FILED 

No. 16-0127 – Valentine & Kebartas v. Lenahan June 12, 2017 

WORKMAN, J., dissenting: 

released at 3:00 p.m. 

RORY L. PERRY II, CLERK 

SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS 

OF WEST VIRGINIA 

Without even attempting to find support in precedent or reason, the 

majority reverses the trial court’s verdict in direct contradiction of a universally-accepted 

rule pertaining to evidence from which intent may be inferred for purposes of unlawful 

debt collection practices. The majority’s reversal of the trial court further insinuates itself 

into the purely factual issue of whether a debtor has proven intent relative to a violation 

of West Virginia Code § 46A-2-125 (1974). What the majority plainly believes, but 

disingenuously refuses to expressly state, is that call volume and frequency alone is 

insufficient evidence from which to infer intent for purposes of West Virginia Code § 

46A-2-125(d). Despite characterizing this issue as one of “first impression,” the majority 

issues no new syllabus point to this effect, undoubtedly because it flies directly in the 

face of all written authority and common sense. This extraordinary and stark departure 

from well-established federal caselaw interpreting our statute’s federal counterpart 

creates an untenable situation where a debt collector’s conduct may violate a federal 

statute, but not its virtually identical state equivalent. Because the majority’s position is 

neither legally nor rationally sound, I respectfully dissent. 

The debt collection provisions of the West Virginia Consumer Credit 

Protection Act’s (“WVCCPA”) are contained in West Virginia Code §§ 46A-2-122 

through 129a. The pertinent provision provides: 

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No debt collector shall unreasonably oppress or abuse 

any person in connection with the collection of or attempt to 

collect any claim alleged to be due and owing by that person 

or another. Without limiting the general application of the 

foregoing, the following conduct is deemed to violate this 

section: 

*** 

(d) Causing a telephone to ring or engaging any 

person in telephone conversation repeatedly or continuously, 

or at unusual times or at times known to be inconvenient, with 

intent to annoy, abuse, oppress or threaten any person at the 

called number. 

W. Va. Code § 46A-2-125(d) (emphasis added).1 The Federal Debt Collection Practices 

Act’s (“FDCPA”) equivalent provision likewise prohibits “[c]ausing a telephone to ring 

or engaging any person in telephone conversation repeatedly or continuously with intent 

to annoy, abuse, or harass any person at the called number.” 15 U.S.C. § 1692d(5). The 

unmistakably plain language of both statutes clearly permit recovery based solely upon 

volume and/or frequency of calls placed to a debtor, so long as the fact-finder discerns 

sufficient evidence of intent to annoy, abuse, oppress, or harass. 

Sitting as the trier of fact, the trial court below expressly found that 

petitioner caused respondent’s telephone to ring with the intent to annoy, abuse, oppress 

or threaten respondent. More specifically, the trial court found that the volume, 

frequency, and pattern of calls provided sufficient evidence from which it discerned an 

1 The statute was subsequently amended in 2015. In this case, the 1974 version is 

the applicable statute. 

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intent to oppress and abuse as required by West Virginia Code § 46A-2-125(d). As 

carefully outlined by the trial court, the undisputed evidence establishes that petitioner 

caused respondent’s telephone to ring 252 times over an eight-month period.2 The trial 

court observed that after an initial two-week period of reasonable attempts to contact 

respondent, the petitioner immediately thereafter “ramped up its collection campaign,” as 

follows: 

On March 26, 2012, [petitioner] placed six (6) calls to [] Mr. 

Lenahan, three (3) of which were separated by less than an 

hour. Like the 22 before it, these calls went unanswered. The 

next day, [petitioner] placed five (5) additional calls to Mr. 

Lenahan with as little as twenty-eight (28) minutes separating 

calls. None of these calls were answered. On the third day, 

March 28, 2012, [petitioner] again placed six (6) calls to Mr. 

Lenahan with some calls separated by only thirty-two (32) 

minutes. 

From these facts, the trial court found that petitioner “increased its volume and frequency 

of collection calls to Mr. Lenahan in an attempt to harass or oppress him[.]” 

The majority now reverses that finding and without any regard whatsoever 

for our standard of review, summarily declares that the call volume in this particular case 

is insufficient to establish evidence of intent. The majority inexplicably fails to state, as 

required by our standard of review, that the trial court’s factual finding of intent was 

“clearly erroneous”; rather, it simply urges its disagreement with the trial court and 

2 In view of the fact that a debt collector may, without violating the statute, make 

non-harassing telephone contact with a debtor, the trial court found that the first twentytwo calls, placed over a two-week period and which did not ever exceed three calls a day, 

lacked any intent to harass. 

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reverses on that basis with no explanation whatsoever as to why the particular call 

volume and frequency in this case was insufficient to establish a statutory violation.3 

This Court has made clear that “[f]ollowing a bench trial, the circuit court’s findings, 

based on oral or documentary evidence, shall not be overturned unless clearly 

erroneous[.]” Brown v. Gobble, 196 W. Va. 559, 563, 474 S.E.2d 489, 493 (1996). 

Further, 

[i]t is well settled in this jurisdiction that in a case tried 

without the aid of a jury, the trial court, and not the appellate 

court, is the judge of the weight of the evidence. Actually, in a 

nonjury trial, the trial judge has usually been regarded as a 

surrogate for the jury, and his or her findings are accorded 

corresponding weight. 

Id. at 565, 474 S.E.2d at 495 (emphasis added). To whatever extent the foregoing was 

not perfectly clear, the Brown Court sought to emphasize the sanctity of the trial court’s 

findings upon a non-jury trial by quipping that “[w]e will disturb only those factual 

findings that strike us wrong with the ‘force of a five-week-old, unrefrigerated dead 

fish.’” Id. at 563, 474 S.E.2d at 493 (quoting United States v. Markling, 7 F.3d 1309, 

1319 (7th Cir. 1993), cert. denied, 514 U.S. 1010 (1995)). Apparently, however, despite 

3 The majority likewise curiously and tersely mentions that respondent “remained 

silent” and never advised petitioner “of the simple fact that he disputed the debt.” On 

what basis it discerns a legal obligation on the part of a debtor to speak with a harassing 

debt collector and affirmatively disclaim the debt, the majority does not state. Despite 

the majority and petitioner’s apparent belief to the contrary, the statute does not require 

that the recipient of the calls answer, that the debtor communicate at any time about the 

debt, or that any particular number, frequency, or pattern of calls exist. Rather, for 

purposes of this case, the statute unmistakably prohibits the mere causing of a telephone 

to ring repeatedly or continuously with the intent to annoy, abuse, oppress or threaten any 

person at the called number. 

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this unequivocal cautionary instruction, the majority sees fit to summarily disregard the 

trial court’s assessment of the evidence and reverse the judgment entered below. 

Furthermore, not only does the majority improperly invade the trial court’s 

exclusive province to determine intent in this matter, it completely misrepresents the trial 

court’s support for its findings. Despite the trial court’s painstaking and detailed outline 

of the call activity which supported its conclusion that petitioner was “ramping up” its 

efforts from which it inferred intent to harass, the majority incredibly claims that the trial 

court referenced nothing other than the “number of telephone calls on [] three days[.]” 

As is obvious from its order, the trial court considered not mere volume, but rather the 

timing and repetitive nature of the calls including six calls in a day, with three separated 

by less than an hour, and five and six calls on consecutive days with such calls separated 

by roughly half an hour. This unrelenting re-dialing is exactly the type of evidence that 

other courts have found to be demonstrative of intent to harass. See Kuhn, 865 F. Supp. 

at 1453 (finding six phone calls in a span of twenty-four minutes constituted harassment); 

Bingham v. Collection Bureau, Inc. 505 F. Supp. 864, 873 (D.N.D. 1981) (holding that 

when call was terminated and the collection agency called back immediately, subsequent 

call alone could constitute harassment). 

More to the point, however, the majority’s reversal is obviously based upon 

its conclusion that call volume alone is insufficient as a matter of law. Throughout the 

majority opinion, it belabors the lack of additional evidence beyond call volume, stating 

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that respondent was “without other evidence,” that the trial court “[r]el[ied] solely on the 

volume of telephone calls,” that the “weight of federal authority requires some evidence 

of intent,” that “[t]he record is devoid of any evidence contradicting V&K’s stated 

intention,” and that “some evidence of V&K’s intent” was necessary. It criticizes the 

trial court’s finding of intent stating that it was “based entirely on the volume of calls and 

no other evidence.” Incredibly, the majority declares that federal caselaw “support[s] the 

conclusion that call volume alone absent other intent to annoy, abuse or harass is 

insufficient to sustain a claim[.]” Quite simply, this statement is patently incorrect, as 

evidenced by a legion of federal decisions and, remarkably, even the very case which the 

majority cites in support of this statement. 

Federal courts have uniformly found that intent to harass pursuant to this 

prohibited debt collection practice may, in fact, be inferred strictly from the volume 

and/or pattern of the calls themselves. As explained by the Northern District of Illinois: 

Courts have generally considered two types of evidence of an 

intent to harass. First, where a plaintiff has shown that he 

asked the collection agency to stop calling or has informed 

the collection agency that it has the wrong number, and the 

collection agency nevertheless continued to call the plaintiff, 

courts have found intent. Second, the volume and pattern of 

the calls may themselves evidence an intent to harass. 

Hendricks v. CBE Grp., Inc., 891 F. Supp. 2d 892, 896 (N.D. Ill. 2012) (citations 

omitted) (emphasis added). See Chavious v. CBE Grp., Inc., No. 10-CV-1293 (JS) 

(ARL), 2012 WL 113509, at *2 (E.D.N.Y. Jan. 13, 2012) (“In evaluating whether 

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repeated phone calls were made ‘with intent to annoy, abuse, or harass,’ courts generally 

consider the volume and pattern of calls.”); Lynch v. Nelson Watson & Assocs., LLC, No. 

10-2025-EFM, 2011 WL 2472588, at *2 (D. Kan. June 21, 2011) (“In determining 

liability, courts often consider the volume and pattern of calls sufficient to raise a triable 

issue of fact regarding intent to annoy abuse or harass.”); Hicks v. Am.’s Recovery Sols., 

LLC, 816 F. Supp. 2d 509, 515 (N.D. Ohio 2011) (“[A] court may consider the 

“frequency, persistence, and volume of the telephone calls” to determine intent[.]”); 

Carman v. CBE Grp., Inc., 782 F. Supp. 2d 1223, 1228 (D. Kan. 2011) (“In determining 

liability under [the FDCPA] courts often consider the volume and pattern of calls made to 

the debtor.”); Arteaga v. Asset Acceptance, LLC, 733 F. Supp. 2d 1218, 1228 (E.D. Cal. 

2010) (“Calling a debtor numerous times in the same day, or multiple times in a short 

period of time, can constitute harassment under the FDCPA.”); Pugliese v. Prof’l 

Recovery Serv., Inc., No. 09–12262, 2010 WL 2632562, at *9 (E.D. Mich. June 29, 2010) 

(“To determine whether Defendants’ calls amount to harassment, annoyance or abuse, the 

volume of the calls must be examined along with the pattern in which they were 

made[.]”); Majeski v. I.C. System, Inc., No. 08 CV 5583, 2010 WL 145861, at *3 (N.D. 

Ill. Jan. 8, 2010) (“Actionable harassment or annoyance turns on the volume and pattern 

of calls made, irrespective of the substance of the messages”); Bassett v. I.C. System, Inc., 

715 F. Supp. 2d 803 (N.D. Ill. 2010) (finding that volume of calls over discrete period of 

time sufficient to raise an issue for trial); Martin v. Select Portfolio Serving Holding 

Corp., No. 1:05-cv-273, 2008 WL 618788, at *6 (S.D. Ohio Mar. 3, 2008) (“In 

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determining whether the debt collector intended to annoy, abuse and harass the consumer, 

the Court may consider frequency, persistence, and volume of the telephone calls.”); 

Kerwin v. Remittance Assistance Corp., 559 F. Supp. 2d 1117, 1124 (D. Nev. 2008) 

(“Intent to annoy, abuse, or harass may be inferred from the frequency of calls, the 

substance of the calls, or the place to which phone calls are made.”); Lovelace v. Stephens 

& Michaels Assocs., Inc., No. 07-10956, 2007 WL 3333019, at *7 (E.D. Mich. Nov. 9, 

2007) (“Repeatedly calling a number . . . may violate [the FDCPA].”); Sanchez v. Client 

Servs., Inc., 520 F. Supp. 2d 1149, 1161 (N.D. Cal. 2007) (“[T]he frequency and volume 

of the telephone calls show that defendants intended to annoy, abuse and harass 

plaintiff[.]”); Akalwadi v. Risk Mgmt. Alternatives, Inc., 336 F. Supp. 2d 492, 505 (D. 

Md. 2004) (“Whether there is actionable harassment or annoyance turns not only on the 

volume of calls made, but also on the pattern of calls.”); Joseph v. J.J. MacIntyre 

Companies, L.L.C., 238 F. Supp. 2d 1158, 1168 (N.D. Cal. 2002) (same); Kuhn v. 

Account Control Tech., Inc., 865 F. Supp. 1443, 1453 (D. Nev. 1994) (finding harassment 

where collector made six telephone calls in twenty-four minutes); United States v. 

Central Adjustment Bureau, Inc., 667 F. Supp. 370 (N.D. Tex. 1986), aff’d, 823 F.2d 880 

(5th Cir. 1987) (finding harassment based upon four or five telephone calls to the same 

debtor in one day). 

The reasoning behind the federal courts’ universal agreement in this regard 

is obvious. A debtor could scarcely conjure up additional evidence of intent where he or 

she chooses not to engage an unrelenting and harassing debt collector by answering the 

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phone. Obviously, where a debtor answers any of the collection calls and a debt collector 

is abusive or threatening, intent is fairly simple to ascertain. However, where the debtor 

does not answer the calls and the only means of harassing the debtor is the very act of 

causing the telephone to ring, the only possible evidence of intent that the debtor could 

produce is the volume, frequency, and pattern of the calls themselves. Without question, 

the statute prohibits simply “causing the telephone to ring . . . repeatedly or continuously” 

with an intent to “annoy, abuse, oppress or threaten[.]” W. Va. Code § 46A-2-122(d). 

In fact, the cases cited by both the majority and petitioner demonstrate that 

federal courts in West Virginia, interpreting the statute at issue, have applied precisely 

this rule. Astonishingly, the very case relied upon exclusively by the majority expressly 

contradicts the majority’s apparent belief that call volume alone is insufficient. In 

Bourne v. Mapother & Mapother, P.S.C., 998 F. Supp. 2d 495, 502 (S.D.W. Va. 2014) 

the District Court stated: “The requisite intent to annoy, abuse, oppress, or threaten can 

be established by the volume of telephone calls or the nature of the telephone 

conversations.” (emphasis added). Despite acknowledging this statement in Bourne, the 

majority nevertheless states that Bourne cites cases which “have also found that call 

volume alone absent evidence of other abusive conduct is insufficient to sustain a 

claim[.]” Not only does this contradict the express language in Bourne itself (which 

language the majority quotes), the only conclusion reached in the cases cited or discussed 

by Bourne is that the call volume in those particular cases was insufficient, in the opinion 

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of those courts, to evince an intent to harass.4 Nowhere in those cases do the courts hold 

that additional evidence was necessary. To the contrary, federal courts have observed 

that “the nature of telephone calls, including their frequency, substance, or the place to 

which they are made, provides grounds to infer a debt collector’s intent to annoy, abuse, 

or harass without any other evidence of the debt collector’s motive in calling.” Brown v. 

Hosto & Buchan, PLLC, 748 F. Supp. 2d 847, 852 (W.D. Tenn. 2010) (emphasis added); 

accord Durthaler, 854 F. Supp. 2d at 489. 

Furthermore, the majority makes reference to the Bourne court’s passing 

reference to Duncan v. J. P. Morgan Chase Bank, N. A., where additional evidence of 

intent, i.e. abusive language, was presented. No. 5:10-cv-010149; 5:10-cv-01113, 2011 

4 The majority includes a quote from Bourne string citing cases where the specific 

call volume in those cases was insufficient to support a finding of intent. Not only did 

these cases not state that additional evidence was necessary or that the absence of such 

was dispositive, but the volume described therein does not even come close to 

approximating the volume and repetitive manner of calling in the instant matter. See 

Saltzman v. I.C. Sys., Inc., No. 09-10096, 2009 WL 3190359 (E.D. Mich. Sept. 30, 2009) 

(finding average of one to two calls per day over limited periods of time insufficient 

volume alone to support violation); Arteaga, 733 F. Supp. 2d at 1229 (finding that 

“daily” or “nearly daily” phone calls alone are insufficient to support violation); Tucker v. 

CBE Grp., Inc., 710 F. Supp. 2d 1301, 1305 (M.D. Fla. 2010) (finding average of three 

calls per day “somewhat high” but insufficient to find violation ); Durthaler v. Accounts 

Receivable Mgmt., Inc., 854 F. Supp. 2d 485 (S.D. Ohio 2012) (finding no FDCPA 

violation where average of one call every two days); Katz v. Capital One, No. 1:09-cv1059, 2010 WL 1039850 (E.D. Va. March 18, 2010) (finding no more than two calls a 

day insufficient to prove violation). As noted above, on three successive days, petitioner 

called respondent 5-6 times each day at intervals close in time. Petitioner called 

respondent 252 calls over an eight-month period and as many as 54 times in a single 

month. For obvious reasons, the majority undertakes no analysis of the pattern and 

frequency of calls in this matter as compared with the calls in the cited cases. 

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WL 5359698 (S.D.W. Va. Nov. 4, 2011). The majority emphasizes, without analysis, the 

Bourne court’s reference to the existence of additional evidence of intent in Duncan. 

However, the fact that additional evidence happened to exist in that case does not support 

the majority’s illogical leap that the court found such additional evidence necessary to 

find a violation. In fact, the Duncan court expressly acknowledged that volume alone can 

support a violation: “The plain language of [W. Va. Code § 46A-2-125(d)] aptly sets 

forth that a statutory violation can be bourne [sic] from the mere volume of calls placed 

to a debtor.” 5 Id. at *4. More specifically, the Duncan court correctly noted that “a 

Court can glean ‘intent’ from the continuous nature of the calls by highlighting a 

distinctive pattern, such as the number of calls placed in one day, or the time in which 

those calls were placed” and expressly declined “to find that ‘something more’ or a 

‘volume plus’ type of analysis is required to demonstrate a violation of [West Virginia 

Code § 46A-]2–125(d)[.]” Id. 

5 See also Ferrell v. Santander Consumer USA, Inc., 859 F. Supp. 2d 812, 818 

(S.D.W. Va. 2012) (denying summary judgment to debt collector based on “sheer volume 

of the calls”). I note further that federal district court cases cited by petitioner where 

summary judgment was granted to the debt collector are plainly distinguishable and/or 

bear little factual similarity to the case sub judice. See Adams v. Chrysler Fin. Co., LLC, 

2013 WL 1385407 (S.D.W. Va. April 3, 2013) (granting summary judgment to debt 

collector where debtor failed to allege any actions prohibited by Section 125(d) and 

further failed to respond to motion for summary judgment); White v. Ally Fin., Inc., 2013 

WL 1857266 (S.D.W. Va. May 2, 2013) (granting summary judgment to debt collector 

where only evidence of intent was that debt collector was attempting to identify estate 

representative and stopped calling once information was provided). 

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Having established the universally-recognized rule that intent to annoy, 

abuse, oppress, or harass may clearly be inferred from pattern, volume, and/or frequency 

of calls, it is equally clear that there is no particular threshold of calls which much be 

exceeded to violate the statute. Critically, “there is no bright line rule regarding the 

number of calls which creates the inference of intent.” Hicks, 816 F. Supp. 2d at 515. 

Accordingly, it is obvious that such an issue is exclusively one for the trier of fact—in 

this case, the trial court. “Ordinarily, whether conduct harasses, oppresses, or abuses will 

be a question for the jury.” Jeter v. Credit Bureau, Inc., 760 F.2d 1168, 1179 (11th Cir. 

1985); see also Hendricks, 891 F. Supp. 2d at 896 (“Whether or not the volume and 

pattern of calls is indicative of an intent to harass is often a question for the jury.”); Pace 

v. Portfolio Recovery Assocs., LLC, 872 F. Supp. 2d 861, 864 (W.D. Mo. 2012), aff'd, 

512 F. App’x 643 (8th Cir. 2013) (same); Carman, 782 F. Supp. 2d at 1230 (“[T]he 

reasonableness of the volume and pattern of telephone calls is a question of fact best left 

to a jury.”); Regan v. Law Offices of Edwin A. Abrahamsen & Associates, P.C., Civil 

Action No. 08-5923, 2009 WL 4396299 (E.D. Pa. Dec. 1, 2009) (finding whether pattern 

of calls was sufficiently harassing was issue for jury); Akalwadi, 336 F. Supp. 2d at 506 

(“The reasonableness of this volume of calls and their pattern is a question of fact for the 

jury.”); Gill v. Kostroff, 82 F. Supp. 2d 1354, 1360 (M.D. Fla. 2000) (“[T]he inquiry into 

whether a debt collector’s procedures are reasonable is, “by its nature, fact-intensive, and 

should therefore typically be left to the jury[.]” (quoting Narwick v. Wexler, 901 F. Supp. 

1275, 1282 (N.D. Ill. 1995))). The majority provides absolutely no support whatsoever 

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for its unprecedented conclusion that a certain type of evidence is per se insufficient to 

establish the highly fact-specific issue of intent. 

Finally, in its somewhat cryptic closing analysis, the majority discusses 

petitioner’s “stated intention” and “unrefuted evidence of [petitioner’s] intent to collect 

the debt.” Although difficult to surmise, the majority appears to be asserting that since 

petitioner established that its “intent” was merely to collect a debt, rather than to harass, 

the trial court erred in finding for respondent. The nonsensical and circular reasoning 

employed by the majority in this regard further illustrates the error of its resolution. 

Unquestionably, a debt collector accused of violating West Virginia Code § 46A-2­

122(d) will necessarily be attempting to collect a debt. In fact, attempting to collect a 

debt is a necessary prerequisite to bringing an action: “[A] threshold requirement for 

application of [a debt collection practices act] is that prohibited practices are used in 

attempt to collect a “debt.” Mabe v. G.C. Servs. Ltd. P’ship, 32 F.3d 86, 88 (4th Cir. 

1994). What West Virginia Code § 46A-2-122 and its federal equivalent seek to prohibit 

is the use of harassing or abusive practices while attempting to collect a debt. Therefore, 

the majority’s confounding conclusion that petitioner may evade a violation of the statute 

by simply claiming that it was merely trying to collect the debt or reach the debtor is 

fairly absurd and further underscores the majority’s complete failure to comprehend the 

activity which the statute seeks to prohibit. 

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To be clear, the majority’s reversal of this matter is not only without 

analytical or precedential support, but effectively guts the import of the statute. Under 

the majority’s analysis, a debt collector could conceivably cause a debtor’s telephone to 

ring every five minutes into perpetuity and not run afoul of the statute. In that event, 

under the majority’s analysis, the sheer volume and frequency of the calls are 

insufficient, without more, to establish intent to harass. What type of “other evidence” is 

needed or how a debtor could obtain such “other evidence” of intent to harass, the 

majority does not explain. Rather, it places an impossible burden upon a debtor to 

adduce “other evidence”—aside from the plainly harassing volume and frequency of calls 

themselves—of an intent to harass. In so doing, the majority has eviscerated the “causing 

a telephone to ring” prohibition of subsection (d) in its entirety. 

Because this complete departure from the overwhelming consensus of 

courts addressing this issue is entirely unsupported by the majority’s scant and illogical 

analysis, I respectfully dissent. I am authorized to state that Justice Davis joins me in this 

dissent. 

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