organized a group of 

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officers to restore order. (Doc. No. 1, at 4.) Grizzle, Jailer Ramo, and other unnamed officers tried

to restrain Odom. Id. In the process of restraining Odom, Ramo hit Odom with a shield, “rammed” 

him to the ground, and bent his left elbow. (Doc. No. 19, at 1.) Odom argues that this force was 

unnecessary because Ramo and Grizzle knew that Odom had abandoned the broom handle before

the officers used force. (Doc. No. 1, at 4.)

Odom claims the officers injured his left shoulder, left elbow, and lower back. (Doc. No. 

1, at 5.) Odom alleges that Deputy Grizzle denied Odom medical care after the incident. Id. Odom

says his elbow healed after a month but that his preexisting back injury was, and still is, aggravated 

by the incident. (Doc. No. 19, at 2.) Odom is suing Deputy Grizzle in his official capacity only and 

Jailer Ramo in his individual capacity. (Doc. No. 1, at 2.) Odom is requesting money damages and 

injunctive relief in the form of being moved from the north unit to the south unit in the Gregg 

County Jail. (Doc. No. 1, at 5.)

a. Deputy Grizzle

The Eleventh Amendment generally bars individuals from suing a state in federal court. 

McKinley v. Abbott, 643 F.3d 403, 405 (5th Cir. 2011). When a plaintiff sues state officials in their 

official capacity, he is, in effect, suing the state. Hafer v. Melo, 502 U.S. 21, 25 (1991). Thus, 

claims against state officials in their official capacity are also barred by the Eleventh Amendment

unless an exception exists, such as when the state consents to the suit or the plaintiff seeks 

prospective injunctive relief instead of monetary damages. See McKinley, 643 F.3d at 405–06 

(citing Ex parte Young, 209 U.S. 123 (1908)).

Here, Odom has sued Grizzle in his official capacity for money damages. However, Gregg 

County has not consented to this lawsuit, therefore Grizzle retains Eleventh Amendment immunity 

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from monetary claims in his official capacity. As such, the court lacks jurisdiction to adjudicate 

Odom’s claims against Grizzle for money damages. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1).

However, Odom is also seeking prospective injunctive relief in the form of transfer to the 

south unit of the Gregg County Jail. As noted above, prospective injunctive relief is a valid 

exception to a state’s Eleventh Amendment immunity, but only if two requirements are met. First, 

the plaintiff must show that the defendant's challenged conduct is likely to cause the plaintiff future 

injury and that the relief sought will prevent that future injury. See City of Los Angeles v. Lyons, 

461 U.S. 95, 105 (1983) (standing to seek injunctive relief depends on whether plaintiff is likely 

to suffer future injury from the defendant’s conduct); see also O'Shea v. Littleton, 414 U.S. 488,

495–96 (1974). Second, the plaintiff must seek relief from the state official who has the authority 

to provide it, otherwise any injunction would be meaningless. Okpalobi v. Foster, 244 F.3d 405, 

426 (5th Cir. 2001).

Here, Odom requests that he be moved from the north unit to the south unit because of one 

incident involving Deputy Grizzle. But he does not allege facts showing that there is any 

continuing or future threat of harm based on the alleged past illegal conduct. See O'Shea , 414 U.S. 

at 495 (“Past exposure to illegal conduct does not in itself show a present case or controversy 

regarding injunctive relief[.]”). Further, it is unclear whether an injunction against Grizzle would 

be effective because Odom has not alleged facts showing that Grizzle has the authority to transfer 

Odom to the south unit. See Okpalobi v. Foster, 244 F.3d 405, 426 (5th Cir. 2001). As such, Odom 

has failed to demonstrate that he has standing to seek the requested injunctive relief. See Lyons, 

461 U.S. at 105; Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1). 

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The court also notes that although Odom claims that Grizzle was directly involved in this 

incident, his pleadings clearly indicate that he is only suing Grizzle in his official capacity. (Doc. 

No. 1.)

b. Jailer Ramo

The Supreme Court has held that the appropriate standard for a pretrial detainee’s excessive 

force claim is solely an objective one: “[A] pretrial detainee must show only that the force 

purposely or knowingly used against him was objectively unreasonable.” Kingsley v. Hendrickson, 

576 U.S. 389, 396–97 (2015). The court considers six non-exclusive factors to determine if the 

force used is objectively unreasonable, including:

(1) the relationship between the need for the use of force and the amount of force 

used; (2) the extent of the plaintiff’s injury; (3) any effort made by the officer to 

temper or to limit the amount of force; (4) the severity of the security problem at 

issue; (5) the threat reasonably perceived by the officer; and (6) whether the 

plaintiff was actively resisting.

Id. at 397; Welsh v. Correct Care Recovery Sols., 845 Fed. App’x 311, 317 (5th Cir. 2021), cert. 

denied, 142 S. Ct. 438 (2021). Further, a court must also consider the government’s legitimate 

interests in managing the facility where the individual is detained and appropriately defer to those 

policies and practices that jail officials believe are necessary “to preserve internal order and 

discipline[,] and to maintain institutional security.” Id. at 397 (quoting Bell v. Wolfish, 441 U.S. 

520, 540 (1979)).

However, a plaintiff must allege at least some form of injury. Haddix v. Kerss, 203 Fed. 

App’x 551, 554 (5th Cir. 2006). The injury need not be significant. Id. But “it must be more than 

de minimis, provided that the use of force is not of a sort ‘repugnant to the conscience of 

mankind.’” Cowart v. Erwin, 837 F.3d 444, 453 (5th Cir. 2016) (quoting Hudson v. McMillian, 

503 U.S. 1, 9–10 (1992)); see also Johnson v. Glick, 481 F.3d 1973, 1033 (2nd Cir. 1973) (“Not 

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every push or shove, even if it may later seem unnecessary in the peace of a judge’s chambers, 

violates a prisoner’s constitutional rights.”)

For example, in Siglar v. Hightower, the Fifth Circuit held that an inmate’s sore, bruised 

ear was a de minimis injury. 112 F.3d 191 (5th Cir. 1997). There, the court noted that the inmate 

did not seek or receive medical treatment and the injury resolved in three days. Id. at 193–94. But 

in Gomez v. Chandler, the Fifth Circuit held that a prisoner suffered more than de minimis injuries

when multiple officers knocked and scraped the prisoner’s head against a concrete floor, and 

repeatedly punched and kicked him in the face for multiple minutes. Id. at 924–25. There, the court 

noted that the prisoner’s injuries included “cuts, scrapes, contusions to the face, head, and body” 

for which he did receive medical treatment. Id. 

Here, Odom appears to acknowledge that the guards were trying to restore order after he 

and other inmates attacked jail staff with a make-shift weapon fashioned from a broom handle. 

(Doc. No. 19, at 1.). But even if, as Odom claims, he was no longer a threat to the guards when 

they used force, he has failed to plead sufficient facts to show that his alleged injuries rise to the 

level of a constitutional violation. 

First, Odom’s response to the court’s order for a more definite statement says that his 

preexisting back injury was aggravated by the altercation. (Doc. No. 19, at 2.) But in his original 

complaint, he says the back injury “stopped hurting.” (Doc. No. 1, at 5.) The court declines to

credit Odom’s inconsistent factual assertions. See Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570 (A complaint may be 

dismissed if a plaintiff fails to “nudge [his] claims across the line from conceivable to plausible”). 

Second, Odom says his left elbow hurt for a month after the incident, but a sore elbow, without 

more, does not rise to the level of a constitutional injury. See Welsh, 845 Fed. App’x at 318 

(affirming finding that bruising and swelling that pretrial detainee suffered when a food slot was 

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kicked shut on him was no more than a de minimis injury). Third, Odom fails to provide any details 

at all about the left shoulder injury. See (Doc. No. 1, at 5.)

The court gave Odom an opportunity to expand on these issues in its order for a more 

definite statement, but his response failed to provide any clarity. See (Doc. No. 19.) Thus, Odom 

has failed to raise a constitutional claim against Ramo.

c. Claims Against Doe Defendants

To the extent that Odom intends to assert excessive force claims against any other officers 

involved in this altercation, his complaint fails to allege sufficient facts to identify them, let alone 

delineate their conduct. As such, the court RECOMMENDS that the claims against the Doe 

Defendants be DISMISSED from this action without prejudice pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 

§ 1915A(b)(1) for failure to state a claim. 

III. Jailer Owens

Odom alleges that approximately two weeks after he was arrested and booked into the 

Gregg County Jail, Jailer Owens used excessive force by grabbing Odom’s arm and tasing him

through a cell door’s food slot. (Doc. No. 1, at 4; Doc. No. 19, at 3.) Odom claims that he was “not 

a threat” to Owens when she used force. (Doc. No. 1, at 5.) Odom claims that Owens caused mental 

trauma and injuries to Odom’s right arm. Id. Odom claims that he did not receive medical treatment 

afterward. (Doc. 19, at 3.) Odom is requesting money damages. (Doc. No. 1, at 5.)

Here, construing this claim liberally, the court is satisfied that Odom has provided

sufficient information to state a constitutional claim against Owens. Although Odom does not 

provide specifics of the injury suffered, the court declines to dismiss being tased as a de minimis

injury when, as here, the inmate has alleged that he was separated from the officer who used force 

by a physical barrier and that he posed no threat to the officer. See Darden v. City of Fort Worth, 

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Texas, 880 F.3d 722, 731 (5th Cir. 2018) (“[A] constitutional violation occurs when an officer 

tases, strikes, or violently slams an arrestee who is not actively resisting arrest.”); see also Austin 

v. City of Pasadena, Texas, 74 F.4th 312, 327 (5th Cir. 2023) (collecting cases involving excessive 

force with tasers where detainees were not resisting or threatening).

Further, Odom has stated a colorable claim against Owens for deliberate indifference to 

Odom’s serious medical needs. Deliberate indifference to a prisoner’s serious medical needs 

constitutes a Fourteenth Amendment violation and states a cause of action under section 1983. See 

Cope v. Cogdill, 3 F.4th 198, 206 (5th Cir. 2021). When “a pretrial detainee's claim is based on a 

jail official's episodic acts or omissions, the proper inquiry is whether the official had a culpable 

state of mind in acting or failing to act.” Id. For instance, the Fifth Circuit has noted that a plaintiff 

can show a culpable mental state if a jail official “refused to treat him, ignored his complaints, 

intentionally treated him incorrectly, or engaged in any similar conduct that would clearly evince 

a wanton disregard for any serious medical needs.” Johnson v. Treen, 759 F.2d 1236, 1238 (5th 

Cir. 1985). 

Here, Odom alleges that Owens intentionally, unnecessarily, and without proper authority, 

grabbed his arm and tased him. Odom claims that his arm was injured, and that Owens did not take 

him to receive medical treatment after the incident. It is standard operating procedure for an inmate 

to be examined by a medical professional after a use of force incident to document any injuries. 

As the officer using force, Owens was required to notify her supervisor or the infirmary regarding 

the use of force. Thus, Odom has stated a colorable claim for deliberate indifference of Odom’s 

serious medical needs. Owens allegedly had direct knowledge of the serious injury that she caused, 

and she failed to make sure Odom received medical treatment after the incident. See Johnson v. 

Treen, 759 F.2d 1236, 1238 (5th Cir. 1985).

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IV. Deputy Hoover

Odom claims that on January 9, 2023, Deputy Hoover deployed a chemical agent into 

Odom’s unventilated cell and left him inside for thirty minutes. (Doc. 1, at 5.) Odom alleges that 

he had been kicking his cell door but had stopped “long before [Hoover] used the chemical agent.” 

Id. Odom says he was denied medical treatment after, although he does not allege any injuries 

from the gassing. Id. During this same incident, Odom claims Hoover took his Bible and did not 

return it. (Doc. 19, at 2–3.) Odom alleges the confiscation caused mental and spiritual pain. (Doc. 

1, at 5.) Odom is requesting money damages. Id.

a. The Gassing

Here, the Kingsley factors favor Deputy Hoover. Odom admits that Hoover deployed the

chemical agent to stop Odom from kicking and causing damage to his cell door. But even if, as 

Odom claims, he had stopped kicking his cell door before Hoover used the gas, Odom fails to 

plead sufficient facts to show that his injuries rise to the level of a constitutional violation. The use 

of chemical agents on an inmate is not per se unconstitutional. See, e.g., Amos v. Jefferson, 861 F. 

App’x 596, 604 (5th Cir. 2021) (upholding “the brief use of chemical agents to maintain or restore 

discipline or to compel compliance with an order”) (internal citations omitted). Further, Odom 

alleges that he suffered mental and spiritual trauma when Hoover took his Bible, but he does not 

allege any injury from the gassing itself. See (Doc. 1, at 5); Haddix, 203 Fed. App’x at 554 (a 

plaintiff must allege at least some form of injury to maintain a claim for excessive force).

The court gave Odom an opportunity to expand on these issues in its order for a more 

definite statement, but his response failed to provide any clarity. See (Doc. 19.) As such, Odom

has failed to state an excessive force claim against Hoover.

b. The Bible

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Odom does not cite to any statutory or constitutional law in his pleadings regarding the 

confiscation of the Bible. However, construing Odom’s complaint liberally, Odom may be 

asserting claims for deprivation of property, and/or the violation of his rights to free exercise of 

religion under either the First Amendment or the Religious Land Use and Institutionalized 

Personas Act. See Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007) (the pleadings of a pro se plaintiff 

should be liberally construed). As such, the court will address each possible claim.

1. Review as a Property Claim

The Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment prohibits government officials from 

unlawfully taking private property. See U.S. CONST. amend. XIV, § 1. But the Supreme Court has 

also said that even the intentional taking of property is not a due process violation “if a meaningful 

post-deprivation remedy for the loss is available.” Hudson v. Palmer, 468 U.S. 517, 533 (1984). 

In Texas, the tort of conversion is recognized as an adequate post-deprivation remedy for the 

intentional, unauthorized taking of personal property. Murphy v. Collins, 26 F.3d 541, 543 (5th Cir. 

1994). Thus, Odom’s claim for deprivation of property is not actionable under section 1983.

2. Review under RLUIPA

To the extent that Odom seeks relief under the Religious Land Use and Institutionalized 

Personas Act (RLUIPA), RLUIPA only offers injunctive relief against government officials acting 

in their official capacity. Sossamon v. Lone Star State of Texas, 560 F.3d 316, 329 (5th Cir. 2009); 

Sossamon v. Texas, 563 U.S. 277, 288 (2011). Odom does not indicate that he is suing Hoover in 

his official capacity for prospective injunctive relief. Additionally, he does not request the return 

of his Bible or access to another religious practice to take its place in his request for injunctive 

relief. Here, Odom only seeks monetary damages from Hoover in his individual capacity. As such, 

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Plaintiff’s RLUIPA claims should be dismissed for failure to state a claim upon which relief may 

be granted.

3. Review under the First Amendment 

To the extent that Odom asserts that Deputy Hoover violated his First Amendment free 

exercise rights, free exercise protections require the government to refrain from interfering with 

the religious beliefs and practices of individuals. Cutter v. Wilkinson, 544 U.S. 709, 719 (2005). 

Here, Odom claims that Hoover confiscated his Bible to punish him and failed to return it. Odom 

claims that he has suffered spiritual harm. Construing this claim liberally, Odom has stated a 

colorable First Amendment claim against Hoover.

CONCLUSION

Having conducted a screening pursuant to section 1915A, the court RECOMMENDS that 

the claims against the Gregg County Sheriff’s Department and Defendant Grizzle in his official 

capacity be DISMISSED without prejudice for lack of jurisdiction. The court FURTHER 

RECOMMENDS that the claims against Defendant Ramo be DISMISSED with prejudice 

pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(b)(1) for failure to state a claim, and that the claims against the 

Doe Defendants be DISMISSED without prejudice pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(b)(1) for 

failure to state a claim. The court FURTHER RECOMMENDS that the excessive force and 

RLUIPA claims against Defendant Hoover be DISMISSED with prejudice pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 

§ 1915A(b)(1) for failure to state a claim.

The court has determined that the First Amendment claim against Defendant Hoover and 

the excessive force and the medical deliberate indifference claims against Defendant Owens should 

proceed past the initial screening stage.

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Within fourteen (14) days after receipt of the Magistrate Judge’s report and 

recommendation, any party may serve and file written objections to the findings and 

recommendations contained in the report and recommendation. A party’s failure to file written 

objections to the findings, conclusions, and recommendations contained in this report and 

recommendation within fourteen days after being served with a copy shall bar that party from de 

novo review by the district judge of those findings, conclusions, and recommendations and, except 

on grounds of plain error, from appellate review of unobjected-to factual findings and legal 

conclusions accepted and adopted by the district court. Douglass v. United Servs. Auto. Ass’n, 79 

F.3d 1415, 1430 (5th Cir. 1996) (en banc), superseded by statute on other grounds, 28 U.S.C. 

§ 636(b)(1) (extending the time to file objections from ten to fourteen days).

So ORDERED and SIGNED this 8th day of December, 2023.

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