12-4444-cr 

United States v. Handle Bulgin 

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 

FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT 

SUMMARY ORDER

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A 

SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED 

BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. 

WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY 

MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE 

NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY 

OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.

 At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the 

Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the 

30th day of April, two thousand fourteen. 

Present: 

BARRINGTON D. PARKER 

PETER W. HALL, 

 Circuit Judges, 

KIYO A. MATSUMOTO, 

 District Judge.

1

____________________________________________________ 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

 Appellee, 

 v. No. 12-4444-cr 

HANDLE BULGIN, 

Defendant–Appellant. 

____________________________________________________ 

FOR APPELLANT: Bruce R. Bryan, Esq., Syracuse, New York. 

FOR APPELLEE: Tanisha R. Payne, Assistant United States Attorney (Peter A. 

Norling, Assistant United States Attorney, on the brief), for Loretta 

E. Lynch, United States Attorney for the Eastern District of New 

York.

____________________________________________________ 

 

1

 The Honorable Kiyo A. Matsumoto, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of New York, sitting by 

designation. 
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Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of 

New York (Korman, J.). 

 UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND 

DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED. 

Defendant–Appellant Handle Bulgin appeals from a judgment of conviction following a 

trial by jury in which Bulgin was found guilty of one count of conspiracy to distribute marijuana, 

in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 846, 841(b)(1)(B)(vii), and three counts of distribution of marijuana, 

in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(D). On appeal, Bulgin argues the evidence was 

insufficient to establish that he knew the boxes he was handling contained marijuana. He also 

challenges the admission of evidence that included photographs of jewelry and money. We 

assume the parties’ familiarity with the relevant facts, the procedural history, and the issues 

presented for review. 

 “We review de novo challenges to the sufficiency of the evidence underlying a criminal 

conviction, but a defendant bears a heavy burden, because we review evidence on a sufficiency 

challenge in the light most favorable to the government and draw all inferences in favor of the 

government.” United States v. Lee, 723 F.3d 134, 143 (2d Cir. 2013) (internal quotation marks, 

citations, and alterations omitted). To succeed on such a challenge, a defendant “must show that 

no rational trier of fact could have found all of the elements of the crime beyond a reasonable 

doubt[.]” United States v. Caracappa, 614 F.3d 30, 43 (2d Cir. 2010) (internal quotation marks 

omitted). In the context of a prosecution for conspiracy pursuant to 21 U.S.C. § 846, “the 

government must show that two or more persons entered into a joint enterprise for an unlawful 

purpose, with awareness of its general nature and extent.” United States v. Torres, 604 F.3d 58, 

65 (2d Cir. 2010). Put alternatively, the government must prove “that the defendant knew that 

the conspiracy involved a controlled substance.” Id. at 66. 
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 Bulgin contends that the government failed to produce evidence that he knew the 

contents of boxes he transported and distributed to others contained marijuana, and thus the 

government failed to prove he was aware of the nature and extent of the conspiracy. In contexts 

similar to the one we face here, we have held that when a person possesses knowledge of the 

intention of a conspiracy to distribute drugs, and uses that knowledge “to facilitate or actually 

facilitates the crime, a jury may reasonably infer from this combination of knowledge and action 

that the defendant has adopted the known goal of the crime as his own.” United States v. Heras, 

609 F.3d 101, 107 (2d Cir. 2010). We have also explained that the government can support its 

case through either direct evidence or circumstantial evidence. Id. at 106. Reviewing the record 

in this case, we conclude that the government produced evidence upon which a rational trier of 

fact could find the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. See generally 

Torres, 604 F.3d at 67; see also United States v. Santos, 541 F.3d 63, 71–74 (2d Cir. 2008) 

(evidence of involvement in murders also supported conviction for conspiracy to distribute 

narcotics); and see United States v. Huezo, 546 F.3d 174, 181–84 (2d Cir. 2008) (evidence 

including both direct testimony by cooperating witnesses and law enforcement officials, as well 

as circumstantial evidence, was sufficient to demonstrate defendant understood the goal of the 

conspiracy). 

 The evidence here included testimony from numerous law enforcement officials 

testifying to the scope of their surveillance of Bulgin as he transported boxes of marijuana for 

delivery on multiple occasions. Specifically, Detective Isaias Colon surveilled Bulgin 

transporting large boxes from his place of employment to a gold minivan. Detective Colon 

testified that he and other officers later stopped that minivan for a motor vehicle violation, and 

when talking with the driver and passenger, the officers detected the strong smell of marijuana 

emanating from the vehicle. The vehicle was searched, and the boxes Bulgin had delivered to 
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the van were discovered to contain bricks of marijuana. The driver and passenger were later 

charged in state court. DEA Agent Baldus also testified to a similar sequence of events 

occurring at a later date, when he witnessed Bulgin transport boxes from his work to a BMW. 

Upon stopping the BMW, Agent Baldus also detected the strong odor of marijuana. A 

subsequent search of the BMW revealed boxes containing marijuana. The testimony of law 

enforcement officials included the description of yet a third incident during which Bulgin 

delivered boxes of marijuana to an automobile. The government also called several of Bulgin’s 

fellow employees, who explained the scope of Bulgin’s work responsibilities, including his role 

in the warehouse receiving, delivering, and mailing shipments where he worked with minimal 

oversight. Additionally, in Bulgin’s possession at the time of his arrest the police found state 

court criminal documents related to the driver and passenger of the gold minivan. 

 Contrary to Bulgin’s arguments on appeal, the evidence here demonstrates a level of 

involvement far more substantial than the passing involvement that we have held to be 

insufficient in other contexts. See United States v. Ogando, 547 F.3d 102, 108 (2d Cir. 2008) (a 

taxi driver’s presence at a pick up with minimal additional evidence of personal contacts was 

insufficient to support conviction); see also United States v. Lorenzo, 534 F.3d 153, 160–61 (2d 

Cir. 2008) (the defendant’s contacts with alleged co-conspirators were nonetheless insufficient to 

demonstrate that the defendant knew the purpose of the conspiracy); and see United States v. 

Samaria, 239 F.3d 228, 236–38 (2d Cir. 2001) (a cab driver’s presence in a car with other 

conspirators and his assistance loading boxes were insufficient to demonstrate knowledge of the 

purpose of the conspiracy). Viewing the evidence here in the light most favorable to the 

government, we hold that it was sufficient to permit the jury to find that Bulgin knew the boxes 

contained marijuana, see United States v. Davis, 690 F.3d 127 (2d Cir. 2012) (upholding a 

conviction when the evidence included defendant’s trips to originating location of shipments, his 
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recruitment of other co-conspirators, his attempts to conceal his identity as the receiver of 

shipments, and his possession of the ladings of sale), and thus was ample proof that Bulgin was a 

knowing participant in the charged conspiracy.

 Bulgin also argues that the district court erred when it admitted three pieces of evidence: 

(1) the $21,300 seized from his bedroom; (2) the photographs of Bulgin with cash; and (3) 

photographs of jewelry or receipts. “We review evidentiary rulings for abuse of 

discretion[ . . . and w]e will find an abuse of discretion only where the trial judge ruled in an 

arbitrary or irrational fashion.” United States v. Kelley, 551 F.3d 171, 174–75 (2d Cir. 2009) 

(internal citations and internal quotation marks omitted). We apply a highly deferential standard 

of review, recognizing “the district court’s superior position to assess relevancy and to weigh the 

probative value of evidence against its potential for unfair prejudice.” United States v. Coppola, 

671 F.3d 220, 244 (2d Cir. 2012), cert. denied, 133 S. Ct. 843 (2013). Reviewing the record 

here, we conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the forgoing 

evidence. In other instances we have upheld a district court’s decision to allow evidence of 

monetary gain when “a defendant is on trial for a crime in which pecuniary gain is the usual 

motive . . . .” United States v. Jackskion, 102 F.3d 683, 684 (2d Cir. 1939). Similarly, in United 

States v. Tramunti, 513 F.2d 1087 (2d Cir. 1975), we held that evidence of proceeds from a 

venture arguably disassociated from the crimes charged was admissible because “[e]vidence of 

sudden acquisition of large amounts of money is also admissible to prove criminal misconduct 

when pecuniary gain, as here, is the basic motive.” Id. at 1105 (citing United States v. Jackskion, 

102 F.3d 683, 684 (2d Cir. 1939)). Given that the contested evidence here tended to demonstrate 

pecuniary gain commensurate with the distribution of marijuana and was therefore relevant, see

Fed. R. Evid. 401, the district court did not abuse its discretion by admitting it. 
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We have considered all of Bulgin’s remaining arguments and conclude that they are 

without merit. We, therefore, AFFIRM the October 24, 2012 judgment of the district court. 

 FOR THE COURT: 

 Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk