*

The Honorable Gregory W. Carman, Judge for the United States Court of International

Trade, sitting by designation.

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION

File Name: 05a0283n.06

Filed: April 13, 2005

No. 03-4372

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

TONIN FILIPI,

Petitioner,

v.

ALBERTO GONZALES, 

Attorney General,

Respondent.

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ON PETITION FOR REVIEW FROM THE

BOARD OF IMMIGRATION APPEALS

Before: MOORE and SUTTON, Circuit Judges; CARMAN, Judge.*

SUTTON, Circuit Judge. Tonin Filipi is a twenty-seven-year-old Albanian citizen who seeks

asylum, withholding of removal and protection under the Convention Against Torture. The

Immigration Judge (IJ) found that Filipi’s testimony in support of his application was not credible

and alternatively concluded that, even if it were credible, the events he described do not rise to the

level of past persecution, create a well-founded fear of future persecution or provide a basis for relief

under the Convention Against Torture. The Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) summarily

affirmed the IJ’s decision, and we now deny Filipi’s petition for review.
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Filipi v. Gonzales

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I.

On January 21, 2001, Filipi entered the United States in Hidalgo, Texas, without inspection.

When the government started removal proceedings against him, he conceded his removability but

filed an application for asylum, for withholding of removal and for protection under the Convention

Against Torture.

His application and testimony described the following events and explanations for his claims.

In February 1994, his father was “assassinated as an act of vengeance because [his] father’s father

killed a man during the Second World War.” JA 168. His father, Filipi claimed, had been active in

the Democratic party, and the family’s Socialist neighbor was responsible for his father’s death. 

The assassination sparked a “blood feud” between Filipi’s family and the neighbor’s family.

The authorities placed the neighbor in jail for two months after the murder, but released him after he

paid government officials. Once the neighbor was released from jail, he feared that a member of

Filipi’s family would retaliate against him (or his family) because he had killed Filipi’s father; as a

result, he announced to people in the community that he was prepared to kill another member of the

Filipi family before the Filipis killed a member of his family.

Despite these threats, Filipi and his family—his mother, six brothers and three sisters—

remained in the same village for two years after his father’s death. During those two years, the Filipi

family did not have any contact with the neighbor, and the neighbor did not in fact attempt to harm

any member of the family. 
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In February 1996, Filipi and his family moved to another village about 40 minutes away. 

Even in this new village, however, Filipi and his family continued to live in fear of the neighbor’s

family and of the threat of a preemptive murder. 

After national elections, the Socialist party came into power in Albania in 1997. In June or

July of 1997, Filipi was arrested because he was a member of the Democratic party and because he

had protested the elections. He was detained for three to four days, then released. After the

Socialists took control of the government in 1997, they harassed his family “more and more.” JA 99.

In addition to his arrest and detention, during which he does not claim to have been beaten or

threatened, the Socialist party told him that his neighbor was going to kill him, as a result of which

he “was scared all the time.” JA 107.

At some point in 1997, Filipi, his mother, six brothers and two of his sisters fled to Greece;

one sister remains in Albania. In 2000, Filipi returned to Albania for four months, apparently in order

to obtain a passport to enter the United States. During his time in Albania, Filipi saw his father’s

killer from a distance but otherwise had no contact with him. In early 2001, Filipi entered the United

States. 

In his application, Filipi stated that if he returns to Albania his Socialist neighbor will “make

sure [he is] killed to satisfy the vengeance of [his] family.” JA 170. And if the neighbor does not kill

him, he testified, “the socialist[s] that are in power” will do so. JA 101. He also acknowledged
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during his testimony that one reason he came to America was to have a better opportunity to provide

financial support for his family living in Greece.

The IJ was unwilling to credit Filipi’s testimony and, in the alternative, concluded that even

if Filipi were credible, he did not demonstrate past persecution based on any cognizable ground. In

addition, the IJ found that Filipi had not demonstrated that it is more likely than not that he would

be persecuted or tortured if he were to return to Albania. Invoking the streamlining procedures of

the BIA, one member of the BIA affirmed the IJ’s decision. See 8 C.F.R. § 1003.1(e)(5). 

 II.

Filipi raises two arguments on appeal. He first claims that the government’s failure to provide

accurate and competent interpretation services during the asylum hearing violated his due process

rights under the Fifth Amendment. He then claims that the IJ erred in denying his application.

Neither argument is persuasive.

We give de novo review to the constitutional claim. Castellano-Chacon v. INS, 341 F.3d 533,

552–53 (6th Cir. 2003). We review the BIA’s determination under the “substantial evidence”

standard. The BIA’s determination whether the petitioner was persecuted and whether he has a wellfounded fear of future persecution must be upheld “unless any reasonable adjudicator would be

compelled to conclude to the contrary.” 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B); see Yu v. Ashcroft, 364 F.3d 700,

702 (6th Cir. 2004) (“[Section] 1252(b)(4)(B) basically codifies the Supreme Court’s substantial

evidence standard.”); see also INS v. Elias-Zacharias, 502 U.S. 478, 483–84 (1992) (a court must
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uphold the Board’s determination unless the evidence presented was “so compelling that no

reasonable factfinder could fail to find the requisite fear of persecution.”); Gjokic v. Ashcroft, Nos.

02-3915, 02-3917, 2004 WL 1491638 (6th Cir. June 29, 2004). We will reverse where the evidence

in the record “not only supports a contrary conclusion, but indeed compels it.” Mikhailevitch v. INS,

146 F.3d 384, 388 (6th Cir. 1998) (quotation marks omitted). 

A.

In assessing the due process claim, we must consider whether the IJ and BIA afforded Filipi

“a full and fair hearing.” Castellano-Chacon, 341 F.3d at 553; see also Amadou v. INS, 226 F.3d

724, 727 (6th Cir. 2000); Gonzales v. Zurbrick, 45 F.2d 934, 936 (6th Cir. 1930). As Filipi sees the

matter, several portions of the transcript establish that the interpreter was incompetent, making the

hearing anything but fair. The poor translation skewed his testimony, he adds, and “deprived [him]

of coming across to the court in [a] genuine, sincere, and credible way.” Filipi Br. at 13.

In one respect, Filipi is right. Several passages in the transcript contain awkward sentences

and broken or incorrect English. The problem, however, is that the IJ did not hinge its opinion on

how the facts and allegations in his testimony were expressed but on the weaknesses and

inconsistencies of the factual allegations themselves, and Filipi has failed to show how the translation

caused the IJ to misapprehend material facts. The IJ, for example, noted that Filipi never made it

clear whether the “blood feud”—a critical premise of his claim—began with his father’s father killing

a man in World War II (as his application indicated) or whether it began with the killing of his father
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by their Socialist neighbor in February 1994 (as his testimony indicated). The IJ also legitimately

became skeptical about Filipi’s fear of being killed by his ex-neighbor once it was learned that the

Filipi family had lived unharmed in the same Albanian village with the same neighbor for two years

after his father had been killed. And the IJ fairly wondered how Filipi could reasonably fear

returning to any part of Albania in view of the fact that he voluntarily returned in 2000 (while the

Socialists were in power) and stayed for four months, unharmed by the neighbor or by any members

of the Socialist party. 

While Filipi persists that the translation is the primary reason that the IJ made an adverse

credibility determination against him, he has not shown how the translator misinterpreted any facts

that were material to the IJ’s conclusions. At most, he directs us to passages of the transcript that

show awkward translations. But he does not explain how these passages should have been

interpreted and above all he does not explain how any of the passages, if interpreted correctly, would

have eliminated the inconsistencies identified by the IJ or would have rectified the implausible nature

of some of his allegations. 

Nor does Amadou, 226 F.3d 724, in which the court ordered that the applicant be given a new

hearing due to interpretation problems, alter this conclusion. The interpreter in that case had

familiarity with the applicant’s language (Fulani) but did not have any familiarity with the dialect of

the language spoken by the applicant. Id. at 725. During the hearing, the interpreter informed the

IJ three times that she was having difficulty translating Amadou’s responses. Id. at 727.

Nonetheless, the IJ told the interpreter to “just translate what he said even if it doesn’t make sense.”
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Id. No such problem arose in this case, as the interpreter never claimed an inability to understand

Filipi or the language he was speaking. The record in Amadou also indicated that “the interpreter’s

faulty translation likely played a significant part in the judge’s credibility determination.” Id. Again,

no such problem occurred here. In the end, Filipi has failed to establish that the interpretation

services provided at his asylum hearing violated his rights under the Due Process Clause of the Fifth

Amendment.

B.

 To be eligible for asylum, Filipi must show that he qualifies as a refugee—one who “is unable

or unwilling to return to” his or her country “because of persecution or a well-founded fear of

persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or

political opinion.” 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A). The burden falls on the applicant to show that he or

she meets this definition, see Mikhailevitch, 146 F.3d at 389, and the applicant has two options in

trying to make this showing. On the one hand, an applicant may prove that “he or she has suffered

persecution in the past,” at which point there is a presumption of a well-founded fear of future

persecution. 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(b)(1). The government may rebut that presumption by showing that

conditions in the petitioner’s country have changed so “that the applicant no longer has a wellfounded fear of persecution.” 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(b)(1)(i)(A). On the other hand, the applicant may

show that he or she has a well-founded fear of future persecution, 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(b)(2), which

“must be both subjectively genuine and objectively reasonable,” Mikhailevitch, 146 F.3d at 389. 
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Filipi’s main claim for asylum proceeds along these lines—his father was killed because he

was a Democrat and he fears that members of the Socialist Party, including most notably his former

neighbor, will kill him if he returns. His first problem in bringing this claim is that the IJ did not

credit his testimony in view of the inconsistencies of some aspects of his testimony and the

implausibility of other components of his testimony. Substantial evidence, as we have shown,

supports that finding.

Second, even if Filipi’s testimony were believed, his claim does not establish past persecution

or a well-founded fear of future persecution. As for past persecution, Filipi’s primary concern was

that he heard rumors that his neighbor wanted to continue the “blood feud” with his family. Yet the

neighbor never personally threatened his family or harmed them, and nothing untoward happened

during the two years that Filipi and his family remained in the same village as the neighbor. And

while Filipi was arrested for participating in Democratic demonstrations and detained for three days,

he does not claim that he was beaten or harmed. These circumstances do not demonstrate past

persecution. 

Nor has he established a well-founded fear of future persecution. Filipi claims that because

the Socialists remain in power, there is a greater chance that he will be killed by the neighbor because

the neighbor will have a greater ability to carry out his threats. Yet Filipi has given us no reason to

believe that the neighbor will even learn that Filipi has returned to the country if he relocates to

another village. And if Filipi does return to his original village, he has not demonstrated that the

neighbor is still looking to kill or harm him—again, because his family lived unharmed in the same
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village as the neighbor for two years and the neighbor never personally contacted the family, much

less directly threatened them. In the final analysis, Filipi has not shown that if he returns to Albania,

he has a well-founded fear that he will be singled out and persecuted for his political beliefs.

 Having failed to meet the standards for asylum, Filipi necessarily fails to meet the more

stringent standards for withholding of removal. See Mikhailevitch, 146 F.3d at 391. Nor, for many

of the reasons noted above, has petitioner credibly shown that it is more likely than not that he will

be tortured if he is removed to Albania. See 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(c)(2). As such, he is not eligible for

protection under the Convention Against Torture.

III.

For these reasons, we deny the petition for review.