United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit 

05-3347 

GAYLE J. SNYDER, 

Petitioner, 

v. 

OFFICE OF PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT, 

Respondent. 

Randall J. Andersen, Kay & Andersen, S.C., of Madison, Wisconsin, argued for 

petitioner. 

Thomas D. Dinackus, Attorney, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, 

United States Department of Justice, of Washington, DC, argued for respondent. With 

him on the brief were Peter D. Keisler, Assistant Attorney General, David M. Cohen, 

Director, and Bryant G. Snee, Assistant Director. Of counsel on the brief was Wade 

Plunkett, Attorney, Office of Personnel Management, of Washington, DC. 

Appealed from: United States Merit Systems Protection Board
United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit 

05-3347 

GAYLE J. SNYDER, 

 Petitioner, 

v. 

OFFICE OF PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT, 

 Respondent. 

__________________________ 

DECIDED: September 13, 2006 

 __________________________ 

Before RADER, Circuit Judge, PLAGER, Senior Circuit Judge, and PROST, Circuit 

Judge. 

Opinion for the court filed by Circuit Judge PROST. Concurring opinion filed by Senior 

Circuit Judge PLAGER. 

PROST, Circuit Judge. 

Gayle J. Snyder petitions for review of the final order of the Merit Systems 

Protection Board (“Board”). The Board affirmed the decision of the Office of Personnel 

Management (“OPM”) denying the petitioner’s claim for survivor annuity benefits under 

the Civil Service Retirement System (“CSRS”) as the former spouse of Robert L. Ruff. 

Snyder v. Office of Pers. Mgmt., No. CH0842040399-I-1 (M.S.P.B. July 27, 2005). We 

vacate and remand. 
BACKGROUND 

Gayle Snyder and Robert Ruff divorced in 1993 after over thirty years of 

marriage. The Wisconsin divorce court entered an order entitled “Addendum to Marital 

Settlement Agreement for Qualified Domestic Relations Order-Federal (CSRS) Plan” 

(“Court Order”). The Court Order was submitted to OPM which notified Snyder that the 

order was suitable for processing and would provide her with (1) an apportionment 

benefit payable on Ruff’s retirement, and (2) a survivor annuity payable upon his death. 

Ruff was an employee of both federal and state governments during the entire 

marriage. Several years after the divorce, in July 2001, he retired from federal 

government service. Although OPM had previously notified Snyder that the Court Order 

was sufficient to provide her with a survivor annuity, it changed its determination. 

Between 2001 and 2004, Snyder and OPM exchanged several letters in which OPM 

made various determinations about the order’s suitability. Finally, in a letter she 

received March 15, 2004, OPM stated that the order did not comply with OPM’s 

regulations for the awarding of a former spouse survivor annuity. Snyder appealed 

OPM’s finding to the Board. 

While Ruff lives, the Court Order provides no payments to Snyder prior to Ruff’s 

retirement. After his retirement, the Court Order provides Snyder with 43.11% of the 

actuarial equivalent value of Ruff’s pension benefit which accrued during the period of 

their marriage. 

In providing for Snyder after Ruff’s death, the Court Order contains the following 

provision: 

VI. DEATH OF PARTICIPANT AND SURVIVOR BENEFITS -

PROVISIONS FOR TREATMENT OF FORMER SPOUSE OF 

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PARTICIPANT AS SURVIVING SPOUSE OF PARTICIPANT FOR 

PURPOSES OF PRE-RETIREMENT SURVIVING SPOUSE PENSION 

BENEFIT, (AND/OR) OTHER SURVIVOR BENEFITS. 

The assignment of benefits to the Alternate Payee shall not be reduced, 

abated or terminated as a result of the death of the participant. Pursuant 

to Section 414(p) (5) of the Code, the former spouse of the Participant, 

namely Gayle S. Ruff, shall be treated as the surviving spouse of the 

Participant for purposes of Pre-retirement Survivor benefits accrued during 

the period described in Section II C about [sic] 4 in accordance with 

Sections 401(a) (ii) and 417 of the Code. 

Snyder argued to the Board that this provision provides her with a post-retirement 

survivor annuity. 

The Board’s administrative judge found that “[t]he only permissible interpretation 

of the agreement is . . . that Appellant is to be treated as surviving spouse only for Preretirement survivor benefits.” Snyder v. Office of Pers. Mgmt., No. CH0842040399-I-1, 

slip op. at 4 (M.S.P.B. Sept. 7, 2004). The administrative judge rejected Snyder’s 

argument that the first sentence of Section VI must provide for post-retirement survivor 

benefits. Rather, he found that it meant that “any Pre-retirement lump sum payment 

shall not be reduced, abated or terminated as a result of the death of the Participant.” 

Id., slip op. at 5. 

The administrative judge also noted that Snyder argued that it was the parties’ 

intent to provide her with a lifetime benefit, but held that because the Court Order is 

clear and unambiguous on its face, the use of parol evidence would be inappropriate. 

Id. Nevertheless, the administrative judge noted that Ruff’s testimony was credible and 

consistent with his interpretation of the order. Id. 

The administrative judge’s initial decision became the final decision of the Board 

after the Board denied the petition for review. This appeal followed. We have 

jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(9). 

05-3347 3
DISCUSSION 

Board decisions may be set of aside if they are “(1) arbitrary, capricious, an 

abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with the law; (2) obtained without 

procedures required by law, rule, or regulation having been followed; or (3) unsupported 

by substantial evidence . . . .” 5 U.S.C. § 7703(c) (2000). 

Within the CSRS, a post-retirement survivor annuity provides the survivors of an 

employee with recurring payments. A former spouse may participate as a survivor to an 

employee’s survivor annuity pursuant to statute: 

a former spouse of a deceased employee . . . is entitled to a survivor 

annuity . . . if and to the extent expressly provided for . . . in terms of any 

decree of divorce or annulment or any court order or court-approved 

property settlement agreement incident to such decree. 

5 U.S.C. § 8341(h)(1) (2000) (emphasis added). OPM’s regulations provide further 

guidance regarding how a survivor annuity must be described in a court order in order 

to properly provide the former spouse with a survivor annuity. 5 C.F.R. §§ 838.801-807. 

On appeal, Snyder argues, as she did to the Board, that Section VI of the Court 

Order entered at her divorce provides her with a post-retirement survivor annuity. She 

asserts that the Board erred in its determination that the first sentence of the section 

provided only a pre-retirement benefit. Rather, she argues that the intent of the parties 

and the clear language of the agreement evince the meaning of the order—to provide 

her with a lifetime benefit. She argues that the administrative judge erred in permitting 

Ruff’s testimony regarding the intent of the agreement while excluding hers. She also 

argues that because OPM waited until after her former spouse’s retirement to rescind its 

initial decision, it should be estopped from doing so. 

A. 

05-3347 4
First, we address the administrative judge’s finding regarding the meaning of 

Section VI of the Court Order. Snyder concedes that the second sentence of Section VI 

means only that she will be treated as the survivor for purposes of a pre-retirement 

survivor benefit. However, she disagrees with the administrative judge’s finding that the 

first sentence of the section also refers to a pre-retirement survivor benefit. The first 

sentence states, “The assignment of benefits to the Alternate Payee shall not be 

reduced, abated or terminated as a result of the death of the participant.” Since the only 

benefits to which she was entitled under the agreement were a portion of Ruff’s 

pension, Snyder argues that this was the benefit that should not be reduced as a result 

of his death. Snyder also states that the administrative judge may have reached an 

erroneous conclusion based on a finding that Snyder’s benefits would necessarily 

decrease if they were converted from being a portion of Ruff’s pension to a postretirement survivor annuity. She states that this was erroneous because a postretirement survivor annuity is not necessarily less than her apportionment of Ruff’s 

pension. 

OPM agrees with Snyder that the administrative judge erred in finding that the 

first sentence of Section VI refers to a pre-retirement survivor benefit. Agreeing with 

Snyder’s contentions, OPM states, “[i]t would make no sense to state that survivor 

benefits cannot be reduced or terminated by the very event that would trigger 

entitlement to those benefits.” Therefore, OPM agrees with Snyder that “the first 

sentence of Section VI must address benefits that Snyder was already receiving at the 

time of Mr. Ruff’s death.” That is, the first sentence must be referring to the “portion of 

05-3347 5
Mr. Ruff’s retirement benefits [Snyder would be receiving post-retirement] pursuant to 

Section II.C . . . .” 

OPM therefore repudiates the administrative judge’s analysis and both parties 

agree that the administrative judge erred in his rationale for finding that the first 

sentence of Section VI did not provide for a post-retirement survivor annuity. We 

therefore proceed to the alternative basis that OPM presents on appeal as to why the 

first sentence of Section VI is deficient to provide the benefit. 

B. 

OPM argues that Section VI of the Court Order is deficient for purposes of 

providing Snyder with a post-retirement survivor annuity because it does not satisfy 5 

C.F.R. § 838.803(b). The regulation cited by OPM contains two requirements: 

Any court order that provides [1] that the former spouse’s portion of the 

employee annuity shall continue after the death of the employee or retiree, 

by using language such as “will continue to receive benefits after the 

death of” the employee, that the former spouse “will continue to receive 

benefits for his (or her) lifetime,” or “that benefits will continue after the 

death of” the employee, but does not [2] use terms such as “survivor 

annuity,” “death benefits,” “former spouse annuity,” or similar terms is not 

a court order acceptable for processing. 

5 C.F.R. § 838.803(b) (2006). 

Here, Section VI of the Court Order includes the sentence, “The assignment of 

benefits to the Alternate Payee shall not be reduced, abated or terminated as a result of 

the death of the participant.” OPM states that this language is “equivalent to the 

insufficient language described in the first part of [the OPM regulation],” so that the 

second condition must be met in order for the clause to be sufficient under the 

regulation. But, OPM argues, the second condition of its regulation is not met—that is, 

05-3347 6
the court order does not “use terms such as ‘survivor annuity,’ ‘death benefits,’ ‘former 

spouse annuity,’ or similar terms.” 5 C.F.R. § 838.803(b) (2006). 

Snyder responds that several sections of the Court Order refer to a survivor 

annuity. First, the title of Section VI states that the section covers “PRE-RETIREMENT 

SURVIVING SPOUSE PENSION BENEFIT, (AND/OR) OTHER SURVIVOR 

BENEFITS.” The regulation permits use of the term “death benefits” to satisfy its 

second requirement and the court order uses the term “survivor benefits” in the title to 

the very section which meets the first prong of the regulation’s test. The government 

does not argue that the language “other survivor benefits” is not sufficient to satisfy the 

regulation’s second condition. Rather, during oral argument, OPM argued solely that 

this section’s reference to “OTHER SURVIVOR BENEFITS” did not meet the 

requirements of the regulation because it is preceded by the conjunctive term “and/or.” 

It argued that if benefits other than pre-retirement benefits were expressly intended in 

the title, the title would not have used the term “and/or.” This court cannot agree that a 

reference to “survivor benefits” that would otherwise satisfy the OPM regulation 

becomes insufficient because it is preceded by the term “and/or.”1

 We therefore turn to 

this court’s precedent as to the requirements for “expressly providing” for a survivor 

annuity. 

C. 

This court has previously discussed the requirements of how a court order must 

expressly provide for the award of a survivor annuity as required by 5 U.S.C. 

 1 Furthermore, we see no problem with the “and/or” language. The title may 

provide for pre-retirement “and” post-retirement benefits. However, obviously, Snyder 

would only actually receive pre-retirement “or” post-retirement survivor benefits. 

05-3347 7
§ 8341(h)(1). When words such as “CSRS survivor annuity” are used, obviously, a 

court order will provide for the benefit. However, such “‘magic words’ are not required 

to assign a CSRS survivor annuity in favor of a former spouse.” Fox v. Office of Pers. 

Mgmt., 100 F.3d 141, 146 (Fed. Cir. 1996). When the magic words are not used, Fox

provides the analysis a tribunal must undertake to determine whether a court order 

provides for the survivor benefit. Id.

Specifically, to determine that a court order without any magic words does 

provide the survivor annuity benefit, the tribunal must first determine whether the order 

contains a pertinent clause regarding a survivor annuity. Id. If so, then it must inquire 

whether the operative terms in that clause can “fairly be read as awarding” the annuity. 

Id. If so, then it must “examine any evidence introduced concerning the marriage 

parties’ intent and the circumstances surrounding the execution of the document” to 

interpret the clause. Id. If the evidence only dictates that the “clause refers to a CSRS 

survivor annuity—then it is legal error to conclude that the document has not ‘expressly 

provided for’ the award of a survivor annuity” as required by 5 U.S.C. § 8341(h)(1). Id.

Here, there is no dispute that Section VI of the Court Order is a pertinent clause 

which can fairly be read as providing for a post-retirement survivor annuity. Indeed, the 

government concedes that the first sentence can only be read to mean that Snyder’s 

post-retirement benefits would not be reduced due to Ruff’s death. This is clearly 

contemplated by resort to a post-retirement survivor annuity. Under Fox, the Board is 

thus required to examine evidence, to the extent such evidence exists, to determine 

whether it dictates another possible meaning for the clause. 

05-3347 8
CONCLUSION 

Because the first sentence of Section VI of the Court Order can fairly be read to 

refer to a post-retirement survivor annuity, we vacate the Board’s decision and remand 

for a determination of the meaning of the clause. 

VACATE AND REMAND. 

05-3347 9
United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit 

05-3347 

GAYLE J. SNYDER,

 Petitioner, 

v. 

OFFICE OF PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT, 

 Respondent. 

PLAGER, Senior Circuit Judge, concurring. 

I concur in the decision to remand this case to the Board for further 

consideration, as that at least is a first step to correcting what I perceive to be an 

egregious error by the Government. I would have gone further and decided the case in 

Ms. Snyder’s favor without a remand. 

In the first place, I think the Wisconsin court order, filed with OPM in 1993, can 

be read as it obviously was intended—to grant Ms. Snyder, in addition to a percentage 

of her ex-husband’s retirement allocation, two types of death benefits: a relatively 

insignificant benefit (the lump sum) should her ex-spouse predecease her before he 

retires, and a lifetime benefit should her ex-spouse predecease her after he retires 

(when her share of his retirement allocation would terminate as a result of his death). 

The two-part heading and the two distinctive sentences contained in paragraph VI of the 

court order can readily be understood to so provide. And indeed that is the way the 

Government expressly read the order for the eight years between its filing with OPM 
and the ex-husband’s retirement from federal service in 2001. The Government’s

argument in this court, that the only death benefit the Wisconsin court order was 

intended to grant her was the de minimis lump sum benefit if he died between the 

divorce and retirement, is wholly unpersuasive and indeed, in light of the record before 

us, borders on the frivolous. 

That record shows that OPM advised Ms. Snyder in writing in 1994 that the court

order was acceptable under its regulations for former spouse benefits, and that

“[b]enefits are not payable until the employee separates from the Federal service and 

applies for benefits.” Though this letter did not specifically address the lifetime benefit

following the employee’s death, it clearly did not consider a pre-retirement death benefit 

to be the only survivor benefit available. Furthermore, in a subsequent letter that same 

year, intended to be a “clarification of the benefits awarded to you by the court,” Ms. 

Snyder was advised that “the court awarded you two types of benefits—apportionment 

and survivor annuity. . . . In survivor annuity, the benefit become [sic] payable after day

after [sic] Mr. Ruff’s death.” This letter left little doubt about OPM’s understanding that 

the court order included a survivor benefit applicable after the ex-husband’s death. 

That understanding was confirmed in August 2001, now seven years after the 

earlier letters, and following the ex-husband’s (Mr. Ruff’s) retirement from federal 

service that July. At that time OPM wrote a letter to Ms. Snyder stating that OPM “will 

honor a court order we have received awarding you a survivor annuity as the former 

spouse of Robert L. Ruff.” Since her ex-husband was now retired, that letter could only 

refer to the post-retirement lifetime survivor annuity and not the pre-retirement lumpsum benefit. This letter was followed a week later with another letter. This second 

05-3347 2
letter acknowledged Ms. Ruff’s application for her apportioned share of Mr. Ruff’s 

current retirement allocation, and specifically reconfirmed her entitlement to the survivor 

annuity as well. 

Suddenly, within weeks of these two letters, OPM advised Ms. Snyder that, 

based on a new reading of the language of the court order, “we have determined that 

your [sic] are not entitled to a former spouse survivor annuity.” Adding insult to injury, 

because Mr. Ruff had now retired it was the case that, pursuant to OPM regulations,

Ms. Snyder was barred from obtaining any correction to or amendment of the original 

Wisconsin court order. 

For policy reasons, estoppel against the United States Government generally 

requires something more than the circumstances which would support estoppel against

a private party. See Heckler v. Cmty. Health Servs., 467 U.S. 51, 60 (1984). Although 

the Supreme Court has not been precise as to what it is, ‘something more’ has been 

described by this court as “some form of affirmative misconduct.” Zacharin v. United 

States, 213 F.3d 1366, 1371 (Fed. Cir. 2000); see also United Pac. Ins. Co. v. Roche, 

401 F.3d 1362, 1366 (Fed. Cir. 2005).1

 In Zacharin, finding no affirmative misconduct

by the Government, we noted that “[t]here is no evidence that any representative of the 

government gave Mr. Zacharin incorrect legal advice . . . , [and] there is no evidence

that [government representatives] made any misrepresentations to Mr. Zacharin with 

regard to [the contract in dispute].” 213 F.3d at 1371. 

 1 Further, an estoppel against the Government cannot result in the payment 

of money not otherwise provided for by law, an issue not relevant here since survivor 

annuities are specifically authorized. See Office of Pers. Mgmt. v. Richmond, 496 U.S.

414, 423-24 (1990). 

05-3347 3
In the case before us, the record is replete with legal representations by 

government representatives with regard to the scope and meaning of the Wisconsin 

court order. For more than seven years, until after no correction was possible, OPM 

represented that Ms. Snyder was entitled to a post-retirement survivor benefit; only then 

did OPM without warning rescind its previous assurances that the Wisconsin court order 

was in full compliance. These representations when first issued and later confirmed 

were either correct, and their subsequent rescission was in error, or they were clear 

misrepresentations on their face. 

The statute of limitations for many civil wrongs is three years, and even civil 

actions involving the Government itself are barred after six years. Basic fairness 

dictates that the Government, after giving repeated assurances that all is well, cannot

wait years, until after no remedy is possible, before suddenly perceiving a documentary 

glitch that could have been seen, and corrected, anytime during those years. 

At a minimum the Government owes Ms. Snyder the value of the opportunity

costs foregone during those eight years when she could have been making other

arrangements for her well-being should Mr. Ruff predecease her. The simplest 

measure of those opportunity costs is the survivor annuity the Government had already

promised. On the egregious facts of this case, I would estop OPM from decreeing that

the court order is somehow deficient, and I would mandate that Ms. Snyder is entitled to

the survivor benefit ordered by the Wisconsin court and originally promised by OPM. 

05-3347 4