NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23 and is not precedent except 

in the limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(1).

2022 IL App (3d) 190326-U

Order filed January 11, 2022

____________________________________________________________________________ 

IN THE

APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

THIRD DISTRICT

2022 

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF )

ILLINOIS, ) 

 ) 

Plaintiff-Appellee, ) 

 ) 

 v. ) 

 ) 

HENRY T. CLEPPER, ) 

 ) 

Defendant-Appellant. ) 

Appeal from the Circuit Court

of the 13th Judicial Circuit, 

La Salle County, Illinois. 

Appeal No. 3-19-0326 

Circuit No. 18-CF-479 

Honorable Cynthia M. Raccuglia, 

Judge, Presiding. 

____________________________________________________________________________

JUSTICE SCHMIDT delivered the judgment of the court. 

Presiding Justice O’Brien and Justice McDade concurred in the judgment.

ORDER

¶ 1 Held: Defense counsel did not provide ineffective assistance by failing to argue 

self-defense or request a self-defense jury instruction. The court did not 

commit reversible plain error by allowing a jury instruction regarding 

resisting arrest.

¶ 2 Defendant, Henry T. Clepper, appeals his conviction for aggravated battery of a peace 

officer. Defendant argues that counsel provided ineffective assistance because he failed to argue 

self-defense and request a self-defense jury instruction. He further argues that the La Salle County 

circuit court erred by giving a jury instruction regarding resisting arrest. We affirm.
2 

¶ 3 I. BACKGROUND

¶ 4 The State charged defendant with aggravated battery of a peace officer (720 ILCS 5/12-

3.05(d)(4) (West 2018)). The charge stemmed from an incident between defendant and Jeremiah 

Brown, a Peru police officer, who was initially attempting to escort defendant out of a homeless 

shelter. The matter proceeded to a jury trial.

¶ 5 Pat Davis testified that she worked as the site manager for the homeless shelter. The 

shelter’s policy required that individuals who had a blood alcohol content over 0.08 leave the 

shelter. On the relevant night, due to defendant’s behavior, Davis requested that defendant submit 

to a Breathalyzer test. She repeated the test several times because defendant did not blow into it 

correctly. Defendant then stated he would leave. Defendant, while muttering, walked to his bunk

and started a confrontation with a shelter volunteer. Davis did not hear the confrontation because 

she was calling the police. 

¶ 6 Davis called the police because she needed help escorting defendant out and felt “that there 

would be a problem.” Officers arrived within minutes. While waiting for the officers, defendant 

yelled at a volunteer and another client intervened.

¶ 7 After officers arrived, they informed defendant they were there to escort him out.

Defendant began packing his belongings but repeatedly stopped and at times approached and spoke 

to the officers. Officers directed defendant to leave, and “the next thing [Davis] kn[e]w” one officer 

was on the floor and defendant was on top of him. Defendant fought with the officer and Davis 

saw defendant’s hands around the officer’s neck.

¶ 8 Brown testified that he responded to a call from the shelter. When he arrived, two or three 

females greeted him. They “flung the door open and sa[id] hurry, they’re actively fighting.” As 

Brown entered, he saw “two to three people that were like being separated. And there was just a 
3 

lot of screaming, a lot of cursing.” Brown wanted to separate everyone to determine what happened 

and to deescalate the situation.

¶ 9 Brown determined that defendant “was very loud, aggressive, and very intoxicated.” He 

could tell defendant was intoxicated because of his body language and he smelled a strong odor of

alcohol on defendant’s breath. Further, “there was no reasoning with [defendant] initially when 

[Brown] came into contact with him.” Brown initially asked defendant to speak with him outside.

Defendant responded that he was taking his belongings and leaving, and Brown said, “Let’s pack 

your stuff. Let’s go.” Brown’s goal at that time was to separate defendant, but defendant refused 

and indicated he was leaving. Defendant stated that he was the victim and that Rufus Jones had 

assaulted him.

¶ 10 Brown suggested that defendant gather his belongings and then escorted Jones to the other 

side of the shelter to speak with him. While speaking with Jones, defendant approached Brown, 

and Brown told defendant to pack his belongings and go. Defendant began packing his belongings.

Brown then spoke with Davis who made it clear that she wanted defendant to leave and defendant 

was the primary aggressor. As Brown was speaking with Davis, he heard yelling and saw 

defendant taking an aggressive stance toward Officer David Damron. 

¶ 11 Brown then approached defendant and told him “enough is enough. We’re going.” Brown 

picked up defendant’s suitcase and put his right hand on defendant’s left elbow. Defendant 

“proceeded to throw his left elbow at—up at—towards [Brown] in a very aggressive stance and 

he continued to scream and be very belligerent with [Brown].” When Brown “started to grab 

[defendant], [defendant] then proceeded to go chest to chest with [Brown] and bumped [him] in 

the chest twice going face to face with [Brown] in a very aggressive stance.” Brown stated he then 

“actually had to grab [defendant] and I said all right, enough is enough. I’m escorting you out at 
4 

this point.” Brown had already requested three times that defendant leave willingly, and he refused.

Brown “felt it was necessary to de-escalate the situation *** by at least getting [defendant] 

outside.” Brown grabbed part of defendant’s arm and hooded sweatshirt and started to drag him 

outside. Defendant tried “to push away” from Brown; they were “driven in to a series of kitchen 

tables *** and then the fight was on.”

¶ 12 Defendant “square[d] off at” Brown again and threw his left arm back at Brown. Defendant 

then grabbed Brown by the throat. Brown attempted “a hip toss” to get defendant off and they 

bumped into a partition. Defendant landed on top of Brown and grabbed him by the throat. When 

Brown attempted to sit up, defendant grabbed him “by the throat and choke slam[med] [Brown] 

back down to the ground.” Brown could not breathe when defendant’s hand was around his neck.

Damron deployed his taser, which allowed Brown to get up. Brown’s goal was to take defendant 

into custody, and after a few minutes, he was able to do so. Brown stated that after taking defendant 

to the police station, defendant told him “[t]hat he kicked [Brown’s] ass.”

¶ 13 The State admitted into evidence and published to the jury the surveillance video from the 

shelter, which shows the altercation between defendant and Brown. While the video does not 

contain audio, it largely corroborated Brown’s testimony regarding his interaction with defendant.

¶ 14 Damron testified that he responded to a call from the shelter along with Brown. After 

entering the shelter, he determined “two people were being more belligerent than the rest.” Damron 

identified one of the belligerent individuals as defendant. Brown spoke with defendant while 

Damron spoke with the other individual; however, defendant interrupted him. Eventually, Damron 

spoke with defendant near his belongings. Damron characterized the conversation as aggressive.

Brown approached defendant and said defendant needed to leave. Brown grabbed defendant by 

the arm to escort him out. Defendant “pulled away and took an aggressive stance toward [Brown].” 
5 

Damron elaborated that defendant “squared up in to like more of a fighting stance so that he would 

be ready to fight [Brown].”

¶ 15 Brown grabbed defendant again and they began actively fighting. Damron agreed that 

defendant was not leaving willingly so they needed to remove him. Defendant became “aggressive 

towards [Damron and Brown] because [they] were trying to remove him.” Ultimately, defendant 

“was *** on top of Officer Brown and had his hands on his neck area holding him down while 

Officer Brown was trying to get out from underneath him.” Damron tased defendant. Eventually, 

they took defendant into custody.

¶ 16 During cross-examination, defense counsel elicited testimony from Damron that the first 

person to make physical contact was Brown to defendant.

¶ 17 After the State rested, defendant moved for a directed verdict. Counsel argued “that the 

officer was the aggressor in this matter.” The court denied the motion.

¶ 18 During the jury instruction conference, defense counsel objected to the State’s proposed 

jury instruction that instructed a person is not authorized to use force to resist arrest. The State 

argued that defense counsel elicited statements and made arguments in support of the motion for 

directed verdict that Brown was the initial aggressor and while it was not to the point of alleging 

self-defense, the jury should be aware that defendant was not authorized to resist. The court 

allowed the instruction.

¶ 19 During closing argument, defense counsel argued Brown made the initial physical contact 

with defendant, which led to the altercation. He further argued defendant did not make any contact 

with Brown until Brown grabbed him.

¶ 20 The jury found defendant guilty. The court sentenced him to 51⁄2 years’ imprisonment.

Defendant appeals.
6 

¶ 21 II. ANALYSIS

¶ 22 A. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

¶ 23 Defendant argues that his counsel provided ineffective assistance by failing to argue selfdefense and present a jury instruction regarding self-defense. We note that defendant addressed 

these two issues separately; however, he appears to argue the lack of the jury instruction was the 

prejudice that resulted from counsel’s failure to raise the defense. As these are closely related, we 

address them together. 

¶ 24 “[T]o prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must show that

(1) counsel’s representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness, and (2) counsel’s 

substandard representation so prejudiced the defense as to deny the defendant a fair trial.” People 

v. Horton, 143 Ill. 2d 11, 23 (1991). “To show actual prejudice, defendant must establish that ‘there 

is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding 

would have been different. A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine 

confidence in the outcome.’ ” Id. (quoting Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 694 (1984)).

“The failure to satisfy either the deficiency prong or the prejudice prong of the Strickland test 

precludes a finding of ineffective assistance of counsel.” People v. Enis, 194 Ill. 2d 361, 377, 

(2000). “[I]f [an] ineffective-assistance claim can be disposed of on the ground that the defendant 

did not suffer prejudice, a court need not decide whether counsel’s performance was 

constitutionally deficient.” People v. Griffin, 178 Ill. 2d 65, 74 (1997). A decision as to what theory 

of defense to present is a matter of trial strategy, which is generally immune from a claim of 

ineffective assistance of counsel. People v. Wiggen, 2021 IL App (3d) 180486, ¶ 27.

¶ 25 Here, defendant argues that counsel provided ineffective assistance by failing to pursue 

self-defense because “Brown’s sudden aggression constituted excessive force” in this “non-arrest 
7 

situation.” But even if defendant could avoid the general rule that matters of trial strategy, such as 

which theory of defense to present, are immune from ineffective assistance claims, his argument 

still fails because he cannot show prejudice from counsel’s failure to raise self-defense.

¶ 26 If the State negates any element of self-defense, the claim of self-defense fails. See People 

v. Lee, 213 Ill. 2d 218, 225 (2004). The threat of unlawful force against defendant is one element 

of self-defense. Id. Here, there was no threat of unlawful force against defendant. Specifically, the 

police were justified in conducting an investigative detention based upon the indications that a 

fight had occurred just prior to the officers’ arrival, indications of trespass due to defendant’s 

failure to exit the shelter, despite shelter staff seeking his removal and Brown telling defendant to 

leave multiple times, and indications of disorderly conduct based upon defendant’s apparent 

intoxication, confrontation with a volunteer, indications of a fight, and his aggressive and 

belligerent behavior. See People v. Timmsen, 2016 IL 118181, ¶ 9 (providing that pursuant to Terry 

v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968), an officer may conduct a brief, investigatory stop of a person if the 

officer has a reasonable, articulable suspicion of criminal activity); see, e.g., 720 ILCS 5/21-

3(a)(1), (a)(3), 26-1(a)(1) (West 2018). Additionally, the officers were, at least initially, acting in 

a community caretaking function by attempting to keep the peace while escorting an unwelcome 

individual—defendant—from the premises. See People v. McDonough, 239 Ill. 2d 260, 269 (2010) 

(noting that the community caretaking doctrine is utilized to uphold seizures when police are 

performing some function other than investigating a crime). When an officer has authority to 

conduct a detention, he has authority to use the force necessary to effectuate that detention. See 

People v. Roberts, 96 Ill. App. 3d 930, 934 (1981) (noting it would be anomalous to provide an 

officer authority to detain but “deny him the use of force necessary to effectuate that detention”). 

Further, our review of the record, including the video, does not reveal any excessive force by 
8 

Brown. See, e.g., People v. Sims, 374 Ill. App. 3d 427, 432 (2007) (stating that an officer’s use of 

excessive force invokes the right to self-defense). Since defendant could not establish a threat of 

unlawful force against him by Brown, there is no reasonable probability that the outcome of the 

proceedings would have been different had counsel argued self-defense. Therefore, defendant 

cannot establish prejudice from counsel’s failure to raise self-defense and his claim of ineffective 

assistance of counsel fails.

¶ 27 To the extent defendant was attempting to raise a separate issue of ineffective assistance 

based upon the failure to request a jury instruction on self-defense, that claim also fails. As

previously set forth, the claim of self-defense was not meritorious. Supra ¶ 26. Although it is 

arguable that defendant could have obtained such an instruction if requested (see Sims, 374 Ill. 

App. 3d at 432 (providing that a defendant is entitled to a jury instruction on his theory of the case 

if there is some evidence supporting it)), a decision not to pursue the instruction when the defense 

was ultimately not meritorious would be a matter of trial strategy, which is generally immune from 

claims of ineffective assistance of counsel. See Wiggen, 2021 IL App (3d) 180486, ¶ 27. We see 

no reason to depart from that general principle in this instance. 

¶ 28 B. Jury Instruction

¶ 29 Defendant argues that the court erred by permitting a jury instruction regarding resisting 

arrest when he was not under arrest at the time of the battery, and he was not charged with resisting 

arrest. Defendant acknowledges that although counsel objected to the instruction, counsel failed 

to preserve the issue by reiterating the objection in a posttrial motion. As such, defendant requests 

plain-error review and argues that it was reversible error to give the instruction because the 

evidence was closely balanced.
9 

¶ 30 The plain-error doctrine allows a forfeited error to be reviewed when “a clear or obvious 

error occurred and the evidence is so closely balanced that the error alone threatened to tip the 

scales of justice against the defendant.” People v. Belknap, 2014 IL 117094, ¶ 48. Typically, the 

first step in applying the plain-error doctrine is to determine whether a clear or obvious error 

occurred. People v. Sebby, 2017 IL 119445, ¶ 49. However, even assuming error, the evidence was 

not closely balanced and therefore the alleged error is not reversible plain error. The uncontradicted 

trial testimony and video evidence clearly establish the aggravated battery and, as set forth above, 

self-defense was not a viable defense.

¶ 31 III. CONCLUSION

¶ 32 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court of La Salle County. 

¶ 33 Affirmed.