# Patent

## Title
Open systems printing

## Abstract

A method for open systems printing including routing print jobs automatically from different types of source computers to different types of printers without the source computers selecting printers for each print job.
A method for open systems printing including routing print jobs automatically from an arbitrary number of source computers to an arbitrary number of printers without the source computers selecting printers for each print job.
A method for printing including controlling the printing of print jobs on high-speed production printers through a graphical user interface.
A print server for use with different types of source computers and different types of printers, the print server directs print jobs received from the source computers to the printers without the source computers selecting printers for each print job.
A print server for use with an arbitrary number of similar types of source computers and an arbitrary number of similar types of printers, the print server directs print jobs received from the source computers to the printers without the source computers selecting printers for each print job.

## Background
RELATED APPLICATION
This application is a continuation (and claims the benefit of priority under 35 USC 120) of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/609,776, filed Mar. 1, 1996 now abandoned. The disclosure of the prior application is considered part of (and is incorporated by reference in) the disclosure of this application.


BACKGROUND
This invention relates to open systems printing.
Printing is often a proprietary sub-system of computer operating systems. This is especially true for production or high-speed printing (i.e., greater than 100 pages per minute). For example, IBMTM MVSTM mainframes 10, 12 (FIG. 1) are connected to IBMTM printers 14, 16 over IBMTM bus-and-tag channels 18, 20, MicrosoftTM NTTM server 22 is connected to NTTM printer 24 over proprietary bus 26, and image server 28 is connected to image printers 30 over proprietary busses 32. In a typical MVSTM environment, print files are generated from a mainframe MVSTM application and sent to a Job Entry Sub-System (JES). The print job is routed over the proprietary bus to a printer directly connected to the proprietary bus. The job is then printed using JES commands.
When new processors are developed and installed, new printers corresponding to the new technology are also installed. Dedicated, high-bandwidth channel bus extenders are used to connect remote high-speed printers to a central mainframe location.
Client/server systems typically include smaller desktop computers (clients) connected to larger more powerful computers (servers). To print a client/server print stream on a high-speed printer, the print stream is typically routed (arrow 34) to a mainframe, e.g., MVSTM 10, and then routed to a high-speed printer, e.g., printers 14. The mainframe is effectively made a high-cost print server for the distributed client/server system.
Switch 36 enables either MVSTM 12 or a VAXTM mainframe 38 to send print streams to printer 40. If MVSTM 12 is configured to send print streams through switch 36 and a user instead wants to send print streams from VAXTM 38 to the printer, the user enables the VAXTM and disables the MVSTM and configures the switch accordingly. Approximately 20 minutes to an hour is required to re-configure the mainframes and switch. A new switch is needed to allow a different hardware platform, e.g., NTTM server 22, to share a printer with MVSTM 12 and/or VAXTM 38.
SUMMARY
In general, in one aspect, the invention features a method for open systems printing including routing print jobs automatically from different types of source computers to different types of printers without the source computers selecting printers for each print job. In general, in another aspect, the invention features a method for open systems printing including routing print jobs automatically from an arbitrary number of source computers to an arbitrary number of printers without the source computers selecting printers for each print job.
Implementations of the invention may include one or more of the following. Routing may include sending the print jobs from the source computers to a print server and sending the print jobs from the print server to output managers connected to the printers. The print jobs may be sent from the source computers to the print server over a first network, e.g., a TCP/IP network, and the print jobs may be sent from the print server to the output managers over a second network, e.g., a local area network. The method may include transforming data in the print jobs into a format compatible with the printers, and the transformation may be carried out by the print server or an output manager. After sending the print jobs from the source computers to the print server, the method may include storing the print jobs in a server spool coupled to the print server. Before sending the print jobs from the print server to the output managers, the data in the print jobs may be manipulated, for example, two print jobs may be merged into one print job. The method may also include printing the print jobs on paper, sending the print jobs to an electronic mail system, recording the print jobs on microfiche, and recording the print jobs on laser disk. Each of the print jobs may include at least two reports and routing may include sending the print jobs from the source computers to a print server and sending individual reports from the print server to output managers connected to the printers. After sending the print jobs from the source computers to the print server, the method may include bringing the source computers down for maintenance while printing the print jobs.
In general, in another aspect, the invention features a method for printing including controlling the printing of print jobs on high-speed production printers through a graphical user interface.
Implementations of the invention may include one or more of the following. The method may include receiving the print jobs at a print server coupled to the graphical user interface and listing the received print jobs in the graphical user interface. Controlling may include selecting a print job from the list of received print jobs, determining if a printer coupled to the print server has a set-up compatible with the selected print job's set-up, and sending the selected print job from the print server to an output manager connected to the printer. Selecting may include dragging-and-dropping the selected print job from the list of print jobs onto a printer icon, and the method may also include preventing the drag-and-drop of the selected print job if the printer set-up is determined to be incompatible with the selected print job's set-up.
In general, in another aspect, the invention features a print server for use with different types of source computers and different types of printers, the print server directs print jobs received from the source computers to the printers without the source computers selecting printers for each print job. In general, in another aspect, the invention features a print server for use with an arbitrary number of similar types of source computers and an arbitrary number of similar types of printers, the print server directs print jobs received from the source computers to the printers without the source computers selecting printers for each print job.
Implementations of the invention may include one or more of the following. The print server may include an input receiver, coupled to the source computers, for receiving the print jobs from the source computers, a server spool, coupled to the input receiver, for storing received print jobs, a queue manager, coupled to the server spool and the input receiver, for directing each of the print jobs to a selected one of the printers through an output manager, and a data transformer, coupled to the server spool, for converting data in print jobs into a format compatible with the corresponding selected printers.
In general, in another aspect, the invention features an open systems printing environment including a source computer connected to a first network, a print server connected to the first network and a second network, an output manager connected to the second network, and a printer connected to the output manager, the print server directs print jobs generated by the source computer to the printer.
Implementations of the invention may include one or more of the following. The open systems printing environment may also include a server spool coupled to the printer server and a graphical user interface coupled to the print server.
Advantages of the invention may include one or more of the following. Print streams generated on an arbitrary number of dissimilar/similar types of source computers, including client/server systems, are efficiently routed to an arbitrary number of dissimilar/similar high speed printing hardware. User application programs on source computers need not be modified, and the number of source computers and the number of printers is scalable. New technology (i.e., types of computers and printing hardware) is easily added to the printing system. Local print management provides cost effective operation of a large print center remote from a data center. A graphical user interface (GUI) provides a flexible, easy-to-use operator interface. Printing may continue when source computers are down for maintenance or due to failures.
Print streams generated by source computers may be manipulated in the open print server prior to being routed to available printing hardware. For example, bank statement data from a mainframe may be merged with image data (i.e., pictures of processed checks) from an image server before being routed to available printing hardware. Merging print streams in the open print server prior to printing reduces the handling required to process the merging of two print streams and reduces errors associated with known physical merging techniques.
Other advantages and features will become apparent from the following description, and from the claims.



DESCRIPTION
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of source computers directly connected to printers.
FIGS. 2 and 3 are a block diagrams of an open systems printing environment.
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of the TCP/IP protocol stack.
FIG. 5 is a detailed block diagram of an open systems printing environment.
FIGS. 6–31 are video screen displays of a graphical user interface to an open systems printing environment.



Referring to FIG. 2, an open systems printing environment 50 includes an open print server 52 connected to source computers 54 through a Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) network 56. The open print server receives print jobs from the source computers and efficiently routes the jobs over a local area network (LAN) 58 to various output managers 60. The output managers then have the jobs printed on directly connected printers 62.
TCP/IP is a communications protocol that was developed under contract from the United States Department of Defense in the 1970's to connect dissimilar computer systems. Today TCP/IP is a defacto standard after becoming the network protocol of choice for corporate data networks. TCP/IP is flexible and available on a wide range of hardware platforms. The protocol enables programmatic linking and routing of data between dissimilar computer systems. As a result, the open print server accepts print files from different hardware platforms, including IBMTM MVSTM mainframes 64 (FIGS. 2 and 3), UNIX servers 66, MicrosoftTM Windows NTTM servers 68, IBMTM AS/400 servers 70, and Digital Equipment CorporationTM VAXTM mainframes 72.
The highest level of TCP/IP is Application Layer 74 (FIG. 4). User level programming is incorporated at the top of the TCP/IP protocol stack at the Application layer. For example, File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is an application layer program. The Application Layer permits computers to connect to and work together over the network.
TCP layer 76 defines the transport standard, providing end-to-end reliability and sequencing of transmitted bytes of data. This ensures that each byte of data sent from a source computer is received correctly by the open print server. IP layer 78 of the TCP/IP protocol stack provides the routing mechanism/computer addressing information. Addressing information is used to forward bytes from source computers to the open print server. Network Interface layer 80 defines the physical attributes of the network connection.
Many hardware platforms may serve as the open print server. For instance, the open print server may be a SunTM SPARCTM 10/20 server 82 (FIG. 3), a SunTM SPARCTM 1000 server 84, an IBMTM RS/6000 server 86, or a Hewlett PackardTM server 88. Many output managers and printers are also available. The printers may be Advance Function Printing (AFP) in Page or Line mode printers, intelligent printer data stream (IPDS) printers, impact, simplex, DUPLEX, line conditioned data stream (LCDS) and intelligent print stream (IPS), roll-fed, sheet-fed, postscript, color, or continuous tone printers. For example, an output manager 90 including an ISI/OPS printer driver 91 may receive print jobs from the open print server and direct them to IBMTM 3800-3 and 4245/8 printers 92, 94 and SiemensTM 2140/2240 page mode printers 96. Similarly, an output manager 97 including a PSF/6000 printer driver 98 may direct print jobs to IBMTM 3900, 3828/9, and 3900 duplex printers 100, 101, 102, an output manager 103 including a SNPS/8000 printer driver 104 may direct print jobs to SiemensTM 2140/2240 IPDS printers 105, SiemensTM page stream printers 106, and SiemensTM twin duplex printers 107, and an output manager 108 including a XEROXTM printer driver 109 may direct print jobs to a XEROXTM printer 110.
Referring to FIG. 5, an open printing client program 114 is installed on each source computer 116 to transfer print files from the source computers to open print server 52 over TCP/IP network 56 without modifying applications running on the source computers. As an example, source computer 116 is an IBMTM MVSTM mainframe. Application 118 running on the MVSTM mainframe transfers print files into a Job Entry Sub-system (JES) which stores the print jobs on one or more MVSTM JES spools 120. Program 114 includes a JES2Q Program for each JES spool available to the MVSTM mainframe. Each JES2Q program searches a corresponding JES spool for print jobs having a destination identification (DESTID) corresponding to an open print server.
The JES2Q programs “strip” print jobs destined for the open print server from the JES spools, add open print server header information to the print jobs, and encapsulate the print jobs into TCP packets. The TCP packets are transferred to the open print server. The JES2Q programs interface with a TCP/IP stack 122 to pass print jobs to TCP/IP network routers via, for example, an IBMTM 3172 gateway 123 (FIG. 2). The routers send the print jobs over the TCP/IP network to an input receiver 124 on the open print server. The JES2Q programs communicate with the input receiver program through a sockets interface (program-to-program) in the Application level of the TCP/IP protocol stack in a many-to-one relationship.
When the input receiver receives incoming print jobs, it writes the data onto a server spool 126 and uses the header information to log the job in a database, for example, a Sybase, Inc. database. Server spool 126 is a direct access storage device (DASD) and may include mirrored disks. The array contains, for example, four 16 gigabyte partitions which provide a total capacity of 64 gigabytes. File sizes may exceed the UNIX limit of 2 gigabytes. The input receiver notifies Queue Manager 128 of the status of all incoming print jobs.
Open print server error conditions, for instance, insufficient disk space or failed network lines, are communicated to the JES2Q programs on the MVSTM mainframe through TCP/IP error codes. When the error condition is removed, e.g., disk space becomes available, the print job is restarted. Checkpoint restart capabilities allow the print job transmission to be re-initiated from the point of failure reducing the time required to finish the transmission.
The Queue Manager functions as a traffic cop by controlling the distribution of print jobs across the various printers. The Queue Manager forwards database update information to one or more MotifTM graphical user interfaces 130 (GUIs) through an operator application programming interface 132 (API). The GUIs provide print operators with a current view of the printing environment (discussed in more detail below). The Queue Manager also processes commands received from the operator via the GUI and updates the database accordingly. The Queue Manager maintains Job accounting files and server log files and stores these files on the server spool. Job accounting records 135 are generated in various formats, SMF included. These may be automatically sent to standard billing packages on other computers connected to the TCP/IP network.
While a print job is being received from a source computer, the Queue Manager accesses the print job's header information to determine which print resources are required to print the job and then accesses a resource manager 133 to determine if the required print resources are available. Print resources include fonts, coded fonts, overlays, page definitions, form definitions, page segments, FCBs, media maps, data maps, and graphics (e.g., logos and signatures). If a required print resource is not available, then the Queue Manager notifies the operator through the GUI. Similarly, the Queue Manager checks for a required printer set-up, for example, that a required form type is loaded, and notifies the operator if a required printer set-up is not available.
Using the GUI, a print operator selects a job in the server spool and directs the job to a specific printer. The Queue Manager initiates a data transformation (DTF) process 134 corresponding to the selected output manager and printer. The DTF process interrogates the job to determine, for example, if it is an AFP page or line mode job. The DTF process then reads the job from the spool, converts the data stream to, for example, a channel command word (CCW) format compatible with the target printer make/model, and writes the data back onto the spool. The DTF process also updates the database with status information and error condition messages, and this information is made available to the GUI through the Queue Manager.
After a sufficient amount of data has been properly transformed, the Queue Manager notifies the selected output manager that a print job is ready, and the output manager begins reading the transformed portion of the print job from the server spool. For non-IPDS printers (i.e., SiemensTM 2140, 2240, IBMTM 3800, 4245), the output manager may be a SunTM SparcClassicTM workstation with a printer adapter card to support the attached printer. For IPDS printers, the output manager may be an IBMTM RS/6000 workstation with PSF/6000 software or an OS/2 workstation with SNPS 8000 software and a Channel emulation card to support the attached printer. In the IPDS printing environment, the output manager reads data from the server spool that has not been transformed and completes the data transformation.
A programmer may generate data application programming interfaces 136 and corresponding DTF processes for manipulating data stored on the print server. For example, many bank statements include data forms listing transactions and account status (accounting data) as well as image forms with graphical representations of processed checks (image data). In the past, these forms were either printed separately and physically merged together before being mailed to the account holder, or the image data was routed to a mainframe where the image data and account data was merged before being printed. Physically merging forms is error prone and may require substantial personnel time. Because image data files are generally large, routing image data to the mainframe may cause bandwidth problems in the network connecting the image server and mainframe requiring the installation of an expensive, high bandwidth bus. This routing may also require a substantial amount of time. The problem is multiplied if the mainframe is remote from the image server.
Through the open print server, data is routed once to the open print server where it is merged into one print job before being printed. After an image print job and an accounting print job are stored in the server spool, the Queue Manager initiates a merge DTF through a merge data API to merge image and accounting data into one print job. An output manager corresponding to a printer capable of printing both data types is then notified of the print job.
LAN 58 (FIG. 5) and TCP/IP network 56 provide the open printing environment with scalability. Both networks permit many connections, for example, the LAN may have 256 connections. This allows additional source computers and output managers/printers to be easily connected to the environment when printing needs increase. Additionally, the environment may be updated with new technology, e.g., new source computers and output managers/printers, by generating corresponding open printing client programs 114 (FIG. 5) and DTF 134 processes.
Additionally, the TCP/IP network allows large print files to be easily and quickly transmitted from a data center of source computers to a remote print shop including the open print server, output managers, and printers. Because print resources are stored on the open print server, print file transmissions are smaller and require less bandwidth. Once the files are transmitted, the source computers may be brought down for maintenance without interrupting the printers. Local printer management permits efficient use of printer time and capabilities, and because the open print server routes print jobs across various printers, individual printers may be drained of print jobs and brought down for maintenance without bringing down the entire printing environment. Moving printer queue management to the open print server may increase source computer performance by eliminating the need for such a function on the source computers. Source computers need not select, keep track of, or even know of available printers.
PRINTING/OPERATOR INTERFACE
The GUI provides an operator with complete control over printer management.
Referring to FIG. 6, the GUI includes a main status display 140 that allows the operator to manage the print operation, system configuration, and logging in and out of the system. In addition to standard MotifTM X-WindowsTM features, the GUI includes features specific to the open print server. For example, source computer and printer icons 142, 144, respectively, are displayed and indicate through words 146 and the color of the icon the status of the corresponding device. For instance, a green printer icon indicates that the printer is active, paused, or draining, blue indicates that the printer is idle or drained, brown that the print driver is running but that the printer is unavailable, red that the print driver is unavailable, and yellow that operator intervention is required. Similarly, a green source computer icon indicates that the computer is active while a blue source computer icon indicates that the computer is idle.
The operator may double-click a left mouse button on a printer or client icon 142, 144, respectively, to cause additional information (e.g., forms, mode), specific to the corresponding device, to be displayed. A single-click of the right mouse button on a printer icon brings up a pop-up menu of printer functions including pause, resume, cancel job, drain, enable. The user may click the left mouse button on a printer function to cause the corresponding printer to execute that function.
Referring to FIGS. 7 and 8, the operator may select a Printer Layout option 146 or a Client Layout option 148 from an Edit menu 150 to cause a Screen Layout Dialog box 152 or a Client Layout Dialog box 154, respectively, to appear. The operator then uses the dialog boxes to select those printer and source computer icons to be displayed on the main status display window.
Referring to FIG. 9, the operator may select a Job Queue option 156 from a View menu 158 to cause a Job Queue Status table 160 to be displayed. The operator may then sort the Job Queue Status table display using options 162 (FIG. 10) in a Job Queue Status table View menu 164. These sort by options include class, priority, source, status, mode, name, form, criteria, or all jobs.
When the class option is selected, a class pop-up menu 166 (FIG. 11) of alpha codes from A through Z and numeric codes from 0 through 9 is displayed representing classes that the Job Queue Status table may be sorted on. The operator may then select one of these codes to sort the Job Queue Status table. When the priority option is selected, a Job View By Priority Selection Dialog box 168 (FIG. 12) is displayed. The operator may enter the priority on which he would like the Job Queue Status table sorted on. When the source option is selected, a source computer pop-up menu 170 (FIG. 13) is displayed from which the operator may select a source computer to sort the Job Queue Status table on, and when the status option is selected, a status pop-up menu 172 (FIG. 14) is displayed from which the operator may select a status to sort the Job Queue Status table on. Similarly, when the mode option is selected, a mode pop-up menu 174 (FIG. 15) is displayed, when the name or form options are selected, a Selection Entry dialog box 176 (FIG. 16), 178 (FIG. 17), respectively, is displayed, and when the criteria option is selected, a Criteria Display dialog box 180 (FIG. 18) is displayed through which the operator can select a combination of criteria, such as class and priority, to sort on. The operator may select the all jobs option to cause all jobs to be displayed in the Job Queue Status table.
To perform an operation on a job, the operator selects the job in the Job Queue Status table by clicking the left mouse button on the desired job and selects the desired operation from the Operations menu 182 (FIG. 19). The operations include Hold, Release, Delete, Copy, Change Priority, Change Retention Time, Change Class, Print, and Report Queue. The Hold option allows the operator to put a print job on hold, and the Release option allows the operator to change the status of a print job to ready. When a print job has a ready status, the operator may print the job by selecting the print option and a desired printer from a Print Panel 184 (FIG. 20) or by moving the cursor over the job in the Job Queue Status table, pressing the left mouse button down, and dragging-and-dropping the print job onto the desired printer icon (i.e., drag-and-drop technology). If the print job set-up does not match the printer set-up, for example, the form required for the print job is not loaded on the printer, then the GUI indicates that the print job cannot be printed on the selected printer by not allowing the print option to be selected or by not allowing the print job to be dropped onto the printer icon.
Alternatively, the open print server may be configured to automatically print jobs with a ready status if a printer having a matching set-up is available.
If a job in a secure class is selected, a Security Authorization Dialog box 186 (FIG. 21) is displayed, and the operator must enter an authorized user name 188 and password 190 before an operation may be performed on the selected job.
Each print job may contain one or more reports (i.e., smaller print jobs). When the report queue option is selected, a Report Queue window 192 (FIG. 22) is displayed. The Report Queue window provides many of the same operational controls at the report level through an Operations menu 194 (FIG. 23) that are provided at the job level through the operations menu in the Job Queue Status table. Report operations include Hold, Release, Delete, Print, Resources, View Report Ticket, and Browse Report. The Hold, Release, Delete, and Print report operations work as described above with respect to print jobs. When the Resources option is selected, a Resources Display window 196 (FIG. 24) is displayed. The Resources Display window shows a list of printer resources required to print the selected report. Each necessary printer resource also includes a status: Unchecked indicates that the Queue Manager has not determined whether the resource is available in the resource manager; Missing indicates that the resource is not available through the resource manager; and Present indicates that the resource is available. Selecting the view report ticket option displays a Report Ticket window 198 (FIG. 25). The following information about a selected report is displayed: job name; data definition name; form used; print date; print start time; print end time; total lines in report; and total pages printed. An operator or a user connected to a source computer may add notes to a report in a notes dialog box 200. For example, the user may add a note telling the operator where to send copies of each report. Selecting the Report Browser option displays a Report Browser window 202 (FIG. 26). The Report Browser window displays the actual contents of a selected report.
Referring back to FIG. 9, selecting the printer status option from the View menu of the Main Status Display window displays a Printer Status display window 204 (FIG. 27) including a one line status summary for each printer. Through the printer set-up option in the View menu, the operator may configure available printers. When this option is selected, a pop-up menu 206 (FIG. 28) of available printers is displayed, and when a printer is selected from this menu or the operator double-clicks on the printer icon, a printer configuration dialog box 208 is displayed. The operator enters information into this dialog to configure the corresponding printer. Selecting the status log option causes a Status Log 210 (FIG. 29) to be displayed allowing the operator to view and search for recorded events.
System menu 212 (FIG. 30) includes a Print Resource option and a Spool Utilization option. Selecting the Print Resource option displays a Resource Dialog box 214. The Resource Dialog box displays existing resource directory paths for the selected printer and allows the operator to add and delete resource directory paths for the selected printer. Selecting the Spool Utilization option displays a Spool Utilization window 216 (FIG. 31). The Spool Utilization window displays the path name of each directory, the percentage of the total space currently used, total number of megabytes, total number of megabytes currently in use, total number of megabytes available for storage, and total megabytes for each column.
REFERENCE TO MICROFICHE APPENDIX
A microfiche appendix containing C language source code for open systems printing consisting of 1648 microfiche images on 17 microfiche cards is filed herewith. A portion of the disclosure of the patent document contains material which is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owners have no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever.
Other embodiments are within the following claims.
For example, multiple open print servers at locations remote from the source computers may be connected to a common TCP/IP network.
As another example, the term “printers” as used in this specification refers to many different types of devices, including, but not limited to, paper printers, e-mail, computer output microfiche (COM) recorders, archival systems, or computer output laser disk (COLD) recorders.

## Claims

1. A print server for use with print sources that generate print jobs having print data, some of the print jobs having different respective print data formats, and output devices that execute the print jobs, some of the output devices being compatible with different respective print data formats, the print server being configured to direct print data of print jobs received from the print sources to the output devices, the print server comprising:
a format detector configured to detect the print data format compatibility of print data in each of the print jobs with respective ones of the output devices;
a data transformer configured to convert all of the print data in each of the print jobs from the data format of the print job into a different print data format compatible with any given one of the output devices;
a checkpoint restarter configured to allow a failed print job to be re-initiated at the point of failure;
a print enhancer configured to enhance the print data by supplementing the print data with other print data that is resident at the print server; and
a print job merger configured to create a merged print job before printing by merging print data from a first print job with print data from a second print job,

the print server being configured to select one of the output devices for each of the print jobs and each of the merged print jobs and to direct the print data of each of the print jobs and of each of the merged print jobs over a local area network to the selected one of the output devices that is compatible with the print data format of the output device.

2. The print server of claim 1, comprising:
an input receiver coupled to the print sources and configured to receive the print jobs from the print sources.

3. The print server of claim 1, wherein the print data format of a print job includes advance function printing (AFP).

4. The print server of claim 1, wherein the print data format of a print job includes line mode.

5. The print server of claim 1, wherein the compatible format includes advance function printing (AFP).

6. The print server of claim 1, wherein the compatible format includes a format using channel command word (CCW) commands.

7. The print server of claim 1, wherein the compatible format includes intelligent printer data stream (IPDS).

8. The print server of claim 1, wherein the compatible format includes a format specifying print streams compatible with a Xerox printer.

9. The print server of claim 1, wherein the compatible format includes Postscript.

10. The print server of claim 1, comprising
a store of print resources; and
a resource detector configured to detect that a print job specifies print resources and to detect whether the store of print resources includes the specified print resources;
wherein the print server is configured to provide the specified print resources to the output device.

11. The print server of claim 10, wherein the specified print resources include a font.

12. The print server of claim 10, wherein the specified print resources include graphical information.

13. The print server of claim 10, wherein the specified print resources include an overlay.

14. The print server of claim 1
wherein the print server is also configured to direct the merged print job to an output device compatible with both the print data from the first print job and the print data from the second print job.

15. The print server of claim 1, wherein the output device is configured to print the print data on paper.

16. The print server of claim 1, wherein the output device is configured to send the print data to an electronic mail system.

17. The print server of claim 1, wherein the output device is configured to record the print data on microfiche.

18. The print server of claim 1, wherein the output device is configured to record the print data on laser disk.

19. The print server of claim 1, wherein the print server is configured to allow the print sources to be brought down for maintenance while the print server is printing the print jobs.

20. The print server of claim 2, comprising:
a server spool coupled to the input receiver, the server spool configured to store received print jobs.

21. The print server of claim 20, comprising:
a queue manager coupled to the server spool, the input receiver, and the data transformer, the queue manager configured to direct each of the print jobs to a selected one of the output devices through an output manager.

22. The server of claim 1 in which
some of the print jobs have different respective requirements for print resources, and
some of the output devices provide different respective print resources, and further comprising
a resource matcher configured to compare the resource requirements of each of the print jobs with print resources provided by different ones of the of output devices.

23. A printing environment comprising:
print sources connected to a TCP/IP network, the print sources configured to generate print jobs having print data, some of the print jobs having different respective print data formats;
output devices coupled to a local area network for executing the print jobs, some of the output devices being compatible with different respective print data formats; and
a print server connected to the TCP/IP network and the local area network and comprising;
a format detector configured to detect the print data format compatibility of print data in each of the print jobs with respective ones of the output devices;
a data transformer configured to convert all of the print data in each of the print jobs from the print data format of the print job into a different print data format compatible with any given one of the output devices;
a checkpoint restarter configured to allow a failed print job to be re-initiated at the point of failure;
a print enhancer configured to enhance the print data by supplementing the print data with other print data that is resident at the print server; and
a print job merger configured to create a merged print job before printing by merging print data from a first print job with print data from a second print job,

the print server being configured to select one of the output devices for each of the print jobs and each of the merged print jobs and to direct the print data of each of the print jobs and of each of the merged print jobs over the local area network to the selected one of the output devices that is compatible with the print data format of the output device.

24. The open systems printing environment of claim 23, further comprising:
a server spool coupled to the printer server.

25. The open systems printing environment of claim 23, further comprising:
a graphical user interface coupled to the print server.

26. The printing environment of claim 23, wherein the print server is further configured to select an output device.

27. A method of handling print jobs received by a print server, the print server for use with print sources that generate print jobs having print data, some of the print jobs having different respective print data formats, and output devices that execute the print jobs, some of the output devices being compatible with different respective print data formats, the print server being configured to direct print data of print jobs received from the print sources to the output devices, the method comprising:
detecting the print data format compatibility of print data in each of the print data in each of the print jobs with respective ones of the output devices;
enhancing the print data by supplementing the print data with other print data that is resident at the print server;
creating a merged print job by merging print data from a first print job with print data from a second print job;
selecting one of the output devices for each of the print jobs that is compatible with the print data for the print job;
converting all of the print data in the print jobs from the print format of the print jobs into a different print data format compatible with any given one of the output devices;
directing the print data of each of the print jobs over a local area network to the selected one of the output devices; and
allowing a failed print job to be re-initiated at the point of failure.

28. A method of handling print jobs received by a print server, the print server for use with print sources that generate print jobs having print data, some of the print jobs having different respective print data formats, and output devices that execute the print jobs, some of the output devices being compatible with different respective print data formats, the print server being configured to direct print data of print jobs received from the print sources to the output devices, the method comprising:
detecting the print data format compatibility of print data in each of the print data in each of the print jobs with respective ones of the output devices;
enhancing the print data by supplementing the print data with other print data that is resident at the print server;
creating a merged print job before printing by merging print data from a first print job with print data from a second print job;
selecting one of the output devices for each of the print jobs that is compatible with the print data for the print job;
converting all of the print data in the print jobs from the print format of the print jobs into a different print data format compatible with any given one of the output devices;
directing the print data of each of the print jobs over a local area network to the selected one of the output devices; and

allowing a failed print job to be re-initiated at the point of failure.

29. A computer readable storage medium encoded with computer software, comprising instructions for use in a print server for use with print sources that generate print jobs having print data, some of the print jobs having different respective print data formats, and output devices that execute the print jobs, some of the output devices being compatible with different respective print data formats, the print server being configured to direct print data of print jobs from the print sources to the output devices, the storage medium comprising instructions for causing the print server to:
detect the print data format compatibility of print data in each of the print jobs with respective ones of the output devices;
enhance the print data by supplementing the print data with other print data that is resident at the print server;
create a merged print job before printing by merging print data from a first print job with print data from a second print job;
select one of the output devices for each of the print jobs that is compatible with the print data for the print job;
convert all of the print data in each of the print jobs from the print data format of the print job into a different print data format compatible with any given one of the output devices;
direct the print data of each of the print jobs over a local area network to the selected one of the output devices; and
allow a failed print job to be re-initiated at the point of failure.