RENDERED: OCTOBER 7, 2022; 10:00 A.M.

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

Commonwealth of Kentucky

Court of Appeals

NO. 2020-CA-1121-MR

MARCIA EBBS, M.D. APPELLANT

APPEAL FROM OLDHAM CIRCUIT COURT

v. HONORABLE KAREN A. CONRAD, JUDGE

ACTION NO. 20-CI-00206

CHRIS ROTY APPELLEE

OPINION

AFFIRMING

**   **  **

BEFORE: ACREE, CALDWELL, AND K. THOMPSON, JUDGES.

THOMPSON, K., JUDGE: Marcia Ebbs, M.D., appeals an August 18, 2020 order 

of the Oldham Circuit Court dismissing her claims of defamation and tortious 

interference with a prospective business advantage against Chris Roty. Upon 

review, we affirm.
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The circuit court dismissed Ebbs’s complaint pursuant to Kentucky 

Rules of Civil Procedure (CR) 12.02(f). For purposes of a CR 12.02(f) motion, 

this Court, like the circuit court, must accept as true the plaintiff’s factual 

allegations and draw all reasonable inferences in the plaintiff’s favor. Pike v. 

George, 434 S.W.2d 626, 627 (Ky. 1968). With that in mind, the salient 

allegations of her complaint were as follows:

The Parties

1. The Plaintiff, Marcia Ebbs, M.D., is and has been at all 

times material to this lawsuit a resident of Oldham 

County, Kentucky and a duly licensed physician.

2. The Defendant [Chris Roty] is and has been at all 

times material to this lawsuit a high-level management 

employee of Baptist Health, a non-profit corporation with 

eight or nine hospitals, and related medical facilities, 

throughout Kentucky. He currently serves as President 

of Baptist Health, Paducah, where he also resides.

Relationship of the Parties

3. Plaintiff was employed by the parties’ then mutual 

employer, Baptist Health, at Baptist Health LaGrange, 

from 1996 until 1999.

3. [sic] During 2013, Plaintiff applied for re-employment 

with Baptist Health LaGrange. Even though the hospital 

offered a position of employment to the Plaintiff, the 

defendant blocked its consummation, so that Dr. Ebbs

accepted another employment offer at that time.

4. During August, 2018, Dr. Ebbs re-applied to work for 

Baptist Health LaGrange. On May 1, 2019, Dr. Michael 

Newkirk, Vice President of Physician Services for 
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Baptist Health Medical Group, informed Dr. Ebbs that 

the hospital refused to re-employ Dr. Ebbs because the 

Defendant had told him to never hire Dr. Ebbs, and that if 

she needed more information about this issue, she should 

discuss the issue with the hospital’s medical staff.

5. On May 9, 2019, Dr. Newkirk repeated Defendant’s 

statement about Dr. Ebbs, as set forth in Paragraph 4, 

above, to Peter Ebbs.

Wrongs of Which the Plaintiff Complains

6. Defendant’s statement to the effect that Baptist Health 

would never hire Dr. Ebbs, and that if she needed more 

information about the issue she should talk to the 

hospital’s medical staff, for which the Defendant is liable 

as the original utterer and publisher, was falsely and 

maliciously uttered and published, and constituted:

a. Slander per quod, and an injurious falsehood, 

because the statement caused special damages to 

Dr. Ebbs in the form of lost wages of her 

prospective employment with Baptist Health, 

LaGrange, and potentially other hospitals in the 

Baptist Health system.

b. Slander per se, because the statement imputed to 

Dr. Ebbs, both directly and by implying 

undisclosed defamatory facts, a want of skills and 

abilities necessary to perform the duties of her 

trade or calling as a physician; and held her up to 

public ridicule, shame, and obloquoy [sic]; and 

was likely to cause her to be shunned and avoided 

by her peers and by the public at large.

c. An intentional and unjustified interference with 

Dr. Ebbs’ prospect of employment with Baptist 

Health LaGrange, and potentially other hospitals 

and medical organizations.
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Without filing an answer, Roty moved to dismiss pursuant to CR 

12.02, asserting Ebbs had failed to assert any viable claim against him. Relative to 

Ebbs’s defamation claim, he argued it was barred on the ground of limitations; that 

the statement he allegedly made about Ebbs could not be considered defamatory; 

the statement was conditionally privileged; and that her claim was otherwise 

insufficiently pled. Regarding her claim of tortious interference with a prospective 

business advantage, he argued Ebbs had failed to identify a “valid business 

relationship or expectancy” with which he could have interfered and, due to what 

her complaint recited about his status as Baptist’s agent, he argued he could not 

have interfered with, and was rather part of, any relationship Ebbs might have had 

with Baptist. 

Upon consideration, and for the reasons discussed in more depth later 

in this Opinion, the circuit court granted Roty’s motion. This appeal followed.

We review dismissals under CR 12.02(f) de novo. Morgan & 

Pottinger, Attorneys, P.S.C. v. Botts, 348 S.W.3d 599, 601 (Ky. 2011), overruled 

on other grounds by Maggard v. Kinney, 576 S.W.3d 559 (Ky. 2019). CR 12.02(f) 

is designed to test the sufficiency of a complaint. Pike, 434 S.W.2d at 627. It is 

proper to grant a CR 12.02(f) dismissal motion if:

it appears the pleading party would not be entitled to 

relief under any set of facts which could be proved in 

support of his claim . . . . [T]he question is purely a 

matter of law. Stated another way, the court must ask if 
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the facts alleged in the complaint can be proved, would 

the plaintiff be entitled to relief?

James v. Wilson, 95 S.W.3d 875, 883-84 (Ky.App. 2002) (internal quotation marks 

and citation omitted). 

On appeal, Ebbs asserts the circuit court erred in dismissing her 

defamation and tortious interference claims. We will discuss her defamation claim 

first. The elements of defamation are: (1) defamatory language; (2) about the 

plaintiff; (3) which is published to a third party; and (4) which causes injury to 

reputation. Columbia Sussex Corp., Inc. v. Hay, 627 S.W.2d 270, 273 (Ky.App.

1981). In an action for defamation, the courts are charged with the responsibility 

of determining whether a challenged statement is capable of conveying a 

defamatory meaning. Yancey v. Hamilton, 786 S.W.2d 854, 857 (Ky. 1989).

Statements are defamatory if they “(1) bring a person into public hatred, contempt 

or ridicule; (2) cause him to be shunned or avoided; or, (3) injure him in his 

business or occupation.” McCall v. Courier-Journal and Louisville Times Co., 623 

S.W.2d 882, 884 (Ky. 1981). 

Recall, the offending language allegedly uttered by Roty, as set forth 

in Ebbs’s complaint, was to the effect that Roty “told [Newkirk] to never hire Dr. 

Ebbs[.]” He may have also instructed Newkirk to tell Ebbs that “she should 

discuss the issue with the hospital’s medical staff”; the complaint is unclear in that 

respect. Ebbs’s complaint also indicates that Roty, by virtue of his position with 
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Baptist, had authority over hiring decisions: He was at all relevant times “a highlevel management employee” of Baptist; had “blocked” her from employment in 

2013; and Ebbs did not receive an employment offer from Baptist in 2018 or 2019 

because, for reasons unknown, Roty told Baptist never to hire her.

That said, we are not prepared to hold that a cause of action for 

defamation arises merely upon the interpretation a third party could place upon an 

unexplained refusal to hire. Like the termination of at-will employment, a refusal 

to hire can occur for any reason, or no reason at all; thus, any message conveyed 

by a refusal to hire, standing alone, is inherently ambiguous. Moreover, we 

deemed equivalent language unactionable in Foster v. Jennie Stuart Medical 

Center, Inc., 435 S.W.3d 629 (Ky.App. 2013). There, after two nurses were fired 

from a medical center, members of the administration informed other employees 

that it was “in the best interests of the institution that [the two fired nurses] no 

longer be associated with the hospital[,]” Id. at 636. The employer also placed 

both nurses on a “no-rehire list” by checking a box on a “Personnel Action 

Request” form generated for their termination. Id. Both nurses thereafter sued for 

defamation, arguing that “the ‘best interest’ statement communicate[d] that they 

failed in some professional, moral or legal way to meet the standards required of 

registered nurses.” Id. We disagreed, explaining that both the “best interest” 

statement and the nurses’ placement on the “no-rehire list” said “nothing about 
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their professional abilities or the reason for the termination. The statement is 

neutral at best, vague at worst.” Id.

In the case at bar, Ebbs argues Roty’s statements at issue

communicated that she failed in some professional, moral, or legal way to meet the 

standards required of her profession. But, Roty’s statements were as neutral and 

vague as the statements at issue in Foster, and thus cannot be deemed defamatory. 

Accordingly, the circuit court committed no error in dismissing Ebbs’s defamation 

claim.1

Regarding Ebbs’s remaining claim, we begin with the necessary 

elements. Tortious interference with a prospective business advantage requires a 

showing of: (1) the existence of a valid business relationship or expectancy; (2) 

that the defendant was aware of this relationship or expectancy; (3) that the 

defendant intentionally interfered; (4) that the motive behind the interference was 

improper; (5) causation; and (6) special damages. See Snow Pallet, Inc. v. 

Monticello Banking Co., 367 S.W.3d 1, 6 (Ky.App. 2012) (citation omitted). 

Recall, Ebbs alleged in paragraph “6.c.” of her complaint that Roty intentionally 

and unjustifiably interfered with her “prospect of employment with Baptist Health 

1

In its dispositive order, the circuit court dismissed Ebbs’s defamation claim on limitations 

grounds. As discussed, however, one of several other bases for dismissing Ebbs’s claim urged 

by Roty in his CR 12.02 motion was that his language was not defamatory and did not impute 

unfitness to perform her job. “[W]e, as an appellate court, may affirm the trial court for any 

reason sustainable by the record.” Kentucky Farm Bureau Mut. Ins. Co. v. Gray, 814 S.W.2d 

928, 930 (Ky.App. 1991).
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LaGrange, and potentially other hospitals and medical organizations.” Upon 

review, the circuit court determined that, among other reasons, Ebbs’s claim failed

because the allegations of her complaint did not satisfy the first element set forth 

above.

Specifically, the circuit court determined Ebbs’s allegation that Roty 

had affected her “prospect of employment with . . . potentially other hospitals and 

medical organizations” was too vague to qualify as a valid business expectancy. 

On appeal, Ebbs does not contest this aspect of the circuit court’s judgment. That 

aside, the circuit court was correct. For purposes of this element, Ebbs was 

required to plead and prove “an anticipated business relationship with an 

identifiable class of third parties.” Ventas, Inc. v. Health Care Prop. Inv’rs, Inc., 

635 F. Supp. 2d 612, 621 (W.D. Ky. 2009) (applying Kentucky law). Ebbs’s

cursory assertion of unnamed potential employers was too ambiguous and 

attenuated to support her claim.

As for the remainder of Ebbs’s allegation, the circuit court explained 

that to the extent Roty could be deemed a third party capable of interfering2 with 

2 Another reason the circuit court cited for dismissing Ebbs’s claim of tortious interference with 

a prospective business advantage was that, in its view, Ebbs’s complaint effectively failed to 

allege that a third party had caused some form of actionable interference between Ebbs and 

Baptist. In that vein, it noted Ebbs had indicated Roty was at all relevant times Baptist’s agent; 

and that as its agent, Roty had authority over hiring decisions. Considering our disposition, it is 

unnecessary to address this point further. Suffice it to say that a third party is required for this 

tort to be actionable; and a corporate agent acting within the scope of his or her authority is 

generally considered indistinguishable from its principal for purposes of this tort. See United 
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Ebbs’s “prospect of employment with Baptist Health LaGrange,” the basic 

employment process of applying for a job, standing alone, did not create a valid 

business expectancy. We agree.

The operative inquiry is whether there was a reasonable likelihood or 

probability of a business relationship prior to the alleged interference. See Ventas, 

Inc., 635 F. Supp. 2d at 622. “[M]ere wishful thinking that a business relationship 

will come about” is insufficient for purposes of this element. PBI Bank, Inc. v. 

Signature Point Condominiums, LLC, 535 S.W.3d 700, 716 (Ky. App. 2016) 

(quoting Ventas, Inc., 635 F. Supp. 2d at 621). Thus, “[a] disappointed bidder with 

only a unilateral hope of winning does not have a valid expectancy.” Ventas, Inc., 

635 F. Supp. 2d at 621 (citation omitted).

Here, without determining whether in all cases a job applicant must 

have had a firm offer in hand prior to the alleged interference to state a cause of 

action for tortious interference with a prospective business advantage, we believe 

that the well-pled facts alleged in the present case fall short of what is necessary to 

state a claim under this theory. The allegations of Ebbs’s complaint demonstrate 

nothing more than that Ebbs submitted an employment application with Baptist in 

States ex rel. Doe v. Jan-Care Ambulance Service, 187 F. Supp. 3d 786, 794 (E.D. Ky. 2016)

(explaining “under Kentucky law, one cannot tortiously interfere with one’s own prospective 

business relationship” (emphasis in original)); see also Harstad v. Whiteman, 338 S.W.3d 804, 

814 (Ky.App. 2011) (explaining “[a]gents of a party to a contract who act within the scope of 

their employment cannot interfere with that party’s contract”).
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2018, at a time when she and Baptist had no existing business relationship; and that 

she discovered several months later that her application had been rejected. Her 

“unilateral hope” of receiving a job offer that ultimately never materialized was not 

a sufficient expectancy. Ventas, Inc., 635 F. Supp. 2d at 621. Indeed, to hold that 

her complaint stated a cause of action for tortious interference with a prospective 

business advantage would considerably broaden the scope of the tort. Under 

Ebbs’s reasoning, the potential class of litigants could include all persons who do 

no more than submit a job application, and anyone supplying a negative reference 

to a prospective employer might conceivably find themselves subject to an action 

for intentional interference with prospective economic advantage. We do not 

believe that such an expansion of this cause of action is warranted.

In sum, the Oldham Circuit Court did not err in dismissing Ebbs’s

complaint. We therefore affirm.

ALL CONCUR.

BRIEFS FOR APPELLANT:

Philip C. Kimball

Louisville, Kentucky

BRIEF FOR APPELLEE:

Donna King Perry

Jeremy S. Rogers

Alina Klimkina

Chase M. Cunningham

Louisville, Kentucky