RENDERED: MARCH 4, 2022; 10:00 A.M.

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

Commonwealth of Kentucky

Court of Appeals

NO. 2021-CA-0216-MR

ANN WELLMAN APPELLANT

APPEAL FROM MADISON CIRCUIT COURT

v. HONORABLE JEAN C. LOGUE, JUDGE

ACTION NO. 19-CI-00467

ROBERT WAYNE BALDWIN; AND

STATE FARM FIRE & CASUALTY

COMPANY APPELLEES

OPINION

REVERSING AND

REMANDING

**   **  **

BEFORE: LAMBERT, MAZE, AND L. THOMPSON, JUDGES.

MAZE, JUDGE: Appellant Ann Wellman challenges the summary dismissal of 

her claim for damages stemming from an injury allegedly incurred on the property 

of her neighbor, appellee Robert Wayne Baldwin. Wellman argues that entry of 

summary judgment was premature due to the existence of genuine issues of 
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material fact as to her status on the property at the time of her injury and as to the 

nature of the dangerous condition Baldwin allowed to exist on his property. 

Because we are convinced that the question of Wellman’s status falls squarely 

within the analysis this Court set out in Carney v. Galt, 517 S.W.3d 507 (Ky. App. 

2017), we reverse the entry of summary judgment and remand the case for further 

proceedings.

The facts are not complex. Wellman and Baldwin own adjoining 

property and have been neighbors for at least twenty years. In August 2018, 

Wellman fell into a posthole Baldwin had dug to erect a fence between their 

respective properties and sustained an injury to her knee which required surgery 

for a kneecap replacement. At the time of the accident, Baldwin had been in the 

process of building a fence between the parties’ properties for approximately two 

years. Prior to commencing the project, Baldwin had the line surveyed and staked. 

He thereafter consulted with Wellman about the location of the fence, with the pair 

ultimately agreeing that Baldwin would construct the fence approximately two feet 

inside the line to avoid any question of encroachment on Wellman’s land. Baldwin 

then dug evenly-spaced postholes along the agreed upon line. At the time of 

Wellman’s injury, the fence was not complete but there were postholes in a straight 

line at regular intervals. 
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Thereafter, in July 2019, Wellman filed a complaint alleging that 

Baldwin had permitted a dangerous and defective condition to exist on his 

property; that he failed to maintain his property in a reasonably safe condition; that 

he failed to warn and protect Wellman from the dangerous and defective condition; 

and that he failed to fix or repair a known dangerous and hazardous condition, all 

of which were substantial factors in causing her injury.

In response, Baldwin asserted that Wellman’s claims were barred by 

her status as a trespasser on his property and the fact that the alleged dangerous 

condition of property was open and obvious. Baldwin subsequently moved for 

summary judgment on the basis that Wellman’s own deposition testimony 

established that she was a trespasser at the time of the accident and that she had 

been aware of the open and obvious nature of the postholes along the fence line for 

the previous two years.

This appeal follows the circuit court’s grant of summary judgment 

dismissing Wellman’s complaint against Baldwin with prejudice. As an initial 

matter, we acknowledge our Supreme Court’s reiteration of the well-settled rules 

regarding entry of summary judgment: 

We must first begin by reviewing the standards to 

be used when handling summary judgment. Summary 

judgment is to be “cautiously applied and should not be 

used as a substitute for trial.” Granting a motion for 

summary judgment is an extraordinary remedy and 

should only be used “to terminate litigation when, as a 
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matter of law, it appears that it would be impossible for 

the respondent to produce evidence at the trial warranting 

a judgment in his favor and against the movant.” The 

trial court must review the evidence, not to resolve any 

issue of fact, but to discover whether a real fact issue 

exists. This review requires the facts be viewed in the 

light most favorable to the party opposing summary 

judgment. 

Shelton v. Kentucky Easter Seals Society, Inc., 413 S.W.3d 901, 905 (Ky. 2013) 

(footnotes omitted). The Supreme Court also emphasized that the term 

“impossible” is to be used in a practical, not an absolute sense. Id. at 905 n.4. In 

this case, the facts must be viewed in a light most favorable to Wellman. Finally, 

appellate review of a motion for summary judgment only involves questions of law 

and “a determination of whether a disputed material issue of fact exists.” Id. at 

905. Therefore, our review is de novo with no need to defer to the circuit court’s 

decision. Id.

With these principles in mind, we turn to an examination of the circuit 

court judgment. Although Wellman complains of the lack of specific findings 

concerning the basis for its decision, it is well-settled that “there is no procedural 

requirement for the court, in rendering a summary judgment, to attach findings of 

fact or conclusions. CR[1] 52.01; CR 56.01.” Wilson v. Southward Investment 

Company No. 1, 675 S.W.2d 10, 13 (Ky. App. 1984). While specific findings of 

1 Kentucky Rules of Civil Procedure. 
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fact and conclusions of law are preferable for purposes of appellate review, we are 

nevertheless able to discern from the record the propriety of the circuit court’s 

decision.

The focus of our analysis is Wellman’s contention that summary 

judgment was premature. She insists that genuine issues of material fact exist as 

to: 1) whether she was, in fact, a trespasser on Baldwin’s property; and 2) whether 

Baldwin breached his duties to her. Wellman also maintains that the summary 

judgment was granted before discovery had been completed.

We commence with Wellman’s argument that she was not a trespasser 

at the time of her injury, but an invitee or licensee. She supports that contention by 

citing her deposition testimony that the neighbors in the rural community had 

established a sort of implied consent to access each other’s property, if necessary. 

She testified that she had been on Baldwin’s property at least 10 times without him 

voicing objection, once to rescue his puppy which had become trapped and was 

whining, other times to retrieve her grandchild’s toys which had ended up on 

Baldwin’s property, and other times to converse with Baldwin and his wife. On 

the other hand, Baldwin’s deposition testimony disputed Wellman’s depiction of 

the neighborly “implied-consent” arrangement stating that the two neighbors had 

little to do with each other over the years, and alleging it was more of a “you stay 

on your side and I’ll stay on mine” arrangement. He specifically cited one incident 
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in which he mowed a portion of Wellman’s grass as a neighborly gesture and she 

informed him she did not appreciate him being on her property or mowing her 

grass.

In Carney, 517 S.W.3d at 511, this Court set out the traditional rule 

applicable to premises liability cases: 

Kentucky classifies a visitor upon property as one of the 

following: trespasser, licensee, or invitee. Scifres [v. 

Kraft], 916 S.W.2d 779 [(Ky. App. 1996)]. A person 

who comes upon the property of another without any 

legal right to do so is a trespasser. Hardin v. Harris, 507 

S.W.2d 172 (Ky. 1974). A person who comes on the 

land of another with the possessor’s consent is a licensee. 

Id. And, a person with business dealings with the 

possessor who comes upon the property is an invitee. Id.

The Carney Court also cited KRS2 381.232 which provides that owners of land 

“shall not be liable to any trespasser for injuries sustained by the trespasser on the 

real estate of the owner, except for injuries which are intentionally inflicted by the 

owner or someone acting for the owner[,]” before applying the classifications and 

the statute to a factual situation not dissimilar from the case at bar.

Carney was injured while attempting to retrieve a basketball which 

had rolled onto Galt’s property from a court in Galt’s neighbor’s driveway. It was 

undisputed that at the time Carney was injured, Galt was constructing a fence on 

his leased property. Carney admitted in his deposition that he was aware that Galt 

2 Kentucky Revised Statute.
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was constructing a fence on his property and further stated that he could see the 

fence being built from his home. On the evening the incident occurred, Carney 

was playing basketball and drinking beer when the ball rolled into Galt’s yard and 

Carney chased after it. As he grabbed for the ball, Carney tripped on posts and 

2x4s that were part of the fence construction project and landed on a concrete 

driveway, allegedly sustaining permanent injuries.

The circuit court entered summary judgment on Carney’s claim for 

damages on the basis that Carney was a trespasser on Galt’s property and thus Galt 

owed Carney no duty of care. The circuit court also concluded that the fact that the 

fence was an open and obvious condition precluded liability even if Galt had owed 

a duty to Carney. However, upon review, this Court found particularly relevant to 

its analysis the fact that at the time of the accident, Carney was a guest on property 

owned by Sherri Moore. The basketball court in question was located in Moore’s 

driveway, immediately adjacent to Galt’s property where the fence was under 

construction.

In reversing the entry of summary judgment, the Carney Court

concluded that a genuine issue of material fact existed as to Carney’s status on 

Galt’s property at the time of his injury: 

However, the circuit court did not address what would 

appear to be most relevant in this analysis–the 

relationship of Galt with his next door neighbor, Sherri 

Moore, and her guests, specifically as pertains to their 
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ongoing relationship regarding access to Galt’s property, 

given the proximity of the basketball court on Moore’s 

property to Galt’s property. In other words, was it 

customary for those who routinely used Moore’s 

basketball court, including other neighbors, to have 

regular access to Galt’s property to retrieve basketballs 

that left Moore’s property during its use? The record 

clearly establishes that Galt had not posted “no 

trespassing” signs on his property to give notice that 

entry was prohibited on his property by all. Customary 

or routine access by guests of Sherri Moore to Galt’s 

property could look to an implication of consent or 

acquiesce and otherwise create the status of licensee 

for those utilizing such access.

517 S.W.3d at 511-12 (citations omitted) (emphasis added).

Because the depositions in this record disclose disputed facts 

regarding Wellman’s status on Baldwin’s property at the time of her injury, we are 

convinced that summary judgment was prematurely granted. On remand, if the 

trier of fact determines that Wellman was a trespasser on Baldwin’s property, then 

there would be no duty owed and no liability for damages. KRS 381.232. 

However, if Wellman is found to have been a licensee, then the trier of fact will be 

required to determine if Baldwin breached his duty of care to maintain his premises 

in a reasonably safe condition and to award Wellman damages, if any, under a 

comparative fault analysis. 

Accordingly, the summary judgment dismissing Wellman’s complaint 

is hereby reversed and the case remanded for further proceedings consistent with 

this Opinion.
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ALL CONCUR. 

BRIEF FOR APPELLANT:

Christopher Lee Coffman

Liberty, Kentucky

Robert Morrin

Richmond, Kentucky

BRIEF FOR APPELLEE ROBERT 

WAYNE BALDWIN:

J. Stan Lee

Katie Bouvier

Lexington, Kentucky