NOT PRECEDENTIAL

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

___________

No. 14-2079

___________

DONALD C. REIFINGER, JR.,

Appellant

v.

PARKLAND SCHOOL DISTRICT

____________________________________

On Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania

(D.C. Civil Action No. 12-cv-03671)

District Judge: Honorable Jeffrey L. Schmehl

____________________________________

Submitted under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)

December 11, 2014

Before: FUENTES, FISHER, and KRAUSE, Circuit Judges.

(Filed: February 9, 2015)

OPINION*

KRAUSE, Circuit Judge.

Donald C. Reifinger, Jr., appeals from the District Court’s order granting summary 

judgment on his constructive discharge and retaliation claims under the Age 

 

* This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 

does not constitute binding precedent.
2

Discrimination in Employment Act (“ADEA”), as well as a claim under the Pennsylvania 

Human Relations Act (“PHRA”). We will affirm because we conclude the record amply 

supports the District Court’s grant of summary judgment.1

Reifinger was born in 1951 and began working as a teacher in 1974, primarily 

teaching a ninth grade business course for the Parkland School District (“Parkland”). In 

1999, he began working as a part-time driving instructor in Parkland’s Behind-the-Wheel 

program, where he earned approximately $25,000 to $30,000 in additional income per 

year. In 2003, Reifinger became the full-time drivers’ education classroom teacher at 

Parkland and also began administering the Behind-the-Wheel program. He adopted his 

predecessor’s system for scheduling instructors for Behind-the-Wheel shifts, which was 

based on seniority. 

As the drivers’ education program grew, Parkland decided to create a department 

chair position. Although Reifinger applied and interviewed, Parkland ultimately selected 

Bonnie Bortz for the position. Bortz was born in 1952, began working at Parkland in 

1975, and started teaching in the Behind-the-Wheel program in 1992. After Bortz 

became the department chair, Parkland implemented a new system for scheduling 

 

1The District Court had jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1331. We have 

jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C § 1291. “[O]ur review of a grant of summary judgment is 

plenary, and in making that review we use the same standard as a district court: whether 

there are genuine issues of material fact precluding entry of summary judgment.” 

Acumed LLC v. Advanced Surgical Servs., Inc., 561 F.3d 199, 211 (3d Cir. 2009) (citing 

E.T. Browne Drug Co. v. Cococare Prods., Inc., 538 F.3d 185, 191 (3d Cir. 2008)). 

Because we write for the parties, we recite only those facts necessary to our conclusion.
3

instructors for shifts. Under the new system, instructors were scheduled on a rotation, 

rather than by seniority, so that all instructors received an equal number of assignments. 

Reifinger did not object to the new system; in fact, he testified that he had previously 

suggested such a system to Parkland’s administration.2 Yet Reifinger and other senior 

instructors received fewer assignments than they had under the old system. Reifinger 

alleged that there were occasions when he should have been called to fill in for an 

instructor who was unavailable, but that other instructors, including retired instructors, 

were called in instead.

In February 2009, Reifinger went to Bortz’s office to discuss issues related to the 

drivers’ education program. Bortz later e-mailed Parkland’s administration and reported 

that Reifinger harassed her and that she did not feel comfortable or safe meeting alone 

with him.3 A few weeks later, the principal issued a written reprimand because Reifinger 

consistently failed to cooperate with fellow driving instructors regarding scheduling. 

Other instructors would switch shifts to help accommodate their colleagues’ schedules 

(without forcing anyone to lose shifts), while Reifinger would never agree to switch, 

instead taking other instructors’ shifts so he could make more money.4 In October 2009, 

 

2App. 4-5.

3

Id. Reifinger testified at his deposition that he does not believe Bortz made this 

report because of his age. (Id.) 

4Reifinger testified that he did not want to switch hours with anyone. (App. 6.)

 
4

Reifinger went on a week-long trip without coordinating with Bortz about reassigning his 

Behind-the-Wheel shifts. Bortz thus gave those shifts to other instructors.

In April 2010, two physical education teachers accused Reifinger of instructing a 

student to drive a vehicle through a crosswalk while their physical education classes were 

crossing the street. Following an investigation, Reifinger received another written 

reprimand.5 Reifinger was suspended from the Behind-the-Wheel program until 

September 2010 but was able to return in August 2010 after filing a grievance with the 

teachers’ union. 

In July 2011, Parkland terminated the Behind-the-Wheel program. Reifinger 

remained the full-time drivers’ education classroom instructor. About six months after 

the program was disbanded, however, Reifinger announced his retirement, effective June 

2012, explaining that he was making less money working than he would following 

retirement.6 

Reifinger sued Parkland after he retired. He claimed he was constructively 

discharged and retaliated against in the administration of the Behind-the-Wheel program 

because of his age in violation of the ADEA and PHRA. The District Court granted 

Parkland’s motion for summary judgment, finding that Reifinger could not establish a 

 

5Reifinger agreed that driving through a crosswalk without yielding to a pedestrian 

was a serious offense and admitted that such an incident should have been investigated by 

school officials. (Id.) 

6Nobody at Parkland requested that he retire. (App. 6-7.)
5

prima facie case of constructive discharge because: (1) Reifinger did not suffer an 

adverse employment action, as Reifinger’s decision to retire was voluntary and was made 

six months after Parkland terminated the Behind-the-Wheel program; and (2) Reifinger 

did not submit evidence that permitted a reasonable inference of age discrimination. The 

District Court found that none of the working conditions associated with the Behind-theWheel program were so objectively intolerable as to cause a constructive discharge, nor 

was there any objective evidence that those conditions resulted from Reifinger being 

treated differently than a younger employee. 

Reifinger argued that the new rotating system favored younger individuals, but the 

Court found that “according to [Reifinger’s] own testimony, it was not his age which 

caused the new rotational system to be implemented in a way which, according to [him], 

favored younger individuals, but rather it was Ms. Bortz’s alleged decision to 

accommodate friends of Paul Stewart, another driving instructor, which caused any 

alleged scheduling discrepancy.”7 The District Court found that the reprimands Reifinger 

received were not adverse actions because they did not alter the conditions of his 

employment, and the fact that Reifinger did not submit any evidence “other than his own 

subjective belief” that the investigation of the crosswalk incident had anything to do with 

his age.8 Because Reifinger could not demonstrate an adverse employment action, the 

 

7App. 10-11. Reifinger said at his deposition: “I just think there’s an unfair 

scheduling practice here to accommodate friends of Paul Stewart.” (App. 69.)

8App. 13 (citing Weston v. Pennsylvania, 251 F.3d 420, 430-31 (3d Cir. 2001)).
6

District Court concluded that Reifinger’s retaliation claim also failed. Finally, noting that 

the same legal standards apply to ADEA and PHRA claims, the District Court also 

granted summary judgment on Reifinger’s PHRA claim. 

On appeal, Reifinger argues that the adverse employment action he suffered was a 

constructive discharge, relying largely on our holding in Goss v. Exxon Office Systems 

Company.

9

 There, we held that a plaintiff claiming constructive discharge must show 

that “the employer knowingly permitted conditions of discrimination in employment so 

intolerable that a reasonable person subject to them would resign.”10 Reifinger interprets 

Goss as holding that “a reassignment to a less lucrative territory could constitute a 

constructive discharge, based on the substantial pay cut involved and the employee’s loss 

 

9747 F.2d 885, 888 (3d Cir. 1984). To establish a claim under the ADEA, “[a] 

plaintiff must prove by a preponderance of the evidence . . . , that age was the ‘but-for’ 

cause of the challenged employer decision.” Gross v. FBL Fin. Servs., Inc., 557 U.S. 

167, 177-78 (2009). Courts apply the burden-shifting framework of McDonnell Douglas 

Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792 (1973), where a plaintiff must first establish a prima facie

case of discrimination. Wishkin v. Potter, 476 F.3d 180, 185 (3d Cir. 2007). Under the 

ADEA, a plaintiff can establish a prima facie case by demonstrating that (1) he is over 

forty, (2) he is qualified for the position in question, (3) he suffered from an adverse 

employment action, and (4) his replacement was sufficiently younger to permit a 

reasonable inference of age discrimination. See Hill v. Borough of Kutztown, 455 F.3d 

225, 247 (3d Cir. 2006) (citing Potence v. Hazleton Area Sch. Dist., 357 F.3d 366, 370 

(3d Cir. 2004)). If the plaintiff establishes a prima facie case, the burden shifts to the 

employer to articulate a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for the adverse employment 

decision. Sarullo v. U.S. Postal Serv., 352 F.3d 789, 797 (3d Cir. 2003) (per curiam). 

“The plaintiff then must establish by a preponderance of the evidence that the employer’s 

proffered reasons were merely a pretext for discrimination, and not the real motivation 

for the unfavorable job action.” Id.

10Goss, 747 F.2d at 888. 
7

of confidence in herself and her employer,” and he points to the loss of income from the 

introduction of the rotational system as enough to cause a constructive discharge.11

Goss, however, involved a saleswoman who was repeatedly interrogated and 

verbally abused by her superiors about whether she planned to have a family over the 

course of several months during which she suffered two miscarriages and was then 

reassigned.12 Though we noted Goss’s potential loss of commission from reassignment, 

the evidence presented at trial provided much clearer grounds for finding constructive 

discharge, including that Goss’s employer (after describing her as a “wacko” in internal 

communications) told her to either sign a letter accepting her reassignment or resign.13 

In contrast, Reifinger was not reassigned. Parkland simply changed its scheduling 

system and then disbanded the Behind-the-Wheel program entirely. Both changes 

affected young and elderly workers equally and were implemented by a department chair 

who was essentially the same age as Reifinger. Reifinger argues, without any citations to 

the record, that the “record is replete with instances where younger driver education 

instructors were allowed to play fast and loose with the rotational system, while Reifinger 

was disciplined for calling out sick.”14 But Reifinger did not provide any objective 

 

11Appellant’s Br. 15-16. 

12747 F.2d at 888. 

13Id.

14Appellant’s Br. 17.
8

evidence to support these assertions, nor did he explain how he was disciplined.15 He 

also argues that the rotational system “had a severe impact on [his] earnings,” and that 

“[a]fter struggling with these indignities for several years, [he] was eventually pushed 

out, albeit resigning and taking his retirement.”16 But, again, Reifinger does not explain 

how he was pushed out. Further, the Behind-the-Wheel program was discontinued six 

months before he decided to retire, and he does not argue there was ongoing 

discrimination outside of the program. Reifinger asserts that he “would have preferred to 

keep working,” but in a “realistic sense, he was deprived of this opportunity.”17 

However, he was still earning his regular salary as a full-time classroom teacher, and he 

does not point to any indignities or intolerable conditions that would have forced a 

reasonable person to retire. Thus, Reifinger cannot demonstrate that he suffered a 

constructive discharge. 

Moreover, because he does not show how any reprimand he received altered the 

conditions of his employment, Reifinger cannot prove that he suffered adverse 

employment action. Even if any of his complaints about assignments could constitute an 

adverse employment action (for instance, if he were being unfairly passed over for extra 

shifts), Reifinger has not shown that his replacement was sufficiently younger to permit a 

 

15See App. 67-68.

16Appellant’s Br. 20. 

17Appellant’s Br. 20.
9

reasonable inference of age discrimination. Other drivers who were allegedly treated 

better, including retirees, were also over forty years old.18 Further, Reifinger indicated at 

his deposition that even he believed that any preferential treatment was the result of 

favoritism, not age considerations. As a result, he cannot establish a prima facie case of 

age discrimination. Because a prima facie case of retaliation also requires showing an 

adverse employment action, Reifinger cannot establish a retaliation claim.19 Finally, 

because the “same legal standard applies to both the ADEA and the PHRA,” Reifinger 

cannot succeed on his state law claim.20 Accordingly, we will affirm the decision of the 

District Court.

 

18See App. 52, 54-56, 59.

19See Kachmar v. Sungard Data Sys., Inc., 109 F.3d 173, 177 (3d Cir. 1997). 

20See Kautz v. Met-Pro Corp., 412 F.3d 463, 466 n.1 (3d Cir. 2005) (citing 

Glanzman v. Metro. Mgmt. Corp., 391 F.3d 506, 509 n.2 (3d Cir. 2004)).