COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

Present: Chief Judge Felton, Judges Elder and Humphreys

Argued at Richmond, Virginia

MENDEL TYSON

v. Record No. 1687-11-1

CITY OF VIRGINIA BEACH 

 DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN SERVICES

DANIELLE KINTNER-TYSON

v. Record Nos. 2005-11-1

CITY OF VIRGINIA BEACH 

 DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN SERVICES

DANIELLE KINTNER-TYSON

v. Record Nos. 2006-11-1

CITY OF VIRGINIA BEACH 

 DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN SERVICES MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY

JUDGE LARRY G. ELDER

DANIELLE KINTNER-TYSON MARCH 20, 2012

v. Record Nos. 2007-11-1

CITY OF VIRGINIA BEACH 

 DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN SERVICES

DANIELLE KINTNER-TYSON

v. Record Nos. 2008-11-1

CITY OF VIRGINIA BEACH 

 DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN SERVICES

DANIELLE KINTNER-TYSON

v. Record Nos. 2009-11-1

CITY OF VIRGINIA BEACH

 DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN SERVICES

 * Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
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FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF VIRGINIA BEACH

Patricia L. West, Judge

Richard Leland for appellant Mendel Tyson.

Mykell Messman (Joseph W. Hood, Jr. & Associates, on brief), for 

appellant Danielle Kintner-Tyson.

Rachel Allen, Associate City Attorney (Mark D. Stiles; Christopher 

Boynton; Carla Kithcart, Guardian ad litem for the infant children; 

Office of the City Attorney, on briefs), for appellee.

In these related cases,1 Mendel Tyson (father) and Danielle Kintner-Tyson (mother) 

appeal from decisions terminating their residual parental rights to their daughters2 under Code 

§ 16.1-283(C)(2). On appeal, father and mother (the parents) contend the terminations were 

erroneous because the City of Virginia Beach Department of Human Services (DHS) (1) violated 

the statute by removing the children without good cause and (2) failed to prove by clear and 

convincing evidence both (a) that the termination was in the best interests of the children and 

(b) that the parents failed to make substantial progress toward remedying the conditions that led 

to or required the continuation of the children’s foster care placement. Viewing the evidence in 

the light most favorable to the party prevailing below, as required by the applicable standard of 

review, we hold no reversible error occurred. Thus, we affirm the termination of father’s and 

mother’s parental rights to C., M., S., and R. and, additionally, mother’s parental rights to E.

 1 We consolidate these appeals, which share an appendix and include virtually identical 

assignments of error, for purposes of decision only.

2 Mother’s rights to her five daughters, whose names are hereinafter abbreviated E., C., 

M., S., and R., were terminated. Only four of those five children, C., M., S., and R., were 

father’s biological children. His rights to all four of those children were terminated. The 

parental rights of the biological father of E. are not at issue in this appeal.
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I.

A. ENDING OF THE TRIAL HOME PLACEMENT IN JANUARY 2006

Father and mother contend DHS improperly removed the children from their home 

without good cause in January 2006.

The preliminary removal of the children from father’s and mother’s custody occurred in 

March 2004, pursuant to Code § 16.1-252, for abuse or neglect. As a result of that removal, 

DHS obtained legal custody of the children. “Legal custody,” as defined by the relevant statutes,

vests in a custodian the right to have physical custody of the child, 

to determine and redetermine where and with whom he shall live, 

the right and duty to protect, train and discipline him and to 

provide him with food, shelter, education and ordinary medical 

care.3

Code § 16.1-228 (footnote added); see Code § 16.1-252.

Father and mother do not contest the basis for the 2004 removal in this appeal, and thus, 

we do not consider it. What they appear to contest is the basis for what they refer to as the 2006 

removal. However, as counsel for DHS points out, the children were in father’s and mother’s 

home from August 2005 to January 2006 pursuant to a trial home placement, implemented when 

DHS was unable to find any suitable relatives able to care for the children and the parents 

appeared to be complying with their foster care service plans. During that time, DHS retained 

legal custody and, along with that custody, its responsibility for the girls’ health and safety. 

Thus, when it ended the girls’ trial home placement in January 2006, it was not required to prove 

abuse and neglect rising to Code § 16.1-252 standards.

 3 The statute states that legal custody is “subject to any residual parental rights and 

responsibilities,” which the statute further defines as “all rights and responsibilities remaining 

with the parent after the transfer of legal custody or guardianship of the person, including but not 

limited to the right of visitation, consent to adoption, the right to determine religious affiliation 

and the responsibility for support.” Code § 16.1-228.
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Further, the record establishes that when DHS ended the trial home placement, it did so 

because it was concerned about the girls’ health. It was not required to prove that the parents’ 

behavior rose to the level of medical neglect or abuse in order to justify doing so. Because DHS 

retained legal custody of the children during the trial home placement, it was legally justified in 

ending that placement when it learned several of the girls required immediate medical care for 

lingering upper respiratory infections and father’s only action when DHS expressed concern was 

to schedule medical appointments for them for two weeks later. DHS also knew at that time that 

all five girls were acting out sexually and that the youngest child was exhibiting numerous 

significant non-sexual behavioral problems, as well. After DHS had ended the trial home 

placement, DHS added to its basis the information that father and mother were failing to comply 

with the service plan and that father had also admitted using cocaine. Any inconsistencies in 

rationale and stated goals among the service plans is not fatal to DHS’s efforts to terminate 

father’s and mother’s parental rights. The evidence supports a finding that DHS’s decision to 

end the trial home placement was justified under the circumstances of this case.

Although parents complain it was not possible for them to maintain and strengthen the 

parent-child bond under these circumstances, the termination of their parental rights was not 

based on any failure to maintain or strengthen the parent-child bond. It was based, instead, as 

discussed below, on their failure to complete individual counseling and other therapy required to 

improve their respective abilities to parent their children safely.

B. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE TO JUSTIFY TERMINATION

“Code § 16.1-283 embodies the statutory scheme for the termination of residual parental 

rights in this Commonwealth.” Lecky v. Reed, 20 Va. App. 306, 311, 456 S.E.2d 538, 540 

(1995). Subsection (C)(2), the subsection under which the trial court terminated appellants’ 

parental rights in this case, requires proof, by clear and convincing evidence, (1) that the 
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termination is in the best interests of the child, (2) that “reasonable and appropriate” services 

have been offered to help the parent “substantially remedy the conditions which led to or 

required continuation of the child[ren]’s foster care placement,” and (3) that, despite those 

services, the parent has failed, “without good cause,” to remedy those conditions. Clear and 

convincing evidence is “that measure or degree of proof which will produce in the mind of the 

trier of facts a firm belief or conviction as to the allegations sought to be established.” Gifford v. 

Dennis, 230 Va. 193, 198 n.1, 353 S.E.2d 371, 373 n.1 (1985).

We view the evidence in the light most favorable to the party prevailing below and grant 

to that evidence all reasonable inferences fairly deducible therefrom. Logan v. Fairfax Cnty.

Dep’t of Human Dev., 13 Va. App. 123, 128, 409 S.E.2d 460, 463 (1991). We are mindful of 

the principle that “[t]he termination of residual parental rights is a grave, drastic and irreversible 

action,” Helen W. v. Fairfax Cnty. Dep’t of Human Dev., 12 Va. App. 877, 883, 407 S.E.2d 25, 

28-29 (1991), but we “‘presume[] [the trial court has] thoroughly weighed all the evidence [and] 

considered the statutory requirements,’” Logan, 13 Va. App. at 128, 409 S.E.2d at 463 (quoting 

Farley v. Farley, 9 Va. App. 326, 329, 387 S.E.2d 794, 796 (1990)).

The evidence in the record, viewed in the light most favorable to DHS, proved by clear 

and convincing evidence that the parents failed, without good cause, to remedy the conditions 

that led to or required the continuation of the children’s foster care placement. It proved, in 

addition, that the termination was in the best interests of each of the children.4

 As the trial court 

observed, father and mother complied with the more “concrete finite requirements such as 

parenting classes, anger management, that type of thing”; however, they had not done “the heavy 

lifting” by fully participating in their own individual counseling to develop “insight into their 

 4 Parents do not contend that DHS failed to offer them “reasonable and appropriate” 

services, and the record is replete with evidence that DHS did, in fact, offer appropriate services. 

Thus, we do not consider this prong of the statute.
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[own] issues,” which was necessary to permit them to deal with their children’s issues. The 

evidence established that father and mother had both failed to complete individual therapy 

despite opportunities to do so in both 2006 and 2008. The evidence further established that both 

parents specifically stated they would not comply because they did not think they needed 

therapy.

Both parents also failed to comply with additional treatment required by their service 

plans. It was undisputed that mother was sexually molested by her stepbrother for two years as a 

pre-teen and teenager. Mother had been directed to participate in a program for adults who had 

been molested as children (AMAC), but she categorically refused to do so. Also, mother 

admitted how difficult it had been for her as a teenager when her father and stepmother refused 

to acknowledge the abuse, and yet she refused to acknowledge any possible truth to C.’s 

allegations that C. had been molested by a family friend while in her parents’ care. Finally, 

mother’s service plan required her to be evaluated for depression and comply with the 

evaluator’s recommendation that she take an anti-depressant. She refused to comply with this 

directive, contending the medication was too expensive, but she failed to follow DHS’s 

suggestion that she ask her doctor to substitute a less expensive generic medication.

Father similarly refused to participate in additional treatment required by his service plan. 

A required psychosexual evaluation of father performed in 2006 revealed a generalized “sexual 

impulse control problem,” and he was directed to undergo sex offender treatment and 

twice-yearly polygraph examinations to confirm his success in controlling his inappropriate 

sexual impulses. The evaluator, Dr. Stephen Ganderson, also recommended that father avoid 

alcohol and other substances that could negatively impact his impulse control. Despite these 

recommendations, father admitted he used cocaine periodically for the next several years and 

admitted his physicians said he was at risk for addiction. Despite the fact that participation in 
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substance abuse treatment was added to father’s service plan, he failed, as well, to obtain that 

treatment.

Even after the court refused to terminate father’s and mother’s parental rights in 2008, 

opining they had not received clear enough guidance about their individual therapy requirements 

prior to that time, father and mother attended only initial therapy intake appointments later in 

2008. Although DHS arranged to pay for the therapy and provide transportation as necessary, 

the parents once again failed to participate in any individual therapy or any of the specialized 

sexual and substance abuse treatment previously ordered; once again, the parents stated they did 

not think they needed such therapy. At that time, the children had been in the legal custody of 

DHS for about four years, since 2004. After that 2008 ruling, the children were in DHS’s 

custody for an additional three years before the court granted the petitions to terminate parental 

rights in 2011. This seven-year period, during which DHS spoke with the parents repeatedly 

about what they needed to do to regain custody, provided them with more than enough time to 

attempt “to remedy substantially the conditions which led to or required the continuation of the 

child[ren]’s foster care placement[s],” but they failed to do so.

Additional evidence established that termination of father’s and mother’s parental rights 

to the girls was in the best interest of each of the girls, all of whom have some degree of special 

needs. Both parents present a risk of physical or sexual abuse to the girls. The girls originally 

came into care because mother had beaten C. severely enough to leave belt or loop marks on her 

arms, back, and legs. Although mother attended parenting and anger management classes, she 

failed to complete individual therapy or take medication for her depression as required by her 

service plan. Once the girls entered DHS’s custody, it was learned that father had sexual impulse 

control and drug abuse issues, and he, too, failed to obtain the required treatment for those 

conditions.
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Ms. Rosenbaum, the social worker who observed the parents during years of visitation, 

stated that the parents sometimes had “conflicts” with each other during the visitations. The 

conflicts visibly disturbed the children, but when Rosenbaum asked one of the children if the 

conflict bothered them, she said, “Well, that’s what we’re used to. That’s nothing new.” 

Rosenbaum also reported the visitations were often “chaotic” and that many other things took 

place in the visitations which led her to question whether “anything . . . was learned in the 

parenting classes . . . because there [were] just a lot of common sense things that weren’t 

happening.”

Additional evidence shows the two youngest children, R. and S., both have difficulty 

distinguishing between fantasy and reality, making it difficult for them to protect themselves, 

and both will require long-term services. R., in addition, has problems with physical aggression 

which escalated primarily after visits with her parents. R. had required three inpatient 

psychiatric hospitalizations as a result of her aggression, but after visitations with her parents 

were stopped on the recommendation of her therapist, she had not required any additional 

hospitalizations. S., although she generally had a sweet disposition, displayed aggression in 

therapy toward a puppet she named “mother.” Again, when visitation with her parents stopped 

upon her therapist’s recommendation, S.’s aggression toward the “mother” puppet also ceased.

M., the middle child who was eleven at the time of the termination proceedings, was 

described as the best adjusted of the three youngest girls and has minimal memories of her 

parents. Her therapist determined she has no attachment to them and that no bonding was 

occurring between her and her parents during visitation. As a result, her therapist was unable to 

articulate any clinical benefit for her to continue visitation with them. M. has bonded well with 

her foster mother, does not wish to return home, and is excited about the prospect of being 

adopted.
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The evidence concerning C., viewed in the light most favorable to DHS, is that she was 

sexually molested by a family friend and that father and mother refuse to acknowledge he could 

have committed such an act. Although C., who was fourteen at the time of the termination

proceeding, loves her parents and is ambivalent about being adopted, her therapist expressed 

concern about their ability to protect her since they refuse to acknowledge that she had been 

abused. C.’s therapist also indicated she may require intermittent ongoing therapy as a result of 

her abuse, a need her parents are unlikely to support since they deny any abuse occurred.

Finally, E., the oldest child, daughter of mother and a different father, was seventeen at 

the time of the termination proceeding. Diagnosed as mildly mentally retarded, E. also has 

memory problems, functions at the level of a nine to twelve year old, likely will not progress past 

that age, and will be unable to live independently. She is vulnerable to being taken advantage of 

by men and, thus, any long term caregiver “would have to be really vigilant over her.” Further 

she was often ignored by mother and father, her stepfather, during visitation. E.’s therapist noted 

that a depressed parent would be at risk of not having enough energy to “attend to” her child, and 

the therapist mentioned what appeared to her to be mother’s lack of empathy toward E. E.’s 

therapist has opined that E. should not be returned to mother’s and father’s care.

This evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the City, is sufficient to support a 

finding that the termination of father’s and mother’s respective parental rights to the children is 

in the best interest of each of the five girls.

II.

For these reasons, we hold the trial court did not err. Thus, we affirm the involuntary 

termination of father’s and mother’s parental rights to C., M., S., and R. and, additionally, 

mother’s parental rights to E.

Affirmed.