Filed 1 / 18 / 24 Long v. City of Exeter CA2/6

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or or dered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION SIX

BETTY LONG, et al.

,
Plaintiffs and Respondents,

v.

CITY OF EXETER, et al

.,
Defendants and Appellants. 2d Civil No. B316 32 4 (Super. Ct. No. 17CV

- 0529) (San Luis Obispo County)

A city police department sold an attack

- trained police
service dog to the officer who had been its handler and who was resigning from the departmen t to take a job as a police offer in another city. Six months later, the dog escaped from the officer’s fenced yard and attacked two innocent people on their front yards , killing one and permanently injuring the other. A jury
found the city’s police chief and the supervisor of its canine unit negligently failed to warn the officer that the dog could not unlearn its attack training, would remain dangerous, should be
confi ned in a kennel, and could not safely be treated as a pet. It awarded the surviving plaintiff $12.5 million in damages and the2

deceased victim’s survivors damages of $7 million. It apportioned fault for these damages at 42% for the supervisor of the cani ne unit, 41.5% for the police chief and 16.5% for the former officer who owned the dog. The city and its employees appeal, contending that they owed no duty to the plaintiffs, that the trial court erred when it denied leave to amend the city’s answer to

a llege an affirmative defense and that the damages awarded
were excessive. We conclude appellants owed no duty to provide a more explicit and robust warning to the officer about the dangerousness of the service dog or the conditions under which it
should be kept. Accordingly, we reverse. In addition to challenging the judgment, appellants
contend the trial court abused its discretion when it awarded sanctions of $5000 against their counsel after defense counsel unsuccessfully opposed motions for protect ive orders. We
conclude the trial court did not abuse its discretion and therefore affirm the December 11, 2020 order awarding sanctions.
Facts The Exeter Police Department ’s K9 Program The City of Exeter p olice d epartment (the Department)
hired Alex Geiger as a police officer in August 2014. After completing a one

- year probationary period, Geiger applied to
become a canine handler. His application was accepted by the supervisor of the canine unit, S gt. Brett Inglehart

. The Department purchases dogs for its canine unit from Jay Brock , the owner and operator of Top Dog Training Center

. Brock also trains both the dogs and the dog handlers

. He delivered Neo, a young male Belgian Malinois, to Geiger’s hom e

. The Department supplied Geiger with a kennel, a food dish , a3

special patrol car and other supplies needed for Neo’s training
and maintenance. Along with the dog

, Geiger received a set of written
instructions from Brock detailing how Neo should be tr eated during the “bonding” period, and a separate set of written
instructions for use during the training courses. During the bonding period, Geiger agreed that he would be the only person
to feed and groom Neo, and that he would spend “‘quiet time/bonding time’ with the dog, i.e., sitting quietly with the dog (on leash and/or in a strictly controlled environment , i.e., fenced yard, etc., but not inside the kennel).” He was warned and agreed that Neo would r emain kenneled “at all times when the handler is not personally present to control the dog . . .” and that
he woul d read an article about having a police service dog in the
home. During the training courses, Geiger agreed that he would be the only person to give Neo commands and the only person to feed, groom and care for Neo. He was further warned and agreed to keep Neo “on lead” at all times unless secured in the patrol
vehicle or kennel . In addition, he was warned and agreed that
Neo would remain kenn eled while at home and would not have “direct interaction with other dogs, pets , etc.” Geiger and Neo spent about three weeks bonding before beginning the training courses with Brock

. Neo was trained both
to search for narcotics (“search training ” ) and to search for and apprehend people (“patrol training ” )

. According to Brock’s syllabus, training in each discipline would consist of 200 hours of
hands

- on work and 40 hours of classroom time. Log sheets from Geiger’s training , however, documented only 54 to 70 hours of
hand s

- on patrol training with Neo and about 100 hours of4

narcotics search training. Geiger received no classroom
instruction. After receiving certif

icates of completion for the initial training , Geiger and Neo parti cipated in weekly training with
other canine teams in the Department

. In addition, Brock
scheduled and conducted monthly training sessions for canines
and handlers in the Department and other police departments in the area. Geiger attended these sessions

. Brock explained that dogs are trained to search for a suspect on their handler’s comman d and then to “bite and hold” the suspect. This means that, when the dog reaches the suspect and is commanded to bite, it will “ bite the location that’s closest

to them, and they hold onto that spot until the handler orders
them to release.” Dogs are taught to use their full mouth to bite
and grasp the suspect and then contin ue to hold the suspect until
commanded to release

. Because patrol trained dogs are taught that it is acceptable to bite a human, they are potentially dangerous and unpredictable when not under the direct control of
their handler. Geiger began patrolling with Neo in December 2015. He was never required to deploy Neo to apprehend a person during
that time. Geiger testified that he understood Neo needed to remain in his kennel unless he was working or exercising with Geiger. Neo was trained to understand that he was working whenever he was outside his kennel; whe n he was in the kennel,
Neo knew it was time to relax. Geiger testified that Sgt. Inglehart never said anything to him about allowing Neo to play with other dogs. So, when Neo was not in his kennel, Geiger would allow him to play with his pet German Shep herd, a female
named Rolo.5 Geiger Resigns and Purchases Neo
In the summer of 2016, Geiger accepted a police officer position with the Grover Beach Police Department. He wanted to continue working as a canine handler, but learned before he left
the Department that Grover Beach was not interested in forming
a canine unit. Sgt. Inglehart initially told Geiger that he could buy Neo from the Department, they could try to pair Neo with another handler, or they could euthanize Neo. Geiger was later
told that Brock did not think Neo would bond with a new handler, so the only options were for Geiger to purchase the dog,
or for Neo to be euthanized

. Brock testified that Inglehart never spoke to him about pairing Neo with a different handler . He learne d about Geiger’s purchase of Neo only after it was completed. Brock believed it

was not unusual for a police service dog to be retrained to work with a new handler. He opined that Neo could have b onded with
a new handler.
S g t

. Inglehart testified that a retired police service dog
should be handled and cared for in the same way as a working
canine

. I n Inglehart’s opinion , a retired police service dog should be kept in a kennel or crate unless in the direct control or presence of the handler. A r etired police service dog should not, Inglehart believed, be treated as a pet

. Inglehart testified that Geiger was warned, “through his training and the fact that the dog was living with him, and his experience ,” that Neo would contin ue to be a potentially dangerous animal , even if Neo was no longer working

. “The training constitutes warning.” When Inglehart was asked whether he gave any warnings to Geiger, he replied, “I believe he
was warned.” The Department admitted in discovery that6

Inglehart did not further warn Geiger that Neo would continue to be dangerous after he was retired as a working canine. Inglehart did not know whether any one from the Department expressly warned Geiger that Neo should not be
treated like a pet or that he should be kept in a kennel unless under Geiger’s direct control

. He believed Geiger “had training and the knowledge,” but also acknowledged there would have
been “ no harm ” in giving Geiger further warnings. Inglehart acknowledged that h e keeps his own retired police service dog
kenneled

. Clifton Bush, then the Department’s Chief of Police, never warned Geiger about the dangers of keeping a retired police service dog or the conditions in which Neo should be kept , nor did
he know whethe r anyone else warned Geiger. Bush did not believe Geiger required any further warning s

. Bush made the final decision to sell Neo to Geiger. He directed Inglehart to prepare the written sales contract

. Inglehart copied the contract from a previous one. It stated that Geiger agreed “to continue the quality of care that Neo has been accustomed to and accept that neither the City of Exeter nor the Police K9 Association shall have no further financial liability for
N eo.” The contract did not, however, specify any warning against treating Neo as a pet, that Neo’s patrol training could not be reversed, that Neo would remain dangerous, or that Neo needed to be kenneled when not under Geiger’s direct control. Geiger a lso agreed, “to hold harmless, defend and indemnify the City of Exeter and the Police K9 Association, from and against any and all cost, loss, expense or liability arising out of my ownership and control of Neo.” Bush testified the contract could have req uire d Geiger to kennel Neo , but did not

. He7

believed the Department could not control how Geiger treated the dog after Geiger resigned from the Department. Geiger moved to a rental house in Grover Beach that had a fenced back yard. Thereafter

, he tre ated Neo as a pet. During the day, Geiger allowed Neo to play in the backyard with his German Shepard, Rolo. Geiger testified that he did not understand Neo needed to be kept in his kennel and should not be treated as a pet.
The Incident On the day of the incident, Geiger went to work as a police officer, leaving both Neo and Rolo in the backyard. While on patrol, he received a text from a roommate, informing him that a board in the backyard fence was missing. Geiger went home, wedged the board back into place and returned to his patrol
duties. Later, Geiger received a radio call about a dog attack near his home. He arrived to find a nother officer pointing a shotgun
at Neo who was covered in blood. Rolo was nearby, but had no
blood on her. Two of Geiger’s neighbors, David Fear and Betty Long, were l ying on the ground , bleeding and obviously seriously injured . Geiger returned the do gs to his backyard . Thereafter,
he surrendered Neo to an A nimal C ontrol officer to be
euthanized

. The Victims’ Injuries David Fear was standing in his front yard chatting with his neighbor, 85

- year

- old Betty Long, when Neo and Rolo came charging toward t hem. Fear was holding Long’s little dog in his

arms . Neo lunged at Fear and started mauling him. Neo bit both of Fear’s arms, crushing both forearms and severing both radial
arteries

, causing him to bleed heavily. Neo also bit Fear on his8

right inner t high and chest . Fear died three days after the attack, due to massive blood loss caused by these extensive and deep bite wounds

. Fear is survived by three adult children with whom he enjoyed a close relationship. Each of his children testified that
Fe ar was an important support and friend to them.
Neo also knocked Ms. Long to the ground, causing her to
hit her head and break her pelvis

. Neo bit Long on her right hip, lower abdomen and right upper thig h

. Her left arm and shoulder

were displaced , requiring Long to undergo a complete shoulder replacement. Long’s health and well

- being plummeted after the attack. She had been living independently, driving , going out with her
friends , traveling and volunteering as an election worker . Afte r the attack, Long was no longer able to live independently . She
used a walker and required assistance for all of her daily activities, including meals, grooming and personal hygiene. Long’s adult children took turns staying in her home to provide
her wi th round

- the

- clock care. Long developed post

- traumatic stress disorder as a result of
the attack. This condition contributed to a stroke she suffered in 2018 which left her with a speech impediment. Long continued to suffer from nightmares, anxiety an d depression, despite taking medication. In late 2020, about four years after the incident, Long fell while using her walker and fractured her hip. She died
in May 2023

. Testimony of E xpert Witness es Two retired officers from the Los Angeles Police Depa rtment (LAPD) testified as expert witnesses for respondents. Adam Bercovici spent part of his career as a canine9

handler and kept his service dog after he promoted to another assignment. When he decided to keep his service dog, Bercovici
received instruc tions from his supervisor and from the City Attorney about “the realities of having a retired canine.” Bercovici was warned that he needed to maintain the dog’s obedience training, keep it kenneled when not in Bercovici’s control, and remain in the “alpha” or control position in his relationship with the dog. He opined that any canine handler who was taking ownership of a retired police service dog should be given the same warnings. Bercovici acknowledged that POST, the organization that
establishes and publishes policies for law enforcement agencies in
California

, does not publish standards governing the
maintenance of retired police service dogs

. Lexipol, a risk management company that write s policies and manuals for police departments, also does not publish policies relating to canine
units or the maintenance of retired police service dogs

. Scott Allen DeFoe held numerous positions during his 20

- year tenure in the LAPD, including supervising a canine platoon.
He testified that neithe r the POST standards nor the Exeter Police Department ’s policies provide guidelines for retired service dogs. In DeFoe’s opinion, Geiger did not have enough experience
as a canine handler to understand or appreciate how to handle a retired canine. He opi ned that Geiger should have been given warnings concerning the care, maintenance and medical care his
retired canine required. Geiger should also have been warned
that Neo could not be socialized with other pets, could not be untrained and should be kept in a locked kennel when not under Geiger’s direct control. In addition, Geiger should have been told10

that the dog would always be a dangerous weapon that could act on its own; Neo could not be turned into a pet. Ron Cloward, a retired police officer who spent 28 years with the Modesto police department, helped to write the POST standards for active service canines. He acknowledged that POST has no standards relating to training for canine handler s

or the care and maintenance of retired service dogs

. Cloward
believed there was no industry standard requiring a working service dog to be confined in a kennel, crate or patrol car except when under the handler’s direct control

. Cloward opined that any competent canine handler would also be competent to handle a retired service dog

. The handler would understand how to keep the dog under the handler’s direct control. If the handler is not present, the dog can only be controlled by being kept in a l ocked kennel. Many handlers

, however, allow retired service dogs to run in a fenced yard without them being present. Cloward believed , “Each dog is going to act differently.” Cloward personally owns a retired service dog . He
sometimes allows the dog to run in his fenced yard without him being present. He would also allow the dog to run in the fenced yard while a family member or friend was present. His current dog would be fine around a friend, but he has had other dogs that
would rea ct more aggressively. Cloward testified that, “Unfortunately, it is very common,” to have a retired service dog unkenneled 100 percent of the time. He opined that retired service dogs should be kept in a kennel when their handler is not present. Nhut Hu ynh, a long

- time canine handler with the LAPD,
testified that an officer who keeps a retired service dog accept s11

responsibility for the dog, which then becomes the officer’s pet. He received no training or official warning before adopting his
own retired service dog

. Huynh uses “a degree of caution” with
his retired service dog because, “we train certain things into
them .” He is cautious with the dog because the dog has been
trained to bite and could react to certain behaviors. Although his
retired serv ice dog is allowed to be around family members, the dog is not around friends or neighbors unless under Huynh’s
direct control.
Contentions Appellants contend the judgment must be reversed because they owed no duty to protect Long and Fear by warning Geiger about the dangers of keeping Neo

. Respondents amended their complaints to name Bush and Inglehart as defendants in place of Doe defendants. Appella nts contend the trial court a bused its
discretion when it denied their motion to amend their answer to allege the affirmative defense that the Doe amendments were untimely. Finally, appellants contend the awards of noneconomic damages were excessive. Because we conclude appellants o wed no duty to warn Geiger, it is not necessary for us to reach the
latter two issues.
Discussion At trial, r espondents asserted a single cause of action for negligence, alleging the City of Exeter was liable for their injuries because its employees, Bus h and Inglehart , failed to warn Geiger that Neo would remain dangerous after being retired from active
service , should be kenneled when not under Geiger’s direct control, and could not be treated as a pet. Appellants argued their conduct in selling Neo to Geiger as he left the Department was not negligent because, among other things, they had no duty12

to warn Geiger about Neo or to protect Long and Fear from Geiger’s negligent care of Neo

. “[A] public employee is liable for injury caused by his act or

om ission to the same extent as a private person.” (Gov. Code, § 820, subd. (a).) A public entity is liable for injury caused by the conduct of its employee within the scope of his or her employment “if the act or omission would, apart from this section, ha ve given
rise to a cause of action against that employee . . . .” ( Id

. , § 815.2, subd. (a).) “To establish a cause of action for negligence, the plaintiff must show that the ‘defendant had a duty to use due care, that he breached that duty, and that the breach was the proximate or legal cause of the resulting injury.’ [Citation.] ” ( Brown v. USA
Taekwondo (2021) 11 Cal.5th 204, 213 ( Brown ). ) Whether a specific defendant owes a duty of care to a specific plaintiff is a question of law. ( I

bid. ) “Under general negligence principles, of course, a person ordinarily is obligated to exercise due c are in his or her own actions so as not to create an unreasonable risk of injury to others, and this legal duty generally is owed to the class of persons who it is reasonably foreseeable may be injured as the
result of the actor’s conduct. ” ( Lugtu v. Cali fornia Highway
Patrol (2001) 26 Cal.4th 703, 716.) The general duty of due care “includes a duty not to expose others to an unreasonable risk of injury at the hands of third parties . . . .” ( Id. at p. 717.)
Civil Code section 17 14 “establishes the defa ult rule that each person has a duty ‘to exercise, in his or her activities, reasonable care for the safety of others.’” ( Brown , supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 214, quoting C abral v. Ralphs Grocery Co. (2011) 51 Cal.4th 764, 768 ( Cabral ) .) This broad rule has its limits.13

“Where the defendant has neither performed an act that increases the risk of injury to the plaintiff nor sits in a relation to
the parties that creates an affirmative duty to protect the plaintiff from harm, however, our cases have uniformly held the defendant owes no legal duty to the plaintiff.” ( Brown

, at p. 216.) As our Supreme Court clarified in Brown, the question
whether a defendant has a duty to protect a plaintiff from injuries caused by a third party “is gove rned by a two

- step inquiry . First, the court must determine whether there exists a special relationship between the parties or some other set of circumstances giving rise to an affirmative duty to protect. Second, if so, the court must consult the factor s described in
Rowland [ v. C h ristian (1968) 69 Cal.2d 108 ( Rowland ) ] to determine whether relevant policy considerations counsel limiting that duty.” ( Brown, supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 209.) “A duty to control, warn, or protect may be based on the defendant’s relationship with ‘either the person whose conduct needs to be controlled or [with] . . . the foreseeable victim of that conduct.’” ( Regents of University of California v. Superior Court (2018) 4 Cal.5th 607, 619, quoting Tarasoff v. Regents of University of California (1976) 17 Cal.3d 425, 435.) The
defendant ’s duty to control a third party may arise where the defendant has a special relationship with a foreseeably dangerous third part y “that entails an ability to control that person’s conduct.” ( Regents, supra, at p. 619

. ) A special relationship between the defendant and a victim is one that “gives the victim a right to expect protection” from the defendant. ( I bid

. ) Examples of the se relationships include parents and children, colleges and students, employers and employees and14

common carriers and passengers. ( Brown, supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 216.) The conclusion that a defendant did not have a legal duty toward a plaintiff “consti tutes a determination by the court that public policy concerns outweigh, for a particular category of cases, the broad principle” established in Civil Code section 1714. ( Kesner v. Superior Court (2016) 1 Cal.5th 1132, 1143 ( Kesner ) .)
Rowland

, supra, 69 Cal.2d at pp. 112

- 113, articulates the factors we should consider in determining whether public policy concerns support creating “an exception to the statutory presumption of duty set forth in Civil Code section 1714.” ( Modisette v. Appl e Inc. ( 2018) 30 Cal.App.5th 136, 144.) Those factors are: “the foreseeability of harm to the plaintiff, the degree of certainty that the plaintiff suffered injury, the closeness of the connection between the defendant’s conduct and the injury suffered, the

mora l blame attached to the defendant’s conduct, the policy of preventing future harm, the extent of the burden to the defendant and consequences to the community of imposing a duty to exercise care with resulting liability for breach, and the availability, co st and prevalence of insurance for the risk involved.” ( Rowland, supra, at pp. 112

- 113 ; s ee also Brown,

supra, 11 Cal. 5 th at p. 217.) Because Civil Code section 1714 establishes a general duty to exercise ordinary care, we rely on
the Rowland factors “no t to determine ‘whether a new duty should be created, but whether an exception to Civil Code section
1714 . . . should be created.’” ( Kesner, supra, at p. 1143.) Respondents contend appellants had a special relationship with Geiger because he was employe d by the Department when he and Inglehart signed the purchase agreement. The agreement states that Geiger will purchase Neo “and take him with me15

when I leave the department.” Geiger’s resignation, and his ownership of Neo, took effect one week after he signed the purchase agreement. At that point, appellants were no longer Geiger’s employer and were no longer in a special relationship
with him. Respondents contend appellants’ conduct created and contributed to the risk of harm posed by Geiger’s neglige nt handling of Neo. They contend Inglehart and Bush convinced Geiger to purchase Neo by threatening to euthanize him after Geiger left the Department. Even though they knew Geiger’s training had not included any information relating to retired
service do gs, Bush and Inglehart failed to include any warnings or instructions on maintaining or caring for Neo in the purchase agreement. Their misrepresentations regarding Neo’s being
euthanized and their failure to warn Geiger increased the risk
that Neo would injure an innocent person. But this argument is just a restatement of respondents’ central contention that appellants had a duty to warn Geiger about the dangers of keeping Neo. The conduct respondents rely on as the basis for imposing a duty is appell ants’ failure to instruct or warn Geiger about the danger posed by Neo. As we have noted, however, a person generally has no duty to protect others from a peril the person did not create, unless that person has a special relationship with either the victi m or the person who created the harm. ( Brown, supra, 11 Cal.5th at pp. 213

- 214 ;

s ee also Jane Doe No. 1 v. Uber Technologies, Inc. (2022) 79 Cal.App.5th 410, 424.) “A special relationship between the
defendant

. . . and the dangerous third party is one t hat ‘entails an ability to control [the third party’s] conduct.’” ( Brown, supra, at p. 21 6 .) Here, appellants had no special relationship with16

Geiger because he was not their employee and they had no ability
to control his conduct after he resigned from the Department. Consequently, they had no duty to protect third parties from the peril, and potentially catastrophic damage, created by Geiger’s negligent treatment of Neo.
Consideration of the Rowland factors supports this result.
There can be no doub t that an unsupervised retired police service dog may pose a foreseeable risk of serious harm to anyone encountering it. Appellants were obviously aware of this risk because they were trained canine handlers and were familiar
with the propensities of these dogs, and Neo in particular. But foreseeability “‘alone is not sufficient to create an independent tort duty. “‘. . . [The] existence [of a duty] depends upon the foreseeability of the risk and a weighing of policy considerations
for an d against imposition of liability.’”’” ( Kesne r , supra, 1 Cal.5th at pp. 1149

- 1150, quoting Erlich v. Men ezes (1999) 21 Cal.4th 543, 552.) These policy considerations include the closeness of the connection between the defendant’s conduct and the injury suffered, the moral blame attached to the defendant’s conduct, the policy of preventing future harm, “ ‘“ th e extent of the burden to the defendant and consequences to the community ”’ ” of imposing a duty of care in this context, and the availability of insurance for the risk involved. ( Kesner, at p. 1150; Rowland,

supra, 69 Cal.2d at p. 113.)
While it is certa in that respondents were grievously injured by Neo, the connection between those injuries and appellants’
failure to provide more detailed warnings to Geiger is far from
certain . “In determining whether one has a duty to prevent injury that is the result of third party conduct, the touchstone of the analysis is the foreseeability of that intervening conduct.”17

( Kesner, supra, 1 Cal.5th at p. 114 8 .) Here, the training appellants provided to Geiger included the instruction to keep
Neo in his kennel unless h e was under Geiger’s direct supervision. Geiger was also instructed that Neo should not be socialized with other pets. Appellants had no reason to foresee or believe that Geiger would immediately abandon these warnings
and instructions after he left the D epartment and retired Neo
from active service. T he connection between appellants’ failure to warn Geiger and his negligent treatment of Neo is not close. For similar reasons, we believe that recognizing a duty to provide more robust warnings here is unli kely to further the policy of preventing future harm. That policy is “ordinarily served, in tort law, by imposing the costs of negligent conduct upon those responsible.” ( Cabra l, supra, 51 Cal.4th at p. 781.) The law generally assumes that “internalizing the cost of injuries caused by a particular behavior will induce changes in that behavior to make it safer.” ( Kesner, supra, 1 Cal.5th at p. 1150.) But the harmful behavior here is the handler’s condu ct in keeping a retired police service dog under conditions that are contrary to the instructions the handler received during training. Recognizing a duty on the part of supervisors and police departments to provide more robust warn ings to handlers to

con tinue following the instructions they have already received is unlikely to increase public safety because those parties have little
or no control over the conditions under which retired police service dogs are kept. Appellants contend that recognizing a d uty in this context will impose a heavy burden on law enforcement and local governments that will ultimately be borne by taxpayers. We agree. If police departments are subject to liability for injuries18

caused by retired police service dogs they no longer own and that are kept under conditions they cannot control, the departments will be less likely to form canine units in the first place. Departments will also have an incentive to euthanize retiring service dogs rather than allow them to live with their former
handlers.
The final Rowland factor, availability of insurance, is neutral in this case. Many local governments are self insured, but it is possible to obtain insurance against many potential losses associated government activities. In either ca se, the costs will be borne by taxpayers. We conclude appellants had no legal duty to provide more
robust warn ings under these circumstances because there was no special relationship between appellants and Geiger sufficient to enable appellants to contro l Geiger’s conduct. Even if appellants had a special relationship with Geiger , the Rowland factors do not support recognition of a duty to warn under these circumstances. In the absence of a legal duty, appellants cannot
be held liable in ne g ligence for causing or contributing to respondents’ harm. In reaching this conclusion, we wish to emphasize that we do not doubt the ghastly nature of Neo’s rampage or the severity of respondents’ injuries. But liability sounding in negligence is not premised on the depth of sympathy we feel for victims or the law’s goal to compensate them at the expense of tortfeas o rs. As we have noted, the law does not permit us to impose on appellants a duty to control a former employee ’s conduct. There

was no reason to foresee his disastrous lack of judgment and common sense. On these facts, we have no choice but to reverse the judgment.19 New Counsel and a New Theory Appellants obtained new counsel in March 2020, after this matter had been pending for nearly three years. Three months later, appellants filed their second motion for summary judgment, contending respondents’ claims were time

- barred
under the Government C laims Act because they did not “timely and truthfully” identify Bush and Inglehart as the allegedly negligent City employees. They further contended respondents’ claims were barred by the statute of limitations because they did not timely substitute Bush and Inglehart for fictitiously named defendants. Respondents contended these affirmative defenses were waived because they were not pled in appellants’ answer. While the motion for summary judgment was pending, appellants filed a motion to amend their a nswer to allege the omitted affirmative defenses. They also subpoenaed documents from and the depositions of respondents’ counsel, seeking to discover when respondents learned about the involvement of Bush and Inglehart. Respondents’ counsel moved for pr otective orders and to quash the subpoenas. The trial court granted the protective orders and imposed sanctions of $5,000 on appellants’ counsel. It concluded appellants failed to show “extremely good cause” for deposing opposing counsel. ( Fireman’s F und Ins. Co. v. Superior Court (1977) 72 Cal.App.3d 7 8 6, 790 ( Fireman’s Fund ) .) Appellants did not, in the trial court’s view, demonstrate that counsel’s testimony was crucial to the preparation of their affirmative defenses or that they had no other mea ns of obtaining the information sought. Appellants contend the trial court abused its discretion when it imposed sanctions. We are not persuaded.20 Code of Civil Procedure section 2025.420, subdivision (h) mandates the imposition of sanctions against a party or counsel that unsuccessfully opposes a motion for protective order, unless the trial court finds “that the one subject to the sanction acted with substantial justification or that other circumstances make the imposition of the sanction unjust.” We review the trial court’s order imposing sanctions for abuse of discretion. ( New Albertsons, Inc. v. Superior Court (2008) 168 Cal.App.4th 1403, 1422.) A “substantial justification” is one that is “ ‘ well grounded
in both law and fact. ’ ” ( Diepenbrock v . Brown (2012) 208 Cal.App.4th 743, 747.) As the trial court noted, depositions of opposing counsel “should be severely restricted

, and permitted only upon a showing of extremely good cause . . . .” ( Fireman’s Fund, supra

, 72 Cal.App.3d at p. 790.) Such depositions should be permitted only when the party seeking discovery shows, “‘that (1) no other means exist to obtain the information than to depose opposing counsel, [citation]; (2) the information sought is relevant and nonprivileged; and (3) the infor mation is crucial to the preparation of the case.’ [Citation.]” ( Spectra

- Physics, Inc. v. Superior Court (1988) 198 Cal.App.3d 1487, 1494

- 1945.) Here, the trial court imposed sanctions because it concluded appellants
had not carried their burden to show they had no other means to obtain the information sought or that the information was “crucial” to their case. These findings were not an abuse of
discretion.
The trial court was well within its broad discretion when it
concluded that information relating to the timeliness of respondents’ claims was not crucial to appellants’ case. Appellants did not plead any affirmative defenses relating to the21

timeliness of respondents’ claims and never explained their extreme delay in seeking leave to do so. ( P&D Consultants, Inc. v. City of Carlsbad (2010) 190 Cal.App.4th 1332, 1345 [leave to amend properly denied based on unwarranted delay]; Hulsey v.
Koehler (1990) 218 Cal.App.3d 1150, 1159 [discretion to reject proposed amendment to answer “ ‘ wh en offered after long unexplained delay or on the eve of trial ’ ”].) Without leave to amend to plead these affirmative defenses, information relating to the timeliness of respondents’ claims was not “crucial” to appellants. These defenses were forfeited w hen appellants failed to properly assert them in a demurrer or plead them in an answer. ( Save the Agoura Cornell Knoll v. City of Agoura Hills (2020) 46 Cal.App.5th 665, 681; Gov. Code, § 911.) Similarly, appellants failed to show that subpoenaing
docu ments from opposing counsel and taking their depositions were the only means appellants had of discovering when plaintiffs learned the identities of Bush and Inglehart. Public documents, were available to identify these city employees.
Other documents co uld have been obtained from third parties such as the District Attorney’s office and Animal Services.
We conclude the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it imposed sanctions on appellants’ counsel for opposing the
motions without substantial justification. (Code Civ. Proc, § 2025.420, subd. (h).)
Conclusion The December 11, 2020 order granting sanctions is affirmed. In all other respects, t he judgment is reversed.
A ppellants shall recover their costs on appeal.22 NOT TO BE PUBLISHED.

Y EGAN, J.

We concur:

GILBERT, P. J.

CODY, J.Barry T. LaBarbera, Judge

Superior Court County of San Luis Obispo

______________________________

Suzanne M. Nicholson and Chester E. Walls, for Defendants and Appellants. Lee H. Roistacher and Dean Gazzo Roistacher, for Amicus Curiae on behalf of Appellants.
Steven B. Stevens ; Frederick Law Firm and Jacqueline
Frede rick; Cheong & Denove and John F. Denove, Alicia S. Curran, for Plaintiffs and Respondents.