This opinion will be unpublished and

may not be cited except as provided by

Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).

STATE OF MINNESOTA

IN COURT OF APPEALS

A15-1355

State of Minnesota,

Respondent,

vs.

Mark Christian Wolhowe,

Appellant.

Filed July 18, 2016

Affirmed

Ross, Judge

Ramsey County District Court

File No. 62SU-CR-14-4363

Lori Swanson, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and

Mark F. Gaughan, Erickson, Bell, Beckman & Quinn, P.A., Roseville, Minnesota (for 

respondent)

Cathryn Middlebrook, Chief Appellate Public Defender, Chang Y. Lau, Assistant Public 

Defender, St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellant)

Considered and decided by Ross, Presiding Judge; Johnson, Judge; and Stauber, 

Judge. 

U N P U B L I S H E D O P I N I O N

ROSS, Judge

Mark Wolhowe stood in front of the apartment door of an 86-year-old woman, 

unzipped his pants to expose his penis, and knocked on the door to wait for the woman to 
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see him. Wolhowe agreed to plead guilty to misdemeanor indecent exposure but then 

quibbled about the date of the event. He acknowledged that he had also exposed himself to 

residents in “the puzzle room” and he gave the date of that exposure to support his plea. 

He now seeks to withdraw his plea, arguing that the factual basis on the record was

insufficient to establish that he intended his exposure to be lewd and that this deficiency 

was compounded by errors in the plea-colloquy procedure. Because Wolhowe gave the 

details of his offense and affirmed his attorney’s detail of the location of it, and because 

the full recitation of the events establishes that his exposure was willful and lewd, we 

affirm. 

FACTS

On December 1, 2014, Roseville police cited Mark Wolhowe for misdemeanor 

indecent exposure under Minnesota Statutes section 617.23, subdivision 1(1) (2014). 

Wolhowe agreed to plead guilty in exchange for the state dropping two other indecentexposure charges arising out of similar conduct. 

Wolhowe’s plea petition, read into the record at his plea hearing, detailed the 

incident reported to police by an 86-year-old resident of a Hamline Avenue senior 

apartment building. She told police that she heard a knock at her door, looked out the door’s 

peephole, and saw Wolhowe standing with his pants unzipped and his penis exposed. 

Police spoke to Wolhowe, who said he was only “teasing” the woman. 

Wolhowe disagreed with this characterization of the facts, saying that although he 

did knock on the woman’s door on that date, he did not expose himself to her on that date. 

He said that he had instead exposed himself to her previously. After some back and forth,
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Wolhowe’s lawyer proposed a solution to the impasse regarding the date and circumstances 

of Wolhowe’s exposure. She said that Wolhowe would agree that “he exposed his penis to 

residents of the facility in the puzzle room.” Wolhowe affirmed that location and settled 

on the date of October 30, 2014, for his puzzle-room exhibition. The district court judge 

asked Wolhowe if he agreed with his attorney’s version of events, and Wolhowe answered, 

“Yes, I do agree with it.” The district court found the factual basis to be sufficient and 

accepted Wolhowe’s guilty plea. 

But Wolhowe moved to withdraw his guilty plea before sentencing. He argued that 

his plea was involuntary because his attorney put him under duress. The state argued that 

it would be prejudiced by the plea being withdrawn due to the complainant’s age and 

potential unavailability for trial. Analyzing whether it would be fair and just to allow 

Wolhowe to withdraw his plea, the district court found that, although there was some 

“confusion or evasion” regarding the date of Wolhowe’s behavior, there was no undue 

pressure from counsel. The court concluded that it was not fair or just to allow Wolhowe 

to withdraw his guilty plea and denied Wolhowe’s motion. Wolhowe appeals.

D E C I S I O N

Wolhowe seeks to undo his guilty plea. He maintains that his plea was inaccurate 

and therefore manifestly unjust. The rules provide different standards for withdrawing a 

guilty plea, depending on the circumstances. Before sentencing a defendant may withdraw 

his plea if withdrawal is fair and just. Minn. R. Crim. P. 15.05, subd. 2. After sentencing,

the defendant may withdraw his plea only to remedy a manifest injustice. Id., subd. 1. We 

review plea withdrawals claimed under the manifest injustice standard de novo as a 
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question of law. State v. Raleigh, 778 N.W.2d 90, 94 (Minn. 2010). Because Wolhowe 

moved to withdraw his plea before his sentencing, an abuse-of-discretion review of the 

district court’s fair-and-just determination would also be available. See id. at 97. But 

because Wolhowe does not make any argument under the fair-and-just standard, we do not 

discuss it further. 

An inaccurate plea is a manifestly unjust plea. Id. at 94. For a plea to be accurate, it 

must rest on a factual basis sufficient to establish that the defendant’s conduct meets the 

charged crime. Munger v. State, 749 N.W.2d 335, 338 (Minn. 2008). A person committing 

one of several listed acts in the indecent exposure statute “in any public place, or in any 

place where others are present, is guilty of a misdemeanor.” Minn. Stat. § 617.23, subd. 1 

(2014). The state accused Wolhowe of violating one of them, charging that he “willfully 

and lewdly expose[d] [his] body, or the private parts thereof.” Id., subd. 1(1). 

Wolhowe argues that his admission during the plea colloquy did not establish that 

when he exposed himself he intended to be lewd or indecent. Wolhowe also maintains that 

the error was compounded by the district court’s failure to follow proper plea entry 

procedures. The arguments are unconvincing.

For exposure to be indecent, it must be intentional and occur when and where a 

reasonable person would know that he will be observed by others. State v. Peery, 224 Minn. 

346, 351, 28 N.W.2d 851, 854 (1947). Intent may be “inferred from the manner of the 

exposure.” Id. (quotation omitted). The supreme court has interpreted the present wording 

of the indecent-exposure statute to deem it a crime when the defendant’s conduct “was so 

likely to be observed ‘that it must be reasonably presumed that it was intended to be 
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witnessed.’” State v. Stevenson, 656 N.W.2d 235, 241 (Minn. 2003) (quoting Peery, 224 

Minn. at 352, 28 N.W.2d at 854). And the intent element can be established on the 

circumstances even if the plea colloquy fails to expressly include the defendant’s intent. 

See State v. Russell, 306 Minn. 274, 275, 236 N.W.2d 612, 613 (1975).

We are satisfied that the plea colloquy covers the necessary ground on intent and 

lewdness. Wolhowe admitted to circumstances showing both. His attorney gave the 

following synopsis: “[Wolhowe] was in the puzzle room. This room is designated the 

puzzle room because they have a puzzle that different residents try and fit the pieces 

together, and he exposed his penis to residents of the facility in the puzzle room.” Wolhowe 

immediately confirmed this statement. And he again agreed with the description when 

questioned by the district court. That Wolhowe exposed himself “to” the residents indicates 

that he was directing his exposure at them. This assumes intent. And the circumstances of 

his exposure—a populated gathering area in a senior residence facility—implies lewdness. 

Wolhowe also maintains that deficiencies in the process of the plea colloquy show 

that his plea was inaccurate. A factual basis is generally provided by the defendant

expressing what happened in his own words. State v. Trott, 338 N.W.2d 248, 251 (Minn. 

1983). The defendant’s iteration will then suggest to the court how to elicit further details. 

Id. Wolhowe argues that this process was not followed, and he provided only summary 

recitations of his counsel’s version of events. He maintains that his plea is therefore invalid, 

citing Shorter v. State, 511 N.W.2d 743 (Minn. 1994). But the supreme court has clarified 

that it has “never required that the factual basis for the plea appear in the plea hearing 
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transcript verbatim.” Lussier v. State, 821 N.W.2d 581, 589 (Minn. 2012). And in fact 

Wolhowe participated in the development of the factual record of his guilt.

We believe that Wolhowe’s personal involvement in the recitation of facts during 

the colloquy was sufficient to establish his guilt beyond reasonable doubt. He first agreed

with the fully described conduct of the doorway offense, put the conduct in his own words,

and questioned only the date:

THE COURT: All right. Mr. Wolhowe, did you hear that?

THE DEFENDANT: Yes, I did. 

THE COURT: Is it true?

THE DEFENDANT: Not the way it is written.

THE COURT: Okay. So tell me what you did that is indecent exposure.

THE DEFENDANT: I knocked on the door. I looked into the peephole. I walked 

down the hall. I did not at any time expose to her on that day.

MS. COALE: He did expose himself.

THE DEFENDANT: I did in the past. She had never said no, never said quit, never 

said don’t, never said any of that. She had just been silent.

(Emphasis added.) After Wolhowe’s attorney offered the puzzle-room exposure as the new 

basis for the plea and conviction, Wolhowe expressly admitted to the location of the

conduct he had already admitted to, and he expressed certainty about the date of this 

exposure:

THE COURT: All right. So I want to understand. What your attorney just described, 

now, exposing yourself in the puzzle room to others, right?

THE DEFENDANT: That’s correct.

THE COURT: That occurred on or about?

THE DEFENDANT: October.

THE COURT: Well, now we’ve gone from May to October to December?

THE DEFENDANT: October 30th.

THE COURT: All right. On or about October 30th?

THE DEFENDANT: Yeah.

THE COURT: Of 2014?

THE DEFENDANT: Correct.
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By contrast, in Shorter, the supreme court emphasized that it was the “highly 

unusual facts of th[at] case” that led it to require the plea withdrawal. 511 N.W.2d at 746. 

The Shorter court noted multiple misgivings about the process and faulted the district court 

for not conducting its own questioning of the defendant, especially after the defendant’s 

counsel merely asked leading questions requiring the defendant to acknowledge the state’s 

presentation. Id. at 747. Not so here. Wolhowe described the conduct, including admitting 

exposing himself, and he offered the exact date. The court questioned Wolhowe to fill in 

the missing detail of the date. The only fact his attorney offered that was different from 

Wolhowe’s own description was the location, so that a date could be agreed upon. And 

Wolhowe completed the story by providing the date. We see no reason the district court 

should have developed any misgivings about Wolhowe’s guilt, and we have none. 

We hold that the plea colloquy established a sufficient factual basis to render 

Wolhowe’s plea accurate, and the process used by the district court did not create a 

manifest injustice. 

Affirmed.