T.C. Memo. 1996-373

UNITED STATES TAX COURT

ESTATE OF ANNE F. GRECO, DECEASED,

FREDERICK D. GRECO, CO-ADMINISTRATOR, Petitioner v.

COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent

Docket No. 20683-94. Filed August 13, 1996.

Frederick D. Greco (coadministrator), for petitioner.

Diane D. Helfgott, for respondent.

MEMORANDUM OPINION

KÖRNER, Judge: By notice of deficiency dated August 15,

1994, respondent determined a deficiency in the estate tax of the

Estate of Anne F. Greco, deceased, in the amount of $24,276.53. 

By stipulation of the parties, the case was submitted under Rule

122.
2

All statutory references are to the Internal Revenue Code in

effect as of the date of decedent's death, and all Rule

references are to the Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure,

except as otherwise noted. After the settlement of other issues,

there remains for decision: 

(1) Whether a gift in 1986 of an interest in real property

held by decedent as a tenant by the entireties with her spouse

was an "adjusted taxable gift" for purposes of computing the

estate tax of the decedent. We hold that it is.

(2) Whether there should be allowed additional annual donee

exclusions under section 2503(b), above those allowed by

respondent, in respect of four donated remainder interests. We

hold that no additional exclusions are available for such

interests.

Petitioner is the Estate of Anne F. Greco (decedent), who

died on January 14, 1991. At the time of her death, decedent

resided in Falls Church, Virginia. Edward F. Greco (Edward F.)

and Frederick D. Greco (Frederick), her two sons, were appointed

coadministrators of her estate. The principal office of the

estate was located in McLean, Virginia, when the petition was

filed. Petitioner timely filed a Federal estate tax return on

September 13, 1991. Respondent issued a notice of deficiency to

the estate on August 15, 1994. Frederick filed a petition with

this Court on behalf of the estate on November 10, 1994.
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Decedent was married to Edward Greco (Edward or decedent's

spouse) sometime before 1974. They had two sons, Edward F. and

Frederick, prior to Edward's death on June 19, 1989. 

On January 27, 1974, Fleetwood Corp., owned by Edward,

Edward F., and Frederick, transferred certain real property

located at 1300 Old Chain Ridge Road, McLean, Virginia (real

property), to Edward, Edward F., and Frederick, each of whom

received a one-third interest as tenant in common. By deed dated

April 18, 1974, Edward, Edward F., and Frederick established

tenancies by the entireties as between each of them and their

respective wives, retaining the tenancy in common as between each

couple. The wives of each of the three owners joined in the deed

as transferors to convey their dower interests. 

Decedent had four grandchildren by her two sons. On October

31, 1986, Edward and decedent transferred their one-third

interest in the real property to Edward F. and Frederick for

life, with the remainder interest to the four grandchildren

(designated by name in the deed). On April 15, 1987, Edward and

decedent each filed a gift tax return reporting the transfer. On

those returns they elected to treat each gift made to their

children (and grandchildren) as having been made one-half by each

of them, pursuant to section 2513, or a value of $71,372.50 by

each, before exemptions. Respondent apparently agrees with this

valuation. No gift tax liability then resulted from the

transfers.
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Edward died on June 19, 1989, less than 3 years after the

transfer on October 31, 1986. The estate tax return for his

estate reported adjusted taxable gifts of $51,372.50, which is

$71,372.50 less two $10,000 exclusions pursuant to section

2503(b), representing the life estates created in Edward F. and

Frederick. 

Petitioner did not include the gift of real property made by

decedent on October 31, 1986, as an adjusted taxable gift on

decedent's estate tax return. In the notice of deficiency,

respondent determined that the estate must include $51,372.50 as

adjusted taxable gifts, and that there were no further exclusions

available for the grandchildren, as those interests were merely

future interests.

A tax is imposed upon the transfer of the taxable estate of

a decedent who is a citizen or resident of the United States. 

Sec. 2001(a). The tax is computed first by determining a

tentative tax on the sum of the taxable estate and the adjusted

taxable gifts, and then reducing that tentative tax by the amount

of gift tax that would have been payable on those gifts, using

the rates in effect at the decedent's death. Sec. 2001(b). The

term "adjusted taxable gifts" for purposes of this subsection

means all taxable gifts made by decedent after December 31, 1976,

other than gifts that are includable in the gross estate of

decedent. Taxable gifts are the total amount of gifts made

during the calendar year, less any available deductions or
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exclusions. Sec. 2503. Thus, lifetime gifts that do not give

rise to gift taxes at the time of the gift may increase the net

tax due from the estate of the donor by virtue of their being

included in the "adjusted taxable gifts" of the estate for

purposes of computing the estate tax. The first $10,000 of a

gift or gifts made to a donee in a calendar year shall not be

included in the total amount of gifts made during the year, but

gifts of future interests in property do not qualify for the

exclusion. Sec. 2503(b).

Under section 2001(e), if a decedent's spouse was the donor

of any gift, one-half of which was considered under section 2513

as made by decedent, and the whole amount of such gift is

includable in the gross estate of the decedent's spouse by reason

of section 2035, then such gift shall not be included in the

adjusted taxable gifts of decedent. Generally the gross estate

includes any transfers of property made by a decedent within the

3-year period ending on the date of death, section 2035(a), but

that rule has been substantially narrowed for decedents dying

after 1981. The general rule now does not apply to such

decedents unless within the 3-year period the decedent made a

transfer of an interest in property that is includable in the

estate under section 2036, 2037, 2038, or 2042, or would be

included under those sections had the interest been retained by

decedent. Sec. 2035(d). In the case at bar, no part of the gift

made in 1986 of the interest in real property owned by decedent's
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spouse as a tenant by the entireties with decedent was included

in the gross estate of decedent's spouse by virtue of section

2035; rather, that estate included the value of decedent's

spouse's one-half of the split gift as an adjusted taxable gift

made during the lifetime of decedent's spouse under section

2001(b).

Under section 2040, property held at death by two spouses as

tenants by the entireties is subject to estate taxation upon

death of one, to the extent of one-half the value. Sec. 2040(b). 

Petitioner argues that because decedent received the property (as

tenant by the entireties) from decedent's spouse in 1974 for no

consideration from decedent, upon the death of decedent's spouse,

the full amount of the value of the property should have been

included in decedent's spouse's estate pursuant to section 2040.

Section 2040 applies only to property held by a decedent and

another person at the time of death. Glaser v. United States,

306 F.2d 57 (7th Cir. 1962). In the case at bar, decedent's

spouse did not have an interest in the real property at the time

of his death because decedent and decedent's spouse, as tenants

by the entireties, gifted away their interest in 1986 to Edward

F. and Frederick, as life tenants, with the remainder to the

donors' grandchildren. Petitioner asserts on brief that the

whole interest held by decedent and decedent's spouse should have

been included in the estate of decedent's spouse. Where a gift

is made within 3 years of death, and comes back into the estate
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by virtue of section 2035(a), it will be treated as having been

held by decedent at the time of his death. Commonwealth Trust

Co. v. Driscoll, 50 F. Supp. 949 (W.D. Pa. 1943), affd. 137 F.2d

653 (3d Cir. 1943). Nevertheless, as pointed out earlier, the

application of section 2035 has been substantially narrowed for

decedents dying after 1981. Under the facts of this case, the

transfer in 1986 by decedent's spouse was not of an interest in

property that would have been includable in his gross estate

under section 2036, 2037, 2038, or 2042 if he had retained it

until his death. Thus the transfer, though made within the 3-

year period, was not includable in his estate under section 2035. 

See section 2035(d).

The remaining contentions of petitioner are without merit. 

Petitioner argues that when Edward in 1974 conveyed an interest

in the property to decedent without consideration, he retained a

life estate within the reach of section 2036, which at his death

required the full value of the interest to be included in the

estate of decedent's spouse. Section 2036 provides generally

that the gross estate shall include the value of any interest of

which the decedent has made a transfer and retained a life

estate. As best this Court can discern, petitioner is arguing

that when decedent's spouse created the tenancy by the entirety

in favor of decedent, since he retained an undivided interest in

the whole, such undivided interest in the whole is therefore a

life estate. This is simply a rehash of petitioner's argument
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under section 2040. The conveyance to decedent's spouse and

decedent in 1974 was to place title in decedent and her spouse by

the entireties; each one of them thereafter owned the property,

per tout et non per my, under the amiable fiction of the common

law that husband and wife are one; each one owned the entire

interest in the property, not just a life estate; and had either

of them died while the tenancy continued, the survivor would have

become the sole owner. Alexander v. Alexander, 154 Or. 317, 58

P.2d 1265 (1936); Heffner v. White, 113 Ind. Ct. App. 296, 45

N.E.2d 342 (1942).

Petitioner next argues that the value of the whole estate

should have been included in the estate of decedent's spouse,

pursuant to section 2035, because the transfer was made within 3

years of decedent's death. As was discussed earlier, the tenancy 

by the entireties was created in 1974; the gift to decedent's

children was in 1986; and the latter gift was not includable in

the gross estate of decedent's spouse under section 2035. See

section 2035(d).

Petitioner finally argues that pursuant to Virginia law, the

gift of the remainder to the four grandchildren qualified for a

$10,000 exemption each under section 2503(b) because the rights

in the grandchildren were vested, albeit subject to divestment.

as we have often had occasion to point out, the revenue

laws are to be construed in the light of their general

purpose to establish a nationwide scheme of taxation

uniform in its application. Hence their provisions are

not to be taken as subject to state control or
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limitation unless the language or necessary implication

of the section involved makes its application dependent

on state law. [United States v. Pelzer, 312 U.S. 399,

402-403 (1941) (refusing to apply Alabama law to

determine whether an interest was a future interest for

purposes of section 504(b), the predecessor to section

2035(b))]. 

Thus, we do not need to apply Virginia law to ascertain what

precise future interest was held by the grandchildren. The

annual per donee exclusion is not available for future interests. 

Sec. 2503(b). A future interest is any interest or estate,

vested or contingent, limited to commence in possession or

enjoyment at a future date. United States v. Pelzer, supra. 

Accordingly, no annual exclusions are available for the future

interests in the grandchildren.

We conclude, for these reasons, that the lifetime gift made

by decedent in 1986, with a value of $51,372.50 ($71,372.50 less

$20,000 for exclusions pursuant to section 2503(b)), shall be

treated as an adjusted taxable gift for purposes of section

2001(b).

Decision will be entered

under Rule 155.