UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

TARA LYNN BOWNESS GEIGER, et al.,

Plaintiffs,

v. 

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE, et al., 

Defendants.

Case No. 1:22-cv-02986 (TNM)

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Tara Lynn Bowness Geiger and Nathan Marc Geiger are married Canadians seeking 

permanent residency in the United States. In January 2021, Mrs. Geiger applied for an 

employment-based visa for herself and her husband. To date, the Government has not finished 

processing their applications. The Geigers seek a writ of mandamus compelling the Government 

to process and approve their visas. The Government now moves to dismiss for failure to state a 

claim. The Court will grant the Government’s motion. Plaintiffs have not pled facts suggesting 

the delay is unreasonable or that it violates their due process rights. 

I.

The Geigers applied for a visa allowing some foreign citizens to reside permanently in 

the United States if they can show they have employment in the United States or are employable. 

See generally Employment-Based Immigrant Visas, DOS, https://perma.cc/Y42N-VQYN.

1

 Mrs. 

Geiger applied for the visa with her husband as a derivative. See Pet. ¶ 10. 

1

 This Court may take judicial notice of official information posted on government websites 

without converting the Government’s motion into one for summary judgment. See Pharm. Rsch. 

& Mfrs. of Am. v. HHS, 43 F. Supp. 3d 28, 33 (D.D.C. 2014).
2

The process goes like this: First, the alien or the alien’s employer must file a petition 

with U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS). See Khushnood v. USCIS, No. 21-cv02166, 2022 WL 407152, at *1 (D.D.C. Feb. 10, 2022). If USCIS approves the petition, USCIS 

sends it to the National Visa Center (NVC). See id. NVC then forwards the approved petition to 

the U.S. embassy or consulate where the alien lives. See id. A local consular officer is then 

responsible for interviewing the alien. See id.

This is where the Geigers are stuck. See Pet. ¶ 15. Mrs. Geiger filed her I-140 

application on January 26, 2021. See id. ¶ 10. And NVC has considered her case ready for 

review since July 6, 2021. See id. ¶ 14. But the embassy has yet to schedule a consular 

interview. See id. ¶ 15. Fed up with waiting, the Geigers sued the Government under the 

Administrative Procedure Act (APA) and Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment. See id.

¶¶ 17, 25; Pls.’ Opp’n to Defs.’ Mot. to Dismiss (Opp’n) at 7, 10–11, ECF No. 7. They petition 

for a writ of mandamus compelling the Government to issue their visas and “complete all 

administrative processing” within 60 days. See Pet. at 6–7. The Government has moved to 

dismiss. See Mot. to Dismiss (MTD), ECF No. 5. The Court has jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. 

§ 1331 and will grant the motion.

II.

A plaintiff must “state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face” to survive a motion to 

dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6). Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (cleaned up). To do 

that, she must plead facts “that allow[] the court to draw the reasonable inference that the 

defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id. In ruling on a motion to dismiss, courts

treats the complaint’s factual allegations as true and reads inferences in the plaintiff’s favor. See 

L. Xia v. Tillerson, 865 F.3d 643, 649 (D.C. Cir. 2017). Courts may consider facts alleged in the 
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complaint, documents attached to the complaint, and matters of which it may take judicial notice. 

See Trudeau v. FTC, 456 F.3d 178, 183 (D.C. Cir. 2006).

III.

The Government asks the Court to dismiss for two reasons. First, it says there has been 

no unreasonable delay. Second, it says that its actions did not violate the Geigers’ due process 

rights. The Government is correct on both scores.

A.

The Geigers argue that the Government has unreasonably delayed scheduling their

consular interview. See Pet. ¶¶ 17–18. That delay, they claim, violates the APA, which requires 

the Government to act “within a reasonable time.” Id. ¶ 17 (quoting 5 U.S.C. § 555(b)). The 

Government counters that any delay in processing the application is not unreasonable. See MTD 

at 5. The Court agrees.

“There is no per se rule as to how long is too long to wait for agency action[.]” In re Am. 

Rivers & Idaho Rivers United, 372 F.3d 413, 419 (D.C. Cir. 2004) (cleaned up). Addressing an 

unreasonable delay claim is “ordinarily a complicated and nuanced task requiring consideration 

of particular facts and circumstances before the court.” Mashpee Wampanoag Tribal Council, 
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Inc. v. Norton, 336 F.3d 1094, 1100 (D.C. Cir. 2003). So courts in this circuit consider the socalled TRAC factors, which serve as guides:

(1) the time agencies take to make decisions must be governed by a rule of reason;

(2) when Congress has provided a timetable or other indication of the speed with which it 

expects the agency to proceed in the enabling statute, that statutory scheme may supply 

content for this rule of reason;

(3) delays that might be reasonable in the sphere of economic regulation are less tolerable 

when human health and welfare are at stake;

(4) the effect of expediting delayed action on agency activities of a higher or competing 

priority;

(5) the nature and extent of the interests prejudiced by delay; and

(6) the court need not find any impropriety lurking behind agency lassitude in order to 

hold that agency action is unreasonably delayed.

Telecomms. Rsch. & Action Ctr. v. FCC, 750 F.2d 70, 80 (D.C. Cir. 1984).

Applying the TRAC factors, the Court finds that the Geigers have not stated a plausible 

claim that the Government unreasonably delayed their consular interview.

1.

The first and second TRAC factors assess “whether the agency’s response time complies 

with an existing specified schedule and whether it is governed by an identifiable rationale.” Ctr. 

for Sci. in the Pub. Int. v. FDA, 74 F. Supp. 3d 295, 300 (D.D.C. 2014). These two factors are 

“typically considered together,” Milligan v. Pompeo, 502 F. Supp. 3d 302, 317 (D.D.C. 2020), 
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though the first has been called the “most important,” In re Core Commc’ns, Inc., 531 F.3d 849, 

855 (D.C. Cir. 2008). 

Congress has not supplied a timeline for processing visas. See Mohammad v. Blinken, 

548 F. Supp. 3d 159, 165 (D.D.C. 2021). So the Court “turn[s] to case law as a guide” to what 

constitutes unreasonable delay. Milligan, 502 F. Supp. 3d at 318. 

While courts have generally found immigration delays in excess of five, six, or seven 

years unreasonable, they have “declined to find a two-year period to be unreasonable as a matter 

of law.” Mohammad, 548 F. Supp. 3d at 165. And less than 21 months have elapsed since the 

Geigers’ case has been ready for a consular interview. See Rahman v. Blinken, No. 22-cv-2732, 

2023 WL 196428, at *1, *4 (D.D.C. Jan. 17, 2023) (calculating time of delay as period between 

last action and time of opinion); Arab v. Blinken, 600 F. Supp. 3d 59, 63, 70 (D.D.C. 2022) 

(same). That delay is not unreasonable. See also Bagherian v. Pompeo, 442 F. Supp. 3d 87, 95

(D.D.C. 2020) (holding 25-month delay not unreasonable).

The Geigers levy two counterarguments. First, they claim that “it is sufficient . . . to 

allege specific facts that indicate unreasonable delay” and “they need not prove unreasonable 

delay at the motion to dismiss phase.” Opp’n at 8. This does little more than recite the pleading 

standard. And the Geigers have not plead facts suggesting the delay here is unlawful. As noted, 

courts in this district have routinely found lengthier delays than the one here not unreasonable as 

a matter of law. See, e.g., Ghadani v. DHS, No. 19-cv-397, 2020 WL 1308376, at *8 (D.D.C. 

Mar. 19, 2020) (collecting cases declining to hold delays of more than 25 months unreasonable 

as a matter of law).

Second, the Geigers rely on three old, unpublished Northern District of California 

decisions finding “similar delays unreasonable.” See Opp’n at 8. These cases are unpersuasive, 
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and they are distinguishable. Most importantly, those cases do not apply TRAC, which is binding 

in this circuit. More, those cases hold that a delay greater than two years is presumptively 

unreasonable as a matter of law. The Geigers do not allege that length of delay here. So the

Court is unmoved by the Geigers’ out-of-circuit authorities.

The Court thus finds that the first and second TRAC factors favor the Government.

2.

Next up is the fourth TRAC factor, or the “effect of expediting delayed action on agency 

activities of a higher or competing priority.” TRAC, 750 F.2d at 80. “This factor carries the 

greatest weight in many cases.” Dastagir v. Blinken, 557 F. Supp. 3d 160, 167 (D.D.C. 2021) 

(cleaned up). The Court must consider “competing priorities for limited resources.” Mashpee, 

336 F.3d at 1100–02 (cleaned up). Indeed, the D.C. Circuit has “refused to grant relief” when “a 

judicial order putting the petitioner at the head of the queue would simply move all others back 

one space and produce no net gain.” Id.

So too here. The Geigers ask the Court to adjudicate their petition or compel the 

Government to schedule a consular interview. See Pet. at 6–7. But the Court may not let them

“skip the line and . . . move all others back one space.” Mohammad, 548 F. Supp. 3d at 167 

(cleaned up). To be sure, the effect of expediting the Geigers’ vias may be minimal, but many 

“such individual cases being pushed by judicial fiat to the front of the line would erode the 

ability of agencies to determine their priorities.” Tate v. Pompeo, 513 F. Supp. 3d 132, 150 

(D.D.C. 2021).

The Geigers push back. First, they warn that siding with the Government would establish 

a rule presumptively weighing the fourth TRAC factor for the Government when “the plaintiff is 

not the first person in ‘line’ for adjudication.” Opp’n at 9. This is not correct. See, e.g., Afghan 
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& Iraqi Allies Under Serious Threat Because of Their Faithful Serv. to the U.S. v. Pompeo, No. 

18-cv-1388, 2019 WL 4575565, at *10–11 (D.D.C. Sept. 20, 2019) (agreeing with plaintiff on 

the fourth factor). For example, when a statute mandates the Government to prioritize a category 

of applicants, as in Afghan and Iraqi Allies, ordering the Government to process those 

applications “obviate[es] any concerns of queue-jumping.” Id. at *10–11. But that is not this 

case.

Second, the Geigers cite more out-of-circuit authorities to argue that the Government 

should not punish them for its own resource problems. Opp’n at 8–9. Again, these cases are 

unpersuasive and inapt. For starters, much of what the Geigers rely on is dicta making the 

general point that immigration agencies may be facing a policy crisis based on a backlog of 

applications. See id. at 9. Plus, the Government’s justification here is a worldwide visa backlog 

caused by the extraordinary COVID-19 pandemic—not a lack of resources. See MTD at 3–4. 

So though “it may be a valid proposition that the Government cannot prevail on TRAC factor 

four through a generic recitation of lack of sufficient resources, such a case is hardly present 

here.” Manzoor v. USCIS, No. 21-cv-02126, 2022 WL 1316427, at *6 (D.D.C. May 3, 2022). 

More, the Geigers’ cases do not refute case law in this district finding the Government’s 

same argument reasonable and deferring to the way it prioritized visa petitions. See, e.g., Tate, 

513 F. Supp. 3d at 150 (“Defendants face an extraordinary backlog of visas across the world[.]”). 

Three of their four cases do not even apply the TRAC factors to assess unreasonable delay. See 

id. at 8–9.

Finding for the Government on this factor may suffice to reject the Geigers’ unreasonable 

delay claims. See Mashpee, 336 F.3d at 1100. In any event, the other TRAC factors also favor 

the Government.
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3.

The Court looks next to TRAC factors three and five. These involve “the interests 

prejudiced by delay,” including the impact on “human health and welfare.” TRAC, 750 F.2d at 

80. The Geigers claim that the delay has caused them emotional distress, financial strain, and 

lost professional opportunities. See generally Decl. of Tara Bowness Geiger (Decl.) ¶¶ 14–23, 

ECF No. 7-1. 

The Court acknowledges the challenges the Geigers have faced by putting their lives on 

hold while they await determination on their application. But “many others face similarly 

difficult circumstances as they await adjudication of their visa applications.” Mohammad, 548 F. 

Supp. 3d at 168–69. Indeed, some of the Geigers’ challenges—like their decision not to leave 

Canada during the two years before filing their petition and their decision to renew their Fiesta 

Bowl tickets after filing their I-140 form—spring from their own choices. See Decl. ¶ 22. They 

cannot blame the Government for the consequences of these decisions. Likewise, the Geigers’ 

claim that the delay has cost them economic opportunities in the United States falls short. See

Decl. ¶ 16; Kushnood, 2022 WL 407152, at *5 (holding an I-140 petitioner’s financial hardship 

is insufficient without specific effects on “health or physical welfare”); cf. Nibber v. USCIS, No. 

20-cv-03207, 2020 WL 7360215, at *6 (D.D.C. Dec. 15, 2020) (holding this factor favors 

plaintiff where plaintiff lost all income).

Even if the third and fifth TRAC factor favored the Geigers, they do not “override the 

other factors[,] . . . particularly the Government’s competing priorities and the fact that granting 
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relief to [the Geigers] would simply move all other back one space.” Palakuru v. Renaud, 521 F. 

Supp. 3d 46, 53 (D.D.C. 2021).

4.

Finally, the sixth TRAC factor is neutral. It instructs courts that they “need not find any 

impropriety lurking behind agency lassitude in order to hold that agency action is ‘unreasonably 

delayed.’” TRAC, 750 F.2d at 80. The Geigers argue no bad faith here and admit that this factor 

is immaterial. See Opp’n at 10.

Thus, the Geigers’ unreasonable delay claims fail under the TRAC factors. And because 

they fail to establish undue delay, their claim for mandamus relief “necessarily fails as well.” 

Didban v. Pompeo, 435 F. Supp. 3d 168, 177 (D.D.C. 2020). The Court does not doubt that 

waiting on a visa has harmed the Geigers. But “delays stemming from resource-allocation 

decisions simply do not lend themselves to judicial reordering of agency priorities.” Id. at 169. 

And the Geigers offer no reason that the Court should allow them to skip ahead in the line. 

B.

Finally, the Geigers argue that the Government’s failure to “provide a reasonable and just 

framework of adjudication” violates their Fifth Amendment due process rights. Pet. ¶ 25. This 

raises a threshold question: Are aliens residing outside the United States entitled to 

constitutional due process protections at all? 

“The guarantees of the Constitution are not automatically applied to foreign nationals. 

Indeed, aliens receive constitutional protections only when they have come within the territory of 

the United States and developed substantial connections with this country.” Bazzi v. Gacki, 468 

F. Supp. 3d 70, 77 (D.D.C. 2020) (cleaned up). But the Court need not decide whether the 

Geigers have alleged an adequate connection with the United States. Even if the Geigers’ enjoy 
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constitutional due process protections, their claims straightforwardly fail on the merits. See id. at 

78.

The Fifth Amendment provides that “no person shall be . . . deprived of life, liberty, or 

property, without due process of law.” U.S. Const. amend. V. To state a claim under the Due 

Process Clause, a plaintiff first must show “there was a cognizable liberty or property interest at 

stake.” Hamal v. DHS, No. 19-cv-02534, 2020 WL 2934954, at *4 (D.D.C. June 3, 2020); see 

also Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 332 (1976). If such an interest is present, the 

procedural due process guarantee demands the Government provide “a meaningful opportunity 

to present” a case. Eldridge, 424 U.S. at 332. 

When a fundamental right is implicated, and the Government’s failure to act constitutes a 

deliberate indifference to that right, a plaintiff has stated a viable substantive due process claim. 

See L’Association des Americains Accidentels v. DOS, No. 20-cv-02933, 2022 WL 4534687, at 

*9 (D.D.C. Sept. 28, 2022); Est. of Phillips v. District of Columbia, 455 F.3d 397, 403 (D.C. Cir. 

2006). It is unclear whether the Geigers have alleged a violation of their substantive or 

procedural due process rights. See Khushnood, 2022 WL 407152, at *5 n.4 (explaining 

procedural problems with unclear due process pleading in a similar case). Regardless whether 

the Geigers literally stated both claims, they have legally stated neither.

The Geigers offer little guidance in terms of “what . . . interest the agency infringed.” 

Khedkar v. USCIS, 552 F. Supp. 3d 1, 20 (D.D.C. 2021). First, they cite two Ninth Circuit cases 

holding an individual’s “immediate relative status” is a protected interest. See Opp’n at 11 

(citing Ching v. Mayorkas, 725 F.3d 1149, 1156 (9th Cir. 2013) and Bustamante v. Mukasey, 531 

F.3d 1059, 1062 (9th Cir. 2008)). Second, they argue that the “right . . . to apply for the benefit” 

is “protected by due process.” Opp’n at 11. Neither the Geigers’ immigration status nor their
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right to apply are within the reach of the Due Process Clause. See Smirnov v. Clinton, 806 F.

Supp. 2d 1, 12 (D.D.C. 2011) (“Nor do aliens also have a constitutionally-protected interest in 

the procedures by which such visas are obtained.”). 

Ching and Bustamante do not help the Geigers. In these cases, the Ninth Circuit

identified a property interest in “immediate relative status” for purposes of an I-130 petition, 

which is based on the applicant’s marital status. Ching, 725 F.3d at 1156. Not only is the Ninth 

Circuit’s reasoning irrelevant for an I-140 applicant, as it is based on employment or 

employability, but courts in this district have repeatedly rejected it. See, e.g., Zandieh v. 

Pompeo, No. 20-cv-00919, 2020 WL 4346915, at *8 (D.D.C. July 29, 2020) (“This Court one 

again declines the invitation to follow Bustamante, and it finds that Plaintiffs have not stated a 

claim under the Fifth Amendment.”); see also Marquez v. Pompeo, No. 20-cv-3225, 2022 WL 

43492, at *7 (D.D.C. Jan. 5, 2022) (cleaned up) (no due process in a denial of an I-140); Hamal, 

2020 WL 2934954, at *4 (“Because Plaintiff has not pled facts that plausibly demonstrate a 

cognizable property or liberty interest in the ‘extremely restrictive’ extraordinary ability 

designation . . . the Court will dismiss his Due Process claim.”). 

More, even if applying for a visa were a protected interest, the visa approval process is 

“governed by a rule of reason” and thereby not infringed in this case. Dean v. DHS, No. 21-cv2002, 2022 WL 2785967, at *9 (D.D.C. July 15, 2022).

Finally, the Court also rejects the Geigers’ suggestion that entry to the United States upon 

application is a protected interest. See Landon v. Plasencia, 459 U.S. 21, 32 (1982) (“This Court 

has long held that an alien seeking initial admission to the United States requests a privilege and 

has no constitutional rights regarding his application, for the power to admit or exclude aliens is 

a sovereign prerogative.”). 
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The lack of protected interest in their case also sinks the Geigers’ substantive due process 

claim. See Rafeedie v. INS, 880 F.2d 506, 197–200 (D.C. Cir. 1989) (holding a visa is not a 

fundamental right). This is so because the Geigers have not explained how the Government 

acted “deliberately indifferent” to their rights. Est. of Phillips, 455 F.3d at 403. The 

Government’s explanation—delays because of the COVID-19 pandemic—is not “conscienceshocking.” Id.; see MTD at 3. 

Thus, the Geigers’ Fifth Amendment claim will be dismissed for failure to state a claim.

IV.

For these reasons, the Court will grant the Government’s motion to dismiss. A separate 

Order will issue today.

Dated: March 31, 2023 _____________________________

TREVOR N. McFADDEN, U.S.D.J.