FILED

October 28, 1999

Cecil Crowson, Jr.

Appellate Court Clerk

 IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT NASHVILLE 

SEPTEMBER 1999 SESSION

STATE OF TENNESSEE, * C.C.A. # 01C01-9811-CC-00467

Appellant, * MONTGOMERY COUNTY

VS. * Honorable John H. Gasaway, III, Judge

DERRICK JENKINS, * (Sale of Controlled Substance--

Cocaine)

Appellee. *

FOR THE APPELLANT: FOR THE APPELLEE:

FRANK JASPER RUNYON, III PAUL G. SUMMERS

301 Main Street Attorney General & Reporter

Clarksville, TN 37040 

KIM R. HELPER

Assistant Attorney General

425 Fifth Avenue North

Nashville, TN 37243

JOHN WESLEY CARNEY, JR.

District Attorney General

HELEN OWSLEY YOUNG

Assistant District Attorney

204 Franklin Street , Suite 200

Clarksville, TN 37040-3420

OPINION FILED: _______________

AFFIRMED

JOHN EVERETT WILLIAMS,

Judge
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OPINION

The defendant, Derrick Jenkins, appeals a certified question of law. He

pled guilty to two sales of over 0.5 grams of Schedule II controlled substance,

cocaine. The Montgomery County Circuit Court sentenced him to two concurrent

15 year sentences. The defendant asserts that the Drug-Free School Zone Act,

by which the trial court raised the classification for the offenses from Class B to

Class A felony offenses, is unconstitutional. We disagree and AFFIRM the trial

court’s judgment.

BACKGROUND

The defendant was indicted by the Montgomery County Grand Jury for ten

counts involving the sale or delivery of over 0.5 grams of cocaine, occurring over

five different days in early 1997. The defendant was indicted for one count of

delivery and for one count of sale on each of the five days. Further, the

defendant was indicted for one count of delivery and for one count of sale of over

26 grams of cocaine occurring on a specific date in July 1997. The indictments

alleged that all the offenses occurred within 1,000 feet of a school zone, as

defined by the School Zone Act.

The defendant faces higher penalties and mandatory minimum sentences

of incarceration under the School Zone Act. His motion to dismiss the twelve

indictments asserted that the School Zone Act is unconstitutional. The trial court

denied the motion, and the defendant subsequently pled guilty to two counts

constituting Class A felonies under the statute. As part of his plea agreement,

the defendant reserved appeal on a certified question of law:

Whether Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-17-432 is unconstitutional as it:

(a) is vague, overbroad and does not put a person of 

reasonable intelligence on notice as to how to measure the 

distance between the offense locale and the school 

property; 

(b) is violative of due process;
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(c) is violative of the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth 

Amendment of the United States Constitution;

(d) is violative of Article I Section 8 of the Tennessee 

Constitution;

(e) is not a valid exercise of the police power;

(f) is violative of Article 1 Section 13 of the Tennessee 

 Constitution.

(g) is violative of the Eighth Amendment of the United States 

Constitution. 

 ANALYSIS

The pertinent provisions of the Drug-Free School Zone Act follow:

(a) It is the intent of this section to create Drug-Free School Zones 

for the purpose of providing all students in this state an 

environment in which they can learn without the distractions and

dangers that are incident to the occurrence of drug activity in or 

around school facilities. The enhanced and mandatory 

minimum sentences required by this section for drug offenses 

occurring in a Drug-Free School Zone are necessary to serve 

as a deterrent to such unacceptable conduct. 

(b) A violation of § 39-17-417, or a conspiracy to violate such 

section, that occurs on the grounds or facilities of any school or 

within one thousand feet (1,000') of the real property that

comprises a public or private elementary school, middle school 

or secondary school shall be punished one (1) classification 

higher than is provided in § 39-17-417(b)-(I) for such violation.

(c) Notwithstanding any other provision of law or the sentence 

imposed by the court to the contrary, a defendant sentenced for

a violation of subsection (b) shall be required to serve at least 

the minimum sentence for such defendant’s appropriate range 

of sentence. Any sentence reduction credits such defendant 

may be eligible for or earn shall not operate to permit or allow 

the release of such defendant prior to full service of such 

minimum sentence.

(d) Notwithstanding the sentence imposed by the court, the 

provisions of title 40, chapter 35, part 5, relative to release 

eligibility status and parole, shall not apply to or authorize the 

release of a defendant sentenced for a violation of subsection 

(b) prior to service of the entire minimum sentence for such 

defendant’s appropriate range of sentence.

(e) Nothing in the provisions of title 41, chapter 1, part 5 shall give 

either the governor or the board of probation and parole the 

authority to release or cause the release of a defendant 

sentenced for a violation of subsection (b) prior to service of the

entire minimum sentence for such defendant’s appropriate 

sentence. 

Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-17-432.
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The defendant appeals a certified question of law under Tennessee Rule

of Criminal Procedure 37(b)(2)(i):

An appeal lies from any order or judgment in a criminal proceeding

where the law provides for such appeal, and from any judgment of

conviction: . . . (2) Upon a plea of guilty or nolo contendere if: (i)

Defendant entered into a plea agreement under Rule 11(e) but

explicitly reserved with the consent of the state and of the court the

right to appeal a certified question of law that is dispositive of the

case.

Certified Question

The trial court’s order comprises (1) a statement of the certified question,

sufficient to “clearly identify the scope and the limits of the legal issue reserved”;

(2) consent to the appeal from the trial judge and from the state; and (3) accord

from the trial judge the state on the dispositive nature of the question. State v.

Preston, 759 S.W.2d 647, 650 (Tenn. 1988); see also Tenn. R. Crim. P. 37,

advisory comm’n cmts [1997]. Further, this Court agrees that the certified

question regarding per se constitutionality of the School Zone Act is dispositive.

This appeal is properly before this Court.

Due process

The defendant asserts that the School Zone Act is unconstitutionally

vague and violative of due process because it lacks an explicit mens rea

requirement. The state responds that the Act requires no mens rea component

because it merely enhances punishment for certain violations of the Tennessee

Drug Control Act, see Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-17-401, et seq., and is not a

separate offense statute. Both the defendant’s and the state’s briefs

characterize the Act as an enhancement of the Drug Control Act. Generally, the

courts are charged with upholding the constitutionality of statutes where

possible. See State v. Joyner, 759 S.W.2d 422 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1987). In this

case, we do not decide whether the General Assembly intended the School Zone

Act to be a separate offense or an enhancement of punishment for violations of
1

 We do not m ake a d eterm ination of the defend ant’s m ens rea in the instan t conviction s. 

Such a determination is not within the scope of the certified question. Further, this court is without

any factua l basis to m ake su ch dete rmina tions. 

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the Drug Control Act. Such determination is unnecessary for our analysis; we

uphold the constitutionality of the School Zone Act.

Assuming arguendo that the state legislature intended the Act to be an

enhancement statute, we concur with the state’s argument that such

enhancement statutes do not require explicit mens rea language. See John J.

Villaneuva v. Carlton, No. 03C01-9611-CR-00425 (Tenn. Crim. App. filed Oct. 3,

1997, at Knoxville)(The repealed habitual offender act, an analogous

enhancement provision, was not invalid for lack of a mens rea requirement.).

Conversely, if the legislature intended this act as a separate offense

statute, the absence of a specific mens rea requirement does not itself establish

a constitutional violation. Instead, by Tennessee statute, a criminal statute

lacking a specific mens rea impliedly requires at least a showing of recklessness

for a valid conviction. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-11-301(c). Therefore, even if

the School Zone Act is read as an offense statute, it is not constitutionally

deficient in its lack of an explicit mens rea requirement but rather is presumed to

require a showing of recklessness.1 

The defendant also argues that the “misconduct” on behalf of the states’

agents violated his due process rights. Specifically, he complains that the

officers impermissibly lured him into the school zone so that the resultant

penalties would be greater. As we interpret defendant’s certified question as

attacking only the facial constitutionality of the School Zone Act and not its

constitutionality as applied, we find that this issue falls outside the scope of

appeal. Further, we note that without any factual record, we, even if so inclined,

could not review this claim.
2

 The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution and both Article I, § 8

and Article XI, § 8 of the Tennessee Constitution provide for equal protection under the law.

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The defendant also asserts that the School Zone Act violates due process

because it is unconstitutionally vague. He argues that a person of reasonable

intelligence could not determine how to measure the distance between the

transaction locale and the school property, should they wish to distinguish a

violation of the Drug Control Act from a violation of the School Zone Act. We

disagree with the defendant’s conclusion. The statute puts a person on notice: 

If an offender commits certain violations of the Drug Control Act within 1,000 feet

of the school or of the school grounds, the offender faces harsher penalties. We

conclude that the reasonable reader would measure the enhanced penalty

region from the perimeter of the grounds of a school, consistent with the statute’s

clear and unambiguous language, and not from some central point within the

property. We concede that the defendant correctly states that a pedestrian,

intending to violate the Drug Control Act but not the School Zone Act, would face

some difficulty in measuring a location at least 1,001 feet from a school’s

property. However, that difficulty does not constitute a due process violation.

Equal Protection Clause

The defendant asserts that the School Zone Act violates equal protection2

because (1) the state agents lured the defendant to the locale; (2) the statute is

redundant; (3) the statute is under-inclusive; and (4) the statute is over-inclusive. 

The assertion regarding the state agents’ conduct is outside the scope of

this review. We do, however, respond to the defendant’s argument that the

agents orchestrated the sales and deliveries to occur “late at night, earlier in the

morning or when school was closed for the year, and thus no children were

present,” because that argument calls into question the intent and purpose of the

School Zone Act. These considerations are pertinent for further analysis
3

 “A violation of this section or a conspiracy to violate this section where the recipient or

the intended recipient of the controlled substance is under eighteen (18) years of age shall be

punished one (1) classification higher than provided in [preceding subsections of the Drug Control

Act].”

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regarding the defendant’s equal protection claim. The record contains no

evidence regarding the presence or absence of children in relation to the instant

drug transactions, but we disagree with the defendant’s suggestion that the

statute should be, as a constitutional matter, enforced only when children are

actually attending school during the regular school year. Children frequent

school grounds outside the traditional classroom hours. Playgrounds and

basketball courts provide year-round entertainment for children. Schools

facilities host various after-school clubs and activities. Further, many schools

conduct summer classes. Accordingly, the instruments of transactions and

subsequent use, such as needles and other paraphernalia, likely to be left at the

school grounds present hazards and distractions to students at all times. The

General Assembly articulated its intent to prescribe harsher penalties for drug

offenses in the vicinity of schools, deterring these “distractions and dangers . . .

incident to the occurrence of drug activity.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-17-432(a).

Next, the defendant argues that the School Zone Act is impermissibly

redundant with other restrictions against sales to minors. See Tenn. Code Ann.

§ 39-17-417(k).3 This argument is incorrect. Unlike other restrictions, the

legislative intent here is not simply the removal of children from drug sales and

use but rather the removal of drug sales and use from schools and school

children. We do not find this goal, when compared with the prior restrictions of

the Drug Control Act, unconstitutionally redundant.

The defendant also argues that the School Zone Act is under-inclusive to

the extent that it does not address playgrounds, parks, or other areas outside

school grounds frequented by children. This defect, the defendant argues,

renders the statute violative of equal protection. Standards of constitutional law
4

 These proscriptions are stated by the Eighth Amendment and apply to the states

throu gh the Fourtee nth A me ndm ent of the U nited State s Co nstitu tion and ar e also foun d in Article

1 § 13 of the Tennessee Constitution.

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provide that legislation reasonably related to a legitimate goal, even legislation

that falls short of addressing all sources of the proscribed problem, passes

constitutional muster. See United States v. Holland, 810 F.2d 1215, 1218-19

(D.C. Cir. 1987)(addressing a similar argument against the federal schoolyard

statute.).

The defendant also argues that the School Zone Act is over-inclusive. He

questions, for instance, the applicability of the School Zone Act to drug

transactions consummated by adults in homes falling within the statutorily

prescribed area. Therefore, he argues, the statute proscribes behavior outside

its goals. Again, however, we conclude that despite whatever incongruence the

defendant perceives, the statute is plainly rationally related to the legitimate

governmental purpose. See id. Even in defendant’s proffered hypothetical, the

concerns motivating the School Free Zone Act remain, and any drug traffic within

school zones, even by adults within homes, presents the same dangers and

distractions. The habiting of the general area by users and dealers, the potential

for violence and weapons, the threat of paraphernalia, and the daily proximity of

children to the dealers are concerns reasonably and rationally addressed by the

Act.

Cruel and unusual punishment

The defendant further asserts that the School Zone Act violates

constitutional proscriptions against cruel and unusual punishment.4

 He argues

that the Act allows for cruel and unusual punishment because it provides for a 15

year day-for-day prison sentence for each conviction, a sentence which in his

estimation is disproportionate. For argument, he compares this sentence to
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sentences for convictions of second degree murder, especially aggravated

kidnaping, and others.

We are not convinced by the defendant’s complaint or argument. As a

threshold matter, mandatory sentences for narcotics offenses are not per se

“cruel and unusual punishment.” State v. Hinsley, 627 S.W.2d 351, 355 (Tenn.

1982). As we review sentences and proportionality, our legislature receives

substantial judicial deference regarding its establishment of crimes and

punishments, and, excepting capital offense appeals, challenges against that

body’s authority are rarely successful. See State v. Harris, 844 S.W.2d 601, 602

(Tenn. 1982). On review, a finding of “gross disproportionality” between the

defendant’s offenses and his punishment is necessary for further scrutiny; we do

not find such disproportionality. See id. at 603.

The defendant also asserts that the Eighth Amendment’s prohibition

against cruel and unusual punishment is violated because the “statute does not

clearly address any evils that were not already addressed.” Our previous

discussion of the alleged redundancy of the School Zone Act in relation to the

Drug Control Act dispenses with this challenge. 

The defendant next asserts that the statute imposes cruel and unusual

punishment because the School Zone Act is overly broad in affecting others than

those corrupting minors through narcotics offenses. We disagree. Again, the

defendant construes the intent and purpose of the School Zone Act too

restrictively. The School Zone Act seeks to deter transactions that impose the

discussed risks in the defined areas and not merely to punish those selling to

children. Those violators selling to only adults within the defined premises

nevertheless contribute to these risks.
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Finally, the defendant asserts that the statute was applied in a “capricious,

luring, and a deliberate attempt to entrap drug seller/delivers [sic] under the

umbrella statute.” Even if this argument fell within the defendant’s certified

question of law, this court would be unable to review this claim. The defendant

presents no supporting facts or argumentation. 

CONCLUSION

We AFFIRM the trial court’s judgment.

_______________________________

JOHN EVERETT WILLIAMS, Judge

CONCUR:

____________________________

JOHN H. PEAY, Judge

____________________________

DAVID H. WELLES, Judge