# Patent

## Title
Leg press and abdominal crunch exercise machine

## Abstract

An exercise machine composed of a frame, a first four bar linkage system, a second four bar linkage system, and a means for transferring an incident force from the legs of a user is disclosed. The first four bar linkage system is operably mounted on the frame and operably connects the transferring means to the frame to allow for back and forth movement of the transferring means along a path of travel about an instantaneously changing axis of rotation. The second four bar linkage system operably engages the first four bar linkage system. Either or both of the first four bar linkage system and the second four bar linkage system are operably connected to a resistance means, whereby the second four bar linkage system operates in conjunction with the first four bar linkage system and the resistance means to create a mechanical disadvantage to the user.

## Background
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/186,433, filed 1 Jul. 2002, entitled “Leg Curl/Leg Extension Weight Training Machine.” This application is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/192,330, filed 10 Jul. 2002, entitled “Leg Press Weight Training Machine.”
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to exercise equipment and machines for home commercial use.
2. Description of the Related Art
For example, commonly owned U.S. Pat. No. 5,106,081 to Webb discloses a leg press machine that incorporates a four bar linkage configuration for changing the angle of inclination of the foot plate to maintain a normal orientation to the lower legs of a user throughout the movement of the leg press exercise. While providing an instantaneous axis of rotation for the foot plate, the linkage between the four bar linkage of the leg press and the weight stack used as a resistance force, although quite functional, is also quite cumbersome. The Webb machine includes, inter alia, a shaft between a sprocket on one end as part of the weight stack and variable radius cam on the other end connected to the four bar linkage.
Further, the force curve of the exercise machine disclosed in Webb is fairly constant (as shown by the before and after positions of the four bar linkage and the attached chain and sprocket) throughout the exercise motion. A flat force curve does not provide the most effective exercise results for a user because of the elementary principles of momentum—a body in motion tends to stay in motion, while a body at rest tends to stay at rest. Therefore, it may be more difficult for a user to start the exercise and put the mass (resistance force) in motion. However, once in motion, the exercise will be easier for the user because of the momentum already imparted to the user. Thus, if a leg press exercise machine were designed with an increasing force curve through the pressing motion of the exercise, a user would get a better workout. The exercise would be easier to start, but the resistance would increase throughout the press motion, thereby making the user's muscles work harder than if the force curve were flat.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
One embodiment of the invention disclosed is an exercise machine, which in one aspect is composed of a frame, a first four bar linkage system, a second four bar linkage system, and a means for transferring an incident force from the legs of a user. The first four bar linkage system is operably mounted on the frame and operably connects the transferring means to the frame and allows for back and forth movement of the transferring means along a path of travel about an instantaneously changing axis of rotation. The instantaneously changing axis of rotation changes the angle of inclination of the transferring means to maintain the transferring means in a position normal to the length of the lower legs of the user during a corresponding leg extension movement of the user. The second four bar linkage system operably engages the first four bar linkage system. Either or both of the first four bar linkage system and the second four bar linkage system are operably connected to a resistance means, whereby the second four bar linkage system operates in conjunction with the first four bar linkage system and the resistance means to create a mechanical disadvantage to the user.
The combination of the first four bar linkage system and the second four bar linkage system can be viewed as a force conditioning device. In fact, a force conditioning device as disclosed herein may be a system employing more than four bars operably connected together to provide a mechanical advantage to a first force acting on the device in opposition to a second force acting on the device.
In another embodiment of the invention, the exercise machine is composed of a frame supporting a first four bar linkage system and a second four bar linkage system. The first four bar linkage system is composed of a first substantially vertical member and a second substantially vertical member spaced apart from the first vertical member. The first member and second member are operably mounted at their lower ends to a portion of the frame in a first spaced relation to each other. The second four bar linkage system operably engages the first four bar linkage system and is actually composed of a portion of the first four bar linkage system plus additional components. The additional components of the second four bar linkage system are a third member operably engaged with at least one of the first member, the second member, the support member, and the frame; and a fourth member operably engaged with the third member and at least one of the first member, the second member, the support member, and the frame. A resistance force is operatively connected to at least one of the first four bar linkage system and the second four bar linkage system, for example, by a cable and pulley system connected to a weight stack. A support member is mounted to a foot plate for engaging the feet of a user and for receiving an incident force from the legs of the user. The support member is further operably mounted substantially transverse to each of the first member and the second member at their upper ends in a second spaced relation to each other. The second spaced relation is a lesser distance than the first spaced relation. The first four bar linkage system allows for back and forth movement of the foot plate along a path of travel about an instantaneously changing axis of rotation and for changing the angle of inclination of the foot plate to maintain the foot plate in a position normal to the length of the lower legs of the user during a corresponding leg extension movement of the user. The second four bar linkage system continually increases the incident force required of the user to exert on the foot plate during a leg extension movement to counteract a constant force exerted by the resistance means.
The exercise machine may further be composed of a first arm member connected to the frame and a second arm member pivotally mounted to the first arm member. A handlebar is operably connected to the second arm member. The handlebar is also operably connected to a resistance force, for example, by a cable and pulley system to a weight stack. In one embodiment, a single cable is operably connects the weight stack or other resistance force to both the handle and at least one of the first four bar linkage system and the second four bar linkage system The handlebar is generally positioned, through its connection between the second arm to the first arm, above the head of the user for grasping by the hands of the user. The handlebar is movable along an arcuate path together with the user while the user performs an abdominal crunch exercise. The handlebar resists a pulling force exerted by the user when the user performs an abdominal crunch exercise while grasping the handlebar, because the handlebar is operated on by the constant force of the resistance means in opposition to the pulling force of the user. When the handlebar is in a rest position, a pivot point between the first arm member and the second arm member is located in a first plane spaced apart from and in front of a second plane encompassing a first mounting point where the first arm member connects to the frame and a second mounting point where the handlebar connects to the second arm member.
Other features, utilities and advantages of various embodiments of the invention will be apparent from the following more particular description of embodiments of the invention as illustrated in the accompanying drawings and defined in the appended claims.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is an isometric view of an exercise machine according to a first embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 2 is a left side elevation of the exercise machine of the first embodiment of the invention with both the leg press portion and the abdominal crunch portion in rest positions.
FIG. 3 is a left side elevation of the exercise machine of the first embodiment of the invention with the leg press portion in an extended position.
FIG. 4 is a left side elevation of the exercise machine of the first embodiment of the invention with the abdominal crunch portion in an extended position.
FIG. 5 is a front elevation of the exercise machine of the first embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 6 is a plan view of the exercise machine of the first embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 7 is an exploded view of the exercise machine of the first embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 8 is an isometric view of an exercise machine according to a second embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 9 is a left side elevation of the exercise machine of the second embodiment of the invention with both the leg press portion and the abdominal crunch portion in rest positions.
FIG. 10 is a left side elevation of the exercise machine of the second embodiment of the invention with the leg press portion in an extended position.
FIG. 11 is a left side elevation of the exercise machine of the second embodiment of the invention with the abdominal crunch portion in an extended position.
FIG. 12 is a front elevation of the exercise machine of the second embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 13 is a plan view of the exercise machine of the second embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 14 is an exploded view of the exercise machine of the second embodiment of the invention.
FIGS. 15A–B are geometric representations of the decrease in mechanical advantage to a user of the exercise machine of the first embodiment of the invention while performing leg press.
FIG. 16 is a graph of a force curve indicating the resistance force encountered by a user of the exercise machine of the first embodiment of the invention while performing leg press.
FIGS. 17A–B are geometric representations of the decrease in mechanical advantage to a user of the exercise machine of the first embodiment of the invention while performing leg press.
FIG. 18 is a graph of a force curve indicating the resistance force encountered by a user of the exercise machine of the second embodiment of the invention while performing leg press.
FIG. 19 is an isometric view of an exercise machine according to a third embodiment of the invention.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The exercise machine of the present invention may be realized in multiple embodiments, several of which are described herein as exemplary of the novel features of the invention. A first exemplary embodiment of a leg press/abdominal crunch exercise machine 1 (hereinafter “exercise machine 1”) is depicted in FIGS. 1–7. The exercise machine 1 may be characterized as having two portions based upon the types of exercises it offers to a user: an abdominal crunch portion 2 and a leg press portion 3. The exercise machine 1 is built upon a frame 4. The frame 4 is composed of several sections, including a base rail 5, a weight stack attachment rail 6, a front stabilizer bar 8, a rear stabilizer bar 10, a rear seat post 12, a front seat post 14, and a seat bar 16. The various bars and post that compose the frame 4 may be, for example, straight, tubular (e.g., round or square), metal (e.g., steel) beams that are attached together, for example, with brackets and through bolts. Such brackets may be separate pieces or integral with the various bars and posts.
The base rail 5 is the foundation of the frame 4 and generally rests flat upon a floor surface. The base rail 5 generally extends the length of the exercise machine 1 as shown in FIG. 2. Attached to the front end and rear end of the base rail 5 are the front stabilizer bar 8 and rear stabilizer bar 10, respectively. The front and rear stabilizer bars 8, 10 provide lateral support to prevent the exercise machine 1 from tipping over onto either the left or right side. The rear stabilizer bar 10 may be attached to or integral with the weight stack attachment rail 6, as shown in FIG. 1.
As used herein, “front” refers generally to the end of the exercise machine 1 having the leg press portion 3 and “back” refers generally to the end of the exercise machine 1 having the abdominal crunch portion 2. Also, as used herein, “left” refers generally to the left side of the exercise machine 1 as viewed from the front end and “right” refers generally to the right side of the exercise machine 1 as viewed from the front end (i.e., the side from which the weight stack attachment rail 6 extends).
The weight stack attachment rail 6 extending from the right side of the base rail 5 physically connects the exercise machine 1 to a weight stack (not shown) via weight stack bracket 74. The weight stack provide a resistance force employed by the exercise machine 1. The exercise machine 1 may be one of several machines providing different exercises attached to the weight stack in a circuit training configuration wherein each of the machines shares the resistance force provided by the weight stack. The weight stack attachment rail 6 may further provide additional lateral stabilization for the exercise machine 1 of FIGS. 1–7. It should be apparent that the exercise machine 1 may be physically attached to the weight stack by any of a variety of means and at any of a variety of locations. In some embodiments, it may be unnecessary to attach the exercise machine 1 to the weight stack; for example, the exercise machine 1 and the weight stack may be fixedly mounted with respect to each other. Further, the resistance force may be provided by some means other than a weight stack, for example, a hydraulic resistance system, a friction resistance system, a tension resistance system, and a flexion resistance system.
The front seat post 14 may be attached, generally medially, to the base rail 5 to extend upward. The rear seat post 12 may be attached to the base rail 5 toward the rear end of the base rail 5, also extending upward. The seat bar 16 is supported by and attached to the front seat post 14 and the rear seat post 12. The rear seat post 12 may have a seat support extension 13 extending toward the front of the exercise machine 1 for attachment to the seat bar 16. The seat bar 16 may fit over and around the seat support extension 13 or vice versa. The front seat post 14 may extend higher than the seat support extension to provide an incline of the seat bar 16 from the rear toward the front.
The seat bar 16 may further support a seat pad 17 upon which a user may sit while performing exercises on the exercise machine 1. The seat bar 16 may also support grip rails 24 attached along the left and right sides of the seat bar 16 and extending beyond the width of the seat pad 18. The grip rails 24 may be grasped by the hands of the user to provide support to the user while performing exercises on the exercise machine 1. Similarly, the rear seat post 12 may support a back rest 18 against which the user may lean when performing exercises. The back rest 18 may be attached to a back rest plate 19 mounted on a back rest bar 20 insertable into a back rest sleeve 21 mounted on the rear seat post 16. The back rest bar 20 may slide within the back rest sleeve 21 to provide a variable position of the back rest 18 for the user. The back rest bar 20 may be alterably attached to the back rest sleeve 21 by a spring pin 22 fixed to the back rest sleeve 21 that engages one of a plurality of apertures along the back rest bar 20.
The top of the rear seat post 12 may further support a head rest frame 28, which rests atop the rear seat post 12. A head rest 23 may be mounted to the head rest frame 28 and lay flush against the rear seat post 12 parallel to the back rest 18 when the abdominal crunch portion 2 is in a rest position, as shown in FIG. 2. The head rest frame 28 may support a handlebar 26 for grasping by a user to perform an abdominal crunch exercise. The head rest frame 28 may further be connected to the upper abdominal arm 30 by an arm bracket 36 portion to which the upper abdominal arm 30 is fixedly mounted. The handlebar 26 may be mounted to the head rest frame 28 behind the upper abdominal arm 28 by a hinge 27 connection. The hinge 27 allows a user to move the handlebar 26 out of the way when mounting the exercise machine 1. The head rest frame 28 may also act as a termination point for a cable 76 (e.g., as shown in FIG. 9) connected through a pulley system (as described in detail infra) to a resistance force, e.g., a weight stack.
A lower abdominal arm 32 may be mounted to the rear seat post 12 between the back rest sleeve 21 and the top of the rear seat post 12, underneath the head rest frame 28. The distal end of the lower abdominal arm 32 may include an arm hinge bearing 33. The upper abdominal arm 30 may have an arm hinge pin 35 on a distal end from the frame 4 for operably connecting with the arm hinge bearing 33 to create a an abdominal arm hinge 34 between the lower abdominal arm 32 and the upper abdominal arm 30. Both the upper abdominal arm 30 and the lower abdominal arm 32 may extend laterally from the right side of the frame 4, perpendicular the vertical orientation of the rear seat post 12. The upper abdominal arm 30 and the lower abdominal arm 32 may also be bent at an angle, for example, at approximately 90°, along their lengths, whereby the abdominal arm hinge 34 is formed in a plane spaced a part from a plane including the lateral extensions of the upper abdominal arm 30 and the lower abdominal arm 32 when the abdominal crunch portion 2 is in a rest position, as shown in FIG. 2. In this manner, the abdominal arm hinge 34 is positioned further toward the front of the exercise machine 1 than the rear seat post 12 at the same height.
The user may grasp the handlebar 26 with his hands above his head. The positioning of the abdominal arm hinge 34 allows the head rest 23 to remain behind the head of a user, and the handlebar 26 to maintain a constant positional relationship with the head rest 23, during the movement of an abdominal crunch exercise as the user bends his head and upper body toward his legs. The cable 76 provides resistance against the user as he pulls on the handlebar 26 during the abdominal crunch exercise. While the lower abdominal arm 32 remains fixed, the upper abdominal arm 30 rotates about the abdominal arm hinge 34, allowing the user's arms to move forward and downward while remaining over the user's head during the exercise.
The leg press portion 3 of the exercise machine 1 is mounted on the frame 4 in front of the front seat post 14. The leg press portion 3 according to the first embodiment of the exercise machine 1 is composed primarily of a first four bar linkage system 37, a second four bar linkage system 38, and a structure for engaging the feet or lower legs of the user, in this case, a foot plate 39. The first four bar linkage system 37 may be formed by two pairs of generally vertical bars: a left rear bar 46, a right rear bar 48, a left front bar 50, and a right front bar 52; a foot plate bar 42; and, in this exemplary embodiment, a riser frame 44. The left rear bar 46 and the right rear bar 48 may together be considered one of the four sides of the first four bar linkage system 37. In one exemplary embodiment, the left rear bar 46 and the right rear bar 48 may each be approximately 73.6 cm long between pivot point B and pivot point C. Similarly, the left front bar 50 and the right front bar 52 may together be considered another of the four sides of the first four bar linkage system 37. In the exemplary embodiment, the left front bar 50 and the right front bar 52 may each be approximately 73.6 cm long between pivot point A and pivot point D.
The top ends of the left rear bar 46, the right rear bar 48, the left front bar 50, and the right front bar 52 may each be pivotally attached, generally transverse to the foot plate bar 42. The left front bar 50 and the right front bar 52 may be attached directly opposing each other on opposites sides of the foot plate bar 42 on an axel through the foot plate bar 42 at pivot point A. Likewise, the left rear bar 46 and the right rear bar 48 may be attached directly opposing each other on opposites sides of the foot plate bar 42 on an axel through the foot plate bar 42 at pivot point B. In the exemplary embodiment, the distance between pivot point A and pivot point B may be approximately 23.5 cm. The bottom ends of the left rear bar 46, the right rear bar 48, the left front bar 50, and the right front bar 52 may each be pivotally attached, generally transverse to the riser frame 44. The left rear bar 46 and the right rear bar 48 may be attached directly opposing each other on opposites sides of the riser frame 44 on an axel through the riser frame 44 at pivot point C. Likewise, the left front bar 50 and the right front bar 52 may be attached directly opposing each other on opposites sides of the riser frame 44 on an axel through the riser frame 44 at pivot point D. In the exemplary embodiment, the distance between pivot point C and pivot point D may be approximately 36.5 cm. The distance between pivot points C and D is greater than the distance between pivot points A and B.
The riser frame 44 may be mounted on or integral with the base rail 5. In the first embodiment, the riser frame 44 is composed of two flat panels on each side of and extending above the base rail 5. The riser frame 44 may be used to provide clearance between the bottoms of the left rear bar 46, the right rear bar 48, the left front bar 50, and the right front bar 52 of the first four bar linkage system 37 and the floor on which the exercise machine 1 may rest. The riser frame 44 may further provide for a vertical offset between pivot point C and pivot point D to affect the motion of the first four bar linkage system 37 as desired. In one exemplary embodiment, the vertical offset between pivot point C and pivot point D is approximately 6 cm. However, it should be noted that in some embodiments a riser frame 44 may not be necessary or desirable and the pivot points C and D may be located, for example, on the base rail 5 (as in the second embodiment of FIGS. 8–14). The riser frame 44 may further have a stop pin 57, for example, a shaft extending from either the left side, the right side, or both sides of the riser frame 44, to impede the motion of the first four bar linkage system 37 in the,rearward direction. The stop pin 57 defines the rest position of the leg press portion 3 of the exercise machine 1 and prevents the cable 76 from pulling the leg press portion closer to the rear of the exercise machine 1.
The foot plate 39 may be fixedly mounted to the rear end of the foot plate bar 42. A foot plate handle 40 may be provided on the foot plate 39 for aiding the user in mounting the exercise machine 1. When a user places his feet against the foot plate 39 in the resting position, the lower legs of the user (i.e., between the knees and ankles) should be normal to the plane of the foot plate 39. The back rest 18 may be adjusted forward or backward along the back rest bar 20 to help appropriately position the user and the user's legs vis-à-vis the foot plate 39. When the user extends his legs, the first four bar linkage system 37 defines a movement about an instantaneous (i.e., constantly changing) axis of rotation that maintains the foot plate 39 in a position normal to the lower legs of the user. That is, the angle of inclination of the foot plate 39 changes throughout the back and forth movement of the leg press exercise to maintain a position normal to the user's lower legs. In this manner, the first four bar linkage system 37 of the exercise machine 1 is able to better focus the resistance force on the desired muscle groups of the user throughout the entire movement of the leg press exercise.
A second four bar linkage system 38 is operably connected to the first four bar linkage system 37. The second four bar linkage system 38 is also operably connected with the cable 76, and thereby with the resistance force, and is designed to create a positive or increasing force curve throughout the extension of the user's legs during a leg press exercise. Stated in another way, the second four bar linkage system 38 operates to decrease the mechanical advantage of the user as the user extends his legs during the leg press exercise. Conversely, the second four bar linkage system 38 increases the mechanical advantage of the resistance force as applied through the cable 76.
The second four bar linkage system 38 may actually be formed from part of the first four bar linkage system 37. In the first embodiment of the exercise machine of FIGS. 1–7, the second four bar linkage system 38 is composed of a rear tension frame 54, a front tension bar 56, a portion of each of the left rear bar 46 and the right rear bar 48, and the riser frame 44. The front tension bar 56 is operably mounted to the rear tension frame 54 at pivot point E, for example, with a bolt or hinge, and similarly operably mounted to the riser frame 44 at pivot point G. In one exemplary embodiment, the distance between pivot point E and pivot point G may be approximately 41.5 cm, and pivot point G may be located on the riser frame 44 approximately 4 cm from pivot point C and at approximately a 7° above a line intersecting pivot points C and D. Alternatively, the front tension bar 56 may be mounted on the same shaft connecting the left front bar 50 and the right front bar 52 to the riser frame 44 at pivot point D, if desired, without significantly impacting the functionality of the second four bar linkage system 38. The rear tension frame 54 is operably mounted to the left rear bar 46 and the right rear bar 48 at a pivot point F between the top and the bottom of the left rear bar 46 and the right rear bar 48. The third member of the second four bar linkage system 38 is composed of the portions of the left rear bar 46 and right rear bar 48 between pivot point F and pivot point C on the riser frame 44. In one exemplary embodiment, the distance between pivot points F and C is approximately 39 cm. The fourth member of the second four bar linkage system 38 is the riser frame 44 between pivot point C and pivot point G. The pivot points and the lengths of the components of the first four bar linkage system 37 and the second four bar linkage system 38 may be altered or modified as desired to vary the resultant force curve and change the level of mechanical disadvantage to the user.
The rear tension frame 54 may extend rearward and downward beyond the left rear bar 46 and the right rear bar 48 toward the front seat post 14. The rear tension frame 54 may be angled or curved downward to help achieve the desired positive force curve during the exercise or to provide clearance between other components of the exercise machine 1. A leg press pulley 60 may be rotationally mounted on a shaft at the rear end of the rear tension frame 54 for operable connection with the cable 76 (as discussed with respect to FIGS. 1 and 2, infra) to supply the resistance force to the leg press portion 3 of the exercise machine 1. In one exemplary embodiment, the angle formed in the rear tension frame 54 between pivot point E, pivot point F, and the shaft of the leg press pulley 60, where pivot point F is the vertex, is approximately 132°. The shaft forming the stop pin 57 may also extend through the riser frame 44 to impede the forward motion of the rear tension frame 54 and act as a limitation on a maximum extension position, as shown in FIG. 3.
The decrease in the mechanical advantage of the user during the course of a leg press exercise can be seen by comparing the position of the second four bar linkage system 38 in the resting state, as shown in FIG. 2, and in the extended state, as shown in FIG. 3. The angle φ between the front tension bar 56 and the rear tension frame 54 with a vertex at pivot point E is approximately 111° when the second four bar linkage system 38 is in the resting position. When the user presses the leg press portion 3 to the extended position, the angle φ between the front tension bar 56 and the rear tension frame 54 decreases to approximately 49°. While the resistance force on the cable 76 remains constant, the movement of the second four bar linkage system 38, in conjunction with the first four bar linkage system 37, during a leg press increases the mechanical advantage from the perspective of the cable 76 and reduces the mechanical advantage of the user.
In this manner, the combination of the first four bar linkage system 37 with one or more additional linkage bars operates as a force conditioning device. That is, by operably connecting the first four bar linkage system 37, which is primarily for maintaining a normal interface with the lower leg of the user, with one or more additional linkage bars, a mechanical advantage is allocated to a first force, e.g., the tension on the cable 76, acting on the leg press portion 3 of the exercise machine 1 in opposition to a second force, e.g., the force of the user's leg acting on the foot plate 39. The mechanical advantage gained or mechanical disadvantage imposed, depending upon the perspective, by the components of the leg press portion 3 may be viewed as a conditioning of the forces acting upon the exercise machine 1. In the embodiments described herein, generally two additional bars have been added to the first four bar linkage system 37. These two bars are operably engaged with each other and a portion of the first four bar linkage system 37 resulting in a second four bar linkage system 38. However, it is conceivable that the addition of only one bar, or the addition of more than two bars, may be used to achieve similar force conditioning effects. For example, using an appropriately shaped bar and/or movable pivot points, e.g., a channel lock-type connecting, together with a first four bar linkage system 37 could provide the desired mechanical advantage.
The reduction in the mechanical advantage of the user is apparent through the application of basic principles of physics. FIGS. 15A–B depict a simplified illustration of the decrease in mechanical advantage to a user created by the combination of the first four bar linkage system 37 and the second four bar linkage system 38. FIG. 15A is a simplified representation of the forces acting on the leg press portion 3 in the resting position of FIG. 2. Cable 76 provides tension T on the leg press pulley 60. In order to counteract the force of tension T, at least an equal and opposite opposing force of −T must be applied to the leg press pulley 60. Leg press pulley 60 is mounted on one end of the rear tension frame 54 and the opposing end of the rear tension frame 54 is connected to front tension bar 56. Rear tension frame 54 further rotates about pivot point F.
A force may be applied to the top of the rear tension frame 54, and translated by pivot point F through the rear tension frame 54 to leg press pulley 60 at the bottom end of the rear tension frame 54, into the desired opposing force −T. This force F1 is supplied by the front tension bar 56 pushing against the top of the rear tension frame 54 at pivot point E. Force F, is, however, at an angle φ1 to the horizontal direction of tension T. Therefore, only the horizontal component F1× of force F1 is able to act in opposition to tension T. The magnitude of force F1 with a horizontal component F1× equal to T is T/cos φ1, which is a force greater than tension T. The force F1 is supplied by the user pressing against the foot plate, which is translated through the first four bar linkage system 37 to the front tension bar 56 of the second four bar linkage system 38.
A simplified representation of the forces acting on the leg press portion 3 in the extended position of FIG. 3 is shown in FIG. 15B to provide a comparison to the resting position forces and illustrate the resulting increase in the force curve. Assuming the same tension T on the leg press pulley 60, an opposing force −T, a force equal and opposite to T, must again be applied to the leg press pulley 60. This force may again be applied to the top of the rear tension frame 54 at pivot point E and translated through the pivot point F to the leg press pulley 60. The force F2 is supplied by the front tension bar 56 pushing against the top of the rear tension frame 54. Force F2 is, however, at an angle φ2 to the horizontal direction of tension T. Therefore, only the horizontal component F2× of force F2 is able to act in opposition to tension T. The magnitude of force F2 with a horizontal component F2× equal to T is T/cos φ2, which is a force greater than tension T. As angle φ2 is greater than angle φ1, force F2 is also greater than F1.
As indicated, the representations of FIGS. 15A–B are greatly simplified and do not take into account the effect on the magnitude of forces required to counter tension T, for example, by the angle of incidence of the force provided by the user's legs, the angled design of the rear tension frame 54, the torque advantage of the rear tension frame 54 due to pivot point F, the instantaneous changes in configuration of the first four bar linkage system 37 and the second four bar linkage system 38, and the interaction between the first four bar linkage system 37 and the second four bar linkage system 38. However, the design of the exercise machine 1 does account for such factors and results in a force requirement on the user that is greater than the tension on the cable 76 and that continuously increases as the leg press portion 3 moves from the resting position to the extended position.
FIG. 16 shows the decrease in mechanical advantage to the user translated into an increasing force curve throughout the extension of a user's legs during a leg press exercise using the exercise machine 1 of FIGS. 1–7. In the exemplary leg press exercise depicted by the graph of FIG. 16, a 90 kg mass was attached to the cable 76 and was acted upon by gravity to provide a constant resistance force. The horizontal axis indicating position is the position of the foot plate 39 during an extension movement. Rather than indicating an actual distance, understanding that the foot plate 39 is moving about an instantaneous axis, the position axis indicates equal time increments of a constant movement from the start position as shown in FIG. 2 to a fully extended position as shown in FIG. 3. As indicated in the graph of FIG. 16, the combination of the first four bar system 37 and the second four bar system 38 increases the effective force required of a user at the start position from 90 kg (under gravity) to approximately 153 kg (under gravity). Further, as the user extends his legs through the exercise, the effective force required to counter the resistance force is generally constantly increasing, up to approximately 193 kg (under gravity) at the completion of a leg extension.
As previously indicated, the resistance force provided by the exercise machine 1 may be in the form of a weight stack (not shown) or other resistance system. The weight stack may be operably connected to both the abdominal crunch portion 2 and the leg press portion 3 of the exercise machine 1 by a single cable 76. At a first end the cable 76 is mounted to the head rest frame 28 such that the first end of the cable 76 is pulled by and moves with the head rest 23 and handlebar 26 during an abdominal crunch exercise. The cable 76 is threaded along a top rear seat post pulley 66, which is rotationally mounted on an axel near the top of the rear seat post 12, down the rear seat post 12 to bottom rear seat post pulley 68, which is rotationally mounted on an axel near the bottom of the rear seat post 12, where the direction of the cable 76 is changed. From the bottom rear seat post pulley 68, the cable 76 is routed under the seat bar 16 and threaded over the top of a top front seat post pulley 62, which is rotationally mounted on an axel near the top of the front seat post 14. The cable 76 is then threaded over the leg press pulley 60, whereby the cable 76 is directed in the opposite direction toward the rear of the exercise machine 1.
The cable 76 is then threaded over the top of a bottom front seat post pulley 64, which is rotationally mounted on a shaft near the bottom of the front seat post 14, and again routed under the seat bar 16. The cable 76 is then threaded around angular pulley 70, which is rotationally mounted at the intersection of the base rail 5 and the weight stack attachment rail 6. The angular pulley 70 may be mounted appropriately to translate the direction of the cable 76 along the length of the weight stack attachment rail 6. The cable 76 is routed along the weight stack attachment rail 6 and threaded around a weight stack pulley 72 that is rotationally mounted at the distal end of the weight stack attachment rail 6. Once the cable 76 has passed around the weight stack pulley 72, it may be connected to the resistance force directly, e.g., a weight stack, or it may be connected to a secondary cable (not shown) that is in turn connected to the resistance force.
A second embodiment of the exercise machine 1 of the present invention is depicted in FIGS. 8–14. The frame 4, the abdominal crunch portion 2, and the pulley system (as shown in FIGS. 8 and 9) of the exercise machine 1 of the second embodiment are substantially the same as in the first embodiment. However, the leg press portion 3 of the exercise machine 1 is of an alternative design. As in the first embodiment, the leg press portion 3 of the exercise machine 1 is mounted on the frame 4 in front of the front seat post 14. Similarly, the leg press portion 3 according to the second embodiment of the exercise machine 1 is composed primarily of a first four bar linkage system 37, a second four bar linkage system 38, and a structure for engaging the feet or lower legs of the user, again depicted as a foot plate 39. In the second embodiment, the first four bar linkage system 37 may be formed by two pairs of generally vertically oriented bent bars: a left rear bar 46, a right rear bar 48, a left front bar 50, and a right front bar 52; a foot plate bar 42; and, in this exemplary embodiment, a portion of the base rail 5. The left rear bar 46 and the right rear bar 48 may together be considered one of the four sides of the first four bar linkage system 37. In one exemplary embodiment, the distance between pivot point B and pivot point C is approximately 74.3 cm. The left rear bar 46 and the right rear bar 48 may each be bent at approximately a 143° angle with a vertex located approximately 54.7 cm from pivot point C and approximately 21.7 cm from pivot point B. Similarly, the left front bar 50 and the right front bar 52 may together be considered another of the four sides of the first four bar linkage system 37. In the exemplary embodiment, the distance between pivot point A and pivot point D is approximately 74.3 cm. The left front bar 50 and the right front bar 52 may each be bent at approximately a 143° angle with a vertex located approximately 54.7 cm from pivot point D and approximately 21.7 cm from pivot point A.
The top ends of the left rear bar 46, the right rear bar 48, the left front bar 50, and the right front bar 52 of the second embodiment may each be pivotally attached, generally transverse to the foot plate bar 42. The left front bar 50 and the right front bar 52 may be attached directly opposing each other on opposites sides of the foot plate bar 42 on an axel through the foot plate bar 42 at pivot point A. Likewise, the left rear bar 46 and the right rear bar 48 may be attached directly opposing each other on opposites sides of the foot plate bar 42 on an axel through the foot plate bar 42 at pivot point B. In the exemplary embodiment, the distance between pivot point A and pivot point B may be approximately 10.7 cm. The bottom ends of the left rear bar 46, the right rear bar 48, the left front bar 50, and the right front bar 52 may each be pivotally attached, generally transverse to a portion of the base rail 5. The left rear bar 46 and the right rear bar 48 may be attached directly opposing each other on opposites sides of the base rail 5 on an axel through the base rail 5 at pivot point C. Likewise, the left front bar 50 and the right front bar 52 may be attached directly opposing each other on opposites sides of the base rail 5 on an axel through the base rail bar 5 at pivot point D. In the exemplary embodiment, the distance between pivot point C and pivot point D may be approximately 16.4 cm. The distance between pivot points C and D is greater than the distance between pivot points A and B.
The foot plate 39 may be fixedly mounted to the rear end of the foot plate bar 42. A foot plate handle 40 may be provided on the foot plate 39 for aiding the user in mounting the exercise machine 1. When a user places his feet against the foot plate 39 in the resting position, the lower legs of the user (i.e., between the knees and ankles) should be normal to the plane of the foot plate 39. The back rest 18 may be adjusted forward or backward along the back rest bar 20 to help appropriately position the user and the user's legs vis-à-vis the foot plate 39. When the user extends his legs, the first four bar linkage system 37 defines a movement about an instantaneous (i.e., constantly changing) axis of rotation that maintains the foot plate 39 in a position normal to the lower legs of the user. That is, the angle of inclination of the foot plate 39 changes throughout the back and forth movement of the leg press exercise to maintain a position normal to the user's lower legs. In this manner, the first four bar linkage system 37 of the exercise machine 1 is able to better focus the resistance force on the desired muscle groups of the user throughout the entire movement of the leg press exercise.
A second four bar linkage system 38 is operably connected to the first four bar linkage system 37. The second four bar linkage system 38 is also operably connected with the cable 76, and thereby with the resistance force, and is designed to create a positive or increasing force curve throughout the extension of the user's legs during a leg press exercise. Stated in another way, the second four bar linkage system 38 operates to decrease the mechanical advantage of the user as the user extends his legs during the leg press exercise. Conversely, the second four bar linkage system 38 increases the mechanical advantage of the resistance force as applied through the cable 76.
The second four bar linkage system 38 may actually be formed from part of the first four bar linkage system 37. In the second embodiment of the exercise machine 1 of FIGS. 8–14, the second four bar linkage system 38 is composed of a rear tension bar 55, a front tension bar 56, a portion of each of the left rear bar 46 and the right rear bar 48, and the foot plate bar 42. The front tension bar 56 is operably mounted to the rear tension bar 55 at pivot point F, for example, with a bolt or hinge, and similarly operably mounted between the left front bar 50 and the right front bar 52 at pivot point E between the top and the bottom of the left front bar 50 and the right front bar 52. In this exemplary embodiment, pivot point E is located approximately 50 cm from pivot point D and the distance between pivot point E and pivot point F along the front tension bar 56 is approximately 22.7 cm. The rear tension bar 55 is also operably mounted to the foot plate bar 42 at a pivot point G, which in this exemplary embodiment is located approximately 15 cm apart from point A and at approximately a 27° angle below a line intersecting pivot point A and pivot point B. In this exemplary embodiment, the distance between pivot points G and F along the rear tension bar 55 is approximately 39.5 cm. Alternatively, the rear tension bar 55 may be mounted on the same shaft connecting the left rear bar 46 and the right rear bar 48 to the foot plate bar 42 at pivot point B, if desired, without significantly impacting the functionality of the second four bar linkage system 38.
The third member of the second four bar linkage system 38 is composed of the portions of the left front bar 50 and right front bar 52 between pivot point A and pivot point E, which in this exemplary embodiment are approximately 26.5 cm apart. The fourth member of the second four bar linkage system 38 is the foot plate bar 42 between pivot point A and pivot point G. The pivot points and the lengths of the components of the first four bar linkage system 37 and the second four bar linkage system 38 may be altered or modified as desired to vary the resultant force curve and change the level of mechanical disadvantage to the user.
A leg press pulley 60 may be rotationally mounted on a shaft at the rearward extending end of the front tension bar 56, below pivot point F for operable connection with the cable 76 (as shown in FIGS. 8 and 9) to supply the resistance force to the leg press portion 3 of the exercise machine 1. The front end of the seat bar 16 may have a stop bumper 58 for engaging the front tension bar 56 to impede the motion of both the first four bar linkage system 37 and the second four bar linkage system 38 in the rearward direction. When the front tension bar 56 engages the stop bumper, the leg press portion 3 of the exercise machine is in the resting position indicated in FIG. 9. Additionally, left front bar 50 and right front bar 52 may each have a stop pad 59 located toward the bottom of each of the bars. The left front bar 50 and the right front bar 52 may engage the front stabilizer bar 8 at the location of the stop pads 59, impeding the motion of both the first four bar linkage system 37 and the second four bar linkage system 38 in the forward direction, thus indicating the maximum extended position, as shown in FIG. 10.
The decrease in the mechanical advantage of the user during the course of a leg press exercise can be seen by comparing the position of the second four bar linkage system 38 in the resting state, as shown in FIG. 9, and in the extended state, as shown in FIG. 10. The interior angle θ between the front tension bar 56 and the rear tension bar 55, formed between pivot point G, pivot point F, and the axel of leg press pulley 60, with a vertex at pivot point F, is approximately 117° when the second four bar linkage system 38 is in the resting position. When the user presses the leg press portion 3 to the extended position, the angle θ between the front tension bar 56 and the rear tension bar 55 increases to approximately 155°. While the resistance force on the cable 76 remains constant, the movement of the second four bar linkage system 38, in conjunction with the first four bar linkage system 37, during a leg press increases the mechanical advantage from the perspective of the cable 76 and reduces the mechanical advantage of the user.
The reduction of the mechanical advantage of the user in the second embodiment is apparent through an analogous application of basic principles of physics as with respect to first embodiment. FIGS. 17A–B depict a simplified illustration of the decrease in mechanical advantage to a user created by the combination of the first four bar linkage system 37 and the second four bar linkage system 38 of the second embodiment. FIG. 18 shows the decrease in mechanical advantage to the user translated into an increasing force curve throughout the extension of a user's legs during a leg press exercise. FIG. 17A is a simplified representation of the forces acting on the leg press portion 3 in the resting position of FIG. 9. Cable 76 provides tension T on the leg press pulley 60. In order to counteract the force of tension T, at least an equal and opposite opposing force of −T must be applied to the leg press pulley 60. Leg press pulley 60 is mounted on the lower end of the front tension bar 56 and an intermediate location of the front tension bar 56 is connected to the rear tension bar 55 at pivot point F.
A force may be applied to the top of the rear tension bar 55, and transferred at pivot point F to the font tension bar 56 to leg press pulley 60 at the lower end of the front tension bar 56, into the desired opposing force −T. This force F1 is supplied by the rear tension bar 55 pushing downward and forward against the front tension bar 56 at pivot point F. Force F1 is, however, at an angle θ1 to the horizontal direction of tension T. Therefore, only the horizontal component F1× of force F1 is able to act in opposition to tension T. The magnitude of force F1 with a horizontal component F1× equal to −T is −T/cos φ1, which is a force greater than tension −T. The force F1 is supplied by the user pressing against the foot plate, which is translated both through the first four bar linkage system 37 and the second four bar linkage system 38 to the leg press pulley 60 lower end of the front tension bar 56.
A simplified representation of the forces acting on the leg press portion 3 of the second embodiment of the exercise machine 1 in the extended position of FIG. 10 is shown in FIG. 17B to provide a comparison to the resting position forces and illustrate the resulting increase in the force curve. Assuming the same tension T on the leg press pulley 60, an opposing force −T, a force equal and opposite to T, must again be applied to the leg press pulley 60. This force may again be applied to the top of the rear tension frame 54 at pivot point E and translated through the pivot point F to the leg press pulley 60. The force F2 is supplied by the front tension bar 56 pushing against the top of the rear tension bar 55. Force F2 is, however, at an angle θ2 to the horizontal direction of tension T. Therefore, only the horizontal component F2× of force F2 is able to act in opposition to tension T. The magnitude of force F2 with a horizontal component F2× equal to −T is −T/cos φ2, which is a force greater than tension −T. As angle θ2 is greater than angle θ1, force F2 is also greater than F1.
As indicated, the representations of FIGS. 17A–B are greatly simplified and do not take into account the effect on the magnitude of forces required to counter tension T, for example, by the angle of incidence of the force provided by the user's legs, the torque advantage of the front tension bar 56 due to pivot point F, the instantaneous changes in configuration of the first four bar linkage system 37 and the second four bar linkage system 38, and the interaction between the first four bar linkage system 37 and the second four bar linkage system 38. However, the design of the exercise machine 1 does account for such factors and results in a force requirement on the user that is greater than the tension on the cable 76 and that continuously increases as the leg press portion 3 moves from the resting position to the extended position.
FIG. 18 shows the decrease in mechanical advantage to the user translated into an increasing force curve throughout the extension of a user's legs during a leg press exercise using the exercise machine 1 of FIGS. 8–14. In the exemplary leg press exercise depicted by the graph of FIG. 18, a 90 kg mass was attached to the cable 76 and was acted upon by gravity to provide a constant resistance force. The horizontal axis indicating position is the position of the foot plate 39 during an extension movement. Rather than indicating an actual distance, understanding that the foot plate 39 is moving about an instantaneous axis, the position axis indicates equal time increments of a constant movement from the start position as shown in FIG. 9 to a fully extended position as shown in FIG. 10. As indicated in the graph of FIG. 18, the combination of the first four bar system 37 and the second four bar system 38 increases the effective force required of a user at the start position from 90 kg (under gravity) to approximately 145 kg (under gravity). Further, as the user extends his legs through the exercise, the effective force required to counter the resistance force is generally constantly increasing, up to approximately 255 kg (under gravity) at the completion of a leg extension. As is evident from a comparison of the force curves of FIGS. 16 and 18, the exercise machine 1 of the embodiment of FIGS. 8–10 provides a greater mechanical disadvantage to the user than the exercise machine 1 of the embodiment of FIGS. 1–7, and thereby provides a more intense exercise experience.
A third embodiment of the exercise machine 1 of the present invention is depicted in FIG. 19. This embodiment is configured for use, for example, with a circuit weight stack. The exercise machine 1 is built upon a frame 4. The frame 4 is composed of several sections, including a base rail 5, a handlebar post attachment rail (not shown), a handlebar support post 7, a rear support post 11, a rear support plate 9, a rear seat post 12, a front seat post 14, and a seat bar 16. The various bars and post that compose the frame 4 may be, for example, straight, tubular (e.g., round or square), metal (e.g., steel) beams that are attached together, for example, with brackets and through bolts. Such brackets may be separate pieces or integral with the various bars and posts.
The base rail 5 is the foundation of the frame 4 and generally rests flat upon a floor surface. The base rail 5 generally extends generally the length of the exercise machine 1 as shown in FIG. 19. This embodiment of the exercise machine 1 is generally attached to a circuit weight stack unit by lateral support rails (not shown) to prevent the exercise machine 1 from tipping over onto either the left or right side.
The handlebar post attachment rail (not shown) extends from the right side of the base rail 5 and physically connects the exercise machine 1 to the handlebar support post 7. A rear stabilizer bar 10 may be attached to or integral with the handle bar support post 7 and angle rearward and downward to connect with the seat support extension 13, in this case mostly concealed by a bottom rear pulley cover 69. The rear stabilizer bar 10 may further provide additional lateral stabilization for the exercise machine 1.
The front seat post 14 may be attached, generally medially, to the base rail 5 to extend upward. The seat bar 16 is supported by and attached to the front seat post 14 and the rear support post 12. The rear support post 12 may have a seat support extension 13 extending toward the front of the exercise machine 1 for attachment to the seat bar 16. The seat bar 16 may fit over and around the seat support extension 13 or vice versa. The rear seat post 12 may be attached to the seat bar 16 toward the rear end of the seat bar 16 and extend upward.
The seat bar 16 may further support a seat slide 77 covered by the seat pad 17 upon which a user may sit while performing exercises on the exercise machine 1. The seat slide 77 may be engaged with the seat bar 16 by a seat pop pin 78 that fits into any of multiple apertures along the top of the seat bar 16. The user may move forward or backward by pulling the seat pop pin 78, sliding the seat slide 77 along the seat bar 16, and engaging the seat pop pin 78 at a desired location. The seat slide 78 may also support grip rails 24 attached along the left and right sides of the seat bar 78 and extending beyond the width of the seat pad 18. The grip rails 24 may be grasped by the hands of the user to provide support to the user while performing exercises on the exercise machine 1. Similarly, the rear seat post 12 may support a back rest 18 against which the user may lean when performing exercises.
The handlebar support post 7 may support an arm hinge plate 29, which in turn is operably mounted by abdominal arm hinge 34 to an upper abdominal arm 30. The upper abdominal arm 30 supports a handlebar 26 for grasping by a user to perform an abdominal crunch exercise. The handlebar 26 further supports a head rest 23, which is mounted thereon. A cable terminator 80 may be connected the back of the head rest 23, or alternately to the handlebar 26 or to the upper abdominal arm 30. The cable terminator 80 acts as a termination point for a cable 76 connected through a pulley system (as described in detail infra) to a resistance force, e.g., a weight stack.
The upper abdominal arm 30 may be bent at an angle, for example, at approximately 90°, along its length to reach from the handlebar support post 7 to a position above and behind the back rest 18. In this manner, the abdominal arm hinge 34 is positioned further toward the front of the exercise machine 1 than the rear seat post 12 at the same height. The user may grasp the handlebar 26 with his hands above his head. The positioning of the abdominal arm hinge 34 allows the head rest 23 to remain behind the head of a user, and the handlebar 26 to maintain a constant positional relationship with the head rest 23, during the movement of an abdominal crunch exercise as the user bends his head and upper body toward his legs. The cable 76 provides resistance against the user as he pulls on the handlebar 26 during the abdominal crunch exercise. While the arm hinge plate 29 remains fixed atop the handlebar support post 7, the upper abdominal arm 30 rotates about the abdominal arm hinge 34, allowing the user's arms to move forward and downward while remaining over the user's head during the exercise.
The leg press portion 3 of the exercise machine 1 is of a similar design to the leg press portion 3 of the second embodiment of FIGS. 8–14. As in the second embodiment, the leg press portion 3 of the exercise machine 1 is mounted on the frame 4 in front of the front seat post 14. Similarly, the leg press portion 3 according to the second embodiment of the exercise machine 1 is composed primarily of a first four bar linkage system 37, a second four bar linkage system 38, and a structure for engaging the feet or lower legs of the user, again depicted as a foot plate 39. In the second embodiment, the first four bar linkage system 37 may be formed by two pairs of generally vertically oriented bent bars: a left rear bar 46, a right rear bar (not shown), a left front bar 50, and a right front bar (not shown); a foot plate bar 42; and a riser frame 44. The left rear bar 46 and the right rear bar (not shown) may together be considered one of the four sides of the first four bar linkage system 37. In one exemplary embodiment, the distance between pivot point B and pivot point C may be approximately 74.3 cm. The left rear bar 46 and the right rear bar (not shown) may each be bent at approximately a 143° angle with a vertex located approximately 55.2 cm from pivot point C and approximately 20.9 cm from pivot point B. Similarly, the left front bar 50 and the right front bar (not shown) may together be considered another of the four sides of the first four bar linkage system 37. In the exemplary embodiment, the distance between pivot point A and pivot point D may be approximately 74.3 cm. The left front bar 50 and the right front bar (not shown) may each be bent at approximately a 143° angle with a vertex located approximately 55.2 cm from pivot point D and approximately 20.9 cm from pivot point A.
The top ends of the left rear bar 46, the right rear bar (not shown), the left front bar 50, and the right front bar (not shown) of the third embodiment may each be pivotally attached, generally transverse to the foot plate bar 42. The left front bar 50 and the right front bar (not shown) may be attached directly opposing each other on opposites sides of the foot plate bar 42 on an axel through the foot plate bar 42 at pivot point A. Likewise, the left rear bar 46 and the right rear bar (not shown) may be attached directly opposing each other on opposites sides of the foot plate bar 42 on an axel through the foot plate bar 42 at pivot point B. In the exemplary embodiment, the distance between pivot point A and pivot point B may be 10.7 cm. The bottom ends of the left rear bar 46, the right rear bar (not shown), the left front bar 50, and the right front bar (not shown) may each be pivotally attached, generally transverse to a portion of the riser frame 44. The left rear bar 46 and the right rear bar (not shown) may be attached directly opposing each other on opposites sides of the riser frame 44 on an axel through the riser frame 44 at pivot point C. Likewise, the left front bar 50 and the right front bar (not shown) may be attached directly opposing each other on opposites sides of the riser frame 44 on an axel through the base riser frame 44 at pivot point D. In the exemplary embodiment, the distance between pivot point C and pivot point D may be 16.4 cm. The distance between pivot points C and D is greater than the distance between pivot points A and B.
The riser frame 44 may be mounted on or integral with the base rail 5. The riser frame 44 may be composed of two flat panels on each side of and extending above the base rail 5. The riser frame 44 may be used to provide clearance between the bottoms of the left rear bar 46, the right rear bar 48, the left front bar 50, and the right front bar 52 of the first four bar linkage system 37 and the floor on which the exercise machine 1 may rest. The riser frame 44 may further provide for a vertical offset between pivot point C and pivot point D to affect the motion of the first four bar linkage system 37, the mechanical advantage of the second four bar linkage system 38, or both as desired. In this third exemplary embodiment, the vertical offset between pivot point C and pivot point D is approximately 4 cm.
The foot plate 39 may be fixedly mounted to the rear end of the foot plate bar 42. A foot plate handle 40 may be provided on the foot plate 39 for aiding the user in mounting the exercise machine 1. When a user places his feet against the foot plate 39 in the resting position, the lower legs of the user (i.e., between the knees and ankles) should be normal to the plane of the foot plate 39. The seat slide 77 may be adjusted forward or backward along the seat bar 16 to help appropriately position the user and the user's legs vis-à-vis the foot plate 39. When the user extends his legs, the first four bar linkage system 37 defines a movement about an instantaneous (i.e., constantly changing) axis of rotation that maintains the foot plate 39 in a position normal to the lower legs of the user. That is, the angle of inclination of the foot plate 39 changes throughout the back and forth movement of the leg press exercise to maintain a position normal to the user's lower legs. In this manner, the first four bar linkage system 37 of the exercise machine 1 is able to better focus the resistance force on the desired muscle groups of the user throughout the entire movement of the leg press exercise.
A second four bar linkage system 38 is operably connected to the first four bar linkage system 37. The second four bar linkage system 38 is also operably connected with the cable 76, and thereby with the resistance force, and is designed to create a positive or increasing force curve throughout the extension of the user's legs during a leg press exercise. Stated in another way, the second four bar linkage system 38 operates to decrease the mechanical advantage of the user as the user extends his legs during the leg press exercise. Conversely, the second four bar linkage system 38 increases the mechanical advantage of the resistance force as applied through the cable 76.
The second four bar linkage system 38 may actually be formed from part of the first four bar linkage system 37. In the third embodiment of the exercise machine 1 of FIG. 19, the second four bar linkage system 38 is composed of a rear tension bar 55, a front tension bar 56, a portion of each of the left rear bar 46 and the right rear bar (not shown), and the foot plate bar 42. The front tension bar 56 is operably mounted to the rear tension bar 55 at pivot point F, for example, with a bolt or hinge, and similarly operably mounted between the left front bar 50 and the right front bar (not shown) at pivot point E between the top and the bottom of the left front bar 50 and the right front bar (not shown). In this exemplary embodiment, pivot point E is located approximately 47.3 cm from pivot point D and the distance between pivot point E and pivot point F along the front tension bar 56 is approximately 19 cm. The rear tension bar 55 is also operably mounted to the foot plate bar 42 at a pivot point G, which in this exemplary embodiment is located approximately 20.2 cm apart from point A. In this exemplary embodiment, the distance between pivot points G and F along the rear tension bar 55 is approximately 45.7 cm.
The third member of the second four bar linkage system 38 is composed of the portions of the left front bar 50 and right front bar (not shown) between pivot point A and pivot point E, which in this exemplary embodiment are approximately 28.9 cm apart. The fourth member of the second four bar linkage system 38 is the foot plate bar 42 between pivot point A and pivot point G. The pivot points and the lengths of the components of the first four bar linkage system 37 and the second four bar linkage system 38 may be altered or modified as desired to vary the resultant force curve and change the level of mechanical disadvantage to the user.
A leg press pulley 60 may be rotationally mounted on a shaft at the rearward extending end of the front tension bar 56, below pivot point F for operable connection with the cable 76 to supply the resistance force to the leg press portion 3 of the exercise machine 1. The front end of the seat bar 16 may have a stop bumper 58 for engaging the front tension bar 56 to impede the motion of both the first four bar linkage system 37 and the second four bar linkage system 38 in the rearward direction. When the front tension bar 56 engages the stop bumper, the leg press portion 3 of the exercise machine is in the resting position.
As previously indicated, the resistance force provided by the exercise machine 1 may be in the form of a weight stack (not shown) or other resistance system. The weight stack may be operably connected to both the abdominal crunch portion 2 and the leg press portion 3 of the exercise machine 1 by a single cable 76. At a first end the cable 76 is connected to cable termination 80 mounted to the head rest 23 such that the first end of the cable 76 is pulled by and moves with the head rest 23 and handlebar 26 during an abdominal crunch exercise. The cable 76 is threaded along a top rear support post pulley (not shown) hidden underneath the top rear pulley cover 67. The top rear support post pulley (not shown) is rotationally mounted on an axel near the top of the rear support post 11. The cable 76 is threaded down and within the rear support post 11 to a bottom rear seat post pulley (not shown), which is hidden underneath the bottom rear pulley cover 69. The bottom rear seat post pulley (not shown) is rotationally mounted on an axel near the bottom of the rear support post 11, where the direction of the cable 76 is changed. From the bottom rear seat post pulley (not shown), the cable 76 is routed under the seat bar 16 and threaded over the top of a top front seat post pulley 62, which is rotationally mounted on an axel near the top of the front seat post 14. The cable 76 is then threaded over the leg press pulley 60, whereby the cable 76 is directed in the opposite direction toward the rear of the exercise machine 1.
The cable 76 is then threaded over the top of a bottom front seat post pulley 64, which is rotationally mounted on an axel near the bottom of the front seat post 14, and again routed under the seat bar 16 and downward to a base rail pulley 71. The cable 76 is then threaded around the base rail pulley 71 an into the base rail 5. A horizontal pulley (not shown) is mounted within the base rail 5 to translate the direction of the cable 76 out an opening (not shown) in the right side of the base rail 5 toward a weight stack (not shown) on the right side of the exercise machine 1 to be connected to the resistance force directly, e.g., a weight stack, or to be connected to a secondary cable (not shown) that is in turn connected to the resistance force.
Although various embodiments of this invention have been described above with a certain degree of particularity, or with reference to one or more individual embodiments, those skilled in the art could make numerous alterations to the disclosed embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of this invention. It is intended that all matter contained in the above description and shown in the accompanying drawings shall be interpreted as illustrative only of particular embodiments and not limiting. Changes in detail or structure may be made without departing from the basic elements of the invention as defined in the following claims.

## Claims

1. An exercise machine comprising:
a frame;
a means for transferring an incident force from the legs of a user;
a first four bar linkage system operably mounted to the frame and operably connecting the transferring means to the frame, the first four bar linkage system for allowing back and forth movement of the transferring means along a path of travel about an instantaneously changing axis of rotation and for changing the angle of inclination of the transferring means to maintain the transferring means in a position normal to the length of the lower legs of the user during a corresponding leg extension movement of the user;
a second four bar linkage system operably engaging the first four bar linkage system;
a resistance means; and
a means for operatively connecting at least one of the first four bar linkage system and the second four bar linkage system to the resistance means; and
wherein the second four bar linkage system operates in conjunction with the first four bar linkage system and the resistance means to create a mechanical disadvantage to the user;
a first arm member connected to the frame;
a second arm member pivotally mounted to the first arm member; and
a handlebar operably connected to the second arm member; and
a means for operably connecting the handlebar to the resistance means; and wherein
the handlebar is positioned above the head of the user for grasping by the hands of the user;
the handlebar is movable along an arcuate path together with the user while the user performs an abdominal crunch exercise; and
the handlebar resists a pulling force exerted by the user when the user performs an abdominal crunch exercise while grasping the handlebar, the handlebar operated on by the constant force of the resistance means in opposition to the pulling force.

2. The exercise machine of claim 1, wherein the means for operably connecting the handlebar comprises a cable threaded through a pulley system, and wherein at least a portion of the pulley system is operably mounted on the frame.

3. The exercise machine of claim 2, wherein a single means for connecting to the resistance means comprises both the means for connecting at least one of the first four bar linkage system and the second four bar linkage system and the means for connecting the handlebar.

4. The exercise machine of claim 3, wherein the single means comprises a cable threaded through a pulley system, and wherein at least a portion of the pulley system is operably mounted on the frame.

5. The exercise machine of claim 1, wherein when the handlebar is in a rest position, a pivot point between the first arm member and the second arm member is located in a first plane spaced apart from and in front of a second plane encompassing a first mounting point where the first arm member connects to the frame and a second mounting point where the handlebar connects to the second arm member.

6. An exercise machine comprising:
a frame;
a foot plate for engaging the feet of a user and for receiving an incident force from the legs of the user;
a first four bar linkage system comprising:
a first substantially vertical member;
a second substantially vertical member spaced apart from the first vertical member, wherein the first member and second member are operably mounted at their lower ends to a portion of the frame in a first spaced relation to each other; and
a support member mounted to the foot plate and further operably mounted substantially transverse to each of the first member and the second member at their upper ends in a second spaced relation to each other, wherein the second spaced relation is a lesser distance than the first spaced relation; and wherein
the first four bar linkage system allows for back and forth movement of the foot plate along a path of travel about an instantaneously changing axis of rotation and for changing the angle of inclination of the foot plate to maintain the foot plate in a position normal to the length of the lower legs of the user during a corresponding leg extension movement of the user;

a second four bar linkage system operably engaging the first four bar linkage system, the second four bar linkage system comprising:
a third member operably engaging at least one of the first member, the second member, the support member, and the frame; and
a fourth member operably engaging the third member and at least one of the first member, the second member, the support member, and the frame;
whereby a portion of the first four bar linkage system comprises a portion of the second four bar linkage system;

a resistance means; and
a means for operatively connecting at least one of the first four bar linkage system and the second four bar linkage system to the resistance means; wherein
the second four bar linkage system, in conjunction with the first four bar linkage system, continually increases the incident force required of the user to exert on the foot plate during a leg extension movement to counteract a constant force exerted by the resistance means.

7. The exercise machine of claim 6, wherein the constant force exerted by the resistance means is translated through the second four bar linkage system and the first four bar linkage system as an opposing force substantially normal to the transferring means and substantially opposite the incident force.

8. The exercise machine of claim 6, wherein the resistance means comprises a weight stack.

9. The exercise machine of claim 6, wherein the means for operably connecting comprises a cable threaded through a pulley system, and wherein at least a portion of the pulley system is operably mounted on the frame.

10. The exercise machine of claim 9, wherein a portion of the pulley system is operably mounted to at least one of the first four bar linkage system and the second four bar linkage system.

11. The exercise machine of claim 6 further comprising:
a first arm member connected to the frame;
a second arm member pivotally mounted to the first arm member; and
a handlebar operably connected to the second arm member; and
a means for operably connecting the handlebar to the resistance means; and wherein
the handlebar is positioned above the head of the user for grasping by the hands of the user;
the handlebar is movable along an arcuate path together with the user while the user performs an abdominal crunch exercise; and
the handlebar resists a pulling force exerted by the user when the user performs an abdominal crunch exercise while grasping the handlebar, the handlebar operated on by the constant force of the resistance means in opposition to the pulling force.

12. The exercise machine of claim 11, wherein the means for operably connecting the handlebar comprises a cable threaded through a pulley system, and wherein at least a portion of the pulley system is operably mounted on the frame.

13. The exercise machine of claim 12, wherein a single means for connecting to the resistance means comprises both the means for connecting at least one of the first four bar linkage system and the second four bar linkage system and the means for connecting the handlebar.

14. The exercise machine of claim 13, wherein the single means comprises a cable threaded through a pulley system, and wherein at least a portion of the pulley system is operably mounted on the frame.

15. The exercise machine of claim 6, wherein when the handlebar is in a rest position, a pivot point between the first arm member and the second arm member is located in a first plane spaced apart from and in front of a second plane encompassing a first mounting point where the first arm member connects to the frame and a second mounting point where the handlebar connects to the second arm member.