# Patent

## Title
Antenna switching circuit

## Abstract

This invention relates to a switching circuit for use at the antenna of a multi-band cellular handset to select between the TX and RX modes of the bands. A number of high isolation switching circuits for selectively connecting a common antenna port to a TX port 2 or an RX port 3 of a multi-band cellular handset are described.

## Background
This invention relates to a switching circuit for use at the antenna of a multi-band cellular handset to select between the TX and RX modes of the bands.
The recent trend in cellular communications handset technology has been towards an increase in the proliferation of multi-band GSM handsets. For European GSM networks, handsets which operate on the EGSM cellular system and the DCS cellular system have become common; for American GSM networks, handsets which operate on the AGSM and PCS cellular systems have become common; and for world-wide applications, handsets which operate on three or four of the AGSM EGSM, DCS and PCS cellular systems have become popular—see Table 1.









TABLE 1






TX Frequency
RX Frequency


System
Range/MHz
Range/MHz


















AGSM
American GSM
824 − 849 MHz
869 − 894 MHz


EGSM
Extended GSM
880 − 915 MHz
925 − 960 MHz


DCS
Digital Cellular
1710 − 1785 MHz
1805 − 1880 MHz



System


PCS
Personal
1850 − 1910 MHz
1930 − 1990 MHz



Communications



System









For the GSM cellular system, TX and RX signals are not processed by the handset simultaneously; therefore, an electronic switching circuit is used to interface the various TX and RX circuits of the handset with a single antenna. This type of switching circuit is typically referred to as an Antenna Switch Module (ASM).
Examples of dual band ASM are disclosed in EP1126624A3 and US20010027119A1. A circuit schematic of a typical dual band ASM is shown in FIG. 1. This module includes an antenna port 1, a pair of TX inputs 2, 2′, and a pair of RX outputs 3, 3′. The antenna port is connected to the input of a diplexer DPX, which is a three port device that divides the ASM into two sections: a low-band section LB and a high-band section HB.
The high-band section HB includes an RX output 3 and a TX circuit which comprises a TX input 2 and a TX low pass filter LPF1. In addition, this section includes a single pole double throw (SP2T) switch, which enables selection of the TX high-band or RX high-band modes of operation. The SP2T switch is typically implemented using a pair of PIN diodes: one diode D1 being connected in series with the TX input 2 via the low pass filter LPF1, and the other diode D2 being connected in parallel with the RX output 3. An LC resonator, comprising L1 and C1, is connected in series with diode D2; this resonator is tuned to have a resonance at the centre of the TX high-band frequency range (it should be noted that inductance L1 may simply be the parasitic inductance of the switched on diode D2). The SP2T switch further includes a phase shifting network P1, which is located between the series diode D1, at the TX high-band port 2, and the shunt diode D2, at the RX high-band port 3. Finally, the high-band section of the ASM includes a number of DC biasing components which enable switching the diodes D1 and D2 on and off. The DC biasing components comprise an input VC1 for a DC control voltage, a DC choke LC, a DC blocking capacitor CB, and a smoothing capacitor CS.
The low-band section LB similarly includes an RX output 3′ and a TX circuit which comprises a TX input 2′ and a TX low pass filter LPF2. This section also includes an SP2T switch, which enables selection of the TX or RX modes of operation for the low-band. The SP2T switch is also implemented using a pair of PIN diodes, one diode D3 being connected in series with the TX low-band input 2′ via the low pass filter LPF2, and the other diode D4 being connected in parallel with the RX high-band output 3′. An LC resonator, comprising L2 and C2, is connected in series with diode D4; this resonator is tuned to have a resonance at the centre of the TX low-band frequency range (as above, the inductance L2 may simply be the parasitic inductance of the switched on diode D4). The SP2T switch further includes a phase shifting network P2, which is located between the series diode D3, at the TX low-band port 2′, and the shunt diode D4, at the RX low-band port 3′. As above, the low-band section of the ASM includes a number of components which enable switching diodes D3 and D4 on and off; such components comprising an input VC2 for a DC voltage, a DC choke LC, a DC blocking capacitor CB, and a smoothing capacitor CS.
The ASM of FIG. 1 is readily converted to a dual-band front end module (FEM), for operation on the EGSM and DCS cellular bands, by the addition of a DCS bandpass filter at the RX port 3, and by the further addition of an EGSM bandpass filter at the RX low-band port 3′. Such a circuit is disclosed in EP01089449A2. Similarly, the ASM of FIG. 1 is readily converted to a triple band FEM, for operation on the EGSM, DCS and PCS cellular bands, by the addition of a DCS/PCS duplexer at the RX port 3, and by the further addition of an EGSM bandpass filter at the RX low-band port 3′—an example of such a circuit is disclosed in US20020032038A1.
A diode in the on state ideally has zero resistance and zero reactance, and hence will be electrically invisible to RF signals which are fed through it; by contrast, a diode in the off state should have a very high impedance, and hence will appear like an open circuit, and will block RF signals which are fed to it. In practice, a diode in the on state has a non-zero resistance Rs (typically of the order of 1Ω–2Ω), and a non-zero series inductance Ls (typically of the order of 0.5 nH). Similarly, a diode in the off state has a finite resistance Rp (typically of the order of 1,000Ω to 10,000Ω), and also has a small parasitic capacitance Cp (typically ranging from 0.2 pF to 0.4 pF). The two equivalent circuits of a PIN diode, one for the on state and one for the off state, are given in FIG. 2.
The SP2T switches which are used to select between the TX low-band and RX low-band in the low-band section of the ASM, and to select between the TX high-band and the RX high-band in the high-band section of the ASM, are typically implemented using a pair of PIN diodes and a quarter wave phase shifting network. Such a switch is illustrated in FIG. 2 of US04637065. The operation of an SP2T PIN switch can be understood by looking at FIG. 3, which represents the high-band section HB of the circuit of FIG. 1, excluding the low pass filter LPF1. The switch depicted in FIG. 3 is in TX mode when the two diodes D1 and D2 are in the on state; conversely, the switch of FIG. 3 is in RX mode when the two diodes are in the off state—see Table 2.












TABLE 2








Diode
Diode
Control Voltage



Switch State
D1
D2
applied at VC1









TX Mode
ON
ON
+V



RX Mode
OFF
OFF
0 V










To switch on diodes D1 and D2, a suitable DC voltage is applied at the control voltage terminal VC1—see Table 2. Capacitor CS s acts as a smoothing capacitor for this DC supply, components CB and LC together act as a bias tee network, and resistor RG regulates the current flowing through diodes D1 and D2. In TX mode, the switched on diode D1 presents a low resistance path for TX signals entering the switch at the TX port 2, and passing to node X. The switched on diode D2, together with the resonant circuit comprising L1 and C1, similarly provides a low resistance path to ground from node Y. The phase shifting network P1 is designed to have the same electrical characteristics as an ideal transmission line, with an electrical length of one quarter of a wavelength, and with a characteristic impedance of 50 ohms, for RF signals in the centre of the high-band TX frequency range. A quarter wave transmission line has the effect of rotating the complex reflection co-efficient measured at one end of the line through an angle of 180° when measured at the other end of the line. Hence, in TX mode, the short circuit at node Y appears electrically as an open circuit at node X, so that the branch of the circuit containing the diode D2 and the phase shifting network P1 is electrically isolated from node X. Consequently, TX signals entering the switch from the TX port 2 will pass directly to the antenna port 1, and will not pass along the path to the RX port 3.
In RX mode, the TX port 2 is isolated from node X by the switched off diode D1. Similarly, the path from node Y to ground, via diode D2, is isolated from the circuit by the very high impedance of the switched off diode D2. Furthermore, within the RX operating frequency range, phase shifting network P1 is designed to have an impedance of 50 ohms, when it is terminated by an impedance of 50 ohms at the RX port 3. Consequently, the branch of the circuit containing the terminated RX port 3, diode D2, and phase shifting network P1, will appear as a 50 Ω load at node X, so that in this mode RF signals entering the switch at the antenna port 1 will pass through the phase shifting network P1 to the RX output 3.
The SP2T switch in the low-band section LB of the ASM (i.e. the switch including diodes D3 and D4) operates in essentially the same manner as described above for the switch in the high-band section. The primary difference is that the phase shifting network P2 of the low-band switch is designed to have an electrical length of one quarter of a wavelength for RF signals in the centre of the low-band TX frequency range.
For use in an ASM or FEM, the SP2T PIN switch shown in FIG. 3 must fulfil the following requirements: low loss from TX in to Antenna in TX mode, low loss from Antenna to RX in RX mode, high isolation from TX to Antenna in RX mode, and high isolation from TX to RX in TX mode.
In the high-band section of an ASM of a triple-band GSM handset operating on the DCS and PCS bands, the level of isolation from TX to RX, when the ASM is in TX mode, is of particular importance, because the TX high-band extends over the frequency ranges 1710 MHz to 1785 MHz and 1850 MHz to 1910 MHz, and because the RX high-band extends over the frequency ranges 1805 MHz to 1880 MHz and 1930 MHz to 1990 MHz—see Table 1. It can be seen that there is an overlap of the TX and RX bands from 1850 MHz to 1880 MHz; consequently, any signal leaking from TX to RX, when the switch is in TX high-band mode, will not be attenuated by the receive section of the handset in the frequency range from 1850 MHz to 1880 MHz. Coupling the above with the fact that the TX high-band signal levels are typically +30 dBm, and the RX sensitivity of the handset is typically −100 dBm, means that a very high isolation is required of the high-band switch to prevent the high TX signals from entering and saturating the RX circuit of the handset.
The isolation of the SP2T PIN diode switch of FIG. 3 can be estimated using electrical data of commercially available PIN diodes.
When the circuit of FIG. 3 is in TX mode, diodes D1, and D2 are in the on state. In this case, the impedance to ground at node Y of FIG. 3 will be a pure real impedance, and will have a value of Rs—see FIG. 2. Over the TX frequency range, the phase shifting network P1 is designed to have the same electrical characteristics as an ideal transmission line, with an electrical length of one quarter of a wavelength, and with a characteristic impedance of 50 ohms. Consequently, the impedance at node X, due to the branch of the circuit containing diode D2, and phase shifting circuit P1, will be given by the expression in equation 1 below.




  
    
      
        
          Z
          X
        
        =
        
          
            50
            2
          
          
            R
            s
          
        
      
    
    
      1
    
  




The level of isolation from TX to RX, in TX mode of the circuit of FIG. 3, is determined by two factors:
(1) The ratio of the impedance to ground at node Y, via diode D2, compared with the impedance to ground ZRX at the RX port 3; this is given by the expression for K1 in equation 2a below.




  
    
      
        
          K
          1
        
        =
        
          
            Z
            RX
          
          
            R
            s
          
        
      
    
    
      
        2
        ⁢
        a
      
    
  




(2) The ratio of the impedance to ground at node X, due to the branch of the circuit containing diode D2 and phase shifting network P1, compared with the impedance to ground ZANT at the antenna port; this is given by the expression for K2 in equation 2b below.




  
    
      
        
          K
          2
        
        =
        
          
            Z
            X
          
          
            Z
            ANT
          
        
      
    
    
      
        2
        ⁢
        b
      
    
  




Typically, the impedance at the antenna port will be the same as the impedance at the RX port 3, and will have a value of 50Ω. In this case K1 is equal to K2, and is given by the equation 2c below.




  
    
      
        K
        =
        
          
            K
            l
          
          =
          
            
              K
              2
            
            =
            
              50
              
                R
                s
              
            
          
        
      
    
    
      
        2
        ⁢
        c
      
    
  




For values of K>>1, the isolation from TX to RX of the SP2T PIN diode switch of FIG. 3 is given approximately by equation 3 below.




  
    
      
        
          TX
          ⁢
          
            
          
          ⁢
          to
          ⁢
          
            
          
          ⁢
          RX
          ⁢
          
            
          
          ⁢
          isolation
          ⁢
          
            
          
          ⁢
          of
          ⁢
          
            
          
          ⁢
          PIN
          ⁢
          
            
          
          ⁢
          switch
          ⁢
          
            
          
          ⁢
          of
          ⁢
          
            
          
          ⁢
          
            FIG
            .
            
              
            
            ⁢
            3
          
          ⁢
          
            
          
          ⁢
          in
          ⁢
          
            
          
          ⁢
          TX
          ⁢
          
            
          
          ⁢
          mode
        
        ≈
        
          20
          ×
          
            Log
            ⁡
            
              (
              
                1
                K
              
              )
            
          
        
      
    
    
      3
    
  




Typical commercially available PIN diodes have a parasitic resistance Rs of approximately 2Ω in the ON state. For such a diode, the impedance at node X of FIG. 3, when in TX mode, due to the branch of the circuit containing diode D2 and phase shifting network P1, will be 1250 Ω—see equation 1. The load at the antenna port is nominally 50Ω; therefore the ratio K will be 25. In this case, the isolation from TX to RX, in TX mode, will be approximately 28 dB—see equation 3.
In some case a higher isolation is necessary, such as where the switch is required to minimise the PCS TX power leaking to the DCS RX circuit, in TX high-band mode of operation of a triple band GSM cellular handset—see above.
It is an object of the present invention to provide an SP2T switch circuit which can provide a high isolation from TX to RX in TX mode.
Accordingly, the present invention provides a high isolation switching circuit for selectively connecting a common antenna port to a TX port or an RX port of a multi-band cellular handset, the switching circuit including first and second solid state diodes; wherein the first diode has its anode connected to the TX port and its cathode connected to a first node, which is connected both to the antenna port and to one side of a phase shifting and impedance transformation circuit to a second node; wherein the second diode has its anode connected to the second node and its cathode connected to ground via a resonant circuit, and wherein the second node is connected to the RX port via an impedance transformation device, the phase shifting and impedance transformation circuit lowering the impedance of the circuit at the second node when measured at the first node, and the impedance transformation device raising the impedance of the RX port when measured at the second node.
The invention further provides a high isolation switching circuit for selectively connecting a common antenna port to a TX port, or an RX port, of a multi-band cellular handset, the switching circuit including first, second and third solid state diodes; wherein the first diode has its anode connected to the TX port, and its cathode connected to a first node, which is connected both to the antenna port and to one side of a phase shifting network; wherein the other side of the phase shifting network is connected to a second node; and wherein the second and third diodes are connected in parallel to the second node, the second node further being connected to the RX port.



Embodiments of the invention will now be described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram of a conventional dual-band ASM.
FIG. 2 shows the equivalent circuit of a PIN diode in OFF and ON states.
FIG. 3 shows a conventional SP2T PIN switch.
FIG. 4 is a circuit diagram of a first embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 5 is a circuit diagram of a second embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 6 is a circuit diagram of modification of the second embodiment.
FIG. 7 is a circuit diagram of a third embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 8 is a circuit diagram of a modification of the third embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 9 is a circuit diagram of a fourth embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 10 is a circuit diagram of a fifth embodiment of the invention.



As stated before, the isolation of the SP2T pin diode switch of FIG. 3 is determined by two factors:
(1) The ratio of the impedance to ground at node Y, via diode D2, compared with the impedance to ground ZRX at the RX port 3—this ratio is given by K1 in equation 2a.
(2) The ratio of the impedance to ground at node X, due to the branch of the circuit containing diode D2 and phase shifting network P1, compared with the impedance to ground ZANT at the antenna port—this ratio is given by K2 in equation 2b.
A circuit according to an embodiment of the invention which increases both ratios K1 and K2 is shown in FIG. 4. To achieve an increase in the ratio K1, a step-up transformer T2, with a turns ratio of 1:N, has been introduced between the RX port 3 and the shunt diode D2. This transformer has the effect of increasing the impedance to ground via the RX port 3, as measured at Y, by a factor of N2, thereby increasing the ratio K1 by a factor of N2.
The circuit of FIG. 4 also includes a step-down transformer T1, with a turns ratio N:1, located between diode D2 and phase shifting network P1. The introduction of transformer T1 has the effect of reducing the impedance of the switched on diode D2, as measured at point W in FIG. 4, by a factor of N2, and similarly increases the impedance of the switched on diode D2, as measured at X (on the far side of phase shifting network P1), by a factor N2—see equation 1. Hence, the introduction of transformer T1, between diode D2 and phase shifting network P1, has the effect of increasing the ratio K2 by a factor of N2.
The addition of a step-up transformer T2 and a step-down transformer T1, on either side of diode D2, ensures that the impedance of the RX port remains at 50 Ω when measured at node X, in RX mode of the switch, but results in an increase in the isolation from TX to RX, in TX mode of the switch. The isolation from TX port 2 to RX port 3 of the circuit of FIG. 4, when in TX mode, is given by equation 4.




  
    
      
        
          TX
          ⁢
          
            
          
          ⁢
          to
          ⁢
          
            
          
          ⁢
          RX
          ⁢
          
            
          
          ⁢
          isolation
          ⁢
          
            
          
          ⁢
          of
          ⁢
          
            
          
          ⁢
          PIN
          ⁢
          
            
          
          ⁢
          switch
          ⁢
          
            
          
          ⁢
          of
          ⁢
          
            
          
          ⁢
          
            FIG
            .
            
              
            
            ⁢
            4
          
          ⁢
          
            
          
          ⁢
          in
          ⁢
          
            
          
          ⁢
          TX
          ⁢
          
            
          
          ⁢
          mode
        
        ≈
        
          20
          ×
          
            Log
            ⁡
            
              (
              
                1
                
                  
                    N
                    2
                  
                  ⁢
                  K
                
              
              )
            
          
        
      
    
    
      4
    
  




For example, to increase the isolation of the SP2T PIN diode switch of FIG. 3 by 6 dB approximately, transformer T2 in FIG. 4 should have a turns ratio of 1:√2 and transformer T1 should have a turns ratio of √2:1.
It should be noted that the addition of a step-up transformer T2 and a step-down transformer T1, on either side of diode D2, will also result in a reduction of the parasitic resistance Rp of the switched-off diode, as measured at node X, in the RX mode of the switch. This has the detrimental effect of increasing the loss of the switch when in RX mode.
It should further be noted that DC blocking capacitors CB are required at the two ground points of transformers T1 and T2 in the circuit of FIG. 4 in order to ensure that the diodes D1 and D2 can be switched on and off by applying a suitable DC voltage to control voltage terminal VC1—see table 2.
The circuit of FIG. 4 can also be configured so that the turns ratio N, of the two transformers, is some value other than √2. Increasing N to a value greater than √2 will further increase the TX to RX isolation in TX mode. The drawback of increasing N to values higher than √2 is that the parallel resistance Rp of the switched-off diode is also reduced, and this has the effect of further increasing the loss of the switch in RX mode.
In practice, transformers which operate at the mobile cellular frequency ranges (1 GHz to 2 GHz) are relatively large, and introduce a relatively high insertion loss in the signal path. As a result, the benefit of the high isolation achievable by the circuit of FIG. 4 would have to be weighed up against the increase in size of the switch and the increase in loss along the RX path of the switch.
For the case where the operating frequency range is small compared with the operating frequency, impedance transformation can be effected using an LC network. Since the bandwidth for TX and RX of most cellular communications systems is relatively narrow compared with the operating frequency (5%–10%—see Table 1), an alternative circuit can be devised which uses a pair of impedance transforming LC networks in place of the transformers T1 and T2 in the SP2T PIN diode switch of FIG. 4. A high isolation SP2T PIN diode switch employing a pair of LC networks for impedance transformation is shown in FIG. 5.
In this case, the LC network LC2 is designed to increase the impedance of the load at the RX port, as measured at node Y, and the LC network LC1 is designed to reduce the impedance back down to its original value.
In this way, when the circuit of FIG. 5 is in RX mode, the impedance to ground at point W, due to the branch of the circuit containing the terminated RX port and LC networks LC2 and LC1, is the same as the impedance measured directly at the RX port 3.
The impedance transformation properties of an LC network are a function of the load; therefore, in the TX mode of FIG. 5 the impedance between node Y and ground, which is dominated by the very small parasitic resistance Rs of the switched on diode D2, is not reduced in the same way that it is when the switch is in RX mode (see above). Consequently, for optimum TX operation, the component values of phase shifting network P1 of FIG. 5 must be reduced so that the combined effects of LC1 and P1 is to rotate the reflection co-efficient at node Y through an angle of 180° when measured at node X.
To achieve approximately the same TX to RX isolation as the SP2T PIN diode switch of FIG. 4, the impedance transformation network LC2 should have the effect of doubling the impedance of the RX port 3, when measured at node Y, and the impedance transformation network LC1, should have the effect of halving the impedance of the RX port, when measured at W.
The circuit of FIG. 5 has the benefit of small size, and the further benefit that the capacitors and inductors of the LC networks can be incorporated into a multi-layer substrate, thereby minimising the additional space required for a high isolation PIN diode switch, compared with the conventional PIN switch of FIG. 3.
It can be seen that at node Y of the circuit of FIG. 5 there are two capacitors connected in parallel to ground, one which is part of impedance transformation network LC1 and another which is part of impedance transformation network LC2. These two capacitors can be replaced with a single capacitor with double the capacitance of the shunt capacitors in impedance transformation networks LC1 and LC2. FIG. 6 shows a circuit which employs a single capacitor CT in place of the two shunt capacitors connected at node Y in FIG. 5. This modification has the beneficial effect of further reducing the number of components required to effect high isolation. The components LT denote the inductors from each of the impedance transformation networks LC1 and LC2 of FIG. 5.
The values of LT and CT in FIG. 6, which achieve the required X2 and X0.5 impedance transformations, are frequency dependent, and are given by the following equations:




  
    
      
        
          L
          T
        
        =
        
          
            Z
            O
          
          
            ω
            TX
          
        
      
    
    
      5
    
  
  
    
      
        
          C
          T
        
        =
        
          1
          
            
              Z
              O
            
            ⁢
            
              ω
              TX
            
          
        
      
    
    
      6
    
  




where Zo is the characteristic impedance of the system (usually 50 Ω) and ωTX is the angular frequency of the centre of the TX high-band.

The circuit of FIG. 4 disclosed an embodiment of the present invention, the object of which was to increase both ratios K1 and K2, as described above. Similarly, it was shown in FIG. 5 that the transformer T2 of FIG. 4 can be replaced by the LC network LC2 in order to raise the impedance of the RX port when measured at node Y, and the transformer T1 in the circuit of FIG. 4 can be replaced by the LC network LC1, which has the effect of reducing the impedance of the RX port back down to 50 Ω when measured at point W.
When the diode D2 of FIG. 4 is in the on state, the impedance to ground at node Y is determined primarily by the parasitic resistance Rs of the switched on diode. Hence, the complex reflection co-efficient measured at node Y of FIG. 4, in TX mode, will have a pure real value, close to −1. Similarly, the complex reflection co-efficient measured at point W of FIG. 4, in TX mode, will have a pure real value, close to −1. Phase shifting network P1 has the effect of rotating the complex the reflection co-efficient at point W of FIG. 4 through an angle of 180°, so that it will have a value close to +1 when measured at node X.
When the circuit of FIG. 5 is in TX mode, the combination of impedance transformation network LC1 and phase shifting network P1 has the effect of rotating the reflection co-efficient at node Y through 180° when measured at X. However, it is possible to combine the effects of impedance transformation network LC1 and phase shifting network P1 of FIG. 5 with a simpler circuit as shown in FIG. 7, which depicts a fourth embodiment of the present invention. In this case, the phase shifting network P1 has been replaced with another circuit PZ, which comprises components C1, L1 and C2. The three components C1, L1 and C2 are chosen so that phase shifting network PZ fulfils the dual role of transforming the impedance at node Y, in RX mode of the switch, back down to 50 Ohms, and rotating the complex reflection co-efficient at node Y, in TX mode of the switch, through an angle of 180° when measured at node X.
It can be seen that there are two capacitors connected from node Y to ground in FIG. 7. As before, these two capacitors can be replaced by a single capacitor with a capacitance which is equal to the sum of the two capacitances connected to node Y. Such a configuration is shown in FIG. 8, in which the two shunt capacitors at node Y of FIG. 7 have been replaced by a single shunt capacitor CT at node Y in FIG. 8. As before, the component LT denotes the inductor from the impedance transformation network LC2 of FIG. 7, and components L1 and C2 are unchanged from their values in FIG. 7.
From equation 3, it can be seen that for an SP2T switch, such as that of FIG. 3, designed to be terminated at each port by an impedance of 50Ω, the isolation from TX to RX, in TX mode, is determined primarily by the parasitic resistance Rs of the switched on diode D2. Hence, reducing the parasitic resistance Rs will have the effect of increasing the isolation of the switch from TX to RX, when the switch is in TX mode.
Another approach to achieving higher isolation is to connect a pair of diodes D2′ and D2′′ in parallel in place of the single diode D2 in FIG. 3. Such a circuit is shown in FIG. 9.
Connecting diodes D2′ and D2′′ in parallel at node Y halves the parasitic impedance to ground due to the switched on diodes. Consequently, the TX to RX isolation of the SP2T PIN diode switch of FIG. 9, when in TX mode, will be improved by approximately 6 dB compared with a SP2T PIN switch which uses only a single diode at node Y, such as that shown in FIG. 3—see equation 3.
The TX to RX isolation, in TX mode of the switch of FIG. 9, can be further be increased by the connection of several diodes in parallel at node Y. However, connecting multiple diodes at node Y has the drawback of reducing the parasitic resistance at node Y when the diodes are switched off; this has the detrimental effect of increasing the loss of the switch when in RX mode.
An ASM offering ultra-high isolation from the TX port to the RX port, in TX mode, can be achieved by the circuit configuration shown in FIG. 10, which uses three diodes D1, D2 and D3. In this case, in TX mode (all three diodes switched on), there is a short circuit at node Z due to the low resistance of the switched-on diode D3, and the resonator comprising L2 and C2; this impedance is transformed to a very high value at node Y by the phase shifting network P2. At node Y, the low impedance of the switched on diode D2, and the resonator comprising L1 and C1, gives rise to a second short circuit at node Y. This arrangement maximises the ratio of the impedance to ground looking towards the RX port from node Y, compared with the impedance to ground at node Y via diode D2, and hence maximises the ratio of leaked power arriving at node Y which is fed to ground via diode D2 (and blocked from the RX port). A second phase shifting network P1 transforms the short circuit at node Y to an open circuit at node X (by rotating the complex reflection coefficient through an angle of 180°), so that the RX branch of the circuit does not load the switch at node X.
The circuit of FIG. 10 is capable of providing approximately two times higher isolation from the TX port 2 to the RX port 3, in TX mode of the switch, when compared with the circuit of FIG. 3. For example, using commercially available PIN diodes, an isolation of 56 dB approximately is available using the circuit of FIG. 10, compared with a TX to RX isolation of 28 dB approximately for the SP2T PIN switch of FIG. 3.
The invention is not limited to the embodiments described herein which may be modified or varied without departing from the scope of the invention.

## Claims

1. A high isolation switching circuit for selectively connecting a common antenna port to a TX port or an RX port of a multi-band cellular handset, the switching circuit including first and second solid state diodes, wherein the first diode has its anode connected to the TX port and its cathode connected to a first node which is connected both to the antenna port and to one side of a phase shifting and impedance transformation circuit to a second node, wherein the second diode has its anode connected to the second node and its cathode connected to ground via a resonant circuit, and wherein the second node is connected to the RX port via an impedance transformation device, the phase shifting and impedance transformation circuit lowering the impedance of the circuit at the second node when measured at the first node and the impedance transformation device raising the impedance of the RX port when measured at the second node.

2. A switching circuit as claimed in claim 1, wherein the phase shifting and impedance transformation circuit comprises a phase shifting circuit and a second impedance transformation device connected between the phase shifting circuit and the second node.

3. A switching circuit as claimed in claim 2, wherein the impedance transformation devices are respective transformers.

4. A switching circuit as claimed in claim 2, wherein the impedance transformation devices are respective LC circuits.

5. A switching circuit as claimed in claim 4, wherein the LC circuits share a common capacitor.

6. A switching circuit as claimed in claim 2, wherein the firstmentioned and second impedance transformation devices approximately double and halve the relevant impedances respectively.

7. A switching circuit as claimed in claim 1, wherein the phase shifting and impedance transformation circuit combines the functions of phase shifting and impedance transformation.

8. A switching circuit as claimed in claim 7, wherein the impedance transformation device is an LC circuit.

9. A switching circuit as claimed in claim 8, wherein the LC circuit shares a common capacitor with the phase shifting and impedance transformation circuit.

10. A switching circuit as claimed in claim 7, wherein the phase shifting and impedance transformation circuit and the second impedance transformation device approximately halve and double the relevant impedances respectively.

11. A switching circuit as claimed in claim 1, wherein the solid state diodes are PIN diodes.

12. A switching circuit as claimed in claim 8, wherein the phase shifting and impedance transformation circuit and the second impedance transformation device approximately halve and double the relevant impedances respectively.

13. A switching circuit as claimed in claim 9, wherein the phase shifting and impedance transformation circuit and the second impedance transformation device approximately halve and double the relevant impedances respectively.

14. A high isolation switching circuit for selectively connecting a common antenna port to a TX port or an RX port of a multi-band cellular handset, the switching circuit comprising:
first, second and third solid state diodes;
wherein the first diode has its anode connected to the TX port and its cathode connected to a first node which is connected both to the antenna port and to one side of a first phase shifting network, wherein the other side of the first phase shifting network is connected to a second node;
wherein the second diode has its anode connected to the second node and its cathode connected to ground via a first resonant circuit,
wherein the third diode has its anode connected to a first side of a second phase shifting network and its cathode connected to ground via a second resonant circuit,
a second side of the second phase shifting network is connected to the second node, the second node further being connected to the RX port.

15. A switching circuit as claimed in claim 14, wherein the solid state diodes are PIN diodes.

16. A high isolation switching circuit for selectively connecting a common antenna port to a TX port or an RX port of a multi-band cellular handset, the switching circuit comprising:
first, second and third solid state diodes;
wherein the first diode has its anode connected to the TX port and its cathode connected to a first node which is connected both to the antenna port and to one side of a phase shifting network, wherein the other side of the phase shifting network is connected to a second node; and
wherein the second and third diodes have their anodes connected in common to the second node and their cathodes connected in common to one side of a resonant circuit, the other side of which is connected to ground, the second node further being connected to the RX port.

17. A switching circuit as claimed in claim 16, wherein the solid state diodes are PIN diodes.