# Patent

## Title
Anti-cancer and wound healing compounds

## Abstract

The invention provides inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases that are useful as anti-tumor agents and for treating wounds. The inhibitors are peptides having sequences related to cleavage regions of the proenzyme forms of matrix metalloproteinases. The peptide inhibitors of the invention can be formulated into therapeutic compositions, lotions, creams, skin covering and wound dressings that inhibit expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and encourage healing.

## Background
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/153,185 filed May 21, 2002, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/032,376 filed Dec. 21, 2001, both of which claim priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/312,726, filed Aug. 16, 2001, all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.


FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to formulations containing inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases that are useful for healing wounds and as anti-tumor agents. The inhibitors are peptides having sequences related to the cleavage site of the proenzyme forms of matrix metalloproteinases.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Angiogenesis, or the process of producing new blood vessels in the body, is a key step in a number of biological responses to injury, stroke, and tumor formation. Upon angiogenic stimulation, endothelial cells re-enter the cell cycle, migrate, withdraw from the cell cycle and subsequently differentiate again to form new vessels that are functionally adapted to their tissue environment. Endothelial cells undergoing angiogenesis degrade the underlying basement membrane and migrate, forming capillary sprouts that project into the perivascular stroma. Ausprunk, et al., Microvasc. Rev., 14:51–65 (1977). In most cells angiogenesis is under tight control by a series of oxygen-sensitive proteins that act in concert to prevent undue blood vessel formation.
A key protein mediator of angiogenesis is vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a potent stimulator of blood vessel growth. Vascular endothelial growth factor is a dimeric glycoprotein with two 23 kDa subunits that are linked by disulfide bonds. Vascular endothelial growth factor is believed to influence the mobilization of intracellular calcium, the induction of plasminogen activator, the synthesis of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, the stimulation of hexose transport in endothelial cells, and the promotion of monocyte migration in vitro. Four VEGF isoforms, encoded by distinct mRNA splice variants, appear to be equally capable of stimulating mitogenesis in endothelial cells. Each isoform has a different affinity for cell surface proteoglycans, which behave as low affinity receptors for VEGF. The 121 and 165 amino acid isoforms of VEGF (VEGF121 and VEGF165) are secreted in a soluble form, whereas the isoforms of 189 and 206 amino acid residues remain cell surface associated and have a strong affinity for heparin.
Two high affinity receptors for vascular endothelial growth factor have been characterized. These are VEGFR-1/Flt-1 (fms-like tyrosine kinase-1) and VEGFR-2/Kdr/Flk-1 (kinase insert domain containing receptor/fetal liver kinase-1). Such receptors are classified as being in the PDGF-receptor family, but they have seven rather than five immunoglobulin-like loops in their extracellular domain and they possess a longer kinase insert than normally observed in this family. The expression of VEGF receptors occurs mainly in vascular endothelial cells, although some may be present on monocytes and melanoma cells. Only endothelial cells have been reported to proliferate in response to VEGF, and endothelial cells from different sources may show different responses.
The pattern of VEGF expression suggests its involvement in the development and maintenance of the normal vascular system and in tumor angiogenesis. During murine development, the entire 7.5 day post-coital (p.c.) endoderm expresses VEGF and the ventricular neuroectoderm produces VEGF at the capillary ingrowth stage. See Breier, et al., Development, 114:521–523 (1992). On day two of quail development, the vascularized area of the yolk sac as well as the whole embryo show expression of VEGF. In addition, epithelial cells next to fenestrated endothelia in adult mice show persistent VEGF expression, suggesting a role in the maintenance of this specific endothelial phenotype and function.
Tumor cells often express VEGF at levels three to ten times higher than normal cells. Tumor growth and metastasis have also been shown to be angiogenesis dependent. Folkman, et al., J. Biol. Chem., 267:10931–10934 (1992). Consequently, a need exists for agents that can inhibit the expression and/or activity of VEGF.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The invention provides anti-angiogenic compositions and methods that decrease vascular endothelial growth factor expression. Such methods and compositions are useful for a variety of therapeutic purposes. For example, the compositions and methods of the invention can be used to treat cancer, including solid tumors. The compositions and methods have also been shown to be useful for treating tissue injuries including wounds, surgical incisions, chronic wounds, heart disease, stroke, and the like. The peptides of the invention inhibit metalloproteinases as well as diminishing the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor. Various topical lotions, dressings, and parenterally and non-parenterally administered compositions are contemplated, as well as methods of using the peptides to inhibit tumor growth and development.
The present invention is therefore directed to peptide inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases. These peptide inhibitors have amino acid sequences identical or related to the linking region spanning the two globular domains of matrix metalloproteinases. Several types of matrix metalloproteinases and their sequences are known, including matrix metalloproteinase-1, matrix metalloproteinase-2, matrix metalloproteinase-3, matrix metalloproteinase-4, matrix metalloproteinase-5, matrix metalloproteinase-6, matrix metalloproteinase-7, matrix metalloproteinase-8, and matrix metalloproteinase-9, matrix metalloproteinase-10, matrix metalloproteinase-11, matrix metalloproteinase-12, and matrix metalloproteinase-13. The invention contemplates inhibitors having amino acid sequences from the linking region of any of the matrix metalloproteinases. For example, peptide inhibitors of the invention can have amino acid sequences drawn from any region from about amino acid 70 to about amino acid 120 of the matrix metalloproteinase-2 sequence (SEQ ID NO:14), and analogous regions of all other matrix metalloproteinases.
The invention provides peptides of any one of formulae (I), (II), (III):

Xaa1-Xaa2-Xaa3-Xaa4-Xaa5-Xaa6 Xaa7-Xaa8-Xaa9  (I)

Xaa10-Xaa11-Xaa12 Xaa13-Xaa14-Xaa15-Xaa16-Xaa17-Xaa18-Xaa19  (II)

Xaa1-Xaa2-Xaa3-Xaa4-Xaa5-Xaa6-Xaa7-Xaa8-Xaa9-Xaa10-Xaa11-Xaa12-Xaa13-Xaa14-Xaa15-Xaa16-Xaa17-Xaa18-Xaa19  (III)

wherein

Xaa1, Xaa4, and Xaa6 are separately each apolar amino acids;
Xaa2 is a basic amino acid;
Xaa3 is a cysteine-like amino acid;
Xaa5 is a polar or aliphatic amino acid;
Xaa7 is an acidic amino acid,
Xaa8 is an aliphatic or polar amino acid;
Xaa9 is an aliphatic, apolar or basic amino acid; and
Xaa10 is a polar, acidic, basic or apolar amino acid;
Xaa11 is a polar or aromatic amino acid;
Xaa12 is a polar, basic, aliphatic or apolar amino acid;
Xaa13 is an aromatic, aliphatic, polar or acidic amino acid;
Xaa14 is an aromatic, apolar or polar amino acid;
Xaa15 is an apolar or acidic amino acid;
Xaa16 is a basic, a polar or an apolar amino acid;
Xaa17 is a basic, a polar, an aliphatic, an apolar or an acidic amino acid;
Xaa18 is an apolar or an aliphatic amino acid;
Xaa19 is a basic or an aliphatic amino acid; and
wherein the peptide is capable of inhibiting the activity of matrix metalloproteinase-1, matrix metalloproteinase-2, matrix metalloproteinase-3, matrix metalloproteinase-4, matrix metalloproteinase-5, matrix metalloproteinase-6, matrix metalloproteinase-7, matrix metalloproteinase-8, or matrix metalloproteinase-9, matrix metalloproteinase-10, matrix metalloproteinase-11, matrix metalloproteinase-12, and matrix metalloproteinase-13. In some embodiments, the peptide can inhibit the activity of matrix metalloproteinase-2, matrix metalloproteinase-3, matrix metalloproteinase-7, matrix metalloproteinase-8, or matrix metalloproteinase-9.
An apolar amino acid can be, for example, methionine, glycine or proline. A basic amino acid, for example, can be histidine, lysine, arginine, 2,3-diaminopropionic acid, ornithine, homoarginine, ρ-aminophenylalanine, or 2,4-diaminobutyric acid. Cysteine-like amino acids of the invention include, for example, cysteine, homocysteine, penicillamine, or β-methyl cysteine.
Aliphatic amino acids include, for example, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, t-butylalanine, t-butylalanine, N-methylisoleucine, norleucine, N-methylvaline, cyclohexylalanine, β-alanine, N-methylglycine, or α-aminoisobutyric acid. Acidic amino acids include, for example, aspartic acid or glutamic acid. Polar amino acids include, for example, asparagine, glutamine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, citrulline, N-acetyl lysine, methionine sulfoxide, or homoserine, or an apolar amino acid such as methionine, glycine or proline. Aromatic amino acids of the invention can be, for example, phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, phenylglycine, naphthylalanine, β-2-thienylalanine, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid, 4-chlorophenylalanine, 2-fluorophenylalanine, 3-fluorophenylalanine, 4-fluorophenylalanine, pyridylalanine, or 3-benzothienyl alanine.
The invention also provides peptides of formula (IV) (SEQ ID NO:18):

Xaaa-Xaab-Xaac-Xaad-Xaae-Xaaf-Xaag-Xaah-Xaai-Xaaj-Xaak-XaaL-Xaam-Xaan-Xaao-Xaap-Xaa1-Xaa2-Xaa3-Xaa4-Xaa5-Xaa6-Xaa7-Xaa8-Xaa9-Xaa10-Xaa11-Xaa12-Xaa13-Xaa14-Xaa15-Xaa16-Xaa17-Xaa18-Xaa19  (IV)

wherein:














Xaaa is proline;
Xaa1 is proline;


Xaab is glutamine or glutamic acid;
Xaa2 is arginine;


Xaac is threonine;
Xaa3 is cysteine;


Xaad is glycine;
Xaa4 is glycine;


Xaae is aspartic acid or glutamic acid;
Xaa5 is valine or asparagine;


Xaaf is leucine;
Xaa6 is proline;


Xaag is aspartic acid;
Xaa7 is aspartic acid;


Xaah is glutamine or serine;
Xaa8 is valine or leucine;


Xaai is asparagine or alanine;
Xaa9 is alanine or glycine;


Xaaj is threonine;
Xaa10 is asparagine or



arginine;


Xaak is isoleucine or leucine;
Xaa11 is tyrosine or



phenylalanine;


XaaL is glutamic acid or lysine;
Xaa12 is asparagine or



glutamine;


Xaam is threonine or alanine;
Xaa13 is phenylalanine or



threonine;


Xaan is methionine;
Xaa14 is phenylalanine;


Xaao is arginine;
Xaa15 is proline or glutamic



acid;


Xaap is lysine or threonine;
Xaa16 is arginine or glycine;


Xaa17 is lysine or aspartic acid;
Xaa18 is proline or leucine;


Xaa19 is lysine; and









wherein the peptide is capable of inhibiting the activity of a metalloproteinase. For example, the matrix metalloproteinase can be matrix metalloproteinase-1, matrix metalloproteinase-2, matrix metalloproteinase-3, matrix metalloproteinase-4, matrix metalloproteinase-5, matrix metalloproteinase-6, matrix metalloproteinase-7, matrix metalloproteinase-8, and matrix metalloproteinase-9, matrix metalloproteinase-10, matrix metalloproteinase-11, matrix metalloproteinase-12, or matrix metalloproteinase-13. Desirable peptides inhibit matrix metalloproteinase-2 or matrix metalloproteinase-9.

Regions from which peptide inhibitors of the invention can be derived, for example, from amino acid sequences ranging from about position 70 to about position 120 of SEQ ID NO:14, and analogous regions of other matrix metalloproteinases. In some embodiments the peptide inhibitors of the invention have amino acid sequences ranging from about position 77 to about position 110 of SEQ ID NO:14, and analogous regions or other matrix metalloproteinases. Examples of peptide inhibitors that can be used in the invention include those that contain amino acid sequences SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:12, or SEQ ID NO:13.
Peptides of the invention have varying affinities for the different matrix metalloproteinases. For example, in one embodiment, the peptide inhibitors can inhibit matrix metalloproteinase-2 with a ki of about 1.0 μM to about 500.0 μM. In another embodiment, the peptide inhibitors can inhibit matrix metalloproteinase-2 with a ki of about 1.0 ,μM to about 400.0 μM. In yet another embodiment, the peptide inhibitors can inhibit matrix metalloproteinase-2 with a ki of about 1.0 μM to about 50.0 μM.
The invention further provides compositions that can decrease expression of vascular endothelial growth factor that include an effective amount of peptide of the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Such compositions are useful for treating a variety of cancers, tumors and other diseases.
The invention further provides a method for decreasing expression of vascular endothelial growth factor that comprises contacting a cell comprising a gene for vascular endothelial growth factor with an effective amount of a peptide of formula I, II, III or IV:

Xaa1-Xaa2-Xaa3-Xaa4-Xaa5-Xaa6 Xaa7-Xaa8-Xaa9  (I)

Xaa10-Xaa11-Xaa12-Xaa13-Xaa14-Xaa15-Xaa16-Xaa17-Xaa18-Xaa19  (II)

Xaa1-Xaa2-Xaa3-Xaa4-Xaa5-Xaa6-Xaa7-Xaa8-Xaa9-Xaa10-Xaa11-Xaa12-Xaa13-Xaa14-Xaa15-Xaa16-Xaa17-Xaa18-Xaa19  (III)

Xaaa-Xaab-Xaac-Xaad-Xaae-Xaaf-Xaag-Xaah-Xaai-Xaaj-Xaak-XaaL-Xaam-Xaan-Xaao-Xaap-Xaa1-Xaa2-Xaa3-Xaa4-Xaa5-Xaa6-Xaa7-Xaa8-Xaa9-Xaa10-Xaa11-Xaa12-Xaa13-Xaa14-Xaa15-Xaa16-Xaa17-Xaa18-Xaa19  (IV)

    
    
        (SEQ ID NO:21)

wherein:

    
    


Xaa1, Xaa4, and Xaa6 are separately each apolar amino acids;
Xaa2 is a basic amino acid;
Xaa3 is a cysteine-like amino acid;
Xaa5 is a polar or aliphatic amino acid;
Xaa7 is an acidic amino acid,
Xaa8 is an aliphatic or polar amino acid;
Xaa9 is an aliphatic, apolar or basic amino acid; and
Xaa10 is a polar, acidic, basic or apolar amino acid;
Xaa11 is a polar or aromatic amino acid;
Xaa12 is a polar, basic, aliphatic or apolar amino acid;
Xaa13 is an aromatic, aliphatic, polar or acidic amino acid;
Xaa14 is an aromatic, apolar or polar amino acid;
Xaa15 is an apolar or acidic amino acid;
Xaa16 is a basic, a polar or an apolar amino acid;
Xaa17 is a basic, a polar, an aliphatic, an apolar or an acidic amino acid;
Xaa18 is an apolar or an aliphatic amino acid;
Xaa19 is a basic or an aliphatic amino acid;
Xaaa is proline;
Xaab is glutamine or glutamic acid;
Xaac is threonine;
Xaad is glycine;
Xaae is aspartic acid or glutamic acid;
Xaaf is leucine;
Xaag is aspartic acid;
Xaah is glutamine or serine;
Xaai is asparagine or alanine;
Xaaj is threonine;
Xaak is isoleucine or leucine;
XaaL is glutamic acid or lysine;
Xaam is threonine or alanine;
Xaan is methionine;
Xaao is arginine; and
Xaap is lysine or threonine;
wherein the peptide is capable of inhibiting the activity of a matrix metalloproteinase.
An apolar amino acid in the peptides of the invention can be, for example, methionine, glycine or proline. The basic amino acid can be, for example, histidine, lysine, arginine, 2,3-diaminopropionic acid, ornithine, homoarginine, ρ-aminophenylalanine, and 2,4-diaminobutyric acid. The cysteine-like amino acid can be, for example, cysteine, homocysteine, penicillamine, or β-methyl cysteine. The aliphatic amino acid can be, for example, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, t-butylalanine, t-butylalanine, N-methylisoleucine, norleucine, N-methylvaline, cyclohexylalanine, β-alanine, N-methylglycine, or α-aminoisobutyric acid. The acidic amino acid can be, for example, aspartic acid or glutamic acid. A polar amino acid can be asparagine, glutamine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, citrulline, N-acetyl lysine, methionine sulfoxide, or homoserine, or an apolar amino acid such as methionine, glycine or proline. An aromatic amino acid is phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, phenylglycine, naphthylalanine, β-2-thienylalanine, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid, 4-chlorophenylalanine, 2-fluorophenylalanine, 3-fluorophenylalanine, 4-fluorophenylalanine, pyridylalanine, or 3-benzothienyl alanine.
In another embodiment the invention provides a method for treating a wound or for inhibiting the growth and/or development of a tumor that comprises administering a therapeutically effective amount of a peptide of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:12, or SEQ ID NO:13.
Other areas of potential clinical utility for the peptides of the invention include disorders characterized by excessive angiogenesis. Examples of such diseases are macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy.



DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
FIG. 1 provides a CLUSTAL X (version 1.8) multiple sequence alignment of the cleavage spanning regions of select MMP proenzymes. FIG. 1A provides an alignment that highlights conserved residues where an ‘*’ indicates complete identity among the sequences, a ‘:’ indicates 7/9 conserved positions, and a ‘.’ indicates greater than 80% identical positions with mostly conserved substitutions. FIG. 1B indicates the positions of heterogeneity in bold.
FIG. 2 provides the structure of proMMP-1 (Protein databank file 1FBL.ENT). The area of SEQ ID NOS:2–10 shown in Table 1 spans the short region between the two large domains. During activation this region is cleaved.
FIG. 3 provides a three-dimensional model of MMP-9. The cleavage region that creates the N-terminus of the active proteinase is shown in cross-hatching. The two zinc ions are illustrated as spheres. The cleavage domain peptide may bind to the MMP in the vicinity of its normal location in the proenzyme. This binding (also near the catalytic zinc) sterically blocks a portion of the active site. This blockage prevents substrate binding.
FIG. 4 illustrates the inhibition of MMP-9 activity by the 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11) cleavage domain peptide. MMP-9 was mixed with the 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11) peptide prior to the FRET assay. The concentrations of the 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11) peptide were as follows: 0 mM (closed circles), 0.01 mM (open circles), 0.03 mM (closed squares), 0.06 mM (open squares), 0.125 mM (closed triangles), 0.25 mM (open triangles), 0.5 mM (x's), 1 mM (inverted closed triangles), 2 mM (inverted open triangles).
FIG. 5 illustrates the inhibition of MMP-9 activity by the 10-mer (SEQ ID NO:13) cleavage domain peptide. MMP-9 was mixed with the 10-mer (SEQ ID NO:13) peptide prior to the FRET assay. The concentrations of the 10-mer (SEQ ID NO:13) peptide were as follows: 0 mM (closed triangles), 0.25 mM (open triangles), 0.5 mM (open inverted triangles), 1.0 mM (closed inverted triangles), 2.0 mM (x's).
FIG. 6 illustrates the inhibition of MMP-9 activity by the 9-mer (SEQ ID NO:12) cleavage domain peptide. MMP-9 was mixed with the 9-mer (SEQ ID NO:12) peptide prior to the FRET assay. The concentrations of the 9-mer (SEQ ID NO:12) peptide were as follows: 0 mM (closed triangles), 0.25 mM (open triangles), 0.5 mM (open inverted triangles), 1.0 mM (closed inverted triangles), 2.0 mM (x's).
FIG. 7 illustrates the inhibition of MMP-9 activity by the 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11) cleavage domain peptide. MMP-9 was mixed with the 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11) peptide prior to the fluorescent collagen assay. The concentrations of the 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11) peptide were as follows: 0 mM (closed circles), 0.06 mM (open diamonds), 0.1 mM (open squares), 0.25 mM (open circles), 0.5 mM (x's).
FIG. 8 illustrates a longer time course inhibition of MMP-9 activity by the 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11) cleavage domain peptide. MMP-9 was mixed with the 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11) peptide prior to the fluorescent collagen assay. The concentrations of the 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11) peptide were as follows: 0 mM (closed circles), 0.06 mM (open diamonds), 0.1 mM (open squares), 0.25 mM (open circles), 0.5 mM (x's).
FIG. 9 illustrates a longer time course inhibition of MMP-9 activity by the 10-mer (SEQ ID NO:13) cleavage domain peptide. MMP-9 was mixed with the 10-mer (SEQ ID NO:13) peptide prior to the fluorescent collagen assay. The concentrations of the 10-mer (SEQ ID NO:13) peptide were as follows: 0 mM (open circles), 0.1 mM (open diamonds), 0.2 mM (open squares), 0.4 mM (x's).
FIG. 10 illustrates a longer time course of inhibition of MMP-9 activity by the 9-mer (SEQ ID NO:12) cleavage domain peptide. MMP-9 was mixed with the 9-mer (SEQ ID NO:12) peptide prior to the fluorescent collagen assay. The concentrations of the 9-mer (SEQ ID NO:12) peptide were as follows: 0 mM (closed circles), 0.06 mM (open diamonds), 0.1 mM (open squares), 0.25 mM (open circles), 0.5 mM (x's).
FIG. 11 provides the HPLC elution profiles of a typical splicing reaction. The arrows indicate that the first peak decreases in area over the course of the reaction (pro-MMP-9 peak), while the second two peaks (mature MMP-9 and N-terminal cleavage product, respectively) increase in area.
FIG. 12 illustrates the conversion of pro-MMP-9 into N-terminal and C-terminal domains by stromilysin. Pro-MMP-9 was reacted with stromilysin in the presence of zero (closed circles), 0.5 μM (open squares) or 1.0 μM (closed squares) 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11) peptide. At the times indicated, an aliquot was removed and subjected to HPLC. The pro-MMP peak area was integrated and was set to 100 percent for the zero time point sample. Open circles represent pro-MMP incubated in buffer without stromilysin or 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11) peptide.
FIG. 13A provides an isothermal titration calorimetry analysis of the interaction of the 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11) inhibitor peptide with MMP-9. Each peak shows the heat produced by the injection and subsequent binding reaction. FIG. 13B provides a binding isotherm produced by integrating the value of each injection peak from FIG. 13A with respect to time.
FIG. 14 provides an isothermal titration calorimetry analysis of the interaction of the 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11) inhibitor peptide with MMP-2. FIG. 14A provides the raw isothermal calorimetry data for the titration of 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11) (1 mM) into MMP-2 (20 μM) in 20 mM cacodylate (pH 6.8), 10 mM NaCl at 25° C. Each peak shows the heat produced by the injection and subsequent binding reaction. FIG. 14B provides a binding isotherm produced by integrating the value of each injection peak from FIG. 14A with respect to time.
FIG. 15 provides a surface plasmon resonance binding isotherm generated when the 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11) peptide is flowed over a surface of immobilized MMP-9.
FIG. 16 provides a bar graph showing the percent living cells, relative to a positive control, in a skin model after treatment with two concentrations of peptide. The first sample, treated with phosphate buffered saline (PBS), is the positive control used to establish the cell count representing 100% viability. The second sample is a negative control where cells were exposed to 1% Triton-X100, showing that the assay can detect cell death. The next three samples are the 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11), the 10-mer (SEQ ID NO:13), and the 9-mer (SEQ ID NO:12) peptides used at a concentration of 500 μM. The final three samples are the 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11), the 10-mer (SEQ ID NO:13), and the 9-mer (SEQ ID NO:12) peptides used at a concentration of 2 mM. Data shown represent the average of three samples.
FIG. 17 graphically depicts the time course of wound healing in db/db diabetic mice. The plot shows the relative average wound area versus days post wounding for mice treated with either normal saline (open circles) or 20 μg/mL of the 19-mer peptide (SEQ ID NO:11) (closed circles). Data presented show the mean relative wound diameter derived from ten subject animals.
FIG. 18 illustrates that the 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11) peptide significantly inhibits or depresses VEGF expression compared to untreated cells. This figure provides a photograph of a 2% agarose gel containing the PCR RT-products of fibroblasts treated with the 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11) peptide and agents known to stimulate or inhibit VEGF expression. Lane 1 provides DNA markers. Lane 2 provides the PCR RT-products of untreated fibroblasts (negative control). Lane 3 provides the PCR RT-products of fibroblasts treated with 5 μL of 100 μM cobalt chloride (CoCl2), which is known to stimulate VEGF expression and was therefore used as a positive control. Lane 4 provides the PCR RT-products of fibroblasts treated with a peptide from an oxygen-dependent degradation domain (ODD) of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha that has been shown to increase expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Lane 5 provides the PCR RT-products of fibroblasts treated with the TAP ExpressTM (Gene Therapy Systems, CA) system for transporting a peptide from an oxygen-dependent degradation domain (ODD) of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha into fibroblast cells. Lane 6 provides the PCR RT-products of fibroblasts treated with 200 μl of 10 mg/ml the 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11). As illustrated, the negative control (untreated fibroblasts) produced a faint but easily discernible VEGF band. Use of cobalt chloride provided increased VEGF expression compared to the negative control. However, the surprising result was the complete inhibition of VEGF expression in fibroblasts treated with the 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11) peptide.
FIG. 19 further illustrates that the 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11) peptide significantly inhibits or depresses VEGF expression compared to untreated cells. This figure provides a photograph of a 2% agarose gel containing the PCR RT-products of fibroblasts treated with the 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11) peptide and agents known to stimulate or inhibit VEGF expression. Lane 1 provides DNA markers. Lanes 2 and 3 provide the PCR RT-products from duplicate experiments on untreated fibroblasts (negative control). Lanes 4 and 5 provides the PCR RT-products from duplicate experiments on fibroblasts treated with 5 μL of 100 μM cobalt chloride (CoCl2), which is known to stimulate VEGF expression and was therefore used as a positive control. Lanes 6 and 7 provides the PCR RT-products from duplicate experiments on fibroblasts treated with a peptide from an oxygen-dependent degradation domain (ODD) of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha that has been shown to increase expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Lanes 8 and 9 provide the PCR RT-products from duplicate experiments on fibroblasts treated with 200 μl of 10 mg/ml the 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11). As illustrated, the 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11) peptide again completely inhibited VEGF expression in fibroblasts.
FIG. 20 also illustrates that the 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11) peptide significantly inhibits or depresses VEGF expression compared to untreated cells. This figure provides a photograph of a 2% agarose gel containing the PCR RT-products of fibroblasts treated with the 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11) peptide and agents known to stimulate or inhibit VEGF expression. Lane 1 provides DNA markers. Lane 2 provides a the PCR-RT products of fibroblasts treated with 5 μL of 100 μM cobalt chloride (CoCl2), which is known to stimulate VEGF expression and therefore is used as a positive control with the primer mix consisting of primers for VEGF, β-actin and GAPDH. Lane 3 provides the PCR RT-products from untreated fibroblasts (negative control). Lane 4 provides the PCR RT-products of fibroblasts treated with 5 μL of 100 μM cobalt chloride (CoCl2), which is known to stimulate VEGF expression and was therefore used as a positive control. Lane 5 provides the PCR RT-products of fibroblasts treated with the TAP ExpressTM (Gene Therapy Systems, CA) system for transporting a peptide from an oxygen-dependent degradation domain (ODD) of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha into fibroblast cells. Lane 6 provides the PCR RT-products of fibroblasts treated with a peptide from an oxygen-dependent degradation domain (ODD) of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha that has been shown to increase expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Lane 7 provides the PCR RT-products of fibroblasts treated with the BioPorterTM Protein Delivery (BP) Reagent (Gene Therapy Systems, CA), a system for transporting a protein from an oxygen-dependent degradation domain (ODD) of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha into fibroblast cells. Lane 8 provides the PCR RT products of fibroblasts treated with 200 μl of 10 mg/ml the 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11). As illustrated, 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11) peptide again provided complete inhibition of VEGF expression in fibroblasts.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases that are useful for depressing the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor, for inhibiting the growth and development of tumors and for promoting wound healing.
Matrix metalloproteinases are produced in vivo as inactive proenzymes. Proteolytic cleavage of the proenzyme results in activation and formation of the mature matrix metalloproteinase. The peptide sequence that is cleaved off is a proenzyme leader sequence of approximately 100 to 110 amino acids in length that is found at the extreme amino terminus of the protein. According to the invention, these proenzyme leader peptides can block the matrix metalloproteinases active site and inhibit the activity of the matrix metalloproteinase. Administration of matrix metalloproteinase proenzyme leader peptides reduces the rate of extracellular matrix destruction and provides a faster rate of wound healing.
Most inhibition strategies involve preventing enzymatic activity of matrix metalloproteinases with organic small molecules. These compounds are often toxic to the body and are not naturally occurring molecules. Use of natural peptides to inhibit activated matrix metalloproteinases provides a high degree of proteinase control without toxic side effects. Unlike small molecule inhibition strategies, the peptides of the invention can be used to inhibit activation of individual or all matrix metalloproteinase classes simultaneously. The peptides can be freely administered to a mammal, injected into a tumor, introduced onto the skin, applied to a wound environment or they can be tethered to, or delivered by, a skin covering or wound dressing.
The invention provides a high degree of control over the level of proteinase activity for healing chronic wounds and ameliorating the effects of aging. For example, as some amount of proteinase activity is required during chronic wound healing (Agren et al., 1999), one of skill in the art may choose to only partially inhibit proteinase activity. By modulating the type and amount of inhibitor peptide applied, the degree of matrix metalloproteinase inhibition can be controlled.
Peptide Inhibitors
According to the present invention, peptides having sequences related to a matrix metalloproteinase proenzyme leader in the region of the cleavage site will inhibit the activity of many types of matrix metalloproteinases. The cleavage position is at about amino acid position 110 of the proenzyme amino acid sequence. Peptide inhibitors of the invention have sequences related to any region within proenzyme amino acid position 70 to about amino acid position 120. Such peptides will inhibit the activity of many types of matrix metalloproteinases. The present peptides can also prevent the activation of proenzyme matrix metalloproteinases, as well as inhibit the enzymatic activity of mature matrix metalloproteinases. Peptides containing sequences that are more conserved in a variety of matrix metalloproteinases, for example, sequences toward the N-terminal side of the cleavage region, can be used to provide inhibitors that are generally effective against a variety of matrix metalloproteinases. However, peptides containing sequences that are less conserved, for example, sequences toward the C-terminal side of the cleavage region, can be used to provide inhibitors that are specific for individual matrix metalloproteinases.
Hence, peptides with sequences from any proenzyme leader region of a matrix metalloproteinase are contemplated by the invention as inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases, as well as variant peptides that have one or more amino acids substituted for the amino acids that are naturally present in the matrix metalloproteinase. Mixtures of peptides with different sequences are also contemplated.
In general, the peptides, peptide variants, peptide derivatives, and mixtures of peptides are formulated and used in a manner that optimizes prevention of tumor formation, optimizes tumor reduction, optimizes wound healing, or optimizes the regeneration of healthy tissues. Hence, the composition and formulations of the present peptides can be varied so that lesser or greater levels of inhibition are achieved so long as tumor development is inhibited and healing is promoted.
The size of a peptide inhibitor can vary. In general, a peptide of only about five amino acids can be too small to provide optimal inhibition. However, peptides of more than about eight to nine amino acids are sufficiently long to provide inhibition. Therefore, while the overall length is not critical, peptides longer than about eight amino acids are desirable. Desirable peptides can also be longer than about nine amino acids, longer than about ten amino acids or even longer than about fifteen amino acids.
There is no particular upper limit on peptide size. However, it is generally cheaper to make shorter peptides than longer peptides. Hence, the peptide inhibitors of the invention are generally shorter than about one hundred amino acids. Desirable peptide inhibitors can also be shorter than about fifty amino acids, shorter than about thirty amino acids, or shorter than about twenty five amino acids. In some embodiments, the peptides are shorter than about twenty three amino acids. An example of a peptide of the invention is a peptide having SEQ ID NO:11, with nineteen amino acids.
The sequences of several representative matrix metalloproteinases from about proenzyme amino acid position 70 to about amino acid position 120 are provided in Table 1.







TABLE 1







Sequences of Matrix Metalloproteinase Cleavage Regions









MMP
Sequence
SEQ ID





mmp2
MQKFFGLPQTGDLDQNTIETMRKPRCGNPDVA
NO: 2



NYNFFPRKPKWD


mmp13
MQSFFGLEVTGKLDDNTLDVMKKPRCGVPDV
NO: 3



GEYNVFPRTLKWSKMNLTY


mmp7
MQKFFGLPETGKLSPRVMEIMQKPRCGVPDVA
NO: 4



EFSLMPNSPKWHSRTVTYRIVSYT


mmp3
MQKFLGLEVTGKLDSDTLEVMRKPRCGVPDV
NO: 5



GHFRTFPGIPKWRKTHLTYRIVN


mmp10
MQKFLGLEVTGKLDTDTLEVMRKPRCGVPDV
NO: 6



GHFSSFPGMPKWRKTHLTYRIVNY


mmp12
MQHFLGLKVTGQLDTSTLEMMHAPRCGVPDV
NO: 7



HHFREMPGGPVWRKHYITYRINN


mmp9
LQKQLSLPETGELDSATLKAMRTPRCGVPDLG
NO: 8



RFQTFEGDLKWHHHN


mmp1
MQEFFGLKVTGKPDAETLKVMKQPRCGVPDV
NO: 9



AQFVLTEGNPRWEQTHLTYRIEN


mmp8
MQRFFGLNVTGKPNEETLDMMKKPRCGVPDS
NO: 10



GGFMLTPGNPKWERTNLTYRIRNY









Each of the peptides listed in Table 1, as well as peptides with SEQ ID NO:1, 11, 12 and 13, are contemplated as peptide inhibitors of the invention. Moreover, peptide variants and derivatives of the peptides having any of SEQ ID NO: 1–13 are also useful as peptide inhibitors. Such peptide variants and derivatives can have one or more amino acid substitutions, deletions, insertions or other modifications so long as the peptide variant or derivative can inhibit a matrix metalloproteinase.

Amino acid residues of the isolated peptides can be genetically encoded L-amino acids, naturally occurring non-genetically encoded L-amino acids, synthetic L-amino acids or D-enantiomers of any of the above. The amino acid notations used herein for the twenty genetically encoded L-amino acids and common non-encoded amino acids are conventional and are as shown in Table 2.









TABLE 2





Amino Acid
One-Letter Symbol
Common Abbreviation







Alanine
A
Ala


Arginine
R
Arg


Asparagine
N
Asn


Aspartic acid
D
Asp


Cysteine
C
Cys


Glutamine
Q
Gln


Glutamic acid
E
Glu


Glycine
G
Gly


Histidine
H
His


Isoleucine
I
Ile


Leucine
L
Leu


Lysine
K
Lys


Methionine
M
Met


Phenylalanine
F
Phe


Proline
P
Pro


Serine
S
Ser


Threonine
T
Thr


Tryptophan
W
Trp


Tyrosine
Y
Tyr


Valine
V
Val


β-Alanine

bAla


2,3-Diaminopropionic

Dpr


acid


α-Aminoisobutyric acid

Aib


N-Methylglycine

MeGly


(sarcosine)


Ornithine

Orn


Citrulline

Cit


t-Butylalanine

t-BuA


t-Butylglycine

t-BuG


N-methylisoleucine

MeIle


Phenylglycine

Phg


Cyclohexylalanine

Cha


Norleucine

Nle


Naphthylalanine

Nal


Pyridylananine


3-Benzothienyl alanine


4-Chlorophenylatanine

Phe(4-Cl)


2-Fluorophenylalanine

Phe(2-F)


3-Fluorophenylalanine

Phe(3-F)


4-Fluorophenylalanine

Phe(4-F)


Penicillamine

Pen


1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-

Tic


isoquinoline-3-carboxylic


acid


β-2-thienylalanine

Thi


Methionine sulfoxide

MSO


Homoarginine

hArg


N-acetyl lysine

AcLys


2,4-Diamino butyric acid

Dbu


ρ-Aminophenylalanine

Phe(pNH2)


N-methylvaline

MeVal


Homocysteine

hCys


Homoserine

hSer


ε-Amino hexanoic acid

Aha


δ-Amino valerie acid

Ava


2,3-Diaminobutyric acid

Dab









Peptides that are encompassed within the scope of the invention can have one or more amino acids substituted with an amino acid of similar chemical and/or physical properties, so long as these variant or derivative peptides retain the ability to inhibit the activity of a matrix metalloproteinase.
Amino acids that are substitutable for each other generally reside within similar classes or subclasses. As known to one of skill in the art, amino acids can be placed into three main classes: hydrophilic amino acids, hydrophobic amino acids and cysteine-like amino acids, depending primarily on the characteristics of the amino acid side chain. These main classes may be further divided into subclasses. Hydrophilic amino acids include amino acids having acidic, basic or polar side chains and hydrophobic amino acids include amino acids having aromatic or apolar side chains. Apolar amino acids may be further subdivided to include, among others, aliphatic amino acids. The definitions of the classes of amino acids as used herein are as follows:
“Hydrophobic Amino Acid” refers to an amino acid having a side chain that is uncharged at physiological pH and that is repelled by aqueous solution. Examples of genetically encoded hydrophobic amino acids include Ile, Leu and Val. Examples of non-genetically encoded hydrophobic amino acids include t-BuA.
“Aromatic Amino Acid” refers to a hydrophobic amino acid having a side chain containing at least one ring having a conjugated π-electron system (aromatic group). The aromatic group may be further substituted with substituent groups such as alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, hydroxyl, sulfonyl, nitro and amino groups, as well as others. Examples of genetically encoded aromatic amino acids include phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan. Commonly encountered non-genetically encoded aromatic amino acids include phenylglycine, 2-naphthylalanine, β-2-thienylalanine, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid, 4-chlorophenylalanine, 2-fluorophenylalanine, 3-fluorophenylalanine and 4-fluorophenylalanine.
“Apolar Amino Acid” refers to a hydrophobic amino acid having a side chain that is generally uncharged at physiological pH and that is not polar. Examples of genetically encoded apolar amino acids include glycine, proline and methionine. Examples of non-encoded apolar amino acids include Cha.
“Aliphatic Amino Acid” refers to an apolar amino acid having a saturated or unsaturated straight chain, branched or cyclic hydrocarbon side chain. Examples of genetically encoded aliphatic amino acids include Ala, Leu, Val and Ile. Examples of non-encoded aliphatic amino acids include Nle.
“Hydrophilic Amino Acid” refers to an amino acid having a side chain that is attracted by aqueous solution. Examples of genetically encoded hydrophilic amino acids include Ser and Lys. Examples of non-encoded hydrophilic amino acids include Cit and hCys.
“Acidic Amino Acid” refers to a hydrophilic amino acid having a side chain pK value of less than 7. Acidic amino acids typically have negatively charged side chains at physiological pH due to loss of a hydrogen ion. Examples of genetically encoded acidic amino acids include aspartic acid (aspartate) and glutamic acid (glutamate).
“Basic Amino Acid” refers to a hydrophilic amino acid having a side chain pK value of greater than 7. Basic amino acids typically have positively charged side chains at physiological pH due to association with hydronium ion. Examples of genetically encoded basic amino acids include arginine, lysine and histidine. Examples of non-genetically encoded basic amino acids include the non-cyclic amino acids omithine, 2,3-diaminopropionic acid, 2,4-diaminobutyric acid and homoarginine.
“Polar Amino Acid” refers to a hydrophilic amino acid having a side chain that is uncharged at physiological pH, but which has a bond in which the pair of electrons shared in common by two atoms is held more closely by one of the atoms. Examples of genetically encoded polar amino acids include asparagine and glutamine. Examples of non-genetically encoded polar amino acids include citrulline, N-acetyl lysine and methionine sulfoxide.
“Cysteine-Like Amino Acid” refers to an amino acid having a side chain capable of forming a covalent linkage with a side chain of another amino acid residue, such as a disulfide linkage. Typically, cysteine-like amino acids generally have a side chain containing at least one thiol (SH) group. Examples of genetically encoded cysteine-like amino acids include cysteine. Examples of non-genetically encoded cysteine-like amino acids include homocysteine and penicillamine.
As will be appreciated by those having skill in the art, the above classifications are not absolute. Several amino acids exhibit more than one characteristic property, and can therefore be included in more than one category. For example, tyrosine has both an aromatic ring and a polar hydroxyl group. Thus, tyrosine has dual properties and can be included in both the aromatic and polar categories. Similarly, in addition to being able to form disulfide linkages, cysteine also has apolar character. Thus, while not strictly classified as a hydrophobic or apolar amino acid, in many instances cysteine can be used to confer hydrophobicity to a peptide.
Certain commonly encountered amino acids that are not genetically encoded and that can be present, or substituted for an amino acid, in the peptides and peptide analogues of the invention include, but are not limited to, β-alanine (b-Ala) and other omega-amino acids such as 3-aminopropionic acid (Dap), 2,3-diaminopropionic acid (Dpr), 4-aminobutyric acid and so forth; α-aminoisobutyric acid (Aib); ε-aminohexanoic acid (Aha); δ-aminovaleric acid (Ava); methylglycine (MeGly); omithine (Orn); citrulline (Cit); t-butylalanine (t-BuA); t-butylglycine (t-BuG); N-methylisoleucine (MeIle); phenylglycine (Phg); cyclohexylalanine (Cha); norleucine (Nle); 2-naphthylalanine (2-Nal); 4-chlorophenylalanine (Phe(4-Cl)); 2-fluorophenylalanine (Phe(2-F)); 3-fluorophenylalanine (Phe(3-F)); 4-fluorophenylalanine (Phe(4-F)); penicillamine (Pen); 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (Tic); β-2-thienylalanine (Thi); methionine sulfoxide (MSO); homoarginine (hArg); N-acetyl lysine (AcLys); 2,3-diaminobutyric acid (Dab); 2,3-diaminobutyric acid (Dbu); p-aminophenylalanine (Phe(pNH2)); N-methyl valine (MeVal); homocysteine (hCys) and homoserine (hSer). These amino acids also fall into the categories defined above.
The classifications of the above-described genetically encoded and non-encoded amino acids are summarized in Table 3, below. It is to be understood that Table 3 is for illustrative purposes only and does not purport to be an exhaustive list of amino acid residues that may comprise the peptides and peptide analogues described herein. Other amino acid residues that are useful for making the peptides and peptide analogues described herein can be found, e.g., in Fasman, 1989, CRC Practical Handbook of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, CRC Press, Inc., and the references cited therein. Amino acids not specifically mentioned herein can be conveniently classified into the above-described categories on the basis of known behavior and/or their characteristic chemical and/or physical properties as compared with amino acids specifically identified.









TABLE 3





Classification
Genetically Encoded
Genetically Non-Encoded







Hydrophobic




Aromatic
F, Y, W
Phg, Nal, Thi, Tic, Phe(4-Cl),




Phe(2-F), Phe(3-F), Phe(4-F),




Pyridyl Ala, Benzothienyl Ala


Apolar
M, G, P


Aliphatic
A, V, L, I
t-BuA, t-BuG, MeIle, Nle,




MeVal, Cha, bAla, MeGly, Aib


Hydrophilic


Acidic
D, E


Basic
H, K, R
Dpr, Orn, hArg, Phc(p-NH2),




DBU, A2 BU


Polar
Q, N, S, T, Y
Cit, AcLys, MSO, hSer


Cysteine-Like
C
Pen, hCys, β-methyl Cys









Peptides of the invention can have any amino acid substituted by any similarly classified amino acid to create a variant or derivative peptide, so long as the peptide variant retains an ability to inhibit the activity of a matrix metalloproteinase.

In one embodiment, the peptide inhibitors of the invention include any one of peptide formulae I, II or III.

Xaa1-Xaa2-Xaa3-Xaa4-Xaa5-Xaa6 Xaa7-Xaa8-Xaa9  (I)

Xaa10-Xaa11-Xaa12-Xaa13-Xaa14-Xaa15-Xaa16-Xaa17-Xaa18-Xaa19  (II)

Xaa1-Xaa2-Xaa3-Xaa4-Xaa5-Xaa6-Xaa7-Xaa8-Xaa9-Xaa10-Xaa11-Xaa12-Xaa13-Xaa14-Xaa15-Xaa16-Xaa17-Xaa18-Xaa19  (III)

wherein

Xaa1, Xaa4, and Xaa6 are separately each apolar amino acids, for example, methionine, glycine or proline;
Xaa2 is a basic amino acid, for example, histidine, lysine, arginine, 2,3-diaminopropionic acid, ornithine, homoarginine, ρ-aminophenylalanine, and 2,4-diaminobutyric acid;
Xaa3 is a cysteine-like amino acid, for example, cysteine, homocysteine, penicillamine, or β-methyl cysteine;
Xaa5 is a polar or aliphatic amino acid, for example, a polar amino such as asparagine, glutamine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, citrulline, N-acetyl lysine, methionine sulfoxide, or homoserine, or an aliphatic amino acid such as alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, t-butylalanine, t-butylalanine, N-methylisoleucine, norleucine, N-methylvaline, cyclohexylalanine, , β-alanine, N-methylglycine, or α-aminoisobutyric acid;
Xaa7 is an acidic amino acid, for example, aspartic acid or glutamic acid;
Xaa8 is an aliphatic or polar amino acid, for example an aliphatic amino acid such as alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, t-butylalanine, t-butylalanine, methylisoleucine, norleucine, N-methylvaline, cyclohexylalanine, β-alanine, N-methylglycine, or α-aminoisobutyric acid, or a polar amino acid such as asparagine, glutamine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, citrulline, N-acetyl lysine, methionine sulfoxide, or homoserine;
Xaa9 is an aliphatic, apolar or basic amino acid, for example, an aliphatic amino acid such as alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, t-butylalanine, t-butylalanine, N-methylisoleucine, norleucine, N-methylvaline, cyclohexylalanine, β-alanine, N-methylglycine, or α-aminoisobutyric acid, an apolar amino acid such as methionine, glycine or proline, or a basic amino acid such as histidine, lysine, arginine, 2,3-diaminopropionic acid, ornithine, homoarginine, ρ-amino-phenylalanine, and 2,4-diaminobutyric acid;
Xaa10 is a polar, acidic, basic or apolar amino acid, for example, a polar amino acid such as asparagine, glutamine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, citrulline, N-acetyl lysine, methionine sulfoxide, or homoserine, an acidic amino acid such as aspartic acid or glutamic acid, a basic amino acid such as histidine, lysine, arginine, 2,3-diaminopropionic acid, omithine, homoarginine, ρ-amino-phenylalanine, and 2,4-diaminobutyric acid, or an apolar amino acid such as methionine, glycine or proline;
Xaa11 is a polar or aromatic amino acid, for example, a polar amino acid such as asparagine, glutamine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, citrulline, N-acetyl lysine, methionine sulfoxide, or homoserine, or an aromatic amino acid such as phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, phenylglycine, naphthylalanine, β-2-thienylalanine, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid, 4-chlorophenylalanine, 2-fluorophenylalanine, 3-fluorophenylalanine, 4-fluorophenylalanine, pyridylalanine, or 3-benzothienyl alanine;
Xaa12 is a polar, basic, aliphatic or apolar amino acid, for example, a polar amino acid such asparagine, glutamine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, citrulline, N-acetyl lysine, methionine sulfoxide, or homoserine, or a basic amino acid such as histidine, lysine, arginine, 2,3-diaminopropionic acid, ornithine, homoarginine, ρ-amino-phenylalanine, and 2,4-diaminobutyric acid, or an aliphatic amino acid such as alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, t-butylalanine, t-butylalanine, N-methylisoleucine, norleucine, N-methylvaline, cyclohexylalanine, β-alanine, N-methylglycine, or α-aminoisobutyric acid, or an apolar amino acid such as methionine, glycine or proline;
Xaa13 is an aromatic, aliphatic, polar or acidic amino acid, for example, an aromatic amino acid such as phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, phenylglycine, naphthylalanine, β-2-thienylalanine, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid, 4-chlorophenylalanine, 2-fluorophenylalanine, 3-fluorophenylalanine, 4-fluorophenylalanine, pyridylalanine, or 3-benzothienyl alanine, or an aliphatic amino acid such as alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, t-butylalanine, t-butylalanine, N-methylisoleucine, norleucine, N-methylvaline, cyclohexylalanine, β-alanine, N-methylglycine, or α-aminoisobutyric acid, or a polar amino acid such as asparagine, glutamine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, citrulline, N-acetyl lysine, methionine sulfoxide, or homoserine, or an acidic amino acid such as aspartic acid or glutamic acid;
Xaa14 is an aromatic, apolar or polar amino acid, for example, an aromatic amino acid such as phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, phenylglycine, naphthylalanine, β-2-thienylalanine, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid, 4-chlorophenylalanine, 2-fluorophenylalanine, 3-fluorophenylalanine, 4-fluorophenylalanine, pyridylalanine, or 3-benzothienyl alanine, or an apolar amino acid such as methionine, glycine or proline, or a polar amino acid such as asparagine, glutamine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, citrulline, N-acetyl lysine, methionine sulfoxide, or homoserine;
Xaa15 is an apolar or acidic amino acid, for example, an apolar amino acid such as methionine, glycine or proline, or an acidic amino acid such as aspartic acid or glutamic acid;
Xaa16 is a basic, a polar or an apolar amino acid, for example, a basic amino acid such as histidine, lysine, arginine, 2,3-diaminopropionic acid, ornithine, homoarginine, ρ-amino-phenylalanine, and 2,4-diaminobutyric acid; or a polar amino acid such as asparagine, glutamine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, citrulline, N-acetyl lysine, methionine sulfoxide, or homoserine, or an apolar amino acid such as methionine, glycine or proline;
Xaa17 is a basic, a polar, an aliphatic, an apolar or an acidic amino acid, for example, a basic amino acid such as histidine, lysine, arginine, 2,3-diaminopropionic acid, ornithine, homoarginine, ρ-amino-phenylalanine, and 2,4-diaminobutyric acid, or a polar amino acid such as asparagine, glutamine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, citrulline, N-acetyl lysine, methionine sulfoxide, or homoserine, or an aliphatic amino acid such as alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, t-butylalanine, t-butylalanine, N-methylisoleucine, norleucine, N-methylvaline, cyclohexylalanine, β-alanine, N-methylglycine, or α-aminoisobutyric acid, or an apolar amino acid such as methionine, glycine or proline, an acidic amino acid such as aspartic acid or glutamic acid;
Xaa18 is an apolar or an aliphatic amino acid, for example, an apolar amino acid such as methionine, glycine or proline, or an aliphatic amino acid such as alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, t-butylalanine, t-butylalanine, N-methylisoleucine, norleucine, N-methylvaline, cyclohexylalanine, β-alanine, N-methylglycine, or α-aminoisobutyric acid; and
Xaa19 is a basic or an aliphatic amino acid, for example, a basic amino acid such as histidine, lysine, arginine, 2,3-diaminopropionic acid, ornithine, homoarginine, ρ-amino-phenylalanine, and 2,4-diaminobutyric acid, or an aliphatic amino acid such as alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, t-butylalanine, t-butylalanine, N-methylisoleucine, norleucine, N-methylvaline, cyclohexylalanine, β-alanine, N-methylglycine, or α-aminoisobutyric acid.
In some embodiments:

    
    
        Xaa1 is proline,
        Xaa2 is arginine,
        Xaa3 is cysteine,
        Xaa4 is glycine,
        Xaa5 is valine or asparagine,
        Xaa6 is proline,
        Xaa7 is aspartic acid,
        Xaa8 is valine, leucine, or serine,
        Xaa9 is alanine, glycine or histidine,
        Xaa10 is asparagine, aspartic acid, histidine, arginine, glutamine or glycine,
        Xaa11 is tyrosine or phenylalanine,
        Xaa12 is asparagine, serine, arginine, glutamine, valine or methionine,
        Xaa13 is phenylalanine, valine, leucine, threonine, serine, or glutamic acid,
        Xaa14 is phenylalanine, methionine or threonine,
        Xaa15 is proline or glutamic acid,
        Xaa16 is arginine, asparagine or glycine,
        Xaa17 is lysine, threonine, serine, isoleucine, methionine, glycine, aspartic acid or asparagine,
        Xaa18 is proline or leucine, and
        Xaa19 is lysine, valine or arginine.
    
    


Desirable peptides of the invention also include the sequences defined by SEQ ID NO:1–13. One example of a desirable peptide is nineteen amino acid peptide having SEQ ID NO:11 (PRCGNPDVANYNFFPRKPK). This peptide (SEQ ID NO:11) spans the cleavage site of MMP-2. Two smaller peptides (PRCGNPDVA (SEQ ID NO:12) and NYNFFPRKPK (SEQ ID NO:13)), that represent approximate halves of the SEQ ID NO:11 peptide, are also desirable peptides. All three peptides inhibit MMP-9 activity and other matrix metalloproteinase enzymes to a varying degree.
A single peptide having a sequence identical to that of a matrix metalloproteinase cleavage region can be used to inhibit the activity of a single or only a few matrix metalloproteinases. A formulation of such a single peptide will inhibit one or more, but generally not all, matrix metalloproteinase. Such partial inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase activity may facilitate healing. Alternatively, two or more peptides can be combined to target two or more matrix metalloproteinases that may provide more complete inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase activity.
One of skill in the art can design an appropriate peptide inhibitor or combination of peptide inhibitors to achieve the quality and quantity of inhibition desired using available teachings in combination with the teachings provided herein. “Quality” of inhibition refers to the type of matrix metalloproteinase inhibited. Different matrix metalloproteinases can have somewhat different substrates and sites of activity. “Quantity” of inhibition refers to the overall amount of inhibition from all matrix metalloproteinases. By modulating the type and quantity of peptide inhibitor used, the quality and quantity of inhibition can be modulated. One of skill in the art can readily make modifications to the peptides provided by the invention and observe the type and degree to which a given matrix metalloproteinase is inhibited.
For example, one of skill in the art can compare and align the peptide sequences shown in FIG. 1 and design a peptide inhibitor to achieve the quality and quantity of inhibition desired. In one embodiment, provided by way of example, the aligned amino acid sequences for three wound site matrix metalloproteinases, mmp2, mmp9 and mmp 1, are compared to identify regions or homology and regions of divergence in sequence.














SEQ


MMP
SEQUENCE
ID NO







mmp2:
MQKFFGLPQTGDLDQNTIETMRKPRCGNPDVANYNFF
NO:15








PRKPKW










mmp9:
LQKQLSLPETGELDSATLKAMRTPRCGVPDLGRFQTF
NO:16








EGDLKW










mmp1:
MQEFFGLKVTGKPDAETLKVMKQPRCGVPDVAQFVLT
NO:17








EGNPRW










In this sequence alignment, bold denotes amino acids found in MMP-1 that are not found in MMP-2 or MMP-9, and underlining shows amino acids found in MMP-1 and only in MMP-2 or MMP-9.

In one embodiment, it is desirable to inhibit MMPs-2 and 9, but to keep the level of MMP-1 relatively unregulated in order to inhibit tumor development or to heal chronic wounds. Based on the sequence alignment above one of skill in the art can design a peptide with amino acids that are found in MMP2 and MMP9 proenzyme sequences but not in the MMP1 proenzyme sequence, to produce a peptide that will inhibit MMP-2 and MMP-9, while leaving MMP-1 uninhibited. Such a peptide is provided by formula IV.

Xaaa-Xaab-Xaac-Xaad-Xaae-Xaaf-Xaag-Xaah-Xaai-Xaaj-Xaak-XaaL-Xaam-Xaan-Xaao-Xaap-Xaa1-Xaa2-Xaa3-Xaa4-Xaa5-Xaa6-Xaa7-Xaa8-Xaa9-Xaa10-Xaa11-Xaa12-Xaa13-Xaa14-Xaa15-Xaa16-Xaa17-Xaa18-Xaa19  (IV)

    
    
        (SEQ ID NO:18)

wherein:

    
    















Xaaa is proline;
Xaa1 is proline;


Xaab is glutamine or glutamic acid;
Xaa2 is arginine;


Xaac is threonine;
Xaa3 is cysteine;


Xaad is glycine;
Xaa4 is glycine;


Xaae is aspartic acid or glutamic acid;
Xaa5 is valine or asparagine,



desirably asparagine;


Xaaf is leucine;
Xaa6 is proline;


Xaag is aspartic acid;
Xaa7 is aspartic acid;


Xaah is glutamine or serine;
Xaa8 is valine or leucine,



desirably leucine;


Xaai is asparagine or alanine;
Xaa9 is alanine or glycine,



desirably glycine;


Xaaj is threonine;
Xaa10 is asparagine or



arginine;


Xaak is isoleucine or leucine,
Xaa11 is tyrosine or



phenylalanine,


desirably isoleucine;
desirably tyrosine;


XaaL is glutamic acid or lysine,
Xaa12 is asparagine or



glutamine;


desirably glutamic acid;
Xaa13 is phenylalanine or



threonine;


Xaam is threonine or alanine;
Xaa14 is phenylalanine;


Xaan is methionine;
Xaa15 is proline or glutamic



acid,



desirably proline;


Xaao is arginine;
Xaa16 is arginine or glycine,



desirably arginine;


Xaap is lysine or threonine;
Xaa18 is proline or leucine,


Xaa17 is lysine or aspartic acid;
desirably leucine; and


Xaa19 is lysine.









Peptide Modifications

The invention also contemplates modifying the peptide inhibitors to stabilize them, to facilitate their uptake and absorption and to improve any other characteristic or property of the peptides that is known to one of skill in art. For example, the peptide inhibitors can be cyclized, charges on the peptide inhibitors can be neutralized, and the peptides can be linked to other chemical moieties.
Peptides can be cyclized by any method available to one of skill in the art. For example, the N-terminal and C-terminal ends can be condensed to form a peptide bond by known procedures. Functional groups present on the side chains of amino acids in the peptides can also be joined to cyclize the peptides of the invention. For example, functional groups that can form covalent bonds include —COOH and —OH; —COOH and —NH2; and —COOH and —SH. Pairs of amino acids that can be used to cyclize a peptide include, Asp and Lys; Glu and Lys; Asp and Arg; Glu and Arg; Asp and Ser; Glu and Ser; Asp and Thr; Glu and Thr; Asp and Cys; and Glu and Cys. Other examples of amino acid residues that are capable of forming covalent linkages with one another include cysteine-like amino acids such Cys, hCys, β-methyl-Cys and Pen, which can form disulfide bridges with one another. Examples of cysteine-like amino acid residues include Cys and Pen. Other pairs of amino acids that can be used for cyclization of the peptide will be apparent to those skilled in the art.
The groups used to cyclize a peptide need not be amino acids. Examples of functional groups capable of forming a covalent linkage with the amino terminus of a peptide include carboxylic acids and esters. Examples of functional groups capable of forming a covalent linkage with the carboxyl terminus of a peptide include —OH, —SH, —NH2 and —NHR where R is (C1–C6) alkyl, (C1–C6) alkenyl and (C1–C6) alkynyl.
The variety of reactions between two side chains with functional groups suitable for forming such interlinkages, as well as reaction conditions suitable for forming such interlinkages, will be apparent to those of skill in the art. Reaction conditions used to cyclize the peptides are generally sufficiently mild so as not to degrade or otherwise damage the peptide. Suitable groups for protecting the various functionalities as necessary are well known in the art (see, e.g., Greene & Wuts, 1991, 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons, NY), as are various reaction schemes for preparing such protected molecules.
In one embodiment the charges at the N-terminal and C-terminal ends are effectively removed. This can be done by any method available to one of skill in the art, for example, by acetylating the N-terminus and amidating the C-terminus.
Methods for preparing cyclic peptides and modifying peptide in other ways are well-known in the art (see, e.g., Spatola, 1983, Vega Data 1(3) for a general review); Spatola, 1983, “Peptide Backbone Modifications” In: Chemistry and Biochemistry of Amino Acids Peptides and Proteins (Weinstein, ed.), Marcel Dekker, N.Y. p. 267 (general review); Morley, 1980, Trends Pharm. Sci. 1:463–468; Hudson et al., 1979, Int. J. Prot. Res. 14:177–185 (—CH2NH—, —CH2CH2—); Spatola et al., 1986, Life Sci. 38:1243–1249 (—CH2—S); Hann, 1982, J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. I. 1:307–314 (—CH═CH—, cis and trans); Almquist et al., 1980, J. Med. Chem. 23:1392–1398 (—COCH2—); Jennings-White et al., Tetrahedron. Lett. 23:2533 (—COCH2—); European Patent Application EP 45665 (1982) CA:97:39405 (—CH(OH)CH2—); Holladay et al., 1983, Tetrahedron Lett. 24:4401–4404 (—C(OH)CH2—); and Hruby, 1982, Life Sci. 31:189–199 (—CH2—S—).
Anti-Angiogenesis and Wound Healing Utilities
According to the invention, the peptides provided herein are useful for wound healing and as anti-angiogenesis agents. As anti-angiogenesis agents, the peptides can be used to treat any disease that involves inappropriate angiogenesis. For example, diseases involving inappropriate angiogenesis include cancers, tumors, certain ocular diseases and the like. As used herein, the term “cancer or tumor” refers to any neoplastic disorder, including carcinomas, sarcomas and carcino-sarcomas. Cancers and tumors can be metastatic, non-metastatic, vascularized, non-vascularized, hard or soft.
Specific types of cancers include, without limitation, glioma, gliosarcoma, anaplastic astrocytoma, medulloblastoma, lung cancer, small cell lung carcinoma, cervical carcinoma, colon cancer, rectal cancer, chordoma, throat cancer, Kaposi's sarcoma, lymphangiosarcoma, lymphangioendotheliosarcoma, colorectal cancer, endometrium cancer, ovarian cancer, breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, hepatic carcinoma, bile duct carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, seminoma, testicular tumor, Wilms' tumor, Ewing's tumor, bladder carcinoma, angiosarcoma, endotheliosarcoma, adenocarcinoma, sweat gland carcinoma, sebaceous gland sarcoma, papillary sarcoma, papillary adenosarcoma, cystadenosarcoma, bronchogenic carcinoma, medullar carcinoma, mastocytoma, mesotheliorma, synovioma, melanoma, leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, neuroblastoma, retinoblastoma, oligodentroglioma, acoustic neuroma, hemangioblastoma, meningioma, pinealoma, ependymoma, craniopharyngioma, epithelial carcinoma, embryonic carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, base cell carcinoma, fibrosarcoma, myxoma, myxosarcoma, liposarcoma, chondrosarcoma, osteogenic sarcoma, leukemia, and the metastatic lesions secondary to these primary tumors. In general, any neoplastic lesion, including granuloma, may be treated according the present invention. Therefore, the term “cancer” in this invention also includes the cancer supporting functions such as tumor angiogenesis, and tumor endothelial cells.
Peptides of the invention are also useful for treating other disorders characterized by excessive angiogenesis. One example of a disease mediated by angiogenesis is ocular neovascular disease. This disease is characterized by invasion of new blood vessels into the structures of the eye such as the retina or cornea. It is the most common cause of blindness and is involved in approximately twenty eye diseases. In age-related macular degeneration, the associated visual problems are caused by an ingrowth of chorioidal capillaries through defects in Bruch's membrane with proliferation of fibrovascular tissue beneath the retinal pigment epithelium. Angiogenic damage is also associated with diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, corneal graft rejection, neovascular glaucoma and retrolental fibroplasia. Other diseases associated with corneal neovascularization include, but are not limited to, epidemic keratoconjunctivitis, Vitamin A deficiency, contact lens overwear, atopic keratitis, superior limbic keratitis, pterygium keratitis sicca, sjogrens, acne rosacea, phylectenulosis, syphilis, Mycobacteria infections, lipid degeneration, chemical burns, bacterial ulcers, fungal ulcers, Herpes simplex infections, Herpes zoster infections, protozoan infections, Kaposi sarcoma, Mooren ulcer, Terrien's marginal degeneration, mariginal keratolysis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus, polyarteritis, trauma, Wegeners sarcoidosis, Scleritis, Steven's Johnson disease, pemphigoid, radial keratotomy, and corneal graph rejection.
Diseases associated with retinal/choroidal neovascularization include, but are not limited to, diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, sickle cell anemia, sarcoid, syphilis, pseudoxanthoma elasticum, Pagets disease, vein occlusion, artery occlusion, carotid obstructive disease, chronic uveitis/vitritis, mycobacterial infections, Lyme's disease, systemic lupus erythematosis, retinopathy of prematurity, Eales disease, Bechets disease, infections causing a retinitis or choroiditis, presumed ocular histoplasmosis, Bests disease, myopia, optic pits, Stargarts disease, pars planitis, chronic retinal detachment, hyperviscosity syndromes, toxoplasmosis, trauma and post-laser complications. Other diseases include, but are not limited to, diseases associated with rubeosis (neovasculariation of the angle) and diseases caused by the abnormal proliferation of fibrovascular or fibrous tissue including all forms of proliferative vitreoretinopathy.
In macular degeneration, progressive choroidal angiogenesis beneath the macula (a part of the retina responsible for the highest visual acuity) interferes with vision. In diabetic retinopathy, angiogenesis in the retina interferes with vision. While the initial stimuli that initiate blood vessel growth in macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy are not known at present, VEGF appears to be a key angiogenesis inducer (Lopez, P. F. et al. (1996) Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Science 37, 855–868; Kliffen, M. et al. (1997) Br. J. Ophthalmol. 81, 154–162; Kvanta, A. et al. (1996) Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Science 37, 1929–1934; Paques et al. (1997) Diabetes & Metabolism 23:125–130). As inhibitors of VEGF expression, the peptide inhibitors of the invention may therefore be useful in attenuating angiogenesis in macular degeneration and other diseases.
Another disease in which angiogenesis is believed to be involved is rheumatoid arthritis. The blood vessels in the synovial lining of the joints undergo angiogenesis. In addition to forming new vascular networks, the endothelial cells release factors and reactive oxygen species that lead to pannus growth and cartilage destruction. The factors involved in angiogenesis may actively contribute to, and help maintain, the chronically inflamed state of rheumatoid arthritis.
Peptides of the invention can therefore be used to inhibit tumor growth and development, to treat ocular diseases and to heal chronic wounds. Individual peptides, peptide variants, peptide derivatives and mixtures of peptides with different sequences can be combined in a formulation to promote wound healing, inhibit angiogenesis and/or to prevent tumor growth and/or development. Optimal healing, angiogenesis inhibition and tumor inhibition may require some matrix metalloproteinase activity. Hence, the compositions and formulations of the present invention do not necessarily promote maximal inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases. Instead, the activity of the peptide inhibitor formulation is varied as needed to optimize healing and inhibit angiogenesis or tumor growth and development. Lesser or greater levels of inhibition can be achieved by varying the type, content and amount of inhibitor peptides so that angiogenesis is inhibited and healing and tumor destruction is promoted.
To inhibit tumor development and agiogenesis, promote tumor destruction, treat ocular diseases and help with wound healing, peptides of the invention are administered to a mammal in any manner chosen by one of skill in the art. For example, peptides can be formulated into a therapeutic composition containing a therapeutically effective amount of one or more peptides and a pharmaceutical carrier. Such a composition can be administered orally, parenterally or locally. Injectable solutions or suspensions of the present peptides can be made. Sustained release formulations that can be administered orally or can be implanted at the site of a tumor or a wound can be utilized. Peptides can be administered in a drug delivery device that is implanted in a convenient location, for example, near a tumor or within an organ that is believed to be cancerous or to be susceptible to cancer of tumor formation. Compositions can be introduced onto the skin or into an eye or wound as a cream, spray, foam, gel or in the form of any other formulation.
In another embodiment, peptides of the invention can be formulated into a covering or dressing containing a therapeutically effective amount of one or more peptides impregnated into, covalently attached or otherwise associated with a therapeutic device, drug delivery device, skin covering or dressing material. In one embodiment, the drug delivery device, skin covering or dressing permits release of the peptide inhibitor. Release of the peptide inhibitor can be in an uncontrolled or a controlled manner. Hence, the drug delivery devices, skin coverings or wound dressings of the invention can provide slow or timed release of the peptide inhibitor into a tissue. Skin coverings and dressing materials can be any material used in the art including bandages, gauzes, sterile wrappings, hydrogels, hydrocolloids and similar materials.
In one embodiment, a therapeutically effective amount of a peptide of the invention is an amount of peptide that inhibits a matrix metalloproteinase to a degree needed to promote healthy skin development and/or wound healing. In another embodiment, a therapeutically effective amount of a peptide of the invention is an amount of peptide that inhibits VEGF expression. The degree to which VEGF expression is inhibited can vary. In some embodiments, the degree to which VEGF expression is inhibited is sufficient to inhibit angiogenesis or the development of significant vascularization or significant blood vessel formation.
For example, when present in a therapeutic or pharmaceutical composition, the amount of peptides of the invention can be in the range of about 0.001% to about 75% by weight of the composition. For example, the peptides can form about 0.5% to about 60% by weight of the composition. In an alternative example, the peptides form about 1.0% to about 50% by weight of the composition.
The therapeutically effective amount of peptide inhibitor necessarily varies with the route of administration. For example, a therapeutic amount between 30 to 112,000 μg per kg of body weight can be effective for intravenous administration. However, the amount of the peptide inhibitor required for tumor inhibition or destruction or wound treatment will vary not only with the route of administration, but also the nature of the condition being treated and the age and condition of the patient and will be ultimately at the discretion of the attendant physician or clinician.
The dosage and method of administration can vary depending upon the location of the skin or tissue to be treated and/or upon the size of the tumor(s) or the severity of the wound. Useful dosages of the peptides and peptide conjugates can be determined by correlating their in vitro activity, and in vivo activity in animal models described herein. The compound can conveniently be administered in unit dosage form; for example, containing about 0.001 μg to about 10 mg, conveniently about 0.01 μg to about 5 mg, more conveniently, about 0.10 μg to about 1 mg, and even more conveniently about 1.0 μg to 500 μg of peptide per unit dosage form. The desired dose may be presented in a single dose, as divided doses, or as a continuous infusion. The desired dose can also be administered at appropriate intervals, for example, as two, three, four or more sub-doses per day. One of skill in the art can readily prepare and administer an effective formulation from available information using the teachings provided herein.
The peptide inhibitors of the invention can be formulated as pharmaceutical compositions and administered to a mammalian host, such as a human patient in a variety of dosage forms adapted to the chosen route of administration, i.e., orally or parenterally, by intravenous, intramuscular, topical or subcutaneous routes.
Thus, the peptide inhibitors may be systemically administered, for example, intravenously or intraperitoneally by infusion or injection. Peptide inhibitors may also be locally administered, for example, by infusion or injection into a localized area, or by implantation of a drug delivery device into an affected area. Solutions of the peptide inhibitor can be prepared in water, optionally mixed with a nontoxic surfactant. Dispersions can also be prepared in glycerol, liquid polyethylene glycols, triacetin, and mixtures thereof and in oils. Under ordinary conditions of storage and use, these preparations contain a preservative to prevent the growth of microorganisms.
The pharmaceutical dosage forms suitable for injection or infusion or topical application can include sterile aqueous solutions or dispersions or sterile powders comprising the active ingredient that are adapted for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable or infusible solutions or dispersions, optionally encapsulated in liposomes. In all cases, the ultimate dosage form must be sterile, fluid and stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage. The liquid carrier or vehicle can be a solvent or liquid dispersion medium comprising, for example, water, ethanol, a polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, liquid polyethylene glycols, and the like), vegetable oils, nontoxic glyceryl esters, and suitable mixtures thereof. The proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the formation of liposomes, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersions or by the use of surfactants. The prevention of the action of microorganisms can be brought about by various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbic acid, thimerosal, and the like. In some cases, one of skill in the art may choose to include isotonic agents, for example, sugars, buffers or sodium chloride. Prolonged absorption of the injectable compositions can be brought about by the use in the compositions of agents delaying absorption, for example, aluminum monostearate and gelatin.
Sterile injectable solutions are prepared by incorporating the peptide or peptide conjugate in the required amount in the appropriate solvent with various of the other ingredients enumerated above, as required, followed by filter sterilization. In the case of sterile powders for the preparation of sterile injectable solutions, methods of preparation include, for example, vacuum drying and the freeze-drying techniques, which yield a powder of the active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient present in the previously sterile-filtered solutions.
In some instances, the peptide inhibitors can also be administered orally, in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle such as an inert diluent or an assimilable edible carrier. They may be enclosed in hard or soft shell gelatin capsules, may be compressed into tablets, or may be incorporated directly with the food of the patient's diet. For oral therapeutic administration, the peptide inhibitor may be combined with one or more excipients and used in the form of ingestible tablets, buccal tablets, troches, capsules, elixirs, suspensions, syrups, wafers, and the like. Such compositions and preparations should contain at least 0.1% of active compound. The percentage of the compositions and preparations may, of course, be varied and may conveniently be between about 2 to about 75% of the weight of a given unit dosage form. The amount of active compound in such therapeutically useful compositions is such that an effective dosage level will be obtained.
The tablets, troches, pills, capsules, and the like may also contain the following: binders such as gum tragacanth, acacia, corn starch or gelatin; excipients such as dicalcium phosphate; a disintegrating agent such as corn starch, potato starch, alginic acid and the like; a lubricant such as magnesium stearate; and a sweetening agent such as sucrose, fructose, lactose or aspartame or a flavoring agent such as peppermint, oil of wintergreen, or cherry flavoring may be added. When the unit dosage form is a capsule, it may contain, in addition to materials of the above type, a liquid carrier, such as a vegetable oil or a polyethylene glycol. Various other materials may be present as coatings or to otherwise modify the physical form of the solid unit dosage form. For instance, tablets, pills, or capsules may be coated with gelatin, wax, shellac or sugar and the like. A syrup or elixir may contain the active compound, sucrose or fructose as a sweetening agent, methyl and propylparabens as preservatives, a dye and flavoring such as cherry or orange flavor. Of course, any material used in preparing any unit dosage form should be pharmaceutically acceptable and substantially non-toxic in the amounts employed. In addition, the peptide inhibitor may be incorporated into sustained-release preparations and devices.
Useful solid carriers include finely divided solids such as talc, clay, microcrystalline cellulose, silica, alumina and the like. Useful liquid carriers include water, alcohols or glycols or water-alcohol/glycol blends, in which the present compounds can be dissolved or dispersed at effective levels, optionally with the aid of non-toxic surfactants. Adjuvants such as fragrances and additional antimicrobial agents can be added to optimize the properties for a given use.
Thickeners such as synthetic polymers, fatty acids, fatty acid salts and esters, fatty alcohols, modified celluloses or modified mineral materials can also be employed with liquid carriers to form spreadable pastes, gels, ointments, soaps, and the like, for application directly to the skin of the user.
In general, the peptides of the invention are administered topically for wound treatment and for promoting healthy skin development. The active peptides may be administered topically by any means either directly or indirectly to the selected tissue as sprays, foams, powders, creams, jellies, pastes, suppositories or solutions. The term paste used in this document should be taken to include creams and other viscous spreadable compositions such as are often applied directly to the skin or spread onto a bandage or dressing. Peptides of the invention can be covalently attached, stably adsorbed or otherwise applied to a skin covering or wound dressing material. To facilitate healing after surgery, the active peptides can be applied directly to target tissues or to implantable prosthetic devices. The compositions can be administered by aerosol, as a foam or as a mist along with other agents directly onto the skin or wound.
The peptides can be administered in a formulation that can include an emulsion of the peptide in a wax, oil, an emulsifier, water, and/or a substantially water-insoluble material that forms a gel in the presence of water. The formulation provides the desirable properties of an emulsion, in that it is spreadable and has the creamy consistency of an emulsion, yet that does not break down when subjected to normal sterilization procedures, e.g. steam sterilization, because the gel stabilizes the emulsion. It also exhibits better water retention properties than a conventional gel because water is held both in the emulsion and in the gel.
The formulation can also contain a humectant to reduce the partial vapor pressure of the water in the cream or lotion to reduce the rate at which the cream or lotion dries out. Suitable humectants are miscible with water to a large extent and are generally suitable for application to the skin. Polyols are suitable for the purpose. Examples of suitable polyols may include monopropylene glycol or glycerine (glycerol). The polyol may be present in proportions of about 20–50% (by weight) of the total formulation; alternatively the range may be, for example, about 30–40%. This relatively high proportion of polyol also ensures that if the paste should dry out to any degree, the resulting paste remains soft and flexible because the glycerine may act as a plasticiser for the polymer. When the paste is applied on a bandage, for example, it may therefore still be removed easily from the skin when the paste has lost water without the need to cut the bandage off. The polyol also has the advantage of functioning to prevent the proliferation of bacteria in the paste when it is in contact with the skin or wound, particularly infected wounds.
The formulation can include other ingredients. Ingredients that may be used include: zinc oxide, ichthammol, calamine, silver suphadiazine, chlorhexidine acetate, coal tar, chlorhexidine gluconate, salicylic acid, metronidazole or other antibacterial agents, or a combination thereof. Other ingredients may also be found suitable for incorporation into the cream.
Other ingredients can be included in topical formulations in beneficial amounts, for example, up to about 15 wt % of zinc oxide may be added; typically 6–10% of zinc oxide is used, possibly in combination with another ingredient such as ichthammol (0–3 wt %) and/or calamine (0–15% wt). Ichthammol or calamine may also be used alone. Chlorhexidine acetate can be used at a concentration of up to 1% by weight; 0.5 wt % is typical.
One example of a wax for emulsion of the present peptides is glyceryl monostearate, or a combination of glyceryl monostearate and PEG100 stearate that is available commercially as CITHROL GMS/AS/NA from Croda Universal Ltd. This combination provides both a wax and an emulsifier (PEG 100 stearate) that is especially compatible with the wax, for forming an emulsion in water. A second emulsifier can be included in the formulation to increase the stability of the emulsion, for example, a PEG20 stearate, such as CITHROL 1OMS that is supplied by Croda Universal Ltd. The total concentration of emulsifier in the cream should normally be in the range of from 3–15%. Where two emulsifiers are used, one may be present in a greater concentration than the other.
The water-insoluble material forms a gel with the water of the formulation. The material is therefore hydrophilic but does not dissolve in water to any great extent. The material can be a polymeric material that is a water-absorbing non water-soluble polymer. However, non-polymeric materials that form gels with water and that are stable at elevated temperatures could also be used, e.g. clays such as kaolin or bentonite. Some polymers used in the invention are super-absorbent polymers such as those disclosed in WO-92/16245 and that comprise hydrophilic cellulose derivatives that have been partially cross-linked to form a three dimensional structure. Suitable cross-linked cellulose derivatives include those of the hydroxy lower alkyl celluloses, wherein the alkyl group contains from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, e.g. hydroxyethyl cellulose or hydroxypropylcellulose, or the carboxy-celluloses e.g. carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose or carboxymethylcellulose. An example of a polymer that is partially cross-linked is sodium carboxymethylcellulose, supplied as AKUCELL X181by Akzo Chemicals B.V. This polymer is a superabsorbent polymer in that it may absorb at least ten times its own weight of water. The cross-linked structure of the polymer prevents it from dissolving in water but water is easily absorbed into and held within the three-dimensional structure of the polymer to form a gel. Water is lost less rapidly from such a gel than from a solution and this is advantageous in slowing or preventing the drying out of the cream formulation. The polymer content of the formulation is normally less than 10%, for example, in the range of about 0.5 to about 5.0% by weight, or about 1.0% to about 2%.
The formulation may be sterilized and components of the formulation should be selected, by varying the polymer content, to provide the desired flow properties of the finished product. That is, if the product to be sterilized, then the formulation should be chosen to give a product of relatively high viscosity/elasticity before sterilization. If certain components of the formulation are not to be sterilized, the formulation can be sterilized before addition of those components, or each component can be sterilized separately. The formulation can then be made by using sterile conditions to mix each sterilized ingredient into the formulation. When components are separately sterilized and then mixed together, the polymer content can be adjusted to give a product having the desired flow properties of the finished product. The emulsion content determines the handling properties and feel of the formulation, higher emulsion content leading to increased spreadability and creaminess.
The formulation may be packaged into tubes, tubs or other suitable forms of container for storage or it may be spread onto a substrate and then subsequently packaged. Suitable substrates include dressings, including film dressings, and bandages.
The invention is further described by the following examples, which are illustrative of specific modes of practicing the invention and are not intended as limiting the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
EXAMPLE 1
Peptide Inhibitors of Matrix Metalloproteinases General Materials
All peptides were synthesized by Sigma-Genosys, Inc. The released peptides were purified to >95% homogeneity via RP-HPLC by the company. The pooled eluted peak material was desalted and lyophilized. Mass Spectroscopy analysis confirmed the peptide molecular weight and purity. Unless otherwise noted, all chemicals were purchased from Sigma Chemical Corp. or from Fluka Chemical Co. Active MMP-9 enzyme was purchased from Calbiochem.
Molecular Modeling
Molecular modeling utilized two visualization programs, Swiss PDB Viewer (Guex and Peitsch, 1997) and Rasmol (Sayle and Milner-White, 1995). Model work was performed on a Compaq PC running Windows 95, as well as a Silicon Graphics, Inc. Octane UNIX workstation. Additionally, the Cerius2 molecular package from Molecular Simulations, Inc. was utilized on the Octane. Three dimensional structure files were downloaded from the Protein Databank as follows (filename, reference): MMP-1 (1FBL, Li et al., 1995), MMP-2 (1GEN, Libson et al., 1995), MMP-8 (1JAO, 1JAN, Grams, et al., 1995; Reinemer et al., 1994), MMP-9 (1MMQ, Browner et al., 1995), TIMP-2/MT-1 MMP complex (1BUV, Fernandez-Catalan et al., 1998), TIMP-2 (1BR9, Tuuttila et al., 1998), and TIMP-1/MMP complex (1UEA, Gomis-Ruth et al., 1997; Huang et al., 1996; Becker et al., 1995). These files were used to analyze the three-dimensional structure of the proteins, as well as being the source of primary sequence data.
Inhibition Assays
Two enzymatic assays were performed. The first assay measured the enzymatic hydrolysis of fluoresceinated collagen by MMP-9 as a function of time. Fluoresceinated collagen (Molecular Probes, Inc.), at a concentration of 5 μM was added to reaction buffer (50 mM Tris- HCl (pH 7.6), 150 mM NaCl, 5 mM CaCl2, 0.1 mM NaN3) and was placed into a SpectrosilTM quartz fluorometer cuvette. MMP, at a concentration of 0.1 μM, was mixed with varying amounts of peptide and incubated at 25° C. for 10 minutes in order to effect binding. The protein mixture was added to the collagen substrate, and was quickly mixed. Fluorescence emission intensity at 520 nm was measured as a function of time (excitation wavelength 495 nm) in a Shimadzu RF5301 fluorometer (Lakowicz, 1983). The fluorescein release assay was used to determine the inhibitory constant (Ki) of the peptide inhibitor ([I]) according to Segel (1993) via the use of Dixon plots (1/v vs. [I]), such that:

slope=Km/(Vmax Ki[S])  (1)

where Km is the Michaelis constant, Vmax is the reaction maximum velocity, and [S] is the substrate concentration.

The second assay utilized the technique of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). The substrate peptide (Calbiochem) of seven amino acids was coupled to a carboxyl terminal dinitrophenyl acceptor, and an amino terminal 2-aminobenzo-anthraniloyl (Abz) moiety donor. Cleavage of this substrate by MMP-9 resulted in the liberation of a fluorescent product (365 nm excitation, 450 nm emission). Peptide at a concentration of 5 μM was added to reaction buffer (50 mM Tris- HCl (pH 7.6), 150 mM NaCl, 5 mM CaCl2, 0.1 mM NaN3) and was placed into a black 96-well microtiter plate well that had been previously blocked with 1% BSA. MMP at a concentration of 0.1 μM was mixed with varying amounts of either the 9-mer (SEQ ID NO:12), the 10-mer (SEQ ID NO:13), or the 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11) peptide and incubated at 25° C. for 10 minutes in order to effect binding. The protein mixture was added to the fluorescent peptide substrate, and was quickly mixed. Fluorescence intensity as a function of time was measured with a Dynex MFX fluorescence microtiter plate reader. Fluorescence intensity was related back to moles of peptide cleaved by producing a standard curve with an Abz containing non-FRET peptide. Inhibitory constants were derived from the curves as above. Other matrix metalloproteinase enzymes were tested in a similar manner utilizing specific substrate FRET peptides (all from Calbiochem).
Anti-activation Assay
The assay measures how much proenzyme is converted into mature matrix metalloproteinase. Proenzyme pro-MMP-9 (100 μg) was mixed with 0.5 μg of stromilysin in PBS. The reaction was incubated at 35° C. Aliquots were removed from the reaction over an 80 minute time course. Each aliquot is mixed with EDTA to a final concentration of 1 mM, injected onto a BioSelect 125 HPLC column and chromatographed in PBS. The zero (injection) time point was a single peak that elutes from the column in approximately 750 seconds. This peak reduces in size as a function of time, and two new peaks appear. The first peak elutes at approximately 800 seconds, and represents the mature form of MMP-9. The second peak elutes at approximately 1100 seconds, and corresponds to the N-terminal pro-domain fragment. Peak areas were determined by integrating over the elution profile, and the percent area changes were plotted.
Isothermal Titration Calorimetry
Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) was performed with a VP-ITC instrument from MicroCal, Inc. Titrations were carried out by injecting 5 μL of an inhibitor peptide solution (at concentration ranges from 0.5 mM to 2.0 mM) into the 1.4 mL stirred reaction cell. MMP-9 ranged in concentration from 50 to 80 μM in the cell. Both the inhibitor and the enzyme were in 20 mM sodium cacodylate (pH 5.5–7.0), 40 mM NaCl, or 20 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.0–7.5), 40 mM NaCl. Titrations were conducted between 20° C. and 40° C. Typical experimental conditions for the titrations were a 10 second injection period followed by a 240 second delay between injections for a total of 40 injections. Blank titrations of inhibitor peptide into buffer were performed in order to correct for heats of dilution and mixing.
The independent set of multiple binding sites is the most common model for binding experiment evaluations. The analytical solution for the total heat is determined by (Freire et al., 1990):




  
    
      
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where Q is the total heat, V is the cell volume, ΔH is the enthalpy, M is the macromolecule concentration (the binding partner in the cell), n is the binding stoichiometry, L is the ligand concentration (the binding partner in the syringe), and K is the association constant. Data were fit to this model using Origin version 5 (MicroCal, Inc.).

Surface Plasmon Resonance

The BiaCore-X surface plasmon resonance (SPR) device (BiaCore, Inc.) was utilized to measure the interaction between the 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11) peptide (P) and MMP-9. For these experiments a carboxymethyl dextran sensor chip (CM-5, Lofas et al., 1993) was activated with 50 mM N-hydroxysuccinimide, 0.2 M N-ethyl-N′-(dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide at a flow rate of 10 μL per minute for ten minutes. MMP-9 at a concentration of 75 ng/μL was coupled to the activated surface at a flow rate of 10 μL per minute for ten minutes. The final surface was inactivated by flowing 1 M ethanolamine-HCl at a rate of 10 μL per minute for five minutes over the sensor surface. The 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11) peptide was flowed over the sensor surface at a rate of 20 μL per minute, and at concentrations that ranged from 10 to 50 nM. The association and dissociation phases of the binding isotherms were smoothed by an automated FFT routine prior to modeling rate constants. Binding isotherms were evaluated by simultaneously fitting the forward (ka) and reverse (kd) rate constants to:

d[P ̃MMP-9]/dt=(ka[P][MMP-9])−(kd[P ̃MMP-9])  (3)

(Karlsson and Falt, 1997) where [P], [MMP-9], and [P ̃MMP-9] are the concentrations of free peptide, free MMP-9, and the complex respectively. The equilibrium affinity constant (KA) is then defined as:

KA=ka/kd  (4)

Equation 3 is properly expressed in terms of the SPR signal (Morton et al., 1995) as:

dR/dt=kaC Rmax−(kaC+kd)R  (5)

where R is the SPR signal (in response units, RU) at time t, Rmax is the maximum MMP-9 binding capacity in RU, and C is the chelating peptide concentration. Kinetic analysis (O'Shannessy et al., 1993) was performed using Origin from Microcal, Inc.

Viability Assays

The relative toxicity of the 9-mer (SEQ ID NO:12), the 10-mer (SEQ ID NO:13) and the 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11) peptides was assayed using the skin model EpidermTM from MatTek Corp. The individual skin sample containers were preincubated in culture medium at 37° C., 5% CO2 for two hours prior to the addition of the peptides. The sample containers were transferred to 6 well plates that contained fresh media. All peptides were dissolved in PBS at a final concentration of 10 mM, and 100 μL each peptide solution was pipetted onto the surface of the Epiderm sample container. Incubation was continued for 12 hours at 37° C., 5% CO2. After the incubation period, the sample containers were washed three times with PBS and the sample containers were transferred to a 24 well plate that contained 300 μL of MTT assay media per well (MTT concentration was 1 mg/mL). The colorimetric assay was allowed to develop for three hours (incubation at 37° C., 5% CO2). Sample containers were then transferred to a 24 well culture plate that contained 2 mL of isopropanol per well. Extraction of the colored precipitate occurred over a period of four hours at room temperature. Absorbance readings were taken at 570 nm and 650 nm for each sample. The percent viability of each sample relative to a PBS control was calculated as:

100×(OD570sam−OD650sam)/(OD570con−OD650con)  (6)

Routinely, the peptide sample was assayed in triplicate.

Results

The sequence of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (SEQ ID NO:14) is provided below to facilitate definition of the various domains and regions in matrix metalloproteinases.







  1 MEALMARGAL TGPLRALCLL GCLLSHAAAA PSPIIKFPGD


 


 41 VAPKTDKELA VQYLNTFYGC PKESCNLFVL KDTLKKMQKF


 


 81 FGLPQTGDLD QNTIETMRKP RCGNPDVANY NFFPRKPKWD


 


121 KNQITYRIIG YTPDLDPETV DDAFARAFQV WSDVTPLRFS


 


161 RIHDGEADIM INFGRWEHGD GYPFDGKDGL LAHAFAPGTG


 


201 VGGDSHFDDD ELWTLGEGQV VRVKYGNADG EYCKFPFLFN


 


241 GKEYNSCTDT GRSDGFLWCS TTYNFEKDGK YGFCPHEALF


 


281 TMGGNAEGQP CKFPFRFQGT SYDSCTTEGR TDGYRWCGTT


 


321 EDYDRDKKYG FCPETAMSTV GGNSEGAPCV FPFTFLGNKY


 


361 ESCTSAGRSD GKMWCATTAN YDDDRKWGFC PDQGYSLFLV


 


401 AAHEFGHAMG LEHSQDPGAL MAPIYTYTKN FRLSQDDIKG


 


441 IQELYGASPD IDLGTGPTPT LGPVTPEICK QDIVFDGIAQ


 


481 IRGEIFFFKD RFIWRTVTPR DKPMGPLLVA TFWPELPEKI


 


521 DAVYEAPQEE KAVFFAGNEY WIYSASTLER GYPKPLTSLG


 


541 LPPDVQRVDA AFNWSKNKKT YIFAGDKFWR YNEVKKKMDP


 


601 GFPKLIADAW NAIPDNLDAV VDLQGGGHSY FFKGAYYLKL


 


641 ENQSLKSVKF GSIKSDWLGC






A robust pairwise alignment of the cleavage region of nine MMP amino acid sequences was calculated using the program CLUSTALTM (Higgins et al., 1992). This alignment defined the positions of both conserved and nonconserved amino acids that flanked the activation proteinase cleavage site. An arbitrary number of N-terminal amino acids, as well as the number of amino acids C-terminal to the activation cleavage site were picked for the alignment. The alignment of MMP sequences (Table 1) shown in FIG. 1 indicates that all of the MMP activation regions can be aligned in a statistically significant manner. The regions chosen for the alignment roughly correspond to amino acids 70–120, assuming an average MMP structure of signal sequence is amino acids 1–20, the propeptide domain is amino acids 21–100, and the mature active enzyme is from amino acids 101 to the end. The 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11) sequence that was chosen for study is contained within the alignment region. Specifically, in MMP-2 the 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11) corresponds to amino acids 100–118.
Alignment of the MMP sequences indicates that the central region of the activation domain, PRCGVPDV (SEQ ID NO:1), is highly conserved and there is a larger degree of sequence variation flanking this area. The sequence heterogeneity can be used to design peptide sequences that inhibit specific MMP enzymes, or combinations of MMP's, simply by choice of amino acids (based on this alignment). In addition the length of a particular peptide can be varied in order to modulate potency.
The three dimensional structure of proMMP-1is provided in FIG. 2, indicating that the activation regions shown in Table 1 and FIG. 1 each constitute a bridge that interconnects two large globular domains. The cleavage region is defined as a short unstructured domain that connects the propeptide domain to the active enzyme domain. This sequence is cleaved in two as part of the activation step. It is also the region that is sensitive to HgCl2 mediated activation in vitro.
Activation removes the steric block (that was the propeptide domain) uncovering the mature enzyme active site. The N-terminal end is in proximity to the catalytic zinc ion, which is absolutely required for enzymatic activity. The structure of active MMP-9 is shown in FIG. 3, with the zinc ions depicted as solid balls. The second zinc is a structural ion, that is, it contributes to protein stability, but not to catalysis. The C-terminal half of the 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11) peptide is now the enzyme's extreme amino terminus, shown to the left of FIG. 3 as an ascending portion of the last loop (in crosshatching). Modeling of the activation domain peptide to the surface of the activated MMPs indicates that the peptide (especially if longer N-terminal regions are included) can interact with the active site region. In effect blocking substrate access to the active site. In that manner it may act as a mini pro-domain or enzymatic “cap.”
It is known that enzymes can be proteolyzed into fragments and these fragments can be reconstituted to regenerate active enzyme. The various peptide domains reassemble and are held together by noncovalent intermolecular forces. A classic example of such a peptide-protein interaction involves the ribonuclease S-peptide/ribonuclease S-protein interaction (Levit and Berger, 1976). The ribonuclease S-peptide binds to the S-protein in its proper position and the resulting complex restores the enzymatic activity of RNASE-S.
According to the invention, the activation domain peptides may rebind to the activated MMP in the area where they occur in the proMMP forming an inactive complex. Such binding can be measured (see below). Moreover, the 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11) peptide may ligand the zinc through its cysteine residue, again preventing catalysis.
Inhibition of MMP enzymatic activity
The first inhibition studies were performed with a 19 amino acid peptide (SEQ ID NO:11) that was derived from the MMP-2 cleavage domain region. This peptide was selected from the area of the CLUSTAL alignment that demonstrated the highest degree of conservation. The selected 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11) is strictly conserved at the N-terminal, but shows a high degree of variability in the C-terminal portion. Two smaller peptides that represent the N-terminal and C-terminal halves of this peptide were also tested. The two halves roughly divide the peptide into the conserved N-terminal portion (9-mer (SEQ ID NO:12)) and the non conserved C-terminal portion (10-mer (SEQ ID NO:13)). This will allow for testing not only the overall efficacy of inhibition, but selectivity.











19-mer:
PRCGNPDVANYNFFPRKPK
(SEQ ID NO:11)



 



9-mer:
PRCGNPDVA
(SEQ ID NO:12)



 



10-mer:
         NYNFFPRKPK
(SEQ ID NO:13)






All three peptides were capable of inhibiting MMP-9 in either fluorescence based assay. In all cases studied, the 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11) was a better enzymatic inhibitor than were the two half peptides. The 9-mer (SEQ ID NO:12) was a more effective inhibitor than is the C-terminal 10-mer (SEQ ID NO:13) peptide. These results indicate that the cysteine may be needed because it acts as a zinc ligand or that N-terminal regions are required to effect the steric blocking of the enzyme active site. This hypothesis could be tested by producing inhibitor peptides that contain more N-terminal sequence (meaning amino acids before residue 100). A typical inhibition plot of MMP-9 titrated with the 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11) is shown in FIG. 4.

Similar inhibition analyses performed with the 10-mer (SEQ ID NO:13) and the 9-mer (SEQ ID NO:12) peptides are shown in FIGS. 5 and 6 respectively. Each peptide is capable of inhibiting MMP-9 in the FRET-based assay, with inhibitor constants (Ki's) ranging from 45.2 to 327.7 μM (see Table 4). The choice of substrate (FRET peptide or fluoresceinated collagen) makes little difference in the relative inhibition of the three peptides, with a consistent trend as follows: 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11) >9-mer (SEQ ID NO:12)>10-mer (SEQ ID NO:13). Typical reaction plots for titrating MMP-9 with the peptides are shown in FIGS. 7–9.
Inhibitor constants were slightly lower overall for the collagen substrate, ranging from 30.3 to 221.3 μM for collagen and 45.2 to 327.7 μM for the FRET-peptide. These data indicate that the peptides are somewhat more effective inhibitors when a collagen substrate is utilized, suggesting that the inhibitor peptide blocks the active site and that, because collagen is significantly larger than the FRET-peptide substrate, it is easier to prevent its access to the enzyme active site. The smaller FRET-peptide substrate can more readily gain access the active site, even in the presence of an inhibitor peptide.
The typical enzymatic assay (shown in FIGS. 4–7) were typically conducted for 30–40 minutes. Extended time assays show that the 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11) effectively inhibits the MMP-9 catalyzed hydrolysis of collagen to beyond 1000 minutes (FIG. 8). The 10-mer (SEQ ID NO:13) peptide is less effective at preventing the destruction of collagen at long time points (FIG. 9) than is the 9-mer (SEQ ID NO:12) peptide (FIG. 10). Again the 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11) peptide shows the greatest degree of inhibition.
Similar enzymatic studies were performed on other MMP enzymes to test the effectiveness of the 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11) peptide. These assays utilized FRET peptides that incorporated specific MMP cleavage sites into their sequence. The 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11) peptide is capable of potently inhibiting multiple MMP's. The effectiveness of the 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11) peptide against the various MMPs is as follows: MMP-2>MMP-3>MMP-8>MMP-7>MMP-9>MMP-1, with inhibitor constants that range from 3.1 μM (MMP-2) to 41.1 μM (MMP-1). These data are summarized in Table 4.







TABLE 4







Summary in inhibitor data










Peptide
Enzyme
Substrate
Ki (μM)













19-mer (SEQ ID NO: 11)
MMP-9
Collagen
30.3


 9-mer (SEQ ID NO: 12)
MMP-9
Collagen
185.9


10-mer (SEQ ID NO: 13)
MMP-9
Collagen
221.3


19-mer (SEQ ID NO: 11)
MMP-9
FRET peptide
45.2


 9-mer (SEQ ID NO: 12)
MMP-9
FRET peptide
232.8


19-mer (SEQ ID NO: 13)
MMP-9
FRET peptide
327.7


19-mer (SEQ ID NO: 11)
MMP-1
FRET peptide
41.1


19-mer (SEQ ID NO: 11)
MMP-2
FRET peptide
3.1


19-mer (SEQ ID NO: 11)
MMP-3
FRET peptide
6.4


19-mer (SEQ ID NO: 11)
MMP-7
FRET peptide
22.8


19-mer (SEQ ID NO: 11)
MMP-8
FRET peptide
12.5









Anti Splicing Activity of the 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11) Peptide:

MMPs are biosynthetically produced in an inactive proenzyme form. Proteolytic cleavage of the proenzyme, often by a separate class of membrane bound MMPs, results in MMP activation. The proenzyme leader sequence is approximately 100 amino acids in length (it varies somewhat from MMP to MMP) and is found at the extreme amino terminus of the protein. Inhibition of proenzyme activation may be a fruitful method of lowering the activity of MMP enzymes in chronic wounds. If these enzymes are incapable of functioning, the rate of ECM degradation will be reduced, that in turn may result in faster rates of chronic wound healing.
Clearly the activation domain peptides (the 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11), the 9-mer (SEQ ID NO:12), and the 10-mer (SEQ ID NO:13)) inhibit the enzymatic activity of a variety of MMPs. In addition to this activity, the 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11) peptide prevents the activation of the pro (inactive) form of MMP-9. Thus the 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11) peptide can lower the overall level of MMP activity in the skin and within chronic wound exudate by inhibiting already activated MMPs or by preventing the activation of newly synthesized pro-MMPs.
FIG. 11 shows a typical splicing assay. The first peak, eluting at approximately 700 seconds, is pro-MMP-9. As the splicing reaction proceeds, this peak decreases in intensity (as marked with the downwards arrow), and two new peaks appear. The first new peak, eluting at approximately 800 seconds, is mature and active MMP-9. The second new peak, eluting at approximately 1050 seconds, is the prodomain. As the splicing reaction proceeds, the intensity of these two peaks increases (as marked with the upwards arrows). When the reaction is complete, there is no detectable pro-MMP-9 remaining. Titrating the standard splicing reaction with the 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11) peptide prevents the conversion of pro-MMP-9 into the prodomain and the active enzyme. FIG. 12 shows the results of this titration. Splicing can be inhibited in a dose dependent manner with micromolar 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11) peptide.
Isothermal Titration Calorimetry
Calorimetry was utilized to determine whether or not the 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11) peptide formed a stable non-covalent complex with active MMP-9. These data provide an understanding of the mechanism of enzyme inhibition and anti activation properties of the 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11) peptide. FIG. 13 shows an isothermal calorimetry experiment for the interaction between the 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11) MMP inhibitor and MMP-9. The peptide was dissolved in 20 mM cacodylate (pH 6.8), 20 mM NaCl at a final concentration of 1 mM. MMP-9 was dialyzed into the same buffer at a final concentration of 20 μM. A series of standard injections were performed as described above. Results for the interaction between MMP-9 and the 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11) are as follows:
















Stoichiometry:
0.975 ± 0.02



ΔH (kcal/mol):
−26.1 ± 1.45



ΔS (cal mol−1 K−1):
−11.6 ± 2.2



KA (M−1):
 1.65 × 106 ± 4.5 × 104










These results indicate that the interaction between the 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11) peptide and MMP-9 is enthalpically driven, that is ΔH is negative. The reaction is not favored entropically as evidenced by the negative value of ΔS. However, the enthalpic term is larger in magnitude than the term, TΔS, hence the overall free energy (ΔG) is negative.

The 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11) reaction with MMP-2 was observed and found to be enthalpically driven and entropically unfavorable. The isothermal calorimetry analysis shown in FIG. 14 was produced by titration of the 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11) with MMP-2. The following values were obtained from these experiments.
















Stoichiometry:
  0.99 ± 0.03



ΔH (kcal/mol):
−15.4 ± 2.05



ΔS (cal mol−1 K−1):
−21.1 ± 1.8



KA (M−1):
  2.40 × 106 ± 3.7 × 104










Hence, the binding reactions are entropically unfavorable. This presumably arises from the loss of configurational entropy upon binding. Remember that a fully flexible peptide contains a large numbers of degrees of freedom. In all binding cases, the peptide to MMP stoichiometry is 1:1, that indicates that a single 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11) peptide interacts with a single MMP molecule.
Surface Plasmon Resonance
The binding of the 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11) to MMP-9 was kinetically studied using the technique of surface plasmon resonance (SPR). A sensor chip was constructed by tethering active MMP-9 to the surface of a BIACore, Inc. CM-5 chip following the standard chemistries that are recommended by the manufacturer. The 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11) was flowed over the MMP-9 surface in a BIACore-XTM instrument and binding and dissociation were monitored in real time. A typical binding isotherm is shown in FIG. 15. The association phase (30–430 seconds) was best fit to a single binding site model and resulted in an association rate constant (ka) of 2.2×104 M−1s−1. The dissociation phase (440–700 seconds) was similarly fit and resulted in a dissociation rate constant (kd) of 4.1×10−3s−1. The calculated equilibrium association constant (Ka=ka/kd) of 5.3×106 is in close agreement with the thermodynamic data. There was an observed bulk transport effect of approximately 100 response units at the start of the dissociation phase that was not modeled. Thus binding of the 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11) peptide to MMP-9 is both kinetically and thermodynamically favorable.
Viability Assays
Unlike many small molecule MMP inhibitors, the three peptides in this study are not toxic to cells when dosed onto the EpiDerm skin model. FIG. 16 shows that peptide at two concentrations (500 μM and 2 mM) resulted in only a slight reduction in viability compared to a PBS control. The total average viability of the peptides was 97.6% (for the 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11)), 89.6% (for the 10-mer (SEQ ID NO:13)), and 95.8% (for the 9-mer (SEQ ID NO:12)). These results indicate that this peptide therapeutic approach to chronic wound healing is not toxic to mammalian cells. The data plotted in FIG. 16 is an average of triplicate samples. The standard deviation for the viability ranged from 2.2 to 3.7 for the study and showed no correlation to dose or peptide identity. Viability was slightly lower at the higher peptide concentrations.
These results show that the peptides are not toxic in an EpiDermTM skin model, that they are kinetically and entropically favored to form binding complexes with MMPs, and that they inhibit enzymatic activity and prevent activation of matrix metalloproteinases.
EXAMPLE 2
Wound Healing by Peptide Inhibitors Methods
Wounds were created in C57BL6/KsJ db/db mice with a 4 mm biopsy punch. The mice were obtained from The Jackson Laboratories and were aged 3–7 months before the onset of the wounding protocol. All mice were anesthetized prior to wounding. Two wounds were introduced onto the upper back of each animal by pulling the skin away from underlying structures and pushing the punch through the isolated skin. Typically, wounds were created to an average depth of 1.7 mm, with a range of 1.3 to 2.2 mm. No muscle involvement occurred during the course of wounding. Immediately post-wounding the wounds were either treated with normal saline (to serve as the non treated control group) or with 5 μL of 20 μ/mL 19-mer peptide (SEQ ID NO:11).
Each day the wounds were digitally photographed and wound areas were determined by computer integration of the photographs. All wound treatments and the subsequent data analyses were performed in a blind manner (see e.g., Brown et al., 1994). Wound area at the time of wounding (day 0) is arbitrarily set to a relative value of 1 for all wounds; such that subsequent wound areas are converted to relative wound areas by dividing the wound area at day n by the wound area at day zero.
Results:
As can be seen in FIG. 17, the application of a single dose of the 19-mer peptide (at the time of wounding, day zero) greatly accelerates the time to full wound closure in the diabetic mouse model. On average wounds treated with the 19-mer peptide closed in 9 days post wounding compared to 14 days in the saline treated control. In addition, wounds treated with the 19-mer peptide (SEQ ID NO:11) showed a reduction in wound inflammation at day one post wounding. Also of note is the observation that the 19-mer peptide (SEQ ID NO:11) treated wounds began the contraction process faster than did the saline treated control wounds (day 5 versus day 8).
EXAMPLE 3
Peptide Inhibitors Inhibit VEGF Expression
In this experiment the 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11) peptide was tested to ascertain whether it could stimulate angiogenesis, allowing it to establish blood vessels as a means of wound healing, or whether it had anti-angiogenic properties that would discourage blood vessel formation. Human neonatal dermal fibroblast cell (NHDF) grown in complete and basic media were dosed with the 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11) peptide, or its subunits, and incubated for 24 hours. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was then performed on the cell samples using a VEGF primer and a primer for β-actin as a control. If the 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11) promoted vascularization as a means of wound healing, the expression level of VEGF would be increased. However, if the 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11) did not induce vascularization, the level of VEGF would be decreased when compared to the untreated negative control. Cells were also treated with cobalt chloride (CoCl2) that served as a positive control for stimulating VEGF expression.
Materials and Methods
The primers use for RT-PCR were as follows:
PCR Primers for β-actin (Hs. 288061)

    
    
        Beta actin coding strand-20 nt
        
            5′-AGT CGG TTG GAG CGA GCA TC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:19)
        
        
        Beta actin noncoding strand-20 nt
        
            5′-GGG CAC GAA GGC TCA TCA TT-3′ (SEQ ID NO:20)
        
        
    
    


PCR Primers for VEGF (Hs. 334842)

    
    
        VEGF coding strand-20 nt
        
            5′-GCC ACC ACA CCA TCA CCA TC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:22)
        
        
        VEGF noncoding strand-20 nt
        
            5′-CCC AAA GCA CAG CAA TGT CC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:23)
        
        
    
    


To test the angiogenic properties of the 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11) in vitro, normal human neonatal dermal fibroblast cells (NHDF, Biowhittaker, Walkersville, Md.) were propagated in T25 flasks in complete FBM media (500 mL, Biowhittaker) containing insulin, hFGF-β, GA-1000, and fetal bovine serum (10 mL). Fibroblast cells were also tested after growth to 60% confluence in cFBM and a media shift to FBM (500 mL, Biowhittaker) containing only GA-1000. These cells were then grown for 24 hours in the basic media before introducing the 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11) peptide and the control reagents.
Peptides were synthesized and purified by SigmaGenesis and analyzed by mass spectrometry after HPLC to evaluate purity. Approximately 20 milligrams of peptide was used to make fresh stock solutions having a concentration of 10 mg/mL in PBS, and 200 μl of this stock solution was used when dosing fibroblast cells in each T25 flask. Fibroblast cells were dosed after reaching 75% confluence and incubated overnight at 37° C./5% CO2.
After incubation in the presence of such peptide inhibitors, RNA was extracted from the fibroblast cells using a Phenol-Free Total RNA Isolation Kit (Ambion, Austin, Tex.). To extract the RNA from the fibroblast cells, 750 μL of lysis buffer from this kit was added to each T25 flask. The flask was then scrapped using a small cell scrapper and collected in microcentrifuge tubes. Total RNA was extracted from the cells following the manufacturer's protocol.
To convert RNA to cDNA, portions of 3DNA Expression Array Detection Kit from Genisphere (Montvale, N.J.) were used. The procedure used was as follows: 3 μL of the total RNA isolated as described above was combined with 3 μL RT primer (0.2 pmole) (Cy5TM RT Primer Oligo 0.067 pMole/ml) and 4 μL DEPC treated water (Ambion). This mixture was heated to 80° C. for ten minutes, placed on ice for 10 minutes and then centrifuged. In another tube the following reagents were combined: 4μL 5×RT buffer, 1 μL dNTP mix, 4μL DEPC treated water (Ambion), and 1 μL reverse transcriptase enzyme (200 Units/ml). Ten μL of the RNA plus primer mixture was combined with the 10 μL reverse transcriptase solution to generate a 20 μL reaction mixture. The reaction mixture was incubated at 42° C. for two hours. The product of this reaction was the cDNA used for PCR.
Two sets of primers were used for PCR. The control primer set included a β-actin (Hs. 288061) coding strand primer: 5′-AGT CGG TTG GAG CGA GCA TC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:19) and a β-actin (Hs. 288061) noncoding strand primer 5′-GGG CAC GAA GGC TCA TCA TT-3′ (SEQ ID NO:20). The VEGF primer set (Hs. 334842) included a VEGF coding strand 5′-GCC ACC ACA CCA TCA CCA TC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:22) and a VEGF noncoding strand primer 5′-CCC AAA GCA CAG CAA TGT CC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:23). The β-actin primer set was used as a universal control because β-actin RNA is present in significant amounts in most cell types. β-actin RNA gives rise to a RT-PCR band of about 300 bp, while VEGF RNA gives rise to a RT-PCR band of about 760 bp in the assays employed.
The following were combined for each PCR reaction: 2 μL cDNA, 38 μL PCR grade water, 5 μL 10× AdvantageTM 2 PCR buffer (Clonetech), 1 μL 50× AdvantageTM 2 dNTP mix (Clonetech), 1 μL β-actin primer (1×), 2 μL VEGF primer (1×), 1 μL AdvantageTM Polymerase mix (Clonetech). The tube containing this PCR reaction mixture was vortexed, spun down, and then placed in a thermocycler. The thermocycler was programmed for a hot start (95° C., 5 min.), then a series of variable cycles (15–25) of 95° C. (30 sec.), 65° C. (1 min.), 68° C. (3min.), and finally a polishing step of 68° C. for 10 minutes. When the PCR reaction was complete, 10 μL of the reaction mix was run on a 2% agarose gel for visualization. The intensities of the bands were proportional to the expression level of the VEGF gene and β-actin.
To further confirm the observed changes in VEGF expression, a QuantikineTM Human VEGF Immunoassay (R&D Systems, MN) was used to test the media of fibroblast cells grown in cFBM treated with 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11) and incubated overnight. This immunoassay produces a color change when detectable levels of excreted VEGF are present in cell culture supernatant. Using this immunoassay, the positive kit controls worked correctly and provided a color change. However, supernatant samples from the CoCl2 positive control, the negative control and 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11) treated cells did not show any detectable VEGF activity. This was thought to have been linked to low concentration of VEGF in the media, so the supernatant was next concentrated on CentriconTM filter devices (Micon) and the QuantikineTM assay was tried again with the more concentrated supernatant. The assay again showed identical, negative results.
Results
Fibroblast (NHDF) cells are ideal for use in this experiment because they are normally seen during the proliferation phase of wound healing. Untreated fibroblast cells are used as the negative control. All cells were maintained in the incubator under identical conditions (37° C./5% CO2). For treated samples, 200 μL of 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11) peptide was added to the T25 flask during a media shift along with 5 mL of cFBM. This was allowed to incubate overnight before sampling. To act as a positive control for these experiments, NHDF cells were treated with 5 μL of 100 μM cobalt chloride (CoCl2) for four hours. Cobalt chloride is known to induce or up-regulate the expression of VEGF but is toxic to cells over time.
When treated with the 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11) peptide, fibroblasts grown under standard conditions in cFBM had significantly decreased VEGF expression levels as indicated by RT-PCR. These levels were substantially below the VEGF expression levels observed for even the negative control. The VEGF band was almost invisible in the photos of the 2% agarose gels containing the PCR RT-products of the 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11) peptide-treated cells (FIG. 18). In contrast, the negative control produced a faint but easily discernible band (FIG. 18). Use of cobalt chloride provided the expected up-regulation in VEGF expression compared to the negative control when observed by RT-PCR.
FIGS. 19 and 20 further illustrate that the 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11) peptide inhibits substantially all VEGF expression in fibroblasts with 200 μl of 10 mg/ml the 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11).
To compare and calculate the expression levels of the 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11) versus the negative control, a program called ImageQuant (Molecular Dynamics, Amersham Pharmacia) is used to quantify the expression levels of the bands. Using this program, a box is drawn around the band of interest and subtracted from the overall background and then compared to the negative control. Calculations were made for the negative control, CoCl2 and 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11). Expression levels for these three samples are listed in Table 5.







TABLE 5







Quantified Expression Levels











Neg. Control
CoCl2
19-mer














B-actin
61358
69519
83909


VEGF
42923
119094
1


Corrected VEGF
42923
105113
0.7312


Ratio
1
1.3546
1.703 × 10−5









As seen in Table 5, CoCl2 up-regulated the expression of VEGF, while the expression levels of the 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11) were dramatically down-regulated—even below those of the negative control. This experiment was repeated several times using NHDF cells grown in cFBM from different T25 flasks and on different days to acquire new total RNA for sampling. The results were highly repeatable, always showing a down-regulation of VEGF in 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11) treated fibroblast cells compared to untreated and negative control treated cells.

As shown in Example 2, application of the 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11) peptide greatly accelerates the time to full wound closure in the tested diabetic mouse model. Angiogenesis does not normally occur in the adult animal except during wound healing, embryonic development and during tumor formation. Surprisingly, this 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11) peptide does not appear to have angiogenic properties and, instead, provides significantly depressed levels of VEGF when compared even with a negative control compound that is known to decrease VEGF expression.
Anti-angiogenic peptides and molecules are currently being used to inhibit angiogenesis in the regulation of tumors and other angiogenic diseases. EndostatinTM and AngiostatinTM are two potent proteins used in tumor growth regulation (Kim, Y. et al. EndostatinTM blocks VEGF-mediated signaling via direct interaction with KDR/Flk-1. J Biol Chem 2002; May 23). The 19-mer (SEQ ID NO:11) peptide also may depress blood vessel formation because it down-regulates the expression of the VEGF angiogenic gene.
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The following references and any other references cited herein are incorporated by reference.


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## Claims

1. A method for decreasing expression of vascular endothelial growth factor that comprises contacting a cell comprising a gene for vascular endothelial growth factor with an effective amount of a peptide that comprises SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:12, or SEQ ID NO:13.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein the peptide comprises SEQ ID NO:11.

3. The method of claim 1 that further comprises locally administering the peptide to a tumor in a mammal.

4. The method of claim 3 wherein the tumor is metastatic, non-metastatic, vascularized, non-vascularized, hard or soft.

5. The method of claim 3 wherein the tumor is vascularized or may become vascularized.

6. The method of claim 3 wherein the tumor is a glioma, gliosarcoma, anaplastic astrocytoma, medulloblastoma, lung cancer, small cell lung carcinoma, cervical carcinoma, colon cancer, rectal cancer, chordoma, throat cancer, Kaposi's sarcoma, lymphangiosarcoma,lymphangioendotheliosarcoma, colorectal cancer, endometrium cancer, ovarian cancer, breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, hepatic carcinoma, bile duct carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, seminoma, testicular tumor, Wilms' tumor, Ewing's tumor, bladder carcinoma, angiosarcoma, endotheliosarcoma, adenocarcinoma, sweat gland carcinoma, sebaceous gland sarcoma, papillary sarcoma, papillary adenosarcoma, cystadenosarcoma, bronchogenic carcinoma, medullar carcinoma, mastocytoma, mesotheliorma, synovioma, melanoma, leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, neuroblastoma, retinoblastoma, oligodentroglioma, acoustic neuroma, hemangioblastoma, meningioma, pinealoma, ependymoma, craniopharyngioma, epithelial carcinoma, embryonic carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, base cell carcinoma, fibrosarcoma, myxoma, myxosarcoma, liposarcoma, chondrosarcoma, osteogenic sarcoma or leukemia.

7. The method of claim 3 wherein decreasing expression of vascular endothelial growth factor inhibits growth of the tumor.

8. The method of claim 3 wherein decreasing expression of vascular endothelial growth factor diminishes the size of a tumor.

9. The method of claim 3 wherein decreasing expression of vascular endothelial growth factor inhibits vascularization of the tumor.

10. The method of claim 1 wherein the peptide is administered to treat excessive angiogenesis.

11. The method of claim 10 wherein the excessive angiogenesis comprises diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, corneal graft rejection, neovascular glaucoma, retrolental fibroplasias, epidemic keratoconjunctivitis, Vitamin A deficiency, contact lens overwear, atopic keratitis, superior limbic keratitis, pterygium keratitis sicca, sjogrens, acne rosacea, phylectenulosis, syphilis, an ocular neovascular disease, a Mycobacteria infection, lipid degeneration, a chemical burn, a bacterial ulcer, a fungal ulcer, a Herpes simplex infection, a Herpes zoster infection, a protozoan infection, a Mooren ulcer, Kaposi sarcoma, Terrien's marginal degeneration, mariginal keratolysis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus, polyarteritis, Wegeners sarcoidosis, Scieritis, Steven's Johnson disease, pemphigoid, radial keratotomy, corneal graph rejection, macular degeneration, sickle cell anemia, sarcoid, syphilis, pseudoxanthoma elasticum, Pagets disease, vein occlusion, artery occlusion, carotid obstructive disease, chronic uveitis/vitritis, Lyme's disease, systemic lupus erythematosis, Eales disease, Bechets disease, retinitis, choroiditis, ocular histoplasmosis, Bests disease, myopia, optic pits, Stargarts disease, pars planitis, chronic retinal detachment, hyperviscosity syndromes, toxoplasmosis, a post-laser complication, rubeosis, or proliferative vitreoretinopathy.