EXHIBIT I

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Exhibit A-27

Invalidity Claim Chart for U.S. Patent No. 7,924,802 vs. U.S. Patent No. 8,693,525

U.S. Patent No. 8,693,525 (“Rick”) was filed on July 12, 2007, published on January 17, 2008 (U.S. Patent Application No. 

2008/0013639), and issued on April 8, 2014. Rick anticipates asserted claims 1–4, 6–10, 13, 14, 17, and 21–24 of U.S. Patent No. 

7,924,802 (“the ’802 Patent”) under 35 U.S.C. § 102. Rick also renders obvious asserted claims 1–4, 6–10, 13, 14, 17, and 21–24 of 

the ’802 Patent under 35 U.S.C. § 103, alone based on the state of the art and/or in combination with one or more other references 

identified in Exs. A-1–A-31, Cover Pleading, and First Supplemental Ex. A-Obviousness Chart.

1

 

To the extent Plaintiff alleges that Rick does not disclose any particular limitation of the asserted claims in the ’802 Patent, either 

expressly or inherently, it would have been obvious to a person of ordinary skill in the art as of the priority date of the ’802 Patent to 

modify Rick and/or to combine the teachings of Rick with other prior art references, including but not limited to the present prior art 

references found in Exs. A-1–A-31, Cover Pleading, First Supplemental Ex. A-Obviousness Chart, and the relevant section of charts 

for other prior art for the ’802 Patent in a manner that would render the asserted claims of these patents invalid as obvious.

With respect to the obviousness of the asserted claims of the ’802 Patent under 35 U.S.C. § 103, one or more of the principles 

enumerated by the United States Supreme Court in KSR v. Teleflex, 550 U.S. 398 (2007) apply, including: (a) combining various 

claimed elements known in the prior art according to known methods to yield a predictable result; and/or (b) making a simple 

substitution of one or more known elements for another to obtain a predictable result; and/or (c) using a known technique to improve a 

similar device or method in the same way; and/or (d) applying a known technique to a known device or method ready for 

improvement to yield a predictable result; and/or (e) choosing from a finite number of identified, predictable solutions with a 

reasonable expectation of success or, in other words, the solution was one which was “obvious to try”; and/or (f) a known work in one 

field of endeavor prompting variations of it for use either in the same field or a different field based on given design incentives or 

other market forces in which the variations were predictable to one of ordinary skill in the art; and/or (g) a teaching, suggestion, or 

motivation in the prior art that would have led one of ordinary skill in the art to modify the prior art reference or to combine the 

teachings of various prior art references to arrive at the claimed invention. It therefore would have been obvious to one of ordinary 

skill in the art to combine the disclosures of these references in accordance with the principles and rationales set forth above. 

1

 Samsung is investigating this prior art and has not yet completed discovery from third parties, who may have relevant information 

concerning the prior art, and therefore, Samsung reserves the right to supplement this chart after additional discovery is received. To 

the extent that any of the prior art discloses the same or similar functionality or feature(s) of any of the accused products, Samsung

reserves the right to argue that said feature or functionality does not practice any limitation of any of the asserted claims, and to argue, 

in the alternative, that if said feature or functionality is found to practice any limitation of any of the asserted claims in the ’802 Patent, 

then the prior art reference teaches the limitation and that the claim is not patentable. 

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The citations to portions of any reference in this chart are exemplary only. For example, a citation that refers to or discusses a figure or 

figure item should be understood to also incorporate by reference that figure and any additional descriptions of that figure as if set 

forth fully therein. Samsung reserves the right to rely on the entirety of the references cited in this chart to show that the asserted 

claims of the ’802 Patent are invalid. Citations presented for one claim limitation are expressly incorporated by reference into all 

other limitations for that claim as well as all limitations of all claims on which that claim depends. Samsung also reserves the right to 

rely on additional citations or sources of evidence that also may be applicable, or that may become applicable in light of cl aim 

construction, changes in Plaintiff’s infringement contentions, and/or information obta ined during discovery as the case progresses. 

Claim 1 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

[1.1] A method of 

transmitting information in a 

wireless communication 

channel comprising:

To the extent the preamble is limiting, Rick discloses “A method of transmitting information in a 

wireless communication channel comprising.” See, e.g.: 

A multi-carrier transmitter capable of transmitting on one or multiple frequency channels 

simultaneously is described. In one design, the multi-carrier transmitter includes at least one 

processor and a single radio frequency (RF) transmit chain. The processor(s) may generate output 

chips for each of multiple frequency channels, digitally filter and upsample the output chips for each 

frequency channel to obtain filtered samples, and digitally upconvert the filtered samples for each 

frequency channel to a different frequency to obtain upconverted samples. The processor(s) may then 

combine the upconverted samples for the multiple frequency channels to obtain composite samples, 

perform pre-distortion on the composite samples for I/Q mismatch compensation, and upsample the 

pre-distorted samples to obtain output samples. The output samples may be converted to an analog 

signal with a wideband DAC. The RF transmit chain may process the analog signal to generate an RF 

output signal.

See, e.g., Rick at Abstract.

Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various communication services 

such as voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc. These systems may be multiple -access 

systems capable of supporting multiple users by sharing the available system resources. Examples of 

such multiple-access systems include Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems, Time 

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Claim 1 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

Division Multiple Access (TDMA) systems, Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) systems, 

Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) systems, and Single-Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) systems.

Data usage for wireless communication systems continually grows due to increasing number of users 

as well as emergence of new applications with higher data requirements. A system may support a 

particular maximum data rate on one frequency channel under favorable channel conditions. This 

maximum data rate is typically determined by system design. To increase capacity, the system may 

utilize multiple frequency channels for transmission. However, the design complexity and cost of a 

transmitter may increase substantially in order to support transmission on multiple frequency 

channels.

See, e.g., Rick at 1:20-41.

A multi-carrier transmitter capable of transmitting on one or multiple frequency channels 

simultaneously using a single radio frequency (RF) transmit chain is described herein. The single RF 

transmit chain may be wideband and designed for a particular maximum number of (T) frequency 

channels. Up to T signals may be transmitted simultaneously on up to T frequency channels using 

this single RF transmit chain.

In one design, the multi-carrier transmitter includes at least one processor and one RF transmit chain. 

The processor(s) may generate output chips for each of multiple frequency channels in accordance 

with a particular system such as a High Rate Packet Data (HRPD) system. The output chips for each 

frequency channel may be scaled with a gain selected based on the transmit power for that frequency 

channel. The processor(s) may digitally filter and upsample the output chips for each frequency 

channel to obtain filtered samples and may digitally upconvert the filtered samples for each 

frequency channel to a different frequency to obtain upconverted samples. The processor(s) may 

combine the upconverted samples for the multiple frequency channels to obtain composite samples, 

perform pre-distortion on the composite samples to compensate for gain and phase mismatches of 

subsequent analog quadrature upconversion, and upsample the pre-distorted samples to obtain output 

samples. The output samples may be converted to an analog signal with a wideband digital-to-analog 

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Claim 1 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

converter (DAC). The RF transmit chain may then process (e.g., filter, quadrature upconvert, and 

amplify) the analog signal to generate an RF output signal.

See, e.g., Rick at 1:48-2:9.

The multi-carrier transmitter described herein may be used for various wireless communication 

systems such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, and SC-FDMA systems. The terms “system” and 

“network” are often used interchangeably. A CDMA system may implement a radio technology such 

as cdma2000, Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), etc. cdma2000 covers IS-2000, IS-95, and 

IS-856 standards. UTRA includes Wideband-CDMA (W-CDMA) and Low Chip Rate (LCR). A 

TDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Global System for Mobile 

Communications (GSM). An OFDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Evolved 

UTRA (E-UTRA), IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.16, IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM®, etc. These various 

radio technologies and standards are known in the art. UTRA, E-UTRA, and GSM are described in 

documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project” (3GPP). cdma2000 is 

described in documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project 2” (3GPP2). 

3GPP and 3GPP2 documents are publicly available.

See, e.g., Rick at 2:38-57.

The multi-carrier transmitter described herein may be used for an access terminal as well as an access 

point. An access point is generally a fixed station that communicates with the a ccess terminals and 

may also be referred to as a base station, a Node B, etc. An access terminal may be stationary or 

mobile and may also be referred to as a mobile station, a user equipment (UE), a mobile equipment, a 

terminal, a subscriber unit, a station, etc. An access terminal may be a cellular phone, a personal 

digital assistant (PDA), a handset, a wireless communication device, a handheld device, a wireless 

modem, a laptop computer, etc. For clarity, the use of the multi-carrier transmitter for an access 

terminal is described below.

The multi-carrier transmitter can transmit one or multiple CDMA signals simultaneously. Each 

CDMA signal may be sent on a different CDMA channel. A CDMA channel is a frequency channel 

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Claim 1 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

for one CDMA signal and is 1.2288 MHz wide in HRPD. A CDMA channel is also commonly 

referred to as a carrier.

FIG. 1 shows an example transmission of N CDMA signals on N CDMA channels, where N≧1 in 

general and N>1 for multi-carrier operation. In this example, CDMA channel 1 has a carrier 

frequency of fch1, CDMA channel 2 has a carrier frequency of fch2, and so on, and CDMA channel 

N has a carrier frequency of fchN. The carrier frequencies are typically selected such that the CDMA 

channels are spaced sufficiently far apart to reduce inter-channel interference. In general, the carrier 

frequencies of the N CDMA channels may or may not be related to one another. The ca rrier 

frequency of each CDMA channel may be selected independently subject to a minimum inter-channel 

spacing criterion. The carrier frequencies may be evenly spaced across frequency and separated by a 

fixed frequency spacing of fspacing, which may be 1.2288 MHz or some larger value. The N CDMA 

signals may be transmitted at different power levels (as shown in FIG. 1) or at the same power level. 

The N CDMA signals may carry any type of data for any service such as voice, video, packet data, 

text messaging, etc. The N CDMA signals may be sent to the same access point or to different access 

points.

It is desirable to support transmission of one or multiple CDMA channels using as little circuitry as 

possible in order to reduce cost, lower power consumption, improve reliability, and obtain other 

benefits. T different RF transmit chains may be used to generate up to T CDMA signals for up to T 

CDMA channels, where T is the maximum number of CDMA signals that can be sent 

simultaneously. However, the T RF transmit chains may significantly increase the cost of an access 

terminal.

See, e.g., Rick at 3:1-47.

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Claim 1 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

See, e.g., Rick at Figure 1.

Furthermore, this claim element is obvious in light of Rick itself, when combined with any of the 

other references as charted for this claim element in Exs. A-1–A-31, First Supplemental Ex. AObviousness Chart, and/or when combined with the knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the art. 

Motivations to combine may come from the knowledge of the person of ordinary skill themselves, or 

from the known problems and predictable solutions as embodied in these references. Further 

motivations to combine references and additional details may be found in the Cover Pleading and 

First Supplemental Ex. A-Obviousness Chart.

[1.2] transmitting first 

information across a first 

frequency range using a 

wireless transmitter, the first 

frequency range having a first 

center frequency, a first 

Rick discloses “transmitting first information across a first frequency range using a wireless 

transmitter, the first frequency range having a first center frequency, a first highest frequency, and a 

first lowest frequency.” See, e.g.: 

A multi-carrier transmitter capable of transmitting on one or multiple frequency channels 

simultaneously is described. In one design, the multi-carrier transmitter includes at least one 

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Claim 1 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

highest frequency, and a first 

lowest frequency; and

processor and a single radio frequency (RF) transmit chain. The processor(s) may generate output 

chips for each of multiple frequency channels, digitally filter and upsample the output chips for each 

frequency channel to obtain filtered samples, and digitally upconvert the filtered samples for each 

frequency channel to a different frequency to obtain upconverted samples. The processor(s) may then 

combine the upconverted samples for the multiple frequency channels to obtain composite samples, 

perform pre-distortion on the composite samples for I/Q mismatch compensation, and upsample the 

pre-distorted samples to obtain output samples. The output samples may be converted to an analog 

signal with a wideband DAC. The RF transmit chain may process the analog signal to generate an RF 

output signal.

See, e.g., Rick at Abstract.

Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various communication services 

such as voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc. These systems may be multiple -access 

systems capable of supporting multiple users by sharing the available system resources. Examples of 

such multiple-access systems include Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems, Time 

Division Multiple Access (TDMA) systems, Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) systems, 

Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) systems, and Single-Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) systems.

Data usage for wireless communication systems continually grows due to increasing number of users 

as well as emergence of new applications with higher data requirements. A system may support a 

particular maximum data rate on one frequency channel under favorable channel cond itions. This 

maximum data rate is typically determined by system design. To increase capacity, the system may 

utilize multiple frequency channels for transmission. However, the design complexity and cost of a 

transmitter may increase substantially in order to support transmission on multiple frequency 

channels.

See, e.g., Rick at 1:20-41.

A multi-carrier transmitter capable of transmitting on one or multiple frequency channels 

simultaneously using a single radio frequency (RF) transmit chain is described herein. The single RF 

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Claim 1 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

transmit chain may be wideband and designed for a particular maximum number of (T) frequency 

channels. Up to T signals may be transmitted simultaneously on up to T frequency channels using 

this single RF transmit chain.

In one design, the multi-carrier transmitter includes at least one processor and one RF transmit chain. 

The processor(s) may generate output chips for each of multiple frequency channels in accordance 

with a particular system such as a High Rate Packet Data (HRPD) system. The output chips for each 

frequency channel may be scaled with a gain selected based on the transmit power for that frequency 

channel. The processor(s) may digitally filter and upsample the output chips for each frequency 

channel to obtain filtered samples and may digitally upconvert the filtered samples for each 

frequency channel to a different frequency to obtain upconverted samples. The processor(s) may 

combine the upconverted samples for the multiple frequency channels to obtain composite samples, 

perform pre-distortion on the composite samples to compensate for gain and phase mismatches of 

subsequent analog quadrature upconversion, and upsample the pre-distorted samples to obtain output 

samples. The output samples may be converted to an analog signal with a wideband digital-to-analog 

converter (DAC). The RF transmit chain may then process (e.g., filter, quadrature upconvert, and 

amplify) the analog signal to generate an RF output signal.

See, e.g., Rick at 1:48-2:9.

The multi-carrier transmitter described herein may be used for various wireless communication 

systems such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, and SC-FDMA systems. The terms “system” and 

“network” are often used interchangeably. A CDMA system may implement a radio technology such 

as cdma2000, Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), etc. cdma2000 covers IS-2000, IS-95, and 

IS-856 standards. UTRA includes Wideband-CDMA (W-CDMA) and Low Chip Rate (LCR). A 

TDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Global System for Mobile 

Communications (GSM). An OFDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Evolved 

UTRA (E-UTRA), IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.16, IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM®, etc. These various 

radio technologies and standards are known in the art. UTRA, E-UTRA, and GSM are described in 

documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project” (3GPP). cdma2000 is 

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Claim 1 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

described in documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project 2” (3GPP2). 

3GPP and 3GPP2 documents are publicly available.

See, e.g., Rick at 2:38-57.

The multi-carrier transmitter described herein may be used for an access terminal as well as an access 

point. An access point is generally a fixed station that communicates with the access terminals and 

may also be referred to as a base station, a Node B, etc. An access terminal may be stationary or 

mobile and may also be referred to as a mobile station, a user equipment (UE), a mobile equipment, a 

terminal, a subscriber unit, a station, etc. An access terminal may be a cellular phone, a personal 

digital assistant (PDA), a handset, a wireless communication device, a handheld device, a wireless 

modem, a laptop computer, etc. For clarity, the use of the multi-carrier transmitter for an access 

terminal is described below.

The multi-carrier transmitter can transmit one or multiple CDMA signals simultaneously. Each 

CDMA signal may be sent on a different CDMA channel. A CDMA channel is a frequency channel 

for one CDMA signal and is 1.2288 MHz wide in HRPD. A CDMA channel is also commonly 

referred to as a carrier.

FIG. 1 shows an example transmission of N CDMA signals on N CDMA channels, where N≧1 in 

general and N>1 for multi-carrier operation. In this example, CDMA channel 1 has a carrier 

frequency of fch1, CDMA channel 2 has a carrier frequency of fch2, and so on, and CDMA channel 

N has a carrier frequency of fchN. The carrier frequencies are typically selected such that the CDMA 

channels are spaced sufficiently far apart to reduce inter-channel interference. In general, the carrier 

frequencies of the N CDMA channels may or may not be related to one another. The carrier 

frequency of each CDMA channel may be selected independently subject to a minimum inter-channel 

spacing criterion. The carrier frequencies may be evenly spaced across frequency and separated by a 

fixed frequency spacing of fspacing, which may be 1.2288 MHz or some larger value. The N CDMA 

signals may be transmitted at different power levels (as shown in FIG. 1) or at the same power level. 

The N CDMA signals may carry any type of data for any service such as voice, video, packet data, 

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Claim 1 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

text messaging, etc. The N CDMA signals may be sent to the same access point or to different access 

points.

It is desirable to support transmission of one or multiple CDMA channels using as little circuitry as 

possible in order to reduce cost, lower power consumption, improve reliability, and obtain other 

benefits. T different RF transmit chains may be used to generate up to T CDMA signals for up to T 

CDMA channels, where T is the maximum number of CDMA signals that can be sent 

simultaneously. However, the T RF transmit chains may significantly increase the cost of an access 

terminal.

See, e.g., Rick at 3:1-47.

Within digital section 202, a data processor 210 processes data, pilot, and control information and 

provides N output chip streams for N CDMA signals to N digital filter 212 a through 212 n. A chip is 

typically a complex value sent in one chip period, which is a time duration determined by a system. 

Each output chip stream may be at a chip rate (c×1), which is 1.2288 megachips/second (Mcps) for 

HRPD. Each digital filter 212 filters its output chip stream, performs upsampling, and provides a 

filtered sample stream to a rotator 214. Each filtered sample stream may be at a sample rate of 

fsample. The sample rate may be fixed and selected based on the maximum number of CDMA 

signals that can be transmitted simultaneously. Alternatively, the sample rate may be configurable 

and selected based on the number of CDMA signals being transmitted simultaneously. Each rotator 

214 operates as a digital upconverter, frequency upconverts its filtered sample stream with a digital 

local oscillator (LO) signal, and provides an upconverted sample stream. The digital LO signal for the 

CDMA signal sent on CDMA channel n has a frequency of fn, which is determined by the carrier 

frequency fchn of CDMA channel n and the frequency fc of an analog LO signal used for 

upconversion to RF. A summer 216 receives and sums the N upconverted sample streams from N 

rotators 214 a through 214 n and provides a composite sample stream. A post processor 218 performs 

post processing on the composite sample stream and provides an output sample stream. A DAC 220 

converts the output sample stream to analog and provides an analog baseband signal containing the N 

CDMA signals.

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Claim 1 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

An RF transmit chain may implement a super-heterodyne architecture or a direct-conversion 

architecture. In the super-heterodyne architecture, a baseband signal is frequency upconverted in 

multiple stages, e.g., from baseband to an intermediate frequency (IF) in one stage, and then from IF 

to RF in another stage. In the direct-conversion architecture, which is also referred to as a zero-IF 

architecture, the baseband signal is frequency upconverted from baseband directly to RF in one stage. 

The super-heterodyne and direct-conversion architectures may use different circuit blocks and/or 

have different circuit requirements. The following description assumes the use of the directconversion architecture.

Within RF transmit chain 204, an analog lowpass filter 222 filters the analog baseband signal from 

DAC 220 to remove images caused by the digital-to-analog conversion and provides a filtered signal. 

A mixer 224 frequency upconverts the filtered signal from baseband to RF with an analog LO signal 

from an LO generator 226. LO generator 226 may include a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), a 

phase locked loop (PLL), a reference oscillator, etc. A variable gain amplifier (VGA) 228 amplifies 

the upconverted signal from mixer 224 with a variable gain. A bandpass filter 230 filters the signal 

from VGA 228 to remove images caused by the frequency upconversion. Bandpass filter 230 may be 

a surface acoustic wave (SAW) filter, a ceramic filter, or some other type of filter. A power amplifier 

(PA) 232 amplifies the signal from filter 230 and provides an RF output signal hav ing the proper 

power level. The RF output signal is routed through a duplexer 234 and transmitted via an antenna 

236. As shown in FIG. 2, the signals from data processor 210 to mixer 224 are typically complex 

signals having inphase (I) and quadrature (Q) components.

DAC 220 and RF transmit chain 204 may be wideband to support simultaneous transmission of N 

CDMA signals on N CDMA channels. DAC 220 may be operated at a sufficiently high clock rate 

and may have sufficient resolution for conversion of a digital sample stream containing all N CDMA 

signals. Analog lowpass filter 222 may have a fixed or variable bandwidth that may be sufficiently 

wide to pass all of the CDMA signals being sent simultaneously. The subsequent analog circuit 

blocks may also be wideband to pass all of the CDMA signals. Bandpass filter 230 may be wideband 

and may pass an entire frequency band, e.g., from 824 to 849 MHz for cellular band and from 1850 to 

1910 MHz for Personal Communications Service (PCS) band.

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Claim 1 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

See, e.g., Rick at 3:61-4:67.

Multi-carrier transmitter 200 may be used in conjunction with a multi-carrier receiver that can receive 

one or more CDMA channels. Duplexer 234 may route an RF received signal from antenna 236 to 

the multi-carrier receiver, which is not shown in FIG. 2. The multi-carrier receiver may process the 

RF received signal to recover data and control information sent on one or more CDMA channels.

See, e.g., Rick at 5:24-30.

See, e.g., Rick at Figure 1.

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Claim 1 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

See, e.g., Rick at Figure 2.

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Claim 1 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

See, e.g., Rick at Figure 10.

Furthermore, this claim element is obvious in light of Rick itself, when combined with any of the 

other references as charted for this claim element in Exs. A-1–A-31, First Supplemental Ex. AObviousness Chart, and/or when combined with the knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the art. 

Motivations to combine may come from the knowledge of the person of ordinary skill themselves, or 

from the known problems and predictable solutions as embodied in these references. Further 

motivations to combine references and additional details may be found in the Cover Pleading and 

First Supplemental Ex. A-Obviousness Chart.

[1.3] simultaneously 

transmitting second 

information across a second 

frequency range using the 

same wireless transmitter, the 

second frequency range 

having a second center 

frequency greater than the 

first center frequency, a 

second highest frequency, and 

a second lowest frequency.

Rick discloses “simultaneously transmitting second information across a second frequency range 

using the same wireless transmitter, the second frequency range having a second center frequency 

greater than the first center frequency, a second highest frequency, and a second lowest frequency .” 

See, e.g.: 

A multi-carrier transmitter capable of transmitting on one or multiple frequency channels 

simultaneously is described. In one design, the multi-carrier transmitter includes at least one 

processor and a single radio frequency (RF) transmit chain. The processor(s) may generate output 

chips for each of multiple frequency channels, digitally filter and upsample the output chips for each 

frequency channel to obtain filtered samples, and digitally upconvert the filtered samples for each 

frequency channel to a different frequency to obtain upconverted samples. The processor(s) may then 

combine the upconverted samples for the multiple frequency channels to obtain composite samples, 

perform pre-distortion on the composite samples for I/Q mismatch compensation, and upsample the 

pre-distorted samples to obtain output samples. The output samples may be converted to an analog 

signal with a wideband DAC. The RF transmit chain may process the analog signal to generate an RF 

output signal.

See, e.g., Rick at Abstract.

Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various communication s ervices 

such as voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc. These systems may be multiple -access 

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Claim 1 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

systems capable of supporting multiple users by sharing the available system resources. Examples of 

such multiple-access systems include Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems, Time 

Division Multiple Access (TDMA) systems, Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) systems, 

Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) systems, and Single-Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) systems.

Data usage for wireless communication systems continually grows due to increasing number of users 

as well as emergence of new applications with higher data requirements. A system may support a 

particular maximum data rate on one frequency channel under favorable channel conditions. This 

maximum data rate is typically determined by system design. To increase capacity, the system may 

utilize multiple frequency channels for transmission. However, the design complexity and cost of a 

transmitter may increase substantially in order to support transmission on multiple frequency 

channels.

See, e.g., Rick at 1:20-41.

A multi-carrier transmitter capable of transmitting on one or multiple frequency channels 

simultaneously using a single radio frequency (RF) transmit chain is described herein. The single RF 

transmit chain may be wideband and designed for a particular maximum number of (T) frequency 

channels. Up to T signals may be transmitted simultaneously on up to T frequency channels using 

this single RF transmit chain.

In one design, the multi-carrier transmitter includes at least one processor and one RF transmit chain. 

The processor(s) may generate output chips for each of multiple frequency channels in accordance 

with a particular system such as a High Rate Packet Data (HRPD) system. The output chips for each 

frequency channel may be scaled with a gain selected based on the transmit power for that frequency 

channel. The processor(s) may digitally filter and upsample the output chips for each frequency 

channel to obtain filtered samples and may digitally upconvert the filtered samples for each 

frequency channel to a different frequency to obtain upconverted samples. The processor(s) may 

combine the upconverted samples for the multiple frequency channels to obtain composite samples, 

perform pre-distortion on the composite samples to compensate for gain and phase mismatches of 

subsequent analog quadrature upconversion, and upsample the pre-distorted samples to obtain output 

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Claim 1 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

samples. The output samples may be converted to an analog signal with a wideband digital-to-analog 

converter (DAC). The RF transmit chain may then process (e.g., filter, quadrature upconvert, and 

amplify) the analog signal to generate an RF output signal.

See, e.g., Rick at 1:48-2:9.

The multi-carrier transmitter described herein may be used for various wireless communication 

systems such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, and SC-FDMA systems. The terms “system” and 

“network” are often used interchangeably. A CDMA system may implement a radio technology such 

as cdma2000, Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), etc. cdma2000 covers IS-2000, IS-95, and 

IS-856 standards. UTRA includes Wideband-CDMA (W-CDMA) and Low Chip Rate (LCR). A 

TDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Global System for Mobile 

Communications (GSM). An OFDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Evolved 

UTRA (E-UTRA), IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.16, IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM®, etc. These various 

radio technologies and standards are known in the art. UTRA, E-UTRA, and GSM are described in 

documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project” (3GPP). cdma2000 is 

described in documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project 2” (3GPP2). 

3GPP and 3GPP2 documents are publicly available.

See, e.g., Rick at 2:38-57.

The multi-carrier transmitter described herein may be used for an access terminal as well as an access 

point. An access point is generally a fixed station that communicates with the access terminals and 

may also be referred to as a base station, a Node B, etc. An access terminal may be stationary or 

mobile and may also be referred to as a mobile station, a user equipment (UE), a mobile equipment, a 

terminal, a subscriber unit, a station, etc. An access terminal may be a cellular phone, a personal 

digital assistant (PDA), a handset, a wireless communication device, a handheld device, a wireless 

modem, a laptop computer, etc. For clarity, the use of the multi-carrier transmitter for an access 

terminal is described below.

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Claim 1 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

The multi-carrier transmitter can transmit one or multiple CDMA signals simultaneously. Each 

CDMA signal may be sent on a different CDMA channel. A CDMA channel is a frequency channel 

for one CDMA signal and is 1.2288 MHz wide in HRPD. A CDMA channel is also commonly 

referred to as a carrier.

FIG. 1 shows an example transmission of N CDMA signals on N CDMA channels, where N≧1 in 

general and N>1 for multi-carrier operation. In this example, CDMA channel 1 has a carrier 

frequency of fch1, CDMA channel 2 has a carrier frequency of fch2, and so on, and CDMA channel 

N has a carrier frequency of fchN. The carrier frequencies are typically selected such that the CDMA 

channels are spaced sufficiently far apart to reduce inter-channel interference. In general, the carrier 

frequencies of the N CDMA channels may or may not be related to one another. The carrier 

frequency of each CDMA channel may be selected independently subject to a minimum inter-channel 

spacing criterion. The carrier frequencies may be evenly spaced across frequency and separated by a 

fixed frequency spacing of fspacing, which may be 1.2288 MHz or some larger value. The N CDMA 

signals may be transmitted at different power levels (as shown in FIG. 1) or at the same power level. 

The N CDMA signals may carry any type of data for any service such as voice, video, packet data, 

text messaging, etc. The N CDMA signals may be sent to the same access point or to different access 

points.

It is desirable to support transmission of one or multiple CDMA channels using as little circuitry as 

possible in order to reduce cost, lower power consumption, improve reliability, and obtain other 

benefits. T different RF transmit chains may be used to generate up to T CDMA signals for up to T 

CDMA channels, where T is the maximum number of CDMA signals that can be sent 

simultaneously. However, the T RF transmit chains may significantly increase the cost of an access 

terminal.

See, e.g., Rick at 3:1-47.

Within digital section 202, a data processor 210 processes data, pilot, and control information and 

provides N output chip streams for N CDMA signals to N digital filter 212 a through 212 n. A chip is 

typically a complex value sent in one chip period, which is a time duration determined by a system. 

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Claim 1 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

Each output chip stream may be at a chip rate (c×1), which is 1.2288 megachips/second (Mcps) for 

HRPD. Each digital filter 212 filters its output chip stream, performs upsampling, and provides a 

filtered sample stream to a rotator 214. Each filtered sample stream may be at a sample rate of 

fsample. The sample rate may be fixed and selected based on the maximum number of CDMA 

signals that can be transmitted simultaneously. Alternatively, the sample rate may be configurable 

and selected based on the number of CDMA signals being transmitted simultaneously. Each rotator 

214 operates as a digital upconverter, frequency upconverts its filtered sample stream with a digital 

local oscillator (LO) signal, and provides an upconverted sample stream. The digital LO signal for the 

CDMA signal sent on CDMA channel n has a frequency of fn, which is determined by the carrier 

frequency fchn of CDMA channel n and the frequency fc of an analog LO signal used for 

upconversion to RF. A summer 216 receives and sums the N upconverted sample streams from N 

rotators 214 a through 214 n and provides a composite sample stream. A post processor 218 performs 

post processing on the composite sample stream and provides an output sample stream. A DAC 220 

converts the output sample stream to analog and provides an analog baseband signal containing the N 

CDMA signals.

An RF transmit chain may implement a super-heterodyne architecture or a direct-conversion 

architecture. In the super-heterodyne architecture, a baseband signal is frequency upconverted in 

multiple stages, e.g., from baseband to an intermediate frequency (IF) in one stage, and then from IF 

to RF in another stage. In the direct-conversion architecture, which is also referred to as a zero-IF 

architecture, the baseband signal is frequency upconverted from baseband directly to RF in one stage. 

The super-heterodyne and direct-conversion architectures may use different circuit blocks and/or 

have different circuit requirements. The following description assumes the use of the directconversion architecture.

Within RF transmit chain 204, an analog lowpass filter 222 filters the analog baseband signal from 

DAC 220 to remove images caused by the digital-to-analog conversion and provides a filtered signal. 

A mixer 224 frequency upconverts the filtered signal from baseband to RF with an analog LO signal 

from an LO generator 226. LO generator 226 may include a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), a 

phase locked loop (PLL), a reference oscillator, etc. A variable gain amplifier (VGA) 228 amplifies 

the upconverted signal from mixer 224 with a variable gain. A bandpass filter 230 filters the signal 

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Claim 1 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

from VGA 228 to remove images caused by the frequency upconversion. Bandpass filter 230 may be 

a surface acoustic wave (SAW) filter, a ceramic filter, or some other type of filter. A power amplifier 

(PA) 232 amplifies the signal from filter 230 and provides an RF output signal having the proper 

power level. The RF output signal is routed through a duplexer 234 and transmitted via an antenna 

236. As shown in FIG. 2, the signals from data processor 210 to mixer 224 are typically complex 

signals having inphase (I) and quadrature (Q) components.

DAC 220 and RF transmit chain 204 may be wideband to support simultaneous transmission of N 

CDMA signals on N CDMA channels. DAC 220 may be operated at a sufficiently high clock rate 

and may have sufficient resolution for conversion of a digital sample stream containing all N CDMA 

signals. Analog lowpass filter 222 may have a fixed or variable bandwidth that may be sufficiently 

wide to pass all of the CDMA signals being sent simultaneously. The subsequent analog circuit 

blocks may also be wideband to pass all of the CDMA signals. Bandpass filter 230 may be wideband 

and may pass an entire frequency band, e.g., from 824 to 849 MHz for cellular band and from 1850 to 

1910 MHz for Personal Communications Service (PCS) band.

See, e.g., Rick at 3:61-4:67.

Multi-carrier transmitter 200 may be used in conjunction with a multi-carrier receiver that can receive 

one or more CDMA channels. Duplexer 234 may route an RF received signal from antenna 236 to 

the multi-carrier receiver, which is not shown in FIG. 2. The multi-carrier receiver may process the 

RF received signal to recover data and control information sent on one or more CDMA channels.

See, e.g., Rick at 5:24-30.

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Claim 1 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

See, e.g., Rick at Figure 1.

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Claim 1 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

See, e.g., Rick at Figure 2.

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Claim 1 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

See, e.g., Rick at Figure 10.

Furthermore, this claim element is obvious in light of Rick itself, when combined with any of the 

other references as charted for this claim element in Exs. A-1–A-31, First Supplemental Ex. AObviousness Chart, and/or when combined with the knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the art. 

Motivations to combine may come from the knowledge of the person of ordinary skill themselves, or 

from the known problems and predictable solutions as embodied in these references. Further 

motivations to combine references and additional details may be found in the Cover Pleading and 

First Supplemental Ex. A-Obviousness Chart.

Claim 2 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

[2.1] The method of claim 1 Rick discloses all the elements of claim 1 for all the reasons provided above.

[2.2] wherein frequency 

difference between the first 

center frequency and the 

second center frequency is 

greater than the sum of onehalf the first frequency range 

and one-half the second 

frequency range.

Rick discloses “wherein frequency difference between the first center frequency and the second 

center frequency is greater than the sum of one-half the first frequency range and one-half the second 

frequency range.” See, e.g.: 

A multi-carrier transmitter capable of transmitting on one or multiple frequency channels 

simultaneously is described. In one design, the multi-carrier transmitter includes at least one 

processor and a single radio frequency (RF) transmit chain. The processor(s) may generate output 

chips for each of multiple frequency channels, digitally filter and upsample the output chips for each 

frequency channel to obtain filtered samples, and digitally upconvert the filtered samples for each 

frequency channel to a different frequency to obtain upconverted samples. The processor(s) may then 

combine the upconverted samples for the multiple frequency channels to obtain composite samples, 

perform pre-distortion on the composite samples for I/Q mismatch compensation, and upsample the 

pre-distorted samples to obtain output samples. The output samples may be converted to an analog 

signal with a wideband DAC. The RF transmit chain may process the analog signal to generate an RF 

output signal.

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Claim 2 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

See, e.g., Rick at Abstract.

Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various communication services 

such as voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc. These systems may be multiple -access 

systems capable of supporting multiple users by sharing the available system resources. Examples of 

such multiple-access systems include Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems, Time 

Division Multiple Access (TDMA) systems, Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) systems, 

Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) systems, and Single-Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) systems.

Data usage for wireless communication systems continually grows due to increasing number of users 

as well as emergence of new applications with higher data requirements. A system may support a 

particular maximum data rate on one frequency channel under favorable channel conditions. This 

maximum data rate is typically determined by system design. To increase capacity, the system may 

utilize multiple frequency channels for transmission. However, the design complexity and cost of a 

transmitter may increase substantially in order to support transmission on multiple frequency 

channels.

See, e.g., Rick at 1:20-41.

A multi-carrier transmitter capable of transmitting on one or multiple frequency channels 

simultaneously using a single radio frequency (RF) transmit chain is described herein. The single RF 

transmit chain may be wideband and designed for a particular maximum number of (T) frequency 

channels. Up to T signals may be transmitted simultaneously on up to T frequency channels using 

this single RF transmit chain.

In one design, the multi-carrier transmitter includes at least one processor and one RF transmit chain. 

The processor(s) may generate output chips for each of multiple frequency channels in accordance 

with a particular system such as a High Rate Packet Data (HRPD) system. The output chips for each 

frequency channel may be scaled with a gain selected based on the transmit power for that frequency 

channel. The processor(s) may digitally filter and upsample the output chips for each frequency 

channel to obtain filtered samples and may digitally upconvert the filtered samples for each 

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Claim 2 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

frequency channel to a different frequency to obtain upconverted samples. The processor(s) may 

combine the upconverted samples for the multiple frequency channels to obtain composite samples, 

perform pre-distortion on the composite samples to compensate for gain and phase mismatches of 

subsequent analog quadrature upconversion, and upsample the pre-distorted samples to obtain output 

samples. The output samples may be converted to an analog signal with a wideband digital-to-analog 

converter (DAC). The RF transmit chain may then process (e.g., filter, quadrature upconvert, and 

amplify) the analog signal to generate an RF output signal.

See, e.g., Rick at 1:48-2:9.

The multi-carrier transmitter described herein may be used for various wireless communication 

systems such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, and SC-FDMA systems. The terms “system” and 

“network” are often used interchangeably. A CDMA system may implement a radio technology such 

as cdma2000, Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), etc. cdma2000 covers IS-2000, IS-95, and 

IS-856 standards. UTRA includes Wideband-CDMA (W-CDMA) and Low Chip Rate (LCR). A 

TDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Global System for Mobile 

Communications (GSM). An OFDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Evolved 

UTRA (E-UTRA), IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.16, IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM®, etc. These various 

radio technologies and standards are known in the art. UTRA, E-UTRA, and GSM are described in 

documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project” (3GPP). cdma2000 is 

described in documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project 2” (3GPP2). 

3GPP and 3GPP2 documents are publicly available.

See, e.g., Rick at 2:38-57.

The multi-carrier transmitter described herein may be used for an access terminal as well as an access 

point. An access point is generally a fixed station that communicates with the access terminals and 

may also be referred to as a base station, a Node B, etc. An access terminal may be stationary or 

mobile and may also be referred to as a mobile station, a user equipment (UE), a mobile equipment, a 

terminal, a subscriber unit, a station, etc. An access terminal may be a cellular phone, a personal 

digital assistant (PDA), a handset, a wireless communication device, a handheld device, a wireless 

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Claim 2 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

modem, a laptop computer, etc. For clarity, the use of the multi-carrier transmitter for an access 

terminal is described below.

The multi-carrier transmitter can transmit one or multiple CDMA signals simultaneously. Each 

CDMA signal may be sent on a different CDMA channel. A CDMA channel is a frequency channel 

for one CDMA signal and is 1.2288 MHz wide in HRPD. A CDMA channel is also commonly 

referred to as a carrier.

FIG. 1 shows an example transmission of N CDMA signals on N CDMA channels, where N≧1 in 

general and N>1 for multi-carrier operation. In this example, CDMA channel 1 has a carrier 

frequency of fch1, CDMA channel 2 has a carrier frequency of fch2, and so on, and CDMA channel 

N has a carrier frequency of fchN. The carrier frequencies are typically selected such that the CDMA 

channels are spaced sufficiently far apart to reduce inter-channel interference. In general, the carrier 

frequencies of the N CDMA channels may or may not be related to one another. The carrier 

frequency of each CDMA channel may be selected independently subject to a minimum inter-channel 

spacing criterion. The carrier frequencies may be evenly spaced across frequency and separated by a 

fixed frequency spacing of fspacing, which may be 1.2288 MHz or some larger value. The N CDMA 

signals may be transmitted at different power levels (as shown in FIG. 1) or at the same power level. 

The N CDMA signals may carry any type of data for any service such as voice, video, packet data, 

text messaging, etc. The N CDMA signals may be sent to the same access point or to different access 

points.

It is desirable to support transmission of one or multiple CDMA channels using as little circuitry as 

possible in order to reduce cost, lower power consumption, improve reliability, and obtain other 

benefits. T different RF transmit chains may be used to generate up to T CDMA signals for up to T 

CDMA channels, where T is the maximum number of CDMA signals that can be sent 

simultaneously. However, the T RF transmit chains may significantly increase the cost of an access 

terminal.

See, e.g., Rick at 3:1-47.

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Claim 2 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

Within digital section 202, a data processor 210 processes data, pilot, and control information and 

provides N output chip streams for N CDMA signals to N digital filter 212 a through 212 n. A chip is 

typically a complex value sent in one chip period, which is a time duration determined by a system. 

Each output chip stream may be at a chip rate (c×1), which is 1.2288 megachips/second (Mcps) for 

HRPD. Each digital filter 212 filters its output chip stream, performs upsampling, and provides a 

filtered sample stream to a rotator 214. Each filtered sample stream may be at a sample rate of 

fsample. The sample rate may be fixed and selected based on the maximum number of CDMA 

signals that can be transmitted simultaneously. Alternatively, the sample rate may be configurable 

and selected based on the number of CDMA signals being transmitted simultaneously. Each rotator 

214 operates as a digital upconverter, frequency upconverts its filtered sample stream with a digital 

local oscillator (LO) signal, and provides an upconverted sample stream. The digital LO signal for the 

CDMA signal sent on CDMA channel n has a frequency of fn, which is determined by the carrier 

frequency fchn of CDMA channel n and the frequency fc of an analog LO signal used for 

upconversion to RF. A summer 216 receives and sums the N upconverted sample streams from N 

rotators 214 a through 214 n and provides a composite sample stream. A post processor 218 performs 

post processing on the composite sample stream and provides an output sample stream. A DAC 220 

converts the output sample stream to analog and provides an analog baseband signal containing the N 

CDMA signals.

An RF transmit chain may implement a super-heterodyne architecture or a direct-conversion 

architecture. In the super-heterodyne architecture, a baseband signal is frequency upconverted in 

multiple stages, e.g., from baseband to an intermediate frequency (IF) in one stage, and then from IF 

to RF in another stage. In the direct-conversion architecture, which is also referred to as a zero-IF 

architecture, the baseband signal is frequency upconverted from baseband directly to RF in one stage. 

The super-heterodyne and direct-conversion architectures may use different circuit blocks and/or 

have different circuit requirements. The following description assumes the use of the directconversion architecture.

Within RF transmit chain 204, an analog lowpass filter 222 filters the analog baseband signal from 

DAC 220 to remove images caused by the digital-to-analog conversion and provides a filtered signal. 

A mixer 224 frequency upconverts the filtered signal from baseband to RF with an analog LO signal 

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Claim 2 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

from an LO generator 226. LO generator 226 may include a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), a 

phase locked loop (PLL), a reference oscillator, etc. A variable gain amplifier (VGA) 228 amplifies 

the upconverted signal from mixer 224 with a variable gain. A bandpass filter 230 filters the signal 

from VGA 228 to remove images caused by the frequency upconversion. Bandpass filter 230 may be 

a surface acoustic wave (SAW) filter, a ceramic filter, or some other type of filter. A power amplifier 

(PA) 232 amplifies the signal from filter 230 and provides an RF output signal having the proper 

power level. The RF output signal is routed through a duplexer 234 and transmitted via an antenna 

236. As shown in FIG. 2, the signals from data processor 210 to mixer 224 are typically complex 

signals having inphase (I) and quadrature (Q) components.

DAC 220 and RF transmit chain 204 may be wideband to support simultaneous transmission of N 

CDMA signals on N CDMA channels. DAC 220 may be operated at a sufficiently high clock rate 

and may have sufficient resolution for conversion of a digital sample stream containing all N CDMA 

signals. Analog lowpass filter 222 may have a fixed or variable bandwidth that may be sufficiently 

wide to pass all of the CDMA signals being sent simultaneously. The subsequent analog circuit 

blocks may also be wideband to pass all of the CDMA signals. Bandpass filter 230 may be wideband 

and may pass an entire frequency band, e.g., from 824 to 849 MHz for cellular band and from 1850 to 

1910 MHz for Personal Communications Service (PCS) band.

See, e.g., Rick at 3:61-4:67.

Multi-carrier transmitter 200 may be used in conjunction with a multi-carrier receiver that can receive 

one or more CDMA channels. Duplexer 234 may route an RF received signal from antenna 236 to 

the multi-carrier receiver, which is not shown in FIG. 2. The multi-carrier receiver may process the 

RF received signal to recover data and control information sent on one or more CDMA channels.

See, e.g., Rick at 5:24-30.

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Claim 2 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

See, e.g., Rick at Figure 1.

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Claim 2 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

See, e.g., Rick at Figure 2.

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Claim 2 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

See, e.g., Rick at Figure 10.

Furthermore, this claim element is obvious in light of Rick itself, when combined with any of the 

other references as charted for this claim element in Exs. A-1–A-31, First Supplemental Ex. AObviousness Chart, and/or when combined with the knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the art. 

Motivations to combine may come from the knowledge of the person of ordinary skill themselves, or 

from the known problems and predictable solutions as embodied in these references. Further 

motivations to combine references and additional details may be found in the Cover Pleading and 

First Supplemental Ex. A-Obviousness Chart.

Claim 3 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

[3.1] The method of claim 1 Rick discloses all the elements of claim 1 for all the reasons provided above.

[3.2] wherein the first and 

second information are 

transmitted using the same 

power amplifier in said 

wireless transmitter.

Rick discloses “wherein the first and second information are transmitted using the same power 

amplifier in said wireless transmitter.” See, e.g.: 

A multi-carrier transmitter capable of transmitting on one or multiple frequency channels 

simultaneously is described. In one design, the multi-carrier transmitter includes at least one 

processor and a single radio frequency (RF) transmit chain. The processor(s) may generate output 

chips for each of multiple frequency channels, digitally filter and upsample the output chips for each 

frequency channel to obtain filtered samples, and digitally upconvert the filtered samples for each 

frequency channel to a different frequency to obtain upconverted samples. The processor(s) may then 

combine the upconverted samples for the multiple frequency channels to obtain composite samples, 

perform pre-distortion on the composite samples for I/Q mismatch compensation, and upsample the 

pre-distorted samples to obtain output samples. The output samples may be converted to an analog 

signal with a wideband DAC. The RF transmit chain may process the analog signal to generate an RF 

output signal.

See, e.g., Rick at Abstract.

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Claim 3 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various communication services 

such as voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc. These systems may be multiple -access 

systems capable of supporting multiple users by sharing the available system resources. Examples of 

such multiple-access systems include Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems, Time 

Division Multiple Access (TDMA) systems, Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) systems, 

Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) systems, and Single-Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) systems.

Data usage for wireless communication systems continually grows due to increasing number of users 

as well as emergence of new applications with higher data requirements. A system may support a 

particular maximum data rate on one frequency channel under favorable channel conditions. This 

maximum data rate is typically determined by system design. To increase capacity, the system may 

utilize multiple frequency channels for transmission. However, the design complexity and cost of a 

transmitter may increase substantially in order to support transmission on multiple frequency 

channels.

See, e.g., Rick at 1:20-41.

A multi-carrier transmitter capable of transmitting on one or multiple frequency channels 

simultaneously using a single radio frequency (RF) transmit chain is described herein. The single RF 

transmit chain may be wideband and designed for a particular maximum number of (T) frequency 

channels. Up to T signals may be transmitted simultaneously on up to T frequency channels using 

this single RF transmit chain.

In one design, the multi-carrier transmitter includes at least one processor and one RF transmit chain. 

The processor(s) may generate output chips for each of multiple frequency channels in accordance 

with a particular system such as a High Rate Packet Data (HRPD) system. The output chips for each 

frequency channel may be scaled with a gain selected based on the transmit power for that frequency 

channel. The processor(s) may digitally filter and upsample the output chips for each frequency 

channel to obtain filtered samples and may digitally upconvert the filtered samples for each 

frequency channel to a different frequency to obtain upconverted samples. The processor(s) may 

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combine the upconverted samples for the multiple frequency channels to obtain composite samples, 

perform pre-distortion on the composite samples to compensate for gain and phase mismatches of 

subsequent analog quadrature upconversion, and upsample the pre-distorted samples to obtain output 

samples. The output samples may be converted to an analog signal with a wideband digital-to-analog 

converter (DAC). The RF transmit chain may then process (e.g., filter, quadrature upconvert, and 

amplify) the analog signal to generate an RF output signal.

See, e.g., Rick at 1:48-2:9.

The multi-carrier transmitter described herein may be used for various wireless communication 

systems such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, and SC-FDMA systems. The terms “system” and 

“network” are often used interchangeably. A CDMA system may implement a radio technology such 

as cdma2000, Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), etc. cdma2000 covers IS-2000, IS-95, and 

IS-856 standards. UTRA includes Wideband-CDMA (W-CDMA) and Low Chip Rate (LCR). A 

TDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Global System for Mobile 

Communications (GSM). An OFDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Evolved 

UTRA (E-UTRA), IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.16, IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM®, etc. These various 

radio technologies and standards are known in the art. UTRA, E-UTRA, and GSM are described in 

documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project” (3GPP). cdma2000 is 

described in documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project 2” (3GPP2). 

3GPP and 3GPP2 documents are publicly available.

See, e.g., Rick at 2:38-57.

The multi-carrier transmitter described herein may be used for an access terminal as well as an access

point. An access point is generally a fixed station that communicates with the access terminals and 

may also be referred to as a base station, a Node B, etc. An access terminal may be stationary or 

mobile and may also be referred to as a mobile station, a user equipment (UE), a mobile equipment, a 

terminal, a subscriber unit, a station, etc. An access terminal may be a cellular phone, a personal 

digital assistant (PDA), a handset, a wireless communication device, a handheld device, a wireless 

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Claim 3 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

modem, a laptop computer, etc. For clarity, the use of the multi-carrier transmitter for an access 

terminal is described below.

The multi-carrier transmitter can transmit one or multiple CDMA signals simultaneously. Each 

CDMA signal may be sent on a different CDMA channel. A CDMA channel is a frequency channel 

for one CDMA signal and is 1.2288 MHz wide in HRPD. A CDMA channel is also commonly 

referred to as a carrier.

FIG. 1 shows an example transmission of N CDMA signals on N CDMA channels, where N≧1 in 

general and N>1 for multi-carrier operation. In this example, CDMA channel 1 has a carrier 

frequency of fch1, CDMA channel 2 has a carrier frequency of fch2, and so on, and CDMA channel 

N has a carrier frequency of fchN. The carrier frequencies are typically selected such that the CDMA 

channels are spaced sufficiently far apart to reduce inter-channel interference. In general, the carrier 

frequencies of the N CDMA channels may or may not be related to one another. The carrier 

frequency of each CDMA channel may be selected independently subject to a minimum inter-channel 

spacing criterion. The carrier frequencies may be evenly spaced across frequency and separated by a 

fixed frequency spacing of fspacing, which may be 1.2288 MHz or some larger value. The N CDMA 

signals may be transmitted at different power levels (as shown in FIG. 1) or at the same power level. 

The N CDMA signals may carry any type of data for any service such as voice, video, packet data, 

text messaging, etc. The N CDMA signals may be sent to the same access point or to different access 

points.

It is desirable to support transmission of one or multiple CDMA channels using as little circuitry as 

possible in order to reduce cost, lower power consumption, improve reliability, and obtain other 

benefits. T different RF transmit chains may be used to generate up to T CDMA signals for up to T 

CDMA channels, where T is the maximum number of CDMA signals that can be sent 

simultaneously. However, the T RF transmit chains may significantly increase the cost of an acc ess 

terminal.

See, e.g., Rick at 3:1-47.

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Claim 3 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

Within digital section 202, a data processor 210 processes data, pilot, and control information and 

provides N output chip streams for N CDMA signals to N digital filter 212 a through 212 n. A chip is 

typically a complex value sent in one chip period, which is a time duration determined by a system. 

Each output chip stream may be at a chip rate (c×1), which is 1.2288 megachips/second (Mcps) for 

HRPD. Each digital filter 212 filters its output chip stream, performs upsampling, and provides a 

filtered sample stream to a rotator 214. Each filtered sample stream may be at a sample rate of 

fsample. The sample rate may be fixed and selected based on the maximum number of CDMA 

signals that can be transmitted simultaneously. Alternatively, the sample rate may be configurable 

and selected based on the number of CDMA signals being transmitted simultaneously. Each rotator 

214 operates as a digital upconverter, frequency upconverts its filtered sample stream with a digital 

local oscillator (LO) signal, and provides an upconverted sample stream. The digital LO signal for the 

CDMA signal sent on CDMA channel n has a frequency of fn, which is determined by the carrier 

frequency fchn of CDMA channel n and the frequency fc of an analog LO signal used for 

upconversion to RF. A summer 216 receives and sums the N upconverted sample streams from N 

rotators 214 a through 214 n and provides a composite sample stream. A post processor 218 performs 

post processing on the composite sample stream and provides an output sample stream. A DAC 220 

converts the output sample stream to analog and provides an analog baseband signal containing the N 

CDMA signals.

An RF transmit chain may implement a super-heterodyne architecture or a direct-conversion 

architecture. In the super-heterodyne architecture, a baseband signal is frequency upconverted in 

multiple stages, e.g., from baseband to an intermediate frequency (IF) in one stage, and then from IF 

to RF in another stage. In the direct-conversion architecture, which is also referred to as a zero-IF 

architecture, the baseband signal is frequency upconverted from baseband directly to RF in one stage. 

The super-heterodyne and direct-conversion architectures may use different circuit blocks and/or 

have different circuit requirements. The following description assumes the use of the directconversion architecture.

Within RF transmit chain 204, an analog lowpass filter 222 filters the analog baseband signal from 

DAC 220 to remove images caused by the digital-to-analog conversion and provides a filtered signal. 

A mixer 224 frequency upconverts the filtered signal from baseband to RF with an analog LO signal 

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Claim 3 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

from an LO generator 226. LO generator 226 may include a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), a 

phase locked loop (PLL), a reference oscillator, etc. A variable gain amplifier (VGA) 228 amplifies 

the upconverted signal from mixer 224 with a variable gain. A bandpass filter 230 filters the signal 

from VGA 228 to remove images caused by the frequency upconversion. Bandpass filter 230 may be 

a surface acoustic wave (SAW) filter, a ceramic filter, or some other type of filter. A power amplifier 

(PA) 232 amplifies the signal from filter 230 and provides an RF output signal having the proper 

power level. The RF output signal is routed through a duplexer 234 and transmitted via an antenna 

236. As shown in FIG. 2, the signals from data processor 210 to mixer 224 are typically complex 

signals having inphase (I) and quadrature (Q) components.

DAC 220 and RF transmit chain 204 may be wideband to support simultaneous transmission of N 

CDMA signals on N CDMA channels. DAC 220 may be operated at a sufficiently high clock rate 

and may have sufficient resolution for conversion of a digital sample stream containing all N CDMA 

signals. Analog lowpass filter 222 may have a fixed or variable bandwidth that may be sufficiently 

wide to pass all of the CDMA signals being sent simultaneously. The subsequent analog circuit 

blocks may also be wideband to pass all of the CDMA signals. Bandpass filter 230 may be wideband 

and may pass an entire frequency band, e.g., from 824 to 849 MHz for cellular band and from 1850 to 

1910 MHz for Personal Communications Service (PCS) band.

See, e.g., Rick at 3:61-4:67.

Multi-carrier transmitter 200 may be used in conjunction with a multi-carrier receiver that can receive 

one or more CDMA channels. Duplexer 234 may route an RF received signal from antenna 236 to 

the multi-carrier receiver, which is not shown in FIG. 2. The multi-carrier receiver may process the 

RF received signal to recover data and control information sent on one or more CDMA channels.

See, e.g., Rick at 5:24-30.

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Claim 3 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

See, e.g., Rick at Figure 1.

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Claim 3 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

See, e.g., Rick at Figure 2.

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Claim 3 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

See, e.g., Rick at Figure 10.

Furthermore, this claim element is obvious in light of Rick itself, when combined with any of the 

other references as charted for this claim element in Exs. A-1–A-31, First Supplemental Ex. AObviousness Chart, and/or when combined with the knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the art. 

Motivations to combine may come from the knowledge of the person of ordinary skill themselves, or 

from the known problems and predictable solutions as embodied in these reference s. Further 

motivations to combine references and additional details may be found in the Cover Pleading and 

First Supplemental Ex. A-Obviousness Chart.

Claim 4 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

[4.1] The method of claim 3 Rick discloses all the elements of claim 3 for all the reasons provided above.

[4.2] wherein the bandwidth 

of said power amplifier is 

greater than the difference 

between the first lowest 

frequency and the second 

highest frequency.

Rick discloses “wherein the bandwidth of said power amplifier is greater than the difference between 

the first lowest frequency and the second highest frequency.” See, e.g.: 

A multi-carrier transmitter capable of transmitting on one or multiple frequency channels 

simultaneously is described. In one design, the multi-carrier transmitter includes at least one 

processor and a single radio frequency (RF) transmit chain. The processor(s) may generate output 

chips for each of multiple frequency channels, digitally filter and upsample the output chips for each 

frequency channel to obtain filtered samples, and digitally upconvert the filtered samples for each 

frequency channel to a different frequency to obtain upconverted samples. The processor(s) may then 

combine the upconverted samples for the multiple frequency channels to obtain composite samples, 

perform pre-distortion on the composite samples for I/Q mismatch compensation, and upsample the 

pre-distorted samples to obtain output samples. The output samples may be converted to an analog 

signal with a wideband DAC. The RF transmit chain may process the analog signal to generate an RF 

output signal.

See, e.g., Rick at Abstract.

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Claim 4 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various communication services 

such as voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc. These systems may be multiple -access 

systems capable of supporting multiple users by sharing the available system resources. Examples of 

such multiple-access systems include Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems, Time 

Division Multiple Access (TDMA) systems, Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) systems, 

Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) systems, and Single-Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) systems.

Data usage for wireless communication systems continually grows due to increasing number of users 

as well as emergence of new applications with higher data requirements. A system may support a 

particular maximum data rate on one frequency channel under favorable channel conditions. This 

maximum data rate is typically determined by system design. To increase capacity, the system may 

utilize multiple frequency channels for transmission. However, the design complexity and cost of a 

transmitter may increase substantially in order to support transmission on multiple frequency 

channels.

See, e.g., Rick at 1:20-41.

A multi-carrier transmitter capable of transmitting on one or multiple frequency channels 

simultaneously using a single radio frequency (RF) transmit chain is described herein. The single RF 

transmit chain may be wideband and designed for a particular maximum number of (T) frequency 

channels. Up to T signals may be transmitted simultaneously on up to T frequency channels using 

this single RF transmit chain.

In one design, the multi-carrier transmitter includes at least one processor and one RF transmit chain. 

The processor(s) may generate output chips for each of multiple frequency channels in accordance 

with a particular system such as a High Rate Packet Data (HRPD) system. The output chips for each 

frequency channel may be scaled with a gain selected based on the transmit power for that frequency 

channel. The processor(s) may digitally filter and upsample the output chips for each frequency 

channel to obtain filtered samples and may digitally upconvert the filtered samples for each 

frequency channel to a different frequency to obtain upconverted samples. The processor(s) may 

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Claim 4 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

combine the upconverted samples for the multiple frequency channels to obtain composite samples, 

perform pre-distortion on the composite samples to compensate for gain and phase mismatches of 

subsequent analog quadrature upconversion, and upsample the pre-distorted samples to obtain output 

samples. The output samples may be converted to an analog signal with a wideband digital-to-analog 

converter (DAC). The RF transmit chain may then process (e.g., filter, quadrature upconvert, and 

amplify) the analog signal to generate an RF output signal.

See, e.g., Rick at 1:48-2:9.

The multi-carrier transmitter described herein may be used for various wireless communication 

systems such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, and SC-FDMA systems. The terms “system” and 

“network” are often used interchangeably. A CDMA system may implement a radio technology such 

as cdma2000, Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), etc. cdma2000 covers IS-2000, IS-95, and 

IS-856 standards. UTRA includes Wideband-CDMA (W-CDMA) and Low Chip Rate (LCR). A 

TDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Global System for Mobile 

Communications (GSM). An OFDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Evolved 

UTRA (E-UTRA), IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.16, IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM®, etc. These various 

radio technologies and standards are known in the art. UTRA, E-UTRA, and GSM are described in 

documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project” (3GPP). cdma2000 is 

described in documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project 2” (3GPP2). 

3GPP and 3GPP2 documents are publicly available.

See, e.g., Rick at 2:38-57.

The multi-carrier transmitter described herein may be used for an access terminal as well as an access 

point. An access point is generally a fixed station that communicates with the access terminals and 

may also be referred to as a base station, a Node B, etc. An access terminal may be stationary or 

mobile and may also be referred to as a mobile station, a user equipment (UE), a mobile equipment, a 

terminal, a subscriber unit, a station, etc. An access terminal may be a cellular phone, a personal 

digital assistant (PDA), a handset, a wireless communication device, a handheld device, a wireless 

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Claim 4 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

modem, a laptop computer, etc. For clarity, the use of the multi-carrier transmitter for an access 

terminal is described below.

The multi-carrier transmitter can transmit one or multiple CDMA signals simultaneously. Each 

CDMA signal may be sent on a different CDMA channel. A CDMA channel is a frequency channel 

for one CDMA signal and is 1.2288 MHz wide in HRPD. A CDMA channel is also commonly 

referred to as a carrier.

FIG. 1 shows an example transmission of N CDMA signals on N CDMA channels, where N≧1 in 

general and N>1 for multi-carrier operation. In this example, CDMA channel 1 has a carrier 

frequency of fch1, CDMA channel 2 has a carrier frequency of fch2, and so on, and CDMA channel 

N has a carrier frequency of fchN. The carrier frequencies are typically selected such that the CDMA 

channels are spaced sufficiently far apart to reduce inter-channel interference. In general, the carrier 

frequencies of the N CDMA channels may or may not be related to one another. The carrier 

frequency of each CDMA channel may be selected independently subject to a minimum inter-channel 

spacing criterion. The carrier frequencies may be evenly spaced across frequency and separated b y a 

fixed frequency spacing of fspacing, which may be 1.2288 MHz or some larger value. The N CDMA 

signals may be transmitted at different power levels (as shown in FIG. 1) or at the same power level. 

The N CDMA signals may carry any type of data for any service such as voice, video, packet data, 

text messaging, etc. The N CDMA signals may be sent to the same access point or to different access 

points.

It is desirable to support transmission of one or multiple CDMA channels using as little circuitry as 

possible in order to reduce cost, lower power consumption, improve reliability, and obtain other 

benefits. T different RF transmit chains may be used to generate up to T CDMA signals for up to T 

CDMA channels, where T is the maximum number of CDMA signals that can be sent 

simultaneously. However, the T RF transmit chains may significantly increase the cost of an access 

terminal.

See, e.g., Rick at 3:1-47.

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Claim 4 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

Within digital section 202, a data processor 210 processes data, pilot, and control information and 

provides N output chip streams for N CDMA signals to N digital filter 212 a through 212 n. A chip is 

typically a complex value sent in one chip period, which is a time duration determined by a system. 

Each output chip stream may be at a chip rate (c×1), which is 1.2288 megachips/second (Mcps) for 

HRPD. Each digital filter 212 filters its output chip stream, performs upsampling, and provides a 

filtered sample stream to a rotator 214. Each filtered sample stream may be at a sample rate of 

fsample. The sample rate may be fixed and selected based on the maximum number of CDMA 

signals that can be transmitted simultaneously. Alternatively, the sample rate may be configurable 

and selected based on the number of CDMA signals being transmitted simultaneously. Each rotator

214 operates as a digital upconverter, frequency upconverts its filtered sample stream with a digital 

local oscillator (LO) signal, and provides an upconverted sample stream. The digital LO signal for the 

CDMA signal sent on CDMA channel n has a frequency of fn, which is determined by the carrier 

frequency fchn of CDMA channel n and the frequency fc of an analog LO signal used for 

upconversion to RF. A summer 216 receives and sums the N upconverted sample streams from N 

rotators 214 a through 214 n and provides a composite sample stream. A post processor 218 performs 

post processing on the composite sample stream and provides an output sample stream. A DAC 220 

converts the output sample stream to analog and provides an analog baseband signal containing the N 

CDMA signals.

An RF transmit chain may implement a super-heterodyne architecture or a direct-conversion 

architecture. In the super-heterodyne architecture, a baseband signal is frequency upconverted in 

multiple stages, e.g., from baseband to an intermediate frequency (IF) in one stage, and then from IF 

to RF in another stage. In the direct-conversion architecture, which is also referred to as a zero-IF 

architecture, the baseband signal is frequency upconverted from baseband directly to RF in one stage. 

The super-heterodyne and direct-conversion architectures may use different circuit blocks and/or 

have different circuit requirements. The following description assumes the use of the directconversion architecture.

Within RF transmit chain 204, an analog lowpass filter 222 filters the analog baseband signal from 

DAC 220 to remove images caused by the digital-to-analog conversion and provides a filtered signal. 

A mixer 224 frequency upconverts the filtered signal from baseband to RF with an analog LO signal 

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Claim 4 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

from an LO generator 226. LO generator 226 may include a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), a 

phase locked loop (PLL), a reference oscillator, etc. A variable gain amplifier (VGA) 228 amplifies 

the upconverted signal from mixer 224 with a variable gain. A bandpass filter 230 filters the signal 

from VGA 228 to remove images caused by the frequency upconversion. Bandpass filter 230 may be 

a surface acoustic wave (SAW) filter, a ceramic filter, or some other type of filter. A power amplifier 

(PA) 232 amplifies the signal from filter 230 and provides an RF output signal having the proper 

power level. The RF output signal is routed through a duplexer 234 and transmitted via an antenna 

236. As shown in FIG. 2, the signals from data processor 210 to mixer 224 are typically complex 

signals having inphase (I) and quadrature (Q) components.

DAC 220 and RF transmit chain 204 may be wideband to support simultaneous transmission of N 

CDMA signals on N CDMA channels. DAC 220 may be operated at a sufficiently high clock rate 

and may have sufficient resolution for conversion of a digital sample stream containing all N CDMA 

signals. Analog lowpass filter 222 may have a fixed or variable bandwidth that may be sufficiently 

wide to pass all of the CDMA signals being sent simultaneously. The subsequent analog circuit 

blocks may also be wideband to pass all of the CDMA signals. Bandpass filter 230 may be wideband 

and may pass an entire frequency band, e.g., from 824 to 849 MHz for cellular band and from 1850 to 

1910 MHz for Personal Communications Service (PCS) band.

See, e.g., Rick at 3:61-4:67.

Multi-carrier transmitter 200 may be used in conjunction with a multi-carrier receiver that can receive 

one or more CDMA channels. Duplexer 234 may route an RF received signal from antenna 236 to 

the multi-carrier receiver, which is not shown in FIG. 2. The multi-carrier receiver may process the 

RF received signal to recover data and control information sent on one or more CDMA channels.

See, e.g., Rick at 5:24-30.

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Claim 4 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

See, e.g., Rick at Figure 1.

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Claim 4 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

See, e.g., Rick at Figure 2.

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Claim 4 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

See, e.g., Rick at Figure 10.

Furthermore, this claim element is obvious in light of Rick itself, when combined with any of the 

other references as charted for this claim element in Exs. A-1–A-31, First Supplemental Ex. AObviousness Chart, and/or when combined with the knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the art. 

Motivations to combine may come from the knowledge of the person of ordinary skill themselves, or 

from the known problems and predictable solutions as embodied in these references. Further 

motivations to combine references and additional details may be found in the Cover Pleading and 

First Supplemental Ex. A-Obviousness Chart.

Claim 6 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

[6.1] The method of claim 1 Rick discloses all the elements of claim 1 for all the reasons provided above.

[6.2] wherein the first 

information corresponds to a 

first wireless protocol and the 

second information 

corresponds to a second 

wireless protocol.

Rick discloses “wherein the first information corresponds to a first wireless protocol and the second 

information corresponds to a second wireless protocol.” See, e.g.: 

A multi-carrier transmitter capable of transmitting on one or multiple frequency channels 

simultaneously is described. In one design, the multi-carrier transmitter includes at least one 

processor and a single radio frequency (RF) transmit chain. The processor(s) may generate output 

chips for each of multiple frequency channels, digitally filter and upsample the output chips for each 

frequency channel to obtain filtered samples, and digitally upconvert the filtered samples for each 

frequency channel to a different frequency to obtain upconverted samples. The processor(s) may then 

combine the upconverted samples for the multiple frequency channels to obtain composite samples, 

perform pre-distortion on the composite samples for I/Q mismatch compensation, and upsample the 

pre-distorted samples to obtain output samples. The output samples may be converted to an analog 

signal with a wideband DAC. The RF transmit chain may process the analog signal to generate an RF 

output signal.

See, e.g., Rick at Abstract.

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Claim 6 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various communication services 

such as voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc. These systems may be multiple-access 

systems capable of supporting multiple users by sharing the available system resources. Examples of 

such multiple-access systems include Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems, Time 

Division Multiple Access (TDMA) systems, Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) systems, 

Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) systems, and Single-Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) systems.

Data usage for wireless communication systems continually grows due to increasing number of users 

as well as emergence of new applications with higher data requirements. A system may support a 

particular maximum data rate on one frequency channel under favorable channel conditions. This 

maximum data rate is typically determined by system design. To increase capacity, the system may 

utilize multiple frequency channels for transmission. However, the design complexity and cost of a 

transmitter may increase substantially in order to support transmission on multiple frequency 

channels.

See, e.g., Rick at 1:20-41.

A multi-carrier transmitter capable of transmitting on one or multiple frequency channels 

simultaneously using a single radio frequency (RF) transmit chain is described herein. The single RF 

transmit chain may be wideband and designed for a particular maximum number of (T) frequency 

channels. Up to T signals may be transmitted simultaneously on up to T frequency channels using 

this single RF transmit chain.

In one design, the multi-carrier transmitter includes at least one processor and one RF transmit chain. 

The processor(s) may generate output chips for each of multiple frequency channels in accordance 

with a particular system such as a High Rate Packet Data (HRPD) system. The output chips for each 

frequency channel may be scaled with a gain selected based on the transmit power for that frequency 

channel. The processor(s) may digitally filter and upsample the output chips for each frequency 

channel to obtain filtered samples and may digitally upconvert the filtered samples for each 

frequency channel to a different frequency to obtain upconverted samples. The processor(s) may 

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Claim 6 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

combine the upconverted samples for the multiple frequency channels to obtain composite samples, 

perform pre-distortion on the composite samples to compensate for gain and phase mismatches of 

subsequent analog quadrature upconversion, and upsample the pre-distorted samples to obtain output 

samples. The output samples may be converted to an analog signal with a wideband digital-to-analog 

converter (DAC). The RF transmit chain may then process (e.g., filter, quadrature upconvert, and 

amplify) the analog signal to generate an RF output signal.

See, e.g., Rick at 1:48-2:9.

The multi-carrier transmitter described herein may be used for various wireless communication 

systems such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, and SC-FDMA systems. The terms “system” and 

“network” are often used interchangeably. A CDMA system may implement a radio technology such 

as cdma2000, Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), etc. cdma2000 covers IS-2000, IS-95, and 

IS-856 standards. UTRA includes Wideband-CDMA (W-CDMA) and Low Chip Rate (LCR). A 

TDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Global System for Mobile 

Communications (GSM). An OFDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Evolved 

UTRA (E-UTRA), IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.16, IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM®, etc. These various 

radio technologies and standards are known in the art. UTRA, E-UTRA, and GSM are described in 

documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project” (3GPP). cdma2000 is 

described in documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project 2” (3GPP2). 

3GPP and 3GPP2 documents are publicly available.

See, e.g., Rick at 2:38-57.

The multi-carrier transmitter described herein may be used for an access terminal as well as an access 

point. An access point is generally a fixed station that communicates with the access terminals and 

may also be referred to as a base station, a Node B, etc. An access terminal may be stationary or 

mobile and may also be referred to as a mobile station, a user equipment (UE), a mobile equipment, a 

terminal, a subscriber unit, a station, etc. An access terminal may be a cellular phone, a personal 

digital assistant (PDA), a handset, a wireless communication device, a handheld device, a wireless 

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Claim 6 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

modem, a laptop computer, etc. For clarity, the use of the multi-carrier transmitter for an access 

terminal is described below.

The multi-carrier transmitter can transmit one or multiple CDMA signals simultaneously. Each 

CDMA signal may be sent on a different CDMA channel. A CDMA channel is a frequency channel 

for one CDMA signal and is 1.2288 MHz wide in HRPD. A CDMA channel is also commonly 

referred to as a carrier.

FIG. 1 shows an example transmission of N CDMA signals on N CDMA channels, where N≧1 in 

general and N>1 for multi-carrier operation. In this example, CDMA channel 1 has a carrier 

frequency of fch1, CDMA channel 2 has a carrier frequency of fch2, and so on, and CDMA channel 

N has a carrier frequency of fchN. The carrier frequencies are typically selected such that the CDMA 

channels are spaced sufficiently far apart to reduce inter-channel interference. In general, the carrier 

frequencies of the N CDMA channels may or may not be related to one another. The carrier 

frequency of each CDMA channel may be selected independently subject to a minimum inter-channel 

spacing criterion. The carrier frequencies may be evenly spaced across frequency and separated by a 

fixed frequency spacing of fspacing, which may be 1.2288 MHz or some larger value. The N CDMA 

signals may be transmitted at different power levels (as shown in FIG. 1) or at the same power level. 

The N CDMA signals may carry any type of data for any service such as voice, video, packet data, 

text messaging, etc. The N CDMA signals may be sent to the same access point or to different access 

points.

It is desirable to support transmission of one or multiple CDMA channels using as little circuitry as 

possible in order to reduce cost, lower power consumption, improve reliability, and obtain other 

benefits. T different RF transmit chains may be used to generate up to T CDMA signals for up to T 

CDMA channels, where T is the maximum number of CDMA signals that can be sent 

simultaneously. However, the T RF transmit chains may significantly increase the cost of an access 

terminal.

See, e.g., Rick at 3:1-47.

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Claim 6 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

Within digital section 202, a data processor 210 processes data, pilot, and control information and 

provides N output chip streams for N CDMA signals to N digital filter 212 a through 212 n. A chip is 

typically a complex value sent in one chip period, which is a time duration determined by a system. 

Each output chip stream may be at a chip rate (c×1), which is 1.2288 megachips/second (Mcps) for 

HRPD. Each digital filter 212 filters its output chip stream, performs upsampling, and provides a 

filtered sample stream to a rotator 214. Each filtered sample stream may be at a sample rate of 

fsample. The sample rate may be fixed and selected based on the maximum number of CDMA 

signals that can be transmitted simultaneously. Alternatively, the sample rate may be configurable 

and selected based on the number of CDMA signals being transmitted simultaneously. Each rotator 

214 operates as a digital upconverter, frequency upconverts its filtered sample stream with a digital 

local oscillator (LO) signal, and provides an upconverted sample stream. The digital LO signal for the 

CDMA signal sent on CDMA channel n has a frequency of fn, which is determined by the carrier 

frequency fchn of CDMA channel n and the frequency fc of an analog LO signal used for 

upconversion to RF. A summer 216 receives and sums the N upconverted sample streams from N 

rotators 214 a through 214 n and provides a composite sample stream. A post processor 218 performs 

post processing on the composite sample stream and provides an output sample stream. A DAC 220 

converts the output sample stream to analog and provides an analog baseband signal containing the N 

CDMA signals.

An RF transmit chain may implement a super-heterodyne architecture or a direct-conversion 

architecture. In the super-heterodyne architecture, a baseband signal is frequency upconverted in 

multiple stages, e.g., from baseband to an intermediate frequency (IF) in one stage, and then from IF 

to RF in another stage. In the direct-conversion architecture, which is also referred to as a zero-IF 

architecture, the baseband signal is frequency upconverted from baseband directly to RF in one stage. 

The super-heterodyne and direct-conversion architectures may use different circuit blocks and/or 

have different circuit requirements. The following description assumes the use of the directconversion architecture.

Within RF transmit chain 204, an analog lowpass filter 222 filters the analog baseband signal from 

DAC 220 to remove images caused by the digital-to-analog conversion and provides a filtered signal. 

A mixer 224 frequency upconverts the filtered signal from baseband to RF with an analog LO signal 

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Claim 6 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

from an LO generator 226. LO generator 226 may include a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), a 

phase locked loop (PLL), a reference oscillator, etc. A variable gain amplifier (VGA) 228 amplifies 

the upconverted signal from mixer 224 with a variable gain. A bandpass filter 230 filters the signal 

from VGA 228 to remove images caused by the frequency upconversion. Bandpass filter 230 may be 

a surface acoustic wave (SAW) filter, a ceramic filter, or some other type of filter. A power amplifier 

(PA) 232 amplifies the signal from filter 230 and provides an RF output signal having the proper 

power level. The RF output signal is routed through a duplexer 234 and transmitted via an antenna 

236. As shown in FIG. 2, the signals from data processor 210 to mixer 224 are typically complex 

signals having inphase (I) and quadrature (Q) components.

DAC 220 and RF transmit chain 204 may be wideband to support simultaneous transmission of N 

CDMA signals on N CDMA channels. DAC 220 may be operated at a sufficiently high clock rate 

and may have sufficient resolution for conversion of a digital sample stream containing all N CDMA 

signals. Analog lowpass filter 222 may have a fixed or variable bandwidth that may be sufficiently 

wide to pass all of the CDMA signals being sent simultaneously. The subsequent analog circuit 

blocks may also be wideband to pass all of the CDMA signals. Bandpass filter 230 may be wideband 

and may pass an entire frequency band, e.g., from 824 to 849 MHz for cellular band and from 1850 to 

1910 MHz for Personal Communications Service (PCS) band.

See, e.g., Rick at 3:61-4:67.

Multi-carrier transmitter 200 may be used in conjunction with a multi-carrier receiver that can receive 

one or more CDMA channels. Duplexer 234 may route an RF received signal from antenna 236 to 

the multi-carrier receiver, which is not shown in FIG. 2. The multi-carrier receiver may process the 

RF received signal to recover data and control information sent on one or more CDMA channels.

See, e.g., Rick at 5:24-30.

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Claim 6 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

See, e.g., Rick at Figure 1.

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Claim 6 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

See, e.g., Rick at Figure 2.

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Claim 6 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

See, e.g., Rick at Figure 10.

Furthermore, this claim element is obvious in light of Rick itself, when combined with any of the 

other references as charted for this claim element in Exs. A-1–A-31, First Supplemental Ex. AObviousness Chart, and/or when combined with the knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the art. 

Motivations to combine may come from the knowledge of the person of ordinary skill themselves, or 

from the known problems and predictable solutions as embodied in these references. Further 

motivations to combine references and additional details may be found in the Cover Pleading and 

First Supplemental Ex. A-Obviousness Chart.

Claim 7 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

[7.1] The method of claim 1 Rick discloses all the elements of claim 1 for all the reasons provided above.

[7.2] wherein the first 

information and the second 

information are the same data 

transmitted across two 

different frequencies.

Rick discloses “wherein the first information and the second information are the same data 

transmitted across two different frequencies.” See, e.g.: 

A multi-carrier transmitter capable of transmitting on one or multiple frequency channels 

simultaneously is described. In one design, the multi-carrier transmitter includes at least one 

processor and a single radio frequency (RF) transmit chain. The processor(s) may generate output 

chips for each of multiple frequency channels, digitally filter and upsample the output chips for each 

frequency channel to obtain filtered samples, and digitally upconvert the filtered samples for each 

frequency channel to a different frequency to obtain upconverted samples. The processor(s) may then 

combine the upconverted samples for the multiple frequency channels to obtain composite samples, 

perform pre-distortion on the composite samples for I/Q mismatch compensation, and upsample the 

pre-distorted samples to obtain output samples. The output samples may be converted to an analog 

signal with a wideband DAC. The RF transmit chain may process the analog signal to generate an RF 

output signal.

See, e.g., Rick at Abstract.

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Claim 7 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various communication services 

such as voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc. These systems may be multiple -access 

systems capable of supporting multiple users by sharing the available system resources. Examples of 

such multiple-access systems include Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems, Time 

Division Multiple Access (TDMA) systems, Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) systems, 

Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) systems, and Single-Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) systems.

Data usage for wireless communication systems continually grows due to increasing number of users 

as well as emergence of new applications with higher data requirements. A system may support a 

particular maximum data rate on one frequency channel under favorable channel conditions. This 

maximum data rate is typically determined by system design. To increase capacity, the system may 

utilize multiple frequency channels for transmission. However, the design complexity and cost of a 

transmitter may increase substantially in order to support transmission on multiple frequency 

channels.

See, e.g., Rick at 1:20-41.

A multi-carrier transmitter capable of transmitting on one or multiple frequency channels 

simultaneously using a single radio frequency (RF) transmit chain is described herein. The single RF 

transmit chain may be wideband and designed for a particular maximum number of (T) frequency 

channels. Up to T signals may be transmitted simultaneously on up to T frequency channels using 

this single RF transmit chain.

In one design, the multi-carrier transmitter includes at least one processor and one RF transmit chain. 

The processor(s) may generate output chips for each of multiple frequency channels in accordance 

with a particular system such as a High Rate Packet Data (HRPD) system. The output chips for each 

frequency channel may be scaled with a gain selected based on the transmit power for that frequency 

channel. The processor(s) may digitally filter and upsample the output chips for each frequency 

channel to obtain filtered samples and may digitally upconvert the filtered samples for each 

frequency channel to a different frequency to obtain upconverted samples. The processor(s) may 

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Claim 7 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

combine the upconverted samples for the multiple frequency channels to obtain composite samples, 

perform pre-distortion on the composite samples to compensate for gain and phase mismatches of 

subsequent analog quadrature upconversion, and upsample the pre-distorted samples to obtain output 

samples. The output samples may be converted to an analog signal with a wideband digital-to-analog 

converter (DAC). The RF transmit chain may then process (e.g., filter, quadrature upconvert, and 

amplify) the analog signal to generate an RF output signal.

See, e.g., Rick at 1:48-2:9.

The multi-carrier transmitter described herein may be used for various wireless communication 

systems such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, and SC-FDMA systems. The terms “system” and 

“network” are often used interchangeably. A CDMA system may implement a radio technology such 

as cdma2000, Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), etc. cdma2000 covers IS-2000, IS-95, and 

IS-856 standards. UTRA includes Wideband-CDMA (W-CDMA) and Low Chip Rate (LCR). A 

TDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Global System for Mobile 

Communications (GSM). An OFDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Evolved 

UTRA (E-UTRA), IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.16, IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM®, etc. These various 

radio technologies and standards are known in the art. UTRA, E-UTRA, and GSM are described in 

documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project” (3GPP). cdma2000 is 

described in documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project 2” (3GPP2). 

3GPP and 3GPP2 documents are publicly available.

See, e.g., Rick at 2:38-57.

The multi-carrier transmitter described herein may be used for an access terminal as well as an access 

point. An access point is generally a fixed station that communicates with the access terminals and 

may also be referred to as a base station, a Node B, etc. An access terminal may be stationary or 

mobile and may also be referred to as a mobile station, a user equipment (UE), a mobile equipment, a 

terminal, a subscriber unit, a station, etc. An access terminal may be a cellular phone, a personal 

digital assistant (PDA), a handset, a wireless communication device, a handheld device, a wireless 

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Claim 7 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

modem, a laptop computer, etc. For clarity, the use of the multi-carrier transmitter for an access 

terminal is described below.

The multi-carrier transmitter can transmit one or multiple CDMA signals simultaneously. Each 

CDMA signal may be sent on a different CDMA channel. A CDMA channel is a frequency channel 

for one CDMA signal and is 1.2288 MHz wide in HRPD. A CDMA channel is also commonly 

referred to as a carrier.

FIG. 1 shows an example transmission of N CDMA signals on N CDMA channels, where N≧1 in 

general and N>1 for multi-carrier operation. In this example, CDMA channel 1 has a carrier 

frequency of fch1, CDMA channel 2 has a carrier frequency of fch2, and so on, and CDMA channel 

N has a carrier frequency of fchN. The carrier frequencies are typically selected such that the CDMA 

channels are spaced sufficiently far apart to reduce inter-channel interference. In general, the carrier 

frequencies of the N CDMA channels may or may not be related to one another. The carrier 

frequency of each CDMA channel may be selected independently subject to a minimum inter-channel 

spacing criterion. The carrier frequencies may be evenly spaced across frequency and separated by a 

fixed frequency spacing of fspacing, which may be 1.2288 MHz or some larger value. The N CDMA 

signals may be transmitted at different power levels (as shown in FIG. 1) or at the same power level. 

The N CDMA signals may carry any type of data for any service such as voice, video, packet data, 

text messaging, etc. The N CDMA signals may be sent to the same access point or to different access 

points.

It is desirable to support transmission of one or multiple CDMA channels using as little circuitry as 

possible in order to reduce cost, lower power consumption, improve reliability, and obtain other 

benefits. T different RF transmit chains may be used to generate up to T CDMA signals for up to T 

CDMA channels, where T is the maximum number of CDMA signals that can be sent 

simultaneously. However, the T RF transmit chains may significantly increase the cost of an access 

terminal.

See, e.g., Rick at 3:1-47.

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Claim 7 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

Within digital section 202, a data processor 210 processes data, pilot, and control information and 

provides N output chip streams for N CDMA signals to N digital filter 212 a through 212 n. A chip is 

typically a complex value sent in one chip period, which is a time duration determined by a system. 

Each output chip stream may be at a chip rate (c×1), which is 1.2288 megachips/second (Mcps) for 

HRPD. Each digital filter 212 filters its output chip stream, performs upsampling, and provides a 

filtered sample stream to a rotator 214. Each filtered sample stream may be at a sample rate of 

fsample. The sample rate may be fixed and selected based on the maximum number of CDMA 

signals that can be transmitted simultaneously. Alternatively, the sample rate may be configurable 

and selected based on the number of CDMA signals being transmitted simultaneously. Each rotator 

214 operates as a digital upconverter, frequency upconverts its filtered sample stream with a digital 

local oscillator (LO) signal, and provides an upconverted sample stream. The digital LO signal for the 

CDMA signal sent on CDMA channel n has a frequency of fn, which is determined by the carrier 

frequency fchn of CDMA channel n and the frequency fc of an analog LO signal used for 

upconversion to RF. A summer 216 receives and sums the N upconverted sample streams from N 

rotators 214 a through 214 n and provides a composite sample stream. A post processor 218 performs 

post processing on the composite sample stream and provides an output sample stream. A DAC 220 

converts the output sample stream to analog and provides an analog baseband signal containing the N 

CDMA signals.

An RF transmit chain may implement a super-heterodyne architecture or a direct-conversion 

architecture. In the super-heterodyne architecture, a baseband signal is frequency upconverted in 

multiple stages, e.g., from baseband to an intermediate frequency (IF) in one stage, and then from IF 

to RF in another stage. In the direct-conversion architecture, which is also referred to as a zero-IF 

architecture, the baseband signal is frequency upconverted from baseband directly to RF in one stage. 

The super-heterodyne and direct-conversion architectures may use different circuit blocks and/or 

have different circuit requirements. The following description assumes the use of the directconversion architecture.

Within RF transmit chain 204, an analog lowpass filter 222 filters the analog baseband signal from 

DAC 220 to remove images caused by the digital-to-analog conversion and provides a filtered signal. 

A mixer 224 frequency upconverts the filtered signal from baseband to RF with an analog LO signal 

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Claim 7 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

from an LO generator 226. LO generator 226 may include a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), a 

phase locked loop (PLL), a reference oscillator, etc. A variable gain amplifier (VGA) 228 amplifies 

the upconverted signal from mixer 224 with a variable gain. A bandpass filter 230 filters the signal 

from VGA 228 to remove images caused by the frequency upconversion. Bandpass filter 230 may be 

a surface acoustic wave (SAW) filter, a ceramic filter, or some other type of filter. A power amplifier 

(PA) 232 amplifies the signal from filter 230 and provides an RF output signal having the proper 

power level. The RF output signal is routed through a duplexer 234 and transmitted via an antenna 

236. As shown in FIG. 2, the signals from data processor 210 to mixer 224 are typically complex 

signals having inphase (I) and quadrature (Q) components.

DAC 220 and RF transmit chain 204 may be wideband to support simultaneous transmission of N 

CDMA signals on N CDMA channels. DAC 220 may be operated at a sufficiently high clock rate 

and may have sufficient resolution for conversion of a digital sample stream containing all N CDMA 

signals. Analog lowpass filter 222 may have a fixed or variable bandwidth that may be sufficiently 

wide to pass all of the CDMA signals being sent simultaneously. The subsequent analog circuit 

blocks may also be wideband to pass all of the CDMA signals. Bandpass filter 230 may be wideband 

and may pass an entire frequency band, e.g., from 824 to 849 MHz for cellular band and from 1850 to 

1910 MHz for Personal Communications Service (PCS) band.

See, e.g., Rick at 3:61-4:67.

Multi-carrier transmitter 200 may be used in conjunction with a multi-carrier receiver that can receive 

one or more CDMA channels. Duplexer 234 may route an RF received signal from antenna 236 to 

the multi-carrier receiver, which is not shown in FIG. 2. The multi-carrier receiver may process the 

RF received signal to recover data and control information sent on one or more CDMA channels.

See, e.g., Rick at 5:24-30.

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Claim 7 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

See, e.g., Rick at Figure 1.

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Claim 7 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

See, e.g., Rick at Figure 2.

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Claim 7 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

See, e.g., Rick at Figure 10.

Furthermore, this claim element is obvious in light of Rick itself, when combined with any of the 

other references as charted for this claim element in Exs. A-1–A-31, First Supplemental Ex. AObviousness Chart, and/or when combined with the knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the art. 

Motivations to combine may come from the knowledge of the person of ordinary skill themselves, or 

from the known problems and predictable solutions as embodied in these references. Further 

motivations to combine references and additional details may be found in the Cover Pleading and 

First Supplemental Ex. A-Obviousness Chart.

Claim 8 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

[8.1] The method of claim 1 Rick discloses all the elements of claim 1 for all the reasons provided above.

[8.2] wherein the first 

information and the second 

information are from the same 

data stream.

Rick discloses “wherein the first information and the second information are from the same data 

stream.” See, e.g.: 

A multi-carrier transmitter capable of transmitting on one or multiple frequency channels 

simultaneously is described. In one design, the multi-carrier transmitter includes at least one 

processor and a single radio frequency (RF) transmit chain. The processor(s) may generate output 

chips for each of multiple frequency channels, digitally filter and upsample the output chips for each 

frequency channel to obtain filtered samples, and digitally upconvert the filtered samples for each 

frequency channel to a different frequency to obtain upconverted samples. The processor(s) may then 

combine the upconverted samples for the multiple frequency channels to obtain composite samples, 

perform pre-distortion on the composite samples for I/Q mismatch compensation, and upsample the 

pre-distorted samples to obtain output samples. The output samples may be converted to an analog 

signal with a wideband DAC. The RF transmit chain may process the analog signal to generate an RF 

output signal.

See, e.g., Rick at Abstract.

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Claim 8 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various communication services 

such as voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc. These systems may be multiple-access 

systems capable of supporting multiple users by sharing the available system resources. Examples of 

such multiple-access systems include Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems, Time

Division Multiple Access (TDMA) systems, Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) systems, 

Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) systems, and Single-Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) systems.

Data usage for wireless communication systems continually grows due to increasing number of users 

as well as emergence of new applications with higher data requirements. A system may support a 

particular maximum data rate on one frequency channel under favorable channel conditions. This 

maximum data rate is typically determined by system design. To increase capacity, the system may 

utilize multiple frequency channels for transmission. However, the design complexity and cost of a 

transmitter may increase substantially in order to support transmission on multiple frequency 

channels.

See, e.g., Rick at 1:20-41.

A multi-carrier transmitter capable of transmitting on one or multiple frequency channels 

simultaneously using a single radio frequency (RF) transmit chain is described herein. The single RF 

transmit chain may be wideband and designed for a particular maximum number of (T) frequency 

channels. Up to T signals may be transmitted simultaneously on up to T frequency channels using 

this single RF transmit chain.

In one design, the multi-carrier transmitter includes at least one processor and one RF transmit chain. 

The processor(s) may generate output chips for each of multiple frequency channels in accordance 

with a particular system such as a High Rate Packet Data (HRPD) system. The output chips for each 

frequency channel may be scaled with a gain selected based on the transmit power for that frequency 

channel. The processor(s) may digitally filter and upsample the output chips for each frequency 

channel to obtain filtered samples and may digitally upconvert the filtered samples for each 

frequency channel to a different frequency to obtain upconverted samples. The processor(s) may 

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Claim 8 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

combine the upconverted samples for the multiple frequency channels to obtain composite samples, 

perform pre-distortion on the composite samples to compensate for gain and phase mismatches of 

subsequent analog quadrature upconversion, and upsample the pre-distorted samples to obtain output 

samples. The output samples may be converted to an analog signal with a wideband digital-to-analog 

converter (DAC). The RF transmit chain may then process (e.g., filter, quadrature upconvert, and 

amplify) the analog signal to generate an RF output signal.

See, e.g., Rick at 1:48-2:9.

The multi-carrier transmitter described herein may be used for various wireless communication 

systems such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, and SC-FDMA systems. The terms “system” and 

“network” are often used interchangeably. A CDMA system may implement a radio technology such 

as cdma2000, Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), etc. cdma2000 covers IS-2000, IS-95, and 

IS-856 standards. UTRA includes Wideband-CDMA (W-CDMA) and Low Chip Rate (LCR). A 

TDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Global System for Mobile 

Communications (GSM). An OFDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Evolved 

UTRA (E-UTRA), IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.16, IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM®, etc. These various 

radio technologies and standards are known in the art. UTRA, E-UTRA, and GSM are described in 

documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project” (3GPP). cdma2000 is 

described in documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project 2” (3GPP2). 

3GPP and 3GPP2 documents are publicly available.

See, e.g., Rick at 2:38-57.

The multi-carrier transmitter described herein may be used for an access terminal as well as an access 

point. An access point is generally a fixed station that communicates with the access terminals and 

may also be referred to as a base station, a Node B, etc. An access terminal may be stationary or 

mobile and may also be referred to as a mobile station, a user equipment (UE), a mobile equipment, a 

terminal, a subscriber unit, a station, etc. An access terminal may be a cellular phone, a personal 

digital assistant (PDA), a handset, a wireless communication device, a handheld device, a wireless 

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Claim 8 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

modem, a laptop computer, etc. For clarity, the use of the multi-carrier transmitter for an access 

terminal is described below.

The multi-carrier transmitter can transmit one or multiple CDMA signals simultaneously. Each 

CDMA signal may be sent on a different CDMA channel. A CDMA channel is a frequency channel 

for one CDMA signal and is 1.2288 MHz wide in HRPD. A CDMA channel is also commonly 

referred to as a carrier.

FIG. 1 shows an example transmission of N CDMA signals on N CDMA channels, where N≧1 in 

general and N>1 for multi-carrier operation. In this example, CDMA channel 1 has a carrier 

frequency of fch1, CDMA channel 2 has a carrier frequency of fch2, and so on, and CDMA channel 

N has a carrier frequency of fchN. The carrier frequencies are typically selected such that the CDMA 

channels are spaced sufficiently far apart to reduce inter-channel interference. In general, the carrier 

frequencies of the N CDMA channels may or may not be related to one another. The carrier 

frequency of each CDMA channel may be selected independently subject to a minimum inter-channel 

spacing criterion. The carrier frequencies may be evenly spaced across frequency and separated by a 

fixed frequency spacing of fspacing, which may be 1.2288 MHz or some larger value. The N CDMA 

signals may be transmitted at different power levels (as shown in FIG. 1) or at the same power level. 

The N CDMA signals may carry any type of data for any service such as voice, video, packet d ata, 

text messaging, etc. The N CDMA signals may be sent to the same access point or to different access 

points.

It is desirable to support transmission of one or multiple CDMA channels using as little circuitry as 

possible in order to reduce cost, lower power consumption, improve reliability, and obtain other 

benefits. T different RF transmit chains may be used to generate up to T CDMA signals for up to T 

CDMA channels, where T is the maximum number of CDMA signals that can be sent 

simultaneously. However, the T RF transmit chains may significantly increase the cost of an access 

terminal.

See, e.g., Rick at 3:1-47.

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Claim 8 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

Within digital section 202, a data processor 210 processes data, pilot, and control information and 

provides N output chip streams for N CDMA signals to N digital filter 212 a through 212 n. A chip is 

typically a complex value sent in one chip period, which is a time duration determined by a system. 

Each output chip stream may be at a chip rate (c×1), which is 1.2288 megachips/second (Mcps) for

HRPD. Each digital filter 212 filters its output chip stream, performs upsampling, and provides a 

filtered sample stream to a rotator 214. Each filtered sample stream may be at a sample rate of 

fsample. The sample rate may be fixed and selected based on the maximum number of CDMA 

signals that can be transmitted simultaneously. Alternatively, the sample rate may be configurable 

and selected based on the number of CDMA signals being transmitted simultaneously. Each rotator 

214 operates as a digital upconverter, frequency upconverts its filtered sample stream with a digital 

local oscillator (LO) signal, and provides an upconverted sample stream. The digital LO signal for the 

CDMA signal sent on CDMA channel n has a frequency of fn, which is determined by the c arrier 

frequency fchn of CDMA channel n and the frequency fc of an analog LO signal used for 

upconversion to RF. A summer 216 receives and sums the N upconverted sample streams from N 

rotators 214 a through 214 n and provides a composite sample stream. A post processor 218 performs 

post processing on the composite sample stream and provides an output sample stream. A DAC 220 

converts the output sample stream to analog and provides an analog baseband signal containing the N 

CDMA signals.

An RF transmit chain may implement a super-heterodyne architecture or a direct-conversion 

architecture. In the super-heterodyne architecture, a baseband signal is frequency upconverted in 

multiple stages, e.g., from baseband to an intermediate frequency (IF) in one stage, and then from IF 

to RF in another stage. In the direct-conversion architecture, which is also referred to as a zero-IF 

architecture, the baseband signal is frequency upconverted from baseband directly to RF in one stage. 

The super-heterodyne and direct-conversion architectures may use different circuit blocks and/or 

have different circuit requirements. The following description assumes the use of the directconversion architecture.

Within RF transmit chain 204, an analog lowpass filter 222 filters the analog baseband signal from 

DAC 220 to remove images caused by the digital-to-analog conversion and provides a filtered signal. 

A mixer 224 frequency upconverts the filtered signal from baseband to RF with an analog LO signal 

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Claim 8 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

from an LO generator 226. LO generator 226 may include a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), a 

phase locked loop (PLL), a reference oscillator, etc. A variable gain amplifier (VGA) 228 amplifies 

the upconverted signal from mixer 224 with a variable gain. A bandpass filter 230 filters the signal 

from VGA 228 to remove images caused by the frequency upconversion. Bandpass filter 230 may be 

a surface acoustic wave (SAW) filter, a ceramic filter, or some other type of filter. A power amplifier 

(PA) 232 amplifies the signal from filter 230 and provides an RF output signal having the proper 

power level. The RF output signal is routed through a duplexer 234 and transmitted via an antenna 

236. As shown in FIG. 2, the signals from data processor 210 to mixer 224 are typically complex 

signals having inphase (I) and quadrature (Q) components.

DAC 220 and RF transmit chain 204 may be wideband to support simultaneous transmission of N 

CDMA signals on N CDMA channels. DAC 220 may be operated at a sufficiently high clock rate 

and may have sufficient resolution for conversion of a digital sample stream containing all N CDMA 

signals. Analog lowpass filter 222 may have a fixed or variable bandwidth that may be sufficiently 

wide to pass all of the CDMA signals being sent simultaneously. The subsequent analog circuit 

blocks may also be wideband to pass all of the CDMA signals. Bandpass filter 230 may be wideband 

and may pass an entire frequency band, e.g., from 824 to 849 MHz for cellular band and from 1850 to 

1910 MHz for Personal Communications Service (PCS) band.

See, e.g., Rick at 3:61-4:67.

Multi-carrier transmitter 200 may be used in conjunction with a multi-carrier receiver that can receive 

one or more CDMA channels. Duplexer 234 may route an RF received signal from antenna 236 to 

the multi-carrier receiver, which is not shown in FIG. 2. The multi-carrier receiver may process the 

RF received signal to recover data and control information sent on one or more CDMA channels.

See, e.g., Rick at 5:24-30.

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Claim 8 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

See, e.g., Rick at Figure 1.

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See, e.g., Rick at Figure 2.

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See, e.g., Rick at Figure 10.

Furthermore, this claim element is obvious in light of Rick itself, when combined with any of the 

other references as charted for this claim element in Exs. A-1–A-31, First Supplemental Ex. AObviousness Chart, and/or when combined with the knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the art. 

Motivations to combine may come from the knowledge of the person of ordinary skill themselves, or 

from the known problems and predictable solutions as embodied in these references. Further 

motivations to combine references and additional details may be found in the Cover Pleading and 

First Supplemental Ex. A-Obviousness Chart.

Claim 9 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

[9.1] The method of claim 1 Rick discloses all the elements of claim 1 for all the reasons provided above.

[9.2] wherein first information 

and second information 

comprise a plurality of OFDM 

symbols, wherein a first 

symbol is transmitted during a 

first time slot across the first 

frequency range and a second 

symbol is transmitted during 

the first time slot across the 

second frequency range, and 

wherein a third symbol is 

transmitted during a second 

time slot across the first 

frequency range and a fourth 

symbol is transmitted during 

Rick discloses “wherein first information and second information comprise a plurality of OFDM 

symbols, wherein a first symbol is transmitted during a first time slot across the first frequency range 

and a second symbol is transmitted during the first time slot across the second frequency range, and 

wherein a third symbol is transmitted during a second time slot across the first frequency range and a 

fourth symbol is transmitted during the second time slot across a second frequency range.” See, e.g.: 

A multi-carrier transmitter capable of transmitting on one or multiple frequency channels 

simultaneously is described. In one design, the multi-carrier transmitter includes at least one 

processor and a single radio frequency (RF) transmit chain. The processor(s) may generate output 

chips for each of multiple frequency channels, digitally filter and upsample the output chips for each 

frequency channel to obtain filtered samples, and digitally upconvert the filtered samples for each 

frequency channel to a different frequency to obtain upconverted samples. The processor(s) may then 

combine the upconverted samples for the multiple frequency channels to obtain composite samples, 

perform pre-distortion on the composite samples for I/Q mismatch compensation, and upsample the 

pre-distorted samples to obtain output samples. The output samples may be converted to an analog 

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Claim 9 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

the second time slot across a 

second frequency range.

signal with a wideband DAC. The RF transmit chain may process the analog signal to generate an RF 

output signal.

See, e.g., Rick at Abstract.

Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various communication services 

such as voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc. These systems may be multiple -access 

systems capable of supporting multiple users by sharing the available system resources. Examples of 

such multiple-access systems include Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems, Time 

Division Multiple Access (TDMA) systems, Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) systems, 

Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) systems, and Single-Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) systems.

Data usage for wireless communication systems continually grows due to increasing number of users 

as well as emergence of new applications with higher data requirements. A system may support a 

particular maximum data rate on one frequency channel under favorable channel conditions. This 

maximum data rate is typically determined by system design. To increase capacity, the system may 

utilize multiple frequency channels for transmission. However, the design complexity and cost of a 

transmitter may increase substantially in order to support transmission on multiple frequency 

channels.

See, e.g., Rick at 1:20-41.

A multi-carrier transmitter capable of transmitting on one or multiple frequency channels 

simultaneously using a single radio frequency (RF) transmit chain is described herein. The single RF 

transmit chain may be wideband and designed for a particular maximum number of (T) frequency 

channels. Up to T signals may be transmitted simultaneously on up to T frequency channels using 

this single RF transmit chain.

In one design, the multi-carrier transmitter includes at least one processor and one RF transmit chain. 

The processor(s) may generate output chips for each of multiple frequency channels in accordance 

with a particular system such as a High Rate Packet Data (HRPD) system. The output chips for each 

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Claim 9 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

frequency channel may be scaled with a gain selected based on the transmit power for that frequency 

channel. The processor(s) may digitally filter and upsample the output chips for each frequency 

channel to obtain filtered samples and may digitally upconvert the filtered samples for each 

frequency channel to a different frequency to obtain upconverted samples. The processor(s) may 

combine the upconverted samples for the multiple frequency channels to obtain composite samples, 

perform pre-distortion on the composite samples to compensate for gain and phase mismatches of 

subsequent analog quadrature upconversion, and upsample the pre-distorted samples to obtain output 

samples. The output samples may be converted to an analog signal with a wideband digital-to-analog 

converter (DAC). The RF transmit chain may then process (e.g., filter, quadrature upconvert, and 

amplify) the analog signal to generate an RF output signal.

See, e.g., Rick at 1:48-2:9.

The multi-carrier transmitter described herein may be used for various wireless communication 

systems such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, and SC-FDMA systems. The terms “system” and 

“network” are often used interchangeably. A CDMA system may implement a radio technology such 

as cdma2000, Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), etc. cdma2000 covers IS-2000, IS-95, and 

IS-856 standards. UTRA includes Wideband-CDMA (W-CDMA) and Low Chip Rate (LCR). A 

TDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Global System for Mobile 

Communications (GSM). An OFDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Evolved 

UTRA (E-UTRA), IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.16, IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM®, etc. These various 

radio technologies and standards are known in the art. UTRA, E-UTRA, and GSM are described in 

documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project” (3GPP). cdma2000 is 

described in documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project 2” (3GPP2). 

3GPP and 3GPP2 documents are publicly available.

See, e.g., Rick at 2:38-57.

The multi-carrier transmitter described herein may be used for an access terminal as well as an access 

point. An access point is generally a fixed station that communicates with the a ccess terminals and 

may also be referred to as a base station, a Node B, etc. An access terminal may be stationary or 

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mobile and may also be referred to as a mobile station, a user equipment (UE), a mobile equipment, a 

terminal, a subscriber unit, a station, etc. An access terminal may be a cellular phone, a personal 

digital assistant (PDA), a handset, a wireless communication device, a handheld device, a wireless 

modem, a laptop computer, etc. For clarity, the use of the multi-carrier transmitter for an access 

terminal is described below.

The multi-carrier transmitter can transmit one or multiple CDMA signals simultaneously. Each 

CDMA signal may be sent on a different CDMA channel. A CDMA channel is a frequency channel 

for one CDMA signal and is 1.2288 MHz wide in HRPD. A CDMA channel is also commonly 

referred to as a carrier.

FIG. 1 shows an example transmission of N CDMA signals on N CDMA channels, where N≧1 in 

general and N>1 for multi-carrier operation. In this example, CDMA channel 1 has a carrier 

frequency of fch1, CDMA channel 2 has a carrier frequency of fch2, and so on, and CDMA channel 

N has a carrier frequency of fchN. The carrier frequencies are typically selected such that the CDMA 

channels are spaced sufficiently far apart to reduce inter-channel interference. In general, the carrier 

frequencies of the N CDMA channels may or may not be related to one another. The carrier 

frequency of each CDMA channel may be selected independently subject to a minimum inter-channel 

spacing criterion. The carrier frequencies may be evenly spaced across frequency and separated by a 

fixed frequency spacing of fspacing, which may be 1.2288 MHz or some larger value. The N CDMA 

signals may be transmitted at different power levels (as shown in FIG. 1) or at the same power level. 

The N CDMA signals may carry any type of data for any service such as voice, video, packet data, 

text messaging, etc. The N CDMA signals may be sent to the same access point or to different access 

points.

It is desirable to support transmission of one or multiple CDMA channels using as little circuitry as 

possible in order to reduce cost, lower power consumption, improve reliability, and obtain other 

benefits. T different RF transmit chains may be used to generate up to T CDMA signals for up to T 

CDMA channels, where T is the maximum number of CDMA signals that can be sent 

simultaneously. However, the T RF transmit chains may significantly increase the cost of an access 

terminal.

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Claim 9 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

See, e.g., Rick at 3:1-47.

Within digital section 202, a data processor 210 processes data, pilot, and control information and 

provides N output chip streams for N CDMA signals to N digital filter 212 a through 212 n. A chip is 

typically a complex value sent in one chip period, which is a time duration determined by a system. 

Each output chip stream may be at a chip rate (c×1), which is 1.2288 megachips/second (Mcps) for 

HRPD. Each digital filter 212 filters its output chip stream, performs upsampling, and provides a 

filtered sample stream to a rotator 214. Each filtered sample stream may be at a sample rate of 

fsample. The sample rate may be fixed and selected based on the maximum number of CDMA 

signals that can be transmitted simultaneously. Alternatively, the sample rate may be configurable 

and selected based on the number of CDMA signals being transmitted simultaneously. Each rotator 

214 operates as a digital upconverter, frequency upconverts its filtered sample stream with a digital 

local oscillator (LO) signal, and provides an upconverted sample stream. The digital LO signal for the 

CDMA signal sent on CDMA channel n has a frequency of fn, which is determined by the carrier 

frequency fchn of CDMA channel n and the frequency fc of an analog LO signal used for 

upconversion to RF. A summer 216 receives and sums the N upconverted sample streams from N 

rotators 214 a through 214 n and provides a composite sample stream. A post processor 218 performs 

post processing on the composite sample stream and provides an output sample stream. A DAC 220 

converts the output sample stream to analog and provides an analog baseband signal containing the N 

CDMA signals.

An RF transmit chain may implement a super-heterodyne architecture or a direct-conversion 

architecture. In the super-heterodyne architecture, a baseband signal is frequency upconverted in 

multiple stages, e.g., from baseband to an intermediate frequency (IF) in one stage, and then from IF 

to RF in another stage. In the direct-conversion architecture, which is also referred to as a zero-IF 

architecture, the baseband signal is frequency upconverted from baseband directly to RF in one stage. 

The super-heterodyne and direct-conversion architectures may use different circuit blocks and/or 

have different circuit requirements. The following description assumes the use of the directconversion architecture.

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Claim 9 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

Within RF transmit chain 204, an analog lowpass filter 222 filters the analog baseband signal from 

DAC 220 to remove images caused by the digital-to-analog conversion and provides a filtered signal. 

A mixer 224 frequency upconverts the filtered signal from baseband to RF with an analog LO signal 

from an LO generator 226. LO generator 226 may include a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), a 

phase locked loop (PLL), a reference oscillator, etc. A variable gain amplifier (VGA) 228 amp lifies 

the upconverted signal from mixer 224 with a variable gain. A bandpass filter 230 filters the signal 

from VGA 228 to remove images caused by the frequency upconversion. Bandpass filter 230 may be 

a surface acoustic wave (SAW) filter, a ceramic filter, or some other type of filter. A power amplifier 

(PA) 232 amplifies the signal from filter 230 and provides an RF output signal having the proper 

power level. The RF output signal is routed through a duplexer 234 and transmitted via an antenna 

236. As shown in FIG. 2, the signals from data processor 210 to mixer 224 are typically complex 

signals having inphase (I) and quadrature (Q) components.

DAC 220 and RF transmit chain 204 may be wideband to support simultaneous transmission of N 

CDMA signals on N CDMA channels. DAC 220 may be operated at a sufficiently high clock rate 

and may have sufficient resolution for conversion of a digital sample stream containing all N CDMA 

signals. Analog lowpass filter 222 may have a fixed or variable bandwidth that may be sufficiently 

wide to pass all of the CDMA signals being sent simultaneously. The subsequent analog circuit 

blocks may also be wideband to pass all of the CDMA signals. Bandpass filter 230 may be wideband 

and may pass an entire frequency band, e.g., from 824 to 849 MHz for cellular band and from 1850 to 

1910 MHz for Personal Communications Service (PCS) band.

See, e.g., Rick at 3:61-4:67.

Multi-carrier transmitter 200 may be used in conjunction with a multi-carrier receiver that can receive 

one or more CDMA channels. Duplexer 234 may route an RF received signal from antenna 236 to 

the multi-carrier receiver, which is not shown in FIG. 2. The multi-carrier receiver may process the 

RF received signal to recover data and control information sent on one or more CDMA channels.

See, e.g., Rick at 5:24-30.

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See, e.g., Rick at Figure 1.

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See, e.g., Rick at Figure 2.

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Claim 9 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

See, e.g., Rick at Figure 10.

Furthermore, this claim element is obvious in light of Rick itself, when combined with any of the 

other references as charted for this claim element in Exs. A-1–A-31, First Supplemental Ex. AObviousness Chart, and/or when combined with the knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the art. 

Motivations to combine may come from the knowledge of the person of ordinary skill themselves, or 

from the known problems and predictable solutions as embodied in these references. Further 

motivations to combine references and additional details may be found in the Cover Pleading and 

First Supplemental Ex. A-Obviousness Chart.

Claim 10 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

[10.1] A method of 

transmitting information in a 

wireless communication 

channel comprising:

To the extent the preamble is limiting, Rick discloses “A method of transmitting information in a 

wireless communication channel comprising.” See, e.g.: 

A multi-carrier transmitter capable of transmitting on one or multiple frequency channels 

simultaneously is described. In one design, the multi-carrier transmitter includes at least one 

processor and a single radio frequency (RF) transmit chain. The processor(s) may generate output 

chips for each of multiple frequency channels, digitally filter and upsample the output chips for each 

frequency channel to obtain filtered samples, and digitally upconvert the filtered samples for each 

frequency channel to a different frequency to obtain upconverted samples. The processor(s) may then 

combine the upconverted samples for the multiple frequency channels to obtain composite samples, 

perform pre-distortion on the composite samples for I/Q mismatch compensation, and upsample the 

pre-distorted samples to obtain output samples. The output samples may be converted to an analog 

signal with a wideband DAC. The RF transmit chain may process the analog signal to generate an RF 

output signal.

See, e.g., Rick at Abstract.

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Claim 10 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

Furthermore, this claim element is obvious in light of Rick itself, when combined with any of the 

other references as charted for this claim element in Exs. A-1–A-31, First Supplemental Ex. AObviousness Chart, and/or when combined with the knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the art. 

Motivations to combine may come from the knowledge of the person of ordinary skill themselves, or 

from the known problems and predictable solutions as embodied in these references. Further 

motivations to combine references and additional details may be found in the Cover Pleading and 

First Supplemental Ex. A-Obviousness Chart.

[10.2] receiving a first digital 

signal comprising first data to 

be transmitted;

Rick discloses “receiving a first digital signal comprising first data to be transmitted.” See, e.g.: 

A multi-carrier transmitter capable of transmitting on one or multiple frequency channels 

simultaneously is described. In one design, the multi-carrier transmitter includes at least one 

processor and a single radio frequency (RF) transmit chain. The processor(s) may generate output 

chips for each of multiple frequency channels, digitally filter and upsample the output chips for each 

frequency channel to obtain filtered samples, and digitally upconvert the filtered samples for each 

frequency channel to a different frequency to obtain upconverted samples. The processor(s) may then 

combine the upconverted samples for the multiple frequency channels to obtain composite samples, 

perform pre-distortion on the composite samples for I/Q mismatch compensation, and upsample the 

pre-distorted samples to obtain output samples. The output samples may be converted to an analog 

signal with a wideband DAC. The RF transmit chain may process the analog signal to generate an RF 

output signal.

See, e.g., Rick at Abstract.

Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various communication services 

such as voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc. These systems may be multiple -access 

systems capable of supporting multiple users by sharing the available system resources. Examples of 

such multiple-access systems include Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems, Time 

Division Multiple Access (TDMA) systems, Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) systems, 

Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) systems, and Single-Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) systems.

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Claim 10 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

Data usage for wireless communication systems continually grows due to increasing number of users 

as well as emergence of new applications with higher data requirements. A system may support a 

particular maximum data rate on one frequency channel under favorable channel conditions. This 

maximum data rate is typically determined by system design. To increase capacity, the system may 

utilize multiple frequency channels for transmission. However, the design complexity and cost of a 

transmitter may increase substantially in order to support transmission on multiple frequency 

channels.

See, e.g., Rick at 1:20-41.

A multi-carrier transmitter capable of transmitting on one or multiple frequency channels 

simultaneously using a single radio frequency (RF) transmit chain is described herein. The single RF 

transmit chain may be wideband and designed for a particular maximum number of (T) frequency 

channels. Up to T signals may be transmitted simultaneously on up to T frequency channels using 

this single RF transmit chain.

In one design, the multi-carrier transmitter includes at least one processor and one RF transmit chain. 

The processor(s) may generate output chips for each of multiple frequency channels in accordance 

with a particular system such as a High Rate Packet Data (HRPD) system. The output chips for each 

frequency channel may be scaled with a gain selected based on the transmit power for that frequency 

channel. The processor(s) may digitally filter and upsample the output chips for each frequency 

channel to obtain filtered samples and may digitally upconvert the filtered samples for each 

frequency channel to a different frequency to obtain upconverted samples. The processor(s) may 

combine the upconverted samples for the multiple frequency channels to obtain composite samples, 

perform pre-distortion on the composite samples to compensate for gain and phase mismatches of 

subsequent analog quadrature upconversion, and upsample the pre-distorted samples to obtain output 

samples. The output samples may be converted to an analog signal with a wideband digital-to-analog 

converter (DAC). The RF transmit chain may then process (e.g., filter, quadrature upconvert, and 

amplify) the analog signal to generate an RF output signal.

See, e.g., Rick at 1:48-2:9.

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The multi-carrier transmitter described herein may be used for various wireless communication 

systems such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, and SC-FDMA systems. The terms “system” and 

“network” are often used interchangeably. A CDMA system may implement a radio technology such 

as cdma2000, Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), etc. cdma2000 covers IS-2000, IS-95, and 

IS-856 standards. UTRA includes Wideband-CDMA (W-CDMA) and Low Chip Rate (LCR). A 

TDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Global System for Mobile 

Communications (GSM). An OFDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Evolved 

UTRA (E-UTRA), IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.16, IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM®, etc. These various 

radio technologies and standards are known in the art. UTRA, E-UTRA, and GSM are described in 

documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project” (3GPP). cdma2000 is 

described in documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project 2” (3GPP2). 

3GPP and 3GPP2 documents are publicly available.

See, e.g., Rick at 2:38-57.

The multi-carrier transmitter described herein may be used for an access terminal as well as an access 

point. An access point is generally a fixed station that communicates with the access terminals and 

may also be referred to as a base station, a Node B, etc. An access terminal may be stationary or 

mobile and may also be referred to as a mobile station, a user equipment (UE), a mobile equipment, a 

terminal, a subscriber unit, a station, etc. An access terminal may be a cellular phone, a personal 

digital assistant (PDA), a handset, a wireless communication device, a handheld device, a wireless 

modem, a laptop computer, etc. For clarity, the use of the multi-carrier transmitter for an access 

terminal is described below.

The multi-carrier transmitter can transmit one or multiple CDMA signals simultaneously. Each 

CDMA signal may be sent on a different CDMA channel. A CDMA channel is a frequency channel 

for one CDMA signal and is 1.2288 MHz wide in HRPD. A CDMA channel is also commonly 

referred to as a carrier.

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FIG. 1 shows an example transmission of N CDMA signals on N CDMA channels, where N≧1 in 

general and N>1 for multi-carrier operation. In this example, CDMA channel 1 has a carrier 

frequency of fch1, CDMA channel 2 has a carrier frequency of fch2, and so on, and CDMA channel 

N has a carrier frequency of fchN. The carrier frequencies are typically selected such that the CDMA 

channels are spaced sufficiently far apart to reduce inter-channel interference. In general, the carrier 

frequencies of the N CDMA channels may or may not be related to one another. The carrier 

frequency of each CDMA channel may be selected independently subject to a minimum inter-channel 

spacing criterion. The carrier frequencies may be evenly spaced across frequency and separated by a 

fixed frequency spacing of fspacing, which may be 1.2288 MHz or some larger value. The N CDMA 

signals may be transmitted at different power levels (as shown in FIG. 1) or at the same power level. 

The N CDMA signals may carry any type of data for any service such as voice, video, packet data, 

text messaging, etc. The N CDMA signals may be sent to the same access point or to different access 

points.

It is desirable to support transmission of one or multiple CDMA channels using as little circuitry as 

possible in order to reduce cost, lower power consumption, improve reliability, and obtain other 

benefits. T different RF transmit chains may be used to generate up to T CDMA signals for up to T 

CDMA channels, where T is the maximum number of CDMA signals that can be sent 

simultaneously. However, the T RF transmit chains may significantly increase the cost of an access 

terminal.

See, e.g., Rick at 3:1-47.

Within digital section 202, a data processor 210 processes data, pilot, and control information and 

provides N output chip streams for N CDMA signals to N digital filter 212 a through 212 n. A chip is 

typically a complex value sent in one chip period, which is a time duration determined by a system. 

Each output chip stream may be at a chip rate (c×1), which is 1.2288 megachips/second (Mcps) for 

HRPD. Each digital filter 212 filters its output chip stream, performs upsampling, and provides a 

filtered sample stream to a rotator 214. Each filtered sample stream may be at a sample rate of 

fsample. The sample rate may be fixed and selected based on the maximum number of CDMA 

signals that can be transmitted simultaneously. Alternatively, the sample rate may be configurable 

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Claim 10 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

and selected based on the number of CDMA signals being transmitted simultaneously. Each rotator 

214 operates as a digital upconverter, frequency upconverts its filtered sample stream with a digital 

local oscillator (LO) signal, and provides an upconverted sample stream. The digital LO signal for the 

CDMA signal sent on CDMA channel n has a frequency of fn, which is determined by the carrier 

frequency fchn of CDMA channel n and the frequency fc of an analog LO signal used for 

upconversion to RF. A summer 216 receives and sums the N upconverted sample streams from N 

rotators 214 a through 214 n and provides a composite sample stream. A post processor 218 performs 

post processing on the composite sample stream and provides an output sample stream. A DAC 220 

converts the output sample stream to analog and provides an analog baseband signal containing the N 

CDMA signals.

An RF transmit chain may implement a super-heterodyne architecture or a direct-conversion 

architecture. In the super-heterodyne architecture, a baseband signal is frequency upconverted in 

multiple stages, e.g., from baseband to an intermediate frequency (IF) in one stage, and then from IF 

to RF in another stage. In the direct-conversion architecture, which is also referred to as a zero-IF 

architecture, the baseband signal is frequency upconverted from baseband directly to RF in one stage. 

The super-heterodyne and direct-conversion architectures may use different circuit blocks and/or 

have different circuit requirements. The following description assumes the use of the directconversion architecture.

Within RF transmit chain 204, an analog lowpass filter 222 filters the analog baseband signal from 

DAC 220 to remove images caused by the digital-to-analog conversion and provides a filtered signal. 

A mixer 224 frequency upconverts the filtered signal from baseband to RF with an analog LO signal 

from an LO generator 226. LO generator 226 may include a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), a 

phase locked loop (PLL), a reference oscillator, etc. A variable gain amplifier (VGA) 228 amplifies 

the upconverted signal from mixer 224 with a variable gain. A bandpass filter 230 filters the signal 

from VGA 228 to remove images caused by the frequency upconversion. Bandpass filter 230 may be 

a surface acoustic wave (SAW) filter, a ceramic filter, or some other type of filter. A power amplifier 

(PA) 232 amplifies the signal from filter 230 and provides an RF output signal having the proper 

power level. The RF output signal is routed through a duplexer 234 and transmitted via an antenna 

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Claim 10 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

236. As shown in FIG. 2, the signals from data processor 210 to mixer 224 are typically complex 

signals having inphase (I) and quadrature (Q) components.

DAC 220 and RF transmit chain 204 may be wideband to support simultaneous transmission of N 

CDMA signals on N CDMA channels. DAC 220 may be operated at a sufficiently high clock rate 

and may have sufficient resolution for conversion of a digital sample stream containing all N CDMA 

signals. Analog lowpass filter 222 may have a fixed or variable bandwidth that may be sufficiently 

wide to pass all of the CDMA signals being sent simultaneously. The subsequent analog circuit 

blocks may also be wideband to pass all of the CDMA signals. Bandpass filter 230 may be wideband 

and may pass an entire frequency band, e.g., from 824 to 849 MHz for cellular band and from 1850 to 

1910 MHz for Personal Communications Service (PCS) band.

See, e.g., Rick at 3:61-4:67.

Multi-carrier transmitter 200 may be used in conjunction with a multi-carrier receiver that can receive 

one or more CDMA channels. Duplexer 234 may route an RF received signal from antenna 236 to 

the multi-carrier receiver, which is not shown in FIG. 2. The multi-carrier receiver may process the 

RF received signal to recover data and control information sent on one or more CDMA channels.

See, e.g., Rick at 5:24-30.

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See, e.g., Rick at Figure 1.

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Claim 10 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

See, e.g., Rick at Figure 2.

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Claim 10 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

See, e.g., Rick at Figure 10.

Furthermore, this claim element is obvious in light of Rick itself, when combined with any of the 

other references as charted for this claim element in Exs. A-1–A-31, First Supplemental Ex. AObviousness Chart, and/or when combined with the knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the art. 

Motivations to combine may come from the knowledge of the person of ordinary skill themselves, or 

from the known problems and predictable solutions as embodied in these references. Further 

motivations to combine references and additional details may be found in the Cover Pleading and 

First Supplemental Ex. A-Obviousness Chart.

[10.3] receiving a second 

digital signal comprising 

second data to be transmitted;

Rick discloses “receiving a second digital signal comprising second data to be transmitted.” See, 

e.g.: 

A multi-carrier transmitter capable of transmitting on one or multiple frequency channels 

simultaneously is described. In one design, the multi-carrier transmitter includes at least one 

processor and a single radio frequency (RF) transmit chain. The processor(s) may generate output 

chips for each of multiple frequency channels, digitally filter and upsample the output chips for each 

frequency channel to obtain filtered samples, and digitally upconvert the filtered samples for each 

frequency channel to a different frequency to obtain upconverted samples. The processor(s) may then 

combine the upconverted samples for the multiple frequency channels to obtain composite samples, 

perform pre-distortion on the composite samples for I/Q mismatch compensation, and upsample the 

pre-distorted samples to obtain output samples. The output samples may be converted to an analog 

signal with a wideband DAC. The RF transmit chain may process the analog signal to generate an RF 

output signal.

See, e.g., Rick at Abstract.

Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various communication services 

such as voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc. These systems may be multiple -access 

systems capable of supporting multiple users by sharing the available system resources. Examples of 

such multiple-access systems include Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems, Time 

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Division Multiple Access (TDMA) systems, Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) systems, 

Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) systems, and Single-Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) systems.

Data usage for wireless communication systems continually grows due to increasing number of users 

as well as emergence of new applications with higher data requirements. A system may support a 

particular maximum data rate on one frequency channel under favorable channel conditions. This 

maximum data rate is typically determined by system design. To increase capacity, the system may 

utilize multiple frequency channels for transmission. However, the design complexity and cost of a 

transmitter may increase substantially in order to support transmission on multiple frequency 

channels.

See, e.g., Rick at 1:20-41.

A multi-carrier transmitter capable of transmitting on one or multiple frequency channels 

simultaneously using a single radio frequency (RF) transmit chain is described herein. The single RF 

transmit chain may be wideband and designed for a particular maximum number of (T) frequency 

channels. Up to T signals may be transmitted simultaneously on up to T frequency channels using 

this single RF transmit chain.

In one design, the multi-carrier transmitter includes at least one processor and one RF transmit chain. 

The processor(s) may generate output chips for each of multiple frequency channels in accordance 

with a particular system such as a High Rate Packet Data (HRPD) system. The output chips for each 

frequency channel may be scaled with a gain selected based on the transmit power for that frequency 

channel. The processor(s) may digitally filter and upsample the output chips for each frequency 

channel to obtain filtered samples and may digitally upconvert the filtered samples for each 

frequency channel to a different frequency to obtain upconverted samples. The processor(s) may 

combine the upconverted samples for the multiple frequency channels to obtain composite samples, 

perform pre-distortion on the composite samples to compensate for gain and phase mismatches of 

subsequent analog quadrature upconversion, and upsample the pre-distorted samples to obtain output 

samples. The output samples may be converted to an analog signal with a wideband digital-to-analog 

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converter (DAC). The RF transmit chain may then process (e.g., filter, quadrature upconvert, and 

amplify) the analog signal to generate an RF output signal.

See, e.g., Rick at 1:48-2:9.

The multi-carrier transmitter described herein may be used for various wireless communication 

systems such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, and SC-FDMA systems. The terms “system” and 

“network” are often used interchangeably. A CDMA system may implement a radio technology such 

as cdma2000, Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), etc. cdma2000 covers IS-2000, IS-95, and 

IS-856 standards. UTRA includes Wideband-CDMA (W-CDMA) and Low Chip Rate (LCR). A 

TDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Global System for Mobile 

Communications (GSM). An OFDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Evolved 

UTRA (E-UTRA), IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.16, IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM®, etc. These various 

radio technologies and standards are known in the art. UTRA, E-UTRA, and GSM are described in 

documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project” (3GPP). cdma2000 is 

described in documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project 2” (3GPP2). 

3GPP and 3GPP2 documents are publicly available.

See, e.g., Rick at 2:38-57.

The multi-carrier transmitter described herein may be used for an access terminal as well as an access 

point. An access point is generally a fixed station that communicates with the a ccess terminals and 

may also be referred to as a base station, a Node B, etc. An access terminal may be stationary or 

mobile and may also be referred to as a mobile station, a user equipment (UE), a mobile equipment, a 

terminal, a subscriber unit, a station, etc. An access terminal may be a cellular phone, a personal 

digital assistant (PDA), a handset, a wireless communication device, a handheld device, a wireless 

modem, a laptop computer, etc. For clarity, the use of the multi-carrier transmitter for an access 

terminal is described below.

The multi-carrier transmitter can transmit one or multiple CDMA signals simultaneously. Each 

CDMA signal may be sent on a different CDMA channel. A CDMA channel is a frequency channel 

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for one CDMA signal and is 1.2288 MHz wide in HRPD. A CDMA channel is also commonly 

referred to as a carrier.

FIG. 1 shows an example transmission of N CDMA signals on N CDMA channels, where N≧1 in 

general and N>1 for multi-carrier operation. In this example, CDMA channel 1 has a carrier 

frequency of fch1, CDMA channel 2 has a carrier frequency of fch2, and so on, and CDMA channel 

N has a carrier frequency of fchN. The carrier frequencies are typically selected such that the CDMA 

channels are spaced sufficiently far apart to reduce inter-channel interference. In general, the carrier 

frequencies of the N CDMA channels may or may not be related to one another. The carrier 

frequency of each CDMA channel may be selected independently subject to a minimum inter-channel 

spacing criterion. The carrier frequencies may be evenly spaced across frequency and separated by a 

fixed frequency spacing of fspacing, which may be 1.2288 MHz or some larger value. The N CDMA 

signals may be transmitted at different power levels (as shown in FIG. 1) or at the same power level. 

The N CDMA signals may carry any type of data for any service such as voice, video, packet data, 

text messaging, etc. The N CDMA signals may be sent to the same access point or to different access 

points.

It is desirable to support transmission of one or multiple CDMA channels using as little circuitry as 

possible in order to reduce cost, lower power consumption, improve reliability, and obtain other 

benefits. T different RF transmit chains may be used to generate up to T CDMA signals for up to T 

CDMA channels, where T is the maximum number of CDMA signals that can be sent 

simultaneously. However, the T RF transmit chains may significantly increase the cost of an access 

terminal.

See, e.g., Rick at 3:1-47.

Within digital section 202, a data processor 210 processes data, pilot, and control information and 

provides N output chip streams for N CDMA signals to N digital filter 212 a through 212 n. A chip is 

typically a complex value sent in one chip period, which is a time duration determined by a system. 

Each output chip stream may be at a chip rate (c×1), which is 1.2288 megachips/second (Mcps) for 

HRPD. Each digital filter 212 filters its output chip stream, performs upsampling, and provides a 

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filtered sample stream to a rotator 214. Each filtered sample stream may be at a sample rate of 

fsample. The sample rate may be fixed and selected based on the maximum number of CDMA 

signals that can be transmitted simultaneously. Alternatively, the sample rate may be configurable 

and selected based on the number of CDMA signals being transmitted simultaneously. Each rotator 

214 operates as a digital upconverter, frequency upconverts its filtered sample stream with a digital 

local oscillator (LO) signal, and provides an upconverted sample stream. The digital LO signal for the 

CDMA signal sent on CDMA channel n has a frequency of fn, which is determined by the carrier 

frequency fchn of CDMA channel n and the frequency fc of an analog LO signal used for 

upconversion to RF. A summer 216 receives and sums the N upconverted sample streams from N 

rotators 214 a through 214 n and provides a composite sample stream. A post processor 218 performs 

post processing on the composite sample stream and provides an output sample stream. A DAC 220 

converts the output sample stream to analog and provides an analog baseband signal containing the N 

CDMA signals.

An RF transmit chain may implement a super-heterodyne architecture or a direct-conversion 

architecture. In the super-heterodyne architecture, a baseband signal is frequency upconverted in 

multiple stages, e.g., from baseband to an intermediate frequency (IF) in one stage, and then from IF 

to RF in another stage. In the direct-conversion architecture, which is also referred to as a zero-IF 

architecture, the baseband signal is frequency upconverted from baseband directly to RF in one stage. 

The super-heterodyne and direct-conversion architectures may use different circuit blocks and/or 

have different circuit requirements. The following description assumes the use of th e directconversion architecture.

Within RF transmit chain 204, an analog lowpass filter 222 filters the analog baseband signal from 

DAC 220 to remove images caused by the digital-to-analog conversion and provides a filtered signal. 

A mixer 224 frequency upconverts the filtered signal from baseband to RF with an analog LO signal 

from an LO generator 226. LO generator 226 may include a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), a 

phase locked loop (PLL), a reference oscillator, etc. A variable gain amplifier (VGA) 228 amplifies 

the upconverted signal from mixer 224 with a variable gain. A bandpass filter 230 filters the signal 

from VGA 228 to remove images caused by the frequency upconversion. Bandpass filter 230 may be 

a surface acoustic wave (SAW) filter, a ceramic filter, or some other type of filter. A power amplifier 

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(PA) 232 amplifies the signal from filter 230 and provides an RF output signal having the proper 

power level. The RF output signal is routed through a duplexer 234 and transmitted via an antenna 

236. As shown in FIG. 2, the signals from data processor 210 to mixer 224 are typically complex 

signals having inphase (I) and quadrature (Q) components.

DAC 220 and RF transmit chain 204 may be wideband to support simultaneous transmission of N 

CDMA signals on N CDMA channels. DAC 220 may be operated at a sufficiently high clock rate 

and may have sufficient resolution for conversion of a digital sample stream containing all N CDMA 

signals. Analog lowpass filter 222 may have a fixed or variable bandwidth that may be sufficiently 

wide to pass all of the CDMA signals being sent simultaneously. The subsequent analog circuit 

blocks may also be wideband to pass all of the CDMA signals. Bandpass filter 230 may be wideband 

and may pass an entire frequency band, e.g., from 824 to 849 MHz for cellular band and from 1850 to 

1910 MHz for Personal Communications Service (PCS) band.

See, e.g., Rick at 3:61-4:67.

Multi-carrier transmitter 200 may be used in conjunction with a multi-carrier receiver that can receive 

one or more CDMA channels. Duplexer 234 may route an RF received signal from antenna 236 to 

the multi-carrier receiver, which is not shown in FIG. 2. The multi-carrier receiver may process the 

RF received signal to recover data and control information sent on one or more CDMA channels.

See, e.g., Rick at 5:24-30.

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See, e.g., Rick at Figure 1.

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See, e.g., Rick at Figure 2.

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See, e.g., Rick at Figure 10.

Furthermore, this claim element is obvious in light of Rick itself, when combined with any of the 

other references as charted for this claim element in Exs. A-1–A-31, First Supplemental Ex. AObviousness Chart, and/or when combined with the knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the art. 

Motivations to combine may come from the knowledge of the person of ordinary skill themselves, or 

from the known problems and predictable solutions as embodied in these references. Further 

motivations to combine references and additional details may be found in the Cover Pleading and 

First Supplemental Ex. A-Obviousness Chart.

[10.4] converting the first 

digital signal into a first 

analog signal using a first 

digital-to-analog converter, 

the first analog signal carrying 

the first data across a first 

frequency range;.

Rick discloses “converting the first digital signal into a first analog signal using a first digital-toanalog converter, the first analog signal carrying the first data across a first frequency range .” See, 

e.g.: 

A multi-carrier transmitter capable of transmitting on one or multiple frequency channels 

simultaneously is described. In one design, the multi-carrier transmitter includes at least one 

processor and a single radio frequency (RF) transmit chain. The processor(s) may generate output 

chips for each of multiple frequency channels, digitally filter and upsample the output chips for each 

frequency channel to obtain filtered samples, and digitally upconvert the filtered samples for each 

frequency channel to a different frequency to obtain upconverted samples. The processor(s) may then 

combine the upconverted samples for the multiple frequency channels to obtain composite samples, 

perform pre-distortion on the composite samples for I/Q mismatch compensation, and upsample the 

pre-distorted samples to obtain output samples. The output samples may be converted to an ana log 

signal with a wideband DAC. The RF transmit chain may process the analog signal to generate an RF 

output signal.

See, e.g., Rick at Abstract.

Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various communication services 

such as voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc. These systems may be multiple -access 

systems capable of supporting multiple users by sharing the available system resources. Examples of 

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Claim 10 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

such multiple-access systems include Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems, Time 

Division Multiple Access (TDMA) systems, Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) systems, 

Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) systems, and Single-Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) systems.

Data usage for wireless communication systems continually grows due to increasing number of users 

as well as emergence of new applications with higher data requirements. A system may support a 

particular maximum data rate on one frequency channel under favorable channel conditions. This 

maximum data rate is typically determined by system design. To increase capacity, the system may 

utilize multiple frequency channels for transmission. However, the design complexity and cost of a 

transmitter may increase substantially in order to support transmission on multiple frequency 

channels.

See, e.g., Rick at 1:20-41.

A multi-carrier transmitter capable of transmitting on one or multiple frequency channels 

simultaneously using a single radio frequency (RF) transmit chain is described herein. The single RF 

transmit chain may be wideband and designed for a particular maximum number of (T) frequency 

channels. Up to T signals may be transmitted simultaneously on up to T frequency channels using 

this single RF transmit chain.

In one design, the multi-carrier transmitter includes at least one processor and one RF transmit chain. 

The processor(s) may generate output chips for each of multiple frequency channels in accordance 

with a particular system such as a High Rate Packet Data (HRPD) system. The output chips for each 

frequency channel may be scaled with a gain selected based on the transmit power for that frequency 

channel. The processor(s) may digitally filter and upsample the output chips for each frequency 

channel to obtain filtered samples and may digitally upconvert the filtered sample s for each 

frequency channel to a different frequency to obtain upconverted samples. The processor(s) may 

combine the upconverted samples for the multiple frequency channels to obtain composite samples, 

perform pre-distortion on the composite samples to compensate for gain and phase mismatches of 

subsequent analog quadrature upconversion, and upsample the pre-distorted samples to obtain output 

samples. The output samples may be converted to an analog signal with a wideband digital-to-analog 

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converter (DAC). The RF transmit chain may then process (e.g., filter, quadrature upconvert, and 

amplify) the analog signal to generate an RF output signal.

See, e.g., Rick at 1:48-2:9.

The multi-carrier transmitter described herein may be used for various wireless communication 

systems such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, and SC-FDMA systems. The terms “system” and 

“network” are often used interchangeably. A CDMA system may implement a radio technology such 

as cdma2000, Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), etc. cdma2000 covers IS-2000, IS-95, and 

IS-856 standards. UTRA includes Wideband-CDMA (W-CDMA) and Low Chip Rate (LCR). A 

TDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Global System for Mobile 

Communications (GSM). An OFDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Evolved 

UTRA (E-UTRA), IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.16, IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM®, etc. These various 

radio technologies and standards are known in the art. UTRA, E-UTRA, and GSM are described in 

documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project” (3GPP). cdma2000 is 

described in documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project 2” (3GPP2). 

3GPP and 3GPP2 documents are publicly available.

See, e.g., Rick at 2:38-57.

The multi-carrier transmitter described herein may be used for an access terminal as well as an access 

point. An access point is generally a fixed station that communicates with the access terminals and 

may also be referred to as a base station, a Node B, etc. An access terminal may be stationary or 

mobile and may also be referred to as a mobile station, a user equipment (UE), a mobile equipment, a 

terminal, a subscriber unit, a station, etc. An access terminal may be a cellular phone, a personal 

digital assistant (PDA), a handset, a wireless communication device, a handheld device, a wireless 

modem, a laptop computer, etc. For clarity, the use of the multi-carrier transmitter for an access 

terminal is described below.

The multi-carrier transmitter can transmit one or multiple CDMA signals simultaneously. Each 

CDMA signal may be sent on a different CDMA channel. A CDMA channel is a frequency channel 

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for one CDMA signal and is 1.2288 MHz wide in HRPD. A CDMA channel is also commonly 

referred to as a carrier.

FIG. 1 shows an example transmission of N CDMA signals on N CDMA channels, where N≧1 in 

general and N>1 for multi-carrier operation. In this example, CDMA channel 1 has a carrier 

frequency of fch1, CDMA channel 2 has a carrier frequency of fch2, and so on, and CDMA channel 

N has a carrier frequency of fchN. The carrier frequencies are typically selected such that the CDMA 

channels are spaced sufficiently far apart to reduce inter-channel interference. In general, the carrier 

frequencies of the N CDMA channels may or may not be related to one another. The carrier 

frequency of each CDMA channel may be selected independently subject to a minimum inter-channel 

spacing criterion. The carrier frequencies may be evenly spaced across frequency and separated by a 

fixed frequency spacing of fspacing, which may be 1.2288 MHz or some larger value. The N CDMA 

signals may be transmitted at different power levels (as shown in FIG. 1) or at the same power level. 

The N CDMA signals may carry any type of data for any service such as voice, video, packet data, 

text messaging, etc. The N CDMA signals may be sent to the same access point or to different access 

points.

It is desirable to support transmission of one or multiple CDMA channels using as little circuitry as 

possible in order to reduce cost, lower power consumption, improve reliability, and obtain other 

benefits. T different RF transmit chains may be used to generate up to T CDMA signals for up to T 

CDMA channels, where T is the maximum number of CDMA signals that can be sent 

simultaneously. However, the T RF transmit chains may significantly increase the cost of an access 

terminal.

See, e.g., Rick at 3:1-47.

Within digital section 202, a data processor 210 processes data, pilot, and control information and 

provides N output chip streams for N CDMA signals to N digital filter 212 a through 212 n. A chip is 

typically a complex value sent in one chip period, which is a time duration determined by a system. 

Each output chip stream may be at a chip rate (c×1), which is 1.2288 megachips/second (Mcps) for 

HRPD. Each digital filter 212 filters its output chip stream, performs upsampling, and provides a 

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filtered sample stream to a rotator 214. Each filtered sample stream may be at a sample rate of 

fsample. The sample rate may be fixed and selected based on the maximum number of CDMA 

signals that can be transmitted simultaneously. Alternatively, the sample rate may be configurable 

and selected based on the number of CDMA signals being transmitted simultaneously. Each rotator 

214 operates as a digital upconverter, frequency upconverts its filtered sample stream with a digital 

local oscillator (LO) signal, and provides an upconverted sample stream. The digital LO signal for the 

CDMA signal sent on CDMA channel n has a frequency of fn, which is determined by the carrier 

frequency fchn of CDMA channel n and the frequency fc of an analog LO signal used for 

upconversion to RF. A summer 216 receives and sums the N upconverted sample streams f rom N 

rotators 214 a through 214 n and provides a composite sample stream. A post processor 218 performs 

post processing on the composite sample stream and provides an output sample stream. A DAC 220 

converts the output sample stream to analog and provides an analog baseband signal containing the N 

CDMA signals.

An RF transmit chain may implement a super-heterodyne architecture or a direct-conversion 

architecture. In the super-heterodyne architecture, a baseband signal is frequency upconverted in 

multiple stages, e.g., from baseband to an intermediate frequency (IF) in one stage, and then from IF 

to RF in another stage. In the direct-conversion architecture, which is also referred to as a zero-IF 

architecture, the baseband signal is frequency upconverted from baseband directly to RF in one stage. 

The super-heterodyne and direct-conversion architectures may use different circuit blocks and/or 

have different circuit requirements. The following description assumes the use of the directconversion architecture.

Within RF transmit chain 204, an analog lowpass filter 222 filters the analog baseband signal from 

DAC 220 to remove images caused by the digital-to-analog conversion and provides a filtered signal. 

A mixer 224 frequency upconverts the filtered signal from baseband to RF with an analog LO signal 

from an LO generator 226. LO generator 226 may include a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), a 

phase locked loop (PLL), a reference oscillator, etc. A variable gain amplifier (VGA) 228 amplifies 

the upconverted signal from mixer 224 with a variable gain. A bandpass filter 230 filters the signal 

from VGA 228 to remove images caused by the frequency upconversion. Bandpass filter 230 may be 

a surface acoustic wave (SAW) filter, a ceramic filter, or some other type of filter. A power amplifier 

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(PA) 232 amplifies the signal from filter 230 and provides an RF output signal having the proper 

power level. The RF output signal is routed through a duplexer 234 and transmitted via an antenna 

236. As shown in FIG. 2, the signals from data processor 210 to mixer 224 are typically complex 

signals having inphase (I) and quadrature (Q) components.

DAC 220 and RF transmit chain 204 may be wideband to support simultaneous transmission of N 

CDMA signals on N CDMA channels. DAC 220 may be operated at a sufficiently high clock rate 

and may have sufficient resolution for conversion of a digital sample stream containing all N CDMA 

signals. Analog lowpass filter 222 may have a fixed or variable bandwidth that may be sufficiently 

wide to pass all of the CDMA signals being sent simultaneously. The subsequent analog circuit 

blocks may also be wideband to pass all of the CDMA signals. Bandpass filter 230 may be wideband 

and may pass an entire frequency band, e.g., from 824 to 849 MHz for cellular band and from 1850 to 

1910 MHz for Personal Communications Service (PCS) band.

See, e.g., Rick at 3:61-4:67.

Multi-carrier transmitter 200 may be used in conjunction with a multi-carrier receiver that can receive 

one or more CDMA channels. Duplexer 234 may route an RF received signal from antenna 236 to 

the multi-carrier receiver, which is not shown in FIG. 2. The multi-carrier receiver may process the 

RF received signal to recover data and control information sent on one or more CDMA channels.

See, e.g., Rick at 5:24-30.

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See, e.g., Rick at Figure 1.

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See, e.g., Rick at Figure 2.

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See, e.g., Rick at Figure 10.

Furthermore, this claim element is obvious in light of Rick itself, when combined with any of the 

other references as charted for this claim element in Exs. A-1–A-31, First Supplemental Ex. AObviousness Chart, and/or when combined with the knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the art. 

Motivations to combine may come from the knowledge of the person of ordinary skill themselves, or 

from the known problems and predictable solutions as embodied in these references. Further 

motivations to combine references and additional details may be found in the Cover Pleading and 

First Supplemental Ex. A-Obviousness Chart.

[10.5] converting the second 

digital signal into a second 

analog signal using a second 

digital-to-analog converter, 

the second analog signal 

carrying the second data 

across a second frequency 

range;

Rick discloses “converting the second digital signal into a second analog signal using a second 

digital-to-analog converter, the second analog signal carrying the second data across a second 

frequency range.” See, e.g.: 

A multi-carrier transmitter capable of transmitting on one or multiple frequency channels 

simultaneously is described. In one design, the multi-carrier transmitter includes at least one 

processor and a single radio frequency (RF) transmit chain. The processor(s) may generate output 

chips for each of multiple frequency channels, digitally filter and upsample the output chips for each 

frequency channel to obtain filtered samples, and digitally upconvert the filtered samples for each 

frequency channel to a different frequency to obtain upconverted samples. The processor(s) may then 

combine the upconverted samples for the multiple frequency channels to obtain composite samples, 

perform pre-distortion on the composite samples for I/Q mismatch compensation, and upsample the 

pre-distorted samples to obtain output samples. The output samples may be converted to an analog 

signal with a wideband DAC. The RF transmit chain may process the analog signal to generate an RF 

output signal.

See, e.g., Rick at Abstract.

Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various communication services 

such as voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc. These systems may be multiple -access 

systems capable of supporting multiple users by sharing the available system resources. Examples of 

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such multiple-access systems include Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems, Time 

Division Multiple Access (TDMA) systems, Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) systems, 

Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) systems, and Single-Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) systems.

Data usage for wireless communication systems continually grows due to increasing number of users 

as well as emergence of new applications with higher data requirements. A system may support a 

particular maximum data rate on one frequency channel under favorable channel conditions. This 

maximum data rate is typically determined by system design. To increase capacity, the system may 

utilize multiple frequency channels for transmission. However, the design complexity and cost of a 

transmitter may increase substantially in order to support transmission on multiple frequency 

channels.

See, e.g., Rick at 1:20-41.

A multi-carrier transmitter capable of transmitting on one or multiple frequency channels 

simultaneously using a single radio frequency (RF) transmit chain is described herein. The single RF 

transmit chain may be wideband and designed for a particular maximum number of (T) frequency 

channels. Up to T signals may be transmitted simultaneously on up to T frequency chan nels using 

this single RF transmit chain.

In one design, the multi-carrier transmitter includes at least one processor and one RF transmit chain. 

The processor(s) may generate output chips for each of multiple frequency channels in accordance 

with a particular system such as a High Rate Packet Data (HRPD) system. The output chips for each 

frequency channel may be scaled with a gain selected based on the transmit power for that frequency 

channel. The processor(s) may digitally filter and upsample the output chips for each frequency 

channel to obtain filtered samples and may digitally upconvert the filtered samples for each 

frequency channel to a different frequency to obtain upconverted samples. The processor(s) may 

combine the upconverted samples for the multiple frequency channels to obtain composite samples, 

perform pre-distortion on the composite samples to compensate for gain and phase mismatches of 

subsequent analog quadrature upconversion, and upsample the pre-distorted samples to obtain output 

samples. The output samples may be converted to an analog signal with a wideband digital-to-analog 

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converter (DAC). The RF transmit chain may then process (e.g., filter, quadrature upconvert, and 

amplify) the analog signal to generate an RF output signal.

See, e.g., Rick at 1:48-2:9.

The multi-carrier transmitter described herein may be used for various wireless communication 

systems such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, and SC-FDMA systems. The terms “system” and 

“network” are often used interchangeably. A CDMA system may implement a radio technology such 

as cdma2000, Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), etc. cdma2000 covers IS-2000, IS-95, and 

IS-856 standards. UTRA includes Wideband-CDMA (W-CDMA) and Low Chip Rate (LCR). A 

TDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Global System for Mobile 

Communications (GSM). An OFDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Evolved 

UTRA (E-UTRA), IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.16, IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM®, etc. These various 

radio technologies and standards are known in the art. UTRA, E-UTRA, and GSM are described in 

documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project” (3GPP). cdma2000 is 

described in documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project 2” (3GPP2). 

3GPP and 3GPP2 documents are publicly available.

See, e.g., Rick at 2:38-57.

The multi-carrier transmitter described herein may be used for an access terminal as well as an access 

point. An access point is generally a fixed station that communicates with the access terminals and 

may also be referred to as a base station, a Node B, etc. An access terminal may be stationary or 

mobile and may also be referred to as a mobile station, a user equipment (UE), a mobile equipment, a 

terminal, a subscriber unit, a station, etc. An access terminal may be a cellular phone, a personal 

digital assistant (PDA), a handset, a wireless communication device, a handheld device, a wireless 

modem, a laptop computer, etc. For clarity, the use of the multi-carrier transmitter for an access 

terminal is described below.

The multi-carrier transmitter can transmit one or multiple CDMA signals simultaneously. Each 

CDMA signal may be sent on a different CDMA channel. A CDMA channel is a frequency channel 

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for one CDMA signal and is 1.2288 MHz wide in HRPD. A CDMA channel is also commonly 

referred to as a carrier.

FIG. 1 shows an example transmission of N CDMA signals on N CDMA channels, where N≧1 in 

general and N>1 for multi-carrier operation. In this example, CDMA channel 1 has a carrier 

frequency of fch1, CDMA channel 2 has a carrier frequency of fch2, and so on, and CDMA channel 

N has a carrier frequency of fchN. The carrier frequencies are typically selected such that the CDMA 

channels are spaced sufficiently far apart to reduce inter-channel interference. In general, the carrier 

frequencies of the N CDMA channels may or may not be related to one another. The carrier 

frequency of each CDMA channel may be selected independently subject to a minimum inter-channel 

spacing criterion. The carrier frequencies may be evenly spaced across frequency and separated by a 

fixed frequency spacing of fspacing, which may be 1.2288 MHz or some larger value. The N CDMA 

signals may be transmitted at different power levels (as shown in FIG. 1) or at the same power level. 

The N CDMA signals may carry any type of data for any service such as voice, video, packet data, 

text messaging, etc. The N CDMA signals may be sent to the same access point or to different access 

points.

It is desirable to support transmission of one or multiple CDMA channels using as little circuitry as 

possible in order to reduce cost, lower power consumption, improve reliability, and obtain other 

benefits. T different RF transmit chains may be used to generate up to T CDMA signals for up to T 

CDMA channels, where T is the maximum number of CDMA signals that can be sent 

simultaneously. However, the T RF transmit chains may significantly increase the cost of an access 

terminal.

See, e.g., Rick at 3:1-47.

Within digital section 202, a data processor 210 processes data, pilot, and control information and 

provides N output chip streams for N CDMA signals to N digital filter 212 a through 212 n. A chip is 

typically a complex value sent in one chip period, which is a time duration determined by a system. 

Each output chip stream may be at a chip rate (c×1), which is 1.2288 megachips/second (Mcps) for 

HRPD. Each digital filter 212 filters its output chip stream, performs upsampling, and provides a 

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filtered sample stream to a rotator 214. Each filtered sample stream may be at a sample rate of 

fsample. The sample rate may be fixed and selected based on the maximum number of CDMA 

signals that can be transmitted simultaneously. Alternatively, the sample rate may be configurable 

and selected based on the number of CDMA signals being transmitted simultaneously. Each rotator 

214 operates as a digital upconverter, frequency upconverts its filtered sample stream with a digital 

local oscillator (LO) signal, and provides an upconverted sample stream. The digital LO signal for the 

CDMA signal sent on CDMA channel n has a frequency of fn, which is determined by the carrier 

frequency fchn of CDMA channel n and the frequency fc of an analog LO signal used for 

upconversion to RF. A summer 216 receives and sums the N upconverted sample streams from N 

rotators 214 a through 214 n and provides a composite sample stream. A post processor 218 performs 

post processing on the composite sample stream and provides an output sample stream. A DAC 220 

converts the output sample stream to analog and provides an analog baseband signal containing the N 

CDMA signals.

An RF transmit chain may implement a super-heterodyne architecture or a direct-conversion 

architecture. In the super-heterodyne architecture, a baseband signal is frequency upconverted in 

multiple stages, e.g., from baseband to an intermediate frequency (IF) in one stage, and then from IF 

to RF in another stage. In the direct-conversion architecture, which is also referred to as a zero-IF 

architecture, the baseband signal is frequency upconverted from baseband directly to RF in one stage. 

The super-heterodyne and direct-conversion architectures may use different circuit blocks and/or 

have different circuit requirements. The following description assumes the use of th e directconversion architecture.

Within RF transmit chain 204, an analog lowpass filter 222 filters the analog baseband signal from 

DAC 220 to remove images caused by the digital-to-analog conversion and provides a filtered signal. 

A mixer 224 frequency upconverts the filtered signal from baseband to RF with an analog LO signal 

from an LO generator 226. LO generator 226 may include a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), a 

phase locked loop (PLL), a reference oscillator, etc. A variable gain amplifier (VGA) 228 amplifies 

the upconverted signal from mixer 224 with a variable gain. A bandpass filter 230 filters the signal 

from VGA 228 to remove images caused by the frequency upconversion. Bandpass filter 230 may be 

a surface acoustic wave (SAW) filter, a ceramic filter, or some other type of filter. A power amplifier 

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(PA) 232 amplifies the signal from filter 230 and provides an RF output signal having the proper 

power level. The RF output signal is routed through a duplexer 234 and transmitted via an antenna 

236. As shown in FIG. 2, the signals from data processor 210 to mixer 224 are typically complex 

signals having inphase (I) and quadrature (Q) components.

DAC 220 and RF transmit chain 204 may be wideband to support simultaneous transmission of N 

CDMA signals on N CDMA channels. DAC 220 may be operated at a sufficiently high clock rate 

and may have sufficient resolution for conversion of a digital sample stream containing all N CDMA 

signals. Analog lowpass filter 222 may have a fixed or variable bandwidth that may be sufficiently 

wide to pass all of the CDMA signals being sent simultaneously. The subsequent analog circuit 

blocks may also be wideband to pass all of the CDMA signals. Bandpass filter 230 may be wideband 

and may pass an entire frequency band, e.g., from 824 to 849 MHz for cellular band and from 1850 to 

1910 MHz for Personal Communications Service (PCS) band.

See, e.g., Rick at 3:61-4:67.

Multi-carrier transmitter 200 may be used in conjunction with a multi-carrier receiver that can receive 

one or more CDMA channels. Duplexer 234 may route an RF received signal from antenna 236 to 

the multi-carrier receiver, which is not shown in FIG. 2. The multi-carrier receiver may process the 

RF received signal to recover data and control information sent on one or more CDMA channels.

See, e.g., Rick at 5:24-30.

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See, e.g., Rick at Figure 1.

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See, e.g., Rick at Figure 2.

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See, e.g., Rick at Figure 10.

Furthermore, this claim element is obvious in light of Rick itself, when combined with any of the 

other references as charted for this claim element in Exs. A-1–A-31, First Supplemental Ex. AObviousness Chart, and/or when combined with the knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the art. 

Motivations to combine may come from the knowledge of the person of ordinary skill themselves, or 

from the known problems and predictable solutions as embodied in these reference s. Further 

motivations to combine references and additional details may be found in the Cover Pleading and 

First Supplemental Ex. A-Obviousness Chart.

[10.6] up-converting the first 

analog signal to a first RF 

center frequency to produce a 

first up-converted analog 

signal, wherein the first upconverted analog signal 

comprises a first up-converted 

frequency range from the first 

RF center frequency minus 

one-half the first frequency 

range to the first RF center 

frequency plus one-half the 

first frequency range;

Rick discloses “up-converting the first analog signal to a first RF center frequency to produce a first 

up-converted analog signal, wherein the first up-converted analog signal comprises a first upconverted frequency range from the first RF center frequency minus one-half the first frequency 

range to the first RF center frequency plus one-half the first frequency range.” See, e.g.: 

A multi-carrier transmitter capable of transmitting on one or multiple frequency channels 

simultaneously is described. In one design, the multi-carrier transmitter includes at least one 

processor and a single radio frequency (RF) transmit chain. The processor(s) may generate output 

chips for each of multiple frequency channels, digitally filter and upsample the output chips for each

frequency channel to obtain filtered samples, and digitally upconvert the filtered samples for each 

frequency channel to a different frequency to obtain upconverted samples. The processor(s) may then 

combine the upconverted samples for the multiple frequency channels to obtain composite samples, 

perform pre-distortion on the composite samples for I/Q mismatch compensation, and upsample the 

pre-distorted samples to obtain output samples. The output samples may be converted to an analog 

signal with a wideband DAC. The RF transmit chain may process the analog signal to generate an RF 

output signal.

See, e.g., Rick at Abstract.

Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various communication services 

such as voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc. These systems may be multiple-access 

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systems capable of supporting multiple users by sharing the available system resources. Examples of 

such multiple-access systems include Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems, Time 

Division Multiple Access (TDMA) systems, Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) systems, 

Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) systems, and Single-Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) systems.

Data usage for wireless communication systems continually grows due to increasing number of users 

as well as emergence of new applications with higher data requirements. A system may support a 

particular maximum data rate on one frequency channel under favorable channel conditions. This 

maximum data rate is typically determined by system design. To increase capacity, the system may 

utilize multiple frequency channels for transmission. However, the design complexity and cost of a 

transmitter may increase substantially in order to support transmission on multiple frequency 

channels.

See, e.g., Rick at 1:20-41.

A multi-carrier transmitter capable of transmitting on one or multiple frequency channels 

simultaneously using a single radio frequency (RF) transmit chain is described herein. The single RF 

transmit chain may be wideband and designed for a particular maximum number of (T) frequency 

channels. Up to T signals may be transmitted simultaneously on up to T frequency channels using 

this single RF transmit chain.

In one design, the multi-carrier transmitter includes at least one processor and one RF transmit chain. 

The processor(s) may generate output chips for each of multiple frequency channels in accordance 

with a particular system such as a High Rate Packet Data (HRPD) system. The output chips for each 

frequency channel may be scaled with a gain selected based on the transmit power for that frequency 

channel. The processor(s) may digitally filter and upsample the output chips for each frequency 

channel to obtain filtered samples and may digitally upconvert the filtered samples for each 

frequency channel to a different frequency to obtain upconverted samples. The processor(s) may 

combine the upconverted samples for the multiple frequency channels to obtain composite samples, 

perform pre-distortion on the composite samples to compensate for gain and phase mismatches of 

subsequent analog quadrature upconversion, and upsample the pre-distorted samples to obtain output 

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samples. The output samples may be converted to an analog signal with a wideband digital-to-analog 

converter (DAC). The RF transmit chain may then process (e.g., filter, quadrature upconvert, and 

amplify) the analog signal to generate an RF output signal.

See, e.g., Rick at 1:48-2:9.

The multi-carrier transmitter described herein may be used for various wireless communication 

systems such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, and SC-FDMA systems. The terms “system” and 

“network” are often used interchangeably. A CDMA system may implement a radio technology such 

as cdma2000, Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), etc. cdma2000 covers IS-2000, IS-95, and 

IS-856 standards. UTRA includes Wideband-CDMA (W-CDMA) and Low Chip Rate (LCR). A 

TDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Global System for Mobile 

Communications (GSM). An OFDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Evolved 

UTRA (E-UTRA), IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.16, IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM®, etc. These various 

radio technologies and standards are known in the art. UTRA, E-UTRA, and GSM are described in 

documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project” (3GPP). cdma2000 is 

described in documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project 2” (3GPP2). 

3GPP and 3GPP2 documents are publicly available.

See, e.g., Rick at 2:38-57.

The multi-carrier transmitter described herein may be used for an access terminal as well as an access 

point. An access point is generally a fixed station that communicates with the access terminals and 

may also be referred to as a base station, a Node B, etc. An access terminal may be stationary or 

mobile and may also be referred to as a mobile station, a user equipment (UE), a mobile equipment, a 

terminal, a subscriber unit, a station, etc. An access terminal may be a cellular phone, a personal 

digital assistant (PDA), a handset, a wireless communication device, a handheld device, a wireless 

modem, a laptop computer, etc. For clarity, the use of the multi-carrier transmitter for an access 

terminal is described below.

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The multi-carrier transmitter can transmit one or multiple CDMA signals simultaneously. Each 

CDMA signal may be sent on a different CDMA channel. A CDMA channel is a frequency channel 

for one CDMA signal and is 1.2288 MHz wide in HRPD. A CDMA channel is also commonly 

referred to as a carrier.

FIG. 1 shows an example transmission of N CDMA signals on N CDMA channels, where N≧1 in 

general and N>1 for multi-carrier operation. In this example, CDMA channel 1 has a carrier 

frequency of fch1, CDMA channel 2 has a carrier frequency of fch2, and so on, and CDMA channel 

N has a carrier frequency of fchN. The carrier frequencies are typically selected such that the CDMA 

channels are spaced sufficiently far apart to reduce inter-channel interference. In general, the carrier 

frequencies of the N CDMA channels may or may not be related to one another. The carrier 

frequency of each CDMA channel may be selected independently subject to a minimum inter-channel 

spacing criterion. The carrier frequencies may be evenly spaced across frequency and separated by a 

fixed frequency spacing of fspacing, which may be 1.2288 MHz or some larger value. The N CDMA 

signals may be transmitted at different power levels (as shown in FIG. 1) or at the same power level. 

The N CDMA signals may carry any type of data for any service such as voice, video, packet data, 

text messaging, etc. The N CDMA signals may be sent to the same access point or to different access 

points.

It is desirable to support transmission of one or multiple CDMA channels using as little circuitry as 

possible in order to reduce cost, lower power consumption, improve reliability, and obtain other 

benefits. T different RF transmit chains may be used to generate up to T CDMA signals for up to T 

CDMA channels, where T is the maximum number of CDMA signals that can be sent 

simultaneously. However, the T RF transmit chains may significantly increase the cost of an access 

terminal.

See, e.g., Rick at 3:1-47.

Within digital section 202, a data processor 210 processes data, pilot, and control information and 

provides N output chip streams for N CDMA signals to N digital filter 212 a through 212 n. A chip is 

typically a complex value sent in one chip period, which is a time duration determined by a system. 

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Each output chip stream may be at a chip rate (c×1), which is 1.2288 megachips/second (Mcps) for 

HRPD. Each digital filter 212 filters its output chip stream, performs upsampling, and provides a 

filtered sample stream to a rotator 214. Each filtered sample stream may be at a sample rate of 

fsample. The sample rate may be fixed and selected based on the maximum number of CDMA 

signals that can be transmitted simultaneously. Alternatively, the sample rate may be configurable 

and selected based on the number of CDMA signals being transmitted simultaneously. Each rotator 

214 operates as a digital upconverter, frequency upconverts its filtered sample stream with a digital 

local oscillator (LO) signal, and provides an upconverted sample stream. The digital LO signal for the 

CDMA signal sent on CDMA channel n has a frequency of fn, which is determined by the carrier 

frequency fchn of CDMA channel n and the frequency fc of an analog LO signal used for 

upconversion to RF. A summer 216 receives and sums the N upconverted sample streams from N 

rotators 214 a through 214 n and provides a composite sample stream. A post processor 218 performs 

post processing on the composite sample stream and provides an output sample stream. A DAC 220 

converts the output sample stream to analog and provides an analog baseband signal containing the N 

CDMA signals.

An RF transmit chain may implement a super-heterodyne architecture or a direct-conversion 

architecture. In the super-heterodyne architecture, a baseband signal is frequency upconverted in 

multiple stages, e.g., from baseband to an intermediate frequency (IF) in one stage, and then from IF 

to RF in another stage. In the direct-conversion architecture, which is also referred to as a zero-IF 

architecture, the baseband signal is frequency upconverted from baseband directly to RF in one stage. 

The super-heterodyne and direct-conversion architectures may use different circuit blocks and/or 

have different circuit requirements. The following description assumes the use of the directconversion architecture.

Within RF transmit chain 204, an analog lowpass filter 222 filters the analog baseband signal from 

DAC 220 to remove images caused by the digital-to-analog conversion and provides a filtered signal. 

A mixer 224 frequency upconverts the filtered signal from baseband to RF with an analog LO signal 

from an LO generator 226. LO generator 226 may include a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), a 

phase locked loop (PLL), a reference oscillator, etc. A variable gain amplifier (VGA) 228 amplifies 

the upconverted signal from mixer 224 with a variable gain. A bandpass filter 230 filters the signal 

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from VGA 228 to remove images caused by the frequency upconversion. Bandpass filter 230 may be 

a surface acoustic wave (SAW) filter, a ceramic filter, or some other type of filter. A power amplifier 

(PA) 232 amplifies the signal from filter 230 and provides an RF output signal having the proper 

power level. The RF output signal is routed through a duplexer 234 and transmitted via an antenna 

236. As shown in FIG. 2, the signals from data processor 210 to mixer 224 are typically complex 

signals having inphase (I) and quadrature (Q) components.

DAC 220 and RF transmit chain 204 may be wideband to support simultaneous transmission of N 

CDMA signals on N CDMA channels. DAC 220 may be operated at a sufficiently high clock rate 

and may have sufficient resolution for conversion of a digital sample stream containing all N CDMA 

signals. Analog lowpass filter 222 may have a fixed or variable bandwidth that may be sufficiently 

wide to pass all of the CDMA signals being sent simultaneously. The subsequent analog circuit 

blocks may also be wideband to pass all of the CDMA signals. Bandpass filter 230 may be wideband 

and may pass an entire frequency band, e.g., from 824 to 849 MHz for cellular band and from 1850 to 

1910 MHz for Personal Communications Service (PCS) band.

See, e.g., Rick at 3:61-4:67.

Multi-carrier transmitter 200 may be used in conjunction with a multi-carrier receiver that can receive 

one or more CDMA channels. Duplexer 234 may route an RF received signal from antenna 236 to 

the multi-carrier receiver, which is not shown in FIG. 2. The multi-carrier receiver may process the 

RF received signal to recover data and control information sent on one or more CDMA channels.

See, e.g., Rick at 5:24-30.

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See, e.g., Rick at Figure 1.

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See, e.g., Rick at Figure 2.

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See, e.g., Rick at Figure 10.

Furthermore, this claim element is obvious in light of Rick itself, when combined with any of the 

other references as charted for this claim element in Exs. A-1–A-31, First Supplemental Ex. AObviousness Chart, and/or when combined with the knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the art. 

Motivations to combine may come from the knowledge of the person of ordinary skill themselves, or 

from the known problems and predictable solutions as embodied in these references. Further 

motivations to combine references and additional details may be found in the Cover Pleading and 

First Supplemental Ex. A-Obviousness Chart.

[10.7] up-converting the 

second analog signal to a 

second RF center frequency 

greater than the first center RF 

frequency to produce a second 

up-converted analog signal, 

wherein the second upconverted analog signal 

comprises a second upconverted frequency range 

from the second RF center 

frequency minus one-half the 

second frequency range to the 

second RF center frequency 

plus one-half the second 

frequency range, and wherein 

a frequency difference 

between the first RF center 

frequency and the second RF 

center frequency is greater 

than the sum of one-half the 

Rick discloses “up-converting the second analog signal to a second RF center frequency greater than 

the first center RF frequency to produce a second up-converted analog signal, wherein the second upconverted analog signal comprises a second up-converted frequency range from the second RF center 

frequency minus one-half the second frequency range to the second RF center frequency plus onehalf the second frequency range, and wherein a frequency difference between the first RF center 

frequency and the second RF center frequency is greater than the sum of one-half the first frequency 

range and one-half the second frequency range.” See, e.g.: 

A multi-carrier transmitter capable of transmitting on one or multiple frequency channels 

simultaneously is described. In one design, the multi-carrier transmitter includes at least one 

processor and a single radio frequency (RF) transmit chain. The processor(s) may generate output 

chips for each of multiple frequency channels, digitally filter and upsample the output chips for each 

frequency channel to obtain filtered samples, and digitally upconvert the filtered samples for each 

frequency channel to a different frequency to obtain upconverted samples. The processor(s) may then 

combine the upconverted samples for the multiple frequency channels to obtain composite samples, 

perform pre-distortion on the composite samples for I/Q mismatch compensation, and upsample the 

pre-distorted samples to obtain output samples. The output samples may be converted to an analog 

signal with a wideband DAC. The RF transmit chain may process the analog signal to generate an RF 

output signal.

See, e.g., Rick at Abstract.

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first frequency range and onehalf the second frequency 

range;

Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various communication services 

such as voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc. These systems may be multiple -access 

systems capable of supporting multiple users by sharing the available system resources. Examples of 

such multiple-access systems include Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems, Time 

Division Multiple Access (TDMA) systems, Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) systems, 

Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) systems, and Single-Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) systems.

Data usage for wireless communication systems continually grows due to increasing number of users 

as well as emergence of new applications with higher data requirements. A system may support a 

particular maximum data rate on one frequency channel under favorable channel conditions. This 

maximum data rate is typically determined by system design. To increase capacity, the system may 

utilize multiple frequency channels for transmission. However, the design complexity and cost of a 

transmitter may increase substantially in order to support transmission on multiple frequency 

channels.

See, e.g., Rick at 1:20-41.

A multi-carrier transmitter capable of transmitting on one or multiple frequency channels 

simultaneously using a single radio frequency (RF) transmit chain is described herein. The single RF 

transmit chain may be wideband and designed for a particular maximum number of (T) frequency 

channels. Up to T signals may be transmitted simultaneously on up to T frequency channels using 

this single RF transmit chain.

In one design, the multi-carrier transmitter includes at least one processor and one RF transmit chain. 

The processor(s) may generate output chips for each of multiple frequency channels in accordance 

with a particular system such as a High Rate Packet Data (HRPD) system. The output chips for each 

frequency channel may be scaled with a gain selected based on the transmit power for that frequency 

channel. The processor(s) may digitally filter and upsample the output chips for each frequency 

channel to obtain filtered samples and may digitally upconvert the filtered samples for each 

frequency channel to a different frequency to obtain upconverted samples. The processor(s) may 

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combine the upconverted samples for the multiple frequency channels to obtain composite samples, 

perform pre-distortion on the composite samples to compensate for gain and phase mismatches of 

subsequent analog quadrature upconversion, and upsample the pre-distorted samples to obtain output 

samples. The output samples may be converted to an analog signal with a wideband digital-to-analog 

converter (DAC). The RF transmit chain may then process (e.g., filter, quadrature upconvert, and 

amplify) the analog signal to generate an RF output signal.

See, e.g., Rick at 1:48-2:9.

The multi-carrier transmitter described herein may be used for various wireless communication 

systems such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, and SC-FDMA systems. The terms “system” and 

“network” are often used interchangeably. A CDMA system may implement a radio technology such 

as cdma2000, Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), etc. cdma2000 covers IS-2000, IS-95, and 

IS-856 standards. UTRA includes Wideband-CDMA (W-CDMA) and Low Chip Rate (LCR). A 

TDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Global System for Mobile 

Communications (GSM). An OFDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Evolved 

UTRA (E-UTRA), IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.16, IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM®, etc. These various 

radio technologies and standards are known in the art. UTRA, E-UTRA, and GSM are described in 

documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project” (3GPP). cdma2000 is 

described in documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project 2” (3GPP2). 

3GPP and 3GPP2 documents are publicly available.

See, e.g., Rick at 2:38-57.

The multi-carrier transmitter described herein may be used for an access terminal as well as an access 

point. An access point is generally a fixed station that communicates with the access terminals and 

may also be referred to as a base station, a Node B, etc. An access terminal may be stationary or 

mobile and may also be referred to as a mobile station, a user equipment (UE), a mobile equipment, a 

terminal, a subscriber unit, a station, etc. An access terminal may be a cellular phone, a personal 

digital assistant (PDA), a handset, a wireless communication device, a handheld device, a wireless 

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modem, a laptop computer, etc. For clarity, the use of the multi-carrier transmitter for an access 

terminal is described below.

The multi-carrier transmitter can transmit one or multiple CDMA signals simultaneously. Each 

CDMA signal may be sent on a different CDMA channel. A CDMA channel is a frequency channel 

for one CDMA signal and is 1.2288 MHz wide in HRPD. A CDMA channel is also commonly 

referred to as a carrier.

FIG. 1 shows an example transmission of N CDMA signals on N CDMA channels, where N≧1 in 

general and N>1 for multi-carrier operation. In this example, CDMA channel 1 has a carrier 

frequency of fch1, CDMA channel 2 has a carrier frequency of fch2, and so on, and CDMA channel 

N has a carrier frequency of fchN. The carrier frequencies are typically selected such that the CDMA 

channels are spaced sufficiently far apart to reduce inter-channel interference. In general, the carrier 

frequencies of the N CDMA channels may or may not be related to one another. The carrier 

frequency of each CDMA channel may be selected independently subject to a minimum inter-channel 

spacing criterion. The carrier frequencies may be evenly spaced across frequency and separated by a 

fixed frequency spacing of fspacing, which may be 1.2288 MHz or some larger value. The N CDMA 

signals may be transmitted at different power levels (as shown in FIG. 1) or at the same power level. 

The N CDMA signals may carry any type of data for any service such as voice, video, packet data, 

text messaging, etc. The N CDMA signals may be sent to the same access point or to different access 

points.

It is desirable to support transmission of one or multiple CDMA channels using as little circuitry as 

possible in order to reduce cost, lower power consumption, improve reliability, and obtain other 

benefits. T different RF transmit chains may be used to generate up to T CDMA signals for up to T 

CDMA channels, where T is the maximum number of CDMA signals that can be sent 

simultaneously. However, the T RF transmit chains may significantly increase the cost of an access 

terminal.

See, e.g., Rick at 3:1-47.

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Within digital section 202, a data processor 210 processes data, pilot, and control information and 

provides N output chip streams for N CDMA signals to N digital filter 212 a through 212 n. A chip is 

typically a complex value sent in one chip period, which is a time duration determined by a system. 

Each output chip stream may be at a chip rate (c×1), which is 1.2288 megachips/second (Mcps) for 

HRPD. Each digital filter 212 filters its output chip stream, performs upsampling, and provides a 

filtered sample stream to a rotator 214. Each filtered sample stream may be at a sample rate of 

fsample. The sample rate may be fixed and selected based on the maximum number of CDMA 

signals that can be transmitted simultaneously. Alternatively, the sample rate may be configurable 

and selected based on the number of CDMA signals being transmitted simultaneously. Each rotator 

214 operates as a digital upconverter, frequency upconverts its filtered sample stream with a digital 

local oscillator (LO) signal, and provides an upconverted sample stream. The digital LO signal for the 

CDMA signal sent on CDMA channel n has a frequency of fn, which is determined by the carrier 

frequency fchn of CDMA channel n and the frequency fc of an analog LO signal used for 

upconversion to RF. A summer 216 receives and sums the N upconverted sample streams from N 

rotators 214 a through 214 n and provides a composite sample stream. A post processor 218 performs 

post processing on the composite sample stream and provides an output sample stream. A DAC 220 

converts the output sample stream to analog and provides an analog baseband signal containing the N 

CDMA signals.

An RF transmit chain may implement a super-heterodyne architecture or a direct-conversion 

architecture. In the super-heterodyne architecture, a baseband signal is frequency upconverted in 

multiple stages, e.g., from baseband to an intermediate frequency (IF) in one stage, and then from IF 

to RF in another stage. In the direct-conversion architecture, which is also referred to as a zero-IF 

architecture, the baseband signal is frequency upconverted from baseband directly to RF in one stage. 

The super-heterodyne and direct-conversion architectures may use different circuit blocks and/or 

have different circuit requirements. The following description assumes the use of the directconversion architecture.

Within RF transmit chain 204, an analog lowpass filter 222 filters the analog baseband signal from 

DAC 220 to remove images caused by the digital-to-analog conversion and provides a filtered signal. 

A mixer 224 frequency upconverts the filtered signal from baseband to RF with an analog LO signal 

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from an LO generator 226. LO generator 226 may include a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), a 

phase locked loop (PLL), a reference oscillator, etc. A variable gain amplifier (VGA) 228 amplifies 

the upconverted signal from mixer 224 with a variable gain. A bandpass filter 230 filters the signal 

from VGA 228 to remove images caused by the frequency upconversion. Bandpass filter 230 may be 

a surface acoustic wave (SAW) filter, a ceramic filter, or some other type of filter. A power amplifier 

(PA) 232 amplifies the signal from filter 230 and provides an RF output signal having the proper 

power level. The RF output signal is routed through a duplexer 234 and transmitted via an antenna 

236. As shown in FIG. 2, the signals from data processor 210 to mixer 224 are typically complex 

signals having inphase (I) and quadrature (Q) components.

DAC 220 and RF transmit chain 204 may be wideband to support simultaneous transmission of N 

CDMA signals on N CDMA channels. DAC 220 may be operated at a sufficiently high clock rate 

and may have sufficient resolution for conversion of a digital sample stream containing all N CDMA 

signals. Analog lowpass filter 222 may have a fixed or variable bandwidth that may be sufficiently 

wide to pass all of the CDMA signals being sent simultaneously. The subsequent analog circuit 

blocks may also be wideband to pass all of the CDMA signals. Bandpass filter 230 may be wideband 

and may pass an entire frequency band, e.g., from 824 to 849 MHz for cellular band and from 1850 to 

1910 MHz for Personal Communications Service (PCS) band.

See, e.g., Rick at 3:61-4:67.

Multi-carrier transmitter 200 may be used in conjunction with a multi-carrier receiver that can receive 

one or more CDMA channels. Duplexer 234 may route an RF received signal from antenna 236 to 

the multi-carrier receiver, which is not shown in FIG. 2. The multi-carrier receiver may process the 

RF received signal to recover data and control information sent on one or more CDMA channels.

See, e.g., Rick at 5:24-30.

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See, e.g., Rick at Figure 1.

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See, e.g., Rick at Figure 2.

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See, e.g., Rick at Figure 10.

Furthermore, this claim element is obvious in light of Rick itself, when combined with any of the 

other references as charted for this claim element in Exs. A-1–A-31, First Supplemental Ex. AObviousness Chart, and/or when combined with the knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the art. 

Motivations to combine may come from the knowledge of the person of ordinary skill themselves, or 

from the known problems and predictable solutions as embodied in these references. Further 

motivations to combine references and additional details may be found in the Cover Pleading and 

First Supplemental Ex. A-Obviousness Chart.

[10.8] combining the first upconverted analog signal and 

the second up-converted 

analog signal to produce a 

combined up-converted 

signal;

Rick discloses “combining the first up-converted analog signal and the second up-converted analog 

signal to produce a combined up-converted signal.” See, e.g.: 

A multi-carrier transmitter capable of transmitting on one or multiple frequency channels 

simultaneously is described. In one design, the multi-carrier transmitter includes at least one 

processor and a single radio frequency (RF) transmit chain. The processor(s) may generate output 

chips for each of multiple frequency channels, digitally filter and upsample the output chips for each 

frequency channel to obtain filtered samples, and digitally upconvert the filtered samples for each 

frequency channel to a different frequency to obtain upconverted samples. The processor(s) may then 

combine the upconverted samples for the multiple frequency channels to obtain composite samples, 

perform pre-distortion on the composite samples for I/Q mismatch compensation, and upsample the 

pre-distorted samples to obtain output samples. The output samples may be converted to an analog 

signal with a wideband DAC. The RF transmit chain may process the analog signal to generate an RF 

output signal.

See, e.g., Rick at Abstract.

Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various communication services 

such as voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc. These systems may be multiple -access 

systems capable of supporting multiple users by sharing the available system resources. Examples of 

such multiple-access systems include Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems, Time 

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Division Multiple Access (TDMA) systems, Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) systems, 

Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) systems, and Single-Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) systems.

Data usage for wireless communication systems continually grows due to increasing number of users 

as well as emergence of new applications with higher data requirements. A system may support a 

particular maximum data rate on one frequency channel under favorable channel conditions. This 

maximum data rate is typically determined by system design. To increase capacity, the system may 

utilize multiple frequency channels for transmission. However, the design complexity and cost of a 

transmitter may increase substantially in order to support transmission on multiple frequency 

channels.

See, e.g., Rick at 1:20-41.

A multi-carrier transmitter capable of transmitting on one or multiple frequency channels 

simultaneously using a single radio frequency (RF) transmit chain is described herein. The single RF 

transmit chain may be wideband and designed for a particular maximum number of (T) frequency 

channels. Up to T signals may be transmitted simultaneously on up to T frequency channels using 

this single RF transmit chain.

In one design, the multi-carrier transmitter includes at least one processor and one RF transmit chain. 

The processor(s) may generate output chips for each of multiple frequency channels in accordance 

with a particular system such as a High Rate Packet Data (HRPD) system. The output chips for each 

frequency channel may be scaled with a gain selected based on the transmit power for that frequency 

channel. The processor(s) may digitally filter and upsample the output chips for each frequency 

channel to obtain filtered samples and may digitally upconvert the filtered samples for each 

frequency channel to a different frequency to obtain upconverted samples. The processor(s) may 

combine the upconverted samples for the multiple frequency channels to obtain composite samples, 

perform pre-distortion on the composite samples to compensate for gain and phase mismatches of 

subsequent analog quadrature upconversion, and upsample the pre-distorted samples to obtain output 

samples. The output samples may be converted to an analog signal with a wideband digital-to-analog 

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converter (DAC). The RF transmit chain may then process (e.g., filter, quadrature upconvert, and 

amplify) the analog signal to generate an RF output signal.

See, e.g., Rick at 1:48-2:9.

The multi-carrier transmitter described herein may be used for various wireless communication 

systems such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, and SC-FDMA systems. The terms “system” and 

“network” are often used interchangeably. A CDMA system may implement a radio technology such 

as cdma2000, Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), etc. cdma2000 covers IS-2000, IS-95, and 

IS-856 standards. UTRA includes Wideband-CDMA (W-CDMA) and Low Chip Rate (LCR). A 

TDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Global System for Mobile 

Communications (GSM). An OFDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Evolved 

UTRA (E-UTRA), IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.16, IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM®, etc. These various 

radio technologies and standards are known in the art. UTRA, E-UTRA, and GSM are described in 

documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project” (3GPP). cdma2000 is 

described in documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project 2” (3GPP2). 

3GPP and 3GPP2 documents are publicly available.

See, e.g., Rick at 2:38-57.

The multi-carrier transmitter described herein may be used for an access terminal as well as an access 

point. An access point is generally a fixed station that communicates with the access terminals and 

may also be referred to as a base station, a Node B, etc. An access terminal may be stationary or 

mobile and may also be referred to as a mobile station, a user equipment (UE), a mobile equipment, a 

terminal, a subscriber unit, a station, etc. An access terminal may be a cellular phone, a personal 

digital assistant (PDA), a handset, a wireless communication device, a handheld device, a wireless 

modem, a laptop computer, etc. For clarity, the use of the multi-carrier transmitter for an access 

terminal is described below.

The multi-carrier transmitter can transmit one or multiple CDMA signals simultaneously. Each 

CDMA signal may be sent on a different CDMA channel. A CDMA channel is a frequency channel 

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Claim 10 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

for one CDMA signal and is 1.2288 MHz wide in HRPD. A CDMA channel is also commonly 

referred to as a carrier.

FIG. 1 shows an example transmission of N CDMA signals on N CDMA channels, where N≧1 in 

general and N>1 for multi-carrier operation. In this example, CDMA channel 1 has a carrier 

frequency of fch1, CDMA channel 2 has a carrier frequency of fch2, and so on, and CDMA channel 

N has a carrier frequency of fchN. The carrier frequencies are typically selected such that the CDMA 

channels are spaced sufficiently far apart to reduce inter-channel interference. In general, the carrier 

frequencies of the N CDMA channels may or may not be related to one another. The carrier 

frequency of each CDMA channel may be selected independently subject to a minimum inter-channel 

spacing criterion. The carrier frequencies may be evenly spaced across frequency and separated by a 

fixed frequency spacing of fspacing, which may be 1.2288 MHz or some larger value. The N CDMA 

signals may be transmitted at different power levels (as shown in FIG. 1) or at the same power level. 

The N CDMA signals may carry any type of data for any service such as voice, video, packet data, 

text messaging, etc. The N CDMA signals may be sent to the same access point or to different access 

points.

It is desirable to support transmission of one or multiple CDMA channels using as little circuitry as 

possible in order to reduce cost, lower power consumption, improve reliability, and obtain other 

benefits. T different RF transmit chains may be used to generate up to T CDMA signals for up to T 

CDMA channels, where T is the maximum number of CDMA signals that can be sent 

simultaneously. However, the T RF transmit chains may significantly increase the cost of an access 

terminal.

See, e.g., Rick at 3:1-47.

Within digital section 202, a data processor 210 processes data, pilot, and control information and 

provides N output chip streams for N CDMA signals to N digital filter 212 a through 212 n. A chip is 

typically a complex value sent in one chip period, which is a time duration determined by a system. 

Each output chip stream may be at a chip rate (c×1), which is 1.2288 megachips/second (Mcps) for 

HRPD. Each digital filter 212 filters its output chip stream, performs upsampling, and provides a 

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filtered sample stream to a rotator 214. Each filtered sample stream may be at a sample rate of 

fsample. The sample rate may be fixed and selected based on the maximum number of CDMA 

signals that can be transmitted simultaneously. Alternatively, the sample rate may be configurable 

and selected based on the number of CDMA signals being transmitted simultaneously. Each rotator 

214 operates as a digital upconverter, frequency upconverts its filtered sample stream with a digital 

local oscillator (LO) signal, and provides an upconverted sample stream. The digital LO signal for the 

CDMA signal sent on CDMA channel n has a frequency of fn, which is determined by the carrier 

frequency fchn of CDMA channel n and the frequency fc of an analog LO signal used for 

upconversion to RF. A summer 216 receives and sums the N upconverted sample streams from N 

rotators 214 a through 214 n and provides a composite sample stream. A post processor 218 performs 

post processing on the composite sample stream and provides an output sample stream. A DAC 220 

converts the output sample stream to analog and provides an analog baseband signal containing the N 

CDMA signals.

An RF transmit chain may implement a super-heterodyne architecture or a direct-conversion 

architecture. In the super-heterodyne architecture, a baseband signal is frequency upconverted in 

multiple stages, e.g., from baseband to an intermediate frequency (IF) in one stage, and then from IF 

to RF in another stage. In the direct-conversion architecture, which is also referred to as a zero-IF 

architecture, the baseband signal is frequency upconverted from baseband directly to RF in one stage. 

The super-heterodyne and direct-conversion architectures may use different circuit blocks and/or 

have different circuit requirements. The following description assumes the use of the directconversion architecture.

Within RF transmit chain 204, an analog lowpass filter 222 filters the analog baseband signal from 

DAC 220 to remove images caused by the digital-to-analog conversion and provides a filtered signal. 

A mixer 224 frequency upconverts the filtered signal from baseband to RF with an analog LO signal 

from an LO generator 226. LO generator 226 may include a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), a 

phase locked loop (PLL), a reference oscillator, etc. A variable gain amplifier (VGA) 228 amplifies 

the upconverted signal from mixer 224 with a variable gain. A bandpass filter 230 filters the signal 

from VGA 228 to remove images caused by the frequency upconversion. Bandpass filter 230 may be 

a surface acoustic wave (SAW) filter, a ceramic filter, or some other type of filter. A power amplifier 

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(PA) 232 amplifies the signal from filter 230 and provides an RF output signal having the proper 

power level. The RF output signal is routed through a duplexer 234 and transmitted via an antenna 

236. As shown in FIG. 2, the signals from data processor 210 to mixer 224 are typically complex 

signals having inphase (I) and quadrature (Q) components.

DAC 220 and RF transmit chain 204 may be wideband to support simultaneous transmission of N 

CDMA signals on N CDMA channels. DAC 220 may be operated at a sufficiently high clock rate 

and may have sufficient resolution for conversion of a digital sample stream containing all N CDMA 

signals. Analog lowpass filter 222 may have a fixed or variable bandwidth that may be sufficiently 

wide to pass all of the CDMA signals being sent simultaneously. The subsequent analog circuit 

blocks may also be wideband to pass all of the CDMA signals. Bandpass filter 230 may be wideband 

and may pass an entire frequency band, e.g., from 824 to 849 MHz for cellular band and from 1850 to 

1910 MHz for Personal Communications Service (PCS) band.

See, e.g., Rick at 3:61-4:67.

Multi-carrier transmitter 200 may be used in conjunction with a multi-carrier receiver that can receive 

one or more CDMA channels. Duplexer 234 may route an RF received signal from antenna 236 to 

the multi-carrier receiver, which is not shown in FIG. 2. The multi-carrier receiver may process the 

RF received signal to recover data and control information sent on one or more CDMA channels.

See, e.g., Rick at 5:24-30.

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See, e.g., Rick at Figure 1.

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See, e.g., Rick at Figure 2.

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See, e.g., Rick at Figure 10.

Furthermore, this claim element is obvious in light of Rick itself, when combined with any of the 

other references as charted for this claim element in Exs. A-1–A-31, First Supplemental Ex. AObviousness Chart, and/or when combined with the knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the art. 

Motivations to combine may come from the knowledge of the person of ordinary skill themselves, or 

from the known problems and predictable solutions as embodied in these references. Further 

motivations to combine references and additional details may be found in the Cover Pleading and 

First Supplemental Ex. A-Obviousness Chart.

[10.9] amplifying the 

combined up-converted signal 

in a power amplifier resulting 

in an amplified combined upconverted signal; and

Rick discloses “amplifying the combined up-converted signal in a power amplifier resulting in an 

amplified combined up-converted signal.” See, e.g.: 

A multi-carrier transmitter capable of transmitting on one or multiple frequency channels 

simultaneously is described. In one design, the multi-carrier transmitter includes at least one 

processor and a single radio frequency (RF) transmit chain. The processor(s) may generate output 

chips for each of multiple frequency channels, digitally filter and upsample the output chips for each 

frequency channel to obtain filtered samples, and digitally upconvert the filtered samples for each 

frequency channel to a different frequency to obtain upconverted samples. The processor(s) may then 

combine the upconverted samples for the multiple frequency channels to obtain composite samples, 

perform pre-distortion on the composite samples for I/Q mismatch compensation, and upsample the 

pre-distorted samples to obtain output samples. The output samples may be converted to an analog 

signal with a wideband DAC. The RF transmit chain may process the analog signal to generate an RF 

output signal.

See, e.g., Rick at Abstract.

Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various communication services 

such as voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc. These systems may be multiple-access 

systems capable of supporting multiple users by sharing the available system resources. Examples of 

such multiple-access systems include Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems, Time 

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Division Multiple Access (TDMA) systems, Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) systems, 

Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) systems, and Single-Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) systems.

Data usage for wireless communication systems continually grows due to increasing number of users 

as well as emergence of new applications with higher data requirements. A system may support a 

particular maximum data rate on one frequency channel under favorable channel conditions. This 

maximum data rate is typically determined by system design. To increase capacity, the system may 

utilize multiple frequency channels for transmission. However, the design complexity and cost of a 

transmitter may increase substantially in order to support transmission on multiple frequency 

channels.

See, e.g., Rick at 1:20-41.

A multi-carrier transmitter capable of transmitting on one or multiple frequency channels 

simultaneously using a single radio frequency (RF) transmit chain is described herein. The single RF 

transmit chain may be wideband and designed for a particular maximum number of (T) frequency 

channels. Up to T signals may be transmitted simultaneously on up to T frequency channels using 

this single RF transmit chain.

In one design, the multi-carrier transmitter includes at least one processor and one RF transmit chain. 

The processor(s) may generate output chips for each of multiple frequency channels in accordance 

with a particular system such as a High Rate Packet Data (HRPD) system. The output chips for each 

frequency channel may be scaled with a gain selected based on the transmit power for that frequency 

channel. The processor(s) may digitally filter and upsample the output chips for each frequency 

channel to obtain filtered samples and may digitally upconvert the filtered samples for each 

frequency channel to a different frequency to obtain upconverted samples. The processor(s) may 

combine the upconverted samples for the multiple frequency channels to obtain composite samples, 

perform pre-distortion on the composite samples to compensate for gain and phase mismatches of 

subsequent analog quadrature upconversion, and upsample the pre-distorted samples to obtain output 

samples. The output samples may be converted to an analog signal with a wideband digital-to-analog 

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converter (DAC). The RF transmit chain may then process (e.g., filter, quadrature upconvert, and 

amplify) the analog signal to generate an RF output signal.

See, e.g., Rick at 1:48-2:9.

The multi-carrier transmitter described herein may be used for various wireless communication 

systems such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, and SC-FDMA systems. The terms “system” and 

“network” are often used interchangeably. A CDMA system may implement a radio technology such 

as cdma2000, Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), etc. cdma2000 covers IS-2000, IS-95, and 

IS-856 standards. UTRA includes Wideband-CDMA (W-CDMA) and Low Chip Rate (LCR). A 

TDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Global System for Mobile 

Communications (GSM). An OFDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Evolved 

UTRA (E-UTRA), IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.16, IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM®, etc. These various 

radio technologies and standards are known in the art. UTRA, E-UTRA, and GSM are described in 

documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project” (3GPP). cdma2000 is 

described in documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project 2” (3GPP2). 

3GPP and 3GPP2 documents are publicly available.

See, e.g., Rick at 2:38-57.

The multi-carrier transmitter described herein may be used for an access terminal as well as an access 

point. An access point is generally a fixed station that communicates with the access terminals and 

may also be referred to as a base station, a Node B, etc. An access terminal may be stationary or 

mobile and may also be referred to as a mobile station, a user equipment (UE), a mobile equipment, a 

terminal, a subscriber unit, a station, etc. An access terminal may be a cellular phone, a personal 

digital assistant (PDA), a handset, a wireless communication device, a handheld device, a wireless 

modem, a laptop computer, etc. For clarity, the use of the multi-carrier transmitter for an access 

terminal is described below.

The multi-carrier transmitter can transmit one or multiple CDMA signals simultaneously. Each 

CDMA signal may be sent on a different CDMA channel. A CDMA channel is a frequency channel 

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for one CDMA signal and is 1.2288 MHz wide in HRPD. A CDMA channel is also commonly 

referred to as a carrier.

FIG. 1 shows an example transmission of N CDMA signals on N CDMA channels, where N≧1 in 

general and N>1 for multi-carrier operation. In this example, CDMA channel 1 has a carrier 

frequency of fch1, CDMA channel 2 has a carrier frequency of fch2, and so on, and CDMA channel 

N has a carrier frequency of fchN. The carrier frequencies are typically selected such that the CDMA 

channels are spaced sufficiently far apart to reduce inter-channel interference. In general, the carrier 

frequencies of the N CDMA channels may or may not be related to one another. The carrier 

frequency of each CDMA channel may be selected independently subject to a minimum inter-channel 

spacing criterion. The carrier frequencies may be evenly spaced across frequency and separated by a 

fixed frequency spacing of fspacing, which may be 1.2288 MHz or some larger value. The N CDMA 

signals may be transmitted at different power levels (as shown in FIG. 1) or at the same power level. 

The N CDMA signals may carry any type of data for any service such as voice, video, packet data, 

text messaging, etc. The N CDMA signals may be sent to the same access point or to different access 

points.

It is desirable to support transmission of one or multiple CDMA channels using as little circuitry as 

possible in order to reduce cost, lower power consumption, improve reliability, and obtain other 

benefits. T different RF transmit chains may be used to generate up to T CDMA signals for up to T 

CDMA channels, where T is the maximum number of CDMA signals that can be sent 

simultaneously. However, the T RF transmit chains may significantly increase the cost of an access 

terminal.

See, e.g., Rick at 3:1-47.

Within digital section 202, a data processor 210 processes data, pilot, and control information and 

provides N output chip streams for N CDMA signals to N digital filter 212 a through 212 n. A chip is 

typically a complex value sent in one chip period, which is a time duration determined by a system. 

Each output chip stream may be at a chip rate (c×1), which is 1.2288 megachips/second (Mcps) for 

HRPD. Each digital filter 212 filters its output chip stream, performs upsampling, and provides a 

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filtered sample stream to a rotator 214. Each filtered sample stream may be at a sample rate of 

fsample. The sample rate may be fixed and selected based on the maximum number of CDMA 

signals that can be transmitted simultaneously. Alternatively, the sample rate may be configurable 

and selected based on the number of CDMA signals being transmitted simultaneously. Each rotator 

214 operates as a digital upconverter, frequency upconverts its filtered sample stream with a digital 

local oscillator (LO) signal, and provides an upconverted sample stream. The digital LO signal for the 

CDMA signal sent on CDMA channel n has a frequency of fn, which is determined by the carrier 

frequency fchn of CDMA channel n and the frequency fc of an analog LO signal used for 

upconversion to RF. A summer 216 receives and sums the N upconverted sample streams from N 

rotators 214 a through 214 n and provides a composite sample stream. A post processor 218 performs 

post processing on the composite sample stream and provides an output sample stream. A DAC 220 

converts the output sample stream to analog and provides an analog baseband signal containing the N 

CDMA signals.

An RF transmit chain may implement a super-heterodyne architecture or a direct-conversion 

architecture. In the super-heterodyne architecture, a baseband signal is frequency upconverted in 

multiple stages, e.g., from baseband to an intermediate frequency (IF) in one stage, and then from IF 

to RF in another stage. In the direct-conversion architecture, which is also referred to as a zero-IF 

architecture, the baseband signal is frequency upconverted from baseband directly to RF in one stage. 

The super-heterodyne and direct-conversion architectures may use different circuit blocks and/or 

have different circuit requirements. The following description assumes the use of the directconversion architecture.

Within RF transmit chain 204, an analog lowpass filter 222 filters the analog baseband signal from 

DAC 220 to remove images caused by the digital-to-analog conversion and provides a filtered signal. 

A mixer 224 frequency upconverts the filtered signal from baseband to RF with an analog LO signal 

from an LO generator 226. LO generator 226 may include a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), a 

phase locked loop (PLL), a reference oscillator, etc. A variable gain amplifier (VGA) 228 amplifies 

the upconverted signal from mixer 224 with a variable gain. A bandpass filter 230 filters the signal 

from VGA 228 to remove images caused by the frequency upconversion. Bandpass filter 230 may be 

a surface acoustic wave (SAW) filter, a ceramic filter, or some other type of filter. A power amplifier 

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(PA) 232 amplifies the signal from filter 230 and provides an RF output signal having the proper 

power level. The RF output signal is routed through a duplexer 234 and transmitted via an antenna 

236. As shown in FIG. 2, the signals from data processor 210 to mixer 224 are typically complex 

signals having inphase (I) and quadrature (Q) components.

DAC 220 and RF transmit chain 204 may be wideband to support simultaneous transmission of N 

CDMA signals on N CDMA channels. DAC 220 may be operated at a sufficiently high clock rate 

and may have sufficient resolution for conversion of a digital sample stream containing all N CDMA 

signals. Analog lowpass filter 222 may have a fixed or variable bandwidth that may be sufficiently 

wide to pass all of the CDMA signals being sent simultaneously. The subsequent analog circuit 

blocks may also be wideband to pass all of the CDMA signals. Bandpass filter 230 may be wideband 

and may pass an entire frequency band, e.g., from 824 to 849 MHz for cellular band and from 1850 to 

1910 MHz for Personal Communications Service (PCS) band.

See, e.g., Rick at 3:61-4:67.

Multi-carrier transmitter 200 may be used in conjunction with a multi-carrier receiver that can receive 

one or more CDMA channels. Duplexer 234 may route an RF received signal from antenna 236 to 

the multi-carrier receiver, which is not shown in FIG. 2. The multi-carrier receiver may process the 

RF received signal to recover data and control information sent on one or more CDMA channels.

See, e.g., Rick at 5:24-30.

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See, e.g., Rick at Figure 1.

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See, e.g., Rick at Figure 2.

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See, e.g., Rick at Figure 10.

Furthermore, this claim element is obvious in light of Rick itself, when combined with any of the 

other references as charted for this claim element in Exs. A-1–A-31, First Supplemental Ex. AObviousness Chart, and/or when combined with the knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the art. 

Motivations to combine may come from the knowledge of the person of ordinary skill themselves, or 

from the known problems and predictable solutions as embodied in these references. Further 

motivations to combine references and additional details may be found in the Cover Pleading and 

First Supplemental Ex. A-Obviousness Chart.

[10.10] transmitting the 

amplified combined upconverted signal on a first 

antenna,

Rick discloses “transmitting the amplified combined up-converted signal on a first antenna.” See, 

e.g.: 

A multi-carrier transmitter capable of transmitting on one or multiple frequency channels 

simultaneously is described. In one design, the multi-carrier transmitter includes at least one 

processor and a single radio frequency (RF) transmit chain. The processor(s) may generate output 

chips for each of multiple frequency channels, digitally filter and upsample the output chips for each 

frequency channel to obtain filtered samples, and digitally upconvert the filtered samples for each 

frequency channel to a different frequency to obtain upconverted samples. The processor(s) may then 

combine the upconverted samples for the multiple frequency channels to obtain composite samples, 

perform pre-distortion on the composite samples for I/Q mismatch compensation, and upsample the 

pre-distorted samples to obtain output samples. The output samples may be converted to an analog 

signal with a wideband DAC. The RF transmit chain may process the analog signal to generate an RF 

output signal.

See, e.g., Rick at Abstract.

Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various communication services 

such as voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc. These systems may be multiple -access 

systems capable of supporting multiple users by sharing the available system resources. Examples of 

such multiple-access systems include Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems, Time 

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Division Multiple Access (TDMA) systems, Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) systems, 

Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) systems, and Single-Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) systems.

Data usage for wireless communication systems continually grows due to increasing number of users 

as well as emergence of new applications with higher data requirements. A system may support a 

particular maximum data rate on one frequency channel under favorable channel conditions. This 

maximum data rate is typically determined by system design. To increase capacity, the system may 

utilize multiple frequency channels for transmission. However, the design complexity and cost of a 

transmitter may increase substantially in order to support transmission on multiple frequency 

channels.

See, e.g., Rick at 1:20-41.

A multi-carrier transmitter capable of transmitting on one or multiple frequency channels 

simultaneously using a single radio frequency (RF) transmit chain is described herein. The single RF 

transmit chain may be wideband and designed for a particular maximum number of (T) frequency 

channels. Up to T signals may be transmitted simultaneously on up to T frequency channels using 

this single RF transmit chain.

In one design, the multi-carrier transmitter includes at least one processor and one RF transmit chain. 

The processor(s) may generate output chips for each of multiple frequency channels in accordance 

with a particular system such as a High Rate Packet Data (HRPD) system. The output chips for each 

frequency channel may be scaled with a gain selected based on the transmit power for that frequency 

channel. The processor(s) may digitally filter and upsample the output chips for each frequency 

channel to obtain filtered samples and may digitally upconvert the filtered samples for each 

frequency channel to a different frequency to obtain upconverted samples. The processor(s) may 

combine the upconverted samples for the multiple frequency channels to obtain composite samples, 

perform pre-distortion on the composite samples to compensate for gain and phase mismatches of 

subsequent analog quadrature upconversion, and upsample the pre-distorted samples to obtain output 

samples. The output samples may be converted to an analog signal with a wideband digital-to-analog 

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converter (DAC). The RF transmit chain may then process (e.g., filter, quadrature upconvert, and 

amplify) the analog signal to generate an RF output signal.

See, e.g., Rick at 1:48-2:9.

The multi-carrier transmitter described herein may be used for various wireless communication 

systems such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, and SC-FDMA systems. The terms “system” and 

“network” are often used interchangeably. A CDMA system may implement a radio technology such 

as cdma2000, Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), etc. cdma2000 covers IS-2000, IS-95, and 

IS-856 standards. UTRA includes Wideband-CDMA (W-CDMA) and Low Chip Rate (LCR). A 

TDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Global System for Mobile 

Communications (GSM). An OFDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Evolved 

UTRA (E-UTRA), IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.16, IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM®, etc. These various 

radio technologies and standards are known in the art. UTRA, E-UTRA, and GSM are described in 

documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project” (3GPP). cdma2000 is 

described in documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project 2” (3GPP2). 

3GPP and 3GPP2 documents are publicly available.

See, e.g., Rick at 2:38-57.

The multi-carrier transmitter described herein may be used for an access terminal as well as an access 

point. An access point is generally a fixed station that communicates with the access terminals and 

may also be referred to as a base station, a Node B, etc. An access terminal may be stationary or 

mobile and may also be referred to as a mobile station, a user equipment (UE), a mobile equipment, a 

terminal, a subscriber unit, a station, etc. An access terminal may be a cellular phone, a personal 

digital assistant (PDA), a handset, a wireless communication device, a handheld device, a wireless 

modem, a laptop computer, etc. For clarity, the use of the multi-carrier transmitter for an access 

terminal is described below.

The multi-carrier transmitter can transmit one or multiple CDMA signals simultaneously. Each 

CDMA signal may be sent on a different CDMA channel. A CDMA channel is a frequency channel 

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for one CDMA signal and is 1.2288 MHz wide in HRPD. A CDMA channel is also commonly 

referred to as a carrier.

FIG. 1 shows an example transmission of N CDMA signals on N CDMA channels, where N≧1 in 

general and N>1 for multi-carrier operation. In this example, CDMA channel 1 has a carrier 

frequency of fch1, CDMA channel 2 has a carrier frequency of fch2, and so on, and CDMA channel 

N has a carrier frequency of fchN. The carrier frequencies are typically selected such that the CDMA 

channels are spaced sufficiently far apart to reduce inter-channel interference. In general, the carrier 

frequencies of the N CDMA channels may or may not be related to one another. The carrier 

frequency of each CDMA channel may be selected independently subject to a minimum inter-channel 

spacing criterion. The carrier frequencies may be evenly spaced across frequency and separated by a 

fixed frequency spacing of fspacing, which may be 1.2288 MHz or some larger value. The N CDMA 

signals may be transmitted at different power levels (as shown in FIG. 1) or at the same power level. 

The N CDMA signals may carry any type of data for any service such as voice, video, packet data, 

text messaging, etc. The N CDMA signals may be sent to the same access point or to different access 

points.

It is desirable to support transmission of one or multiple CDMA channels using as little circuitry as 

possible in order to reduce cost, lower power consumption, improve reliability, and obtain other 

benefits. T different RF transmit chains may be used to generate up to T CDMA signals for up to T 

CDMA channels, where T is the maximum number of CDMA signals that can be sent 

simultaneously. However, the T RF transmit chains may significantly increase the cost of an access 

terminal.

See, e.g., Rick at 3:1-47.

Within digital section 202, a data processor 210 processes data, pilot, and control information and 

provides N output chip streams for N CDMA signals to N digital filter 212 a through 212 n. A chip is 

typically a complex value sent in one chip period, which is a time duration determined by a system. 

Each output chip stream may be at a chip rate (c×1), which is 1.2288 megachips/second (Mcps) for 

HRPD. Each digital filter 212 filters its output chip stream, performs upsampling, and provides a 

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filtered sample stream to a rotator 214. Each filtered sample stream may be at a sample rate of 

fsample. The sample rate may be fixed and selected based on the maximum number of CDMA 

signals that can be transmitted simultaneously. Alternatively, the sample rate may be configurable 

and selected based on the number of CDMA signals being transmitted simultaneously. Each rotator 

214 operates as a digital upconverter, frequency upconverts its filtered sample stream with a digital 

local oscillator (LO) signal, and provides an upconverted sample stream. The digital LO signal for the 

CDMA signal sent on CDMA channel n has a frequency of fn, which is determined by the carrier 

frequency fchn of CDMA channel n and the frequency fc of an analog LO signal used for 

upconversion to RF. A summer 216 receives and sums the N upconverted sample streams from N 

rotators 214 a through 214 n and provides a composite sample stream. A post processor 218 performs 

post processing on the composite sample stream and provides an output sample stream. A DAC 220 

converts the output sample stream to analog and provides an analog baseband signal containing the N 

CDMA signals.

An RF transmit chain may implement a super-heterodyne architecture or a direct-conversion 

architecture. In the super-heterodyne architecture, a baseband signal is frequency upconverted in 

multiple stages, e.g., from baseband to an intermediate frequency (IF) in one stage, and then from IF 

to RF in another stage. In the direct-conversion architecture, which is also referred to as a zero-IF 

architecture, the baseband signal is frequency upconverted from baseband directly to RF in one stage. 

The super-heterodyne and direct-conversion architectures may use different circuit blocks and/or 

have different circuit requirements. The following description assumes the use of the directconversion architecture.

Within RF transmit chain 204, an analog lowpass filter 222 filters the analog baseband signal from 

DAC 220 to remove images caused by the digital-to-analog conversion and provides a filtered signal. 

A mixer 224 frequency upconverts the filtered signal from baseband to RF with an analog LO signal 

from an LO generator 226. LO generator 226 may include a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), a 

phase locked loop (PLL), a reference oscillator, etc. A variable gain amplifier (VGA) 228 amplifies 

the upconverted signal from mixer 224 with a variable gain. A bandpass filter 230 filters the signal 

from VGA 228 to remove images caused by the frequency upconversion. Bandpass filter 230 may be 

a surface acoustic wave (SAW) filter, a ceramic filter, or some other type of filter. A power amplifier 

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(PA) 232 amplifies the signal from filter 230 and provides an RF output signal having the proper 

power level. The RF output signal is routed through a duplexer 234 and transmitted via an antenna 

236. As shown in FIG. 2, the signals from data processor 210 to mixer 224 are typically complex 

signals having inphase (I) and quadrature (Q) components.

DAC 220 and RF transmit chain 204 may be wideband to support simultaneous transmission of N 

CDMA signals on N CDMA channels. DAC 220 may be operated at a sufficiently high clock rate 

and may have sufficient resolution for conversion of a digital sample stream containing all N CDMA 

signals. Analog lowpass filter 222 may have a fixed or variable bandwidth that may be sufficiently 

wide to pass all of the CDMA signals being sent simultaneously. The subsequent analog circuit 

blocks may also be wideband to pass all of the CDMA signals. Bandpass filter 230 may be wideband 

and may pass an entire frequency band, e.g., from 824 to 849 MHz for cellular band and from 1850 to 

1910 MHz for Personal Communications Service (PCS) band.

See, e.g., Rick at 3:61-4:67.

Multi-carrier transmitter 200 may be used in conjunction with a multi-carrier receiver that can receive 

one or more CDMA channels. Duplexer 234 may route an RF received signal from antenna 236 to 

the multi-carrier receiver, which is not shown in FIG. 2. The multi-carrier receiver may process the 

RF received signal to recover data and control information sent on one or more CDMA channels.

See, e.g., Rick at 5:24-30.

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See, e.g., Rick at Figure 1.

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See, e.g., Rick at Figure 2.

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See, e.g., Rick at Figure 10.

Furthermore, this claim element is obvious in light of Rick itself, when combined with any of the 

other references as charted for this claim element in Exs. A-1–A-31, First Supplemental Ex. AObviousness Chart, and/or when combined with the knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the art. 

Motivations to combine may come from the knowledge of the person of ordinary skill themselves, or 

from the known problems and predictable solutions as embodied in these references. Further 

motivations to combine references and additional details may be found in the Cover Pleading and 

First Supplemental Ex. A-Obviousness Chart.

[10.11] wherein the 

bandwidth of said power 

amplifier is greater than the 

difference between a lowest 

frequency in the first upconverted frequency range 

and a highest frequency in the 

second up-converted 

frequency range.

Rick discloses “wherein the bandwidth of said power amplifier is greater than the difference between 

a lowest frequency in the first up-converted frequency range and a highest frequency in the second 

up-converted frequency range.” See, e.g.: 

A multi-carrier transmitter capable of transmitting on one or multiple frequency channels 

simultaneously is described. In one design, the multi-carrier transmitter includes at least one 

processor and a single radio frequency (RF) transmit chain. The processor(s) may generate output 

chips for each of multiple frequency channels, digitally filter and upsample the output chips for each 

frequency channel to obtain filtered samples, and digitally upconvert the filtered samples for each 

frequency channel to a different frequency to obtain upconverted samples. The processor(s) may then 

combine the upconverted samples for the multiple frequency channels to obtain composite samples, 

perform pre-distortion on the composite samples for I/Q mismatch compensation, and upsample the 

pre-distorted samples to obtain output samples. The output samples may be converted to an analog 

signal with a wideband DAC. The RF transmit chain may process the analog signal to generate an RF 

output signal.

See, e.g., Rick at Abstract.

Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various communication services 

such as voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc. These systems may be multiple -access 

systems capable of supporting multiple users by sharing the available system resources. Examples of 

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such multiple-access systems include Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems, Time 

Division Multiple Access (TDMA) systems, Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) systems, 

Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) systems, and Single-Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) systems.

Data usage for wireless communication systems continually grows due to increasing number of users 

as well as emergence of new applications with higher data requirements. A system may support a 

particular maximum data rate on one frequency channel under favorable channel conditions. This 

maximum data rate is typically determined by system design. To increase capacity, the system may 

utilize multiple frequency channels for transmission. However, the design complexity and cost of a 

transmitter may increase substantially in order to support transmission on multiple frequency 

channels.

See, e.g., Rick at 1:20-41.

A multi-carrier transmitter capable of transmitting on one or multiple frequency channels 

simultaneously using a single radio frequency (RF) transmit chain is described herein. The single RF 

transmit chain may be wideband and designed for a particular maximum number of (T) frequency 

channels. Up to T signals may be transmitted simultaneously on up to T frequency channels using 

this single RF transmit chain.

In one design, the multi-carrier transmitter includes at least one processor and one RF transmit chain. 

The processor(s) may generate output chips for each of multiple frequency channels in accordance 

with a particular system such as a High Rate Packet Data (HRPD) system. The output chips for each 

frequency channel may be scaled with a gain selected based on the transmit power for that frequency 

channel. The processor(s) may digitally filter and upsample the output chips for each frequency 

channel to obtain filtered samples and may digitally upconvert the filtered samples for each 

frequency channel to a different frequency to obtain upconverted samples. The processor(s) may 

combine the upconverted samples for the multiple frequency channels to obtain composite samples, 

perform pre-distortion on the composite samples to compensate for gain and phase mismatches of 

subsequent analog quadrature upconversion, and upsample the pre-distorted samples to obtain output 

samples. The output samples may be converted to an analog signal with a wideband digital-to-analog 

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converter (DAC). The RF transmit chain may then process (e.g., filter, quadrature upconvert, and 

amplify) the analog signal to generate an RF output signal.

See, e.g., Rick at 1:48-2:9.

The multi-carrier transmitter described herein may be used for various wireless communication 

systems such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, and SC-FDMA systems. The terms “system” and 

“network” are often used interchangeably. A CDMA system may implement a radio technology such 

as cdma2000, Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), etc. cdma2000 covers IS-2000, IS-95, and 

IS-856 standards. UTRA includes Wideband-CDMA (W-CDMA) and Low Chip Rate (LCR). A 

TDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Global System for Mobile 

Communications (GSM). An OFDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Evolved 

UTRA (E-UTRA), IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.16, IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM®, etc. These various 

radio technologies and standards are known in the art. UTRA, E-UTRA, and GSM are described in 

documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project” (3GPP). cdma2000 is 

described in documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project 2” (3GPP2). 

3GPP and 3GPP2 documents are publicly available.

See, e.g., Rick at 2:38-57.

The multi-carrier transmitter described herein may be used for an access terminal as well as an access 

point. An access point is generally a fixed station that communicates with the access terminals and 

may also be referred to as a base station, a Node B, etc. An access terminal may be stationary or 

mobile and may also be referred to as a mobile station, a user equipment (UE), a mobile equipment, a 

terminal, a subscriber unit, a station, etc. An access terminal may be a cellular phone, a personal 

digital assistant (PDA), a handset, a wireless communication device, a handheld device, a wireless 

modem, a laptop computer, etc. For clarity, the use of the multi-carrier transmitter for an access 

terminal is described below.

The multi-carrier transmitter can transmit one or multiple CDMA signals simultaneously. Each 

CDMA signal may be sent on a different CDMA channel. A CDMA channel is a frequency channel 

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for one CDMA signal and is 1.2288 MHz wide in HRPD. A CDMA channel is also commonly 

referred to as a carrier.

FIG. 1 shows an example transmission of N CDMA signals on N CDMA channels, where N≧1 in 

general and N>1 for multi-carrier operation. In this example, CDMA channel 1 has a carrier 

frequency of fch1, CDMA channel 2 has a carrier frequency of fch2, and so on, and CDMA channel 

N has a carrier frequency of fchN. The carrier frequencies are typically selected such that the CDMA 

channels are spaced sufficiently far apart to reduce inter-channel interference. In general, the carrier 

frequencies of the N CDMA channels may or may not be related to one another. The carrier 

frequency of each CDMA channel may be selected independently subject to a minimum inter-channel 

spacing criterion. The carrier frequencies may be evenly spaced across frequency and separated by a 

fixed frequency spacing of fspacing, which may be 1.2288 MHz or some larger value. The N CDMA 

signals may be transmitted at different power levels (as shown in FIG. 1) or at the same power level. 

The N CDMA signals may carry any type of data for any service such as voice, video, packet data, 

text messaging, etc. The N CDMA signals may be sent to the same access point or to different access 

points.

It is desirable to support transmission of one or multiple CDMA channels using as little circuitry as 

possible in order to reduce cost, lower power consumption, improve reliability, and obtain other 

benefits. T different RF transmit chains may be used to generate up to T CDMA signals for up to T 

CDMA channels, where T is the maximum number of CDMA signals that can be sent 

simultaneously. However, the T RF transmit chains may significantly increase the cost of an access 

terminal.

See, e.g., Rick at 3:1-47.

Within digital section 202, a data processor 210 processes data, pilot, and control information and 

provides N output chip streams for N CDMA signals to N digital filter 212 a through 212 n. A chip is 

typically a complex value sent in one chip period, which is a time duration determined by a system. 

Each output chip stream may be at a chip rate (c×1), which is 1.2288 megachips/second (Mcps) for 

HRPD. Each digital filter 212 filters its output chip stream, performs upsampling, and provides a 

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filtered sample stream to a rotator 214. Each filtered sample stream may be at a sample rate of 

fsample. The sample rate may be fixed and selected based on the maximum number of CDMA 

signals that can be transmitted simultaneously. Alternatively, the sample rate may be configurable 

and selected based on the number of CDMA signals being transmitted simultaneously. Each rotator 

214 operates as a digital upconverter, frequency upconverts its filtered sample stream with a digital 

local oscillator (LO) signal, and provides an upconverted sample stream. The digital LO signal for the 

CDMA signal sent on CDMA channel n has a frequency of fn, which is determined by the carrier 

frequency fchn of CDMA channel n and the frequency fc of an analog LO signal used for 

upconversion to RF. A summer 216 receives and sums the N upconverted sample streams from N 

rotators 214 a through 214 n and provides a composite sample stream. A post processor 218 performs 

post processing on the composite sample stream and provides an output sample stream. A DAC 220 

converts the output sample stream to analog and provides an analog baseband signal containing the N 

CDMA signals.

An RF transmit chain may implement a super-heterodyne architecture or a direct-conversion 

architecture. In the super-heterodyne architecture, a baseband signal is frequency upconverted in 

multiple stages, e.g., from baseband to an intermediate frequency (IF) in one stage, and then from IF 

to RF in another stage. In the direct-conversion architecture, which is also referred to as a zero-IF 

architecture, the baseband signal is frequency upconverted from baseband directly to RF in one stage. 

The super-heterodyne and direct-conversion architectures may use different circuit blocks and/or 

have different circuit requirements. The following description assumes the use of the directconversion architecture.

Within RF transmit chain 204, an analog lowpass filter 222 filters the analog baseband signal from 

DAC 220 to remove images caused by the digital-to-analog conversion and provides a filtered signal. 

A mixer 224 frequency upconverts the filtered signal from baseband to RF with an analog LO signal 

from an LO generator 226. LO generator 226 may include a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), a 

phase locked loop (PLL), a reference oscillator, etc. A variable gain amplifier (VGA) 228 amplifies 

the upconverted signal from mixer 224 with a variable gain. A bandpass filter 230 filters the signal 

from VGA 228 to remove images caused by the frequency upconversion. Bandpass filter 230 may be 

a surface acoustic wave (SAW) filter, a ceramic filter, or some other type of filter. A power amplifier 

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Claim 10 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

(PA) 232 amplifies the signal from filter 230 and provides an RF output signal having the proper 

power level. The RF output signal is routed through a duplexer 234 and transmitted via an antenna 

236. As shown in FIG. 2, the signals from data processor 210 to mixer 224 are typically complex 

signals having inphase (I) and quadrature (Q) components.

DAC 220 and RF transmit chain 204 may be wideband to support simultaneous transmission of N 

CDMA signals on N CDMA channels. DAC 220 may be operated at a sufficiently high clock rate 

and may have sufficient resolution for conversion of a digital sample stream containing all N CDMA 

signals. Analog lowpass filter 222 may have a fixed or variable bandwidth that may be sufficiently 

wide to pass all of the CDMA signals being sent simultaneously. The subsequent analog circuit 

blocks may also be wideband to pass all of the CDMA signals. Bandpass filter 230 may be wideband 

and may pass an entire frequency band, e.g., from 824 to 849 MHz for cellular band and from 1850 to 

1910 MHz for Personal Communications Service (PCS) band.

See, e.g., Rick at 3:61-4:67.

Multi-carrier transmitter 200 may be used in conjunction with a multi-carrier receiver that can receive 

one or more CDMA channels. Duplexer 234 may route an RF received signal from antenna 236 to 

the multi-carrier receiver, which is not shown in FIG. 2. The multi-carrier receiver may process the 

RF received signal to recover data and control information sent on one or more CDMA channels.

See, e.g., Rick at 5:24-30.

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See, e.g., Rick at Figure 1.

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Claim 10 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

See, e.g., Rick at Figure 2.

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Claim 10 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

See, e.g., Rick at Figure 10.

Furthermore, this claim element is obvious in light of Rick itself, when combined with any of the 

other references as charted for this claim element in Exs. A-1–A-31, First Supplemental Ex. AObviousness Chart, and/or when combined with the knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the art. 

Motivations to combine may come from the knowledge of the person of ordinary skill themselves, or 

from the known problems and predictable solutions as embodied in these references. Further 

motivations to combine references and additional details may be found in the Cover Pleading and 

First Supplemental Ex. A-Obviousness Chart.

Claim 13 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

[13.1] The method of claim 10 Rick discloses all the elements of claim 10 for all the reasons provided above.

[13.2] wherein the first digital 

signal is encoded using a first 

wireless protocol and the 

second digital signal is 

encoded using a second 

wireless protocol.

Rick discloses “wherein the first digital signal is encoded using a first wireless protocol and the 

second digital signal is encoded using a second wireless protocol.” See, e.g.: 

A multi-carrier transmitter capable of transmitting on one or multiple frequency channels 

simultaneously is described. In one design, the multi-carrier transmitter includes at least one 

processor and a single radio frequency (RF) transmit chain. The processor(s) may generate output 

chips for each of multiple frequency channels, digitally filter and upsample the output chips for e ach 

frequency channel to obtain filtered samples, and digitally upconvert the filtered samples for each 

frequency channel to a different frequency to obtain upconverted samples. The processor(s) may then 

combine the upconverted samples for the multiple frequency channels to obtain composite samples, 

perform pre-distortion on the composite samples for I/Q mismatch compensation, and upsample the 

pre-distorted samples to obtain output samples. The output samples may be converted to an analog 

signal with a wideband DAC. The RF transmit chain may process the analog signal to generate an RF 

output signal.

See, e.g., Rick at Abstract.

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Claim 13 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various communication services 

such as voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc. These systems may be multiple-access 

systems capable of supporting multiple users by sharing the available system resources. Examples of 

such multiple-access systems include Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems, Time 

Division Multiple Access (TDMA) systems, Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) systems, 

Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) systems, and Single-Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) systems.

Data usage for wireless communication systems continually grows due to increasing number of users 

as well as emergence of new applications with higher data requirements. A system may support a 

particular maximum data rate on one frequency channel under favorable channel conditions. This 

maximum data rate is typically determined by system design. To increase capacity, the system may 

utilize multiple frequency channels for transmission. However, the design complexity and cost of a 

transmitter may increase substantially in order to support transmission on multiple frequency 

channels.

See, e.g., Rick at 1:20-41.

A multi-carrier transmitter capable of transmitting on one or multiple frequency channels 

simultaneously using a single radio frequency (RF) transmit chain is described herein. The single RF 

transmit chain may be wideband and designed for a particular maximum number of (T) frequency 

channels. Up to T signals may be transmitted simultaneously on up to T frequency channels using 

this single RF transmit chain.

In one design, the multi-carrier transmitter includes at least one processor and one RF transmit chain. 

The processor(s) may generate output chips for each of multiple frequency channels in accordance 

with a particular system such as a High Rate Packet Data (HRPD) system. The output chips for each 

frequency channel may be scaled with a gain selected based on the transmit power for that frequency 

channel. The processor(s) may digitally filter and upsample the output chips for each frequency 

channel to obtain filtered samples and may digitally upconvert the filtered samples for each 

frequency channel to a different frequency to obtain upconverted samples. The processor(s) may 

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Claim 13 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

combine the upconverted samples for the multiple frequency channels to obtain composite samples, 

perform pre-distortion on the composite samples to compensate for gain and phase mismatches of 

subsequent analog quadrature upconversion, and upsample the pre-distorted samples to obtain output 

samples. The output samples may be converted to an analog signal with a wideband digital-to-analog 

converter (DAC). The RF transmit chain may then process (e.g., filter, quadrature upconvert, and 

amplify) the analog signal to generate an RF output signal.

See, e.g., Rick at 1:48-2:9.

The multi-carrier transmitter described herein may be used for various wireless communication 

systems such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, and SC-FDMA systems. The terms “system” and 

“network” are often used interchangeably. A CDMA system may implement a radio technology such 

as cdma2000, Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), etc. cdma2000 covers IS-2000, IS-95, and 

IS-856 standards. UTRA includes Wideband-CDMA (W-CDMA) and Low Chip Rate (LCR). A 

TDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Global System for Mobile 

Communications (GSM). An OFDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Evolved

UTRA (E-UTRA), IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.16, IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM®, etc. These various 

radio technologies and standards are known in the art. UTRA, E-UTRA, and GSM are described in 

documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project” (3GPP). cdma2000 is 

described in documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project 2” (3GPP2). 

3GPP and 3GPP2 documents are publicly available.

See, e.g., Rick at 2:38-57.

The multi-carrier transmitter described herein may be used for an access terminal as well as an access 

point. An access point is generally a fixed station that communicates with the access terminals and 

may also be referred to as a base station, a Node B, etc. An access terminal may be stationary or 

mobile and may also be referred to as a mobile station, a user equipment (UE), a mobile equipment, a 

terminal, a subscriber unit, a station, etc. An access terminal may be a cellular phone, a personal 

digital assistant (PDA), a handset, a wireless communication device, a handheld device, a wireless 

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Claim 13 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

modem, a laptop computer, etc. For clarity, the use of the multi-carrier transmitter for an access 

terminal is described below.

The multi-carrier transmitter can transmit one or multiple CDMA signals simultaneously. Each 

CDMA signal may be sent on a different CDMA channel. A CDMA channel is a frequency channel 

for one CDMA signal and is 1.2288 MHz wide in HRPD. A CDMA channel is also commonly 

referred to as a carrier.

FIG. 1 shows an example transmission of N CDMA signals on N CDMA channels, where N≧1 in 

general and N>1 for multi-carrier operation. In this example, CDMA channel 1 has a carrier 

frequency of fch1, CDMA channel 2 has a carrier frequency of fch2, and so on, and CDMA channel 

N has a carrier frequency of fchN. The carrier frequencies are typically selected such that the CDMA 

channels are spaced sufficiently far apart to reduce inter-channel interference. In general, the carrier 

frequencies of the N CDMA channels may or may not be related to one another. Th e carrier 

frequency of each CDMA channel may be selected independently subject to a minimum inter-channel 

spacing criterion. The carrier frequencies may be evenly spaced across frequency and separated by a 

fixed frequency spacing of fspacing, which may be 1.2288 MHz or some larger value. The N CDMA 

signals may be transmitted at different power levels (as shown in FIG. 1) or at the same power level. 

The N CDMA signals may carry any type of data for any service such as voice, video, packet data, 

text messaging, etc. The N CDMA signals may be sent to the same access point or to different access 

points.

It is desirable to support transmission of one or multiple CDMA channels using as little circuitry as 

possible in order to reduce cost, lower power consumption, improve reliability, and obtain other 

benefits. T different RF transmit chains may be used to generate up to T CDMA signals for up to T 

CDMA channels, where T is the maximum number of CDMA signals that can be sent 

simultaneously. However, the T RF transmit chains may significantly increase the cost of an access 

terminal.

See, e.g., Rick at 3:1-47.

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Claim 13 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

Within digital section 202, a data processor 210 processes data, pilot, and control information and 

provides N output chip streams for N CDMA signals to N digital filter 212 a through 212 n. A chip is 

typically a complex value sent in one chip period, which is a time duration determined by a system. 

Each output chip stream may be at a chip rate (c×1), which is 1.2288 megachips/second (Mcps) for 

HRPD. Each digital filter 212 filters its output chip stream, performs upsampling, and provides a 

filtered sample stream to a rotator 214. Each filtered sample stream may be at a sample rate of 

fsample. The sample rate may be fixed and selected based on the maximum number of CDMA 

signals that can be transmitted simultaneously. Alternatively, the sample rate may be configurable 

and selected based on the number of CDMA signals being transmitted simultaneously. Each rotator 

214 operates as a digital upconverter, frequency upconverts its filtered sample stream with a digital 

local oscillator (LO) signal, and provides an upconverted sample stream. The digital LO signal for the 

CDMA signal sent on CDMA channel n has a frequency of fn, which is determined by the carrier 

frequency fchn of CDMA channel n and the frequency fc of an analog LO signal used for 

upconversion to RF. A summer 216 receives and sums the N upconverted sample streams from N 

rotators 214 a through 214 n and provides a composite sample stream. A post processor 218 performs 

post processing on the composite sample stream and provides an output sample stream. A DAC 220 

converts the output sample stream to analog and provides an analog baseband signal containing the N 

CDMA signals.

An RF transmit chain may implement a super-heterodyne architecture or a direct-conversion 

architecture. In the super-heterodyne architecture, a baseband signal is frequency upconverted in 

multiple stages, e.g., from baseband to an intermediate frequency (IF) in one stage, and then from IF 

to RF in another stage. In the direct-conversion architecture, which is also referred to as a zero-IF 

architecture, the baseband signal is frequency upconverted from baseband directly to RF in one stage. 

The super-heterodyne and direct-conversion architectures may use different circuit blocks and/or 

have different circuit requirements. The following description assumes the use of the directconversion architecture.

Within RF transmit chain 204, an analog lowpass filter 222 filters the analog baseband signal f rom 

DAC 220 to remove images caused by the digital-to-analog conversion and provides a filtered signal. 

A mixer 224 frequency upconverts the filtered signal from baseband to RF with an analog LO signal 

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Claim 13 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

from an LO generator 226. LO generator 226 may include a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), a 

phase locked loop (PLL), a reference oscillator, etc. A variable gain amplifier (VGA) 228 amplifies 

the upconverted signal from mixer 224 with a variable gain. A bandpass filter 230 filters the signal 

from VGA 228 to remove images caused by the frequency upconversion. Bandpass filter 230 may be 

a surface acoustic wave (SAW) filter, a ceramic filter, or some other type of filter. A power amplifier 

(PA) 232 amplifies the signal from filter 230 and provides an RF output signal having the proper 

power level. The RF output signal is routed through a duplexer 234 and transmitted via an antenna 

236. As shown in FIG. 2, the signals from data processor 210 to mixer 224 are typically complex 

signals having inphase (I) and quadrature (Q) components.

DAC 220 and RF transmit chain 204 may be wideband to support simultaneous transmission of N 

CDMA signals on N CDMA channels. DAC 220 may be operated at a sufficiently high clock rate 

and may have sufficient resolution for conversion of a digital sample stream containing all N CDMA 

signals. Analog lowpass filter 222 may have a fixed or variable bandwidth that may be sufficiently 

wide to pass all of the CDMA signals being sent simultaneously. The subsequent analog circuit 

blocks may also be wideband to pass all of the CDMA signals. Bandpass filter 230 may be wideband 

and may pass an entire frequency band, e.g., from 824 to 849 MHz for cellular band and from 1850 to 

1910 MHz for Personal Communications Service (PCS) band.

See, e.g., Rick at 3:61-4:67.

Multi-carrier transmitter 200 may be used in conjunction with a multi-carrier receiver that can receive 

one or more CDMA channels. Duplexer 234 may route an RF received signal from antenna 236 to 

the multi-carrier receiver, which is not shown in FIG. 2. The multi-carrier receiver may process the 

RF received signal to recover data and control information sent on one or more CDMA channels.

See, e.g., Rick at 5:24-30.

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Claim 13 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

See, e.g., Rick at Figure 1.

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Claim 13 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

See, e.g., Rick at Figure 2.

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Claim 13 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

See, e.g., Rick at Figure 10.

Furthermore, this claim element is obvious in light of Rick itself, when combined with any of the 

other references as charted for this claim element in Exs. A-1–A-31, First Supplemental Ex. AObviousness Chart, and/or when combined with the knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the art. 

Motivations to combine may come from the knowledge of the person of ordinary skill themselves, or 

from the known problems and predictable solutions as embodied in these references. Further 

motivations to combine references and additional details may be found in the Cover Pleading and 

First Supplemental Ex. A-Obviousness Chart.

Claim 14 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

[14.1] The method of claim 10 Rick discloses all the elements of claim 10 for all the reasons provided above.

[14.2] wherein the second 

data is the same as the first 

data, the method further 

comprising:

Rick discloses “wherein the second data is the same as the first data, the method further comprising.” 

See, e.g.: 

A multi-carrier transmitter capable of transmitting on one or multiple frequency channels 

simultaneously is described. In one design, the multi-carrier transmitter includes at least one 

processor and a single radio frequency (RF) transmit chain. The processor(s) may generate output 

chips for each of multiple frequency channels, digitally filter and upsample the output chips for each 

frequency channel to obtain filtered samples, and digitally upconvert the filtered samples for each 

frequency channel to a different frequency to obtain upconverted samples. The processor(s) may then 

combine the upconverted samples for the multiple frequency channels to obtain composite samples, 

perform pre-distortion on the composite samples for I/Q mismatch compensation, and upsample the 

pre-distorted samples to obtain output samples. The output samples may be converted to an analog 

signal with a wideband DAC. The RF transmit chain may process the analog signal to generate an RF 

output signal.

See, e.g., Rick at Abstract.

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Claim 14 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various communication services 

such as voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc. These systems may be multiple -access 

systems capable of supporting multiple users by sharing the available system resources. Examples of 

such multiple-access systems include Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems, Time 

Division Multiple Access (TDMA) systems, Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) systems, 

Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) systems, and Single-Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) systems.

Data usage for wireless communication systems continually grows due to increasing number of users 

as well as emergence of new applications with higher data requirements. A system may support a 

particular maximum data rate on one frequency channel under favorable channel conditions. This 

maximum data rate is typically determined by system design. To increase capacity, the system may 

utilize multiple frequency channels for transmission. However, the design complexity and cost of a 

transmitter may increase substantially in order to support transmission on multiple frequency 

channels.

See, e.g., Rick at 1:20-41.

A multi-carrier transmitter capable of transmitting on one or multiple frequency channels 

simultaneously using a single radio frequency (RF) transmit chain is described herein. The single RF 

transmit chain may be wideband and designed for a particular maximum number of (T) frequency 

channels. Up to T signals may be transmitted simultaneously on up to T frequency channels using 

this single RF transmit chain.

In one design, the multi-carrier transmitter includes at least one processor and one RF transmit chain. 

The processor(s) may generate output chips for each of multiple frequency channels in accordance 

with a particular system such as a High Rate Packet Data (HRPD) system. The output chips for each 

frequency channel may be scaled with a gain selected based on the transmit power for that frequency 

channel. The processor(s) may digitally filter and upsample the output chips for each frequency 

channel to obtain filtered samples and may digitally upconvert the filtered samples for each 

frequency channel to a different frequency to obtain upconverted samples. The processo r(s) may 

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Claim 14 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

combine the upconverted samples for the multiple frequency channels to obtain composite samples, 

perform pre-distortion on the composite samples to compensate for gain and phase mismatches of 

subsequent analog quadrature upconversion, and upsample the pre-distorted samples to obtain output 

samples. The output samples may be converted to an analog signal with a wideband digital-to-analog 

converter (DAC). The RF transmit chain may then process (e.g., filter, quadrature upconvert, and 

amplify) the analog signal to generate an RF output signal.

See, e.g., Rick at 1:48-2:9.

The multi-carrier transmitter described herein may be used for various wireless communication 

systems such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, and SC-FDMA systems. The terms “system” and 

“network” are often used interchangeably. A CDMA system may implement a radio technology such 

as cdma2000, Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), etc. cdma2000 covers IS-2000, IS-95, and 

IS-856 standards. UTRA includes Wideband-CDMA (W-CDMA) and Low Chip Rate (LCR). A 

TDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Global System for Mobile 

Communications (GSM). An OFDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Evolved 

UTRA (E-UTRA), IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.16, IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM®, etc. These various 

radio technologies and standards are known in the art. UTRA, E-UTRA, and GSM are described in 

documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project” (3GPP). cdma2000 is 

described in documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project 2” (3GPP2). 

3GPP and 3GPP2 documents are publicly available.

See, e.g., Rick at 2:38-57.

The multi-carrier transmitter described herein may be used for an access terminal as well as an access 

point. An access point is generally a fixed station that communicates with the access terminals and 

may also be referred to as a base station, a Node B, etc. An access terminal may be stationary or 

mobile and may also be referred to as a mobile station, a user equipment (UE), a mobile equipment, a 

terminal, a subscriber unit, a station, etc. An access terminal may be a cellular phone, a personal 

digital assistant (PDA), a handset, a wireless communication device, a handheld device, a wireless 

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Claim 14 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

modem, a laptop computer, etc. For clarity, the use of the multi-carrier transmitter for an access 

terminal is described below.

The multi-carrier transmitter can transmit one or multiple CDMA signals simultaneously. Each 

CDMA signal may be sent on a different CDMA channel. A CDMA channel is a frequency channel 

for one CDMA signal and is 1.2288 MHz wide in HRPD. A CDMA channel is also commonly 

referred to as a carrier.

FIG. 1 shows an example transmission of N CDMA signals on N CDMA channels, where N≧1 in 

general and N>1 for multi-carrier operation. In this example, CDMA channel 1 has a carrier 

frequency of fch1, CDMA channel 2 has a carrier frequency of fch2, and so on, and CDMA channel 

N has a carrier frequency of fchN. The carrier frequencies are typically selected such that the CDMA 

channels are spaced sufficiently far apart to reduce inter-channel interference. In general, the carrier 

frequencies of the N CDMA channels may or may not be related to one another. The carrier 

frequency of each CDMA channel may be selected independently subject to a minimum inter-channel 

spacing criterion. The carrier frequencies may be evenly spaced across frequency and separated by a 

fixed frequency spacing of fspacing, which may be 1.2288 MHz or some larger value. The N CDMA 

signals may be transmitted at different power levels (as shown in FIG. 1) or at the same power level. 

The N CDMA signals may carry any type of data for any service such as voice, video, packet data, 

text messaging, etc. The N CDMA signals may be sent to the same access point or to different access 

points.

It is desirable to support transmission of one or multiple CDMA channels using as little circuitry as 

possible in order to reduce cost, lower power consumption, improve reliability, and obtain other 

benefits. T different RF transmit chains may be used to generate up to T CDMA signals for up to T 

CDMA channels, where T is the maximum number of CDMA signals that can be sent 

simultaneously. However, the T RF transmit chains may significantly increase the cost of an access 

terminal.

See, e.g., Rick at 3:1-47.

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Claim 14 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

Within digital section 202, a data processor 210 processes data, pilot, and control information and 

provides N output chip streams for N CDMA signals to N digital filter 212 a through 212 n. A chip is 

typically a complex value sent in one chip period, which is a time duration determined by a system. 

Each output chip stream may be at a chip rate (c×1), which is 1.2288 megachips/second (Mcps) for 

HRPD. Each digital filter 212 filters its output chip stream, performs upsampling, and provides a 

filtered sample stream to a rotator 214. Each filtered sample stream may be at a sample rate of 

fsample. The sample rate may be fixed and selected based on the maximum number of CDMA 

signals that can be transmitted simultaneously. Alternatively, the sample rate may be configurable 

and selected based on the number of CDMA signals being transmitted simultaneously. Each rotator 

214 operates as a digital upconverter, frequency upconverts its filtered sample stream with a digital 

local oscillator (LO) signal, and provides an upconverted sample stream. The digital LO signal for the 

CDMA signal sent on CDMA channel n has a frequency of fn, which is determined by the carrier 

frequency fchn of CDMA channel n and the frequency fc of an analog LO signal used for 

upconversion to RF. A summer 216 receives and sums the N upconverted sample streams from N 

rotators 214 a through 214 n and provides a composite sample stream. A post processor 218 performs 

post processing on the composite sample stream and provides an output sample stream. A DAC 220 

converts the output sample stream to analog and provides an analog baseband signal containing the N 

CDMA signals.

An RF transmit chain may implement a super-heterodyne architecture or a direct-conversion 

architecture. In the super-heterodyne architecture, a baseband signal is frequency upconverted in 

multiple stages, e.g., from baseband to an intermediate frequency (IF) in one stage, and then from IF 

to RF in another stage. In the direct-conversion architecture, which is also referred to as a zero-IF 

architecture, the baseband signal is frequency upconverted from baseband directly to RF in one stage. 

The super-heterodyne and direct-conversion architectures may use different circuit blocks and/or 

have different circuit requirements. The following description assumes the use of the directconversion architecture.

Within RF transmit chain 204, an analog lowpass filter 222 filters the analog baseband signal from 

DAC 220 to remove images caused by the digital-to-analog conversion and provides a filtered signal. 

A mixer 224 frequency upconverts the filtered signal from baseband to RF with an analog LO signal 

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Claim 14 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

from an LO generator 226. LO generator 226 may include a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), a 

phase locked loop (PLL), a reference oscillator, etc. A variable gain amplifier (VGA) 228 amplifies 

the upconverted signal from mixer 224 with a variable gain. A bandpass filter 230 filters the signal 

from VGA 228 to remove images caused by the frequency upconversion. Bandpass filter 230 may be 

a surface acoustic wave (SAW) filter, a ceramic filter, or some other type of filter. A power amplifier 

(PA) 232 amplifies the signal from filter 230 and provides an RF output signal having the proper 

power level. The RF output signal is routed through a duplexer 234 and transmitted via an antenna 

236. As shown in FIG. 2, the signals from data processor 210 to mixer 224 are typically complex 

signals having inphase (I) and quadrature (Q) components.

DAC 220 and RF transmit chain 204 may be wideband to support simultaneous transmission of N 

CDMA signals on N CDMA channels. DAC 220 may be operated at a sufficiently high clock rate 

and may have sufficient resolution for conversion of a digital sample stream containing all N CDMA 

signals. Analog lowpass filter 222 may have a fixed or variable bandwidth that may be sufficiently 

wide to pass all of the CDMA signals being sent simultaneously. The subsequent analog circuit 

blocks may also be wideband to pass all of the CDMA signals. Bandpass filter 230 may be wideband 

and may pass an entire frequency band, e.g., from 824 to 849 MHz for cellular band and from 1850 to 

1910 MHz for Personal Communications Service (PCS) band.

See, e.g., Rick at 3:61-4:67.

Multi-carrier transmitter 200 may be used in conjunction with a multi-carrier receiver that can receive 

one or more CDMA channels. Duplexer 234 may route an RF received signal from antenna 236 to 

the multi-carrier receiver, which is not shown in FIG. 2. The multi-carrier receiver may process the 

RF received signal to recover data and control information sent on one or more CDMA channels.

See, e.g., Rick at 5:24-30.

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Claim 14 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

See, e.g., Rick at Figure 1.

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See, e.g., Rick at Figure 2.

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Claim 14 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

See, e.g., Rick at Figure 10.

Furthermore, this claim element is obvious in light of Rick itself, when combined with any of the 

other references as charted for this claim element in Exs. A-1–A-31, First Supplemental Ex. AObviousness Chart, and/or when combined with the knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the art. 

Motivations to combine may come from the knowledge of the person of ordinary skill themselves, or 

from the known problems and predictable solutions as embodied in these references. Further 

motivations to combine references and additional details may be found in the Cover Pleading and 

First Supplemental Ex. A-Obviousness Chart.

[14.3] receiving the 

transmitted signal on a second 

antenna;

Rick discloses “receiving the transmitted signal on a second antenna.” See, e.g.: 

A multi-carrier transmitter capable of transmitting on one or multiple frequency channels 

simultaneously is described. In one design, the multi-carrier transmitter includes at least one 

processor and a single radio frequency (RF) transmit chain. The processor(s) may generate output 

chips for each of multiple frequency channels, digitally filter and upsample the output chips for each 

frequency channel to obtain filtered samples, and digitally upconvert the filtered samples for each 

frequency channel to a different frequency to obtain upconverted samples. The processor(s) may then 

combine the upconverted samples for the multiple frequency channels to obtain composite samples, 

perform pre-distortion on the composite samples for I/Q mismatch compensation, and upsample the 

pre-distorted samples to obtain output samples. The output samples may be converted to an analog 

signal with a wideband DAC. The RF transmit chain may process the analog signal to generate an RF 

output signal.

See, e.g., Rick at Abstract.

Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various communication services 

such as voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc. These systems may be multiple -access 

systems capable of supporting multiple users by sharing the available system resources. Examples of 

such multiple-access systems include Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems, Time 

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Division Multiple Access (TDMA) systems, Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) systems, 

Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) systems, and Single-Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) systems.

Data usage for wireless communication systems continually grows due to increasing number of users 

as well as emergence of new applications with higher data requirements. A system may support a 

particular maximum data rate on one frequency channel under favorable channel conditions. This 

maximum data rate is typically determined by system design. To increase capacity, the system may 

utilize multiple frequency channels for transmission. However, the design complexity and cost of a 

transmitter may increase substantially in order to support transmission on multiple frequency 

channels.

See, e.g., Rick at 1:20-41.

A multi-carrier transmitter capable of transmitting on one or multiple frequency channels 

simultaneously using a single radio frequency (RF) transmit chain is described herein. The single RF 

transmit chain may be wideband and designed for a particular maximum number of (T) frequency 

channels. Up to T signals may be transmitted simultaneously on up to T frequency channels using 

this single RF transmit chain.

In one design, the multi-carrier transmitter includes at least one processor and one RF transmit chain. 

The processor(s) may generate output chips for each of multiple frequency channels in accordance 

with a particular system such as a High Rate Packet Data (HRPD) system. The output chips for each 

frequency channel may be scaled with a gain selected based on the transmit power for that frequency 

channel. The processor(s) may digitally filter and upsample the output chips for each frequency 

channel to obtain filtered samples and may digitally upconvert the filtered samples for each 

frequency channel to a different frequency to obtain upconverted samples. The processor(s) may 

combine the upconverted samples for the multiple frequency channels to obtain composite samples, 

perform pre-distortion on the composite samples to compensate for gain and phase mismatches of 

subsequent analog quadrature upconversion, and upsample the pre-distorted samples to obtain output 

samples. The output samples may be converted to an analog signal with a wideband digital-to-analog 

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converter (DAC). The RF transmit chain may then process (e.g., filter, quadrature upconvert, and 

amplify) the analog signal to generate an RF output signal.

See, e.g., Rick at 1:48-2:9.

The multi-carrier transmitter described herein may be used for various wireless communication 

systems such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, and SC-FDMA systems. The terms “system” and 

“network” are often used interchangeably. A CDMA system may implement a radio technology such 

as cdma2000, Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), etc. cdma2000 covers IS-2000, IS-95, and 

IS-856 standards. UTRA includes Wideband-CDMA (W-CDMA) and Low Chip Rate (LCR). A 

TDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Global System for Mobile 

Communications (GSM). An OFDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Evolved 

UTRA (E-UTRA), IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.16, IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM®, etc. These various 

radio technologies and standards are known in the art. UTRA, E-UTRA, and GSM are described in 

documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project” (3GPP). cdma2000 is 

described in documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project 2” (3GPP2). 

3GPP and 3GPP2 documents are publicly available.

See, e.g., Rick at 2:38-57.

The multi-carrier transmitter described herein may be used for an access terminal as well as an access 

point. An access point is generally a fixed station that communicates with the a ccess terminals and 

may also be referred to as a base station, a Node B, etc. An access terminal may be stationary or 

mobile and may also be referred to as a mobile station, a user equipment (UE), a mobile equipment, a 

terminal, a subscriber unit, a station, etc. An access terminal may be a cellular phone, a personal 

digital assistant (PDA), a handset, a wireless communication device, a handheld device, a wireless 

modem, a laptop computer, etc. For clarity, the use of the multi-carrier transmitter for an access 

terminal is described below.

The multi-carrier transmitter can transmit one or multiple CDMA signals simultaneously. Each 

CDMA signal may be sent on a different CDMA channel. A CDMA channel is a frequency channel 

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for one CDMA signal and is 1.2288 MHz wide in HRPD. A CDMA channel is also commonly 

referred to as a carrier.

FIG. 1 shows an example transmission of N CDMA signals on N CDMA channels, where N≧1 in 

general and N>1 for multi-carrier operation. In this example, CDMA channel 1 has a carrier 

frequency of fch1, CDMA channel 2 has a carrier frequency of fch2, and so on, and CDMA channel 

N has a carrier frequency of fchN. The carrier frequencies are typically selected such that the CDMA 

channels are spaced sufficiently far apart to reduce inter-channel interference. In general, the carrier 

frequencies of the N CDMA channels may or may not be related to one another. The carrier 

frequency of each CDMA channel may be selected independently subject to a minimum inter-channel 

spacing criterion. The carrier frequencies may be evenly spaced across frequency and separated by a 

fixed frequency spacing of fspacing, which may be 1.2288 MHz or some larger value. The N CDMA 

signals may be transmitted at different power levels (as shown in FIG. 1) or at the same power level. 

The N CDMA signals may carry any type of data for any service such as voice, video, packet data, 

text messaging, etc. The N CDMA signals may be sent to the same access point or to different access 

points.

It is desirable to support transmission of one or multiple CDMA channels using as little circuitry as 

possible in order to reduce cost, lower power consumption, improve reliability, and obtain other 

benefits. T different RF transmit chains may be used to generate up to T CDMA signals for up to T 

CDMA channels, where T is the maximum number of CDMA signals that can be sent 

simultaneously. However, the T RF transmit chains may significantly increase the cost of an access 

terminal.

See, e.g., Rick at 3:1-47.

Within digital section 202, a data processor 210 processes data, pilot, and control information and 

provides N output chip streams for N CDMA signals to N digital filter 212 a through 212 n. A chip is 

typically a complex value sent in one chip period, which is a time duration determined by a system. 

Each output chip stream may be at a chip rate (c×1), which is 1.2288 megachips/second (Mcps) for 

HRPD. Each digital filter 212 filters its output chip stream, performs upsampling, and provides a 

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Claim 14 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

filtered sample stream to a rotator 214. Each filtered sample stream may be at a sample rate of 

fsample. The sample rate may be fixed and selected based on the maximum number of CDMA 

signals that can be transmitted simultaneously. Alternatively, the sample rate may be configurable 

and selected based on the number of CDMA signals being transmitted simultaneously. Each rotator 

214 operates as a digital upconverter, frequency upconverts its filtered sample stream with a digital 

local oscillator (LO) signal, and provides an upconverted sample stream. The digital LO signal for the 

CDMA signal sent on CDMA channel n has a frequency of fn, which is determined by the carrier 

frequency fchn of CDMA channel n and the frequency fc of an analog LO signal used for 

upconversion to RF. A summer 216 receives and sums the N upconverted sample streams from N 

rotators 214 a through 214 n and provides a composite sample stream. A post processor 218 performs 

post processing on the composite sample stream and provides an output sample stream. A DAC 220 

converts the output sample stream to analog and provides an analog baseband signal containing the N 

CDMA signals.

An RF transmit chain may implement a super-heterodyne architecture or a direct-conversion 

architecture. In the super-heterodyne architecture, a baseband signal is frequency upconverted in 

multiple stages, e.g., from baseband to an intermediate frequency (IF) in one stage, and then from IF 

to RF in another stage. In the direct-conversion architecture, which is also referred to as a zero-IF 

architecture, the baseband signal is frequency upconverted from baseband directly to RF in one stage. 

The super-heterodyne and direct-conversion architectures may use different circuit blocks and/or 

have different circuit requirements. The following description assumes the use of th e directconversion architecture.

Within RF transmit chain 204, an analog lowpass filter 222 filters the analog baseband signal from 

DAC 220 to remove images caused by the digital-to-analog conversion and provides a filtered signal. 

A mixer 224 frequency upconverts the filtered signal from baseband to RF with an analog LO signal 

from an LO generator 226. LO generator 226 may include a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), a 

phase locked loop (PLL), a reference oscillator, etc. A variable gain amplifier (VGA) 228 amplifies 

the upconverted signal from mixer 224 with a variable gain. A bandpass filter 230 filters the signal 

from VGA 228 to remove images caused by the frequency upconversion. Bandpass filter 230 may be 

a surface acoustic wave (SAW) filter, a ceramic filter, or some other type of filter. A power amplifier 

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(PA) 232 amplifies the signal from filter 230 and provides an RF output signal having the proper 

power level. The RF output signal is routed through a duplexer 234 and transmitted via an antenna 

236. As shown in FIG. 2, the signals from data processor 210 to mixer 224 are typically complex 

signals having inphase (I) and quadrature (Q) components.

DAC 220 and RF transmit chain 204 may be wideband to support simultaneous transmission of N 

CDMA signals on N CDMA channels. DAC 220 may be operated at a sufficiently high clock rate 

and may have sufficient resolution for conversion of a digital sample stream containing all N CDMA 

signals. Analog lowpass filter 222 may have a fixed or variable bandwidth that may be sufficiently 

wide to pass all of the CDMA signals being sent simultaneously. The subsequent analog circuit 

blocks may also be wideband to pass all of the CDMA signals. Bandpass filter 230 may be wideband 

and may pass an entire frequency band, e.g., from 824 to 849 MHz for cellular band and from 1850 to 

1910 MHz for Personal Communications Service (PCS) band.

See, e.g., Rick at 3:61-4:67.

Multi-carrier transmitter 200 may be used in conjunction with a multi-carrier receiver that can receive 

one or more CDMA channels. Duplexer 234 may route an RF received signal from antenna 236 to 

the multi-carrier receiver, which is not shown in FIG. 2. The multi-carrier receiver may process the 

RF received signal to recover data and control information sent on one or more CDMA channels.

See, e.g., Rick at 5:24-30.

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See, e.g., Rick at Figure 1.

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See, e.g., Rick at Figure 2.

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See, e.g., Rick at Figure 10.

Furthermore, this claim element is obvious in light of Rick itself, when combined with any of the 

other references as charted for this claim element in Exs. A-1–A-31, First Supplemental Ex. AObviousness Chart, and/or when combined with the knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the art. 

Motivations to combine may come from the knowledge of the person of ordinary skill themselves, or 

from the known problems and predictable solutions as embodied in these references. Further 

motivations to combine references and additional details may be found in the Cover Pleading and 

First Supplemental Ex. A-Obviousness Chart.

[14.4] amplifying the received 

signal in a low noise amplifier 

resulting in an amplified 

received up-converted signal, 

wherein the bandwidth of said 

low noise amplifier is greater 

than the difference between 

the lowest frequency in the 

first up-converted frequency 

range and the highest 

frequency in the second upconverted frequency range;

Rick discloses “amplifying the received signal in a low noise amplifier resulting in an amplified 

received up-converted signal, wherein the bandwidth of said low noise amplifier is greater than the 

difference between the lowest frequency in the first up-converted frequency range and the highest 

frequency in the second up-converted frequency range.” See, e.g.: 

A multi-carrier transmitter capable of transmitting on one or multiple frequency channels 

simultaneously is described. In one design, the multi-carrier transmitter includes at least one 

processor and a single radio frequency (RF) transmit chain. The processor(s) may generate output 

chips for each of multiple frequency channels, digitally filter and upsample the output chips for each 

frequency channel to obtain filtered samples, and digitally upconvert the filtered samples for each 

frequency channel to a different frequency to obtain upconverted samples. The processor(s) may then 

combine the upconverted samples for the multiple frequency channels to obtain composite samples, 

perform pre-distortion on the composite samples for I/Q mismatch compensation, and upsample the 

pre-distorted samples to obtain output samples. The output samples may be converted to an analog 

signal with a wideband DAC. The RF transmit chain may process the analog signal to generate an RF 

output signal.

See, e.g., Rick at Abstract.

Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various communication services 

such as voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc. These systems may be multiple -access 

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Claim 14 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

systems capable of supporting multiple users by sharing the available system resources. Examples of 

such multiple-access systems include Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems, Time 

Division Multiple Access (TDMA) systems, Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) systems, 

Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) systems, and Single-Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) systems.

Data usage for wireless communication systems continually grows due to increasing number of users 

as well as emergence of new applications with higher data requirements. A system may support a 

particular maximum data rate on one frequency channel under favorable channel conditions. This 

maximum data rate is typically determined by system design. To increase capacity, the system may 

utilize multiple frequency channels for transmission. However, the design complexity and cost of a 

transmitter may increase substantially in order to support transmission on multiple frequency 

channels.

See, e.g., Rick at 1:20-41.

A multi-carrier transmitter capable of transmitting on one or multiple frequency channels 

simultaneously using a single radio frequency (RF) transmit chain is described herein. The single RF 

transmit chain may be wideband and designed for a particular maximum number of (T) frequency 

channels. Up to T signals may be transmitted simultaneously on up to T frequency channels using 

this single RF transmit chain.

In one design, the multi-carrier transmitter includes at least one processor and one RF transmit chain. 

The processor(s) may generate output chips for each of multiple frequency channels in accordance 

with a particular system such as a High Rate Packet Data (HRPD) system. The output chips for each 

frequency channel may be scaled with a gain selected based on the transmit power for that frequency 

channel. The processor(s) may digitally filter and upsample the output chips for each frequency 

channel to obtain filtered samples and may digitally upconvert the filtered samples for each 

frequency channel to a different frequency to obtain upconverted samples. The processor(s) may 

combine the upconverted samples for the multiple frequency channels to obtain composite samples, 

perform pre-distortion on the composite samples to compensate for gain and phase mismatches of 

subsequent analog quadrature upconversion, and upsample the pre-distorted samples to obtain output 

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samples. The output samples may be converted to an analog signal with a wideband digital-to-analog 

converter (DAC). The RF transmit chain may then process (e.g., filter, quadrature upconvert, and 

amplify) the analog signal to generate an RF output signal.

See, e.g., Rick at 1:48-2:9.

The multi-carrier transmitter described herein may be used for various wireless communication 

systems such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, and SC-FDMA systems. The terms “system” and 

“network” are often used interchangeably. A CDMA system may implement a radio technology such 

as cdma2000, Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), etc. cdma2000 covers IS-2000, IS-95, and 

IS-856 standards. UTRA includes Wideband-CDMA (W-CDMA) and Low Chip Rate (LCR). A 

TDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Global System for Mobile 

Communications (GSM). An OFDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Evolved 

UTRA (E-UTRA), IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.16, IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM®, etc. These various 

radio technologies and standards are known in the art. UTRA, E-UTRA, and GSM are described in 

documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project” (3GPP). cdma2000 is 

described in documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project 2” (3GPP2). 

3GPP and 3GPP2 documents are publicly available.

See, e.g., Rick at 2:38-57.

The multi-carrier transmitter described herein may be used for an access terminal as well as an access 

point. An access point is generally a fixed station that communicates with the access terminals and 

may also be referred to as a base station, a Node B, etc. An access terminal may be stationary or 

mobile and may also be referred to as a mobile station, a user equipment (UE), a mobile equipment, a 

terminal, a subscriber unit, a station, etc. An access terminal may be a cellular phone, a personal 

digital assistant (PDA), a handset, a wireless communication device, a handheld device, a wireless 

modem, a laptop computer, etc. For clarity, the use of the multi-carrier transmitter for an access 

terminal is described below.

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The multi-carrier transmitter can transmit one or multiple CDMA signals simultaneously. Each 

CDMA signal may be sent on a different CDMA channel. A CDMA channel is a frequency channel 

for one CDMA signal and is 1.2288 MHz wide in HRPD. A CDMA channel is also commonly 

referred to as a carrier.

FIG. 1 shows an example transmission of N CDMA signals on N CDMA channels, where N≧1 in 

general and N>1 for multi-carrier operation. In this example, CDMA channel 1 has a carrier 

frequency of fch1, CDMA channel 2 has a carrier frequency of fch2, and so on, and CDMA channel 

N has a carrier frequency of fchN. The carrier frequencies are typically selected such that the CDMA 

channels are spaced sufficiently far apart to reduce inter-channel interference. In general, the carrier 

frequencies of the N CDMA channels may or may not be related to one another. The carrier 

frequency of each CDMA channel may be selected independently subject to a minimum inter-channel 

spacing criterion. The carrier frequencies may be evenly spaced across frequency and separated by a 

fixed frequency spacing of fspacing, which may be 1.2288 MHz or some larger value. The N CDMA 

signals may be transmitted at different power levels (as shown in FIG. 1) or at the same power level. 

The N CDMA signals may carry any type of data for any service such as voice, video, packet data, 

text messaging, etc. The N CDMA signals may be sent to the same access point or to different access 

points.

It is desirable to support transmission of one or multiple CDMA channels using as little circuitry as 

possible in order to reduce cost, lower power consumption, improve reliability, and obtain oth er 

benefits. T different RF transmit chains may be used to generate up to T CDMA signals for up to T 

CDMA channels, where T is the maximum number of CDMA signals that can be sent 

simultaneously. However, the T RF transmit chains may significantly increase the cost of an access 

terminal.

See, e.g., Rick at 3:1-47.

Within digital section 202, a data processor 210 processes data, pilot, and control information and 

provides N output chip streams for N CDMA signals to N digital filter 212 a through 212 n. A chip is 

typically a complex value sent in one chip period, which is a time duration determined by a system. 

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Each output chip stream may be at a chip rate (c×1), which is 1.2288 megachips/second (Mcps) for 

HRPD. Each digital filter 212 filters its output chip stream, performs upsampling, and provides a 

filtered sample stream to a rotator 214. Each filtered sample stream may be at a sample rate of 

fsample. The sample rate may be fixed and selected based on the maximum number of CDMA 

signals that can be transmitted simultaneously. Alternatively, the sample rate may be configurable 

and selected based on the number of CDMA signals being transmitted simultaneously. Each rotator 

214 operates as a digital upconverter, frequency upconverts its filtered sample stream with a digital 

local oscillator (LO) signal, and provides an upconverted sample stream. The digital LO signal for the 

CDMA signal sent on CDMA channel n has a frequency of fn, which is determined by the carrier 

frequency fchn of CDMA channel n and the frequency fc of an analog LO signal used for 

upconversion to RF. A summer 216 receives and sums the N upconverted sample streams from N 

rotators 214 a through 214 n and provides a composite sample stream. A post processor 218 performs 

post processing on the composite sample stream and provides an output sample stream. A DAC 220 

converts the output sample stream to analog and provides an analog baseband signal containing the N 

CDMA signals.

An RF transmit chain may implement a super-heterodyne architecture or a direct-conversion 

architecture. In the super-heterodyne architecture, a baseband signal is frequency upconverted in 

multiple stages, e.g., from baseband to an intermediate frequency (IF) in one stage, and then from IF 

to RF in another stage. In the direct-conversion architecture, which is also referred to as a zero-IF 

architecture, the baseband signal is frequency upconverted from baseband directly to RF in one stage. 

The super-heterodyne and direct-conversion architectures may use different circuit blocks and/or 

have different circuit requirements. The following description assumes the use of the directconversion architecture.

Within RF transmit chain 204, an analog lowpass filter 222 filters the analog baseband signal from 

DAC 220 to remove images caused by the digital-to-analog conversion and provides a filtered signal. 

A mixer 224 frequency upconverts the filtered signal from baseband to RF with an analog LO signal 

from an LO generator 226. LO generator 226 may include a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), a 

phase locked loop (PLL), a reference oscillator, etc. A variable gain amplifier (VGA) 228 amplifies 

the upconverted signal from mixer 224 with a variable gain. A bandpass filter 230 filters the signal 

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Claim 14 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

from VGA 228 to remove images caused by the frequency upconversion. Bandpass filter 230 may be 

a surface acoustic wave (SAW) filter, a ceramic filter, or some other type of filter. A power amplifier 

(PA) 232 amplifies the signal from filter 230 and provides an RF output signal having the proper 

power level. The RF output signal is routed through a duplexer 234 and transmitted via an antenna 

236. As shown in FIG. 2, the signals from data processor 210 to mixer 224 are typically complex 

signals having inphase (I) and quadrature (Q) components.

DAC 220 and RF transmit chain 204 may be wideband to support simultaneous transmission of N 

CDMA signals on N CDMA channels. DAC 220 may be operated at a sufficiently high clock rate 

and may have sufficient resolution for conversion of a digital sample stream containing all N CDMA 

signals. Analog lowpass filter 222 may have a fixed or variable bandwidth that may be sufficiently 

wide to pass all of the CDMA signals being sent simultaneously. The subsequent analog circuit 

blocks may also be wideband to pass all of the CDMA signals. Bandpass filter 230 may be wideband 

and may pass an entire frequency band, e.g., from 824 to 849 MHz for cellular band and from 1850 to 

1910 MHz for Personal Communications Service (PCS) band.

See, e.g., Rick at 3:61-4:67.

Multi-carrier transmitter 200 may be used in conjunction with a multi-carrier receiver that can receive 

one or more CDMA channels. Duplexer 234 may route an RF received signal from antenna 236 to 

the multi-carrier receiver, which is not shown in FIG. 2. The multi-carrier receiver may process the 

RF received signal to recover data and control information sent on one or more CDMA channels.

See, e.g., Rick at 5:24-30.

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See, e.g., Rick at Figure 1.

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See, e.g., Rick at Figure 2.

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Claim 14 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

See, e.g., Rick at Figure 10.

Furthermore, this claim element is obvious in light of Rick itself, when combined with any of the 

other references as charted for this claim element in Exs. A-1–A-31, First Supplemental Ex. AObviousness Chart, and/or when combined with the knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the art. 

Motivations to combine may come from the knowledge of the person of ordinary skill themselves, or 

from the known problems and predictable solutions as embodied in these references. Further 

motivations to combine references and additional details may be found in the Cover Pleading and 

First Supplemental Ex. A-Obviousness Chart.

[14.5] down-converting the 

amplified received upconverted signal using a first 

down-converter and a signal 

corresponding to the first RF 

center frequency to produce a 

fourth analog signal 

corresponding to the first 

analog signal; and

Rick discloses “down-converting the amplified received up-converted signal using a first downconverter and a signal corresponding to the first RF center frequency to produce a fourth analog 

signal corresponding to the first analog signal.” See, e.g.: 

A multi-carrier transmitter capable of transmitting on one or multiple frequency channels 

simultaneously is described. In one design, the multi-carrier transmitter includes at least one 

processor and a single radio frequency (RF) transmit chain. The processor(s) may generate output 

chips for each of multiple frequency channels, digitally filter and upsample the output chips for each 

frequency channel to obtain filtered samples, and digitally upconvert the filtered samples for each 

frequency channel to a different frequency to obtain upconverted samples. The processor(s) may then 

combine the upconverted samples for the multiple frequency channels to obtain composite samples, 

perform pre-distortion on the composite samples for I/Q mismatch compensation, and upsample the 

pre-distorted samples to obtain output samples. The output samples may be converted to an analog 

signal with a wideband DAC. The RF transmit chain may process the analog signal to generate an RF 

output signal.

See, e.g., Rick at Abstract.

Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various communication services 

such as voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc. These systems may be multiple -access 

systems capable of supporting multiple users by sharing the available system resources. Examples of 

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such multiple-access systems include Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems, Time 

Division Multiple Access (TDMA) systems, Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) systems, 

Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) systems, and Single-Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) systems.

Data usage for wireless communication systems continually grows due to increasing number of users 

as well as emergence of new applications with higher data requirements. A system may support a 

particular maximum data rate on one frequency channel under favorable channel conditions. This 

maximum data rate is typically determined by system design. To increase capacity, the system may 

utilize multiple frequency channels for transmission. However, the design complexity and cost of a 

transmitter may increase substantially in order to support transmission on multiple frequency 

channels.

See, e.g., Rick at 1:20-41.

A multi-carrier transmitter capable of transmitting on one or multiple frequency channels 

simultaneously using a single radio frequency (RF) transmit chain is described herein. The single RF 

transmit chain may be wideband and designed for a particular maximum number of (T) frequency 

channels. Up to T signals may be transmitted simultaneously on up to T frequency chan nels using 

this single RF transmit chain.

In one design, the multi-carrier transmitter includes at least one processor and one RF transmit chain. 

The processor(s) may generate output chips for each of multiple frequency channels in accordance 

with a particular system such as a High Rate Packet Data (HRPD) system. The output chips for each 

frequency channel may be scaled with a gain selected based on the transmit power for that frequency 

channel. The processor(s) may digitally filter and upsample the output chips for each frequency 

channel to obtain filtered samples and may digitally upconvert the filtered samples for each 

frequency channel to a different frequency to obtain upconverted samples. The processor(s) may 

combine the upconverted samples for the multiple frequency channels to obtain composite samples, 

perform pre-distortion on the composite samples to compensate for gain and phase mismatches of 

subsequent analog quadrature upconversion, and upsample the pre-distorted samples to obtain output 

samples. The output samples may be converted to an analog signal with a wideband digital-to-analog 

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converter (DAC). The RF transmit chain may then process (e.g., filter, quadrature upconvert, and 

amplify) the analog signal to generate an RF output signal.

See, e.g., Rick at 1:48-2:9.

The multi-carrier transmitter described herein may be used for various wireless communication 

systems such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, and SC-FDMA systems. The terms “system” and 

“network” are often used interchangeably. A CDMA system may implement a radio technology such 

as cdma2000, Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), etc. cdma2000 covers IS-2000, IS-95, and 

IS-856 standards. UTRA includes Wideband-CDMA (W-CDMA) and Low Chip Rate (LCR). A 

TDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Global System for Mobile 

Communications (GSM). An OFDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Evolved 

UTRA (E-UTRA), IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.16, IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM®, etc. These various 

radio technologies and standards are known in the art. UTRA, E-UTRA, and GSM are described in 

documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project” (3GPP). cdma2000 is 

described in documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project 2” (3GPP2). 

3GPP and 3GPP2 documents are publicly available.

See, e.g., Rick at 2:38-57.

The multi-carrier transmitter described herein may be used for an access terminal as well as an access 

point. An access point is generally a fixed station that communicates with the access terminals and 

may also be referred to as a base station, a Node B, etc. An access terminal may be stationary or 

mobile and may also be referred to as a mobile station, a user equipment (UE), a mobile equipment, a 

terminal, a subscriber unit, a station, etc. An access terminal may be a cellular phone, a personal 

digital assistant (PDA), a handset, a wireless communication device, a handheld device, a wireless 

modem, a laptop computer, etc. For clarity, the use of the multi-carrier transmitter for an access 

terminal is described below.

The multi-carrier transmitter can transmit one or multiple CDMA signals simultaneously. Each 

CDMA signal may be sent on a different CDMA channel. A CDMA channel is a frequency channel 

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for one CDMA signal and is 1.2288 MHz wide in HRPD. A CDMA channel is also commonly 

referred to as a carrier.

FIG. 1 shows an example transmission of N CDMA signals on N CDMA channels, where N≧1 in 

general and N>1 for multi-carrier operation. In this example, CDMA channel 1 has a carrier 

frequency of fch1, CDMA channel 2 has a carrier frequency of fch2, and so on, and CDMA channel 

N has a carrier frequency of fchN. The carrier frequencies are typically selected such that the CDMA 

channels are spaced sufficiently far apart to reduce inter-channel interference. In general, the carrier 

frequencies of the N CDMA channels may or may not be related to one another. The carrier 

frequency of each CDMA channel may be selected independently subject to a minimum inter-channel 

spacing criterion. The carrier frequencies may be evenly spaced across frequency and separated by a 

fixed frequency spacing of fspacing, which may be 1.2288 MHz or some larger value. The N CDMA 

signals may be transmitted at different power levels (as shown in FIG. 1) or at the same power level. 

The N CDMA signals may carry any type of data for any service such as voice, video, packet data, 

text messaging, etc. The N CDMA signals may be sent to the same access point or to different access 

points.

It is desirable to support transmission of one or multiple CDMA channels using as little circuitry as 

possible in order to reduce cost, lower power consumption, improve reliability, and obtain other 

benefits. T different RF transmit chains may be used to generate up to T CDMA signals for up to T 

CDMA channels, where T is the maximum number of CDMA signals that can be sent 

simultaneously. However, the T RF transmit chains may significantly increase the cost of an access 

terminal.

See, e.g., Rick at 3:1-47.

Within digital section 202, a data processor 210 processes data, pilot, and control information and 

provides N output chip streams for N CDMA signals to N digital filter 212 a through 212 n. A chip is 

typically a complex value sent in one chip period, which is a time duration determined by a system. 

Each output chip stream may be at a chip rate (c×1), which is 1.2288 megachips/second (Mcps) for 

HRPD. Each digital filter 212 filters its output chip stream, performs upsampling, and provides a 

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Claim 14 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

filtered sample stream to a rotator 214. Each filtered sample stream may be at a sample rate of 

fsample. The sample rate may be fixed and selected based on the maximum number of CDMA 

signals that can be transmitted simultaneously. Alternatively, the sample rate may be configurable 

and selected based on the number of CDMA signals being transmitted simultaneously. Each rotator 

214 operates as a digital upconverter, frequency upconverts its filtered sample stream with a digital 

local oscillator (LO) signal, and provides an upconverted sample stream. The digital LO signal for the 

CDMA signal sent on CDMA channel n has a frequency of fn, which is determined by the carrier 

frequency fchn of CDMA channel n and the frequency fc of an analog LO signal used for 

upconversion to RF. A summer 216 receives and sums the N upconverted sample streams from N 

rotators 214 a through 214 n and provides a composite sample stream. A post processor 218 performs 

post processing on the composite sample stream and provides an output sample stream. A DAC 220 

converts the output sample stream to analog and provides an analog baseband signal containing the N 

CDMA signals.

An RF transmit chain may implement a super-heterodyne architecture or a direct-conversion 

architecture. In the super-heterodyne architecture, a baseband signal is frequency upconverted in 

multiple stages, e.g., from baseband to an intermediate frequency (IF) in one stage, and then from IF 

to RF in another stage. In the direct-conversion architecture, which is also referred to as a zero-IF 

architecture, the baseband signal is frequency upconverted from baseband directly to RF in one stage. 

The super-heterodyne and direct-conversion architectures may use different circuit blocks and/or 

have different circuit requirements. The following description assumes the use of th e directconversion architecture.

Within RF transmit chain 204, an analog lowpass filter 222 filters the analog baseband signal from 

DAC 220 to remove images caused by the digital-to-analog conversion and provides a filtered signal. 

A mixer 224 frequency upconverts the filtered signal from baseband to RF with an analog LO signal 

from an LO generator 226. LO generator 226 may include a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), a 

phase locked loop (PLL), a reference oscillator, etc. A variable gain amplifier (VGA) 228 amplifies 

the upconverted signal from mixer 224 with a variable gain. A bandpass filter 230 filters the signal 

from VGA 228 to remove images caused by the frequency upconversion. Bandpass filter 230 may be 

a surface acoustic wave (SAW) filter, a ceramic filter, or some other type of filter. A power amplifier 

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(PA) 232 amplifies the signal from filter 230 and provides an RF output signal having the proper 

power level. The RF output signal is routed through a duplexer 234 and transmitted via an antenna 

236. As shown in FIG. 2, the signals from data processor 210 to mixer 224 are typically complex 

signals having inphase (I) and quadrature (Q) components.

DAC 220 and RF transmit chain 204 may be wideband to support simultaneous transmission of N 

CDMA signals on N CDMA channels. DAC 220 may be operated at a sufficiently high clock rate 

and may have sufficient resolution for conversion of a digital sample stream containing all N CDMA 

signals. Analog lowpass filter 222 may have a fixed or variable bandwidth that may be sufficiently 

wide to pass all of the CDMA signals being sent simultaneously. The subsequent analog circuit 

blocks may also be wideband to pass all of the CDMA signals. Bandpass filter 230 may be wideband 

and may pass an entire frequency band, e.g., from 824 to 849 MHz for cellular band and from 1850 to 

1910 MHz for Personal Communications Service (PCS) band.

See, e.g., Rick at 3:61-4:67.

Multi-carrier transmitter 200 may be used in conjunction with a multi-carrier receiver that can receive 

one or more CDMA channels. Duplexer 234 may route an RF received signal from antenna 236 to 

the multi-carrier receiver, which is not shown in FIG. 2. The multi-carrier receiver may process the 

RF received signal to recover data and control information sent on one or more CDMA channels.

See, e.g., Rick at 5:24-30.

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See, e.g., Rick at Figure 1.

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See, e.g., Rick at Figure 2.

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See, e.g., Rick at Figure 10.

Furthermore, this claim element is obvious in light of Rick itself, when combined with any of the 

other references as charted for this claim element in Exs. A-1–A-31, First Supplemental Ex. AObviousness Chart, and/or when combined with the knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the art. 

Motivations to combine may come from the knowledge of the person of ordinary skill themselves, or 

from the known problems and predictable solutions as embodied in these reference s. Further 

motivations to combine references and additional details may be found in the Cover Pleading and 

First Supplemental Ex. A-Obviousness Chart.

[14.6] down-converting the 

amplified received upconverted analog signal using 

a second down-converter and 

a signal corresponding to the 

second RF center frequency to 

produce a fifth analog signal 

corresponding to the second 

analog signal.

Rick discloses “down-converting the amplified received up-converted analog signal using a second 

down-converter and a signal corresponding to the second RF center frequency to produce a fifth 

analog signal corresponding to the second analog signal.” See, e.g.: 

A multi-carrier transmitter capable of transmitting on one or multiple frequency channels 

simultaneously is described. In one design, the multi-carrier transmitter includes at least one 

processor and a single radio frequency (RF) transmit chain. The processor(s) may generate output 

chips for each of multiple frequency channels, digitally filter and upsample the output chips for each 

frequency channel to obtain filtered samples, and digitally upconvert the filtered samples for each 

frequency channel to a different frequency to obtain upconverted samples. The processor(s) may then 

combine the upconverted samples for the multiple frequency channels to obtain composite samples, 

perform pre-distortion on the composite samples for I/Q mismatch compensation, and upsample the 

pre-distorted samples to obtain output samples. The output samples may be converted to an analog 

signal with a wideband DAC. The RF transmit chain may process the analog signal to generate an RF 

output signal.

See, e.g., Rick at Abstract.

Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various communication services 

such as voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc. These systems may be multiple-access 

systems capable of supporting multiple users by sharing the available system resources. Examples of 

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such multiple-access systems include Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems, Time 

Division Multiple Access (TDMA) systems, Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) systems, 

Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) systems, and Single-Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) systems.

Data usage for wireless communication systems continually grows due to increasing number of users 

as well as emergence of new applications with higher data requirements. A system may support a 

particular maximum data rate on one frequency channel under favorable channel conditions. This 

maximum data rate is typically determined by system design. To increase capacity, the system may 

utilize multiple frequency channels for transmission. However, the design complexity and cost of a 

transmitter may increase substantially in order to support transmission on multiple frequency 

channels.

See, e.g., Rick at 1:20-41.

A multi-carrier transmitter capable of transmitting on one or multiple frequency channels 

simultaneously using a single radio frequency (RF) transmit chain is described herein. The single RF 

transmit chain may be wideband and designed for a particular maximum number of (T) frequency 

channels. Up to T signals may be transmitted simultaneously on up to T frequency channels using 

this single RF transmit chain.

In one design, the multi-carrier transmitter includes at least one processor and one RF transmit chain. 

The processor(s) may generate output chips for each of multiple frequency channels in accordance 

with a particular system such as a High Rate Packet Data (HRPD) system. The output chips for each 

frequency channel may be scaled with a gain selected based on the transmit power for that frequency 

channel. The processor(s) may digitally filter and upsample the output chips for each frequency 

channel to obtain filtered samples and may digitally upconvert the filtered samples for each 

frequency channel to a different frequency to obtain upconverted samples. The processor(s) may 

combine the upconverted samples for the multiple frequency channels to obtain composite samples, 

perform pre-distortion on the composite samples to compensate for gain and phase mismatches of 

subsequent analog quadrature upconversion, and upsample the pre-distorted samples to obtain output 

samples. The output samples may be converted to an analog signal with a wideband digital-to-analog 

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Claim 14 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

converter (DAC). The RF transmit chain may then process (e.g., filter, quadrature upconvert, and 

amplify) the analog signal to generate an RF output signal.

See, e.g., Rick at 1:48-2:9.

The multi-carrier transmitter described herein may be used for various wireless communication 

systems such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, and SC-FDMA systems. The terms “system” and 

“network” are often used interchangeably. A CDMA system may implement a radio technology such 

as cdma2000, Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), etc. cdma2000 covers IS-2000, IS-95, and 

IS-856 standards. UTRA includes Wideband-CDMA (W-CDMA) and Low Chip Rate (LCR). A 

TDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Global System for Mobile 

Communications (GSM). An OFDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Evo lved 

UTRA (E-UTRA), IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.16, IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM®, etc. These various 

radio technologies and standards are known in the art. UTRA, E-UTRA, and GSM are described in 

documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project” (3GPP). cdma2000 is 

described in documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project 2” (3GPP2). 

3GPP and 3GPP2 documents are publicly available.

See, e.g., Rick at 2:38-57.

The multi-carrier transmitter described herein may be used for an access terminal as well as an access 

point. An access point is generally a fixed station that communicates with the access terminals and 

may also be referred to as a base station, a Node B, etc. An access terminal may be stationary or 

mobile and may also be referred to as a mobile station, a user equipment (UE), a mobile equipment, a 

terminal, a subscriber unit, a station, etc. An access terminal may be a cellular phone, a personal 

digital assistant (PDA), a handset, a wireless communication device, a handheld device, a wireless 

modem, a laptop computer, etc. For clarity, the use of the multi-carrier transmitter for an access 

terminal is described below.

The multi-carrier transmitter can transmit one or multiple CDMA signals simultaneously. Each 

CDMA signal may be sent on a different CDMA channel. A CDMA channel is a frequency channel 

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Claim 14 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

for one CDMA signal and is 1.2288 MHz wide in HRPD. A CDMA channel is also commonly 

referred to as a carrier.

FIG. 1 shows an example transmission of N CDMA signals on N CDMA channels, where N≧1 in 

general and N>1 for multi-carrier operation. In this example, CDMA channel 1 has a carrier 

frequency of fch1, CDMA channel 2 has a carrier frequency of fch2, and so on, and CDMA channel 

N has a carrier frequency of fchN. The carrier frequencies are typically selected such that the CDMA 

channels are spaced sufficiently far apart to reduce inter-channel interference. In general, the carrier 

frequencies of the N CDMA channels may or may not be related to one another. The carrie r 

frequency of each CDMA channel may be selected independently subject to a minimum inter-channel 

spacing criterion. The carrier frequencies may be evenly spaced across frequency and separated by a 

fixed frequency spacing of fspacing, which may be 1.2288 MHz or some larger value. The N CDMA 

signals may be transmitted at different power levels (as shown in FIG. 1) or at the same power level. 

The N CDMA signals may carry any type of data for any service such as voice, video, packet data, 

text messaging, etc. The N CDMA signals may be sent to the same access point or to different access 

points.

It is desirable to support transmission of one or multiple CDMA channels using as little circuitry as 

possible in order to reduce cost, lower power consumption, improve reliability, and obtain other 

benefits. T different RF transmit chains may be used to generate up to T CDMA signals for up to T 

CDMA channels, where T is the maximum number of CDMA signals that can be sent 

simultaneously. However, the T RF transmit chains may significantly increase the cost of an access 

terminal.

See, e.g., Rick at 3:1-47.

Within digital section 202, a data processor 210 processes data, pilot, and control information and 

provides N output chip streams for N CDMA signals to N digital filter 212 a through 212 n. A chip is 

typically a complex value sent in one chip period, which is a time duration determined by a system. 

Each output chip stream may be at a chip rate (c×1), which is 1.2288 megachips/second (Mcps) for 

HRPD. Each digital filter 212 filters its output chip stream, performs upsampling, and provides a 

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Claim 14 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

filtered sample stream to a rotator 214. Each filtered sample stream may be at a sample rate of 

fsample. The sample rate may be fixed and selected based on the maximum number of CDMA 

signals that can be transmitted simultaneously. Alternatively, the sample rate may be configurable 

and selected based on the number of CDMA signals being transmitted simultaneously. Each rotator 

214 operates as a digital upconverter, frequency upconverts its filtered sample stream with a digital 

local oscillator (LO) signal, and provides an upconverted sample stream. The digital LO signal for the 

CDMA signal sent on CDMA channel n has a frequency of fn, which is determined by the carrier 

frequency fchn of CDMA channel n and the frequency fc of an analog LO signal used for 

upconversion to RF. A summer 216 receives and sums the N upconverted sample streams from N 

rotators 214 a through 214 n and provides a composite sample stream. A post processor 218 performs

post processing on the composite sample stream and provides an output sample stream. A DAC 220 

converts the output sample stream to analog and provides an analog baseband signal containing the N 

CDMA signals.

An RF transmit chain may implement a super-heterodyne architecture or a direct-conversion 

architecture. In the super-heterodyne architecture, a baseband signal is frequency upconverted in 

multiple stages, e.g., from baseband to an intermediate frequency (IF) in one stage, and then from IF 

to RF in another stage. In the direct-conversion architecture, which is also referred to as a zero-IF 

architecture, the baseband signal is frequency upconverted from baseband directly to RF in one stage. 

The super-heterodyne and direct-conversion architectures may use different circuit blocks and/or 

have different circuit requirements. The following description assumes the use of the directconversion architecture.

Within RF transmit chain 204, an analog lowpass filter 222 filters the analog baseband signal from 

DAC 220 to remove images caused by the digital-to-analog conversion and provides a filtered signal. 

A mixer 224 frequency upconverts the filtered signal from baseband to RF with an analog LO signal 

from an LO generator 226. LO generator 226 may include a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), a 

phase locked loop (PLL), a reference oscillator, etc. A variable gain amplifier (VGA) 228 amplifies 

the upconverted signal from mixer 224 with a variable gain. A bandpass filter 230 filters the signal 

from VGA 228 to remove images caused by the frequency upconversion. Bandpass filter 230 may be 

a surface acoustic wave (SAW) filter, a ceramic filter, or some other type of filter. A power amplifier 

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(PA) 232 amplifies the signal from filter 230 and provides an RF output signal having the proper 

power level. The RF output signal is routed through a duplexer 234 and transmitted via an antenna 

236. As shown in FIG. 2, the signals from data processor 210 to mixer 224 are typically complex 

signals having inphase (I) and quadrature (Q) components.

DAC 220 and RF transmit chain 204 may be wideband to support simultaneous transmission of N 

CDMA signals on N CDMA channels. DAC 220 may be operated at a sufficiently high clock rate 

and may have sufficient resolution for conversion of a digital sample stream containing all N CDMA 

signals. Analog lowpass filter 222 may have a fixed or variable bandwidth that may be sufficiently 

wide to pass all of the CDMA signals being sent simultaneously. The subsequent analog circuit 

blocks may also be wideband to pass all of the CDMA signals. Bandpass filter 230 may be wideband 

and may pass an entire frequency band, e.g., from 824 to 849 MHz for cellular band and from 1850 to 

1910 MHz for Personal Communications Service (PCS) band.

See, e.g., Rick at 3:61-4:67.

Multi-carrier transmitter 200 may be used in conjunction with a multi-carrier receiver that can receive 

one or more CDMA channels. Duplexer 234 may route an RF received signal from antenna 236 to 

the multi-carrier receiver, which is not shown in FIG. 2. The multi-carrier receiver may process the 

RF received signal to recover data and control information sent on one or more CDMA channels.

See, e.g., Rick at 5:24-30.

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See, e.g., Rick at Figure 1.

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See, e.g., Rick at Figure 2.

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See, e.g., Rick at Figure 10.

Furthermore, this claim element is obvious in light of Rick itself, when combined with any of the 

other references as charted for this claim element in Exs. A-1–A-31, First Supplemental Ex. AObviousness Chart, and/or when combined with the knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the art. 

Motivations to combine may come from the knowledge of the person of ordinary skill themselves, or 

from the known problems and predictable solutions as embodied in these references. Further 

motivations to combine references and additional details may be found in the Cover Pleading and 

First Supplemental Ex. A-Obviousness Chart.

Claim 17 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

[17.1] A wireless 

communication system 

comprising:

To the extent the preamble is limiting, Rick discloses “A wireless communication system 

comprising.” See, e.g.: 

A multi-carrier transmitter capable of transmitting on one or multiple frequency channels 

simultaneously is described. In one design, the multi-carrier transmitter includes at least one 

processor and a single radio frequency (RF) transmit chain. The processor(s) may generate output 

chips for each of multiple frequency channels, digitally filter and upsample the output chips for each 

frequency channel to obtain filtered samples, and digitally upconvert the filtered samples for each 

frequency channel to a different frequency to obtain upconverted samples. The processor(s) may then 

combine the upconverted samples for the multiple frequency channels to obtain composite samples, 

perform pre-distortion on the composite samples for I/Q mismatch compensation, and upsample the 

pre-distorted samples to obtain output samples. The output samples may be converted to an analog 

signal with a wideband DAC. The RF transmit chain may process the analog signal to generate an RF 

output signal.

See, e.g., Rick at Abstract.

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Furthermore, this claim element is obvious in light of Rick itself, when combined with any of the 

other references as charted for this claim element in Exs. A-1–A-31, First Supplemental Ex. AObviousness Chart, and/or when combined with the knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the art. 

Motivations to combine may come from the knowledge of the person of ordinary skill themselves, or 

from the known problems and predictable solutions as embodied in these reference s. Further 

motivations to combine references and additional details may be found in the Cover Pleading and 

First Supplemental Ex. A-Obviousness Chart.

[17.2] a baseband digital 

system for providing a first 

digital signal comprising a 

first data to be transmitted and 

a second digital signal 

comprising a second data to 

be transmitted;

Rick discloses “a baseband digital system for providing a first digital signal comprising a first data to 

be transmitted and a second digital signal comprising a second data to be transmitted .” See, e.g.: 

A multi-carrier transmitter capable of transmitting on one or multiple frequency channels 

simultaneously is described. In one design, the multi-carrier transmitter includes at least one 

processor and a single radio frequency (RF) transmit chain. The processor(s) may generate output 

chips for each of multiple frequency channels, digitally filter and upsample the output chips for each 

frequency channel to obtain filtered samples, and digitally upconvert the filtered samples for each 

frequency channel to a different frequency to obtain upconverted samples. The processor(s) may then 

combine the upconverted samples for the multiple frequency channels to obtain composite samples, 

perform pre-distortion on the composite samples for I/Q mismatch compensation, and upsample the 

pre-distorted samples to obtain output samples. The output samples may be converted to an analog 

signal with a wideband DAC. The RF transmit chain may process the analog signal to generate an RF 

output signal.

See, e.g., Rick at Abstract.

Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various communication services 

such as voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc. These systems may be multiple -access 

systems capable of supporting multiple users by sharing the available system resources. Examples of 

such multiple-access systems include Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems, Time 

Division Multiple Access (TDMA) systems, Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) systems, 

Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) systems, and Single-Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) systems.

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Claim 17 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

Data usage for wireless communication systems continually grows due to increasing number of users 

as well as emergence of new applications with higher data requirements. A system may support a 

particular maximum data rate on one frequency channel under favorable channel conditions. This 

maximum data rate is typically determined by system design. To increase capacity, the system may 

utilize multiple frequency channels for transmission. However, the design complexity and cost of a 

transmitter may increase substantially in order to support transmission on multiple frequency 

channels.

See, e.g., Rick at 1:20-41.

A multi-carrier transmitter capable of transmitting on one or multiple frequency channels 

simultaneously using a single radio frequency (RF) transmit chain is described herein. The single RF 

transmit chain may be wideband and designed for a particular maximum number of (T) frequency 

channels. Up to T signals may be transmitted simultaneously on up to T frequency channels using 

this single RF transmit chain.

In one design, the multi-carrier transmitter includes at least one processor and one RF transmit chain. 

The processor(s) may generate output chips for each of multiple frequency channels in accordance 

with a particular system such as a High Rate Packet Data (HRPD) system. The output chips for each 

frequency channel may be scaled with a gain selected based on the transmit power for that frequency 

channel. The processor(s) may digitally filter and upsample the output chips for each frequency 

channel to obtain filtered samples and may digitally upconvert the filtered samples for each 

frequency channel to a different frequency to obtain upconverted samples. The processor(s) may 

combine the upconverted samples for the multiple frequency channels to obtain composite samples, 

perform pre-distortion on the composite samples to compensate for gain and phase mismatches of 

subsequent analog quadrature upconversion, and upsample the pre-distorted samples to obtain output 

samples. The output samples may be converted to an analog signal with a wideband digital-to-analog 

converter (DAC). The RF transmit chain may then process (e.g., filter, quadrature upconvert, and 

amplify) the analog signal to generate an RF output signal.

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Claim 17 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

See, e.g., Rick at 1:48-2:9.

The multi-carrier transmitter described herein may be used for various wireless communication 

systems such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, and SC-FDMA systems. The terms “system” and 

“network” are often used interchangeably. A CDMA system may implement a radio technology such 

as cdma2000, Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), etc. cdma2000 covers IS-2000, IS-95, and 

IS-856 standards. UTRA includes Wideband-CDMA (W-CDMA) and Low Chip Rate (LCR). A 

TDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Global System for Mobile 

Communications (GSM). An OFDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Evolved 

UTRA (E-UTRA), IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.16, IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM®, etc. These various 

radio technologies and standards are known in the art. UTRA, E-UTRA, and GSM are described in 

documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project” (3GPP). cdma2000 is 

described in documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project 2” (3GPP2). 

3GPP and 3GPP2 documents are publicly available.

See, e.g., Rick at 2:38-57.

The multi-carrier transmitter described herein may be used for an access terminal as well as an access 

point. An access point is generally a fixed station that communicates with the access terminals and 

may also be referred to as a base station, a Node B, etc. An access terminal may be stationary or 

mobile and may also be referred to as a mobile station, a user equipment (UE), a mobile equipment, a 

terminal, a subscriber unit, a station, etc. An access terminal may be a cellular phone, a personal 

digital assistant (PDA), a handset, a wireless communication device, a handheld device, a wireless 

modem, a laptop computer, etc. For clarity, the use of the multi-carrier transmitter for an access 

terminal is described below.

The multi-carrier transmitter can transmit one or multiple CDMA signals simultaneously. Each 

CDMA signal may be sent on a different CDMA channel. A CDMA channel is a frequency channel 

for one CDMA signal and is 1.2288 MHz wide in HRPD. A CDMA channel is also commonly 

referred to as a carrier.

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FIG. 1 shows an example transmission of N CDMA signals on N CDMA channels, where N≧1 in 

general and N>1 for multi-carrier operation. In this example, CDMA channel 1 has a carrier 

frequency of fch1, CDMA channel 2 has a carrier frequency of fch2, and so on, and CDMA channel 

N has a carrier frequency of fchN. The carrier frequencies are typically selected such that the CDMA 

channels are spaced sufficiently far apart to reduce inter-channel interference. In general, the carrier 

frequencies of the N CDMA channels may or may not be related to one another. The carrier 

frequency of each CDMA channel may be selected independently subject to a minimum inter-channel 

spacing criterion. The carrier frequencies may be evenly spaced across frequency and separated by a 

fixed frequency spacing of fspacing, which may be 1.2288 MHz or some larger value. The N CDMA 

signals may be transmitted at different power levels (as shown in FIG. 1) or at the same power level. 

The N CDMA signals may carry any type of data for any service such as voice, video, packet data, 

text messaging, etc. The N CDMA signals may be sent to the same access point or to different access 

points.

It is desirable to support transmission of one or multiple CDMA channels using as little circuitry as 

possible in order to reduce cost, lower power consumption, improve reliability, and obtain other 

benefits. T different RF transmit chains may be used to generate up to T CDMA signals for up to T 

CDMA channels, where T is the maximum number of CDMA signals that can be sent 

simultaneously. However, the T RF transmit chains may significantly increase the cost of an access 

terminal.

See, e.g., Rick at 3:1-47.

Within digital section 202, a data processor 210 processes data, pilot, and control information and 

provides N output chip streams for N CDMA signals to N digital filter 212 a through 212 n. A chip is 

typically a complex value sent in one chip period, which is a time duration determined by a system. 

Each output chip stream may be at a chip rate (c×1), which is 1.2288 megachips/second (Mcps) for 

HRPD. Each digital filter 212 filters its output chip stream, performs upsampling, and provides a 

filtered sample stream to a rotator 214. Each filtered sample stream may be at a sample rate of 

fsample. The sample rate may be fixed and selected based on the maximum number of CDMA 

signals that can be transmitted simultaneously. Alternatively, the sample rate may be configurable 

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and selected based on the number of CDMA signals being transmitted simultaneously. Each rotator 

214 operates as a digital upconverter, frequency upconverts its filtered sample stream with a digital 

local oscillator (LO) signal, and provides an upconverted sample stream. The digital LO signal for the 

CDMA signal sent on CDMA channel n has a frequency of fn, which is determined by the carrier 

frequency fchn of CDMA channel n and the frequency fc of an analog LO signal used for 

upconversion to RF. A summer 216 receives and sums the N upconverted sample streams from N 

rotators 214 a through 214 n and provides a composite sample stream. A post processor 218 performs 

post processing on the composite sample stream and provides an output sample stream. A DAC 220 

converts the output sample stream to analog and provides an analog baseband signal containing the N 

CDMA signals.

An RF transmit chain may implement a super-heterodyne architecture or a direct-conversion 

architecture. In the super-heterodyne architecture, a baseband signal is frequency upconverted in 

multiple stages, e.g., from baseband to an intermediate frequency (IF) in one stage, and then from IF 

to RF in another stage. In the direct-conversion architecture, which is also referred to as a zero-IF 

architecture, the baseband signal is frequency upconverted from baseband directly to RF in one stage. 

The super-heterodyne and direct-conversion architectures may use different circuit blocks and/or 

have different circuit requirements. The following description assumes the use of the directconversion architecture.

Within RF transmit chain 204, an analog lowpass filter 222 filters the analog baseband signal from 

DAC 220 to remove images caused by the digital-to-analog conversion and provides a filtered signal. 

A mixer 224 frequency upconverts the filtered signal from baseband to RF with an analog LO signal 

from an LO generator 226. LO generator 226 may include a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), a 

phase locked loop (PLL), a reference oscillator, etc. A variable gain amplifier (VGA) 228 amplifies 

the upconverted signal from mixer 224 with a variable gain. A bandpass filter 230 filters the signal 

from VGA 228 to remove images caused by the frequency upconversion. Bandpass filter 230 may be 

a surface acoustic wave (SAW) filter, a ceramic filter, or some other type of filter. A power amplifier 

(PA) 232 amplifies the signal from filter 230 and provides an RF output signal having the proper 

power level. The RF output signal is routed through a duplexer 234 and transmitted via an antenna 

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Claim 17 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

236. As shown in FIG. 2, the signals from data processor 210 to mixer 224 are typically complex 

signals having inphase (I) and quadrature (Q) components.

DAC 220 and RF transmit chain 204 may be wideband to support simultaneous transmission of N 

CDMA signals on N CDMA channels. DAC 220 may be operated at a sufficiently high clock rate 

and may have sufficient resolution for conversion of a digital sample stream containing all N CDMA 

signals. Analog lowpass filter 222 may have a fixed or variable bandwidth that may be sufficiently 

wide to pass all of the CDMA signals being sent simultaneously. The subsequent analog circuit 

blocks may also be wideband to pass all of the CDMA signals. Bandpass filter 230 may be wideband 

and may pass an entire frequency band, e.g., from 824 to 849 MHz for cellular band and from 1850 to 

1910 MHz for Personal Communications Service (PCS) band.

See, e.g., Rick at 3:61-4:67.

Multi-carrier transmitter 200 may be used in conjunction with a multi-carrier receiver that can receive 

one or more CDMA channels. Duplexer 234 may route an RF received signal from antenna 236 to 

the multi-carrier receiver, which is not shown in FIG. 2. The multi-carrier receiver may process the 

RF received signal to recover data and control information sent on one or more CDMA channels.

See, e.g., Rick at 5:24-30.

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See, e.g., Rick at Figure 1.

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See, e.g., Rick at Figure 2.

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See, e.g., Rick at Figure 10.

Furthermore, this claim element is obvious in light of Rick itself, when combined with any of the 

other references as charted for this claim element in Exs. A-1–A-31, First Supplemental Ex. AObviousness Chart, and/or when combined with the knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the art. 

Motivations to combine may come from the knowledge of the person of ordinary skill themselves, or 

from the known problems and predictable solutions as embodied in these references. Further 

motivations to combine references and additional details may be found in the Cover Pleading and 

First Supplemental Ex. A-Obviousness Chart.

[17.3] a first digital-to-analog 

converter for receiving the 

first digital signal and 

converting the first digital 

signal into a first analog 

signal, the first analog signal 

carrying the first data across a 

first frequency range;

Rick discloses “a first digital-to-analog converter for receiving the first digital signal and converting 

the first digital signal into a first analog signal, the first analog signal carrying the first data across a 

first frequency range.” See, e.g.: 

A multi-carrier transmitter capable of transmitting on one or multiple frequency channels 

simultaneously is described. In one design, the multi-carrier transmitter includes at least one 

processor and a single radio frequency (RF) transmit chain. The processor(s) may generate output 

chips for each of multiple frequency channels, digitally filter and upsample the output chips for each 

frequency channel to obtain filtered samples, and digitally upconvert the filtered samples for each 

frequency channel to a different frequency to obtain upconverted samples. The processor(s) may then 

combine the upconverted samples for the multiple frequency channels to obtain composite samples, 

perform pre-distortion on the composite samples for I/Q mismatch compensation, and upsample the 

pre-distorted samples to obtain output samples. The output samples may be converted to an analog 

signal with a wideband DAC. The RF transmit chain may process the analog signal to generate an RF 

output signal.

See, e.g., Rick at Abstract.

Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various communication services 

such as voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc. These systems may be multiple -access 

systems capable of supporting multiple users by sharing the available system resources. Examples of 

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such multiple-access systems include Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems, Time 

Division Multiple Access (TDMA) systems, Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) systems, 

Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) systems, and Single-Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) systems.

Data usage for wireless communication systems continually grows due to increasing number of users 

as well as emergence of new applications with higher data requirements. A system may support a 

particular maximum data rate on one frequency channel under favorable channel conditions. This 

maximum data rate is typically determined by system design. To increase capacity, the system may 

utilize multiple frequency channels for transmission. However, the design complexity and cost of a 

transmitter may increase substantially in order to support transmission on multiple frequency 

channels.

See, e.g., Rick at 1:20-41.

A multi-carrier transmitter capable of transmitting on one or multiple frequency channels 

simultaneously using a single radio frequency (RF) transmit chain is described herein. The single RF 

transmit chain may be wideband and designed for a particular maximum number of (T) frequency 

channels. Up to T signals may be transmitted simultaneously on up to T frequency channels using 

this single RF transmit chain.

In one design, the multi-carrier transmitter includes at least one processor and one RF transmit chain. 

The processor(s) may generate output chips for each of multiple frequency channels in accordance 

with a particular system such as a High Rate Packet Data (HRPD) system. The output chips for each 

frequency channel may be scaled with a gain selected based on the transmit power for that frequency 

channel. The processor(s) may digitally filter and upsample the output chips for each frequency 

channel to obtain filtered samples and may digitally upconvert the filtered samples for each 

frequency channel to a different frequency to obtain upconverted samples. The proce ssor(s) may 

combine the upconverted samples for the multiple frequency channels to obtain composite samples, 

perform pre-distortion on the composite samples to compensate for gain and phase mismatches of 

subsequent analog quadrature upconversion, and upsample the pre-distorted samples to obtain output 

samples. The output samples may be converted to an analog signal with a wideband digital-to-analog 

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Claim 17 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

converter (DAC). The RF transmit chain may then process (e.g., filter, quadrature upconvert, and 

amplify) the analog signal to generate an RF output signal.

See, e.g., Rick at 1:48-2:9.

The multi-carrier transmitter described herein may be used for various wireless communication 

systems such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, and SC-FDMA systems. The terms “system” and

“network” are often used interchangeably. A CDMA system may implement a radio technology such 

as cdma2000, Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), etc. cdma2000 covers IS-2000, IS-95, and 

IS-856 standards. UTRA includes Wideband-CDMA (W-CDMA) and Low Chip Rate (LCR). A 

TDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Global System for Mobile 

Communications (GSM). An OFDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Evolved 

UTRA (E-UTRA), IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.16, IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM®, etc. These various 

radio technologies and standards are known in the art. UTRA, E-UTRA, and GSM are described in 

documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project” (3GPP). cdma2000 is 

described in documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project 2” (3GPP2). 

3GPP and 3GPP2 documents are publicly available.

See, e.g., Rick at 2:38-57.

The multi-carrier transmitter described herein may be used for an access terminal as well as an access 

point. An access point is generally a fixed station that communicates with the access terminals and 

may also be referred to as a base station, a Node B, etc. An access terminal may be stationary or 

mobile and may also be referred to as a mobile station, a user equipment (UE), a mobile equipment, a 

terminal, a subscriber unit, a station, etc. An access terminal may be a cellular phone, a personal 

digital assistant (PDA), a handset, a wireless communication device, a handheld device, a wireless 

modem, a laptop computer, etc. For clarity, the use of the multi-carrier transmitter for an access 

terminal is described below.

The multi-carrier transmitter can transmit one or multiple CDMA signals simultaneously. Each 

CDMA signal may be sent on a different CDMA channel. A CDMA channel is a frequency channel 

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Claim 17 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

for one CDMA signal and is 1.2288 MHz wide in HRPD. A CDMA channel is also commonly 

referred to as a carrier.

FIG. 1 shows an example transmission of N CDMA signals on N CDMA channels, where N≧1 in 

general and N>1 for multi-carrier operation. In this example, CDMA channel 1 has a carrier 

frequency of fch1, CDMA channel 2 has a carrier frequency of fch2, and so on, and CDMA channel 

N has a carrier frequency of fchN. The carrier frequencies are typically selected such that the CDMA 

channels are spaced sufficiently far apart to reduce inter-channel interference. In general, the carrier 

frequencies of the N CDMA channels may or may not be related to one another. The carrier 

frequency of each CDMA channel may be selected independently subject to a minimum inter-channel 

spacing criterion. The carrier frequencies may be evenly spaced across frequency and separated by a 

fixed frequency spacing of fspacing, which may be 1.2288 MHz or some larger value. The N CDMA 

signals may be transmitted at different power levels (as shown in FIG. 1) or at the same power level. 

The N CDMA signals may carry any type of data for any service such as voice, video, packet data, 

text messaging, etc. The N CDMA signals may be sent to the same access point or to different access

points.

It is desirable to support transmission of one or multiple CDMA channels using as little circuitry as 

possible in order to reduce cost, lower power consumption, improve reliability, and obtain other 

benefits. T different RF transmit chains may be used to generate up to T CDMA signals for up to T 

CDMA channels, where T is the maximum number of CDMA signals that can be sent 

simultaneously. However, the T RF transmit chains may significantly increase the cost of an access 

terminal.

See, e.g., Rick at 3:1-47.

Within digital section 202, a data processor 210 processes data, pilot, and control information and 

provides N output chip streams for N CDMA signals to N digital filter 212 a through 212 n. A chip is 

typically a complex value sent in one chip period, which is a time duration determined by a system. 

Each output chip stream may be at a chip rate (c×1), which is 1.2288 megachips/second (Mcps) for 

HRPD. Each digital filter 212 filters its output chip stream, performs upsampling, and provides a 

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Claim 17 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

filtered sample stream to a rotator 214. Each filtered sample stream may be at a sample rate of 

fsample. The sample rate may be fixed and selected based on the maximum number of CDMA 

signals that can be transmitted simultaneously. Alternatively, the sample rate may be configurable 

and selected based on the number of CDMA signals being transmitted simultaneously. Each rotator 

214 operates as a digital upconverter, frequency upconverts its filtered sample stream with a digital 

local oscillator (LO) signal, and provides an upconverted sample stream. The digital LO signal for the 

CDMA signal sent on CDMA channel n has a frequency of fn, which is determined by the carrier 

frequency fchn of CDMA channel n and the frequency fc of an analog LO signal used for 

upconversion to RF. A summer 216 receives and sums the N upconverted sample streams from N 

rotators 214 a through 214 n and provides a composite sample stream. A post processor 218 performs 

post processing on the composite sample stream and provides an output sample stream. A DAC 220 

converts the output sample stream to analog and provides an analog baseband signal containing the N 

CDMA signals.

An RF transmit chain may implement a super-heterodyne architecture or a direct-conversion 

architecture. In the super-heterodyne architecture, a baseband signal is frequency upconverted in 

multiple stages, e.g., from baseband to an intermediate frequency (IF) in one stage, and then from IF 

to RF in another stage. In the direct-conversion architecture, which is also referred to as a zero-IF 

architecture, the baseband signal is frequency upconverted from baseband directly to RF in one stage. 

The super-heterodyne and direct-conversion architectures may use different circuit blocks and/or 

have different circuit requirements. The following description assumes the use of the directconversion architecture.

Within RF transmit chain 204, an analog lowpass filter 222 filters the analog baseband signal from 

DAC 220 to remove images caused by the digital-to-analog conversion and provides a filtered signal. 

A mixer 224 frequency upconverts the filtered signal from baseband to RF with an analog LO signal 

from an LO generator 226. LO generator 226 may include a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), a 

phase locked loop (PLL), a reference oscillator, etc. A variable gain amplifier (VGA) 228 amplifies 

the upconverted signal from mixer 224 with a variable gain. A bandpass filter 230 filters the signal 

from VGA 228 to remove images caused by the frequency upconversion. Bandpass filter 230 may be 

a surface acoustic wave (SAW) filter, a ceramic filter, or some other type of filter. A power amplifier 

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(PA) 232 amplifies the signal from filter 230 and provides an RF output signal having the proper 

power level. The RF output signal is routed through a duplexer 234 and transmitted via an antenna 

236. As shown in FIG. 2, the signals from data processor 210 to mixer 224 are typically complex 

signals having inphase (I) and quadrature (Q) components.

DAC 220 and RF transmit chain 204 may be wideband to support simultaneous transmission of N 

CDMA signals on N CDMA channels. DAC 220 may be operated at a sufficiently high clock rate 

and may have sufficient resolution for conversion of a digital sample stream containing all N CDMA 

signals. Analog lowpass filter 222 may have a fixed or variable bandwidth that may be sufficiently 

wide to pass all of the CDMA signals being sent simultaneously. The subsequent analog circuit 

blocks may also be wideband to pass all of the CDMA signals. Bandpass filter 230 may be wideband 

and may pass an entire frequency band, e.g., from 824 to 849 MHz for cellular band and from 1850 to 

1910 MHz for Personal Communications Service (PCS) band.

See, e.g., Rick at 3:61-4:67.

Multi-carrier transmitter 200 may be used in conjunction with a multi-carrier receiver that can receive 

one or more CDMA channels. Duplexer 234 may route an RF received signal from antenna 236 to 

the multi-carrier receiver, which is not shown in FIG. 2. The multi-carrier receiver may process the 

RF received signal to recover data and control information sent on one or more CDMA channels.

See, e.g., Rick at 5:24-30.

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See, e.g., Rick at Figure 1.

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See, e.g., Rick at Figure 2.

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See, e.g., Rick at Figure 10.

Furthermore, this claim element is obvious in light of Rick itself, when combined with any of the 

other references as charted for this claim element in Exs. A-1–A-31, First Supplemental Ex. AObviousness Chart, and/or when combined with the knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the art. 

Motivations to combine may come from the knowledge of the person of ordinary skill themselves, or 

from the known problems and predictable solutions as embodied in these references. Further 

motivations to combine references and additional details may be found in the Cover Pleading and 

First Supplemental Ex. A-Obviousness Chart.

[17.4] a second digital-toanalog converter for receiving 

the second digital signal and 

converting the second digital 

signal into a second analog 

signal, the second analog 

signal carrying the second 

data across a second 

frequency range;

Rick discloses “a second digital-to-analog converter for receiving the second digital signal and 

converting the second digital signal into a second analog signal, the second analog signal carrying the 

second data across a second frequency range.” See, e.g.: 

A multi-carrier transmitter capable of transmitting on one or multiple frequency channels 

simultaneously is described. In one design, the multi-carrier transmitter includes at least one 

processor and a single radio frequency (RF) transmit chain. The processor(s) may generate output 

chips for each of multiple frequency channels, digitally filter and upsample the output chips for each 

frequency channel to obtain filtered samples, and digitally upconvert the filtered samples for each 

frequency channel to a different frequency to obtain upconverted samples. The processor(s) may then 

combine the upconverted samples for the multiple frequency channels to obtain composite samples, 

perform pre-distortion on the composite samples for I/Q mismatch compensation, and upsample the 

pre-distorted samples to obtain output samples. The output samples may be converted to an analog 

signal with a wideband DAC. The RF transmit chain may process the analog signal to generate an RF 

output signal.

See, e.g., Rick at Abstract.

Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various communication services 

such as voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc. These systems may be multiple -access 

systems capable of supporting multiple users by sharing the available system resources. Examples of 

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such multiple-access systems include Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems, Time 

Division Multiple Access (TDMA) systems, Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) systems, 

Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) systems, and Single-Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) systems.

Data usage for wireless communication systems continually grows due to increasing number of users 

as well as emergence of new applications with higher data requirements. A system may support a 

particular maximum data rate on one frequency channel under favorable channel conditions. This 

maximum data rate is typically determined by system design. To increase capacity, the system may 

utilize multiple frequency channels for transmission. However, the design complexity and cost of a 

transmitter may increase substantially in order to support transmission on multiple frequency 

channels.

See, e.g., Rick at 1:20-41.

A multi-carrier transmitter capable of transmitting on one or multiple frequency channels 

simultaneously using a single radio frequency (RF) transmit chain is described herein. The single RF 

transmit chain may be wideband and designed for a particular maximum number of (T) frequency 

channels. Up to T signals may be transmitted simultaneously on up to T frequency channels using 

this single RF transmit chain.

In one design, the multi-carrier transmitter includes at least one processor and one RF transmit chain. 

The processor(s) may generate output chips for each of multiple frequency channels in accordance 

with a particular system such as a High Rate Packet Data (HRPD) system. The output chips for each 

frequency channel may be scaled with a gain selected based on the transmit power for that frequency 

channel. The processor(s) may digitally filter and upsample the output chips for each frequency 

channel to obtain filtered samples and may digitally upconvert the filtered samples for each 

frequency channel to a different frequency to obtain upconverted samples. The processor(s) may 

combine the upconverted samples for the multiple frequency channels to obtain composite samples, 

perform pre-distortion on the composite samples to compensate for gain and phase mismatches of 

subsequent analog quadrature upconversion, and upsample the pre-distorted samples to obtain output 

samples. The output samples may be converted to an analog signal with a wideband digital-to-analog 

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converter (DAC). The RF transmit chain may then process (e.g., filter, quadrature upconvert, and 

amplify) the analog signal to generate an RF output signal.

See, e.g., Rick at 1:48-2:9.

The multi-carrier transmitter described herein may be used for various wireless communication 

systems such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, and SC-FDMA systems. The terms “system” and 

“network” are often used interchangeably. A CDMA system may implement a radio technology such 

as cdma2000, Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), etc. cdma2000 covers IS-2000, IS-95, and 

IS-856 standards. UTRA includes Wideband-CDMA (W-CDMA) and Low Chip Rate (LCR). A 

TDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Global System for Mobile 

Communications (GSM). An OFDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Evolved 

UTRA (E-UTRA), IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.16, IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM®, etc. These various 

radio technologies and standards are known in the art. UTRA, E-UTRA, and GSM are described in 

documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project” (3GPP). cdma2000 is 

described in documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project 2” (3GPP2). 

3GPP and 3GPP2 documents are publicly available.

See, e.g., Rick at 2:38-57.

The multi-carrier transmitter described herein may be used for an access terminal as well as an access 

point. An access point is generally a fixed station that communicates with the access terminals and 

may also be referred to as a base station, a Node B, etc. An access terminal may be stationary or 

mobile and may also be referred to as a mobile station, a user equipment (UE), a mobile equipment, a 

terminal, a subscriber unit, a station, etc. An access terminal may be a cellular phone, a personal 

digital assistant (PDA), a handset, a wireless communication device, a handheld device, a wireless 

modem, a laptop computer, etc. For clarity, the use of the multi-carrier transmitter for an access 

terminal is described below.

The multi-carrier transmitter can transmit one or multiple CDMA signals simultaneously. Each 

CDMA signal may be sent on a different CDMA channel. A CDMA channel is a frequency channel 

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for one CDMA signal and is 1.2288 MHz wide in HRPD. A CDMA channel is also commonly 

referred to as a carrier.

FIG. 1 shows an example transmission of N CDMA signals on N CDMA channels, where N≧1 in 

general and N>1 for multi-carrier operation. In this example, CDMA channel 1 has a carrier 

frequency of fch1, CDMA channel 2 has a carrier frequency of fch2, and so on, and CDMA channel 

N has a carrier frequency of fchN. The carrier frequencies are typically selected such that the CDMA 

channels are spaced sufficiently far apart to reduce inter-channel interference. In general, the carrier 

frequencies of the N CDMA channels may or may not be related to one another. The carrier 

frequency of each CDMA channel may be selected independently subject to a minimum inter-channel 

spacing criterion. The carrier frequencies may be evenly spaced across frequency and separated by a 

fixed frequency spacing of fspacing, which may be 1.2288 MHz or some larger value. The N CDMA 

signals may be transmitted at different power levels (as shown in FIG. 1) or at the same power level. 

The N CDMA signals may carry any type of data for any service such as voice, video, packet data, 

text messaging, etc. The N CDMA signals may be sent to the same access point or to different access 

points.

It is desirable to support transmission of one or multiple CDMA channels using as little circuitry as 

possible in order to reduce cost, lower power consumption, improve reliability, and obtain other 

benefits. T different RF transmit chains may be used to generate up to T CDMA signals for up to T 

CDMA channels, where T is the maximum number of CDMA signals that can be sent 

simultaneously. However, the T RF transmit chains may significantly increase the cost of an access 

terminal.

See, e.g., Rick at 3:1-47.

Within digital section 202, a data processor 210 processes data, pilot, and control information and 

provides N output chip streams for N CDMA signals to N digital filter 212 a through 212 n. A chip is 

typically a complex value sent in one chip period, which is a time duration determined by a system. 

Each output chip stream may be at a chip rate (c×1), which is 1.2288 megachips/second (Mcps) for 

HRPD. Each digital filter 212 filters its output chip stream, performs upsampling, and provides a 

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Claim 17 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

filtered sample stream to a rotator 214. Each filtered sample stream may be at a sample rate of 

fsample. The sample rate may be fixed and selected based on the maximum number of CDMA 

signals that can be transmitted simultaneously. Alternatively, the sample rate may be configurable 

and selected based on the number of CDMA signals being transmitted simultaneously. Each rotator 

214 operates as a digital upconverter, frequency upconverts its filtered sample stream with a digital 

local oscillator (LO) signal, and provides an upconverted sample stream. The digital LO signal for the 

CDMA signal sent on CDMA channel n has a frequency of fn, which is determined by the carrier 

frequency fchn of CDMA channel n and the frequency fc of an analog LO signal used for 

upconversion to RF. A summer 216 receives and sums the N upconverted sample streams from N 

rotators 214 a through 214 n and provides a composite sample stream. A post processor 218 performs 

post processing on the composite sample stream and provides an output sample stream. A DAC 220 

converts the output sample stream to analog and provides an analog baseband signal containing the N 

CDMA signals.

An RF transmit chain may implement a super-heterodyne architecture or a direct-conversion 

architecture. In the super-heterodyne architecture, a baseband signal is frequency upconverted in 

multiple stages, e.g., from baseband to an intermediate frequency (IF) in one stage, and then from IF 

to RF in another stage. In the direct-conversion architecture, which is also referred to as a zero-IF 

architecture, the baseband signal is frequency upconverted from baseband directly to RF in one stage. 

The super-heterodyne and direct-conversion architectures may use different circuit blocks and/or 

have different circuit requirements. The following description assumes the use of the directconversion architecture.

Within RF transmit chain 204, an analog lowpass filter 222 filters the analog baseband signal from 

DAC 220 to remove images caused by the digital-to-analog conversion and provides a filtered signal. 

A mixer 224 frequency upconverts the filtered signal from baseband to RF with an analog LO signal 

from an LO generator 226. LO generator 226 may include a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), a 

phase locked loop (PLL), a reference oscillator, etc. A variable gain amplifier (VGA) 228 amplifies 

the upconverted signal from mixer 224 with a variable gain. A bandpass filter 230 filters the signal 

from VGA 228 to remove images caused by the frequency upconversion. Bandpass filter 230 may be 

a surface acoustic wave (SAW) filter, a ceramic filter, or some other type of filter. A power amplifier 

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(PA) 232 amplifies the signal from filter 230 and provides an RF output signal having the proper 

power level. The RF output signal is routed through a duplexer 234 and transmitted via an antenna 

236. As shown in FIG. 2, the signals from data processor 210 to mixer 224 are typically complex 

signals having inphase (I) and quadrature (Q) components.

DAC 220 and RF transmit chain 204 may be wideband to support simultaneous transmission of N 

CDMA signals on N CDMA channels. DAC 220 may be operated at a sufficiently high clock rate 

and may have sufficient resolution for conversion of a digital sample stream containing all N CDMA 

signals. Analog lowpass filter 222 may have a fixed or variable bandwidth that may be sufficiently 

wide to pass all of the CDMA signals being sent simultaneously. The subsequent analog circuit 

blocks may also be wideband to pass all of the CDMA signals. Bandpass filter 230 may be wideband 

and may pass an entire frequency band, e.g., from 824 to 849 MHz for cellular band and from 1850 to 

1910 MHz for Personal Communications Service (PCS) band.

See, e.g., Rick at 3:61-4:67.

Multi-carrier transmitter 200 may be used in conjunction with a multi-carrier receiver that can receive 

one or more CDMA channels. Duplexer 234 may route an RF received signal from antenna 236 to 

the multi-carrier receiver, which is not shown in FIG. 2. The multi-carrier receiver may process the 

RF received signal to recover data and control information sent on one or more CDMA channels.

See, e.g., Rick at 5:24-30.

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See, e.g., Rick at Figure 1.

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See, e.g., Rick at Figure 2.

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See, e.g., Rick at Figure 10.

Furthermore, this claim element is obvious in light of Rick itself, when combined with any of the 

other references as charted for this claim element in Exs. A-1–A-31, First Supplemental Ex. AObviousness Chart, and/or when combined with the knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the art. 

Motivations to combine may come from the knowledge of the person of ordinary skill themselves, or 

from the known problems and predictable solutions as embodied in these references. Further 

motivations to combine references and additional details may be found in the Cover Pleading and 

First Supplemental Ex. A-Obviousness Chart.

[17.5] a first up-converter 

circuit having a first input 

coupled to receive the first 

analog signal and a second 

input coupled to receive a first 

modulation signal having a 

first RF frequency, wherein 

the first up-converter outputs 

a first up-converted analog 

signal comprising a first upconverted frequency range 

from the first RF frequency 

minus one-half the first 

frequency range to the first 

RF frequency plus one-half 

the first frequency range;

Rick discloses “a first up-converter circuit having a first input coupled to receive the first analog 

signal and a second input coupled to receive a first modulation signal having a first RF frequency, 

wherein the first up-converter outputs a first up-converted analog signal comprising a first upconverted frequency range from the first RF frequency minus one-half the first frequency range to the 

first RF frequency plus one-half the first frequency range.” See, e.g.: 

A multi-carrier transmitter capable of transmitting on one or multiple frequency channels

simultaneously is described. In one design, the multi-carrier transmitter includes at least one 

processor and a single radio frequency (RF) transmit chain. The processor(s) may generate output 

chips for each of multiple frequency channels, digitally filter and upsample the output chips for each 

frequency channel to obtain filtered samples, and digitally upconvert the filtered samples for each 

frequency channel to a different frequency to obtain upconverted samples. The processor(s) may then 

combine the upconverted samples for the multiple frequency channels to obtain composite samples, 

perform pre-distortion on the composite samples for I/Q mismatch compensation, and upsample the 

pre-distorted samples to obtain output samples. The output samples may be converted to an analog 

signal with a wideband DAC. The RF transmit chain may process the analog signal to generate an RF 

output signal.

See, e.g., Rick at Abstract.

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Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various communication services 

such as voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc. These systems may be multiple -access 

systems capable of supporting multiple users by sharing the available system resources. Examples of 

such multiple-access systems include Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems, Time 

Division Multiple Access (TDMA) systems, Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) systems, 

Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) systems, and Single-Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) systems.

Data usage for wireless communication systems continually grows due to increasing number of users 

as well as emergence of new applications with higher data requirements. A system may support a 

particular maximum data rate on one frequency channel under favorable channel conditions. This 

maximum data rate is typically determined by system design. To increase capacity, the system may 

utilize multiple frequency channels for transmission. However, the design complexity and cost of a 

transmitter may increase substantially in order to support transmission on multiple frequency 

channels.

See, e.g., Rick at 1:20-41.

A multi-carrier transmitter capable of transmitting on one or multiple frequency channels 

simultaneously using a single radio frequency (RF) transmit chain is described herein. The single RF 

transmit chain may be wideband and designed for a particular maximum number of (T) frequency 

channels. Up to T signals may be transmitted simultaneously on up to T frequency channels using 

this single RF transmit chain.

In one design, the multi-carrier transmitter includes at least one processor and one RF transmit chain. 

The processor(s) may generate output chips for each of multiple frequency channels in accordance 

with a particular system such as a High Rate Packet Data (HRPD) system. The output chips for each 

frequency channel may be scaled with a gain selected based on the transmit power for that frequency 

channel. The processor(s) may digitally filter and upsample the output chips for each frequency 

channel to obtain filtered samples and may digitally upconvert the filtered samples for each 

frequency channel to a different frequency to obtain upconverted samples. The processor(s) may 

combine the upconverted samples for the multiple frequency channels to obtain composite samples, 

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perform pre-distortion on the composite samples to compensate for gain and phase mismatches of 

subsequent analog quadrature upconversion, and upsample the pre-distorted samples to obtain output 

samples. The output samples may be converted to an analog signal with a wideband digital-to-analog 

converter (DAC). The RF transmit chain may then process (e.g., filter, quadrature upconvert, and 

amplify) the analog signal to generate an RF output signal.

See, e.g., Rick at 1:48-2:9.

The multi-carrier transmitter described herein may be used for various wireless communication 

systems such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, and SC-FDMA systems. The terms “system” and 

“network” are often used interchangeably. A CDMA system may implement a radio technology such 

as cdma2000, Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), etc. cdma2000 covers IS-2000, IS-95, and 

IS-856 standards. UTRA includes Wideband-CDMA (W-CDMA) and Low Chip Rate (LCR). A 

TDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Global System for Mobile 

Communications (GSM). An OFDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Evolved 

UTRA (E-UTRA), IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.16, IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM®, etc. These various 

radio technologies and standards are known in the art. UTRA, E-UTRA, and GSM are described in 

documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project” (3GPP). cdma2000 is 

described in documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project 2” (3GPP2). 

3GPP and 3GPP2 documents are publicly available.

See, e.g., Rick at 2:38-57.

The multi-carrier transmitter described herein may be used for an access terminal as well as an access 

point. An access point is generally a fixed station that communicates with the access terminals and 

may also be referred to as a base station, a Node B, etc. An access terminal may be stationary or 

mobile and may also be referred to as a mobile station, a user equipment (UE), a mobile equipment, a 

terminal, a subscriber unit, a station, etc. An access terminal may be a cellular phone, a personal 

digital assistant (PDA), a handset, a wireless communication device, a handheld device, a wireless 

modem, a laptop computer, etc. For clarity, the use of the multi-carrier transmitter for an access 

terminal is described below.

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The multi-carrier transmitter can transmit one or multiple CDMA signals simultaneously. Each 

CDMA signal may be sent on a different CDMA channel. A CDMA channel is a frequency channel 

for one CDMA signal and is 1.2288 MHz wide in HRPD. A CDMA channel is also commonly 

referred to as a carrier.

FIG. 1 shows an example transmission of N CDMA signals on N CDMA channels, where N≧1 in 

general and N>1 for multi-carrier operation. In this example, CDMA channel 1 has a carrier 

frequency of fch1, CDMA channel 2 has a carrier frequency of fch2, and so on, and CDMA channel 

N has a carrier frequency of fchN. The carrier frequencies are typically selected such that the CDMA 

channels are spaced sufficiently far apart to reduce inter-channel interference. In general, the carrier 

frequencies of the N CDMA channels may or may not be related to one another. The carrier 

frequency of each CDMA channel may be selected independently subject to a minimum inter-channel 

spacing criterion. The carrier frequencies may be evenly spaced across frequency and separated by a 

fixed frequency spacing of fspacing, which may be 1.2288 MHz or some larger value. The N CDMA 

signals may be transmitted at different power levels (as shown in FIG. 1) or at the same power level. 

The N CDMA signals may carry any type of data for any service such as voice, video, packet data, 

text messaging, etc. The N CDMA signals may be sent to the same access point or to different access 

points.

It is desirable to support transmission of one or multiple CDMA channels using as little circuitry as 

possible in order to reduce cost, lower power consumption, improve reliability, and obtain other 

benefits. T different RF transmit chains may be used to generate up to T CDMA signals for up to T 

CDMA channels, where T is the maximum number of CDMA signals that can be sent 

simultaneously. However, the T RF transmit chains may significantly increase the cost of an access 

terminal.

See, e.g., Rick at 3:1-47.

Within digital section 202, a data processor 210 processes data, pilot, and control information and 

provides N output chip streams for N CDMA signals to N digital filter 212 a through 212 n. A chip is 

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Claim 17 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

typically a complex value sent in one chip period, which is a time duration determined by a system. 

Each output chip stream may be at a chip rate (c×1), which is 1.2288 megachips/second (Mcps) for 

HRPD. Each digital filter 212 filters its output chip stream, performs upsampling, and provides a 

filtered sample stream to a rotator 214. Each filtered sample stream may be at a sample rate of 

fsample. The sample rate may be fixed and selected based on the maximum number of CDMA 

signals that can be transmitted simultaneously. Alternatively, the sample rate may be configurable 

and selected based on the number of CDMA signals being transmitted simultaneously. Each rotator 

214 operates as a digital upconverter, frequency upconverts its filtered sample stream with a digital 

local oscillator (LO) signal, and provides an upconverted sample stream. The digital LO signal for the 

CDMA signal sent on CDMA channel n has a frequency of fn, which is determined by the carrier 

frequency fchn of CDMA channel n and the frequency fc of an analog LO signal used for 

upconversion to RF. A summer 216 receives and sums the N upconverted sample streams from N 

rotators 214 a through 214 n and provides a composite sample stream. A post processor 218 performs 

post processing on the composite sample stream and provides an output sample stream. A DAC 220 

converts the output sample stream to analog and provides an analog baseband signal containing the N 

CDMA signals.

An RF transmit chain may implement a super-heterodyne architecture or a direct-conversion 

architecture. In the super-heterodyne architecture, a baseband signal is frequency upconverted in 

multiple stages, e.g., from baseband to an intermediate frequency (IF) in one stage, and then from IF 

to RF in another stage. In the direct-conversion architecture, which is also referred to as a zero-IF 

architecture, the baseband signal is frequency upconverted from baseband directly to RF in one stage. 

The super-heterodyne and direct-conversion architectures may use different circuit blocks and/or 

have different circuit requirements. The following description assumes the use of the directconversion architecture.

Within RF transmit chain 204, an analog lowpass filter 222 filters the analog baseband signal from 

DAC 220 to remove images caused by the digital-to-analog conversion and provides a filtered signal. 

A mixer 224 frequency upconverts the filtered signal from baseband to RF with an analog LO signal 

from an LO generator 226. LO generator 226 may include a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), a 

phase locked loop (PLL), a reference oscillator, etc. A variable gain amplifier (VGA) 228 amplifies 

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the upconverted signal from mixer 224 with a variable gain. A bandpass filter 230 filters the signal 

from VGA 228 to remove images caused by the frequency upconversion. Bandpass filter 230 may be 

a surface acoustic wave (SAW) filter, a ceramic filter, or some other type of filter. A power amplifier 

(PA) 232 amplifies the signal from filter 230 and provides an RF output signal having the proper 

power level. The RF output signal is routed through a duplexer 234 and transmitted via an antenna 

236. As shown in FIG. 2, the signals from data processor 210 to mixer 224 are typically complex 

signals having inphase (I) and quadrature (Q) components.

DAC 220 and RF transmit chain 204 may be wideband to support simultaneous transmission of N 

CDMA signals on N CDMA channels. DAC 220 may be operated at a sufficiently high clock rate 

and may have sufficient resolution for conversion of a digital sample stream containing all N CDMA 

signals. Analog lowpass filter 222 may have a fixed or variable bandwidth that may be sufficiently 

wide to pass all of the CDMA signals being sent simultaneously. The subsequent analog circuit 

blocks may also be wideband to pass all of the CDMA signals. Bandpass filter 230 may be wideband 

and may pass an entire frequency band, e.g., from 824 to 849 MHz for cellular band and from 1850 to 

1910 MHz for Personal Communications Service (PCS) band.

See, e.g., Rick at 3:61-4:67.

Multi-carrier transmitter 200 may be used in conjunction with a multi-carrier receiver that can receive 

one or more CDMA channels. Duplexer 234 may route an RF received signal from antenna 236 to 

the multi-carrier receiver, which is not shown in FIG. 2. The multi-carrier receiver may process the 

RF received signal to recover data and control information sent on one or more CDMA channels.

See, e.g., Rick at 5:24-30.

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See, e.g., Rick at Figure 1.

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See, e.g., Rick at Figure 2.

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See, e.g., Rick at Figure 10.

Furthermore, this claim element is obvious in light of Rick itself, when combined with any of the 

other references as charted for this claim element in Exs. A-1–A-31, First Supplemental Ex. AObviousness Chart, and/or when combined with the knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the art. 

Motivations to combine may come from the knowledge of the person of ordinary skill themselves, or 

from the known problems and predictable solutions as embodied in these references. Further 

motivations to combine references and additional details may be found in the Cover Pleading and 

First Supplemental Ex. A-Obviousness Chart.

[17.6] a second up-converter 

circuit having a first input 

coupled to receive the second 

analog signal and a second 

input coupled to receive a 

second modulation signal 

having a second RF 

frequency, wherein the second 

up-converter outputs a second 

up-converted analog signal 

comprising a second upconverted frequency range 

from the second RF frequency 

minus one-half the second 

frequency range to the second 

RF frequency plus one-half 

the second frequency range, 

and wherein frequency 

difference between the first 

RF frequency and the second 

RF frequency is greater than 

Rick discloses “a second up-converter circuit having a first input coupled to receive the second 

analog signal and a second input coupled to receive a second modulation signal having a second RF 

frequency, wherein the second up-converter outputs a second up-converted analog signal comprising 

a second up-converted frequency range from the second RF frequency minus one-half the second 

frequency range to the second RF frequency plus one-half the second frequency range, and wherein 

frequency difference between the first RF frequency and the second RF frequency is greater than the 

sum of one-half the first frequency range and one-half the second frequency range.” See, e.g.: 

A multi-carrier transmitter capable of transmitting on one or multiple frequency channels 

simultaneously is described. In one design, the multi-carrier transmitter includes at least one 

processor and a single radio frequency (RF) transmit chain. The processor(s) may generate output 

chips for each of multiple frequency channels, digitally filter and upsample the output chips for each 

frequency channel to obtain filtered samples, and digitally upconvert the filtered samples for each 

frequency channel to a different frequency to obtain upconverted samples. The processor(s) may then 

combine the upconverted samples for the multiple frequency channels to obtain composite samples, 

perform pre-distortion on the composite samples for I/Q mismatch compensation, and upsample the 

pre-distorted samples to obtain output samples. The output samples may be converted to an analog 

signal with a wideband DAC. The RF transmit chain may process the analog signal to generate an RF 

output signal.

See, e.g., Rick at Abstract.

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the sum of one-half the first 

frequency range and one-half 

the second frequency range; 

and

Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various communication services 

such as voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc. These systems may be multiple -access 

systems capable of supporting multiple users by sharing the available system resources. Examples of 

such multiple-access systems include Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems, Time 

Division Multiple Access (TDMA) systems, Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) systems, 

Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) systems, and Single-Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) systems.

Data usage for wireless communication systems continually grows due to increasing number of users 

as well as emergence of new applications with higher data requirements. A system may support a 

particular maximum data rate on one frequency channel under favorable channel conditions. This 

maximum data rate is typically determined by system design. To increase capacity, the system may 

utilize multiple frequency channels for transmission. However, the design complexity and cost of a 

transmitter may increase substantially in order to support transmission on multiple frequency 

channels.

See, e.g., Rick at 1:20-41.

A multi-carrier transmitter capable of transmitting on one or multiple frequency channels 

simultaneously using a single radio frequency (RF) transmit chain is described herein. The single RF 

transmit chain may be wideband and designed for a particular maximum number of (T) frequency 

channels. Up to T signals may be transmitted simultaneously on up to T frequency channels using 

this single RF transmit chain.

In one design, the multi-carrier transmitter includes at least one processor and one RF transmit chain. 

The processor(s) may generate output chips for each of multiple frequency channels in accordance 

with a particular system such as a High Rate Packet Data (HRPD) system. The output chips for each 

frequency channel may be scaled with a gain selected based on the transmit power f or that frequency 

channel. The processor(s) may digitally filter and upsample the output chips for each frequency 

channel to obtain filtered samples and may digitally upconvert the filtered samples for each 

frequency channel to a different frequency to obtain upconverted samples. The processor(s) may 

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combine the upconverted samples for the multiple frequency channels to obtain composite samples, 

perform pre-distortion on the composite samples to compensate for gain and phase mismatches of 

subsequent analog quadrature upconversion, and upsample the pre-distorted samples to obtain output 

samples. The output samples may be converted to an analog signal with a wideband digital-to-analog 

converter (DAC). The RF transmit chain may then process (e.g., filter, quadrature upconvert, and 

amplify) the analog signal to generate an RF output signal.

See, e.g., Rick at 1:48-2:9.

The multi-carrier transmitter described herein may be used for various wireless communication 

systems such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, and SC-FDMA systems. The terms “system” and 

“network” are often used interchangeably. A CDMA system may implement a radio technology such 

as cdma2000, Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), etc. cdma2000 covers IS-2000, IS-95, and 

IS-856 standards. UTRA includes Wideband-CDMA (W-CDMA) and Low Chip Rate (LCR). A 

TDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Global System for Mobile 

Communications (GSM). An OFDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Evolved 

UTRA (E-UTRA), IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.16, IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM®, etc. These various 

radio technologies and standards are known in the art. UTRA, E-UTRA, and GSM are described in 

documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project” (3GPP). cdma2000 is 

described in documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project 2” (3GPP2). 

3GPP and 3GPP2 documents are publicly available.

See, e.g., Rick at 2:38-57.

The multi-carrier transmitter described herein may be used for an access terminal as well as an access 

point. An access point is generally a fixed station that communicates with the access terminals and 

may also be referred to as a base station, a Node B, etc. An access terminal may be stationary or 

mobile and may also be referred to as a mobile station, a user equipment (UE), a mobile equipment, a 

terminal, a subscriber unit, a station, etc. An access terminal may be a cellular phone, a personal 

digital assistant (PDA), a handset, a wireless communication device, a handheld device, a wireless 

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modem, a laptop computer, etc. For clarity, the use of the multi-carrier transmitter for an access 

terminal is described below.

The multi-carrier transmitter can transmit one or multiple CDMA signals simultaneously. Each 

CDMA signal may be sent on a different CDMA channel. A CDMA channel is a frequency channel 

for one CDMA signal and is 1.2288 MHz wide in HRPD. A CDMA channel is also commonly 

referred to as a carrier.

FIG. 1 shows an example transmission of N CDMA signals on N CDMA channels, where N≧1 in 

general and N>1 for multi-carrier operation. In this example, CDMA channel 1 has a carrier 

frequency of fch1, CDMA channel 2 has a carrier frequency of fch2, and so on, and CDMA channel 

N has a carrier frequency of fchN. The carrier frequencies are typically selected such that the CDMA 

channels are spaced sufficiently far apart to reduce inter-channel interference. In general, the carrier 

frequencies of the N CDMA channels may or may not be related to one another. The carrier 

frequency of each CDMA channel may be selected independently subject to a minimum inter-channel 

spacing criterion. The carrier frequencies may be evenly spaced across frequency and separated by a 

fixed frequency spacing of fspacing, which may be 1.2288 MHz or some larger value. The N CDMA 

signals may be transmitted at different power levels (as shown in FIG. 1) or at the same power level. 

The N CDMA signals may carry any type of data for any service such as voice, video, packet data, 

text messaging, etc. The N CDMA signals may be sent to the same access point or to different access 

points.

It is desirable to support transmission of one or multiple CDMA channels using as little circuitry as 

possible in order to reduce cost, lower power consumption, improve reliability, and obtain other 

benefits. T different RF transmit chains may be used to generate up to T CDMA signals for up to T 

CDMA channels, where T is the maximum number of CDMA signals that can be sent 

simultaneously. However, the T RF transmit chains may significantly increase the cost of an a ccess 

terminal.

See, e.g., Rick at 3:1-47.

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Within digital section 202, a data processor 210 processes data, pilot, and control information and 

provides N output chip streams for N CDMA signals to N digital filter 212 a through 212 n. A chip is 

typically a complex value sent in one chip period, which is a time duration determined by a system. 

Each output chip stream may be at a chip rate (c×1), which is 1.2288 megachips/second (Mcps) for 

HRPD. Each digital filter 212 filters its output chip stream, performs upsampling, and provides a 

filtered sample stream to a rotator 214. Each filtered sample stream may be at a sample rate of 

fsample. The sample rate may be fixed and selected based on the maximum number of CDMA 

signals that can be transmitted simultaneously. Alternatively, the sample rate may be configurable 

and selected based on the number of CDMA signals being transmitted simultaneously. Each rotator 

214 operates as a digital upconverter, frequency upconverts its filtered sample stream with a digital 

local oscillator (LO) signal, and provides an upconverted sample stream. The digital LO signal for the 

CDMA signal sent on CDMA channel n has a frequency of fn, which is determined by the carrier 

frequency fchn of CDMA channel n and the frequency fc of an analog LO signal used for 

upconversion to RF. A summer 216 receives and sums the N upconverted sample streams from N 

rotators 214 a through 214 n and provides a composite sample stream. A post processor 218 performs 

post processing on the composite sample stream and provides an output sample stream. A DAC 220 

converts the output sample stream to analog and provides an analog baseband signal containing the N 

CDMA signals.

An RF transmit chain may implement a super-heterodyne architecture or a direct-conversion

architecture. In the super-heterodyne architecture, a baseband signal is frequency upconverted in 

multiple stages, e.g., from baseband to an intermediate frequency (IF) in one stage, and then from IF 

to RF in another stage. In the direct-conversion architecture, which is also referred to as a zero-IF 

architecture, the baseband signal is frequency upconverted from baseband directly to RF in one stage. 

The super-heterodyne and direct-conversion architectures may use different circuit blocks and/or 

have different circuit requirements. The following description assumes the use of the directconversion architecture.

Within RF transmit chain 204, an analog lowpass filter 222 filters the analog baseband signal from 

DAC 220 to remove images caused by the digital-to-analog conversion and provides a filtered signal. 

A mixer 224 frequency upconverts the filtered signal from baseband to RF with an analog LO signal 

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from an LO generator 226. LO generator 226 may include a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), a 

phase locked loop (PLL), a reference oscillator, etc. A variable gain amplifier (VGA) 228 amplifies 

the upconverted signal from mixer 224 with a variable gain. A bandpass filter 230 filters the signal 

from VGA 228 to remove images caused by the frequency upconversion. Bandpass filter 230 may be 

a surface acoustic wave (SAW) filter, a ceramic filter, or some other type of filter. A power amplifier 

(PA) 232 amplifies the signal from filter 230 and provides an RF output signal having the proper 

power level. The RF output signal is routed through a duplexer 234 and transmitted via an antenna 

236. As shown in FIG. 2, the signals from data processor 210 to mixer 224 are typically complex 

signals having inphase (I) and quadrature (Q) components.

DAC 220 and RF transmit chain 204 may be wideband to support simultaneous transmission of N 

CDMA signals on N CDMA channels. DAC 220 may be operated at a sufficiently high clock rate 

and may have sufficient resolution for conversion of a digital sample stream containing all N CDMA 

signals. Analog lowpass filter 222 may have a fixed or variable bandwidth that may be sufficiently 

wide to pass all of the CDMA signals being sent simultaneously. The subsequent analog circuit 

blocks may also be wideband to pass all of the CDMA signals. Bandpass filter 230 may be wideband 

and may pass an entire frequency band, e.g., from 824 to 849 MHz for cellular band and from 1850 to 

1910 MHz for Personal Communications Service (PCS) band.

See, e.g., Rick at 3:61-4:67.

Multi-carrier transmitter 200 may be used in conjunction with a multi-carrier receiver that can receive 

one or more CDMA channels. Duplexer 234 may route an RF received signal from antenna 236 to 

the multi-carrier receiver, which is not shown in FIG. 2. The multi-carrier receiver may process the 

RF received signal to recover data and control information sent on one or more CDMA channels.

See, e.g., Rick at 5:24-30.

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See, e.g., Rick at Figure 1.

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See, e.g., Rick at Figure 2.

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Claim 17 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

See, e.g., Rick at Figure 10.

Furthermore, this claim element is obvious in light of Rick itself, when combined with any of the 

other references as charted for this claim element in Exs. A-1–A-31, First Supplemental Ex. AObviousness Chart, and/or when combined with the knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the art. 

Motivations to combine may come from the knowledge of the person of ordinary skill themselves, or 

from the known problems and predictable solutions as embodied in these references. Further 

motivations to combine references and additional details may be found in the Cover Pleading and 

First Supplemental Ex. A-Obviousness Chart.

[17.7] a power amplifier 

coupled to receive the first 

and second up-converted 

analog signals, wherein the 

bandwidth of the power 

amplifier is greater than the 

difference between a lowest 

frequency in the first upconverted frequency range 

and a highest frequency in the 

second up-converted 

frequency range.

Rick discloses “a power amplifier coupled to receive the first and second up-converted analog 

signals, wherein the bandwidth of the power amplifier is greater than the difference between a lowest 

frequency in the first up-converted frequency range and a highest frequency in the second upconverted frequency range.” See, e.g.: 

A multi-carrier transmitter capable of transmitting on one or multiple frequency channels 

simultaneously is described. In one design, the multi-carrier transmitter includes at least one 

processor and a single radio frequency (RF) transmit chain. The processor(s) may generate output 

chips for each of multiple frequency channels, digitally filter and upsample the output chips for each 

frequency channel to obtain filtered samples, and digitally upconvert the filtered samples for each 

frequency channel to a different frequency to obtain upconverted samples. The processor(s) may then 

combine the upconverted samples for the multiple frequency channels to obtain composite samples, 

perform pre-distortion on the composite samples for I/Q mismatch compensation, and upsample the 

pre-distorted samples to obtain output samples. The output samples may be converted to an analog 

signal with a wideband DAC. The RF transmit chain may process the analog signal to generate an RF 

output signal.

See, e.g., Rick at Abstract.

Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various communication services 

such as voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc. These systems may be multiple -access 

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systems capable of supporting multiple users by sharing the available system resources. Examples of 

such multiple-access systems include Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems, Time 

Division Multiple Access (TDMA) systems, Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) systems, 

Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) systems, and Single-Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) systems.

Data usage for wireless communication systems continually grows due to increasing number of users 

as well as emergence of new applications with higher data requirements. A system may support a 

particular maximum data rate on one frequency channel under favorable channel conditions. This 

maximum data rate is typically determined by system design. To increase capacity, the system may 

utilize multiple frequency channels for transmission. However, the design complexity and cost of a 

transmitter may increase substantially in order to support transmission on multiple frequency 

channels.

See, e.g., Rick at 1:20-41.

A multi-carrier transmitter capable of transmitting on one or multiple frequency channels 

simultaneously using a single radio frequency (RF) transmit chain is described herein. The single RF 

transmit chain may be wideband and designed for a particular maximum number of (T) frequency 

channels. Up to T signals may be transmitted simultaneously on up to T frequency channels using 

this single RF transmit chain.

In one design, the multi-carrier transmitter includes at least one processor and one RF transmit chain. 

The processor(s) may generate output chips for each of multiple frequency channels in accordance 

with a particular system such as a High Rate Packet Data (HRPD) system. The output chips for each 

frequency channel may be scaled with a gain selected based on the transmit power for that frequency 

channel. The processor(s) may digitally filter and upsample the output chips for each frequency 

channel to obtain filtered samples and may digitally upconvert the filtered samples for each 

frequency channel to a different frequency to obtain upconverted samples. The processor(s) may 

combine the upconverted samples for the multiple frequency channels to obtain composite samples, 

perform pre-distortion on the composite samples to compensate for gain and phase mismatches of 

subsequent analog quadrature upconversion, and upsample the pre-distorted samples to obtain output 

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samples. The output samples may be converted to an analog signal with a wideband digital-to-analog 

converter (DAC). The RF transmit chain may then process (e.g., filter, quadrature upconvert, and 

amplify) the analog signal to generate an RF output signal.

See, e.g., Rick at 1:48-2:9.

The multi-carrier transmitter described herein may be used for various wireless communication 

systems such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, and SC-FDMA systems. The terms “system” and 

“network” are often used interchangeably. A CDMA system may implement a radio technology such 

as cdma2000, Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), etc. cdma2000 covers IS-2000, IS-95, and 

IS-856 standards. UTRA includes Wideband-CDMA (W-CDMA) and Low Chip Rate (LCR). A 

TDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Global System for Mobile 

Communications (GSM). An OFDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Evolved 

UTRA (E-UTRA), IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.16, IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM®, etc. These various 

radio technologies and standards are known in the art. UTRA, E-UTRA, and GSM are described in 

documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project” (3GPP). cdma2000 is 

described in documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project 2” (3GPP2). 

3GPP and 3GPP2 documents are publicly available.

See, e.g., Rick at 2:38-57.

The multi-carrier transmitter described herein may be used for an access terminal as well as an access 

point. An access point is generally a fixed station that communicates with the access terminals and 

may also be referred to as a base station, a Node B, etc. An access terminal may be stationary or 

mobile and may also be referred to as a mobile station, a user equipment (UE), a mobile equipment, a 

terminal, a subscriber unit, a station, etc. An access terminal may be a cellular phone, a personal 

digital assistant (PDA), a handset, a wireless communication device, a handheld device, a wireless 

modem, a laptop computer, etc. For clarity, the use of the multi-carrier transmitter for an access 

terminal is described below.

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The multi-carrier transmitter can transmit one or multiple CDMA signals simultaneously. Each 

CDMA signal may be sent on a different CDMA channel. A CDMA channel is a frequency channel 

for one CDMA signal and is 1.2288 MHz wide in HRPD. A CDMA channel is also commonly 

referred to as a carrier.

FIG. 1 shows an example transmission of N CDMA signals on N CDMA channels, where N≧1 in 

general and N>1 for multi-carrier operation. In this example, CDMA channel 1 has a carrier 

frequency of fch1, CDMA channel 2 has a carrier frequency of fch2, and so on, and CDMA channel 

N has a carrier frequency of fchN. The carrier frequencies are typically selected such that the CDMA 

channels are spaced sufficiently far apart to reduce inter-channel interference. In general, the carrier 

frequencies of the N CDMA channels may or may not be related to one another. The carrier 

frequency of each CDMA channel may be selected independently subject to a minimum inter-channel 

spacing criterion. The carrier frequencies may be evenly spaced across frequency and separated by a 

fixed frequency spacing of fspacing, which may be 1.2288 MHz or some larger value. The N CDMA 

signals may be transmitted at different power levels (as shown in FIG. 1) or at the same power level. 

The N CDMA signals may carry any type of data for any service such as voice, video, packet data, 

text messaging, etc. The N CDMA signals may be sent to the same access point or to different access 

points.

It is desirable to support transmission of one or multiple CDMA channels using as little circuitry as 

possible in order to reduce cost, lower power consumption, improve reliability, and obtain other 

benefits. T different RF transmit chains may be used to generate up to T CDMA signals for up to T 

CDMA channels, where T is the maximum number of CDMA signals that can be sent 

simultaneously. However, the T RF transmit chains may significantly increase the cost of an access 

terminal.

See, e.g., Rick at 3:1-47.

Within digital section 202, a data processor 210 processes data, pilot, and control information and 

provides N output chip streams for N CDMA signals to N digital filter 212 a through 212 n. A chip is 

typically a complex value sent in one chip period, which is a time duration determined by a system. 

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Each output chip stream may be at a chip rate (c×1), which is 1.2288 megachips/second (Mcps) for 

HRPD. Each digital filter 212 filters its output chip stream, performs upsampling, and provides a 

filtered sample stream to a rotator 214. Each filtered sample stream may be at a sample rate of 

fsample. The sample rate may be fixed and selected based on the maximum number of CDMA 

signals that can be transmitted simultaneously. Alternatively, the sample rate may be configurable 

and selected based on the number of CDMA signals being transmitted simultaneously. Each rotator 

214 operates as a digital upconverter, frequency upconverts its filtered sample stream with a digital 

local oscillator (LO) signal, and provides an upconverted sample stream. The digital LO signal for the 

CDMA signal sent on CDMA channel n has a frequency of fn, which is determined by the carrier 

frequency fchn of CDMA channel n and the frequency fc of an analog LO signal used for 

upconversion to RF. A summer 216 receives and sums the N upconverted sample streams from N 

rotators 214 a through 214 n and provides a composite sample stream. A post processor 218 performs 

post processing on the composite sample stream and provides an output sample stream. A DAC 220 

converts the output sample stream to analog and provides an analog baseband signal containing the N 

CDMA signals.

An RF transmit chain may implement a super-heterodyne architecture or a direct-conversion 

architecture. In the super-heterodyne architecture, a baseband signal is frequency upconverted in 

multiple stages, e.g., from baseband to an intermediate frequency (IF) in one stage, and then from IF 

to RF in another stage. In the direct-conversion architecture, which is also referred to as a zero-IF 

architecture, the baseband signal is frequency upconverted from baseband directly to RF in one stage. 

The super-heterodyne and direct-conversion architectures may use different circuit blocks and/or 

have different circuit requirements. The following description assumes the use of the directconversion architecture.

Within RF transmit chain 204, an analog lowpass filter 222 filters the analog baseband signal from 

DAC 220 to remove images caused by the digital-to-analog conversion and provides a filtered signal. 

A mixer 224 frequency upconverts the filtered signal from baseband to RF with an analog LO signal 

from an LO generator 226. LO generator 226 may include a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), a 

phase locked loop (PLL), a reference oscillator, etc. A variable gain amplifier (VGA) 228 amplifies 

the upconverted signal from mixer 224 with a variable gain. A bandpass filter 230 filters the signal 

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Claim 17 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

from VGA 228 to remove images caused by the frequency upconversion. Bandpass filter 230 may be 

a surface acoustic wave (SAW) filter, a ceramic filter, or some other type of filter. A power amplifier 

(PA) 232 amplifies the signal from filter 230 and provides an RF output signal having the proper 

power level. The RF output signal is routed through a duplexer 234 and transmitted via an antenna 

236. As shown in FIG. 2, the signals from data processor 210 to mixer 224 are typically complex 

signals having inphase (I) and quadrature (Q) components.

DAC 220 and RF transmit chain 204 may be wideband to support simultaneous transmission of N 

CDMA signals on N CDMA channels. DAC 220 may be operated at a sufficiently high clock rate 

and may have sufficient resolution for conversion of a digital sample stream containing all N CDMA 

signals. Analog lowpass filter 222 may have a fixed or variable bandwidth that may be sufficiently 

wide to pass all of the CDMA signals being sent simultaneously. The subsequent analog circuit 

blocks may also be wideband to pass all of the CDMA signals. Bandpass filter 230 may be wideband 

and may pass an entire frequency band, e.g., from 824 to 849 MHz for cellular band and from 1850 to 

1910 MHz for Personal Communications Service (PCS) band.

See, e.g., Rick at 3:61-4:67.

Multi-carrier transmitter 200 may be used in conjunction with a multi-carrier receiver that can receive 

one or more CDMA channels. Duplexer 234 may route an RF received signal from antenna 236 to 

the multi-carrier receiver, which is not shown in FIG. 2. The multi-carrier receiver may process the 

RF received signal to recover data and control information sent on one or more CDMA channels.

See, e.g., Rick at 5:24-30.

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See, e.g., Rick at Figure 1.

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See, e.g., Rick at Figure 2.

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Claim 17 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

See, e.g., Rick at Figure 10.

Furthermore, this claim element is obvious in light of Rick itself, when combined with any of the 

other references as charted for this claim element in Exs. A-1–A-31, First Supplemental Ex. AObviousness Chart, and/or when combined with the knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the art. 

Motivations to combine may come from the knowledge of the person of ordinary skill themselves, or 

from the known problems and predictable solutions as embodied in these references. Further 

motivations to combine references and additional details may be found in the Cover Pleading and 

First Supplemental Ex. A-Obviousness Chart.

Claim 21 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

[21.1] The communication 

system of claim 17

Rick discloses all the elements of claim 17 for all the reasons provided above.

[21.2] wherein the first data of 

the first digital signal is 

encoded using a first wireless 

protocol and the first data of 

the second digital signal is 

encoded using a second 

wireless protocol.

Rick discloses “wherein the first data of the first digital signal is encoded using a first wireless 

protocol and the first data of the second digital signal is encoded using a second wireless protocol.” 

See, e.g.: 

A multi-carrier transmitter capable of transmitting on one or multiple frequency channels 

simultaneously is described. In one design, the multi-carrier transmitter includes at least one 

processor and a single radio frequency (RF) transmit chain. The processor(s) may generate output 

chips for each of multiple frequency channels, digitally filter and upsample the output chips for each 

frequency channel to obtain filtered samples, and digitally upconvert the filtered samples for each 

frequency channel to a different frequency to obtain upconverted samples. The processor(s) may then 

combine the upconverted samples for the multiple frequency channels to obtain composite samples, 

perform pre-distortion on the composite samples for I/Q mismatch compensation, and upsample the 

pre-distorted samples to obtain output samples. The output samples may be converted to an analog 

signal with a wideband DAC. The RF transmit chain may process the analog signal to generate an RF 

output signal.

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Claim 21 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

See, e.g., Rick at Abstract.

Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various communication services 

such as voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc. These systems may be multiple -access 

systems capable of supporting multiple users by sharing the available system resources. Examples of 

such multiple-access systems include Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems, Time 

Division Multiple Access (TDMA) systems, Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) systems, 

Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) systems, and Single-Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) systems.

Data usage for wireless communication systems continually grows due to increasing number of users 

as well as emergence of new applications with higher data requirements. A system may support a 

particular maximum data rate on one frequency channel under favorable channel conditions. This 

maximum data rate is typically determined by system design. To increase capacity, the system may 

utilize multiple frequency channels for transmission. However, the design complexity and cost of a 

transmitter may increase substantially in order to support transmission on multiple frequency 

channels.

See, e.g., Rick at 1:20-41.

A multi-carrier transmitter capable of transmitting on one or multiple frequency channels 

simultaneously using a single radio frequency (RF) transmit chain is described herein. The single RF 

transmit chain may be wideband and designed for a particular maximum number of (T) frequency 

channels. Up to T signals may be transmitted simultaneously on up to T frequency channels using 

this single RF transmit chain.

In one design, the multi-carrier transmitter includes at least one processor and one RF transmit chain. 

The processor(s) may generate output chips for each of multiple frequency channels in accordance 

with a particular system such as a High Rate Packet Data (HRPD) system. The output chips for each 

frequency channel may be scaled with a gain selected based on the transmit power for that frequency 

channel. The processor(s) may digitally filter and upsample the output chips for each frequency 

channel to obtain filtered samples and may digitally upconvert the filtered samples for each 

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frequency channel to a different frequency to obtain upconverted samples. The processor(s) may 

combine the upconverted samples for the multiple frequency channels to obtain composite samples, 

perform pre-distortion on the composite samples to compensate for gain and phase mismatches of 

subsequent analog quadrature upconversion, and upsample the pre-distorted samples to obtain output 

samples. The output samples may be converted to an analog signal with a wideband digital-to-analog 

converter (DAC). The RF transmit chain may then process (e.g., filter, quadrature upconvert, and 

amplify) the analog signal to generate an RF output signal.

See, e.g., Rick at 1:48-2:9.

The multi-carrier transmitter described herein may be used for various wireless communication 

systems such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, and SC-FDMA systems. The terms “system” and 

“network” are often used interchangeably. A CDMA system may implement a radio technology such 

as cdma2000, Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), etc. cdma2000 covers IS-2000, IS-95, and 

IS-856 standards. UTRA includes Wideband-CDMA (W-CDMA) and Low Chip Rate (LCR). A 

TDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Global System for Mobile 

Communications (GSM). An OFDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Evolved 

UTRA (E-UTRA), IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.16, IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM®, etc. These various 

radio technologies and standards are known in the art. UTRA, E-UTRA, and GSM are described in 

documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project” (3GPP). cdma2000 is 

described in documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project 2” (3GPP2). 

3GPP and 3GPP2 documents are publicly available.

See, e.g., Rick at 2:38-57.

The multi-carrier transmitter described herein may be used for an access terminal as well as an access 

point. An access point is generally a fixed station that communicates with the access terminals and 

may also be referred to as a base station, a Node B, etc. An access terminal may be stationary or 

mobile and may also be referred to as a mobile station, a user equipment (UE), a mobile equipment, a 

terminal, a subscriber unit, a station, etc. An access terminal may be a cellular phone, a personal 

digital assistant (PDA), a handset, a wireless communication device, a handheld device, a wireless 

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modem, a laptop computer, etc. For clarity, the use of the multi-carrier transmitter for an access 

terminal is described below.

The multi-carrier transmitter can transmit one or multiple CDMA signals simultaneously. Each 

CDMA signal may be sent on a different CDMA channel. A CDMA channel is a frequency channel 

for one CDMA signal and is 1.2288 MHz wide in HRPD. A CDMA channel is also commonly 

referred to as a carrier.

FIG. 1 shows an example transmission of N CDMA signals on N CDMA channels, where N≧1 in 

general and N>1 for multi-carrier operation. In this example, CDMA channel 1 has a carrier 

frequency of fch1, CDMA channel 2 has a carrier frequency of fch2, and so on, and CDMA channel 

N has a carrier frequency of fchN. The carrier frequencies are typically selected such that the CDMA 

channels are spaced sufficiently far apart to reduce inter-channel interference. In general, the carrier 

frequencies of the N CDMA channels may or may not be related to one another. The carrier 

frequency of each CDMA channel may be selected independently subject to a minimum inter-channel 

spacing criterion. The carrier frequencies may be evenly spaced across frequency and separated by a 

fixed frequency spacing of fspacing, which may be 1.2288 MHz or some larger value. The N CDMA 

signals may be transmitted at different power levels (as shown in FIG. 1) or at the same power level. 

The N CDMA signals may carry any type of data for any service such as voice, video, packet data, 

text messaging, etc. The N CDMA signals may be sent to the same access point or to different access 

points.

It is desirable to support transmission of one or multiple CDMA channels using as little circuitry as 

possible in order to reduce cost, lower power consumption, improve reliability, and obtain other 

benefits. T different RF transmit chains may be used to generate up to T CDMA signals for up to T 

CDMA channels, where T is the maximum number of CDMA signals that can be sent 

simultaneously. However, the T RF transmit chains may significantly increase the cost of an access 

terminal.

See, e.g., Rick at 3:1-47.

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Claim 21 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

Within digital section 202, a data processor 210 processes data, pilot, and control information and 

provides N output chip streams for N CDMA signals to N digital filter 212 a through 212 n. A chip is 

typically a complex value sent in one chip period, which is a time duration determined by a system. 

Each output chip stream may be at a chip rate (c×1), which is 1.2288 megachips/second (Mcps) for 

HRPD. Each digital filter 212 filters its output chip stream, performs upsampling, and provides a 

filtered sample stream to a rotator 214. Each filtered sample stream may be at a sample rate of 

fsample. The sample rate may be fixed and selected based on the maximum number of CDMA 

signals that can be transmitted simultaneously. Alternatively, the sample rate may be configurable 

and selected based on the number of CDMA signals being transmitted simultaneously. Each rotator 

214 operates as a digital upconverter, frequency upconverts its filtered sample stream with a digital 

local oscillator (LO) signal, and provides an upconverted sample stream. The digital LO signal for the 

CDMA signal sent on CDMA channel n has a frequency of fn, which is determined by the carrier 

frequency fchn of CDMA channel n and the frequency fc of an analog LO signal used for 

upconversion to RF. A summer 216 receives and sums the N upconverted sample streams from N 

rotators 214 a through 214 n and provides a composite sample stream. A post processor 218 performs 

post processing on the composite sample stream and provides an output sample stream. A DAC 220 

converts the output sample stream to analog and provides an analog baseband signal containing the N 

CDMA signals.

An RF transmit chain may implement a super-heterodyne architecture or a direct-conversion 

architecture. In the super-heterodyne architecture, a baseband signal is frequency upconverted in 

multiple stages, e.g., from baseband to an intermediate frequency (IF) in one stage, and then from IF 

to RF in another stage. In the direct-conversion architecture, which is also referred to as a zero-IF 

architecture, the baseband signal is frequency upconverted from baseband directly to RF in one stage. 

The super-heterodyne and direct-conversion architectures may use different circuit blocks and/or 

have different circuit requirements. The following description assumes the use of the dire ctconversion architecture.

Within RF transmit chain 204, an analog lowpass filter 222 filters the analog baseband signal from 

DAC 220 to remove images caused by the digital-to-analog conversion and provides a filtered signal. 

A mixer 224 frequency upconverts the filtered signal from baseband to RF with an analog LO signal 

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Claim 21 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

from an LO generator 226. LO generator 226 may include a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), a 

phase locked loop (PLL), a reference oscillator, etc. A variable gain amplifier (VGA) 228 amplifies 

the upconverted signal from mixer 224 with a variable gain. A bandpass filter 230 filters the signal 

from VGA 228 to remove images caused by the frequency upconversion. Bandpass filter 230 may be 

a surface acoustic wave (SAW) filter, a ceramic filter, or some other type of filter. A power amplifier 

(PA) 232 amplifies the signal from filter 230 and provides an RF output signal having the proper 

power level. The RF output signal is routed through a duplexer 234 and transmitted via an antenna 

236. As shown in FIG. 2, the signals from data processor 210 to mixer 224 are typically complex 

signals having inphase (I) and quadrature (Q) components.

DAC 220 and RF transmit chain 204 may be wideband to support simultaneous transmission of N 

CDMA signals on N CDMA channels. DAC 220 may be operated at a sufficiently high clock rate 

and may have sufficient resolution for conversion of a digital sample stream containing all N CDMA 

signals. Analog lowpass filter 222 may have a fixed or variable bandwidth that may be sufficiently 

wide to pass all of the CDMA signals being sent simultaneously. The subsequent analog circuit 

blocks may also be wideband to pass all of the CDMA signals. Bandpass filter 230 may be wideband 

and may pass an entire frequency band, e.g., from 824 to 849 MHz for cellular band and from 1850 to 

1910 MHz for Personal Communications Service (PCS) band.

See, e.g., Rick at 3:61-4:67.

Multi-carrier transmitter 200 may be used in conjunction with a multi-carrier receiver that can receive 

one or more CDMA channels. Duplexer 234 may route an RF received signal from antenna 236 to 

the multi-carrier receiver, which is not shown in FIG. 2. The multi-carrier receiver may process the 

RF received signal to recover data and control information sent on one or more CDMA channels.

See, e.g., Rick at 5:24-30.

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Claim 21 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

See, e.g., Rick at Figure 1.

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Claim 21 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

See, e.g., Rick at Figure 2.

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Claim 21 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

See, e.g., Rick at Figure 10.

Furthermore, this claim element is obvious in light of Rick itself, when combined with any of the 

other references as charted for this claim element in Exs. A-1–A-31, First Supplemental Ex. AObviousness Chart, and/or when combined with the knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the art. 

Motivations to combine may come from the knowledge of the person of ordinary skill themselves, or 

from the known problems and predictable solutions as embodied in these references. Further 

motivations to combine references and additional details may be found in the Cover Pleading and 

First Supplemental Ex. A-Obviousness Chart.

Claim 22 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

[22.1] The communication 

system of claim 17

Rick discloses all the elements of claim 17 for all the reasons provided above.

[22.2] wherein the second 

data corresponds to the first 

data and wherein the power 

amplifier outputs a third upconverted signal comprising 

the up-converted first analog 

signal and the up-converted 

second analog signal.

Rick discloses “wherein the second data corresponds to the first data and wherein the power amplifier 

outputs a third up-converted signal comprising the up-converted first analog signal and the upconverted second analog signal.” See, e.g.: 

A multi-carrier transmitter capable of transmitting on one or multiple frequency channels 

simultaneously is described. In one design, the multi-carrier transmitter includes at least one 

processor and a single radio frequency (RF) transmit chain. The processor(s) may generate output 

chips for each of multiple frequency channels, digitally filter and upsample the output chips for each 

frequency channel to obtain filtered samples, and digitally upconvert the filtered samples for each 

frequency channel to a different frequency to obtain upconverted samples. The processor(s) may then 

combine the upconverted samples for the multiple frequency channels to obtain composite samples, 

perform pre-distortion on the composite samples for I/Q mismatch compensation, and upsample the 

pre-distorted samples to obtain output samples. The output samples may be converted to an analog 

signal with a wideband DAC. The RF transmit chain may process the analog signal to generate an RF 

output signal.

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Claim 22 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

See, e.g., Rick at Abstract.

Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various communication services 

such as voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc. These systems may be multiple -access 

systems capable of supporting multiple users by sharing the available system resources. Examples of 

such multiple-access systems include Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems, Time 

Division Multiple Access (TDMA) systems, Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) systems, 

Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) systems, and Single-Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) systems.

Data usage for wireless communication systems continually grows due to increasing number of users 

as well as emergence of new applications with higher data requirements. A system may support a 

particular maximum data rate on one frequency channel under favorable channel conditions. This 

maximum data rate is typically determined by system design. To increase capacity, the system may 

utilize multiple frequency channels for transmission. However, the design complexity and cost of a 

transmitter may increase substantially in order to support transmission on multiple frequency 

channels.

See, e.g., Rick at 1:20-41.

A multi-carrier transmitter capable of transmitting on one or multiple frequency channels 

simultaneously using a single radio frequency (RF) transmit chain is described herein. The single RF 

transmit chain may be wideband and designed for a particular maximum number of (T) frequency 

channels. Up to T signals may be transmitted simultaneously on up to T frequency channels using 

this single RF transmit chain.

In one design, the multi-carrier transmitter includes at least one processor and one RF transmit chain. 

The processor(s) may generate output chips for each of multiple frequency channels in accordance 

with a particular system such as a High Rate Packet Data (HRPD) system. The output chips for each 

frequency channel may be scaled with a gain selected based on the transmit power for that frequency 

channel. The processor(s) may digitally filter and upsample the output chips for each frequency 

channel to obtain filtered samples and may digitally upconvert the filtered samples for each 

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Claim 22 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

frequency channel to a different frequency to obtain upconverted samples. The processor(s) may 

combine the upconverted samples for the multiple frequency channels to obtain composite samples, 

perform pre-distortion on the composite samples to compensate for gain and phase mismatches of 

subsequent analog quadrature upconversion, and upsample the pre-distorted samples to obtain output 

samples. The output samples may be converted to an analog signal with a wideband digital-to-analog 

converter (DAC). The RF transmit chain may then process (e.g., filter, quadrature upconvert, and 

amplify) the analog signal to generate an RF output signal.

See, e.g., Rick at 1:48-2:9.

The multi-carrier transmitter described herein may be used for various wireless communication 

systems such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, and SC-FDMA systems. The terms “system” and 

“network” are often used interchangeably. A CDMA system may implement a radio technology such 

as cdma2000, Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), etc. cdma2000 covers IS-2000, IS-95, and 

IS-856 standards. UTRA includes Wideband-CDMA (W-CDMA) and Low Chip Rate (LCR). A 

TDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Global System for Mobile 

Communications (GSM). An OFDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Evolved 

UTRA (E-UTRA), IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.16, IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM®, etc. These various 

radio technologies and standards are known in the art. UTRA, E-UTRA, and GSM are described in 

documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project” (3GPP). cdma2000 is 

described in documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project 2” (3GPP2). 

3GPP and 3GPP2 documents are publicly available.

See, e.g., Rick at 2:38-57.

The multi-carrier transmitter described herein may be used for an access terminal as well as an access 

point. An access point is generally a fixed station that communicates with the access terminals and 

may also be referred to as a base station, a Node B, etc. An access terminal may be stationary or 

mobile and may also be referred to as a mobile station, a user equipment (UE), a mobile equipment, a 

terminal, a subscriber unit, a station, etc. An access terminal may be a cellular phone, a personal 

digital assistant (PDA), a handset, a wireless communication device, a handheld device, a wireless 

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Claim 22 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

modem, a laptop computer, etc. For clarity, the use of the multi-carrier transmitter for an access 

terminal is described below.

The multi-carrier transmitter can transmit one or multiple CDMA signals simultaneously. Each 

CDMA signal may be sent on a different CDMA channel. A CDMA channel is a frequency channel 

for one CDMA signal and is 1.2288 MHz wide in HRPD. A CDMA channel is also commonly 

referred to as a carrier.

FIG. 1 shows an example transmission of N CDMA signals on N CDMA channels, where N≧1 in 

general and N>1 for multi-carrier operation. In this example, CDMA channel 1 has a carrier 

frequency of fch1, CDMA channel 2 has a carrier frequency of fch2, and so on, and CDMA channel 

N has a carrier frequency of fchN. The carrier frequencies are typically selected such that the CDMA 

channels are spaced sufficiently far apart to reduce inter-channel interference. In general, the carrier 

frequencies of the N CDMA channels may or may not be related to one another. The carrier 

frequency of each CDMA channel may be selected independently subject to a minimum inter-channel 

spacing criterion. The carrier frequencies may be evenly spaced across frequency and separated by a 

fixed frequency spacing of fspacing, which may be 1.2288 MHz or some larger value. The N CDMA 

signals may be transmitted at different power levels (as shown in FIG. 1) or at the same power level. 

The N CDMA signals may carry any type of data for any service such as voice, video, packet data, 

text messaging, etc. The N CDMA signals may be sent to the same access point or to different access 

points.

It is desirable to support transmission of one or multiple CDMA channels using as little c ircuitry as 

possible in order to reduce cost, lower power consumption, improve reliability, and obtain other 

benefits. T different RF transmit chains may be used to generate up to T CDMA signals for up to T 

CDMA channels, where T is the maximum number of CDMA signals that can be sent 

simultaneously. However, the T RF transmit chains may significantly increase the cost of an access 

terminal.

See, e.g., Rick at 3:1-47.

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Claim 22 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

Within digital section 202, a data processor 210 processes data, pilot, and control information and 

provides N output chip streams for N CDMA signals to N digital filter 212 a through 212 n. A chip is 

typically a complex value sent in one chip period, which is a time duration determined by a system. 

Each output chip stream may be at a chip rate (c×1), which is 1.2288 megachips/second (Mcps) for 

HRPD. Each digital filter 212 filters its output chip stream, performs upsampling, and provides a 

filtered sample stream to a rotator 214. Each filtered sample stream may be at a sample rate of 

fsample. The sample rate may be fixed and selected based on the maximum number of CDMA 

signals that can be transmitted simultaneously. Alternatively, the sample rate may be configurable 

and selected based on the number of CDMA signals being transmitted simultaneously. Each rotator 

214 operates as a digital upconverter, frequency upconverts its filtered sample stream with a digital 

local oscillator (LO) signal, and provides an upconverted sample stream. The digital LO signal for the 

CDMA signal sent on CDMA channel n has a frequency of fn, which is determined by the carrier 

frequency fchn of CDMA channel n and the frequency fc of an analog LO signal used for 

upconversion to RF. A summer 216 receives and sums the N upconverted sample streams from N 

rotators 214 a through 214 n and provides a composite sample stream. A post processor 218 performs 

post processing on the composite sample stream and provides an output sample stream. A DAC 220 

converts the output sample stream to analog and provides an analog baseband signal containing the N 

CDMA signals.

An RF transmit chain may implement a super-heterodyne architecture or a direct-conversion 

architecture. In the super-heterodyne architecture, a baseband signal is frequency upconverted in 

multiple stages, e.g., from baseband to an intermediate frequency (IF) in one stage, and then from IF 

to RF in another stage. In the direct-conversion architecture, which is also referred to as a zero-IF 

architecture, the baseband signal is frequency upconverted from baseband directly to RF in one stage. 

The super-heterodyne and direct-conversion architectures may use different circuit blocks and/or 

have different circuit requirements. The following description assumes the use of the directconversion architecture.

Within RF transmit chain 204, an analog lowpass filter 222 filters the analog baseband signal from 

DAC 220 to remove images caused by the digital-to-analog conversion and provides a filtered signal. 

A mixer 224 frequency upconverts the filtered signal from baseband to RF with an analog LO signal 

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Claim 22 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

from an LO generator 226. LO generator 226 may include a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), a 

phase locked loop (PLL), a reference oscillator, etc. A variable gain amplifier (VGA) 228 amplifies 

the upconverted signal from mixer 224 with a variable gain. A bandpass filter 230 filters the signal 

from VGA 228 to remove images caused by the frequency upconversion. Bandpass filter 230 may be 

a surface acoustic wave (SAW) filter, a ceramic filter, or some other type of filter. A power amplifier 

(PA) 232 amplifies the signal from filter 230 and provides an RF output signal having the proper 

power level. The RF output signal is routed through a duplexer 234 and transmitted via an antenna 

236. As shown in FIG. 2, the signals from data processor 210 to mixer 224 are typically complex 

signals having inphase (I) and quadrature (Q) components.

DAC 220 and RF transmit chain 204 may be wideband to support simultaneous transmission of N 

CDMA signals on N CDMA channels. DAC 220 may be operated at a sufficiently high clock rate 

and may have sufficient resolution for conversion of a digital sample stream containing all N CDMA 

signals. Analog lowpass filter 222 may have a fixed or variable bandwidth that may be sufficiently 

wide to pass all of the CDMA signals being sent simultaneously. The subsequent analog circuit 

blocks may also be wideband to pass all of the CDMA signals. Bandpass filter 230 may be wideband 

and may pass an entire frequency band, e.g., from 824 to 849 MHz for cellular band and from 1850 to 

1910 MHz for Personal Communications Service (PCS) band.

See, e.g., Rick at 3:61-4:67.

Multi-carrier transmitter 200 may be used in conjunction with a multi-carrier receiver that can receive 

one or more CDMA channels. Duplexer 234 may route an RF received signal from antenna 236 to 

the multi-carrier receiver, which is not shown in FIG. 2. The multi-carrier receiver may process the 

RF received signal to recover data and control information sent on one or more CDMA channels.

See, e.g., Rick at 5:24-30.

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Claim 22 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

See, e.g., Rick at Figure 1.

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Claim 22 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

See, e.g., Rick at Figure 2.

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Claim 22 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

See, e.g., Rick at Figure 10.

Furthermore, this claim element is obvious in light of Rick itself, when combined with any of the 

other references as charted for this claim element in Exs. A-1–A-31, First Supplemental Ex. AObviousness Chart, and/or when combined with the knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the art. 

Motivations to combine may come from the knowledge of the person of ordinary skill themselves, or 

from the known problems and predictable solutions as embodied in these references. Further 

motivations to combine references and additional details may be found in the Cover Pleading and 

First Supplemental Ex. A-Obviousness Chart.

Claim 23 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

[23.1] The communication 

system of claim 17

Rick discloses all the elements of claim 17 for all the reasons provided above.

[23.2] wherein first and 

second data to be transmitted 

comprise a plurality of OFDM 

symbols, wherein a first 

symbol is transmitted during a 

first time slot across the first 

up-converted frequency range 

and a second symbol is 

transmitted during the first 

time slot across the second 

up-converted frequency range, 

and wherein a third symbol is 

transmitted during a second 

time slot across the first upconverted frequency range 

and a fourth symbol is 

Rick discloses “wherein first and second data to be transmitted comprise a plurality of OFDM 

symbols, wherein a first symbol is transmitted during a first time slot across the first up -converted 

frequency range and a second symbol is transmitted during the first time slot across the second upconverted frequency range, and wherein a third symbol is transmitted during a second time slot 

across the first up-converted frequency range and a fourth symbol is transmitted during the second 

time slot across a second up-converted frequency range.” See, e.g.: 

A multi-carrier transmitter capable of transmitting on one or multiple frequency channels 

simultaneously is described. In one design, the multi-carrier transmitter includes at least one 

processor and a single radio frequency (RF) transmit chain. The processor(s) may generate output 

chips for each of multiple frequency channels, digitally filter and upsample the output chips for each 

frequency channel to obtain filtered samples, and digitally upconvert the filtered samples for each 

frequency channel to a different frequency to obtain upconverted samples. The processor(s) may then 

combine the upconverted samples for the multiple frequency channels to obtain composite samples, 

perform pre-distortion on the composite samples for I/Q mismatch compensation, and upsample the 

pre-distorted samples to obtain output samples. The output samples may be converted to an analog 

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Claim 23 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

transmitted during the second 

time slot across a second upconverted frequency range.

signal with a wideband DAC. The RF transmit chain may process the analog signal to generate an RF 

output signal.

See, e.g., Rick at Abstract.

Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various communication services 

such as voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc. These systems may be multiple -access

systems capable of supporting multiple users by sharing the available system resources. Examples of 

such multiple-access systems include Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems, Time 

Division Multiple Access (TDMA) systems, Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) systems, 

Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) systems, and Single-Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) systems.

Data usage for wireless communication systems continually grows due to increasing number of users 

as well as emergence of new applications with higher data requirements. A system may support a 

particular maximum data rate on one frequency channel under favorable channel conditions. This 

maximum data rate is typically determined by system design. To increase capacity, the system may 

utilize multiple frequency channels for transmission. However, the design complexity and cost of a 

transmitter may increase substantially in order to support transmission on multiple frequency 

channels.

See, e.g., Rick at 1:20-41.

A multi-carrier transmitter capable of transmitting on one or multiple frequency channels 

simultaneously using a single radio frequency (RF) transmit chain is described herein. The single RF 

transmit chain may be wideband and designed for a particular maximum number of (T) frequency 

channels. Up to T signals may be transmitted simultaneously on up to T frequency channels using 

this single RF transmit chain.

In one design, the multi-carrier transmitter includes at least one processor and one RF transmit chain. 

The processor(s) may generate output chips for each of multiple frequency channels in accordance 

with a particular system such as a High Rate Packet Data (HRPD) system. The output chips for each 

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Claim 23 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

frequency channel may be scaled with a gain selected based on the transmit power for that frequency 

channel. The processor(s) may digitally filter and upsample the output chips for each frequency 

channel to obtain filtered samples and may digitally upconvert the filtered samples for each 

frequency channel to a different frequency to obtain upconverted samples. The processor(s) may 

combine the upconverted samples for the multiple frequency channels to obtain composite samples, 

perform pre-distortion on the composite samples to compensate for gain and phase mismatches of 

subsequent analog quadrature upconversion, and upsample the pre-distorted samples to obtain output 

samples. The output samples may be converted to an analog signal with a wideband digital-to-analog 

converter (DAC). The RF transmit chain may then process (e.g., filter, quadrature upconvert, and 

amplify) the analog signal to generate an RF output signal.

See, e.g., Rick at 1:48-2:9.

The multi-carrier transmitter described herein may be used for various wireless communication 

systems such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, and SC-FDMA systems. The terms “system” and 

“network” are often used interchangeably. A CDMA system may implement a radio technology such 

as cdma2000, Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), etc. cdma2000 covers IS-2000, IS-95, and 

IS-856 standards. UTRA includes Wideband-CDMA (W-CDMA) and Low Chip Rate (LCR). A 

TDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Global System for Mobile 

Communications (GSM). An OFDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Evolved 

UTRA (E-UTRA), IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.16, IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM®, etc. These various 

radio technologies and standards are known in the art. UTRA, E-UTRA, and GSM are described in 

documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project” (3GPP). cdma2000 is 

described in documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project 2” (3GPP2). 

3GPP and 3GPP2 documents are publicly available.

See, e.g., Rick at 2:38-57.

The multi-carrier transmitter described herein may be used for an access terminal as well as an access 

point. An access point is generally a fixed station that communicates with the access terminals and 

may also be referred to as a base station, a Node B, etc. An access terminal may be stationary or 

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Claim 23 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

mobile and may also be referred to as a mobile station, a user equipment (UE), a mobile equipment, a 

terminal, a subscriber unit, a station, etc. An access terminal may be a cellular phone, a personal 

digital assistant (PDA), a handset, a wireless communication device, a handheld device, a wireless 

modem, a laptop computer, etc. For clarity, the use of the multi-carrier transmitter for an access 

terminal is described below.

The multi-carrier transmitter can transmit one or multiple CDMA signals simultaneously. Each 

CDMA signal may be sent on a different CDMA channel. A CDMA channel is a frequency channel 

for one CDMA signal and is 1.2288 MHz wide in HRPD. A CDMA channel is also commonly 

referred to as a carrier.

FIG. 1 shows an example transmission of N CDMA signals on N CDMA channels, where N≧1 in 

general and N>1 for multi-carrier operation. In this example, CDMA channel 1 has a carrier 

frequency of fch1, CDMA channel 2 has a carrier frequency of fch2, and so on, and CDMA channel 

N has a carrier frequency of fchN. The carrier frequencies are typically selected such that the CDMA 

channels are spaced sufficiently far apart to reduce inter-channel interference. In general, the carrier 

frequencies of the N CDMA channels may or may not be related to one another. The carrier 

frequency of each CDMA channel may be selected independently subject to a minimum inter-channel 

spacing criterion. The carrier frequencies may be evenly spaced across frequency and separated by a 

fixed frequency spacing of fspacing, which may be 1.2288 MHz or some larger value. The N CDMA 

signals may be transmitted at different power levels (as shown in FIG. 1) or at the same power level. 

The N CDMA signals may carry any type of data for any service such as voice, video, packet data, 

text messaging, etc. The N CDMA signals may be sent to the same access point or to different access 

points.

It is desirable to support transmission of one or multiple CDMA channels using as little circuitry as 

possible in order to reduce cost, lower power consumption, improve reliability, and obtain other 

benefits. T different RF transmit chains may be used to generate up to T CDMA signals for up to T 

CDMA channels, where T is the maximum number of CDMA signals that can be sent 

simultaneously. However, the T RF transmit chains may significantly increase the cost of an access 

terminal.

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Claim 23 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

See, e.g., Rick at 3:1-47.

Within digital section 202, a data processor 210 processes data, pilot, and control information and 

provides N output chip streams for N CDMA signals to N digital filter 212 a through 212 n. A chip is 

typically a complex value sent in one chip period, which is a time duration determined by a system. 

Each output chip stream may be at a chip rate (c×1), which is 1.2288 megachips/second (Mcps) for 

HRPD. Each digital filter 212 filters its output chip stream, performs upsampling, and provides a 

filtered sample stream to a rotator 214. Each filtered sample stream may be at a sample rate of 

fsample. The sample rate may be fixed and selected based on the maximum number of CDMA 

signals that can be transmitted simultaneously. Alternatively, the sample rate may be configurable 

and selected based on the number of CDMA signals being transmitted simultaneously. Each rotator 

214 operates as a digital upconverter, frequency upconverts its filtered sample stream with a digital 

local oscillator (LO) signal, and provides an upconverted sample stream. The digital LO signal for the 

CDMA signal sent on CDMA channel n has a frequency of fn, which is determined by the carrier 

frequency fchn of CDMA channel n and the frequency fc of an analog LO signal used for 

upconversion to RF. A summer 216 receives and sums the N upconverted sample streams from N 

rotators 214 a through 214 n and provides a composite sample stream. A post processor 218 performs 

post processing on the composite sample stream and provides an output sample stream. A DAC 220 

converts the output sample stream to analog and provides an analog baseband signal containing the N 

CDMA signals.

An RF transmit chain may implement a super-heterodyne architecture or a direct-conversion 

architecture. In the super-heterodyne architecture, a baseband signal is frequency upconverted in 

multiple stages, e.g., from baseband to an intermediate frequency (IF) in one stage, and then from IF 

to RF in another stage. In the direct-conversion architecture, which is also referred to as a zero-IF 

architecture, the baseband signal is frequency upconverted from baseband directly to RF in one stage. 

The super-heterodyne and direct-conversion architectures may use different circuit blocks and/or 

have different circuit requirements. The following description assumes the use of the directconversion architecture.

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Claim 23 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

Within RF transmit chain 204, an analog lowpass filter 222 filters the analog baseband signal from 

DAC 220 to remove images caused by the digital-to-analog conversion and provides a filtered signal. 

A mixer 224 frequency upconverts the filtered signal from baseband to RF with an analog LO signal 

from an LO generator 226. LO generator 226 may include a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), a 

phase locked loop (PLL), a reference oscillator, etc. A variable gain amplifier (VGA) 228 amplifies 

the upconverted signal from mixer 224 with a variable gain. A bandpass filter 230 filters the signal 

from VGA 228 to remove images caused by the frequency upconversion. Bandpass filter 230 may be 

a surface acoustic wave (SAW) filter, a ceramic filter, or some other type of filter. A power amplifier 

(PA) 232 amplifies the signal from filter 230 and provides an RF output signal having the proper 

power level. The RF output signal is routed through a duplexer 234 and transmitted via an antenna 

236. As shown in FIG. 2, the signals from data processor 210 to mixer 224 are typically complex 

signals having inphase (I) and quadrature (Q) components.

DAC 220 and RF transmit chain 204 may be wideband to support simultaneous transmission of N 

CDMA signals on N CDMA channels. DAC 220 may be operated at a sufficiently high clock rate 

and may have sufficient resolution for conversion of a digital sample stream containing all N CDMA 

signals. Analog lowpass filter 222 may have a fixed or variable bandwidth that may be sufficiently 

wide to pass all of the CDMA signals being sent simultaneously. The subsequent analog circuit 

blocks may also be wideband to pass all of the CDMA signals. Bandpass filter 230 may be wideband 

and may pass an entire frequency band, e.g., from 824 to 849 MHz for cellular band and from 1850 to 

1910 MHz for Personal Communications Service (PCS) band.

See, e.g., Rick at 3:61-4:67.

Multi-carrier transmitter 200 may be used in conjunction with a multi-carrier receiver that can receive 

one or more CDMA channels. Duplexer 234 may route an RF received signal from antenna 236 to 

the multi-carrier receiver, which is not shown in FIG. 2. The multi-carrier receiver may process the 

RF received signal to recover data and control information sent on one or more CDMA channels.

See, e.g., Rick at 5:24-30.

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Claim 23 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

See, e.g., Rick at Figure 1.

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Claim 23 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

See, e.g., Rick at Figure 2.

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Claim 23 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

See, e.g., Rick at Figure 10.

Furthermore, this claim element is obvious in light of Rick itself, when combined with any of the 

other references as charted for this claim element in Exs. A-1–A-31, First Supplemental Ex. AObviousness Chart, and/or when combined with the knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the art. 

Motivations to combine may come from the knowledge of the person of ordinary skill themselves, or 

from the known problems and predictable solutions as embodied in these references. Further 

motivations to combine references and additional details may be found in the Cover Pleading and 

First Supplemental Ex. A-Obviousness Chart.

Claim 24 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

[24.1] An electronic circuit 

comprising:

To the extent the preamble is limiting, Rick discloses “An electronic circuit comprising.” See, e.g.: 

A multi-carrier transmitter capable of transmitting on one or multiple frequency channels 

simultaneously is described. In one design, the multi-carrier transmitter includes at least one 

processor and a single radio frequency (RF) transmit chain. The processor(s) may generate output 

chips for each of multiple frequency channels, digitally filter and upsample the output chips for each 

frequency channel to obtain filtered samples, and digitally upconvert the filtered samples for each 

frequency channel to a different frequency to obtain upconverted samples. The processor(s) may then 

combine the upconverted samples for the multiple frequency channels to obtain composite samples, 

perform pre-distortion on the composite samples for I/Q mismatch compensation, and upsample the 

pre-distorted samples to obtain output samples. The output samples may be converted to an analog 

signal with a wideband DAC. The RF transmit chain may process the analog signal to generate an RF 

output signal.

See, e.g., Rick at Abstract.

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Claim 24 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various communication services 

such as voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc. These systems may be multiple -access 

systems capable of supporting multiple users by sharing the available system resources. Examples of 

such multiple-access systems include Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems, Time 

Division Multiple Access (TDMA) systems, Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) systems, 

Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) systems, and Single-Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) systems.

Data usage for wireless communication systems continually grows due to increasing number of users 

as well as emergence of new applications with higher data requirements. A system may support a 

particular maximum data rate on one frequency channel under favorable channel conditions. This 

maximum data rate is typically determined by system design. To increase capacity, the system may 

utilize multiple frequency channels for transmission. However, the design complexity and cost of a 

transmitter may increase substantially in order to support transmission on multiple frequency 

channels.

See, e.g., Rick at 1:20-41.

The multi-carrier transmitter described herein may be used for an access terminal as well as an access 

point. An access point is generally a fixed station that communicates with the access terminals and 

may also be referred to as a base station, a Node B, etc. An access terminal may be stationary or 

mobile and may also be referred to as a mobile station, a user equipment (UE), a mobile equipment, a 

terminal, a subscriber unit, a station, etc. An access terminal may be a cellular phone, a personal 

digital assistant (PDA), a handset, a wireless communication device, a handheld device, a wireless 

modem, a laptop computer, etc. For clarity, the use of the multi-carrier transmitter for an access 

terminal is described below.

The multi-carrier transmitter can transmit one or multiple CDMA signals simultaneously. Each 

CDMA signal may be sent on a different CDMA channel. A CDMA channel is a frequency channel 

for one CDMA signal and is 1.2288 MHz wide in HRPD. A CDMA channel is also commonly 

referred to as a carrier.

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Claim 24 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

FIG. 1 shows an example transmission of N CDMA signals on N CDMA channels, where N≧1 in 

general and N>1 for multi-carrier operation. In this example, CDMA channel 1 has a carrier 

frequency of fch1, CDMA channel 2 has a carrier frequency of fch2, and so on, and CDMA channel 

N has a carrier frequency of fchN. The carrier frequencies are typically selected such that the CDMA 

channels are spaced sufficiently far apart to reduce inter-channel interference. In general, the carrier 

frequencies of the N CDMA channels may or may not be related to one another. The carrier 

frequency of each CDMA channel may be selected independently subject to a minimum inter-channel 

spacing criterion. The carrier frequencies may be evenly spaced across frequency and separated by a 

fixed frequency spacing of fspacing, which may be 1.2288 MHz or some larger value. The N CDMA 

signals may be transmitted at different power levels (as shown in FIG. 1) or at the same power level. 

The N CDMA signals may carry any type of data for any service such as voice, video, packet data, 

text messaging, etc. The N CDMA signals may be sent to the same access point or to different access 

points.

It is desirable to support transmission of one or multiple CDMA channels using as little circuitry as 

possible in order to reduce cost, lower power consumption, improve reliability, and obtain other 

benefits. T different RF transmit chains may be used to generate up to T CDMA signals for up to T 

CDMA channels, where T is the maximum number of CDMA signals that can be sent 

simultaneously. However, the T RF transmit chains may significantly increase the cost of an access 

terminal.

See, e.g., Rick at 3:1-47.

Within digital section 202, a data processor 210 processes data, pilot, and control information and 

provides N output chip streams for N CDMA signals to N digital filter 212 a through 212 n. A chip is 

typically a complex value sent in one chip period, which is a time duration determined by a system. 

Each output chip stream may be at a chip rate (c×1), which is 1.2288 megachips/second (Mcps) for 

HRPD. Each digital filter 212 filters its output chip stream, performs upsampling, and provides a 

filtered sample stream to a rotator 214. Each filtered sample stream may be at a sample rate of 

fsample. The sample rate may be fixed and selected based on the maximum number of CDMA 

signals that can be transmitted simultaneously. Alternatively, the sample rate may be configurable 

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Claim 24 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

and selected based on the number of CDMA signals being transmitted simultaneously. Each rotator 

214 operates as a digital upconverter, frequency upconverts its filtered sample stream with a digital

local oscillator (LO) signal, and provides an upconverted sample stream. The digital LO signal for the 

CDMA signal sent on CDMA channel n has a frequency of fn, which is determined by the carrier 

frequency fchn of CDMA channel n and the frequency fc of an analog LO signal used for 

upconversion to RF. A summer 216 receives and sums the N upconverted sample streams from N 

rotators 214 a through 214 n and provides a composite sample stream. A post processor 218 performs 

post processing on the composite sample stream and provides an output sample stream. A DAC 220 

converts the output sample stream to analog and provides an analog baseband signal containing the N 

CDMA signals.

An RF transmit chain may implement a super-heterodyne architecture or a direct-conversion 

architecture. In the super-heterodyne architecture, a baseband signal is frequency upconverted in 

multiple stages, e.g., from baseband to an intermediate frequency (IF) in one stage, and then from IF 

to RF in another stage. In the direct-conversion architecture, which is also referred to as a zero-IF 

architecture, the baseband signal is frequency upconverted from baseband directly to RF in one stage. 

The super-heterodyne and direct-conversion architectures may use different circuit blocks and/or 

have different circuit requirements. The following description assumes the use of the directconversion architecture.

Within RF transmit chain 204, an analog lowpass filter 222 filters the analog baseband signal from 

DAC 220 to remove images caused by the digital-to-analog conversion and provides a filtered signal. 

A mixer 224 frequency upconverts the filtered signal from baseband to RF with an analog LO signal 

from an LO generator 226. LO generator 226 may include a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), a 

phase locked loop (PLL), a reference oscillator, etc. A variable gain amplifier (VGA) 228 amplifies 

the upconverted signal from mixer 224 with a variable gain. A bandpass filter 230 filters the signal 

from VGA 228 to remove images caused by the frequency upconversion. Bandpass filter 230 may be 

a surface acoustic wave (SAW) filter, a ceramic filter, or some other type of filter. A power amplifier 

(PA) 232 amplifies the signal from filter 230 and provides an RF output signal having the proper 

power level. The RF output signal is routed through a duplexer 234 and transmitted via an antenna 

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Claim 24 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

236. As shown in FIG. 2, the signals from data processor 210 to mixer 224 are typically complex 

signals having inphase (I) and quadrature (Q) components.

DAC 220 and RF transmit chain 204 may be wideband to support simultaneous transmission of N 

CDMA signals on N CDMA channels. DAC 220 may be operated at a sufficiently high clock rate 

and may have sufficient resolution for conversion of a digital sample stream containing all N CDMA 

signals. Analog lowpass filter 222 may have a fixed or variable bandwidth that may be sufficiently 

wide to pass all of the CDMA signals being sent simultaneously. The subsequent analog circuit 

blocks may also be wideband to pass all of the CDMA signals. Bandpass filter 230 may be wideband 

and may pass an entire frequency band, e.g., from 824 to 849 MHz for cellular band and from 1850 to 

1910 MHz for Personal Communications Service (PCS) band.

See, e.g., Rick at 3:61-4:67.

Multi-carrier transmitter 200 may be used in conjunction with a multi-carrier receiver that can receive 

one or more CDMA channels. Duplexer 234 may route an RF received signal from antenna 236 to 

the multi-carrier receiver, which is not shown in FIG. 2. The multi-carrier receiver may process the 

RF received signal to recover data and control information sent on one or more CDMA channels.

See, e.g., Rick at 5:24-30.

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Claim 24 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

See, e.g., Rick at Figure 2.

Furthermore, this claim element is obvious in light of Rick itself, when combined with any of the 

other references as charted for this claim element in Exs. A-1–A-31, First Supplemental Ex. AObviousness Chart, and/or when combined with the knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the art. 

Motivations to combine may come from the knowledge of the person of ordinary skill themselves, or 

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Claim 24 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

from the known problems and predictable solutions as embodied in these references. Further 

motivations to combine references and additional details may be found in the Cover Pleading and 

First Supplemental Ex. A-Obviousness Chart.

[24.2] a first down-converter 

circuit having a first input 

coupled to receive a first upconverted signal, a second 

input coupled to receive a first 

demodulation signal having a 

first RF frequency, and an 

output, wherein the first 

down-converter circuit 

outputs a first down-converted 

signal on the first downconverter output;

Rick discloses “a first down-converter circuit having a first input coupled to receive a first upconverted signal, a second input coupled to receive a first demodulation signal having a first RF 

frequency, and an output, wherein the first down-converter circuit outputs a first down-converted 

signal on the first down-converter output.” See, e.g.: 

A multi-carrier transmitter capable of transmitting on one or multiple frequency channels 

simultaneously is described. In one design, the multi-carrier transmitter includes at least one 

processor and a single radio frequency (RF) transmit chain. The processor(s) may generate output 

chips for each of multiple frequency channels, digitally filter and upsample the output chips for each 

frequency channel to obtain filtered samples, and digitally upconvert the filtered samples for each 

frequency channel to a different frequency to obtain upconverted samples. The processor(s) may then 

combine the upconverted samples for the multiple frequency channels to obtain composite samples, 

perform pre-distortion on the composite samples for I/Q mismatch compensation, and upsample the 

pre-distorted samples to obtain output samples. The output samples may be converted to an analog 

signal with a wideband DAC. The RF transmit chain may process the analog signal to generate an RF 

output signal.

See, e.g., Rick at Abstract.

Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various communication services 

such as voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc. These systems may be multiple -access 

systems capable of supporting multiple users by sharing the available system resources. Examples of 

such multiple-access systems include Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems, Time 

Division Multiple Access (TDMA) systems, Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) systems, 

Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) systems, and Single-Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) systems.

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Claim 24 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

Data usage for wireless communication systems continually grows due to increasing number of users 

as well as emergence of new applications with higher data requirements. A system may support a 

particular maximum data rate on one frequency channel under favorable channel conditions. This 

maximum data rate is typically determined by system design. To increase capacity, the system may 

utilize multiple frequency channels for transmission. However, the design complexity and cost of a 

transmitter may increase substantially in order to support transmission on multiple frequenc y 

channels.

See, e.g., Rick at 1:20-41.

A multi-carrier transmitter capable of transmitting on one or multiple frequency channels 

simultaneously using a single radio frequency (RF) transmit chain is described herein. The single RF 

transmit chain may be wideband and designed for a particular maximum number of (T) frequency 

channels. Up to T signals may be transmitted simultaneously on up to T frequency channels using 

this single RF transmit chain.

In one design, the multi-carrier transmitter includes at least one processor and one RF transmit chain. 

The processor(s) may generate output chips for each of multiple frequency channels in accordance 

with a particular system such as a High Rate Packet Data (HRPD) system. The output chips for each 

frequency channel may be scaled with a gain selected based on the transmit power for that frequency 

channel. The processor(s) may digitally filter and upsample the output chips for each frequency 

channel to obtain filtered samples and may digitally upconvert the filtered samples for each 

frequency channel to a different frequency to obtain upconverted samples. The processor(s) may 

combine the upconverted samples for the multiple frequency channels to obtain composite samples, 

perform pre-distortion on the composite samples to compensate for gain and phase mismatches of 

subsequent analog quadrature upconversion, and upsample the pre-distorted samples to obtain output 

samples. The output samples may be converted to an analog signal with a wideband digital-to-analog 

converter (DAC). The RF transmit chain may then process (e.g., filter, quadrature upconvert, and 

amplify) the analog signal to generate an RF output signal.

See, e.g., Rick at 1:48-2:9.

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Claim 24 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

The multi-carrier transmitter described herein may be used for various wireless communication 

systems such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, and SC-FDMA systems. The terms “system” and 

“network” are often used interchangeably. A CDMA system may implement a radio technology such 

as cdma2000, Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), etc. cdma2000 covers IS-2000, IS-95, and 

IS-856 standards. UTRA includes Wideband-CDMA (W-CDMA) and Low Chip Rate (LCR). A 

TDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Global System for Mobile 

Communications (GSM). An OFDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Evolved 

UTRA (E-UTRA), IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.16, IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM®, etc. These various 

radio technologies and standards are known in the art. UTRA, E-UTRA, and GSM are described in 

documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project” (3GPP). cdma2000 is 

described in documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project 2” (3GPP2). 

3GPP and 3GPP2 documents are publicly available.

See, e.g., Rick at 2:38-57.

The multi-carrier transmitter described herein may be used for an access terminal as well as an access 

point. An access point is generally a fixed station that communicates with the access terminals and 

may also be referred to as a base station, a Node B, etc. An access terminal may be stationary or 

mobile and may also be referred to as a mobile station, a user equipment (UE), a mobile equipment, a 

terminal, a subscriber unit, a station, etc. An access terminal may be a cellular phone, a personal 

digital assistant (PDA), a handset, a wireless communication device, a handheld device, a wireless 

modem, a laptop computer, etc. For clarity, the use of the multi-carrier transmitter for an access 

terminal is described below.

The multi-carrier transmitter can transmit one or multiple CDMA signals simultaneously. Each 

CDMA signal may be sent on a different CDMA channel. A CDMA channel is a frequency channel 

for one CDMA signal and is 1.2288 MHz wide in HRPD. A CDMA channel is also commonly 

referred to as a carrier.

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Claim 24 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

FIG. 1 shows an example transmission of N CDMA signals on N CDMA channels, where N≧1 in 

general and N>1 for multi-carrier operation. In this example, CDMA channel 1 has a carrier 

frequency of fch1, CDMA channel 2 has a carrier frequency of fch2, and so on, and CDMA channel 

N has a carrier frequency of fchN. The carrier frequencies are typically selected such that the CDMA 

channels are spaced sufficiently far apart to reduce inter-channel interference. In general, the carrier 

frequencies of the N CDMA channels may or may not be related to one another. The carrier 

frequency of each CDMA channel may be selected independently subject to a minimum inter-channel 

spacing criterion. The carrier frequencies may be evenly spaced across frequency and separated by a 

fixed frequency spacing of fspacing, which may be 1.2288 MHz or some larger value. The N CDMA 

signals may be transmitted at different power levels (as shown in FIG. 1) or at the same power level. 

The N CDMA signals may carry any type of data for any service such as voice, video, packet data, 

text messaging, etc. The N CDMA signals may be sent to the same access point or to different access 

points.

It is desirable to support transmission of one or multiple CDMA channels using as little circuitry as 

possible in order to reduce cost, lower power consumption, improve reliability, and obtain other 

benefits. T different RF transmit chains may be used to generate up to T CDMA signals for up to T 

CDMA channels, where T is the maximum number of CDMA signals that can be sent 

simultaneously. However, the T RF transmit chains may significantly increase the cost of an access 

terminal.

See, e.g., Rick at 3:1-47.

Within digital section 202, a data processor 210 processes data, pilot, and control information and 

provides N output chip streams for N CDMA signals to N digital filter 212 a through 212 n. A chip is 

typically a complex value sent in one chip period, which is a time duration determined by a system. 

Each output chip stream may be at a chip rate (c×1), which is 1.2288 megachips/second (Mcps) for 

HRPD. Each digital filter 212 filters its output chip stream, performs upsampling, and provides a 

filtered sample stream to a rotator 214. Each filtered sample stream may be at a sample rate of 

fsample. The sample rate may be fixed and selected based on the maximum number of CDMA 

signals that can be transmitted simultaneously. Alternatively, the sample rate may be configurable 

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Claim 24 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

and selected based on the number of CDMA signals being transmitted simultaneously. Each rotator 

214 operates as a digital upconverter, frequency upconverts its filtered sample stream with a digital 

local oscillator (LO) signal, and provides an upconverted sample stream. The digital LO signal for the 

CDMA signal sent on CDMA channel n has a frequency of fn, which is determined by the carrier 

frequency fchn of CDMA channel n and the frequency fc of an analog LO signal used for 

upconversion to RF. A summer 216 receives and sums the N upconverted sample streams from N 

rotators 214 a through 214 n and provides a composite sample stream. A post processor 218 performs 

post processing on the composite sample stream and provides an output sample stream. A DAC 220 

converts the output sample stream to analog and provides an analog baseband signal containing the N 

CDMA signals.

An RF transmit chain may implement a super-heterodyne architecture or a direct-conversion 

architecture. In the super-heterodyne architecture, a baseband signal is frequency upconverted in 

multiple stages, e.g., from baseband to an intermediate frequency (IF) in one stage, and then from IF 

to RF in another stage. In the direct-conversion architecture, which is also referred to as a zero-IF 

architecture, the baseband signal is frequency upconverted from baseband directly to RF in one stage. 

The super-heterodyne and direct-conversion architectures may use different circuit blocks and/or 

have different circuit requirements. The following description assumes the use of the directconversion architecture.

Within RF transmit chain 204, an analog lowpass filter 222 filters the analog baseband signal from 

DAC 220 to remove images caused by the digital-to-analog conversion and provides a filtered signal. 

A mixer 224 frequency upconverts the filtered signal from baseband to RF with an analog LO signal 

from an LO generator 226. LO generator 226 may include a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), a 

phase locked loop (PLL), a reference oscillator, etc. A variable gain amplifier (VGA) 228 amplifies 

the upconverted signal from mixer 224 with a variable gain. A bandpass filter 230 filters the signal 

from VGA 228 to remove images caused by the frequency upconversion. Bandpass filter 230 may be 

a surface acoustic wave (SAW) filter, a ceramic filter, or some other type of filter. A power amplifier 

(PA) 232 amplifies the signal from filter 230 and provides an RF output signal having the proper 

power level. The RF output signal is routed through a duplexer 234 and transmitted via an antenna 

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Claim 24 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

236. As shown in FIG. 2, the signals from data processor 210 to mixer 224 are typically complex 

signals having inphase (I) and quadrature (Q) components.

DAC 220 and RF transmit chain 204 may be wideband to support simultaneous transmission of N 

CDMA signals on N CDMA channels. DAC 220 may be operated at a sufficiently high clock rate 

and may have sufficient resolution for conversion of a digital sample stream containing all N CDMA 

signals. Analog lowpass filter 222 may have a fixed or variable bandwidth that may be sufficiently 

wide to pass all of the CDMA signals being sent simultaneously. The subsequent analog circuit 

blocks may also be wideband to pass all of the CDMA signals. Bandpass filter 230 may be wideband 

and may pass an entire frequency band, e.g., from 824 to 849 MHz for cellular band and from 1850 to 

1910 MHz for Personal Communications Service (PCS) band.

See, e.g., Rick at 3:61-4:67.

Multi-carrier transmitter 200 may be used in conjunction with a multi-carrier receiver that can receive 

one or more CDMA channels. Duplexer 234 may route an RF received signal from antenna 236 to 

the multi-carrier receiver, which is not shown in FIG. 2. The multi-carrier receiver may process the 

RF received signal to recover data and control information sent on one or more CDMA channels.

See, e.g., Rick at 5:24-30.

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Claim 24 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

See, e.g., Rick at Figure 1.

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Claim 24 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

See, e.g., Rick at Figure 2.

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Claim 24 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

See, e.g., Rick at Figure 10.

Furthermore, this claim element is obvious in light of Rick itself, when combined with any of the 

other references as charted for this claim element in Exs. A-1–A-31, First Supplemental Ex. AObviousness Chart, and/or when combined with the knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the art. 

Motivations to combine may come from the knowledge of the person of ordinary skill themselves, or 

from the known problems and predictable solutions as embodied in these reference s. Further 

motivations to combine references and additional details may be found in the Cover Pleading and 

First Supplemental Ex. A-Obviousness Chart.

[24.3] a second downconverter circuit having a first 

input coupled to receive the 

first up-converted signal, a 

second input coupled to 

receive a second 

demodulation signal having a 

second RF frequency different 

than the first RF frequency, 

and an output, wherein the 

second down-converter 

outputs a second downconverted signal on the 

second down-converter 

output, wherein the first upconverted signal comprises a 

first signal modulated at the 

first RF frequency and a 

second signal modulated at 

the second RF frequency; and

Rick discloses “a second down-converter circuit having a first input coupled to receive the first upconverted signal, a second input coupled to receive a second demodulation signal having a second RF 

frequency different than the first RF frequency, and an output, wherein the second down -converter 

outputs a second down-converted signal on the second down-converter output, wherein the first upconverted signal comprises a first signal modulated at the first RF frequency and a second signal 

modulated at the second RF frequency.” See, e.g.: 

A multi-carrier transmitter capable of transmitting on one or multiple frequency channels 

simultaneously is described. In one design, the multi-carrier transmitter includes at least one 

processor and a single radio frequency (RF) transmit chain. The processor(s) may generate output 

chips for each of multiple frequency channels, digitally filter and upsample the output chips for each 

frequency channel to obtain filtered samples, and digitally upconvert the filtered samples for each 

frequency channel to a different frequency to obtain upconverted samples. The processor(s) may then 

combine the upconverted samples for the multiple frequency channels to obtain composite samples, 

perform pre-distortion on the composite samples for I/Q mismatch compensation, and upsample the 

pre-distorted samples to obtain output samples. The output samples may be converted to an analog 

signal with a wideband DAC. The RF transmit chain may process the analog signal to generate an RF 

output signal.

See, e.g., Rick at Abstract.

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Claim 24 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various communication services 

such as voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc. These systems may be multiple -access 

systems capable of supporting multiple users by sharing the available system resources. Examples of 

such multiple-access systems include Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems, Time 

Division Multiple Access (TDMA) systems, Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) systems, 

Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) systems, and Single-Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) systems.

Data usage for wireless communication systems continually grows due to increasing number of users 

as well as emergence of new applications with higher data requirements. A system may support a 

particular maximum data rate on one frequency channel under favorable channel conditions. This 

maximum data rate is typically determined by system design. To increase capacity, the system may 

utilize multiple frequency channels for transmission. However, the design complexity and cost of a 

transmitter may increase substantially in order to support transmission on multiple frequency 

channels.

See, e.g., Rick at 1:20-41.

A multi-carrier transmitter capable of transmitting on one or multiple frequency channels 

simultaneously using a single radio frequency (RF) transmit chain is described herein. The single RF 

transmit chain may be wideband and designed for a particular maximum number of (T) frequency 

channels. Up to T signals may be transmitted simultaneously on up to T frequency channels using 

this single RF transmit chain.

In one design, the multi-carrier transmitter includes at least one processor and one RF transmit chain. 

The processor(s) may generate output chips for each of multiple frequency channels in accordance 

with a particular system such as a High Rate Packet Data (HRPD) system. The output chips for each 

frequency channel may be scaled with a gain selected based on the transmit power for that frequency 

channel. The processor(s) may digitally filter and upsample the output chips for each frequency 

channel to obtain filtered samples and may digitally upconvert the filtered samples for each 

frequency channel to a different frequency to obtain upconverted samples. The processor(s) may 

combine the upconverted samples for the multiple frequency channels to obtain composite samples, 

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Claim 24 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

perform pre-distortion on the composite samples to compensate for gain and phase mismatches of 

subsequent analog quadrature upconversion, and upsample the pre-distorted samples to obtain output 

samples. The output samples may be converted to an analog signal with a wideband digital-to-analog 

converter (DAC). The RF transmit chain may then process (e.g., filter, quadrature upconvert, and 

amplify) the analog signal to generate an RF output signal.

See, e.g., Rick at 1:48-2:9.

The multi-carrier transmitter described herein may be used for various wireless communication 

systems such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, and SC-FDMA systems. The terms “system” and 

“network” are often used interchangeably. A CDMA system may implement a radio technology such 

as cdma2000, Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), etc. cdma2000 covers IS-2000, IS-95, and 

IS-856 standards. UTRA includes Wideband-CDMA (W-CDMA) and Low Chip Rate (LCR). A 

TDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Global System for Mobile 

Communications (GSM). An OFDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Evolved 

UTRA (E-UTRA), IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.16, IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM®, etc. These various 

radio technologies and standards are known in the art. UTRA, E-UTRA, and GSM are described in 

documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project” (3GPP). cdma2000 is 

described in documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project 2” (3GPP2). 

3GPP and 3GPP2 documents are publicly available.

See, e.g., Rick at 2:38-57.

The multi-carrier transmitter described herein may be used for an access terminal as well as an access 

point. An access point is generally a fixed station that communicates with the access terminals and 

may also be referred to as a base station, a Node B, etc. An access terminal may be stationary or 

mobile and may also be referred to as a mobile station, a user equipment (UE), a mobile equipment, a 

terminal, a subscriber unit, a station, etc. An access terminal may be a cellular phone, a personal 

digital assistant (PDA), a handset, a wireless communication device, a handheld device, a wireless 

modem, a laptop computer, etc. For clarity, the use of the multi-carrier transmitter for an access 

terminal is described below.

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The multi-carrier transmitter can transmit one or multiple CDMA signals simultaneously. Each 

CDMA signal may be sent on a different CDMA channel. A CDMA channel is a frequency channel 

for one CDMA signal and is 1.2288 MHz wide in HRPD. A CDMA channel is also commonly 

referred to as a carrier.

FIG. 1 shows an example transmission of N CDMA signals on N CDMA channels, where N≧1 in 

general and N>1 for multi-carrier operation. In this example, CDMA channel 1 has a carrier 

frequency of fch1, CDMA channel 2 has a carrier frequency of fch2, and so on, and CDMA channel 

N has a carrier frequency of fchN. The carrier frequencies are typically selected such that the CDMA 

channels are spaced sufficiently far apart to reduce inter-channel interference. In general, the carrier 

frequencies of the N CDMA channels may or may not be related to one another. The carrier 

frequency of each CDMA channel may be selected independently subject to a minimum inter-channel 

spacing criterion. The carrier frequencies may be evenly spaced across frequency and separated by a 

fixed frequency spacing of fspacing, which may be 1.2288 MHz or some larger value. The N CDMA 

signals may be transmitted at different power levels (as shown in FIG. 1) or at the same power level. 

The N CDMA signals may carry any type of data for any service such as voice, video, packet data, 

text messaging, etc. The N CDMA signals may be sent to the same access point or to different access 

points.

It is desirable to support transmission of one or multiple CDMA channels using as little circuitry as 

possible in order to reduce cost, lower power consumption, improve reliability, and obtain other 

benefits. T different RF transmit chains may be used to generate up to T CDMA signals for up to T 

CDMA channels, where T is the maximum number of CDMA signals that can be sent 

simultaneously. However, the T RF transmit chains may significantly increase the cost of an access 

terminal.

See, e.g., Rick at 3:1-47.

Within digital section 202, a data processor 210 processes data, pilot, and control information and 

provides N output chip streams for N CDMA signals to N digital filter 212 a through 212 n. A chip is 

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typically a complex value sent in one chip period, which is a time duration determined by a system. 

Each output chip stream may be at a chip rate (c×1), which is 1.2288 megachips/second (Mcps) for 

HRPD. Each digital filter 212 filters its output chip stream, performs upsampling, and provides a 

filtered sample stream to a rotator 214. Each filtered sample stream may be at a sample rate of 

fsample. The sample rate may be fixed and selected based on the maximum number of CDMA 

signals that can be transmitted simultaneously. Alternatively, the sample rate may be configurable 

and selected based on the number of CDMA signals being transmitted simultaneously. Each rotator 

214 operates as a digital upconverter, frequency upconverts its filtered sample stream with a digital 

local oscillator (LO) signal, and provides an upconverted sample stream. The digital LO signal for the 

CDMA signal sent on CDMA channel n has a frequency of fn, which is determined by the carrier 

frequency fchn of CDMA channel n and the frequency fc of an analog LO signal used for 

upconversion to RF. A summer 216 receives and sums the N upconverted sample streams from N 

rotators 214 a through 214 n and provides a composite sample stream. A post processor 218 performs 

post processing on the composite sample stream and provides an output sample stream. A DAC 220 

converts the output sample stream to analog and provides an analog baseband signal containing the N 

CDMA signals.

An RF transmit chain may implement a super-heterodyne architecture or a direct-conversion 

architecture. In the super-heterodyne architecture, a baseband signal is frequency upconverted in 

multiple stages, e.g., from baseband to an intermediate frequency (IF) in one stage, and then from IF 

to RF in another stage. In the direct-conversion architecture, which is also referred to as a zero-IF 

architecture, the baseband signal is frequency upconverted from baseband directly to RF in one stage. 

The super-heterodyne and direct-conversion architectures may use different circuit blocks and/or 

have different circuit requirements. The following description assumes the use of the directconversion architecture.

Within RF transmit chain 204, an analog lowpass filter 222 filters the analog baseband signal from 

DAC 220 to remove images caused by the digital-to-analog conversion and provides a filtered signal. 

A mixer 224 frequency upconverts the filtered signal from baseband to RF with an analog LO signal 

from an LO generator 226. LO generator 226 may include a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), a 

phase locked loop (PLL), a reference oscillator, etc. A variable gain amplifier (VGA) 228 amplifies 

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the upconverted signal from mixer 224 with a variable gain. A bandpass filter 230 filters the signal 

from VGA 228 to remove images caused by the frequency upconversion. Bandpass filter 230 may be 

a surface acoustic wave (SAW) filter, a ceramic filter, or some other type of filter. A power amplifier 

(PA) 232 amplifies the signal from filter 230 and provides an RF output signal having the proper 

power level. The RF output signal is routed through a duplexer 234 and transmitted via an antenna 

236. As shown in FIG. 2, the signals from data processor 210 to mixer 224 are typically complex 

signals having inphase (I) and quadrature (Q) components.

DAC 220 and RF transmit chain 204 may be wideband to support simultaneous transmission of N 

CDMA signals on N CDMA channels. DAC 220 may be operated at a sufficiently high clock rate 

and may have sufficient resolution for conversion of a digital sample stream containing all N CDMA 

signals. Analog lowpass filter 222 may have a fixed or variable bandwidth that may be sufficiently 

wide to pass all of the CDMA signals being sent simultaneously. The subsequent analog circuit 

blocks may also be wideband to pass all of the CDMA signals. Bandpass filter 230 may be wideband 

and may pass an entire frequency band, e.g., from 824 to 849 MHz for cellular band and from 1850 to 

1910 MHz for Personal Communications Service (PCS) band.

See, e.g., Rick at 3:61-4:67.

Multi-carrier transmitter 200 may be used in conjunction with a multi-carrier receiver that can receive 

one or more CDMA channels. Duplexer 234 may route an RF received signal from antenna 236 to 

the multi-carrier receiver, which is not shown in FIG. 2. The multi-carrier receiver may process the 

RF received signal to recover data and control information sent on one or more CDMA channels.

See, e.g., Rick at 5:24-30.

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See, e.g., Rick at Figure 1.

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See, e.g., Rick at Figure 2.

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See, e.g., Rick at Figure 10.

Furthermore, this claim element is obvious in light of Rick itself, when combined with any of the 

other references as charted for this claim element in Exs. A-1–A-31, First Supplemental Ex. AObviousness Chart, and/or when combined with the knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the art. 

Motivations to combine may come from the knowledge of the person of ordinary skill themselves, or 

from the known problems and predictable solutions as embodied in these references. Further 

motivations to combine references and additional details may be found in the Cover Pleading and 

First Supplemental Ex. A-Obviousness Chart.

[24.4] a filter having an input 

coupled to the output of the 

first down-converter and the 

output of the second downconverter, and in accordance 

therewith, the filter receives 

the first and second downconverted signals.

Rick discloses “a filter having an input coupled to the output of the first down-converter and the 

output of the second down-converter, and in accordance therewith, the filter receives the first and 

second down-converted signals.” See, e.g.: 

A multi-carrier transmitter capable of transmitting on one or multiple frequency channels 

simultaneously is described. In one design, the multi-carrier transmitter includes at least one 

processor and a single radio frequency (RF) transmit chain. The processor(s) may generate output 

chips for each of multiple frequency channels, digitally filter and upsample the output chips for each 

frequency channel to obtain filtered samples, and digitally upconvert the filtered samples for each 

frequency channel to a different frequency to obtain upconverted samples. The processor(s) may then 

combine the upconverted samples for the multiple frequency channels to obtain composite samples, 

perform pre-distortion on the composite samples for I/Q mismatch compensation, and upsample the 

pre-distorted samples to obtain output samples. The output samples may be converted to an analog 

signal with a wideband DAC. The RF transmit chain may process the analog signal to generate an RF 

output signal.

See, e.g., Rick at Abstract.

Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various communication services 

such as voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc. These systems may be multiple -access 

systems capable of supporting multiple users by sharing the available system resources. Examples of 

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such multiple-access systems include Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems, Time 

Division Multiple Access (TDMA) systems, Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) systems, 

Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) systems, and Single-Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) systems.

Data usage for wireless communication systems continually grows due to increasing number of users 

as well as emergence of new applications with higher data requirements. A system may support a 

particular maximum data rate on one frequency channel under favorable channel conditions. This 

maximum data rate is typically determined by system design. To increase capacity, the system may 

utilize multiple frequency channels for transmission. However, the design complexity and cost of a 

transmitter may increase substantially in order to support transmission on multiple frequency 

channels.

See, e.g., Rick at 1:20-41.

A multi-carrier transmitter capable of transmitting on one or multiple frequency channels 

simultaneously using a single radio frequency (RF) transmit chain is described herein. The single RF 

transmit chain may be wideband and designed for a particular maximum number of (T) frequency 

channels. Up to T signals may be transmitted simultaneously on up to T frequency channels using 

this single RF transmit chain.

In one design, the multi-carrier transmitter includes at least one processor and one RF transmit chain. 

The processor(s) may generate output chips for each of multiple frequency channels in accordance 

with a particular system such as a High Rate Packet Data (HRPD) system. The output chips for each 

frequency channel may be scaled with a gain selected based on the transmit power for that frequency 

channel. The processor(s) may digitally filter and upsample the output chips for each frequency 

channel to obtain filtered samples and may digitally upconvert the filtered samples for each 

frequency channel to a different frequency to obtain upconverted samples. The processor(s) may 

combine the upconverted samples for the multiple frequency channels to obtain composite samples, 

perform pre-distortion on the composite samples to compensate for gain and phase mismatches of 

subsequent analog quadrature upconversion, and upsample the pre-distorted samples to obtain output 

samples. The output samples may be converted to an analog signal with a wideband digital-to-analog 

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converter (DAC). The RF transmit chain may then process (e.g., filter, quadrature upconvert, and 

amplify) the analog signal to generate an RF output signal.

See, e.g., Rick at 1:48-2:9.

The multi-carrier transmitter described herein may be used for various wireless communication 

systems such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, and SC-FDMA systems. The terms “system” and 

“network” are often used interchangeably. A CDMA system may implement a radio technology such 

as cdma2000, Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), etc. cdma2000 covers IS-2000, IS-95, and 

IS-856 standards. UTRA includes Wideband-CDMA (W-CDMA) and Low Chip Rate (LCR). A 

TDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Global System for Mobile 

Communications (GSM). An OFDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Evolved 

UTRA (E-UTRA), IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.16, IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM®, etc. These various 

radio technologies and standards are known in the art. UTRA, E-UTRA, and GSM are described in 

documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project” (3GPP). cdma2000 is 

described in documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project 2” (3GPP2). 

3GPP and 3GPP2 documents are publicly available.

See, e.g., Rick at 2:38-57.

The multi-carrier transmitter described herein may be used for an access terminal as well as an access 

point. An access point is generally a fixed station that communicates with the access terminals and 

may also be referred to as a base station, a Node B, etc. An access terminal may be stationary or 

mobile and may also be referred to as a mobile station, a user equipment (UE), a mobile equipment, a 

terminal, a subscriber unit, a station, etc. An access terminal may be a cellular phone, a personal 

digital assistant (PDA), a handset, a wireless communication device, a handheld device, a wireless 

modem, a laptop computer, etc. For clarity, the use of the multi-carrier transmitter for an access 

terminal is described below.

The multi-carrier transmitter can transmit one or multiple CDMA signals simultaneously. Each 

CDMA signal may be sent on a different CDMA channel. A CDMA channel is a frequency channel 

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for one CDMA signal and is 1.2288 MHz wide in HRPD. A CDMA channel is also commonly 

referred to as a carrier.

FIG. 1 shows an example transmission of N CDMA signals on N CDMA channels, where N≧1 in 

general and N>1 for multi-carrier operation. In this example, CDMA channel 1 has a carrier 

frequency of fch1, CDMA channel 2 has a carrier frequency of fch2, and so on, and CDMA channel 

N has a carrier frequency of fchN. The carrier frequencies are typically selected such that the CDMA 

channels are spaced sufficiently far apart to reduce inter-channel interference. In general, the carrier 

frequencies of the N CDMA channels may or may not be related to one another. The carrier 

frequency of each CDMA channel may be selected independently subject to a minimum inter-channel 

spacing criterion. The carrier frequencies may be evenly spaced across frequency and separated by a 

fixed frequency spacing of fspacing, which may be 1.2288 MHz or some larger value. The N CDMA 

signals may be transmitted at different power levels (as shown in FIG. 1) or at the same power level. 

The N CDMA signals may carry any type of data for any service such as voice, video, packet data, 

text messaging, etc. The N CDMA signals may be sent to the same access point or to different access 

points.

It is desirable to support transmission of one or multiple CDMA channels using as little circuitry as 

possible in order to reduce cost, lower power consumption, improve reliability, and obtain other 

benefits. T different RF transmit chains may be used to generate up to T CDMA signals for up to T 

CDMA channels, where T is the maximum number of CDMA signals that can be sent 

simultaneously. However, the T RF transmit chains may significantly increase the cost of an access 

terminal.

See, e.g., Rick at 3:1-47.

Within digital section 202, a data processor 210 processes data, pilot, and control information and 

provides N output chip streams for N CDMA signals to N digital filter 212 a through 212 n. A chip is 

typically a complex value sent in one chip period, which is a time duration determined by a system. 

Each output chip stream may be at a chip rate (c×1), which is 1.2288 megachips/second (Mcps) for 

HRPD. Each digital filter 212 filters its output chip stream, performs upsampling, and provides a 

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Claim 24 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

filtered sample stream to a rotator 214. Each filtered sample stream may be at a sample rate of 

fsample. The sample rate may be fixed and selected based on the maximum number of CDMA 

signals that can be transmitted simultaneously. Alternatively, the sample rate may be configurable 

and selected based on the number of CDMA signals being transmitted simultaneously. Each rotator 

214 operates as a digital upconverter, frequency upconverts its filtered sample stream with a digital 

local oscillator (LO) signal, and provides an upconverted sample stream. The digital LO signal for the 

CDMA signal sent on CDMA channel n has a frequency of fn, which is determined by the carrier 

frequency fchn of CDMA channel n and the frequency fc of an analog LO signal used for 

upconversion to RF. A summer 216 receives and sums the N upconverted sample streams from N 

rotators 214 a through 214 n and provides a composite sample stream. A post processor 218 performs 

post processing on the composite sample stream and provides an output sample stream. A DAC 220 

converts the output sample stream to analog and provides an analog baseband signal containing the N 

CDMA signals.

An RF transmit chain may implement a super-heterodyne architecture or a direct-conversion 

architecture. In the super-heterodyne architecture, a baseband signal is frequency upconverted in 

multiple stages, e.g., from baseband to an intermediate frequency (IF) in one stage, and then from IF 

to RF in another stage. In the direct-conversion architecture, which is also referred to as a zero-IF 

architecture, the baseband signal is frequency upconverted from baseband directly to RF in one stage. 

The super-heterodyne and direct-conversion architectures may use different circuit blocks and/or 

have different circuit requirements. The following description assumes the use of the directconversion architecture.

Within RF transmit chain 204, an analog lowpass filter 222 filters the analog baseband signal from 

DAC 220 to remove images caused by the digital-to-analog conversion and provides a filtered signal. 

A mixer 224 frequency upconverts the filtered signal from baseband to RF with an analog LO signal 

from an LO generator 226. LO generator 226 may include a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), a 

phase locked loop (PLL), a reference oscillator, etc. A variable gain amplifier (VGA) 228 amplifies 

the upconverted signal from mixer 224 with a variable gain. A bandpass filter 230 filters the signal 

from VGA 228 to remove images caused by the frequency upconversion. Bandpass filter 230 may be 

a surface acoustic wave (SAW) filter, a ceramic filter, or some other type of filter. A power amplifier 

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(PA) 232 amplifies the signal from filter 230 and provides an RF output signal having the proper 

power level. The RF output signal is routed through a duplexer 234 and transmitted via an antenna 

236. As shown in FIG. 2, the signals from data processor 210 to mixer 224 are typically complex 

signals having inphase (I) and quadrature (Q) components.

DAC 220 and RF transmit chain 204 may be wideband to support simultaneous transmission of N 

CDMA signals on N CDMA channels. DAC 220 may be operated at a sufficiently high clock rate 

and may have sufficient resolution for conversion of a digital sample stream containing all N CDMA 

signals. Analog lowpass filter 222 may have a fixed or variable bandwidth that may be sufficiently 

wide to pass all of the CDMA signals being sent simultaneously. The subsequent analog circuit 

blocks may also be wideband to pass all of the CDMA signals. Bandpass filter 230 may be wideband 

and may pass an entire frequency band, e.g., from 824 to 849 MHz for cellular band and from 1850 to 

1910 MHz for Personal Communications Service (PCS) band.

See, e.g., Rick at 3:61-4:67.

Multi-carrier transmitter 200 may be used in conjunction with a multi-carrier receiver that can receive 

one or more CDMA channels. Duplexer 234 may route an RF received signal from antenna 236 to 

the multi-carrier receiver, which is not shown in FIG. 2. The multi-carrier receiver may process the 

RF received signal to recover data and control information sent on one or more CDMA channels.

See, e.g., Rick at 5:24-30.

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See, e.g., Rick at Figure 1.

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See, e.g., Rick at Figure 2.

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Claim 24 of the ’802 Patent Prior Art Reference – Rick

See, e.g., Rick at Figure 10.

Furthermore, this claim element is obvious in light of Rick itself, when combined with any of the 

other references as charted for this claim element in Exs. A-1–A-31, First Supplemental Ex. AObviousness Chart, and/or when combined with the knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the art. 

Motivations to combine may come from the knowledge of the person of ordinary skill themselves, or 

from the known problems and predictable solutions as embodied in these references. Further 

motivations to combine references and additional details may be found in the Cover Pleading and 

First Supplemental Ex. A-Obviousness Chart.

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