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STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA

SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS

In re D.B.

No. 21-0186 (Kanawha County 19-JA-537)

MEMORANDUM DECISION

Petitioner Father W.B. Jr., by counsel Joseph H. Spano Jr., appeals the Circuit Court of 

Kanawha County’s February 9, 2021, order terminating his parental rights to D.B.

1 The West 

Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources (“DHHR”), by counsel Patrick Morrisey 

and S.L. Evans, filed a response in support of the circuit court’s order. The guardian ad litem, 

Christopher C. McClung, filed a response on behalf of the child in support of the circuit court’s 

order. On appeal, petitioner argues that the circuit court erred in (1) adjudicating him as an abusing 

parent, (2) denying his request for a post-adjudicatory improvement period, and (3) terminating 

his parental rights.

This Court has considered the parties’ briefs and the record on appeal. The facts and legal 

arguments are adequately presented, and the decisional process would not be significantly aided 

by oral argument. Upon consideration of the standard of review, the briefs, and the record 

presented, the Court finds no substantial question of law and no prejudicial error. For these reasons, 

a memorandum decision affirming the circuit court’s order is appropriate under Rule 21 of the 

Rules of Appellate Procedure.

In September of 2019, the DHHR filed an abuse and neglect petition alleging that the 

parents failed to protect the children, D.B. and K.T., from sexual abuse.

2 The DHHR alleges that 

eight-year-old K.T., who is not at issue on appeal, disclosed that her grandfather—who resided in 

the parents’ home with her—had “touched her breasts, butt, and genitals on numerous occasions.” 

1

Consistent with our long-standing practice in cases with sensitive facts, we use initials 

where necessary to protect the identities of those involved in this case. See In re K.H., 235 W. Va. 

254, 773 S.E.2d 20 (2015); Melinda H. v. William R. II, 230 W. Va. 731, 742 S.E.2d 419 (2013); 

State v. Brandon B., 218 W. Va. 324, 624 S.E.2d 761 (2005); State v. Edward Charles L., 183 W. 

Va. 641, 398 S.E.2d 123 (1990).

2

Petitioner is not the biological father of K.T. The biological father of K.T. is deceased. 

Petitioner asserts no rights to K.T., and she is not at issue on appeal.

FILED

October 1, 2021 

EDYTHE NASH GAISER, CLERK

SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS

OF WEST VIRGINIA
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K.T. also disclosed that the grandfather would engage in these acts while the mother was sitting 

next to them. According to the petition, K.T. disclosed that she told her parents about the sexual 

abuse but that petitioner and the mother failed to protect her. The DHHR alleged that petitioner 

would frequently become angry at K.T. when she attempted to inform him about the sexual abuse. 

The DHHR further alleged that when K.T. first disclosed the abuse to petitioner, petitioner told 

her to leave the home. According to the petition, K.T. was also told to sleep far away from the 

parents on a camping trip. K.T. disclosed that she became scared on that occasion and attempted 

to go into the parents’ tent, but they told her to go back to her tent so she would learn to live on 

her own. The DHHR further alleged that the parents failed to provide the children with the 

necessary food, clothing, supervision, and housing. 

The circuit court held a series of adjudicatory hearings beginning in November of 2019. At 

one of the hearings, a Child Protective Services (“CPS”) manager testified as to a previous child 

abuse and neglect case involving the mother’s nephew, who is not at issue on appeal, and K.T.’s 

grandfather. Specifically, the case manager testified that the grandfather relinquished any and all 

custodial rights to the child during that case. During the prior proceedings, the DHHR presented 

evidence that the grandfather sexually abused the child, based upon statements and physical 

evidence that had come to light, including a Child Advocacy Center (“CAC”) interview with the 

child. The case manager testified that the parents were aware of the allegations in that case and 

should be concerned for the safety of K.T. The case manager testified she had approximately eight 

to ten conversations with the mother about the grandfather’s sexual abuse of the nephew. The case 

manager further testified that the grandfather and the nephew were living in the parents’ home at 

the time of the investigation, making it difficult to believe that the parents were unaware of the 

proceedings upon the sudden removal of the child from their home. Next, the mother testified that 

she did not “believe that anything happened” in regard to the sexual abuse allegations involving 

the grandfather and the nephew. The court then continued the hearing to allow the DHHR to 

present further evidence.

In September of 2019, the DHHR filed an amended petition, adding more allegations 

against the parents. According to the amended petition, the mother tested positive for 

methamphetamine upon the birth of D.B. in August of 2017. The DHHR also alleged that petitioner 

tested positive for marijuana following testing at the preliminary hearing. The amended petition 

set forth that K.T. disclosed additional details about her sexual abuse. The DHHR alleged that K.T. 

informed petitioner about the grandfather’s sexual abuse; that petitioner did nothing to protect her;

and that, after she told him, he told her to go outside and play. According to the amended petition, 

after learning about the sexual abuse, the parents still allowed K.T. and the grandfather to sleep 

together. The DHHR alleged that the parents had substance abuse issues that prevented them from 

being appropriate parents; that petitioner failed to protect the children from the mother’s substance 

abuse; and that the parents had failed to protect the children from sexual abuse. 

The circuit court held a continued adjudicatory hearing in February of 2020, wherein a 

service provider testified that the parents tested positive for methamphetamine on multiple screens 

over the last few months. The service provider also testified that she was concerned that neither 

parent had entered into any treatment program, as encouraged by the court, and that they were still 
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living with the children’s grandfather. The circuit court held a series of additional hearings over 

the next few months during which the mother continued to test positive for controlled substances.

Finally, petitioner and the mother testified at the continued adjudicatory hearing in 

September of 2020. The circuit court noted that the parents offered “hesitant admissions” that they 

believed that the grandfather sexually abused K.T. After considering the evidence and testimony 

from the adjudicatory hearings, the court found that the parents should have been more aware of 

the environment that the children were in and failed to protect K.T. from sexual abuse after gaining 

knowledge of the abuse. The court also found that the parents exposed the children to substance 

abuse and failed to provide a stable home for the children. As a result, the circuit court adjudicated 

the parents as abusing and neglecting because they failed to protect and properly supervise the 

children. Petitioner moved for a post-adjudicatory improvement period, which the court held in 

abeyance.

After a granted continuance, the circuit court held a dispositional hearing in January of 

2021, wherein a service provider testified that the parents had been inconsistent in communication 

and still lacked stable housing. The service provider also testified that the parents tested positive 

for methamphetamine and marijuana on multiple screens while missing other screens altogether. 

At the conclusion of the hearing, the circuit court denied petitioner’s motion for an 

improvement period. In light of the evidence presented at the dispositional hearing, the circuit 

court found that the parents had more than one year to correct the problems of abuse and neglect 

but failed to do so. The circuit court also found that the parents had not followed through with 

rehabilitative services, as evidenced by the continuation of conditions which threatened the health 

and welfare of the children. Based upon this evidence, the circuit court found that there was no 

reasonable likelihood that the conditions of abuse and neglect could be substantially corrected in 

the near future and that it was in the best interests of the child to terminate petitioner’s parental

rights.

3 The circuit court entered an order reflecting its decision on February 9, 2021. Petitioner 

appeals from this order.

The Court has previously established the following standard of review:

“Although conclusions of law reached by a circuit court are subject to de 

novo review, when an action, such as an abuse and neglect case, is tried upon the 

facts without a jury, the circuit court shall make a determination based upon the 

evidence and shall make findings of fact and conclusions of law as to whether such 

child is abused or neglected. These findings shall not be set aside by a reviewing 

court unless clearly erroneous. A finding is clearly erroneous when, although there 

is evidence to support the finding, the reviewing court on the entire evidence is left 

with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed. However, 

a reviewing court may not overturn a finding simply because it would have decided 

the case differently, and it must affirm a finding if the circuit court’s account of the 

 3The mother’s parental rights were also terminated during the proceedings below.

According to the parties, the permanency plan for the child is adoption by her foster family.
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evidence is plausible in light of the record viewed in its entirety.” Syl. Pt. 1, In 

Interest of Tiffany Marie S., 196 W.Va. 223, 470 S.E.2d 177 (1996). 

Syl. Pt. 1, In re Cecil T., 228 W. Va. 89, 717 S.E.2d 873 (2011). 

First, petitioner argues that the circuit court erred in adjudicating him as an abusing parent. 

According to petitioner, the DHHR did not meet its burden of proving any of the allegations of 

abuse and neglect by clear and convincing evidence at the adjudicatory hearings. Specifically, he 

argues that it was error to rely on a CAC interview report or DHHR witness testimony to prove 

that he failed to protect K.T. from sexual abuse when petitioner testified to the contrary.

Additionally, petitioner argues there was insufficient testimony regarding substance abuse and 

inappropriate housing. Therefore, it was error for the circuit court to find that his failure or inability 

to supervise the child, substance abuse, and inappropriate housing constituted abuse or neglect. 

We disagree.

We have previously held as follows:

At the conclusion of the adjudicatory hearing, the court shall make a determination 

based upon the evidence and shall make findings of fact and conclusions of law as 

to whether such child is abused or neglected . . . . The findings must be based upon 

conditions existing at the time of the filing of the petition and proven by clear and 

convincing evidence.

In re F.S., 233 W. Va. 538, 544, 759 S.E.2d 769, 775 (2014). This Court has explained that “‘clear 

and convincing’ is the measure or degree of proof that will produce in the mind of the factfinder a 

firm belief or conviction as to the allegations sought to be established.” Id. at 546, 759 S.E.2d at 

777 (citation omitted). However, “the clear and convincing standard is ‘intermediate, being more 

than a mere preponderance, but not to the extent of such certainty as is required beyond a 

reasonable doubt as in criminal cases.’” Id. (citation omitted). Further, West Virginia Code § 49-

1-201 defines “abused child” as

[a] child whose health or welfare is being harmed or threatened by . . . [a] parent . 

. . who knowingly or intentionally inflicts, attempts to inflict, or knowingly allows 

another person to inflict, physical injury or mental or emotional injury, upon the 

child or another child in the home.

(Emphasis added). 

Having reviewed the record, we find that sufficient evidence existed to adjudicate 

petitioner as an abusing parent. On appeal, petitioner’s arguments in support of this assignment of 

error are all predicated on his assertions that the circuit court erroneously weighed the evidence in 

question. However, the rulings to which petitioner cites all come down to the issue of credibility, 

and as this Court has long held, “[a] reviewing court cannot assess witness credibility through a 

record. The trier of fact is uniquely situated to make such determinations and this Court is not in a 
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position to, and will not, second guess such determinations.” Michael D.C. v. Wanda L.C., 201 W. 

Va. 381, 388, 497 S.E.2d 531, 538 (1997).

First, petitioner attacks the CAC report generated as a result of K.T.’s CAC interview. 

Petitioner acknowledges that DHHR witnesses testified that K.T. disclosed she told petitioner 

about the grandfather’s sexual abuse. However, petitioner points to his testimony to the contrary 

and asserts that K.T. disclosed to him that “Pawpaw wouldn’t leave her alone, which—by playing 

is what I was assuming.” Further, petitioner contends that he testified that he never witnessed 

anything sexual between K.T. and the grandfather in his presence. However, the record shows that 

the circuit court reviewed this testimony, as well as the child’s CAC interview, and found the 

child’s allegations to be credible. Further, the court found that after learning about the sexual abuse 

by the grandfather, petitioner still allowed K.T. and the grandfather to sleep together. A CPS case 

manager also testified that she repeatedly warned the parents about concerns that the grandfather 

was sexually abusing the children. In light of the above evidence, the circuit court properly found 

that K.T. was sexually abused in the home and that petitioner was aware of said abuse and ignored 

it.

Petitioner also argues that the DHHR failed to present sufficient testimony regarding his 

substance abuse or inappropriate housing. Petitioner states that he corrected the “weak allegations” 

by becoming drug free and obtaining appropriate housing. However, petitioner continued to test 

positive for controlled substances throughout the proceedings and admitted that he struggled with 

substance abuse in the past, including methamphetamine. Additionally, petitioner failed to provide 

any evidence that he had overcome his addiction or otherwise corrected those conditions at the 

time of adjudication. Accordingly, we find no error in the circuit court’s adjudication of petitioner. 

Next, petitioner argues that the circuit court erred in denying him a post-adjudicatory

improvement period because he passed every drug screen from April of 2020 until the termination 

of his parental rights in February of 2021, participated in all services ordered by the court, 

disassociated with the grandfather who sexually abused K.T., and obtained appropriate housing. 

Petitioner argues that these efforts demonstrate that he could have substantially corrected the 

conditions of abuse and neglect if granted an improvement period. We find petitioner’s arguments

unavailing. 

This Court has held that an individual “charged with abuse and/or neglect is not 

unconditionally entitled to an improvement period.” In re Emily, 208 W. Va. 325, 336, 540 S.E.2d 

542, 553 (2000). West Virginia Code § 49-4-610(2)(B) provides that the circuit court may grant a 

post-adjudicatory improvement period when the parent “demonstrates, by clear and convincing 

evidence, that the[y are] likely to fully participate in the improvement period.” “This Court has 

explained that ‘an improvement period in the context of abuse and neglect proceedings is viewed 

as an opportunity for the . . . parent to modify his/her behavior so as to correct the conditions of 

abuse and/or neglect with which he/she has been charged.’” In re Kaitlyn P., 225 W. Va. 123, 126, 

690 S.E.2d 131, 134 (2010) (citation omitted). However, the circuit court has discretion to deny 

an improvement period when no improvement is likely. See In re Tonjia M., 212 W. Va. 443, 448, 

573 S.E.2d 354, 359 (2002). Further, we have previously held that
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[i]n order to remedy the abuse and/or neglect problem, the problem must 

first be acknowledged. Failure to acknowledge the existence of the problem, i.e., 

the truth of the basic allegation pertaining to the alleged abuse and neglect or the 

perpetrator of said abuse and neglect, results in making the problem untreatable and 

in making an improvement period an exercise in futility at the child’s expense.

In re Timber M., 231 W. Va. 44, 55, 743 S.E.2d 352, 363 (2013) (citation omitted).

Contrary to petitioner’s argument, we see no error in the circuit court’s determination that 

petitioner was not likely to fully participate in an improvement period. The circuit court found that 

petitioner failed to acknowledge or take any responsibility for the conditions that led to the abuse 

and neglect of the children. Only near the end of the proceedings did the circuit court find that the 

parents offered “hesitant admissions” that the grandfather abused K.T. While petitioner argues that 

he proved he was likely to participate in an improvement period by participating in drug screens, 

visiting with the children, and obtaining appropriate housing, these actions alone could not have 

been successful without petitioner’s recognition of his abuse and neglect of K.T. Further, a DHHR 

caseworker testified to petitioner’s lack of candor and acknowledgement of wrongdoing. As such, 

there is ample evidence that petitioner’s repeated failures to acknowledge the conditions of abuse 

and neglect resulted in his inability to establish that he was likely to fully participate in an 

improvement period. Given this evidence, we find no error in the circuit court’s decision to deny 

petitioner a post-adjudicatory improvement period.

Finally, petitioner takes issue with the timeframe from adjudication to termination, arguing 

that he should have been given additional time and an opportunity to demonstrate that he could 

correct the conditions of abuse and neglect. However, we have previously held that “[c]ourts are 

not required to exhaust every speculative possibility of parental improvement . . . where it appears 

that the welfare of the child will be seriously threatened.” Cecil T., 228 W. Va. at 91, 717 S.E.2d 

at 875, syl. pt. 4, in part (citation omitted). Further, we have held that

“[t]ermination of parental rights, the most drastic remedy under the 

statutory provision covering the disposition of neglected children, [West Virginia 

Code § 49-4-604] may be employed without the use of intervening less restrictive 

alternatives when it is found that there is no reasonable likelihood under [West 

Virginia Code § 49-4-604(d)] that conditions of neglect or abuse can be 

substantially corrected.” Syllabus point 2, In re R.J.M., 164 W.Va. 496, 266 S.E.2d 

114 (1980).

Syl. Pt. 5, In re Kristin Y., 227 W. Va. 558, 712 S.E.2d 55 (2011). As such, we find no error in the 

termination of petitioner’s parental rights.

For the foregoing reasons, we find no error in the decision of the circuit court, and its 

February 9, 2021, order is hereby affirmed.
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Affirmed.

ISSUED: October 1, 2021 

CONCURRED IN BY:

Chief Justice Evan H. Jenkins

Justice Elizabeth D. Walker

Justice Tim Armstead

Justice John A. Hutchison

Justice William R. Wooton