Exhibit 6

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................1

A. Retention ...........................................................................................................................1

B. Qualifications....................................................................................................................2

C. Materials Considered ........................................................................................................4

D. Legal Principles ................................................................................................................5

E. Claim Construction .........................................................................................................11

F. Level of Ordinary Skill ...................................................................................................12

G. Technology Background.................................................................................................12

1. A Brief History of Networks and Network Communications ..................................12

2. The Rise in Smartphone Adoption: Network Congestion and Failures....................18

3. “Pull”-Model Network Communications .................................................................20

4. “Push”-Model Network Communications................................................................21

H. General Comments on the Foster Report........................................................................25

I. Rebuttal to Dr. Foster’s “Overview of the Prior Art” .....................................................26

1. GTalkService ............................................................................................................26

2. Wireless Application Protocol ..................................................................................31

J. Patent Background ..........................................................................................................32

1. Summary of the ’117 Patent .....................................................................................32

2. Summary of the ’733 Patent .....................................................................................33

3. Summary of the ’192 Patent .....................................................................................33

II. SUMMARY OF OPINIONS ................................................................................................34

III. REBUTTAL TO DR. FOSTER’S OPINIONS ON THE ’117 PATENT ............................35

A. GTalkService Alone or in Combination Does Not Anticipate or Render Obvious the 

Asserted Claims ..............................................................................................................35

1. Claim 1[c]: “the network message server configured to receive, from each of a 

plurality of network application servers, multiple requests to transmit application 

data, each such request indicating a corresponding one of the mobile end-user 

devices and one of a plurality of applications”.........................................................36

2. Claim 1[d] and 1[e]: “the network message server to generate corresponding 

Internet data messages based on the requests, each such message containing at 

least one application identifier for an indicated application and application data 

corresponding to one of the requests” Claim 1[e]: “the network message server to 

transmit each of the generated Internet data messages to the device messaging 

agent located on the device indicated in the corresponding request, using the 

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corresponding secure Internet data connection for the device indicated in the 

corresponding request” .............................................................................................48

3. Claim 1[g]: “to, for each received message, map the application identifier in the 

message to a software process corresponding to the application identifier, and 

forward the application data in the message to the software process via a secure 

interprocess communication service.” ......................................................................58

4. Claim 2: “The network system of claim 1, the network message server further to 

collect and buffer multiple requests to transmit application data to a particular one 

of the devices.”..........................................................................................................72

5. Claim 4: “The network system of claim 1, the network message server further to 

encrypt the secure Internet data messages, the device messaging agents further to 

decrypt each received message to obtain the corresponding application identifier 

and application data.”................................................................................................73

6. Claim 6: “The network system of claim 1, wherein the device messaging agent 

executes in a secure execution environment on at least one of the devices, and at 

least one of the applications executes outside of the secure execution environment 

on that device.” .........................................................................................................74

7. Claim 10: “The network system of claim 1, wherein at least one of the secure 

Internet data messages comprises multiple identifier/data pairs.”............................75

8. Claim 12: “The network system of claim 1, the device messaging agent on at least 

one of the devices further to initiate the secure connection to the network message 

server.” ......................................................................................................................75

9. Claim 13: “The network system of claim 1, at least one of the devices having a 

network stack in communication with the device messaging agent, wherein the 

secure connection between the network message server and that device is 

terminated within the network stack.” ......................................................................75

10. Claim 16: “The network system of claim 2, wherein the network message server 

transmits the collected and buffered requests to the particular device upon the 

occurrence of a transmission trigger.” ......................................................................76

11. Claim 17: “The network system of claim 16, wherein the transmission trigger is 

the expiration of a periodic timer.” ...........................................................................77

12. Claim 18: “The network system of claim 16, wherein the transmission trigger is 

the receipt of a transmission from the device messaging agent of the particular 

device.” .....................................................................................................................78

B. Lee Alone or in Combination Does Not Render Obvious the Asserted Claims.............79

1. Claim 1[d]: “the network message server to generate corresponding Internet data 

messages based on the requests, each such message containing at least one 

application identifier for an indicated application and application data 

corresponding to one of the requests.”......................................................................79

2. Claim 1[g]: [each device messaging agent, when executing,] to, for each received 

message, map the application identifier in the message to a software process 

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corresponding to the application identifier, and forward the application data in the 

message to the software process via a secure interprocess communication service. 81

3. Claim 2......................................................................................................................86

4. Claim 4......................................................................................................................86

5. Claim 6 – Dr. Foster fails to explain how “at least one of the applications executes 

outside of the secure execution environment on that device,” because in his 

proposed combination he alleges that each application would within a secure 

execution environment on the device. ......................................................................86

6. Claim 10....................................................................................................................87

7. Claim 12 – Dr. Foster does not establish the obviousness of “the device 

messaging agent on at least one of the devices further to initiate the secure 

connection to the network message server.”.............................................................88

8. Claim 13....................................................................................................................88

9. Claim 16....................................................................................................................88

10. Claim 17 – “The network system of claim 16, wherein the transmission trigger is 

the expiration of a periodic timer.” ...........................................................................89

11. Claim 18....................................................................................................................90

C. OpenWave Mobile Access Gateway Alone or in Combination Does Not Render 

Obvious the Asserted Claims..........................................................................................90

1. Claim 1[a]: “a plurality of device messaging agents, each executable on a 

respective one of a plurality of mobile end-user devices configured to exchange 

Internet data via a data connection to a wireless network; and”...............................90

2. Claim 1[c]: “the network message server configured to receive, from each of a 

plurality of network application servers, multiple requests to transmit application 

data, each such request indicating a corresponding one of the mobile end-user 

devices and one of a plurality of applications,”......................................................100

3. Claim 1[d]: “the network message server to generate corresponding Internet data 

messages based on the requests, each such message containing at least one 

application identifier for an indicated application and application data 

corresponding to one of the requests, and” .............................................................115

4. Claim 1[e]: “the network message server to transmit each of the generated 

Internet data messages to the device messaging agent located on the device 

indicated in the corresponding request, using the corresponding secure Internet 

data connection for the device indicated in the corresponding request;” ...............120

5. Claim 1[f]: “each device messaging agent, when executing, to receive the Internet 

data messages from the secure Internet data connection corresponding to the 

device executing the device messaging agent, and” ...............................................125

6. Claim 1[g]: “to, for each received message, map the application identifier in the 

message to a software process corresponding to the application identifier, and 

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forward the application data in the message to the software process via a secure 

interprocess communication service.” ....................................................................125

7. Claim 2: “The network system of claim 1, the network message server further to 

collect and buffer multiple requests to transmit application data to a particular one 

of the devices.”........................................................................................................135

8. Claim 4: “The network system of claim 1, the network message server further to 

encrypt the secure Internet data messages, the device messaging agents further to 

decrypt each received message to obtain the corresponding application identifier 

and application data.”..............................................................................................135

9. Claim 6: “The network system of claim 1, wherein the device messaging agent 

executes in a secure execution environment on at least one of the devices, and at 

least one of the applications executes outside of the secure execution environment 

on that device.” .......................................................................................................136

10. Claim 10: “The network system of claim 1, wherein at least one of the secure 

Internet data messages comprises multiple identifier/data pairs.”..........................137

11. Claim 12: “The network system of claim 1, the device messaging agent on at least 

one of the devices further to initiate the secure connection to the network message 

server.” ....................................................................................................................137

12. Claim 13: “The network system of claim 1, at least one of the devices having a 

network stack in communication with the device messaging agent, wherein the 

secure connection between the network message server and that device is 

terminated within the network stack.” ....................................................................137

13. Claim 16: “The network system of claim 2, wherein the network message server 

transmits the collected and buffered requests to the particular device upon the 

occurrence of a transmission trigger.” ....................................................................138

14. Claim 17: “The network system of claim 16, wherein the transmission trigger is 

the expiration of a periodic timer.” .........................................................................138

15. Claim 18: “The network system of claim 16, wherein the transmission trigger is 

the receipt of a transmission from the device messaging agent of the particular 

device.” ...................................................................................................................138

IV. REBUTTAL TO DR. FOSTER’S OPINIONS ON THE ’733 PATENT ..........................138

A. GTalkService Alone or in Combination Does Not Anticipate or Render Obvious the 

Asserted Claims ............................................................................................................138

1. Claim 1[b]: “a plurality of device agents communicatively coupled to the service 

control device link agent through an agent communication bus, each of the 

plurality of device agents identifiable by an associated device agent identifier; 

and” .........................................................................................................................139

2. Claim 1[e]: “using the encryption key, obtain a decrypted agent message, the 

decrypted agent message comprising a particular agent identifier and message 

content for delivery to a particular device agent of the plurality of device agents, 

the particular agent identifier identifying the particular device agent, the message 

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content from a particular server of a plurality of servers communicatively coupled 

to the service control server link element” .............................................................146

3. Claim 1[f]: “based on the particular agent identifier, deliver the message content 

to the particular device agent over the agent communication bus.” .......................149

4. Claim 3: “The end-user device recited in claim 1, wherein the message content 

comprises information associated with a service usage.” .......................................150

5. Claim 7: “The end-user device recited in claim 1, wherein the message content 

comprises a service offer, an advertisement, or a transaction offer.” .....................151

6. Claim 8: “The end-user device recited in claim 1, wherein the message content 

comprises information from a third party configured to provide control of a 

service or a billing for a service.” ...........................................................................152

7. Claim 9: “The end-user device recited in claim 1, wherein the message content 

comprises an agent instruction, a setting value, an agent configuration, or a 

software update.” ....................................................................................................153

8. Claim 13: “The end-user device recited in claim 1, wherein the service control 

device link agent is further configured to send a device message to the service 

control server link element over the service control link.” .....................................154

9. Claim 19: “The end-user device recited in claim 1, further comprising a user 

interface, and wherein the particular device agent is configured to assist in 

presenting a notification through the user interface, the notification based on the 

message content.” ...................................................................................................154

10. Claim 23: “The end-user device recited in claim 1, wherein the service control 

device link agent is further configured to send a device credential to the network 

system or receive the device credential from the network system during a service 

authorization sequence.” .........................................................................................155

11. Claim 30[b]: “using an encryption key shared between the service control device 

link agent and the network element, obtaining a decrypted agent message, the 

decrypted agent message comprising a particular agent identifier and message 

content for delivery to a particular device agent of a plurality of device agents on 

the end-user device, each of the plurality of device agents identifiable by an 

associated device agent identifier and communicatively coupled to the service 

control device link agent through an agent communication bus, the particular 

agent identifier identifying the particular device agent, the message content from a 

particular server of a plurality of servers communicatively coupled to the network 

element” ..................................................................................................................156

12. Claim 30[c]: “delivering the message content to the particular device agent over 

the agent communication bus based on the particular agent identifier.” ................156

B. Motorola E815 in view of Ogawa Does Not Render Obvious the Asserted Claims....157

1. Claim 1[b]: “a plurality of device agents communicatively coupled to the service 

control device link agent through an agent communication bus, each of the 

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plurality of device agents identifiable by an associated device agent identifier; 

and” .........................................................................................................................158

2. Claim 1[c]: “memory configured to store an encryption key, the encryption key 

shared between the service control device link agent and a service control server 

link element of the network system;” .....................................................................161

3. Claim 1[d]: “wherein the service control device link agent is configured to: 

receive, over the service control link, an encrypted agent message from the 

service control server link element,” ......................................................................161

4. Claim 1[e]: “[wherein the service control device link agent is configured to:] 

using the encryption key, obtain a decrypted agent message, the decrypted agent 

message comprising a particular agent identifier and message content for delivery 

to a particular device agent of the plurality of device agents, the particular agent 

identifier identifying the particular device agent, the message content from a 

particular server of a plurality of servers communicatively coupled to the service 

control server link element, and” ............................................................................162

5. Claim 1[f]: “[wherein the service control device link agent is configured to:] 

based on the particular agent identifier, deliver the message content to the 

particular device agent over the agent communication bus.” .................................164

6. Claim 3: “The end-user device recited in claim 1, wherein the message content 

comprises information associated with a service usage.” .......................................165

7. Claim 7: “The end-user device recited in claim 1, wherein the message content 

comprises a service offer, an advertisement, or a transaction offer.” .....................165

8. Claim 8: “The end-user device recited in claim 1, wherein the message content 

comprises information from a third party configured to provide control of a 

service or a billing for a service.” ...........................................................................166

9. Claim 9: “The end-user device recited in claim 1, wherein the message content 

comprises an agent instruction, a setting value, an agent configuration, or a 

software update.” ....................................................................................................167

10. Claim 13: “The end-user device recited in claim 1, wherein the service control 

device link agent is further configured to send a device message to the service 

control server link element over the service control link.” .....................................167

11. Claim 19: “The end-user device recited in claim 1, further comprising a user 

interface, and wherein the particular device agent is configured to assist in 

presenting a notification through the user interface, the notification based on the 

message content.” ...................................................................................................168

12. Claim 23: “The end-user device recited in claim 1, wherein the service control 

device link agent is further configured to send a device credential to the network 

system or receive the device credential from the network system during a service 

authorization sequence.” .........................................................................................169

13. Claim 30[a]: “receiving, over a service control link, an encrypted agent message 

from a network element, the service control link secured by an encryption 

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protocol, the service control link supporting control-plane communications 

between a service control device link agent on the end-user device and the 

network element;”...................................................................................................169

14. Claim 30[b]: “using an encryption key shared between the service control device 

link agent and the network element, obtaining a decrypted agent message, the 

decrypted agent message comprising a particular agent identifier and message 

content for delivery to a particular device agent of a plurality of device agents on 

the end-user device, each of the plurality of device agents identifiable by an 

associated device agent identifier and communicatively coupled to the service 

control device link agent through an agent communication bus, the particular 

agent identifier identifying the particular device agent, the message content from a 

particular server of a plurality of servers communicatively coupled to the network 

element; and” ..........................................................................................................170

15. Claim 30[c]: “delivering the message content to the particular device agent over 

the agent communication bus based on the particular agent identifier.” ................170

C. Microsoft Exchange ActiveSync Alone or in Combination Does Not Anticipate or 

Render Obvious the Asserted Claims ...........................................................................170

1. Claim 1[b]: “a plurality of device agents communicatively coupled to the service 

control device link agent through an agent communication bus, each of the 

plurality of device agents identifiable by an associated device agent identifier; 

and” .........................................................................................................................171

2. Claim 1[e]: [wherein the service control device link agent is configured to:] 

“using the encryption key, obtain a decrypted agent message, the decrypted agent 

message comprising a particular agent identifier and message content for delivery 

to a particular device agent of the plurality of device agents, the particular agent 

identifier identifying the particular device agent, the message content from a 

particular server of a plurality of servers communicatively coupled to the service 

control server link element”....................................................................................173

3. Claim 1[f]: [wherein the service control device link agent is configured to:] 

“based on the particular agent identifier, deliver the message content to the 

particular device agent over the agent communication bus.” .................................177

4. Claim 3: “The end-user device recited in claim 1, wherein the message content 

comprises information associated with a service usage.” .......................................179

5. Claim 7: “The end-user device recited in claim 1, wherein the message content 

comprises a service offer, an advertisement, or a transaction offer.” .....................179

6. Claim 8: “The end-user device recited in claim 1, wherein the message content 

comprises information from a third party configured to provide control of a 

service or a billing for a service.” ...........................................................................180

7. Claim 9: “The end-user device recited in claim 1, wherein the message content 

comprises an agent instruction, a setting value, an agent configuration, or a 

software update.” ....................................................................................................180

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8. Claim 13: “The end-user device recited in claim 1, wherein the service control 

device link agent is further configured to send a device message to the service 

control server link element over the service control link.” .....................................181

9. Claim 19: “The end-user device recited in claim 1, further comprising a user 

interface, and wherein the particular device agent is configured to assist in 

presenting a notification through the user interface, the notification based on the 

message content.” ...................................................................................................181

10. Claim 23: “The end-user device recited in claim 1, wherein the service control 

device link agent is further configured to send a device credential to the network 

system or receive the device credential from the network system during a service 

authorization sequence.” .........................................................................................182

11. Claim 30[b] .............................................................................................................182

12. Claim 30[e] .............................................................................................................182

V. REBUTTAL TO DR. FOSTER’S OPINIONS ON THE ’192 PATENT ..........................182

A. GTalkService ................................................................................................................182

1. Claim 1[b]: “an interface to a network to receive network element messages from 

a plurality of network elements, the received network element messages 

comprising respective message content and requests for delivery of the respective 

message content to respective wireless end-user devices, the respective message 

content including data for, and an identification of, a respective one of the 

authorized software components”...........................................................................183

2. Claim 1[c]-1[e]: “a message buffer system including a memory and logic” Claim 

1[d]: “the memory to buffer content from the received network element messages 

for which delivery is requested to a given one of the wireless end-user devices” 

Claim 1[e]: “the logic to determine when one of a plurality of message delivery 

triggers for the given one of the wireless end-user devices has occurred, wherein 

for at least some of the received network element messages, the receipt of such a 

message by the message buffer system is not a message delivery trigger, and for 

at least one of the message delivery triggers, the trigger is an occurrence of an 

asynchronous event with time-critical messaging needs” ......................................190

1. Claim 5: “The message link server of claim 1, wherein the transport services stack 

is further to receive, over each of the respective secure message links, upload 

messages forwarded by the respective device link agents from at least a subset of 

the device software components, each of the upload messages identifying a 

corresponding one of the network elements to which the device respective 

software component has requested delivery, the network server system using the 

interface to a network to deliver content from the upload messages to the 

respective identified network elements.” ................................................................192

2. Claim 7: “The message link server of claim 1, the device messaging agent on at 

least one of the wireless end-user devices further to initiate the respective secure 

Internet data message link to the transport services stack.”....................................192

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3. Claim 8: “The message link server of claim 1, further comprising a secure server 

to provide secure authorization signatures to the given one of the wireless enduser devices, the secure authorization signatures indicating the authorized 

software components that are allowed to receive data from secure message link 

messages via the message link server.” ..................................................................192

4. Claim 9: “The message link server of claim 1, wherein one of the message 

delivery triggers is the expiration of a periodic timer.” ..........................................194

5. Claim 11: “The message link server of claim 1, wherein one of the message 

delivery triggers is the receipt of a transmission on the respective secure message 

link from the device link agent of the given one of the wireless end-user devices, 

or a response generated to a transmission received from that device link agent.” .195

B. OpenWave Mobile Access Gateway Alone or in Combination Does Not Render 

Obvious the Asserted Claims........................................................................................195

1. Claim 1[a]: “a transport services stack to maintain a respective secure message 

link through an Internet network between the message link server and a respective 

device link agent on each of a plurality of wireless end-user devices, each of the 

wireless end-user devices comprising multiple software components authorized to 

receive and process data from secure message link messages received via a device 

link agent on that device;” ......................................................................................195

2. Claim 1[b]: “an interface to a network to receive network element messages from 

a plurality of network elements, the received network element messages 

comprising respective message content and requests for delivery of the respective 

message content to respective wireless end-user devices, the respective message 

content including data for, and an identification of, a respective one of the 

authorized software components; and” ...................................................................212

3. Claim 1[e]: “the logic to determine when one of a plurality of message delivery 

triggers for the given one of the wireless end-user devices has occurred, wherein 

for at least some of the received network element messages, the receipt of such a 

message by the message buffer system is not a message delivery trigger, and for 

at least one of the message delivery triggers, the trigger is an occurrence of an 

asynchronous event with time-critical messaging needs, and”...............................218

4. Claim 1[f]: “upon determining that one of the message delivery triggers has 

occurred, the logic further to supply one or more messages comprising the 

buffered content to the transport services stack for delivery on the secure message 

link maintained between the transport services stack and a device link agent on 

the given one of the wireless end-user devices.” ....................................................219

5. Claim 5: “The message link server of claim 1, wherein the transport services stack 

is further to receive, over each of the respective secure message links, upload 

messages forwarded by the respective device link agents from at least a subset of 

the device software components, each of the upload messages identifying a 

corresponding one of the network elements to which the device respective 

software component has requested delivery, the network server system using the 

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interface to a network to deliver content from the upload messages to the 

respective identified network elements.” ................................................................219

6. Claim 7: “The message link server of claim 1, the device messaging agent on at 

least one of the wireless end-user devices further to initiate the respective secure 

Internet data message link to the transport services stack.”....................................219

7. Claim 8: “The message link server of claim 1, further comprising a secure server 

to provide secure authorization signatures to the given one of the wireless enduser devices, the secure authorization signatures indicating the authorized 

software components that are allowed to receive data from secure message link 

messages via the message link server.” ..................................................................220

8. Claim 9: “The message link server of claim 1, wherein one of the message 

delivery triggers is the expiration of a periodic timer.” ..........................................220

9. Claim 11: “The message link server of claim 1, wherein one of the message 

delivery triggers is the receipt of a transmission on the respective secure message 

link from the device link agent of the given one of the wireless end-user devices, 

or a response generated to a transmission received from that device link agent.” .221

C. Microsoft Exchange Server System Does Not Anticipate or Render Obvious the 

Asserted Claims ............................................................................................................221

1. Claim 1[a]: “a transport services stack to maintain a respective secure message 

link through an Internet network between the message link server and a respective 

device link agent on each of a plurality of wireless end-user devices, each of the 

wireless end-user devices comprising multiple software components authorized to 

receive and process data from secure message link messages received via a device 

link agent on that device;” ......................................................................................222

2. Claim 1[b]: “an interface to a network to receive network element messages from 

a plurality of network elements, the received network element messages 

comprising respective message content and requests for delivery of the respective 

message content to respective wireless end-user devices, the respective message 

content including data for, and an identification of, a respective one of the 

authorized software components; and” ...................................................................224

3. Claim 1[c]: “a message buffer system including a memory and logic,” Claim 1[d] 

“the memory to buffer content from the received network element messages for 

which delivery is requested to a given one of the wireless end-user devices,” ......226

4. Claim 1[e]: “the logic to determine when one of a plurality of message delivery 

triggers for the given one of the wireless end-user devices has occurred, wherein 

for at least some of the received network element messages, the receipt of such a 

message by the message buffer system is not a message delivery trigger, and for 

at least one of the message delivery triggers, the trigger is an occurrence of an 

asynchronous event with time-critical messaging needs, and”...............................227

5. Claim 5: “The message link server of claim 1, wherein the transport services stack 

is further to receive, over each of the respective secure message links, upload 

messages forwarded by the respective device link agents from at least a subset of 

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the device software components, each of the upload messages identifying a 

corresponding one of the network elements to which the device respective 

software component has requested delivery, the network server system using the 

interface to a network to deliver content from the upload messages to the 

respective identified network elements.” ................................................................228

6. Claim 7: “The message link server of claim 1, the device messaging agent on at 

least one of the wireless end-user devices further to initiate the respective secure 

Internet data message link to the transport services stack.”....................................228

7. Claim 8: “The message link server of claim 1, further comprising a secure server 

to provide secure authorization signatures to the given one of the wireless enduser devices, the secure authorization signatures indicating the authorized 

software components that are allowed to receive data from secure message link 

messages via the message link server.” ..................................................................228

8. Claim 9: “The message link server of claim 1, wherein one of the message 

delivery triggers is the expiration of a periodic timer.” ..........................................229

9. Claim 11: “The message link server of claim 1, wherein one of the message 

delivery triggers is the receipt of a transmission on the respective secure message 

link from the device link agent of the given one of the wireless end-user devices, 

or a response generated to a transmission received from that device link agent.” .229

VI. VALIDITY UNDER 35 U.S.C. § 112................................................................................229

D. ’733 Patent Claims........................................................................................................229

E. ’117 Patent Claims........................................................................................................232

1. “application identifier” limitations .........................................................................233

2. “secure interprocess communications” limitations.................................................237

VII. REBUTTAL TO DR. FOSTER’S OPINIONS ABOUT THE ASSERTED PATENTS 

BEING “WELL-UNDERSTOOD, ROUTINE, AND CONVENTIONAL” .....................239

VIII. SECONDARY CONSIDERATIONS ................................................................................254

A. Commercial Success and Industry Recognition ...........................................................255

B. Long-Felt Need and Failures of Others ........................................................................259

IX. NON-INFRINGING ALTERNATIVES ............................................................................267

X. CONCLUSION...................................................................................................................277

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by reference, Dr. Foster fails to establish the anticipation or obviousness of claim limitations 1[f], 

and thus fails to establish he anticipation or obviousness of claim limitation 30[c]. 

B. Motorola E815 in view of Ogawa Does Not Render Obvious the Asserted 

Claims

468. Dr. Foster alleges that the Motorola E815 (alone or in view of Ogawa) renders 

obvious the asserted claims of the ’733 Patent. However, throughout his analysis, Dr. Foster 

provides almost no detail regarding how the E815 actually operated. Instead, he relies primarily 

on the assertion that “the Motorola E815 supported MMS” as support for various assumptions 

about how the E815 might have operated in practice. See Foster Rpt. ¶¶ 143, 286 (simply alleging 

that “the E815 supported MMS,” without actually explaining what aspects of MMS the E815 

supported).

469. However, I note that the MMS specification (TS-23.140) that Dr. Foster relies on 

for his assumptions about how the E815 might have operated included both mandatory components 

(identified by “shall” language) and optional components (identified by “may” language). See

3GPP TR 21.801 V4.0.0 (2000-06), 3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification 

Group Services and System Aspects; Specification Drafting Rules (Release 2000)16 at Annex E 

(“Verbal Forms for the expression of provisions,” distinguishing between “shall” and “may” 

language) (available at https://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/archive/21_series/21.801/21801-

400.zip). 

470. Accordingly, for all non-mandatory features of MMS, Dr. Foster has not presented 

any evidence that the E815 utilized any of those features. Nor has he set forth any theory as to 

why a POSITA would have been motivated to modify the operation of the E815 system to 

16 This version of the drafting rules is the latest version I was able to find, before the date of TS23.140, which sets forth the statements in Annex E. I further note, however, that version 8.0.0 of 

the same rules, which dates to 2007, has the same distinction between “shall” and “may,” 

indicating that this has been a constant feature of 3GPP specification drafting during the time 

that TS-23.140 was drafted. The complete version history for this specification is available at 

https://portal.3gpp.org/desktopmodules/Specifications/SpecificationDetails.aspx?specificationId

=552. 

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