EXHIBIT A 

Case 2:23-cv-00103-JRG-RSP Document 96-2 Filed 06/13/24 Page 1 of 4 PageID #: 4676
24th Edition 

Harry Newton 

New York 

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NEWTON's TELECOM DICTIONARY 

Copyright © 2008 Horry Newton 

email: Horry@HorryNewton.com 

book stte: www.NewtonsTelecomDiclionory.net 

personal web site: www.HarryNewton.com 

All rights reserved under International and Pon-American Copyright conventions, including the right to reproduce this book 01 portions thereof in ony form whatsoever. 

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ISBN 13 digit Number: 978-097938-731-9 

Morch 2008 Twenty Fourth Edition 

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Gail Saari, Soul Roldan, and Damien Casteneda, Cover design 

Newton's Telecom Dictionary 24th Edition Morch 2008 

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For suggestions, corrections, updates, special offers: please send on email to Horry@HorryNewton.com 

I promise you I won't give your name to anybody. Nobody. Promise. 

~t.J~ 

SAM-HW-2_00215505 

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AET App~cotion Entity f itle. The authoritative nome of on OSI oppficotion entity, usual~ o 

Distinguished Name from the Directory. 

AF l . Audio frequency. The ronge of frequencies which theoreticoOy are audible to the 

human eor; i.e., 30 Hz -20 KHz. Truly high fi<!efil\: audio_covers the entire ra~ge. Full AF is 

not practical over the PSTN, os to much bandwidth is required. Most of us can I hear the full 

AF range, Drrf'N'IV. As you get older, your hearing deteriorates. See o~o Bandwidth. 

2. Assigned frame. Motorolo definition. AFAIK As For As I Know. 

AFCEA Armed forces Communications and Electronics Association. It is a non-profit as· 

sociotion of active and retired telecommunications and networking professionals, with over 

30,000 members from industry, government and the military. MCEA has over 130 chapters worldwide. Chapter activities include meetings, seminars, symposia, continuing educotion opportunities, and other activities. AFCEA publishes SIGNAL, a month~ news magazine 

about communicotions and networking in C41SR environments. www.ofceo.org. AFE See Analog Front End. 

AFI An ATM term. Authority ond Formal Identifier: This identifier is port of the network 

level address header. affiliate l. This definition from the Telecommunications Act of 1996. The term 'offil~ 

ate' mearis a person that (directly or indirectly) owns or con!Tols, is owned or con!Tolled 

by, or is under common ownership or con!Tol with, another person. For purposes of this 

porogroph, the term 'own' means to own on equity interest (or the equivalent thereof) of 

more thon 10 percent. See the Telecommunications Act Of 1996. 

2. A broodcast TV station not owned by a network, but one which includes the network's 

programs and commercials in its programming schedule. 

Affiliated Sales Agency ASA. A term for a company which resel~ the service 

of a phone company. Typically, the plione company pays the ASA a comm~ion. Sometimes 

the commission is so large that ii blurs the thinking of the ASA into recommending lo its 

customers telecom products and services they would be better without. 

affiliates Sites that steer user to another e-commerce site in return for a piece of the 

action, i.e. a percentage of any buy. Go to my site, www.harrynewton.com. There you'll 

find a button that suggests you buy this dictionary via ecommerce. Click on the button. It 

gets you lo Amazon. If you buy the dictionary, I get 7% of what you paid horn Amazon. I'm 

on Amazon sales affiliate. Please buy the book. I need the money. 

AFI Authority and Format Identifier. The portion of on NSAP format ATM address that iderr 

tifies the type and format of the IOI portion of an ATM address. See also IOI and NSAP. 

AFIPS American Federation of Information Processing Societies. A national, highlyiespected organization formed by data processing societies to keep abreast of advances in 

the field. AFIPS organizes one of the biggest trade shows in the data processing industry -the NCC (National Computer Conference). 

affinity Requirements of an MPIS !Toffic engineering tunnel on the attributes of the 

finks ij will cross. The tunnel's affinity bits and affinity mask bils of the tunnel must match 

the attribute bils of the various links carrying the tunnel. 

AF I Authority and Format Identifier. The port of on NSANormot ATM address that identifies the type and the format of the IOI portion of an ATM address. See a~o IOI and NSAP. 

AFN All fiber Network. Burlington, Vermont is building on MN network for its municipality 

of 40,000 people. The AFN will first support city services. Then it will extend fast Internet 

service to its businesses and residences. 

AF NOR Acronym for Association Francoise de Normalisation. France's notional standardssetting organization. AFP Apple Talk File Protocol. Apple's network protocol, used to provide access between 

file servers and c~ents in on AppleShare network. MP is also used by Novell's products 

for the Macintosh. 

AFS Andrew File System. AFT Automatic Fine Tuning; See MC. 

After-call Wrap•up The time on employee spends completing II transaction after 

the call hos been disconnected. Sometimes irs a few seconds. Sometimes ii can be mirr 

utes. Depends on what the caller wants. 

aftermarket Trading in the Initial Public Offering ofter ils IPO offering. Trading vo~ 

ume in IPOs is extreme~ high on the first day because of flipping (immediate selling) and 

oftermorket orders. 

AGC Automatic Goin Control. There are two electronic ways you can conlTol the recording 

of something - Manual or Automatic Goin Control (AG(). AG( is on electronic circuit in tape 

recorders, speokerphones, and other voice devices which is used to maintain volume. AGC 

is not always a brilliant idea since it will attempt to produce a constant volume level, that 

is, it will try to equalize all sounds - the volume of vour voice, and, when you stop talkAET • aggregation 

ing, the circuit static ond/or general room noise which you do not want amplified. Never 

record o seminar or speech using AGC. The recording will be decided~ amateurish. Manual 

Goin Con!Tol means there is record volume control and is thus, preferred in professional 

opp Ii cations. AGC Threshold The level of input current al which the AG( circuit becomes active. 

AGC Time Constant The amount of time it takes to achieve the reQuired AGC 

level; also the amount of time ij tokes to recover from AGC. 

AGCOMNET US Deportment of Agriculture's voice and data commun[cotions network. 

Age of Interruption, The The world we live in today. We're working on the 

great omericon novel. The phone rings. An urgent email comes in. Our Block.Berry beeps. 

Our notebook chimes. Bingo, we're interrupted. See also continuous partial attention. aged packet A data pocket which hos exceeded its maximum predefined node visit 

count or time in the network. 

agenda A list, outline, or pion of things to be considered or done. What I want out of 

life. My life's pion. 

agent I .The classic definition of on agent is on entity acting on behaf of another. 2. This term comes horn the huge telephone coll-in reservotion centers which the air- lines, hotels and car rental services run. An agent is the person who answers your call, takes 

your order or answers your question. Agents ore obo coiled Telephone Soles Representatives 

or Communicators. The term •agent" was first used in the oi~ine business. It come horn 

gate or counter ticket agent. 

3. An •agent" is the person or persons you have legally authorized to order your 

telephone service and equipment horn telephone companies. 

4. In the computer programming serise of the word, on agent acts on behof of another 

person or thing, with delegated authority. The ogenl's goo~ ore those of the entity that 

created it. An agent is on active object with o mission, but agents ore abstractions that can 

be implemented in any way, whereas on object hos o formal definition. Business Week in 

ils February 14, 1994 issue wrote, •irs what computer scientists coll on 'ogenl' -a kind •of software program thol's powerful and autonomous enough to do what all good robots 

should: help the harried humans by carrying out tedious, time-consuming, and complex 

tasks. Software agents just now emerging from the research labs con scan data banks 

by the dozen, schedule meetings, tidy up electronic in-boxes, and handle o growing rist of 

clerical jobs.· 

5. Windows defines agent slightly differently. It said !hot on agent was software that 

runs on a client computer for use by administrative software running on a seiver. Agerm 

ore typical~ used to support administrative actions, such as detecting system information or 

running services. See also Bot. 

agent logon/logoff A caU center term. Agents begin their day by punching some 

buttons on their phone. This indicates lo the automatic coll d"tstributor that they ore now 

ready to toke calls. Later in the day, they punch some other buttons and indicate to the ACO 

that they ore now ready to stop working. This is called logoff. agent stgn on/ sign off A feature which allows any ACO agent to occupy any 

position in the ACD without lo~g his or her personal identity. Statistics ore collected and 

consolidated about this agent and col~ ore routed to this agent no molter where he sits or 

how mony positions he may occupy at one time. aggregate AMA record A telephone company AIN term. An AMA record gener· 

oted to record multiple instances of service usage within a specified aggregation interval. It 

is created by formatting peg counts of AMA evenls. 

aggregate bandwidth 1. The total bandwidth of channel carrying a multiplexed bit stream. It includes the payload and the overhead. For example, a T-l fine has on 

aggregate full duplex bandwidth of 1.544 million bits per second. 

2. The total amount of bandwidth that is provided on a facility. For example, a digital 

subscriber line that allocates 7 Mbps for Internet connectivity (for example, 6 Mbps downstream and 1 Mbps upstream) and 20 Mbps for HDlV channels, has 27 Mbps of aggregate 

bandwidth. 

aggregate rate The sum of the channel doto rotes for a given appftcation. 

aggregation 1. An AMA (Automatic Message Accounting) function lhot accumulates 

AMA doto, resulting in o less than detailed AMA record. 

2. An MM term. Token A number assigned to an outside link by the border nodes at 

the ends of the outside tink. The some number is associated with all uplinks and induced 

uplinks associated with the ournde link. In the parent and aU higher~evel peer groups, all 

uplinks with the some aggregation token ore aggregated. 

3. Making otherwise scattered data accessible at a single location, usually via a Web 

page. Aggregation is necessary to make sense of !he hodgepodge of otherwise useful 

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