IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT JACKSON

March 1, 2005 Session

STATE OF TENNESSEE v. NORRIS RAY

Direct Appeal from the Criminal Court for Shelby County

Nos. 02-02917, 02-02918, 02-04286 Joseph B. Dailey, Judge

No. W2004-01247-CCA-R3-CD - Filed June 27, 2005

Following a jury trial, Defendant, Norris Ray, was convicted of one count of unlawful possession

of a handgun; one count of first degree felony murder; and one count of especially aggravated

kidnapping. Defendant was sentenced to life with the possibility of parole on the felony murder

conviction. The trial court sentenced Defendant as a Range II, multiple offender, to forty years for

the especially aggravated kidnapping conviction and as a Range II, multiple offender, to four years

for the felony possession of a handgun conviction. The trial court ordered Defendant’s sentences

to be served consecutively for an effective sentence of life plus forty-four years. On appeal,

Defendant argues (1) that the evidence is insufficient to identify him as the perpetrator of the

offenses; (2) that the trial court erred by not allowing the impeachment of the testimony of the victim

of especially aggravated kidnapping with evidence of the victim’s misdemeanor drug convictions;

and (3) that the trial court erred in determining the length of Defendant’s sentences and in imposing

consecutive sentencing. After a thorough review of the record, we affirm the judgments of the trial

court.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Trial Court Affirmed

THOMAS T.WOODALL,J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which J.C.MCLIN,J., joined. James

Curwood Witt, Jr., J., concurring in result only. 

MartyB. McAfee, Memphis, Tennessee (on appeal); Robert Wilson Jones, District Public Defender;

and William Johnson, Assistant Public Defender, Memphis, Tennessee (at trial), for the appellant,

Norris Ray.

Paul G. Summers, Attorney General and Reporter; David H. Findley, Assistant Attorney General;

William L. Gibbons, District Attorney General; Robert Carter, Assistant District Attorney General;

and Paul Hagerman, Assistant District Attorney General, for the appellee, the State of Tennessee.
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OPINION

I. Background

Kevin Wiseman and his brother, Jesse Windom, owned a car lot in Memphis. Mr. Windom

called his brother around 6:00 p.m. on August 7, 2001, after the business was closed, and asked Mr.

Wiseman to meet him at the car lot so he could get a set of car keys from Mr. Wiseman. Mr.

Wiseman testified that Mr. Windom was driving a 2001 black Lexus. Mr. Wiseman arrived at the

car lot and parked on the street. Mr. Windom backed the Lexus into the car lot’s fenced parking

area.

A white Dodge Stratus with three African-American males in it pulled up to the car lot. One

of the men got out of the car and began talking to Mr. Windom. The man waved his hand for the

second man to get out of the car. The second man approached Mr. Wiseman with a handgun. The

third man remained in the Dodge. He stuck a shotgun out of the car’s window and told Mr.

Wiseman he would shoot him if Mr. Wiseman attempted to flee. The first man pulled up his shirt

to show Mr. Windom that he was armed. Mr. Wiseman later identified Defendant from a photo

lineup as the first man who approached Mr. Windom, and Defendant’s co-defendant, Nakomis Jones,

as the man who approached Mr. Wiseman.

The men demanded the keys to the business office. Mr. Wiseman told Defendant the keys

were in his car, but Defendant got into the Lexus instead and started the engine. Mr. Jones pushed

Mr. Wiseman toward the Lexus, and told him to get into the trunk. Mr. Wiseman got into the trunk,

and the car started moving. Mr. Wiseman heard one of the men ask his brother where the money

was, and his brother responded that the police had taken all the money. The man kept repeating his

demand, and Mr. Windom kept saying that he did not have any money. After driving for five to ten

minutes, Mr. Wiseman heard a gunshot, and his brother said “oh.”

Mr. Wiseman then heard one of the men say that he saw the police. The Lexus sped up and

made numerous turns. The car stopped, and Mr. Wiseman heard the car’s doors open and close. He

waited about ten or fifteen minutes and then began pounding on the roof of the trunk. Mr. Wiseman

did not know that the Lexus had an emergency release button inside the trunk, but he accidently hit

the button with his arm. The trunk popped open, and Mr. Wiseman got out of the trunk. No one was

around, and Mr. Wiseman did not see the Dodge Stratus.

Mr. Wiseman said that the car had stopped at the Southwood Apartments which were next

door to the Flairwood Apartments. He called Mr. Windom on his cell phone but did not get an

answer. Mr. Wiseman caught a ride with a friend back to his business. Before they reached the car

lot, however, Mr. Wiseman saw another friend at the intersection of Winchester and Tschulahoma.

The friend told Mr. Wiseman that Mr. Windom had been shot and was in an ambulance at the Mapco

gas station at the intersection. Mr. Wiseman said that his ordeal lasted about one hour.
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On cross-examination, Mr. Wiseman said that he was in the car’s trunk between fifteen and

thirty minutes. Mr. Wiseman said that Defendant was at the driver’s side door when Mr. Jones put

him in the trunk so he assumed Defendant was driving the Lexus. Mr. Wiseman said that the only

voice he could identify while he was in the trunk was his brother’s.

Gary Claxton, a Memphis police officer, was off-duty on August 7, 2001. He was driving

west on Winchester in a Nissan Maxima when a black Lexus and a white Dodge Stratus entered the

road from an apartment complex and nearly struck his car. Officer Claxton said that the Dodge was

following the Lexus, and both cars were being driven erratically. All three cars entered the left turn

lane at the intersection of Winchester and Tschulahoma. The Lexus was first in line, followed by

the Maxima and then the Dodge. A man jumped out of the rear passenger seat of the Lexus and ran

toward a Mapco gas station. Officer Claxton said the man looked “panicked.”

The Lexus made a u-turn and drove into the gas station. The light turned green, and the

Dodge nearly hit Officer Claxton’s car again. Officer Claxton let the Dodge pass him and recorded

the car’s license plate number. He called the dispatcher to report the incident. Officer Claxton said

that he attempted to follow the Dodge and Lexus, but he did not see the cars again after they drove

away from the Mapco. When he returned to the gas station, Officer Claxton said that the man who

had jumped out of the Lexus was lying on the ground. It was later determined that the Dodge Stratus

was registered to Chandra Jones.

Chandra Jones confirmed that she owned the Dodge. She said that she loaned the car to

Defendant on August 7, 2001, between 4:30 p.m. and 5:00 p.m. About 6:45 p.m., she called her cell

phone which was in the Dodge, and a man named “Geno” answered. Defendant later testified that

“Geno’s” name was Eugene Pickens. Mr. Pickens told Ms. Jones that Defendant was in the

bathroom.

Ms. Jones said that Defendant returned to her apartment after she was asleep. The police

called some time after midnight and asked Ms. Jones to step out of her apartment. Ms. Jones went

outside, and the police took her to a telephone booth so that she could call Defendant and ask him

to come out of the apartment. Ms. Jones said that she did not see Defendant arrested because the

police would not take her back home.

Kim Hughes stated that she lives at the Flairwood Apartments. On the evening of August

7, 2001, her daughter and four other little girls were playing outside her apartment. A man, whom

Ms. Hughes later identified as Nakomis Jones, approached her apartment around 6:30 or 6:45 p.m.

and asked the little girls if he could use the telephone. Ms. Hughes came to the front door, and Mr.

Jones told her that he had car trouble. Ms. Hughes told Mr. Jones to come to the back door, and she

handed him her cordless telephone through the door. Ms. Hughes said that Mr. Jones kept dialing

a couple of numbers and then hanging up. A second man, whom Ms. Hughes later identified as

Defendant, walked up from behind the apartment building. Mr. Jones asked him for “brother’s”

telephone number. Mr. Jones still did not dial the telephone correctly, and Defendant took the

telephone from him and placed the call. Someone answered, and Defendant said, “Geno, come and
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get us.” Defendant asked Ms. Hughes for the name of the apartment complex. Defendant returned

the telephone to Ms. Hughes, and the two men left.

Mr. Jones, however, returned to her apartment less than a minute later, and Ms. Hughes

called 911. The police did not respond to her 911 call. Ms. Hughes saw a report of the shooting on

the evening news and called Crime Stoppers. 

Officer Prentiss Jolly with the Memphis Police Department responded to the dispatcher’s call

about shots fired at the intersection of Winchester and Tschulahoma. The victim had been

transported to the hospital by the time he arrived. The investigating officers received notice while

they were at the Mapco station that the victim had died. Officer Jolly interviewed Mr. Wiseman and

Officer Claxton. He went to Chandra Jones’ apartment and found the white Dodge Stratus in the

complex’s parking lot. Officer Jolly called Ms. Jones on the telephone and asked her to come out

of the apartment in an effort to avoid a confrontation with Defendant. Officer Jolly took Ms. Jones

to a telephone booth down the street. Ms. Jones called Defendant, but he would not answer the

phone. Ms. Jones then called Defendant on Officer Claxton’s cell phone, and Defendant answered.

Defendant and Ms. Jones talked for a few minutes, and Defendant agreed to come out of the house.

Officer Claxton said they were able to take Defendant into custody without incident.

On cross-examination, Officer Claxton said that he had interviewed Dana Porter. He also

had heard the name “Geno” mentioned in connection with the shooting, but he did not find anything

linking him to the crime.

Mr. Jones’ palm print was found on the outside rear door panel on the passenger side of the

Dodge Stratus. Defendant’s finger print was found on the driver’s side window of the Dodge

Stratus. Two of Mr. Windom’s fingerprints were found on the Lexus.

Dr. Tom Deering, the interim medical examiner for Shelby County, stated that the cause of

Mr. Windom’s death was a gunshot wound to the abdomen. The bullet severed the right iliac artery

and right common iliac vein causing severe internal hemorrhaging. 

Defendant testified in his own behalf. He said that he was at Ms.Jones’ apartment on August

7, 2001 until around noon. Defendant then went next door to his mother’s house and spent the

afternoon caring for her because she had recently had surgery. Around 4:00 p.m., he returned to Ms.

Jones’ apartment and told her he needed to get some fresh air. Defendant drove Ms. Jones’ Dodge

Stratusto Mr. Pickens’ apartment around 4:15 p.m. Defendant said that Ms. Jones’ kept calling him

asking him to return her car. Defendant’s brother, Marvin, came over to Mr. Pickens’ apartment

about thirty minutes after Defendant arrived. Defendant left the Dodge Stratus at Mr. Pickens’

apartment complex, and Defendant and his brother went to another brother’s house where Defendant

met Daphne Love. Defendant and Ms. Love drove to Dyersburg around 5:00 p.m and returned to

Memphis at 10:00 p.m. Defendant went back to Mr. Pickens’ apartment complex and found that Ms.

Jones had not retrieved her car. Mr. Pickens’ girlfriend gave Defendant the keys to the Dodge, and

he drove to Ms. Jones’ apartment.
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Defendant said that he answered the telephone when the police called Ms. Jones’ apartment

in the early morning hours of August 8, 2001. He said the police asked to speak to Ms. Jones

because her car had been involved in a hit and run accident. Defendant hung up the telephone, and

the police called back. Finally, Defendant gave the telephone to Ms. Jones who went outside.

On cross-examination, Defendant said that he had been sentenced to fifteen years on each

of two prior burglary convictions. He said that he had seen Mr. Windom in the neighborhood but

did not know him. Defendant said that he spoke with several people in Dyersburg, including his

brother, Anthony, and Ms. Love’s mother. Defendant said that Mr. Pickens was currently in the

Shelby County jail. Defendant said that his brother had attended his trial during the State’s proof,

but the trial court would not allow his brother to testify. Defendant said that all of his family

members were currently in Chicago attending his grandmother’s funeral.

II. Sufficiency of the Evidence

Defendant argues that the evidence was insufficient to identify him as the perpetrator of the

crimes beyond a reasonable doubt. There was no physical evidence tying him to the offenses, and

Defendant contends that the eye-witness testimony was not credible. Mr. Wiseman did not know

Defendant, and only had about thirty seconds to identify Defendant as one of the three men in the

Dodge Stratus. Defendant submits that Ms. Hughes also spent very little time in Defendant’s

presence, and, in any event, there was no evidence linking the offenses of the two men who used Ms.

Hughes’ telephone.

Once a jury finds a defendant guilty, his or her presumption of innocence is removed and

replaced with a presumption of guilt. State v. Black, 815 S.W.2d 166, 175 (Tenn. 1991). The jury

is presumed to have resolved all conflicts and drawn any reasonable inferences in favor of the State.

State v. Sheffield, 676 S.W.2d 542, 547 (Tenn. 1984). Questions concerning the credibility of

witnesses, the weight and value to be given the evidence, and all factual issues raised by the evidence

are resolved by the trier of fact and not this court. State v. Bland, 958 S.W.2d 651, 659 (Tenn.

1997). 

When a defendant challenges the sufficiency of the convicting evidence, we must review the

evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution in determining whether a rational trier of fact

could have found all the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v.

Virginia, 443 U.S.307, 319, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 2789, 61 L. Ed. 2d 560 (1979). The defendant has the

burden of overcoming this presumption, and the State is entitled to the strongest legitimate view of

the evidence along with all reasonable inferences which may be drawn from that evidence. Id.; State

v. Tuggle, 639 S.W.2d 913, 914 (Tenn. 1982). 

Defendant’s challenges primarily question the credibility of the State’s witnesses. The

State’s proof showed that Mr. Wiseman identified Defendant as one of the three gunmen who

accosted him and Mr. Windom at the brothers’ place of business around 6:00 p.m on August 7, 2001.

Mr. Wiseman said that Defendant was standing at the driver’s door of the Lexus when Mr. Jones
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forced him into the trunk. He heard an argument over money, and then a gunshot. Officer Claxton

said that Mr. Windom exited the Lexus in front of a Mapco gas station. Mr. Windom collapsed at

the gas station and died after he was transported to the hospital. Mr. Wiseman said that he was in

the car trunk between fifteen and thirty minutes before he escaped when the car stopped at an

apartment complex located next door to the Flairwood Apartments. Ms. Hughes, a resident of the

Flairwood Apartments, identified Defendant as one of the men who used her telephone between 6:30

p.m. and 6:45 p.m. on August 7, 2001, to call a friend to pick them up. 

Defendant’s challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence merely attacks the credibility of the

State’s witnesses. It is well-established that questions regarding the credibility of witnesses, the

weight and value of the evidence, and any factual issues raised by the evidence are resolved by the

trier of fact. State v. Davidson, 121 S.W.3d 600, 614 (Tenn. 2003). By its verdict, the jury

obviously credited the testimony of the State’s witnesses and rejected Defendant’s version of what

occurred on the day ofthe shooting. Based on the evidence presented, a reasonable trier of fact could

find beyond a reasonable doubt that Defendant was one of the perpetrators of the charged offenses.

Defendant is not entitled to relief on this issue.

III. Exclusion of Impeachment Evidence

Defendant argues that the trial court erred in not allowing the defense to question Mr.

Wiseman about his misdemeanor drug convictions in order to impeach his credibility and to show

evidence of bias. See Tenn. R. Evid. 609; State v. Sayles, 49 S.W.3d 275, 279 (Tenn. 2001).

Defendant concedes that he did not join with counsel for the co-defendant to seek admissibility of

the evidence at trial but argues that the trial court’s error may be reviewed as plain error. See Tenn.

R. Crim. P. 52(b).

During Mr. Wiseman’s cross-examination, the co-defendant’s counsel sought to introduce

evidence that Mr. Wiseman had been charged with felony drug offenses prior to Defendant’s trial.

The charged offenses were subsequently reduced to misdemeanor charges during plea negotiations

that were conducted after Defendant was arrested for the current offenses. The trial court found that

there was no evidence that the district attorney general’s office in any way settled Mr. Wiseman’s

drug charges in exchange for his testimony at Defendant’s trial. Following a lengthy hearing out of

the presence of the jury, the trial court permitted the co-defendant’s counsel to ask whether Mr.

Wiseman had been promised anything by the district attorney general’s office in exchange for his

testimony. The trial court also concluded that the co-defendant’s counsel could ask Mr. Wiseman

about his prior misdemeanor theft conviction, but not the facts surrounding the offense. According

to the record, Defendant’s counsel did not verbally participate in the hearing concerning the

admissibility of the evidence.

Rule 36(a) of the Tennessee Rules of Appellate Procedure provides that “[n]othing in this

rule shall be construed as requiring relief to be granted to a party responsible for an error or who

failed to take whatever action was reasonably available to prevent or nullify the harmful effect of the

error.” A panel ofthis Court has previously held that an objection by a co-defendant does not relieve
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the other defendant of the obligation to enter a contemporaneous objection in order to preserve an

issue for an appeal on his behalf. State v. Steve Bradford, No. 03C01-9607-CR-00278, 1998 WL

24417, at *6 (Tenn. Crim. App., at Knoxville, Jan. 20, 1998), no perm. to appeal filed. Defendant’s

failure to also request that the evidence be admissible constitutes a waiver of the issue on appeal.

Nor do we believe that this issue rises to the level of plain error. Issues that rise to the level

of plain error lie within the sound discretion of the appellate court and may be considered: (1) to

prevent needless litigation; (2) to prevent injury to the interests of the public; and (3) to prevent

prejudice to the judicial process, prevent manifest injustice, or to do substantial justice. See Tenn.

R. App. P. 13(b); Tenn. R. Crim. P. 52(b); State v. Adkisson, 899 S.W.2d 626, 638-39 (Tenn. Crim.

App. 1994). In Adkisson, this Court stated that “the following factors should be considered by an

appellate court when determining whether an error constitutes ‘plain error:’ (a) the record must

clearly establish what occurred in the trial court; (b) a clear and unequivocal rule of law must have

been breached; (c) a substantial right of the accused must have been adversely affected; (d) the

accused did not waive the issue for tactical reasons; and (e) consideration of the error is ‘necessary

to do substantial justice.” Id. at 641-42.

Consideration of all of the factors is not necessary when it is clear from the record that at

least one of the factors cannot be established. State v. Smith, 24 S.W.3d 274, 283 (Tenn. 2000).

After a review of the record, we are unable to conclude that Defendant did not waive the issue as a

matter of tactical strategy. Defendant did not offer any argument in support of the admissibility of

evidence concerning Mr. Wiseman’s prior misdemeanor convictions during the lengthy hearing on

the issue, nor did he raise or attempt to raise any issues concerning Mr. Wiseman’s prior

misdemeanor drug convictions or the circumstances surrounding his prior theft conviction during

his cross-examination of Mr. Wiseman. Based on our review of the record, we cannot conclude that

Defendant’s decision to remain silent was not a matter of tactical choice or strategy. “‘[A] party

cannot, either in a civil or criminal case, sit by and not object to testimony, take his chance of

acquittal or conviction on testimony deemed incompetent, and then ask a reversal for such testimony

in [the reviewing court.]’” Id. at 283 (quoting McKenzie v. State, 3 Tenn. Crim. App. 362, 368, 462

S.W.2d 243, 246 (1970)). Defendant is not entitled to relief on this issue. 

IV. Sentencing Issues

Defendant challenges both the length of his sentences and the imposition of consecutive

sentencing. At the sentencing hearing for Defendant’s convictions of especially aggravated

kidnapping and unlawful possession of a handgun, the State relied on the evidence presented at trial

and Defendant’s pre-sentence report. According to the pre-sentence report, Defendant was convicted

of two counts of second degree burglary in 1988 and sentenced to fifteen years on each count, with

the sentences to be served concurrently. Defendant’s other prior convictions, all committed prior

to 1989, include convictions forthird degree burglary, receiving stolen property over $100, receiving

stolen property under $100, sexual battery, petit larceny, and two misdemeanor convictions. Based

on Defendant’s criminal history, the trial court sentenced him as a Range II, multiple offender, for

all offenses. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-106. It appears that the trial court concluded that
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Defendant had four prior Class C felony convictions although the record indicates that only the

second degree burglary offenses are considered Class C felonies for sentencing purposes. See id. §

40-35-118. Nonetheless, a defendant is a “multiple offender” if he or she has at least two prior

felony convictions within the conviction class, a higher class, or within the next two lower felony

classes. Id. § 40-35-106(a)(1). Defendant was convicted of especially aggravated robbery, a Class

A felony, and unlawful possession of a handgun, a Class E felony. Thus, Defendant’s two prior

second degree burglary convictions which are considered Class C felonies for sentencing purposes

are sufficient to support his classification as a multiple offender for both convictions.

The trial court found that two enhancement factors were applicable in considering the length

of both of Defendant’s sentences. The trial court found that Defendant has a previous history of

criminal convictions in addition to those necessary to establish the appropriate range. See id. § 40-

35-114(2). In addition, the trial court found that Defendant had treated or allowed the victim to be

treated with extreme cruelty by confining him in the trunk of a car where he could hear his brother’s

shooting. See id. § 40-35-114(6). 

The trial court also found that consecutive sentencing was appropriate based on the

extensiveness of Defendant’s criminal history and his status as a dangerous offender. Id. §§ 40-35-

115(b)(2) and (4). The trial court’s based its classification of Defendant as a dangerous offender on

the circumstances surrounding the offenses. The trial court considered most troubling the “brazen

nature” of the offense which was committed in daylight on a public street, and the methodical

method by which the two men were abducted and Mr. Windom was shot.

When a defendant challenges the length, range, or manner of service of a sentence, this Court

conducts a de novo review with a presumption that the determinations made by the trial court are

correct. Id. § 40-35-401(d). This presumption is “conditioned upon the affirmative showing in the

record that the trial court considered the sentencing principles and all relevant facts and

circumstances.” State v. Ashby, 823 S.W.2d 166, 169 (Tenn. 1991). “If the trial court applies

inappropriate factors or otherwise fails to follow the 1989 Sentencing Act, the presumption of

correctness falls.” State v. Shelton, 854 S.W.2d 116, 123 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1992). Our review in

the case sub judice is de novo with a presumption of correctness because the trial court complied

with the purposes, principles and procedures of the 1989 Sentencing Act.

The Sentencing Commission Comments provide that the burden is on the defendant to show

the impropriety ofthe sentence. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-401, SentencingCommission Comments.

Our review requires an analysis of (1) the evidence, if any, received at the trial and sentencing

hearing; (2) the pre-sentence report; (3) the principles of sentencing and arguments of counsel

relative to sentencing alternatives; (4) the nature and characteristics of the offense; (5) any mitigating

or enhancing factors; (6) any statements made by the defendant in his own behalf; and (7) the

defendant’s potential for rehabilitation or treatment. Id. §§ 40-35-102,-103, and -210; State v. Smith,

735 S.W.2d 859, 863 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1987).
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A multiple offender is sentenced within the applicable Range II, or between twenty-five and

forty years for a Class A felony, and between two and four years for a Class E felony. Id. §§ 40-35-

106(c) and 40-35-112(b)(1) and (5). In calculating the sentence for a Class A felony conviction, the

presumptive sentence is the midpoint of the range, or thirty-two and one-half years, if there are no

enhancement or mitigating factors. Id. § 40-35-210(c). In calculating the sentence for a Class E

felony conviction, the presumptive sentence is the minimum of the range, or two years, if there are

no enhancement or mitigating factors. Id. If there are enhancement but no mitigating factors, the trial

court may set the sentence above the minimum of the range, but still within the range. Id. § 40-35-

201(d). If both enhancing and mitigating factors are present, the trial court must start at the

minimum of the range, enhance the sentence within the range as appropriate for the enhancing

factors, and then reduce the sentence as appropriate for the mitigating factors. Id. § 40-35-210(e).

If there are mitigating but no enhancement factors present, then the trial court may set the sentence

either at the minimum of the sentencing range, or below the midpoint. Based on the presence of two

enhancement factors, the trial court sentenced Defendant to forty years for the Class A felony and

four years for the Class E felony, or at the top of Range II for both offenses.

A. Length of Sentence

Defendant does not challenge the application of enhancement factor (2) based on his prior

convictions in excess of those necessary to elevate him to multiple offender status. See Tenn. Code

Ann. § 40-35-115(2). Defendant argues, however, that the record does not support a finding that he

acted with exceptional cruelty toward Mr. Wiseman, the victim of the especially aggravated

kidnapping offense. Defendant contends that hearing the threats levied against his brother and

“being placed in some discomfort” is insufficient to establish the applicability of this enhancing

factor. 

Generally, in order to support application of enhancement factor (6), the facts must support

a “finding of cruelty under the statute ‘over and above’ what is required to sustain a conviction for

[the] offense.” State v. Arnett, 49 S.W.3d 250, 258-259 (Tenn. 2001) (citations omitted). The trial

court must state what actions of the defendant, beyond the conduct necessary to establish the

elements of the offense, constituted “exceptional cruelty.” State v. Poole, 945 S.W.2d 93, 98 (Tenn.

1997) (quoting State v. Goodwin, 909 S.W.2d 35, 45 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995)). The trial court

based its findings on the fact that the victim was forced into the truck of the car at gunpoint, driven

around for an extended period of time on a hot August afternoon, subjected to the sounds of his

brother’s shooting, and abandoned in an apparently empty parking area. We cannot conclude that

the trial court erred in applying enhancement factor (6) in determining the length of Defendant’s

sentence for especially aggravated kidnapping. See State v. Mario Pendergrass, No. M1999-02532-

CCA-R3-CD, 2002 WL 517133, at *18 (Tenn. Crim. App., at Nashville, Apr. 5, 2002), perm. to

appeal denied (Tenn. Oct. 7, 2002).

Defendant argues that the application of the enhancement factors based upon factors which

were not submitted to a jury violates the principles set forth in Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. ___,

124 S.Ct. 2531 (2004). Our Supreme Court, however, has recently concluded that Tennessee’s
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sentencing scheme does not violate a defendant’s Sixth Amendment rights as addressed in Blakely.

State v. Edwin Gomez and Jonathan S. Londono, ___ S.W.3d ___, No. M2002-01209-SC-R11-CD,

2005 WL 856848, at *22 (Tenn. Apr. 15, 2005). Defendant is not entitled to relief on his Blakely

challenge.

With the presence of two enhancement factors, and the obviously significant weight

attributed to these factors by the trial court, the record supports the imposition of a forty-year

sentence for Defendant’s especially aggravated kidnapping conviction and four years for his felony

possession of a handgun conviction.

B. Consecutive Sentencing

The trial court ordered Defendant’s sentences to be served consecutively to each other and

to his life sentence for first degree felony murder based on its findings that Defendant had an

extensive criminal history, and that he was a dangerous offender. Defendant argues that the evidence

does not support the trial court’s findings as to the extensiveness of his criminal history or his status

as a dangerous offender. Defendant contends that consecutive sentencing is not necessary to protect

the public and is not the least severe sentence necessary because, by virtue of his life sentence alone,

Defendant will be over ninety years old when he is eligible for parole.

When a defendant is convicted of multiple crimes, the trial court, in its discretion, may order

the sentences to run consecutively if it finds by a preponderance ofthe evidence that a defendant falls

into one of seven categories. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-115. In this instance, the trial court found

that Defendant was “an offender whose record of criminal activity is extensive,” and a “dangerous

offender whose behavior indicates little or no regard for human life.” Id. §§ 40-35-115(b)(2) and

(4). If the trial court determines that consecutive sentencing is appropriate based on the dangerous

offender category, the court must make two additional findings. State v. Imfeld, 70 S.W.3d 698, 708

(Tenn. 2002). First, the trial court must find that an extended sentence is necessary to protect the

public from further criminal conduct by Defendant, and, second, it must find consecutive sentencing

to be reasonably related to the severity of the offenses. State v. Wilkerson, 905 S.W.2d 933, 939

(Tenn. 1995).

Although such specific factual findings are unnecessary for the other categories enumerated

in Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-35-115(b), the imposition of consecutive sentences is also

guided by the general sentencing principles that the length of a sentence be ‘justly deserved in

relation to the seriousness of the offense’ and ‘no greater than that deserved for the offense

committed.’”Imfeld, 70 S.W.3d at 708 (quoting Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 40-35-102(1) and -103(2));

State v. Lane, 3 S.W.3d 456, 461 (Tenn. 1999). 

We disagree with Defendant’s contention that the trial court “grossly overstate[d]” his

criminal history. Defendant was forty years old at the time of sentencing. Defendant has been

committing felony offenses since he was twenty years old. A review of his criminal history indicates

that Defendant has been unable to refrain from committing offenses for any length of time when not
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incarcerated, and his offenses have grown in severity over the years. In 1983, he pled guilty to

receiving stolen property under $100 and petit larceny. He was sentenced to one year for each

offense. In 1984, Defendant was sentenced to three years for a third degree burglary offense. In

1985, he was sentenced to one year for receiving stolen property in excess of $100, followed by a

three-year sentence in 1986 for a third degree burglary conviction. In 1988, he was sentenced to

concurrent fifteen year sentences for two second degree burglary convictions. During 1989,

Defendant also committed and was convicted of sexual battery and sentenced to three years. Based

on the record, we conclude that the evidence does not preponderate against the trial court’s finding

that Defendant “is an offender whose record of criminal activity is extensive.” Tenn. Code Ann. §

40-35-115(b)(2).

Defendant argues that he is not a dangerous offender with little regard for human life

because the victim, Mr. Wiseman, was not harmed during the kidnapping. The evidence, however,

showed that Defendant and his co-defendant locked Mr. Wiseman inside the trunk of a car in

August, and they abandoned the car with Mr. Wiseman still inside the trunk in a place where no one

was present to hear his cries for help. The fact that Mr. Wiseman escaped unharmed is attributable

more to his accidental activation of the trunk’s emergency release button than any assistance on

Defendant’s part.

Defendant argues that consecutive sentencing is not necessary because he will be over ninety

years old when he is eligible for release for his life sentence. The underlying principle behind

consecutive sentencing, however, is not whether the length of the sentence is logical based on the

age of the defendant at sentencing, but whether a defendant should “escape the full impact of

punishment for one of [his] offenses.” State v. Robinson, 930 S.W.2d 78, 85 (Tenn. Crim. App.

1995)(Defendant received consecutive life sentences for two first-degree murder convictions). See

also State v. Arnett, 49 S.W.3d 250, 264-265 (Tenn. 2001)(Defendant ordered to serve sentences for

especially aggravated kidnapping and aggravated rape consecutively); Lane, 3 S.W.3d at 463

(Defendant ordered to serve sentences for convictions of statutory rape and official misconduct

consecutively.) “The power of a trial judge to impose consecutive sentences ensures that defendants

committing separate and distinct violations of the law receive separate and distinct punishments.”

Robinson, 930 S.W.2d at 85.

The circumstances surrounding the commission of the offenses indicate that Defendant has

little regard for human life and had no hesitancy about committing a crime where the risk to human

life was high. The violence of these offenses support a finding that confinement is necessary to

protect society from Defendant’s conduct, and consecutive sentencing is reasonably related to the

severity of the offenses. Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 40-35-102(1) and -103(1)(A).

Based upon the foregoing and the record as a whole, we conclude that the imposition of

consecutive sentencing for Defendant’s convictions for first degree felony murder, especially

aggravated kidnapping and unlawful possession of a handgun is appropriate. Defendant is not

entitled to relief on this issue.
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CONCLUSION

Following a thorough review of the record, we affirm the judgments of the trial court.

___________________________________ 

THOMAS T. WOODALL, JUDGE