IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

DIVISION THREE

STATE OF WASHINGTON,

Respondent,

v.

VIATER TWIRINGIYIMANA,

Appellant.

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No. 35458-0-III

UNPUBLISHED OPINION

SIDDOWAY, J. — Viater Twiringiyimana appeals his conviction of one count of 

first degree child molestation, challenging (1) the trial court’s ruling that out-of-court

statements by the child victim were reliable and admissible, (2) an asserted “comment on 

the evidence” by the trial court in admitting evidence of the child victim’s out-of-court 

statements, and (3) the sufficiency of the evidence. We find no error or abuse of 

discretion and that sufficient evidence supported the jury’s verdict. We affirm.

OVERVIEW OF FACTS AND PROCEDURE

In March 2013, Arwa Al-Naqash and her then 7-year-old-daughter D.A.M. 

immigrated to the United States from Jordan as refugees. They arrived in Spokane, 

where Ms. Al-Naqash obtained work as a housekeeper at the Davenport Hotel. There she 

met the defendant, Viater Twiringiyimana, who was also an employee of the hotel. They 

FILED

FEBRUARY 21, 2019

In the Office of the Clerk of Court

WA State Court of Appeals, Division III
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struck up a relationship and Ms. Al-Naqash and D.A.M. moved in with Mr. 

Twiringiyimana in mid-June 2013. She and D.A.M. remained living with Mr. 

Twiringiyimana for two months, until their relationship deteriorated. During the two 

months they lived together, Ms. Al-Naqash and Mr. Twiringiyimana worked different 

hours, and Mr. Twiringiyimana would watch D.A.M. on the five days a week that Ms. 

Al-Naqash worked at the hotel from roughly 3:00 p.m. to 11:00 p.m. 

By November 2013, Ms. Al-Naqash and D.A.M. had lived away from Mr. 

Twiringiyimana for several months and had recently moved in with William Burke, who 

Ms. Al-Naqash would later marry. One morning in November 2013, D.A.M. approached 

her mother and, according to Ms. Al-Naqash, said she wanted to tell her mother 

something but first asked if they were in a safe place living with Mr. Burke. After being 

assured that they were, D.A.M. told her mother that Mr. Twiringiyimana had kissed her, 

told her to take off her pantie, and had asked her to touch his penis. The mother reported 

this to law enforcement, and D.A.M. repeated the allegations of molestation to a forensic 

interviewer, Karen Winston, in a videotaped interview. 

When Mr. Twiringiyimana was interviewed by police, he strongly denied 

D.A.M.’s allegations. The State nonetheless charged him in November 2014 with three 

counts of first degree child molestation. 
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A pretrial hearing was conducted on whether the trial court would admit D.A.M.’s

out-of-court statements to her mother and Ms. Winston. Three witnesses were called: 

D.A.M.’s mother, who by then went by her married name, Burke; D.A.M., who was 

almost 11 years old at the time of the hearing; and Ms. Winston. Ms. Winston’s 

videotaped interview of D.A.M. was also admitted in evidence. Following the hearing, 

the court announced in a letter ruling that the statements would be admitted. It later 

entering formal findings and conclusions. 

Following a jury trial, Mr. Twiringiyimana was found guilty of one count of first 

degree child molestation and was acquitted of the other two counts. The court imposed a 

low-end sentence of 51 months. 

Most of Mr. Twiringiyimana’s assignments of error are to the pretrial decision to 

admit D.A.M.’s out-of-court statements to her mother and Ms. Winston. Because those 

assignments of error are based on a different record than the errors assigned to the 

outcome of trial, we provide a two-part analysis, providing further factual detail as 

needed.

ANALYSIS

Pretrial ruling on the admissibility of D.A.M.’s out-of-court statements
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RCW 9A.44.120 provides, as relevant here, that an otherwise-inadmissible 

statement by a child under the age of 10 that describes an act of sexual contact performed 

with or on the child is admissible as evidence in a criminal proceeding if:

(1) The court finds, in a hearing conducted outside the presence of 

the jury, that the time, content, and circumstances of the statement provide 

sufficient indicia of reliability; and

(2) The child either:

(a) Testifies at the proceedings; or

(b) Is unavailable as a witness: PROVIDED, That when the child is 

unavailable as a witness, such statement may be admitted only if there is 

corroborative evidence of the act.

This child hearsay statute, which was adopted in 1982, was reviewed by the 

Washington Supreme Court in State v. Ryan, 103 Wn.2d 165, 691 P.2d 197 (1984). At 

the time, the reliability that the statute required was a matter of constitutional concern 

under the confrontation clause of the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution. 

Id. at 170 (citing Ohio v. Roberts, 448 U.S. 56, 66, 100 S. Ct. 2531, 65 L. Ed. 2d 597 

(1980)). Drawing from State v. Parris, 98 Wn.2d 140, 146, 654 P.2d 77 (1982) and 

Dutton v. Evans, 400 U.S. 74, 88-89, 91 S. Ct. 210, 27 L. Ed. 2d 213 (1970), the Ryan 

court identified nine factors that applied in determining the reliability of out-of-court 

statements. Ryan, 103 Wn.2d at 175-76. As restated by this court in State v. Kennealy, 

the nine factors considered are:

(1) [W]hether there is an apparent motive to lie, (2) the general character of 

the declarant, (3) whether more than one person heard the statements, (4) 

the spontaneity of the statements, (5) the timing of the declaration and the 

relationship between the declarant and the witness, (6) whether the 
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statement contained express assertions of past fact, (7) whether the 

declarant’s lack of knowledge could be established through crossexamination, (8) the remoteness of the possibility of the declarant’s 

recollection being faulty, and (9) whether the surrounding circumstances 

suggested the declarant misrepresented the defendant’s involvement.

151 Wn. App. 861, 880, 214 P.2d 200 (2009) (footnote omitted) (citing Ryan, 103 Wn.2d 

at 175-76). Reliability is determined based on an overall evaluation of these factors. Id. 

at 881. Accordingly, it is not the case that “each factor must be ‘substantially me[t]

before a statement is demonstrated to be reliable’” as argued by Mr. Twiringiyimana.

1

It 

is only required that the factors, collectively, must be substantially met.2 Id., cf. State v. 

Griffith, 45 Wn. App. 728, 738-39, 727 P.2d 247 (1986) (holding that the first five 

factors, based on Parris, must be collectively met, as must the remaining set of four 

factors, based on Dutton). 

The United States Supreme Court’s 2004 decision in Crawford v. Washington 

altered the confrontation clause analysis, holding that the reliability of a statement is 

immaterial. 541 U.S. 36, 61, 124 S. Ct. 1354, 158 L. Ed. 2d 177 (2004) (“Where 

testimonial statements are involved, we do not think the Framers meant to leave the Sixth 

Amendment’s protection to the vagaries of the rules of evidence, much less to amorphous 

 

1 Am. Br. of Appellant at 28 (emphasis added).

2

Indeed, this court has observed that factors seven, eight, and nine have been 

disapproved of by the United States Supreme Court and the sixth factor is “of little use” 

when applying RCW 9A.44.120. State v. Karpenski, 94 Wn. App. 80, 109-11 n.125-128, 

971 P.2d 553 (1999), overruled on other grounds by State v. C.J., 148 Wn.2d 672, 63 

P.3d 765 (2003).
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notions of ‘reliability.’”). While a finding of reliability remains a statutory requirement 

for admissibility, then—and while Ryan continues to dictate the controlling 

considerations—the reliability determination no longer presents an issue of constitutional 

magnitude.

We review a trial court’s admission of child hearsay statements for abuse of 

discretion. State v. Borboa, 157 Wn.2d 108, 121, 135 P.3d 469 (2006). A trial court 

abuses its discretion only when its decision is manifestly unreasonable or is based on 

untenable reasons or grounds. State v. C.J., 148 Wn.2d 672, 686, 63 P.3d 765 (2003).

Mr. Twiringiyimana argues that eight of the nine Ryan factors weighed against the 

reliability of D.A.M.’s out-of-court statements and the trial court therefore abused its 

discretion when it admitted them. We address his challenges to the eight factors in turn.

Factor One: Whether there is an apparent motive to lie

Mr. Twiringiyimana assigns error to the trial court’s 10th finding of fact, which 

states:

DAM had no[ ] motive to lie about the alleged abuse. Prior to raising these 

allegations, DAM told her mother she liked the defendant.

Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 149; see Assignment of Error 3, Am. Br. of Appellant at 1-2. 

When asked at the pretrial hearing how D.A.M. got along with Mr. Twiringiyimana when 

they first moved in with him, Ms. Burke testified that D.A.M. thought he was nice, and 
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their relationship was fine. D.A.M. testified at the pretrial hearing that she was not trying 

to get Mr. Twiringiyimana in trouble when she reported the abuse to her mother.

Mr. Twiringiyimana argues D.A.M. had a motive to lie because D.A.M. and her 

mother had no daily sense of stability or certainty until they moved in with him and that 

D.A.M. was aware of the animosity between him and her mother, was upset that he made 

her follow house rules, and wanted to get her mother’s attention. He provides no citation 

to the record for these contentions. 

In the section of his statement of the case addressing the child hearsay 

proceedings, Mr. Twiringiyimana cites to Ms. Burke’s testimony that he told her D.A.M. 

misbehaved in his care. He also cites to Ms. Burke’s testimony that D.A.M. complained 

that Mr. Twiringiyimana made her go to bed early and made too much noise with his 

friends when she was trying to sleep. 

The only testimony directly addressing whether D.A.M. had a motive to lie

offered during the child hearsay hearing was D.A.M.’s answer to the question, “Were you 

trying to get Vi in trouble?” Report of Proceedings (RP) (Sept. 2, 2016) at 70. She 

answered:

No. I was just trying to just tell what happened, because I kind of felt like 

if I wasn’t going to get that off my chest, I was always going to remember 

it and hold it in as a bad dark memory.

Id. at 70-71.
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“The abuse of discretion standard, as applied in child hearsay cases . . . 

acknowledges the obvious, that the trial court is the only court that sees the children and 

listens to them and to the other witnesses in such a case.” State v. Swan, 114 Wn.2d 613, 

667, 790 P.2d 610 (1990). Appellate courts review a trial court’s inferences and 

conclusions in such cases, “‘but not its findings as to credibility or the weight to be given 

evidence.’” Id. at 666 (quoting In re Pers. Restraint of Bugai, 35 Wn. App. 761, 765, 

669 P.2d 903 (1983)).

The trial court credited the testimony of D.A.M. and her mother, which support 

the trial court’s finding that this factor weighed in favor of reliability.

Factor Two: The general character of the declarant

Mr. Twiringiyimana assigns error to the trial court’s 11th finding of fact, which 

states:

According to DAM’s mother, and uncontested by the defendant, DAM is 

an honest child.

CP at 149; see Assignment of Error 4, Am. Br. of Appellant at 2. Ms. Burke was asked 

during the hearing whether D.A.M. was a child who would normally lie or tell the truth. 

She answered:

Normally she doesn’t lie because most of the time I tell her there’s a 

problem, tell me, I will not punish you if you tell the truth, but if you hide 

from me, then I find out, yeah, I’ll not be happy about that. So plus—and I 

show it to her many times when she tells the truth, I—I make—like, even if 

there’s punishment, I make it less or I remove it so to encourage her to tell 

me the truth, not hiding anything.
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RP (Sept. 2, 2016) at 36. As the trial court observed, D.A.M.’s mother was “probably 

best suited to make such an assessment” and “[n]o evidence was presented to the 

contrary.” CP at 279. The court reasonably found this factor to weigh in favor of 

reliability.

Factor Three: Whether more than one person heard the statements

Mr. Twiringiyimana argues the third factor weighs against a finding that D.A.M.’s 

statements to her mother were reliable, because they took place when the two were alone. 

The trial court construes the third factor as this court has: that reliability is 

enhanced when more than one person has heard the victim’s report, whether or not they 

heard it at the same time. In State v. Bailey, 52 Wn. App. 42, 757 P.2d 541 (1988), aff’d, 

114 Wn.2d 340, 787 P.2d 1378 (1990), the victim reported abuse to her mother, who 

notified police, and the victim later made the same report to a police social worker. The 

third factor was deemed present, because “the statements were heard by at least three 

people at different times.” Id. at 49. The court reasonably found this factor to weigh in 

favor of reliability.

Factor Four: The spontaneity of the statements

Mr. Twiringiyimana assigns error to the trial court’s 13th finding of fact, which 

states:

DAM’s statements to her mother were spontaneous and unsolicited and her

statements to Karen Winston were elicited with open-ended questions, 
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allowing DAM the opportunity to provide the information in her own 

words.

CP at 149; see Assignment of Error 5, Am. Br. of Appellant at 2. Elsewhere, the court 

found that “DAM made these statements to her mother of her own accord, without 

prompting.” Id. (Finding of Fact (FF) 7).

Mr. Twiringiyimana argues that D.A.M.’s statements to her mother were not 

spontaneous because they were made four months after the alleged abuse. But 

“spontaneous” does not mean “prompt.” It means, e.g., “proceeding from natural feeling 

or native tendency without external constraint : VOLUNTARY <~ expression of affection 

and gratitude>.” WEBSTER’S THIRD NEW INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY 2204 (1993). 

Ms. Burke testified that D.A.M. approached her and reported the abuse without any 

questioning or prompting. 

Mr. Twiringiyimana argues that D.A.M.’s statements to Ms. Winston during the 

forensic interview were in response to leading questions and thus not spontaneous. He

relies for his challenge on the following questions and responses:

KAREN WINSTON: So did you, um, ever tell your mom that you 

had a touching problem?

[D.A.M.]: How did you know that?

KAREN WINSTON: Did that happen?

[D.A.M.]: Yeah.

KAREN WINSTON: Who did the touching?

[D.A.M.]: He did.
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KAREN WINSTON: Who’s, who’s he?

[D.A.M.]: V.

KAREN WINSTON: V. Who did he touch?

[D.A.M.]: Me.

KAREN WINSTON: Um, tell me about that.

[D.A.M.]: I don’t really like to talk about that.

KAREN WINSTON: You don’t really like to talk about it. What did 

V touch you with?

[D.A.M.]: I don’t really like to talk about (INAUDIBLE).

KAREN WINSTON: Mmm hmm. What did he touch you with?

[D.A.M.]: His hand.

KAREN WINSTON: His hand. Where did he touch you when he 

touched you with his hand?

[D.A.M.]: Can I not please talk about that?

KAREN WINSTON: Oh, I think we need to talk that [sic].

[D.A.M.]: No.

KAREN WINSTON: What’s the part called where you touched?

[D.A.M.]: Well, it was here.

KAREN WINSTON: Uh, huh.

[D.A.M.]: That’s all.

KAREN WINSTON: What’s that part called?

[D.A.M.]: My, over here?

KAREN WINSTON: Yes, what’s it called?

[D.A.M.]: I don’t know.

KAREN WINSTON: If like, if we looked at a picture, do you think 

that would help?

[D.A.M.]: Yeah.
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CP at 230-31. The State responds that D.A.M.’s statements “were not made in response 

to overly leading questions” and that by reviewing the videotape, the trial court could 

satisfy itself that D.A.M.’s statements “do not appear rehearsed.” Br. of Resp’t at 16. 

In Swan, our Supreme Court approved of this court’s reasoning in State v. 

Madison, 53 Wn. App. 754, 770 P.2d 662 (1989) that just because information provided 

by a child is in response to an adult’s questions, including questions that might 

sometimes be leading, it does not follow that the information is insufficiently 

spontaneous. Swan, 114 Wn.2d at 649-50. It is relevant that details of events and the 

defendant’s identity are not suggested by the questioner, but are volunteered by the child. 

It is relevant that the interviewer strives to avoid leading questions and when required to

lead, does so in the most nonsuggestive way possible. The trial court could reasonably 

find that this was true of Ms. Winston’s questioning. Evidence at the pretrial hearing 

supports the trial court’s finding that D.A.M.’s statements were sufficiently spontaneous 

to weigh in favor of reliability. 

Factor Five: The timing of the declaration and the relationship between the 

declarant and the witness

Mr. Twiringiyimana assigns error to the trial court’s 14th finding of fact, which 

states:

The manner and timing of DAM’s disclosures—along with the fact that she 

disclosed to her mother, whom she trusted—weigh in favor of reliability.
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CP at 149; see Assignment of Error 6, Am. Br. of Appellant at 3. Elsewhere, the court 

found that “DAM made these statements to her mother . . . at a time where she felt safe to 

disclose the abuse” and, “[o]nce they were out of the apartment and living in another 

location,” after “ask[ing] her mother words to the effect of ‘Are we safe now?’” CP at 

149 (FF 6, 7).

Mr. Twiringiyimana argues that D.A.M.’s statements to her mother and Ms. 

Winston were inherently suspect because they were made roughly four months after the 

alleged abuse. The trial court reasonably found that because the timing was

understandable and D.A.M.’s report was not unduly delayed, this factor weighs in favor 

of reliability.

Factor Seven: Whether the declarant’s lack of knowledge could be established 

through cross-examination

Mr. Twiringiyimana’s argument as to the seventh factor is not clear. In the trial 

court, he conceded that “[c]ross-examination of the alleged victim in most cases can 

show the declarant’s lack of knowledge, and this case is no different.” CP at 130. 

On appeal, he appears to fault the State for failing to demonstrate that he would be 

able, through cross-examination at trial, to establish that D.A.M. had a knowledge of 

sexual matters unrelated to any sexual abuse by him. He makes an equally unclear 

argument based on a drawing admitted at trial, but since the drawing was not in evidence 

during the pretrial hearing, we need not address it.
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The trial court better understood the relevance of the seventh factor and why it 

weighed in favor of admissibility. It found that “[b]ecause DAM is expected to testify at 

trial, defense counsel will have an opportunity to cross-examine her and thus there will be 

an opportunity to expose any fabrication or lack of knowledge.” CP at 149 (FF 16). Mr. 

Twiringiyimana presented no evidence or argument of circumstances that would limit his 

opportunity or ability to cross-examine D.A.M. at trial.

Factor Eight: The remoteness of the possibility of the declarant’s recollection 

being faulty

Mr. Twiringiyimana assigns error to the trial court’s 17th finding of fact, which 

states:

The likelihood that DAM’s recollections are faulty is minimized by the fact 

that she made the disclosures to her mother as soon as she was away from 

the perceived danger and felt safe to reveal what allegedly was happening 

to her. The statements to Ms. Winston were similarly made within a short

time of the initial disclosure.

CP at 150; see Assignment of Error 7, Am. Br. of Appellant at 3. Mr. Twiringiyimana 

argues conclusorily that the four month lapse before D.A.M. reported abuse to her mother 

“weigh[s] heavily” in support of her having a faulty recollection. Id. at 31. He fails to 

cite to any evidence from the pretrial hearing that D.A.M. would have a faulty 

recollection of events taking place only four months earlier—particularly unusual and 

distressing events. The trial court reasonably attributed little weight to the risk that 

D.A.M.’s recollection was faulty.
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Mr. Twiringiyimana also argues that inconsistencies in the statements D.A.M. 

made to her mother, to Ms. Winston, and at the child hearsay hearing, demonstrate that

her recollection was faulty. But the three allegedly “flagrant” inconsistencies he cites are 

all from trial testimony, not the pretrial hearing. See Am. Br. of Appellant at 31; Reply 

Br. at 7 (in each case citing RP (Trial) at 430-32, 435, 455-57). The asserted 

inconsistencies at trial had to do with every part of her body that Mr. Twiringiyimana 

tried to touch or grab, whether she told him to stop, and whether—when he touched or 

tried to touch her—she ever tried to pinch, slap, bite, or ask him to open the door so she 

could leave. See RP (Trial) at 455-57. Asked at trial why she had not told Ms. Winston 

these things, she answered, “The questions you asked me and the questions she asked me 

were different, so I really didn’t know what details she wanted.” RP (Trial) at 457.

The inconsistencies are not “flagrant.” Most importantly, Mr. Twiringiyimana 

does not demonstrate nor do we find that D.A.M. testified inconsistently on these matters 

at the pretrial hearing. Because the trial court’s finding is supported by substantial 

evidence from the pretrial hearing, it reasonably found this factor to weigh in favor of 

reliability. 

Factor Nine: Whether the surrounding circumstances suggested the declarant 

misrepresented the defendant’s involvement

Mr. Twiringiyimana assigns error to the trial court’s 18th finding of fact, which 

states:
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Given the totality of the circumstances, it is unlikely DAM is 

misrepresenting the defendant’s involvement because she was able to 

provide testimony in court more than three years after the alleged abuse.

CP at 150; see Assignment of Error 8, Am. Br. of Appellant at 4.

Mr. Twiringiyimana points to the fact that there was no physical evidence or 

eyewitness testimony to corroborate D.A.M.’s report of molestation. The absence of 

eyewitnesses to child molestation is unsurprising and physical evidence will ordinarily 

not be available when a child witness does not make a prompt report. As previously 

observed, we defer to the trial court’s determinations of credibility. Given the trial 

court’s determination that D.A.M. was credible, it reasonably found this factor to weigh 

in favor of reliability.

The trial court considered each of the Ryan factors, found all to weigh in favor of 

reliability, and identified the evidence and inferences that supported its findings. No 

abuse of discretion is shown.

Trial issues

Comment on the evidence. Mr. Twiringiyimana makes two trial-related 

assignments of error. His first is that the court “erred when allowing the [State] to 

present at trial the additional, needlessly cumulative and redundant testimonies of other 

witnesses regarding the alleged incident of sexual misconduct”—those witnesses being 

D.A.M.’s mother and Ms. Winston. Am. Br. of Appellant at 5-6. He did not object to the 
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witnesses’ testimony at trial on grounds it was cumulative and prejudicial, but casts the 

alleged error now as an “impermissible and tacit comment on the evidence” that can be 

raised for the first time on appeal. Id. at 7, 33. Article IV, section 16 of the Washington 

Constitution provides that “[j]udges shall not charge juries with respect to matters of fact, 

nor comment thereon, but shall declare the law.” A challenge to a court’s comment on 

the evidence is a manifest constitutional error that can be raised for the first time on 

appeal. RAP 2.5(a)(3); State v. Levy, 156 Wn.2d 709, 719-20, 132 P.3d 1076 (2006).

The admission of the witnesses’ testimony about D.A.M.’s out-of-court statements

was not a comment on the evidence. The statements were the evidence. The admission 

of evidence, standing alone, cannot be considered an unconstitutional comment on the 

evidence. State v. Gentry, 125 Wn.2d 570, 638-39, 888 P.2d 1105 (1995). 

Sufficiency of the evidence. Mr. Twiringiyimana’s remaining argument is that the 

evidence is insufficient to support his conviction for first degree molestation. 

A defendant’s challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence requires us to view the 

evidence in the light most favorable to the State and determine “whether any rational trier 

of fact could have found the elements of the charged crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” 

State v. Brown, 162 Wn.2d 422, 428, 173 P.3d 245 (2007). “A claim of insufficiency 

admits the truth of the State’s evidence and all inferences that reasonably can be drawn 

therefrom.” State v. Salinas, 119 Wn.2d 192, 201, 829 P.2d 1068 (1992). Substantial 
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evidence means evidence in the record of a sufficient quantity to persuade a fair-minded, 

rational person of the truth of the finding. State v. Hill, 123 Wn.2d 641, 644, 870 P.2d 

313 (1994). 

“A person is guilty of child molestation in the first degree when the person has . . . 

sexual contact with another who is less than twelve years old and not married to the 

perpetrator and the perpetrator is at least thirty-six months older than the victim.” RCW 

9A.44.083(1). The State presented evidence that D.A.M. was 7 years old in the summer 

of 2013, and that at the time of the 2017 trial, Mr. Twiringiyimana was 26. D.A.M. 

testified at trial that she went into Mr. Twiringiyimana’s room to kiss him goodnight and 

he grabbed her and told her to stay. She testified that when she stayed, he grabbed her 

bottom and thighs. D.A.M. testified that he grabbed her hand and placed it on his penis. 

The evidence was sufficient. 

Mr. Twiringiyimana also argues that because the jury found him not guilty on two 

counts of child molestation, it must have not believed D.A.M.’s testimony. In the 

videotaped interview that was played for the jury, D.A.M. told Ms. Winston that Mr. 

Twiringiyimana had her touch his private part, “Probably about three times.” CP at 238. 

When asked at trial how many times Mr. Twiringiyimana had engaged in the 

objectionable activity, she answered, “More than one time,” but that she “[didn’t] 

remember” how many. RP (Trial) at 431. Sufficient evidence supported the jury’s 
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State v. Twiringiyimana 

verdict that the State had proved one act of first degree molestation beyond a reasonable 

doubt. We will not disturb its credibility determination. State v. Emery, 161 Wn. App. 

172, 199, 253 P.3d 413 (2011). 

Affirmed. 

A majority of the panel has determined this opinion will not be printed in the 

Washington Appellate Reports, but it will be filed for public record pursuant to RCW 

2.06.040. 

~dhtu~. ~. 

Siddoway, J. 

WE CONCUR: 

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