# Patent

## Title
Systems and methods for residue collection

## Abstract

Systems and methods for the detection of substances (particularly particulate substances) within mail pieces, specifically letters and other “flats” of mail. In particular, the systems and methods are for the detection of residues of Chemical or Biological Warfare Agents (CBWAs) which may be present within the mail pieces. The system is principally designed to be included as part of Dual Pass Rough Cull System (DPRCS) for the collection and detection of the residue when the contaminated mail piece first enters a mail facility and before it is intermingled with other mail pieces.

## Background
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S)
This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/449,612 filed May 30, 2003 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,941,794 which in turn claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/385,004 filed May 31, 2002. The entire disclosure of both documents is herein incorporated by reference.


BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
This disclosure relates to the field of residue detection. In particular, to the automatic detecting of residues of substances present in letter mail while the mail is in a postal facility.
2. Description of the Related Art
Since the use of Anthrax in the United States Mail in October 2001, government organizations have becoming increasingly interested in detecting dangerous substances such as microorganisms, chemicals, or biological warfare agents which could be distributed through the mail system to promote the agenda of a terrorist organization. As the postal service and mail delivery is a virtually universal service touching the lives of almost all people throughout the United States and many more throughout the world, the postal service presents a potentially limitless distribution network for a terrorist group to utilize. Further, by the time a letter or package has reached the final destination, it has often been handled by many individuals, some of whom may not be known without a lengthy investigation. Any or all of these individuals may have been exposed to the substance and could be affected without rapid medical response. Further, in the case of a contagious substance, trying to quarantine those exposed prior to the contagion becoming epidemic may be virtually impossible.
October 2001 was not the first use of the mail for terrorist acts. Mail bombs and even dangerous pranks were common long before the mail was used as a method for distributing a biological warfare agent. In addition to purposeful terrorist acts, sometimes dangerous substances are shipped in the mails innocently or for other purposes. Dangerous substances may be shipped by a person who simply does not think of the consequences or the mail may be utilized for other illicit acts such as drug trafficking.
In order to allow the mail to be secure to parties using the mail system for legitimate purposes, mail is sealed and the contents are generally inaccessible to postal workers. This confidentiality is necessary as much of the mail includes confidential information such as financial information and the like and mail which was open could lead to theft of financial information and other important information. At the same time, the sealing of mail can make it difficult for a contaminant to be detected until the mail has reached its prescribed destination.
For the most part, there are no systems designed to screen mail, particularly letters and flats, for contaminants. Existing systems are often limited to large boxes and packages and can only screen for items which can show up on x-ray or similar scanners. These systems, while often effective for detecting bombs, are generally unable to detect powders, liquids, or similar substances which are unlikely to show up on the scans. Oftentimes, the defense to using the mails for terrorist acts is simply to expose the mail to powerful radiation or other decontaminants in the hopes of neutralizing any biologicals present, but this cannot protect against chemical agents and can also damage mail documents. Further, such irradiation is often performed after mail is sorted to protect the recipient, but there may have been many exposed prior to this step.
SUMMARY
For these and other reasons known to those of ordinary skill in the art, described herein are systems and methods for the detection of residues of a substance placed within letters and other “flats” of mail. The system is principally designed to be included as part of Dual Pass Rough Cull System (DPRCS) for the detection of the contaminant when it first enters a mail facility. The system is particularly directed to detecting the residue of a substance or a carrier for a substance but may also detect the substance itself.
There is described herein, in an embodiment, a residue collection system comprising: an aerosol chamber including: an internal area; an intake plenum, the intake plenum being capable of collecting air from the internal area; and a set of pinch rollers, the pinch rollers being capable of compressing a mail piece located within the internal area; wherein the mail piece can be directed into the pinch rollers, the pinch rollers compressing the mail piece so as to force out some internal air from within the mail piece into the internal area, the internal air including a residue of a substance present in the mail piece; wherein the intake plenum can take in at least a portion of the internal air including the residue from the internal area; and wherein the intake plenum can supply the internal air including the residue to a detection system capable of detecting the residue.
In an embodiment, the residue collection system further includes: a segregation component, which may include a delayering conveyor and/or a cull conveyor, arranged prior to the aerosol chamber in a mail stream, the segregation component serving to provide the mail piece to the aerosol chamber. The delayering conveyor may utilize velocity differential separation relative to the cull conveyor and/or gravity separation.
In an embodiment, the residue is indicative of a Chemical or Biological Warfare Agent (CBWA) being present in the mail piece. The mail piece may also or alternatively be a letter or a flat. The residue collection system may also or alternatively be part of a Dual Pass Rough Cull System (DPRCS).
In an embodiment, the set of pinch rollers comprises a pair of pinch rollers where one of the pinch rollers is a drive pinch roller and one is an idler pinch roller which may be spring-mounted. The air may also pass through a cyclonic separator system before reaching the detector.
In another embodiment, there is described a method for collecting residues from mail pieces comprising: arranging mail pieces so as to place the mail pieces in a generally singular layer; providing the mail pieces to a chamber; within the chamber, flowing air over the mail pieces so as to lift a residue from the exterior of at least one of the mail pieces; and transporting the air and the residue to a detector capable of detecting the presence of the residue.
In still another embodiment, the residue is indicative of a Chemical or Biological Warfare Agent (CBWA) being present in the mail pieces and may have been lifted from the interior of the at least one mail piece instead of or in addition to being lifted from the exterior. The method may be performed within a Dual Pass Rough Cull System (DPRCS) and/or the mail pieces may comprises letters and/or flats.
In still another embodiment, the step of arranging is at least partially performed by a cull conveyor and/or a delayering conveyor.
In yet another embodiment, there is described a residue collection system comprising: a cull conveyor means for creating a mail stream having a first depth; a delayering conveyor means, for reducing the depth of the mail stream to a second stream of generally single item depth; aerosol chamber means capable of taking in the second stream, the aerosol chamber means passing air across the second stream to collect residues from the second stream by aerosolizing the residue in the air; and an air sampling system means, capable of transporting the air from the aerosol chamber means to a detector means, the detector means capable of detecting the residue.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
FIG. 1 provides a simplified drawing of an embodiment of a letter collection mail processing facility.
FIG. 2 provides a graph showing an embodiment of how different types of costs are saved by earlier detection of a contaminated mail piece.
FIG. 3 provides a side view of an embodiment of a Dual Pass Rough Cull System (DPRCS) of the prior art showing the section which is modified by an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 4. provides a side view of an embodiment of a modification made to the section indicated in FIG. 3 that provides the principal structure of a Residue Collection Module (RCM).
FIG. 5 provides a perspective view of an embodiment of a portion of the RCM of FIG.4 specifically showing an embodiment of the cull conveyors and delayering conveyors.
FIG. 6 provides a drawing of how velocity differential separation can work for two layered objects.
FIG. 7 provides a side cut-away view of an embodiment of a portion of the RCM of FIG. 4 specifically showing an embodiment of the aerosol chambers and waterfall in their closed, operating position.
FIG. 8 provides a side, cut-away, view of an embodiment of one of the aerosol chambers of FIG. 7.
FIG. 9 provides a perspective view of a portion of the aerosol chamber of FIG. 8 particularly showing the arrangement of the drive pinch roller.
FIG. 10 provides a perspective view of a portion of the aerosol chamber of FIG. 8 particularly showing the arrangement of the idler pinch roller.
FIG. 11 provides two views (one front and one side) of an embodiment of the air flow through the aerosol chamber of FIG. 8.
FIG. 12 provides a side cut-away view of an embodiment of a portion of the RCM of FIG. 4 specifically showing an embodiment of the aerosol chambers and waterfall in their open, maintenance position.
FIG. 13 provides a schematic diagram of an embodiment of an air handling system for use with the aerosol chambers of FIG. 8.
FIGS. 14–19 provides drawings of an embodiment of an RCM and air handling system forming a portion of an embodiment of a DPRCS.



DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENT(S)
While the embodiments described below discuss residue collection modules which are designed to detect Chemical and/or Biological Warfare Agents (CBWAs), one of ordinary skill in the art would understand how the principles, methods and designs disclosed herein can be incorporated to detect other materials in the mail. This can include, but is not limited to, explosive residues, chemicals, drugs, or microorganisms.
The systems and methods discussed will also be primarily discussed as collecting a residue of a substance. For the purposes of this disclosure, a residue is considered to be a small amount of a substance, or a material associated with that substance, generally clinging to the outer surface of the mail from the actions of placing the substance in the envelope. This may exist because the substance has passed over a surface and a small amount of it has been transferred to the surface (via surface tension), has been transferred from fingers or other tools handling the envelope, or may be that a small amount aerosolized in the envelope. A residue can also comprise a small amount of the substance, or material associated with that substance, which can be aerosolized and removed from the envelope by compressing the envelope. A residue may not directly be the substance whose detection is desired, but may be a substance indicative of the presence of the first substance. For instance, the substance or residue may be, but is not limited to, a chemical binder used to particulate a gaseous chemical, or may be a substrate on which a biological is placed.
Further, while the embodiments discussed below are principally for use in conjunction with a Dual Pass Rough Cull System (DPRCS) in the mail service, one of ordinary skill in the art would understand that the system and methods could be used elsewhere in the mail sorting and distribution process. The inclusion in the DPRCS is instead an exemplary embodiment, but one which is generally preferred as it can allow for earlier detection and less exposure than utilizing similar systems and methods elsewhere in the mail distribution process.
With the possibility of over 100 CBWAs that a postal service may wish to screen for, and the myriad of sensor systems presently in development to detect these agents, this disclosure is primarily directed towards devices and methods for collecting a sample of substances in the mail without having to open the mail and without having to expose the mail to potentially dangerous or damaging counter measures which could damage legitimate contents. The number and type of substance detectors used depends upon each detector's capability and the degree of redundancy desired. Extensive research has taken place in the scientific community to develop sensors, which will quickly detect CBWAs or other substances of interest in the air or in water. Sensors are available to identify harmful biological agents as well as chemical ones. Sensors for airborne agents are capable of measuring CBWAs at parts per trillion. Depending upon the sensor technology, analysis can be accomplished anywhere from an hour to near “real time.” For the purposes of this disclosure the exact type or number of detectors used to detect the particular substance is not important as the residue collection system of the invention is instead focused to obtaining a sample of a residue (if present) on a mail piece and providing it to the detector so that the detector detects that the substance is present, not with how the detector determines if there is the substance present.
To minimize exposure to employees and reduce cost, a contaminated letter is preferably identified early in the mail processing cycle. The reason for this is that the further the contaminated mail is allowed to travel before it is detected, the more it spreads throughout the facility and the more people who are potentially exposed to it. In the case of a communicable disease or microorganism, for example, as the number of people exposed increases, the likelihood of being able to contain an outbreak can decrease drastically.
FIG. 1 provides a general overview of an embodiment of a mail collection facility. Mail Enters the facility in hampers (101) or (103) which are simply large bags or other containers of mail which have been created at the facility or have been transferred to the facility. The hampers (101) and (103) are then dumped into the corresponding Dull Pass Rough Cull System (DPRCS) (105) or (107). At this time, the mail from the hamper (which is from a determinable location) is still together and has generally not come into contact with any mail not originally in the same hamper (101) or (103). As it passes through the DPRCS (105) and/or (107), thicks (packages or boxes usually) are separated out from the letters and flats (large but thin envelopes usually). After the DPRCS (105) and (107), the flats and letters are mixed together and consolidated. A flats takeaway sorter (113) then removes the flats from the mail stream leaving the letters. The letters are spread out among a number of surge and transport conveyors as they enter the Loose Mail Feed System (109). The letters are further spread out as they reach the Advanced Facer Canceller System (AFCS) (111) and ultimately the sorting machines (Not Shown). During this process, the letters, instead of being separated by their pickup points as they are when the process starts, are slowly organized by their destinations and become more and more intermingled.
As the mail spreads out, not only do the number of sensing systems that would be needed to detect a contaminant increase dramatically, but should a contaminated mailpiece be found, the number of mail processing systems that must be decontaminated also rises dramatically as does the number of employees exposed to the potentially lethal agent. Further, it can become harder and harder to localize the source of the contaminant as the source may have contaminated many other mail pieces that it was in contact with. It is therefore desirable to detect the contamination at the earliest possible opportunity. For collection mail, the preferable opportunity for detection is at the DPRCS and therefore in the preferred embodiment the systems and methods discussed herein are designed to be located there.
If the CBWA is detected at the DPRCS (101) or (103), less than 100 feet of conveyor in one system is contaminated. However, if the CBWA is not detected until the AFCS (111) there can be over 1000 feet of conveyor and anywhere from 3 to 10 or more pieces of equipment may be contaminated. The time to decontaminate the facility and the associated cost impact dramatically increases with this later detection.
From an acquisition cost and maintenance, cost perspective, early detection at the DPRCS can result in a 3:1 reduction in the number of detectors. This is a result of the DPRCS being capable of processing 120,000 or more mailpieces per hour while an AFCS can only process 36,000 letters per hour. The initial acquisition cost reduction can be very significant when presently “real-time” CBWA detectors typically cost between $100,000 and $275,000 each just for the basic instrumentation alone.
From a decontamination point of view, the DPRCS is the preferred place to detect any hazardous substance. Isolation and appropriate decontamination procedures can be invoked prior to the mail spreading out and contaminating other pieces of postal equipment. The various increases in costs of detecting as it occurs later in the process is illustrated graphically in FIG. 2.
The following sections describe an embodiment of a Residue Collection Module (RCM) which comprises a device which can be retrofitted into an existing DPRCS, or can be built into a new DPRCS for the purposes of detecting residues associated with various substances of interest (in particular CBWAs) within mail and particularly within flats or letters. One of ordinary skill in the art would understand that the systems, devices, methods and techniques discussed below could be incorporated elsewhere in the postal facility, such an installation may simply result in increased cost and/or redundancy, and/or may be used for the detection of other substances.
The primary purpose of the RCM is to safely extract and aerosolize a residue associated with a substance ,or of the substance itself, which may be within, or on the surface of, mail pieces that pass through the DPRCS. The aerosolized mixture is then delivered to a selected detection system for subsequent analysis to detect the substance associated with the residue. The aerosolized mixture which is produced by the RCM is compatible with a wide variety of detection methods as are known to those of ordinary skill in the art, but is preferably suited for those that use an impaction process or other similar method for concentrating an aerosol sample down onto a solid substrate or into a liquid solution.
In the depicted embodiments, the RCM (701) is part of and included as a modification for a DPRCS (400) such as those known to those of ordinary skill in the art. FIG. 3 illustrates the portion (700) of a prior art DPRCS (400), which may be modified during the RCM (701) installation in an embodiment of the invention. The portion that is modified generally contains the cull conveyors (406) and the waterfall assembly (408). FIG. 4 provides an illustration of an embodiment of an RCM (701) which may replace the portion (700) of the DPRCS (400) in FIG. 3. In essence, the modification consists of replacing the indicated portion (700) of FIG. 3 with the RCM (701) shown in FIG. 4. There are some control modifications and an air handling system that are not shown in this FIG. 4, but FIG. 4 shows the principal components of the RCM (701).
The RCM (701) generally maintains the same key functional features of the DPRCS cull conveyors (406) and waterfall assembly (408) while adding the residue collection aspects. Consequently, the RCM (701) need not decrease any of the critical performance metrics of the current DPRCS design. In effect, the RCM (701), when combined with a compatible detection system, can provide the same functions of an existing DPRCS while providing a high level of safety for the loose mail collection operation and the entire facility as well.
The RCM (701) depicted in FIG. 4 includes components which may be eliminated in some embodiments of the invention. In particular, the RCM (701) of FIG. 4 includes two major components. The first of these components is the segregation component (703) which provides for letters to be provided to the second component which is the actual collection system component (800). The segregation component (703) may be eliminated or can have numerous other designs in alternative embodiments so long as the letters are provided to the collection system component (800) in a manner that the collection system component (800) can act upon them and collect a sample from them. The segregation component (703) shown in the FIGS (particularly FIGS. 5 and 6) is therefore intended to be exemplary.
Since the RCM (701), in an embodiment, is designed to be an integral part of the DPRCS (400) sorting process, the operation of the RCM is best understood in light of the entire DPRCS operation. The following discussion briefly summarizes the function of the various modules of the DPRCS, how they relate to the overall culling process of mail, and how they relate to the residue extraction and aerosolization process. This discussion is best visualized in conjunction with FIGS. 3–7.
In an embodiment, the DPRCS input is a set of inclined conveyors that are designed to receive mail from standard mail hampers and to deliver this mail in a metered flow to the subsequent culling section. Loose collection mail is dumped from a hopper and enters the DPRCS (400) at the input hopper conveyor (401). Here the mail is moved forward up an inclined conveyor belt where it is temporarily staged until it is called for by the reservoir (405) at the bottom of the next conveyor downstream. The rate of mail being delivered to this reservoir (405) is generally controlled by photocells (407) so that the level of mail within the reservoir (405) remains fairly constant. By doing this, the input hopper conveyor (401) buffers the downstream operation from the rather large fluctuations in mail flow caused by the dumping of mail hampers. This greatly enhances the effectiveness of the next process downstream.
The next conveyor downstream from the input hopper conveyor (401) is the metering conveyor (403). The purpose of the metering conveyor (403) is to provide mail at a steady rate to the next process downstream. As previously described, the input hopper conveyor (401) keeps the reservoir (405) at the bottom of the metering conveyor (403) at a steady level. The metering conveyor (403) pulls mail out from beneath the pile at the bottom of the conveyor. The mail that has been pulled out of the pile forms a layer of mail which slowly advances up the metering conveyor (403).
To adjust for variations in the thickness of the mail layer, feeler gauges (409) near the top of the metering conveyor (403) measure the thickness of the layer and adjust the speed of the metering conveyor (403) accordingly. The metering conveyor (403) will slow down for a thicker layer of mail and will conversely speed up if the layer of mail should thin out. In this manner, the flow of mail at the output end (top) of the metering conveyor (403) remains relatively constant. The flow rate of mail exiting the metering conveyor (403) is operator selectable. The maximum rate for the system is approximately 120,000 mailpieces per hour. The RCM (701) may be designed to handle this maximum mail flow rate.
As the mail drops from the output end of the metering conveyor (403), the mail is considered to enter the portion (700) of the DPRCS (400) which is replaced by the RCM (701). This would traditionally be the culling section. The RCM (701) as shown in FIG. 4 is comprised of three major subsections, their associated controls, and an air handling system. The three major sections are the cull conveyors (500), the delayering conveyors (600), and the collection system component (800). These sections are each described in detail in the subsequent paragraphs as is the air handling system (1100). These sections replace the cull conveyors (406) and waterfall (408) of the prior art DPRCS (400). As the mail exits the DPRCS (400), it is placed on an edge conveyor (411) for transport to the next machine as seen in FIG. 1.
When the RCM (701) is in place in the DPRCS (400), the mail from the metering conveyor (403) is first provided to the cull conveyors (500). The cull conveyors (500) are similar in design and may be identical in function to the cull conveyors (406) of the present DPRCS (400). The principal purpose of the cull conveyors (500) is to separate out thick mailpieces from the rest of the mail stream and to discharge them onto a separate take-away conveyor which is not shown in the figures. FIG. 5 provides an illustration of the cull conveyors (500) along with the delayering conveyors (600). The cull conveyors (500) are the first set of stacked conveyors. Each of the two cull conveyors (500) in the depicted embodiment comprises a smooth-top cotton belt, or similar conveyor system (503) and (505), with a counter-rotating cull drum (513) and (515) positioned above it. In the illustration, the conveyor motion is from left-to-right and into the figure as illustrated by the arrows.
The metering conveyor (403), described previously, feeds a steady flow of mail onto the top cull conveyor belt (503). The mail is transported forward by the top cull belt (503) until it reaches the top cull drum (513). Mail pieces that are less than a predetermined thickness (generally 5⁄8 inch) pass beneath the top cull drum (513). Mail pieces that are over the predetermined thickness are deflected by the top cull drum (513) and forced to the side opening (533) of the top cull conveyor belt (503) where they are discharged through a chute (523). During this process, some of the thinner mailpieces which are less than the predetermined maximum are swept off of the top cull belt (503) along with the thicker mail pieces (generally due to the mail pieces being stacked on top of each other as they come off the metering conveyor (403)). The mail discharged through chute (523) is discharged onto the bottom cull belt (505) where the process is repeated with the mail traveling on the bottom cull belt (505) and thicker pieces being deflected by the lower cull drum (515), thus giving thinner mail pieces a second chance to re-enter the major mail stream (the stream of flats and letters). Those pieces which are deflected off both the top and the bottom cull belts (503) and (505) are then discharged onto a “thicks” take-away conveyor (not shown, would be connected to the opening (525)) where they are transported away from the DPRCS (400) to be processed differently. All of the mail, which passes beneath either of the two cull drums (515) or (525) (which comprises the vast majority of the mail collected) is subsequently transported forward to have the residue extraction and aerosolization process performed thereon.
Although the cull conveyors (503) and (505) of the RCM (701) may be functionally identical to those of the standard DPRCS (400), the overall length of the conveyors is preferably shorter. This is done to provide space for the subsequent delayering operation to be described later. The original cull module (406) in the DPRCS is often approximately 151′′ long. The RCM cull module (500) is preferably only about 86′′ long. The reduced length may be realized in an embodiment of the invention by reducing some of the conveyor length both before and/or after the actual culling process. All of the critical dimensions in regard to the culling operation, such as cull drum angle and relative position, can be maintained so that the operation of the DPRCS (400) can remain the same.
There is however, one difference between the original cull conveyors (406) and the RCM cull conveyors (500) in the preferred embodiment. On the original cull conveyors (406), the mail on the top conveyor is allowed to fall off the downstream end of the top conveyor (503) and onto the bottom cull conveyor (505). There it recombines with the mail that is already on the bottom conveyor (505) to produce a single mail stream. In the RCM (701), the mail from these two conveyors (503) and (505) is preferably maintained separate, but it is not necessary. As will be described in the next section, this is beneficial for the subsequent mail delayering process.
The output from each of the two cull conveyors (503) and (505) feeds directly onto an associated delayering conveyor (603) and (605). The purpose of the delayering conveyors (603) and (605) is to provide a single layer (or a stream of generally single item thickness) of non-overlapped mail to each aerosol chamber (803) and (805) as discussed later. During normal operation, the mail may arrive at the delayering conveyors (603) and (605) in the form of overlapping “clumps” of mail where one flat of mail is at least partially over another flat of mail, but the thickness is still less than that allowed by the cull drums (513) and (515). In order to maximize the probability that a CBWA will be extracted and aerosolized, these clumps of mail are preferably spread out to form a single layer or close to a single layer of mail by the appropriate delayering conveyor (603) or (605).
The preferred embodiment uses two delayering conveyors (603) and (605) for spreading out the clumps of mail, one associated with each cull conveyor (503) and (505). The reason for this is that the cull conveyors (503) and (505) effectively already perform a preliminary delayering of the mail by spreading the mail out onto each of the two cull belts to a thickness of 5⁄8′′ or less. In the prior art DPRCS, the mail on the top belt is then recombined with the mail on the bottom belt, thus defeating the partial delayering achieved by the action of the cull drums (513) and (515). By using two delayering conveyors (603) and (605) and interfacing with the two cull belts (503) and (505) prior to the recombination point, the RCM (701) takes full advantage of the partial delayering effect of the cull drums (513) and (515). In addition, by using two stacked delayering conveyors (603) and (605) instead of just one, the RCM (701) doubles the total amount of available surface area on which to perform the final delayering process, thus greatly enhancing the effectiveness of this operation.
The delayering conveyors (603) and (605) use two principal delayering methods in the depicted embodiment. The first of these methods is velocity differential separation. This is primarily used at both the input and the output of the delayering conveyors (603) and (605). The second method is gravity separation which occurs over the entire length of the delayering conveyors (603) and (605).
The first method, velocity differential separation, is the process of separating the mailpieces by accelerating the lead mailpiece away from the mailpiece that is partially behind it to move them further apart. The speed of the cull conveyors (503) and (505) is preferably a first speed (V1) which in a preferred embodiment is approximately 148 feet per minute (FPM). The speed of the delayering conveyors is preferably set at a faster second speed (V2). The second speed (V2) is preferably approximately 52 FPM faster or around 200 FPM.
FIG. 6 provides an illustration of the velocity differential separation process. In FIG. 6A there is shown two overlapped pieces of mail (711) and (713) approaching the interface of the cull conveyor (503) and the associated delayering conveyor (603). In FIG. 6B there is shown the first mailpiece (711) being fully engaged by the faster delayering conveyor (603) and moving away from the second mail piece (713) that is still under the influence of the slower cull conveyor (503) and gravity. FIG. 6C shows the separation effect on the two mailpieces (711) and (713) caused by the velocity differential at the interface.
While the interface between the cull conveyors (503) and (505) and the delayering conveyors (603) and (605) provides for the primary velocity differential separation, the separation actually takes place at two different locations. The first of these locations, is the input end of the delayering conveyors (603) and (605) at their interface with the cull conveyors (503) and (505) as discussed in FIG. 6. The second location is at the output end of the delayering conveyors (603) and (605) at their interface to the chutes (813) and (815) that feed the aerosol chambers (803) and (805). As the mailpieces fall down the chutes (803) and (805) under the influence of gravity, they are accelerated away from those mailpieces that are still in contact with the delayering conveyor (603) or (605) (which are moving at the speed of the delayering conveyor (603) or (605)). Although the mechanism is somewhat different (powered motion vs. gravity), the principal is still the same.
The second method of delayering is gravity separation. The delayering conveyors (603) and (605) are preferably inclined at a predetermined angle to the surface of the earth. This angle is preferably approximately 30° or greater from the horizontal. The belt material of the delayering conveyors (603) and (605) is further preferably made of diamond wedge belting or of another high-friction belting material. Mail pieces which are in contact with the conveyor belt are pulled forward up the incline because of the friction. Mail pieces which are laying on top of other mail pieces fall backwards under the influence of gravity due to the low coefficient of friction between mail pieces, especially when compared to the interface of the belting to the mail piece. The top mail pieces slide back until they come in contact with enough of the belt surface that they too are pulled forward by the belt surface. The net result is that the mail on the bottom of the layered stream is pulled forward while the mail on the top of the layered stream is retarded due to the force of gravity.
The output of the delayering process therefore is a stream of mail preferably spread across the 4′ width of the delayering conveyor so that no two mailpieces are entirely covering one another. This is desired for the aerosolization process, which is to follow, because it is preferable to get access to most of the surface area of each mail piece that passes through the aerosol chambers (803) and (805). The delayering conveyors (603) and (605) generally help to improve the efficiency and detection ability of the detector (1109). However, in an alternative embodiment, the mail may be provided to the collection system component (800) by any method or system known to those of ordinary skill it he art, including, but not limited to, using the prior existing cull conveyors (406) of DPRCS (400).
The primary purpose of the aerosol chambers (803) and (805) and the collection system component (800) of the RCM (701) is to extract a portion of any residue of a substance on the outside of the mail piece as well as a portion of any residue of a substance from inside the mail piece, aerosolize this residue, and deliver this aerosolized mixture to a detection system for analysis. Since the mail upon exiting the delayering conveyors (603) and (605) produces two separate mail paths in the depicted embodiment, two separate aerosol chambers (803) and (805) are also utilized within the collection system component (800) of RCM (701).
FIGS. 7 through 12 provide illustrations of an embodiment of the collection system component (800) and the aerosol chambers (803) and (805) included therein. This collection system component (800), effectively comprises the portion of the system which is used to collect the residues. The previously discussed systems are principally designed to organize the mail to be provided to the collection system component (800) in a manner allowing for more efficient operation.
In operation, mail pieces are discharged from each of the two delayering conveyors (603) and (605) and proceed down separate gravity feed chutes (813) and (815) to their respective aerosol chambers (803) and (805). After aerosolization, the two separate mail paths are merged together and the mail generally drops onto the edge conveyor (411) where it is taken to the next sorting machine. After reaching the edge conveyor (411), the residue collection process is generally completed.
A more detailed side view of an embodiment of one of the aerosol chambers (in this case chamber (803) but chamber (805) is identical) is shown in FIG. 8. The aerosol chamber (803) comprises two sets of pinch rollers (901) and (911), a set of air intake plenums (903) and (913), and a set of guides (905) which direct the mail through the chamber (803).
This particular view also shows the chamber (803) with a fairly thick (but flat) mail piece (809) inside of it to illustrate its capacity to handle relatively large flats. The mail piece (809) enters the aerosol chamber (803) from the top (907) after coming down the waterfall chute (813). A set of opposing guides (905) funnel the mail piece (809) past the two opposing intake plenums (903) and (913) which are generally designed so as to draw air from across the entire width of the internal area (915) of the chamber (803). As the air is drawing across the exterior of the mail piece (809) any residue on the exterior of the mail piece (809) is at least partially aerosolized and carried into one of the two air intake plenums (903).
The mail piece (809) then travels between two sets of motorized pinch rollers (901) and (911) which squeeze the mail piece (809) as it passes through. FIG. 8 shows the lead edge of the mail piece (809) just entering the pinch rollers (901) and (911). The squeezing action of the pinch rollers forces out some of the air from within the mail piece (809). A portion of any residue within the mail piece (809) is also generally forced out with the release of this air. Any extracted residue that is released from the inside of the mail piece (809) aerosolizes in the internal area (915) of the chamber (803) and is usually drawn into the intake plenums (903) and/or (913).
The aerosol chamber (803) is preferably held at negative pressure by drawing air into the intake plenums (903) and (913) so that any aerosolized residue from the mail piece (809) is left behind in the internal area (915) of the chamber (803) as the mail piece (809) continues through the pinch rollers (901) and (911) and is ejected out the bottom (917) of the aerosol chamber (803) and into the edge conveyor (411).
Now that the operation of the aerosol chamber (803) has been briefly described, a more complete description of the structure can be made. As mentioned previously, an embodiment of the aerosol chamber (803) is comprised of two sets of pinch rollers (901) and (911), a set of air intake plenums (903) and (913), and a set of guides (905). These items are preferably enclosed within a housing (921) which may be constructed of sheet metal or another suitable material. The intake plenums (903) and (913) may be commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) items that come in a standard 4′ length and are available currently. Each intake plenum (903) or (913) is basically a hollow tube with a slit that runs the entire length of the tube on one side. Air is drawn into the slit and exits out one end of the intake plenum. Air exiting the intake plenum (903) or (913) enters the air handling system (1100) which shall be described later in conjunction with FIG. 13.
Referring again to the embodiment shown in FIG. 8, the sets of pinch rollers (901) and (911) are each slightly different. The left pinch roller or drive pinch roller (911) is preferably a motor driven roller supported by bearings mounted to the air chamber housing (921). It is preferably approximately 5′′ to 6′′ in diameter. The tangential velocity of the drive pinch roller (911) is preferably set somewhat greater than the speed of the mail entering the chamber (803) in order to ensure that consecutive mail pieces remain separated during the aerosolization process. Opposite drive roller (911) is a spring-loaded idler pinch roller (901). This is shown on the right-hand side of FIG. 8 and in FIG. 10. The idler pinch roller (901) not only acts as the opposing pinch roller required to drive the mail piece (809) forward, but it also serves as the mechanism for squeezing the air out of the mail piece (809) to release the residue from within the mail piece (809). Like the drive pinch roller (911), the idler pinch roller (901) is also preferably 5′′ in diameter. The large diameters on each set of pinch rollers (901) and (911) make it easy for even the thickest mailpieces to pass through unobstructed. In another embodiment, these two rollers (901) and (911) would both be mounted by bearings to the air chamber housing (921) and the pinching action would be supplied by the design of a rubber covering on each roller (901) and (911).
A 3D cutaway view of the drive side of the chamber (803) is shown in FIG. 9. Shown in FIG. 9 is intake plenum (913) as well as an embodiment of the drive pinch roller (911). The drive pinch roller (911) comprises of a motor driven shaft (1011), which extends the width of the chamber (803). The shaft (1011) may have a number of disks (1013) mounted on it or may have grooves cut into it. This can allow the mail guides (905) to pass between the disks to provide for the disks (1013) to pass into the internal area (915) of the chamber (803). The grooves between the disks (1013) also provide channels for air to pass through the drive pinch roller (911) as it is drawn toward the intake plenum (913).
A 3D cutaway view of an embodiment of the idler pinch roller (901) of the chamber (803) is shown in FIG. 10. Also, shown in the FIG. 10 is the other intake plenum (903). The idle rollers (1003) match up with the corresponding disks (1013) on the drive roller (911). Each idle roller (1003) may have its own independent suspension to ensure that pieces of varying thickness traveling through the unit side-by-side all get squeezed with the same amount of pressure or they may be mounted on the same suspension system. The idle rollers (1003) are preferably placed on centers no greater than 1.5′′ apart in order to ensure that even the smallest mailpiece shall have at least one pair of idle rollers (1003) squeezing it.
Another feature of the aerosol chamber (803) is the guides (905) themselves. These are best illustrated by the side view of the chamber given in FIG. 8. The guides (905) are preferably constructed of sheet metal and form a two-sided funnel to guide the mail piece (809) into the proper orientation and between the pinch rollers (901) and (911). In one embodiment, the guides (905) extend down to a point immediately above the intake plenums (903) and (913). At this point there is an opening (usually about 1′′ wide) to allow the air in the mail flow to be drawn into the intake plenums (903) and (913). After the opening, a new set of guides (905) continue forward to the pinch rollers (901) and (911). Here the guides (905) may have fingers cut into them so that they can reach through the spaces within the pinch rollers (901) and (911) and pass through to the other side. The guide fingers are generally situated below the level of the pinch rollers (901) and (911) so as not to interfere with the pinching operation. The guide fingers then extend beyond the pinch rollers (901) and (911) a short distance to guide mail pieces through the bottom (917) of the chamber (803).
A better appreciation of the guides (905) and the effect they can have on guiding the airflow within the chamber (803) is illustrated in FIGS. 11A and 11B. This simplified figure shows, as FIG. 11A, a side view of the chamber (803) including the air flow, and, as FIG. 11B, a front view of the chamber (803) including the air flow. A mail piece (809) passes down the internal area (915) formed by the guides (905), through the pinch rollers (901) and (911), and out the bottom end (917) of the chamber (803). The air travels up the internal area (915) between the pinch rollers (901) and (911) until it reaches the intake plenums (903) and (913). This is shown by the arrows in FIG. 11. The air will often move in a generally laminar flow so that air flows over both the major exterior surfaces of the envelope and generally fills the internal area (915). Further, the flow will be generally from the pinch rollers (901) and (911) to the intake plenums (903) and (913) to prevent residue released from escaping out the bottom (917) of the chamber (803).
In an embodiment, each of the two aerosol chambers (803) may open up for maintenance and jam clearing purposes. An illustration of an embodiment where a clam shell opening is used is shown in FIG. 12 and FIGS. 17–19.
The air collected from the mail piece (809) into the input plenums (903) and (913) (which contains the aerosolized particles of the residue if one is present) is then preferably removed from the input plenums (903) and (913) and the main body of the RCM (701) by an air handling system (1100) which provides the air to the selected detector (1109) for evaluation and detection of the residue. FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of an air handling system (1100) which may be associated with one or both of the aerosol chambers (803) and (805). For clarity purposes, the embodiment of FIG. 13 will be discussed as attached to chamber (803) and to only one intake plenum (903). One of ordinary skill in the art would understand how the air flow from related components is generally similar to this case regardless of how the air handling system (1100) is attached.
In the depicted embodiment of the air handling system (1100), air entering the intake plenum (903) is routed through duct work or other air transport devices (1101) and delivered to a high-efficiency reverse-flow cyclonic separator system (1103). The design of the cyclonic separator system (1103) would be well understood by one skilled in the art and a commercially available cyclonic separator system may be used. The cyclonic separator system (1103) is designed to concentrate particles of a size of interest corresponding to the desired residues (preferably 0.8 micron and larger particles). Particles of the size of interest are sent down a minor flow duct (1105) and delivered in an aerosolized form through to a detector system (1109). The detector system (1109) preferably operates at a flow rate of 400 to 450 liters per minute but the air handling system (1100) can accommodate detector systems (1109) utilizing flow rates other than this.
Particulates not of the specified interest area, are cycled through a minor flow duct (1107) and exhausted (1113). The blower (1111) helps to pull the air from the chamber (803) into the air handling system (1100). The exhausted air may be returned to the surrounding air, or may be filtered and/or neutralized and reused in the system, or disposed of.
In another embodiment, the air-handling system (1100) would not use the cyclonic separator system (1103) but instead would duct the air from the intake plenum (903) directly to the detector system (1109). This air-handling system (1100) may be employed if the air flow rate and sensitivity of the detector system (903) allowed the use of such a system.
The output of the RCM (701) preferably interfaces with the input of the edging conveyor (411). The type of mail and the associated throughput rate through this unit may be the same as from the unmodified DPRCS (400). The mail then exits the DPRCS (400), passes through the flats takeaway sorter (113) and enters into the loose mail processing system (109) as was accomplished in the prior art.
In order to minimize the floor space required for the RCM (701), the controls as well as the air handling system (1100) for the RCM (701) may be located in the area beneath the delayering conveyor (600). The size of the RCM (701) modification is preferably designed to be of generally the same length as the cull conveyor (406) and the waterfall assembly (408) of a traditional DPRCS (400), which it replaces or retrofits. Therefore, the RCM (701) modification preferably does not add significantly to the overall footprint of the DPRCS (400).
To provide a higher degree of safety, in an embodiment of the invention, the entire DPRCS (400) area, possibly including the hamper staging area, may be enclosed within a biological containment system or isolated environment to segregate the process from the other processes within the mail facility. This may be through a purposefully designed “clean room” type structure built into the postal facility, or may use a later added structure (such as, but not limited to, an inflatable structure) which is added after construction. In a still further embodiment, the modified DPRCS (400) may be mounted in a mobile structure such as a modified enclosed over-the-road truck trailer or a shipping container.
In embodiments, the RCM (701) may be provided as a replacement for the portion (700) of the DPRCS (400) allowing for these items to be removed and replaced. Alternatively, the RCM (701) could be provided as the components of a kit for use to convert an existing DPRCS (400) into the DPRCS (400) with an RCM (701). In a still further embodiment, the DPRCS could be originally manufactured with an RCM (701).
FIGS. 14 through 19 provide drawings of an embodiment of an RCM, air handling system, and DPRCS in accordance with the present invention. This embodiment is shown from multiple angles and multiple views showing structures similar to those described and shown in FIGS. 4–13.
While the invention has been disclosed in connection with certain preferred embodiments, this should not be taken as a limitation to all of the provided details. Modifications and variations of the described embodiments may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, and other embodiments should be understood to be encompassed in the present disclosure as would be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art.

## Claims

1. A method for detecting the presence of residues on mail pieces comprising:
separating and removing thicks from said mail pieces;
arranging said remaining mail pieces horizontally in a singular layer;
allowing gravity to pull said single layer of mail pieces into a chamber said chamber including an outer shell defining an internal volume, said outer shell having an entrance port for allowing mail to enter said internal volume and an exit port for allowing mail to exit said internal volume, but otherwise substantially sealing said volume, said chamber further including an intake within said outer shell;
within said chamber, compressing said mail pieces so as to aerosolize a residue present in one of said mail pieces;
within said chamber, flowing air over said one of said mail pieces and into said intake, said flow into said intake being sufficient to maintain said internal volume at a negative pressure and to transport said residue to a detector capable of detecting the presence of said residue; and
detecting the presence of said residue.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein said residue is indicative of a Chemical or Biological Warfare Agent (CBWA) being present in said mail pieces.

3. The method of claim 1 wherein said method is performed within a Dual Pass Rough Cull System (DPRCS).

4. The method of claim 1 wherein said steps of separating and arranging are at least partially performed by a cull conveyor.

5. The method of claim 1 wherein said step of arranging is at least partially performed by a delayering conveyor.

6. The method of claim 1 wherein in said step of flowing, said air lifts a residue from the interior of said one of said mail pieces.

7. The method of claim 1 wherein in said step of flowing, said air lifts a residue from the exterior of said one of said mail pieces.

8. The method of claim 1 wherein during said step of separating, said flats are also separated from said letters, said remaining mail pieces consisting of only said flats or said letters.