[Cite as Hedeen v. Autos Direct Online, Inc., 2014-Ohio-4200.]

Court of Appeals of Ohio

 EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT 

 COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA 

 JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION

 No. 100582 

TAMARA HEDEEN 

PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT 

vs.

AUTOS DIRECT ONLINE, INC.

DEFENDANT-APPELLEE 

JUDGMENT:

 AFFIRMED IN PART; REVERSED IN PART 

 AND REMANDED

Civil Appeal from the 

Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas 

Case No. CV-13-799060 

BEFORE: Kilbane, J., Boyle, A.J., and Jones, J. 

RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: September 25, 2014 
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT

Ronald L. Burdge 

Elizabeth A. Wells 

Burdge Law Office 

2299 Miamisburg-Centerville Road 

Dayton, Ohio 45459-3817 

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE

David A. Corrado 

Law Offices of David A. Corrado 

Skylight Office Tower 

1660 West 2nd Street, Suite 410 

Cleveland, Ohio 44113-1454 
MARY EILEEN KILBANE, J.: 

{¶1} Plaintiff-appellant, Tamara Hedeen (“Hedeen”), appeals from the trial 

court’s decision granting the motion to stay proceedings pending arbitration filed by 

defendant-appellee, Autos Direct Online, Inc. (“ADO”). For the reasons set forth below, 

we affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand. 

{¶2} In January 2013, Hedeen filed a complaint against ADO alleging causes of 

action for breach of contract, violations of the Motor Vehicle Sales Rule and the Ohio 

Consumer Sales Practices Act, and fraud and deceit. In her complaint, Hedeen alleges 

that on November 13, 2012, she purchased a used 2011 Mercedes-Benz online from ADO 

for $28,000. She alleges that prior to purchasing the vehicle, her ADO salesman, Dan 

Caldwell (“Caldwell”), represented to her that the vehicle had not been in an accident, 

and that the vehicle came with the remainder of the manufacturer’s warranty. After 

purchasing the online vehicle, Hedeen discovered that the 2011 Mercedes-Benz was in an 

accident, where it sustained substantial damage.1

{¶3} Pursuant to a stipulated leave to plead, ADO answered Hedeen’s complaint in 

March 2013. In its answer, ADO raised the affirmative defense that Hedeen’s claims 

were subject to the arbitration agreement in the purchase agreement. ADO moved to 

stay the proceedings pending arbitration in June 2013. ADO attached a copy of the 

arbitration agreement, which states that: “[b]y agreeing to arbitrate, you and we give up 

 1

In the affidavit Hedeen attached to her brief in opposition to ADO’s motion to stay 

proceedings, she states that the vehicle sustained over $20,000 in damage and over $7,000 of the 

damage had never been repaired.
some rights including the right to go to court and the right to a jury trial.” The 

agreement is dated November 12, 2012, and has signatures for Hedeen and Caldwell. 

ADO also attached an “Acknowledgment Concerning Vehicle’s History,” which indicates 

that Hedeen initialed the following four paragraphs stating: 

a.) I have had an adequate and full opportunity to inspect the vehicle 

myself, and to have a third party or mechanic of my choice make the 

inspection for me. 

b.) I have had an adequate and full opportunity to request from [ADO] and 

other sources all information about the vehicle’s history, and all other 

information that I need to determine whether I wish to purchase the vehicle. 

 

c.) [ADO] and others from whom I have requested information, have 

furnished all information that I requested to my satisfaction, and I have 

reviewed and considered such information. 

d.) No one from [ADO] has made any oral representations, warranties, or 

statements to me that the vehicle has never been in an accident, or that the 

vehicle has never experienced any prior damage. 

{¶4} In response, Heeden filed a brief in opposition, in which she argued that 

ADO waived its right to arbitrate; ADO failed to authenticate the documents attached to 

its motion to stay; the arbitration clause is unconscionable; the arbitration clause is 

illusory; and the arbitration clause is contrary to public policy. In October 2013, the trial 

court granted ADO’s motion to stay proceedings pending arbitration. 

{¶5} It is from this judgment that Hedeen appeals, raising the following single 

assignment of error for review. 

Assignment of Error
The trial court abused its discretion when it granted [ADO’s] motion to stay 

pending arbitration. 

{¶6} In her sole assignment of error, Hedeen raises the following five issues: 

(1) whether ADO waived its right to arbitrate; (2) whether ADO failed to authenticate the 

documents attached to its motion to stay; (3) whether the arbitration clause is 

unconscionable; (4) whether the “loser pay” provision in the arbitration clause is 

illusory; and (5) whether the arbitration clause is contrary to public policy. 

Ohio Arbitration Act

{¶7} Ohio public policy favors enforcement of arbitration provisions. Arbitration 

is encouraged as a method of dispute resolution and a presumption favoring arbitration 

arises when the claim in dispute falls within the arbitration provision. Williams v. Aetna 

Fin. Co., 83 Ohio St.3d 464, 471, 1998-Ohio-294, 700 N.E.2d 859. Ohio’s policy of 

encouraging arbitration has been declared by the legislature through the Ohio Arbitration 

Act, R.C. Chapter 2711. Goodwin v. Ganley, Inc., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 89732, 

2007-Ohio-6327, ¶ 8. 

{¶8} R.C. 2711.01(A) provides that an arbitration agreement in a written contract 

“shall be valid, irrevocable, and enforceable, except upon grounds that exist in law or 

equity for the revocation of any contract.” Ohio law directs trial courts to grant a stay of 

litigation in favor of arbitration pursuant to a written arbitration agreement on application 

of one of the parties, in accordance with R.C. 2711.02(B), which provides: 

If any action is brought upon any issue referable to arbitration under an 

agreement in writing for arbitration, the court in which the action is 

pending, upon being satisfied that the issue involved in the action is 
referable to arbitration under an agreement in writing for arbitration, shall 

on application of one of the parties stay the trial of the action until the 

arbitration of the issue has been had in accordance with the agreement, 

provided the applicant for the stay is not in default in proceeding with 

arbitration. 

Standard of Review

{¶9} The appropriate standard of review depends on “the type of questions raised 

challenging the applicability of the arbitration provision.” McCaskey v. Sanford-Brown 

College, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 97261, 2012-Ohio-1543, ¶ 7. Generally, an abuse of 

discretion standard applies in circumstances, such as a determination that a party has 

waived its right to arbitrate a given dispute. Id., citing Milling Away, L.L.C. v. UGP 

Properties, L.L.C., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 95751, 2011-Ohio-1103. However, the issue 

of whether a party has agreed to submit an issue to arbitration or questions of 

unconscionability are reviewed under a de novo standard of review. Id. at ¶ 7-8, citing 

Shumaker v. Saks Inc., 163 Ohio App.3d 173, 2005-Ohio-4391, 837 N.E.2d 393 (8th 

Dist.) and Taylor Bldg. Corp. Of Am. v. Benfield, 117 Ohio St.3d 352, 2008-Ohio-938, 

884 N.E.2d 12. Under a de novo standard of review, we give no deference to a trial 

court’s decision. Brownlee v. Cleveland Clinic Found., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 97707, 

2012-Ohio-2212, ¶ 9, citing Akron v. Frazier, 142 Ohio App.3d 718, 721, 756 N.E.2d 

1258 (9th Dist.2001). 

{¶10} In the instant case, Hedeen raises questions challenging waiver, whether she 

agreed to arbitration, and the unconscionability of the arbitration agreement. Therefore, 
we review the waiver issue for an abuse of discretion and the unconscionability issue de 

novo standard of review. 

Waiver of Right to Arbitrate

{¶11} Hedeen first argues that ADO waived its right to arbitrate because it 

participated in discovery and pretrial hearings and waited five months to file its motion to 

stay. 

{¶12} We note that to prove the defending party waived its right to arbitration, the 

complainant is required to demonstrate that the defending party knew of an existing right 

to arbitration and acted inconsistently with that right to arbitrate. Phillips v. Lee Homes, 

Inc., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 64353, 1994 Ohio App. LEXIS 596, *8 (Feb. 17, 1994). 

“The essential question is whether, based on the totality of the circumstances, the party 

seeking arbitration has acted inconsistently with the right to arbitrate.” Id.

{¶13} In Phillips, this court has set forth a list of factors to consider whether a 

party has acted inconsistently with the right to arbitrate: (1) any delay in the requesting 

party’s demand to arbitrate via a motion to stay the judicial proceeding and an order 

compelling arbitration; (2) the extent of the requesting party’s participation in the 

litigation prior to its filing a motion to stay the judicial proceeding, including a 

determination of the status of discovery, dispositive motions, and the trial date; (3) 

whether the requesting party invoked the jurisdiction of the court by filing a counterclaim 

or third-party complaint without asking for a stay of the proceedings; and (4) whether the 
nonrequesting party has been prejudiced by the requesting party’s inconsistent acts. Id. 

at *12. 

{¶14} In the instant case, a review of the record reveals that ADO answered 

Hedeen’s complaint on March 19, 2013, after Hedeen stipulated to ADO’s leave to plead. 

 In its answer, ADO asserted the affirmative defense of its right to arbitration under the 

agreement. Although ADO appeared for a pretrial on April 24, 2013, appeared for a 

telephone status conference on May 2, 2013, and responded to Hedeen’s request for 

admissions on May 13, 2013, it moved to stay the proceedings pending arbitration on 

June 10, 2013 — only two-and-a-half months after it answered Hedeen’s complaint. 

Based on the totality of these circumstances, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in 

finding that ADO did not waive its right to arbitrate. Therefore, Hedeen’s first issue 

lacks merit. 

Authenticated Evidentiary Material

{¶15} In her second issue, Hedeen, relying on McGuinea v. Ganley Nissan, Inc., 

8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 86050, 2005-Ohio-6239, argues that ADO’s motion to stay 

pending arbitration should have been denied because ADO failed to attach any 

authenticated evidentiary material in support of its motion. We find McGuinea to be 

distinguishable from the instant case. 

{¶16} In McGuinea, this court upheld a trial court’s decision denying the 

defendant’s motion to stay the proceedings pending arbitration because the defendant 

failed to submit a properly authenticated copy of the contract and arbitration clause with 
its motion to stay. Id. at ¶ 15. The plaintiff bought a vehicle from the defendant that 

began to malfunction soon after plaintiff purchased the vehicle. Id. at ¶ 2. The 

plaintiff then filed a complaint against the defendant. Id. at ¶ 3. The defendant filed a 

motion to stay the proceedings, which plaintiff opposed. Id. at ¶ 4. The trial court 

denied defendant’s motion to stay for failure to authenticate exhibit No. 1 (“exhibit”) 

attached to the motion. Id. 

{¶17} In the affidavit attached to plaintiff’s brief in opposition to defendant’s 

motion to stay, plaintiff verified that she signed an agreement and that the agreement was 

entitled “Motor Vehicle Purchase Contract.” The plaintiff did not state, however, that 

the exhibit attached to defendant’s motion to stay was a copy of the exact form that she 

signed. Instead, in order to authenticate the exhibit, defendant needed to present an 

affidavit that verified that the exhibit was in fact the exact contract agreed upon by the 

parties. Id. at ¶ 22. This court found that the trial court was left with no choice but to 

deny defendant’s motion to stay the proceedings because defendant failed to produce an 

authenticated copy of the contract upon which their motion was based. Id. at ¶ 15. 

{¶18} As stated above, R.C. 2711.02(B) provides: 

If any action is brought upon any issue referable to arbitration under an 

agreement in writing for arbitration, the court in which the action is 

pending, upon being satisfied that the issue involved in the action is 

referable to arbitration under an agreement in writing for arbitration, shall 

on application of one of the parties stay the trial of the action until the 

arbitration of the issue has been had in accordance with the agreement, 

provided the applicant for the stay is not in default in proceeding with 

arbitration. 
This statute requires a trial court, “upon being satisfied that the issue involved in the 

action is referable to arbitration under an agreement in writing for arbitration,” to stay the 

proceedings pending arbitration. Id.

{¶19} In McGuinea, the trial court was not convinced that the issue involved in 

that case was referable to arbitration. On appeal, this court upheld the trial court’s 

decision to deny defendant’s motion to stay for failure to authenticate. This court 

affirmed the trial court’s evidentiary decision, noting that under Evid.R. 104, “a trial court 

has the sole discretion to determine the admissibility of evidence.” McGuinea at ¶ 13. 

{¶20} In reaching this decision in McGuinea, this court relied on another Eighth 

District decision, ARCS, Inc. v. Blue Cross & Blue Shield of MN, 131 Ohio App.3d 450, 

722 N.E.2d 1040 (8th Dist.1998). McGuinea at ¶ 14. In ARCS, like McGuinea, this 

court upheld the trial court’s decision to deny the defendants’ motion to stay pending 

arbitration because the defendants failed to include an authenticated copy of the contract 

with the motion to stay. Id. at 458. The complaint in ARCS specifically referenced an 

agreement. Id. at 457. The complaint further alleged that the agreement was an oral 

agreement between the parties. Id. ARCS held that 

while defendants-appellants have attached excerpts of purported contracts 

between the relevant parties containing the written arbitration agreements, 

these documents do not rise to the level of authenticated evidence necessary 

to compel arbitration. At the very least, defendants-appellants must 

produce authenticated copies of the entire contract upon which their motion 

to compel arbitration was based in order to provide the trial court with 

sufficient evidence of the existence of a written agreement to arbitrate the 

disputed claims. Without such evidence, the trial court was left with no 

alternative but to deny defendants-appellants’ motion and proceed with 

litigation. 
Id. 

{¶21} The ARCS case involved several parties on each side, as well as a 

complicated factual history. In affirming the trial court’s decision, this court noted that 

the plaintiffs alleged that they had entered into an oral agreement with the defendants, 

which did not contain an arbitration agreement. Based on those facts, the trial court’s 

decision was upheld because this court agreed that the defendants did not establish that 

plaintiffs had agreed to arbitrate the matter at all. Id. at 457-458. Therefore, ARCS is 

also not applicable to the facts in the instant case. 

{¶22} Moreover, in Hedeen’s opposition brief to ADO’s motion to stay, she 

basically admits that she signed the arbitration agreement attached to ADO’s motion to 

stay. She asserts that when she received the purchase contract from ADO via email, she 

“later found out that there was an arbitration clause in the stack of documents that [ADO] 

salesman Dan Caldwell emailed to her.” She asserts several issues with receiving the 

arbitration agreement, including her arguments that she was never told anything about 

arbitration “before or when she signed the sales documents that [Caldwell] emailed 

[her],” and that she was never given a copy of the arbitration rules. She further asserts 

that “if she had known about the arbitration clause and what it meant, she would not have 

purchased the vehicle.” However, Hedeen never stated the signature on the arbitration 

agreement was not hers. Additionally, she never asserted that she did not sign the 

arbitration agreement, nor did she raise any issues with the trial court regarding the 

authenticity of the arbitration agreement attached to ADO’s motion to stay. 
{¶23} In the affidavit Hedeen attached to her opposition brief, she also admits that 

she received the arbitration agreement, in a “stack of documents” that Caldwell emailed 

to her. She stated that when she signed all of these “sales documents,” no one told her 

that by signing them, she was agreeing that arbitration would be final and binding; no one 

told her that by signing them, she was “waiving her constitutional right to a jury trial”; no 

one told her that by signing, she could not bring claims against ADO in court; and no one 

explained to her that she had to resolve disputes through arbitration. However, she does 

not state in her affidavit that she did not sign the arbitration agreement or claim that the 

signature was not hers. 

{¶24} Based on the facts of the instant case, we find no abuse of discretion. The 

record establishes that Hedeen never denied that she signed the arbitration agreement. 

In accepting the documents, the trial court, in its discretion, considered these facts as well. 

 Therefore, we find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in accepting the 

unauthenticated documents attached to ADO’s motion to stay. Accordingly, Hedeen’s 

second argument lacks merit. 

Unconscionability

{¶25} In her third issue, Hedeen argues the arbitration agreement is procedurally 

and substantively unconscionable. Hedeen contends that after she discovered that the 

vehicle had been damaged in an accident, she found out that there was an arbitration 

clause in the stack of documents that ADO emailed to her. She further contends that her 

ADO salesperson never mentioned the arbitration agreement to her or explained it to her. 
 She claims that she did not realize that she was giving up her rights to a jury trial. She 

further claims that had she known about the arbitration clause and what it meant, she 

would not have purchased the vehicle. 

{¶26} We note that an arbitration provision may be held unenforceable on grounds 

that exist at law or in equity for the revocation of any contract. Hayes v. Oakridge 

Home, 122 Ohio St.3d 63, 2009-Ohio-2054, 908 N.E.2d 408, ¶ 15. Unconscionability is 

such a reason. Id. at ¶ 19. 

{¶27} In Taylor, 117 Ohio St.3d 352, 2008-Ohio-938, 884 N.E.2d 12, ¶ 33, the 

Ohio Supreme Court explained: 

Unconscionability includes both “‘an absence of meaningful choice on the 

part of one of the parties together with contract terms which are 

unreasonably favorable to the other party.’” Lake Ridge Academy v. 

Carney, 66 Ohio St.3d 376, 383, 613 N.E.2d 183 (1993), quoting Williams 

v. Walker-Thomas Furniture Co. (D.C.Cir.1965), 350 F.2d 445, 449; see 

also Collins v. Click Camera & Video, Inc., 86 Ohio App.3d 826, 834, 621 

N.E.2d 1294 (1993). The party asserting unconscionability of a contract 

bears the burden of proving that the agreement is both procedurally and 

substantively unconscionable. See generally Ball v. Ohio State Home 

Servs., Inc., 168 Ohio App.3d 622, 2006-Ohio-4464, 861 N.E.2d 553, ¶ 6; 

see also Click Camera, 86 Ohio App.3d at 834, 621 N.E.2d 1294, citing 

White & Summers, Uniform Commercial Code (1988) 219, Section 4-7 

(“One must allege and prove a ‘quantum’ of both prongs in order to 

establish that a particular contract is unconscionable”). 

{¶28} Procedural unconscionability involves the circumstances surrounding the 

execution of the contract between the two parties and occurs where no voluntary meeting 

of the minds was possible. Id. In determining procedural unconscionability, a court 

should consider factors bearing on the relative bargaining position of the contracting 

parties — including age, education, intelligence, business acumen, experience in similar 
transactions, whether the terms were explained to the weaker party, and who drafted the 

contract. McCaskey, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 97261, 2012-Ohio-1543, ¶ 24, quoting 

Taylor at ¶ 44. 

{¶29} Additionally, the court should consider whether the party who claims that 

the terms of a contract are unconscionable was represented by counsel at the time the 

contract was executed. Eagle v. Fred Martin Motor Co., 157 Ohio App.3d 150, 

2004-Ohio-829, 809 N.E.2d 1161, ¶ 31 (9th Dist.), citing Bushman v. MFC Drilling, Inc., 

9th Dist. Medina No. 2403-M, 1995 Ohio App. LEXIS 3061 (July 19, 1995). “The 

crucial question is whether ‘each party to the contract, considering his obvious education 

or lack of it, [had] a reasonable opportunity to understand the terms of the contract, or 

were the important terms hidden in a maze of fine print * * *?’” Lake Ridge Academy, 

66 Ohio St.3d 376, 383, 613 N.E.2d 183, quoting Walker-Thomas Furniture Co. at 449. 

See also Blackburn v. Ronald Kluchin Architects, Inc., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 89203, 

2007-Ohio-6647, ¶ 29. 

{¶30} Substantive unconscionability goes to the specific terms of the contract. 

McCaskey at ¶ 30. When considering substantive unconscionability, the court should 

observe whether the terms of the contract are commercially reasonable. Id., see also

Eagle at ¶ 31. We note that no generally accepted list of factors has been developed for 

this category of unconscionability because the determination of commercial 

reasonableness varies with the content of the contract terms at issue in any given case. 

“However, courts examining whether a particular * * * clause is substantively 
unconscionable have considered the following factors: the fairness of the terms, the 

charge for the service rendered, the standard in the industry, and the ability to accurately 

predict the extent of future liability.” Click Camera, 86 Ohio App.3d at 834, 621 N.E.2d 

1294. 

{¶31} With respect to procedural unconscionability, Hedeen asserts the 

following arguments: (1) the ADO salesperson had “far superior business experience” 

in selling cars than she did in buying cars; (2) she had no bargaining power in negotiating 

the arbitration agreement, which she claims was an “adhesion contract” or “form 

agreement”; (3) ADO drafted the agreement; (4) the ADO salesperson never explained 

the arbitration agreement to her, or even mentioned it; (5) it was not possible to alter the 

preprinted form arbitration clause; and (6) the circumstances under which the agreement 

was consummated are questionable. Hedeen also argues that the arbitration agreement is 

“written in extremely small font,” which she claims makes it substantively 

unconscionable, but we will consider that issue within her procedural unconscionability 

arguments. 

{¶32} In the instant case, the arbitration agreement is set forth on a single, full 

page. The agreement was not hidden in the middle of other provisions or in the middle 

of a five-page contract. While it appears to be in a smaller font than a 12-point font, it is 

not in fine print. Hedeen signed the arbitration agreement at the bottom of the page. 

At the top of the page, in all capital letters and in bold print, it states: “AGREEMENT TO 
ARBITRATE.” At the end of the agreement, near the bottom of the page just above 

Hedeen’s signature, it states: 

BY SIGNING BELOW, THE PARTIES ACKNOWLEDGE THAT THEY 

HAVE READ THIS ARBITRATION AGREEMENT. THE PARTIES 

UNDERSTAND AND AGREE THAT THEY ARE GIVING UP THE 

RIGHT TO SEEK REMEDY IN A COURT OF LAW, INCLUDING 

FORGOING THE RIGHT TO A JURY TRIAL, AND THEY 

UNDERSTAND THAT THE RIGHTS TO APPEAL OR CHANGE AN 

ARBITRATION AWARD IN COURT ARE SIGNIFICANTLY LIMITED. 

{¶33} There is no evidence in the record that Hedeen, who is a second-grade 

teacher, was prevented from reading the contract before signing or that she was incapable 

of understanding the document based on some mental or physical impairment. Further, 

Caldwell emailed all of the purchase documents to her. As a result, there was no 

salesperson standing over her, directing her to quickly sign the documents. Hedeen had 

time to read the documents she was signing. “If a person can read and is not prevented 

from reading what he signs, he alone is responsible for reading what he signs.” Haller v. 

Borror Corp., 50 Ohio St.3d 10, 14, 552 N.E.2d 207 (1990). 

{¶34} Hedeen further argues that Caldwell did not explain the arbitration 

agreement to her. However, the law does not require him to do so. ABM Farms v. 

Woods, 81 Ohio St.3d 498, 692 N.E.2d 574. In ABM Farms, the defendant argued that 

the terms of the arbitration agreement were not explained to her. The Supreme Court 

explained: 

At the center of [the defendant’s] allegation of fraudulent inducement is the 

naked truth that she did not read the contract. It drives a stake into the 

heart of her claim. “A person of ordinary mind cannot be heard to say that 

he was misled into signing a paper which was different from what he 
intended, when he could have known the truth by merely looking when he 

signed.” McAdams v. McAdams, 80 Ohio St. 232, 240-241, 88 N.E. 542, 

544 (1909). See, also, Upton v. Tribilcock, 91 U.S. 45, 50, 23 L.Ed. 203, 

205 (1875) (“It will not do for a man to enter into a contract, and, when 

called upon to respond to its obligations, to say that he did not read it when 

he signed it, or did not know what it contained. If this were permitted, 

contracts would not be worth the paper on which they are written”). The 

legal and common-sensical axiom that one must read what one signs 

survives this case. To find for [the defendant] would destroy that 

standard. 

Id. at 503. 

{¶35} Hedeen further asserts that the contract is procedurally unconscionable 

because it was drafted by ADO and she was not able to negotiate the terms of it. We 

note that a contract of adhesion is one in a standardized form that is prepared by one party 

and offered to the weaker party, usually a consumer, who has no realistic choice as to the 

contract terms. Taylor, 117 Ohio St.3d 352, 2008-Ohio-938, 884 N.E.2d 12, ¶ 49. “To 

be sure, an arbitration clause in a consumer contract with some characteristics of an 

adhesion contract ‘necessarily engenders more reservations than an arbitration clause in a 

different setting,’ such as a collective bargaining agreement or a commercial contract 

between two businesses.” Id. at ¶ 49, quoting Aetna Fin. Co., 83 Ohio St.3d 464, 472, 

700 N.E.2d 859 (1998). However, adhesion contracts are not unconscionable per se in 

all instances. Id. “Indeed, so-called ‘form contracts’ can provide advantages to

consumers. ‘Forms reduce transactions costs and benefit consumers because, in 

competition, reductions in the cost of doing business show up as lower prices[.]’” Id.,

quoting Carbajal v. H & R Block Tax Servs., Inc., 372 F.3d 903, 906 (7th Cir.2004). 
{¶36} Here, Hedeen contends she “was given the impression” that if she wanted to 

purchase the vehicle, she had to sign all of the documents that were emailed to her 

“without making any changes.” However, there is no evidence that she attempted to 

negotiate or alter any of the terms of the agreement. 

{¶37} Based on foregoing, we find that she has not met her burden of 

establishing that the arbitration agreement was procedurally unconscionable. The facts 

of the instant case demonstrate that Hedeen, a second-grade teacher, had reasonable 

opportunity to understand the terms of the contract, including the arbitration clause, 

which was not hidden in a maze of fine print. See Lake Ridge Academy, 66 Ohio St.3d 

at 383, 613 N.E.2d 183, quoting Walker-Thomas Furniture Co., 350 F.2d 445, 449 

(D.C.Cir.1965). 

{¶38} Having found that the arbitration agreement is not procedurally 

unconscionable, we need not address Hedeen’s substantive unconscionability arguments 

as both procedural and substantive unconscionability need to be present before this court 

would find the arbitration agreement to be unenforceable. 

{¶39} Therefore, Hedeen’s third issue is without merit. 

Loser-Pays Provision

{¶40} In the fourth issue, Hedeen argues the trial court abused its discretion by 

granting ADO’s motion to stay because the arbitration clause includes a “loser-pays” 

provision, which is contrary to Ohio law. The provision provides in pertinent part: 

“The non-prevailing party shall pay, and the arbitrators shall award the prevailing party’s 
arbitration costs and expenses, including reasonable attorney’s fees.” Hedeen claims 

that this provision makes the arbitration agreement unenforceable for two reasons: (1) it 

makes the agreement illusory because it “rewrites R.C. 1345.09(F) to impose significant 

and substantial risk on any consumer”; and (2) it violates public policy because it attempts 

to modify Ohio law, specifically R.C. 1345.09(F). That section states: 

The court may award to the prevailing party a reasonable attorney’s fee 

limited to the work reasonably performed and limited pursuant to section 

1345.092 of the Revised Code, if either of the following apply: 

(1) The consumer complaining of the act or practice that violated this 

chapter has brought or maintained an action that is groundless, and the 

consumer filed or maintained the action in bad faith; 

(2) The supplier has knowingly committed an act or practice that violates 

this chapter. 

{¶41} Under R.C. 1345.09(F), when the consumer is the prevailing party, he or she 

may obtain an award of reasonable attorney fees when the defendant supplier knowingly 

violated the Consumer Sales Practices Act (“CSPA”). When the defendant-supplier is 

the prevailing party, however, it may obtain an award of reasonable attorney fees only 

when the consumer brought an action “that [was] groundless” and “filed or maintained 

[the action] in bad faith.” 

{¶42} Hedeen first claims that the loser-pay provision renders the arbitration 

agreement illusory because it gives ADO the unlimited right to violate Ohio law without 

risk of any liability whatsoever. We disagree. The agreement provides that if Hedeen 

prevails, then ADO must pay not only all of the costs of arbitration, but Hedeen’s attorney 
fees as well. Therefore, the loser-pays provision does not render the arbitration 

agreement illusory. 

{¶43} Hedeen next argues that the loser-pay provision violates public policy 

because it effectively nullifies the protections afforded to a consumer under the CSPA. 

She claims this is so because the loser-pay provision would require a consumer who loses 

his or her case to pay a defendant-supplier’s attorney fees even if the consumer does not 

file the action in bad faith. She asserts that this will deter consumers from arbitrating 

their claims. 

{¶44} A court may refuse to enforce a contract when it violates public policy. 

Marsh v. Lampert, 129 Ohio App.3d 685, 687, 718 N.E.2d 997 (12th Dist.1998), citing 

Garretson v. S.D. Myers, Inc., 72 Ohio App.3d 785, 788, 596 N.E.2d 512 (9th Dist.1991). 

 The court in Eagle, 157 Ohio App.3d 150, 2004-Ohio-829, 809 N.E.2d 1161, explained: 

A refusal to enforce a contract on the grounds of public policy may be 

distinguished from a finding of unconscionability. Rather than focus on 

the relationship between the parties and the effect of the agreement upon 

them, public policy analysis requires the court to consider the impact of 

such arrangements upon society as a whole. 

Id. at ¶ 63. 

{¶45} Moreover, a contract injurious to the interests of the state will not be 

enforced. King v. King, 63 Ohio St. 363, 372, 59 N.E. 111 (1900). 17 Ohio 

Jurisprudence 3d, Contracts, Section 94, at 528 (1980), states: 

Public policy is the community common sense and common conscience, 

extended and applied throughout the state to matters of public morals, 

health, safety, welfare, and the like. Again, public policy is that principle 

of law which holds that no one can lawfully do that which has a tendency to 
be injurious to the public or against the public good. Accordingly, 

contracts which bring about results which the law seeks to prevent are 

unenforceable as against public policy. Moreover, actual injury is never 

required to be shown; it is the tendency to the prejudice of the public’s good 

which vitiates contractual relations. (Footnotes omitted.) 

{¶46} The Ohio CSPA, as set forth in R.C. Chapter 1345, does not expressly 

preclude arbitration clauses in consumer sales contracts. Vincent v. Neyer, d.b.a. Arthur 

Murray Franchised Dance Studio, 139 Ohio App.3d 848, 852, 745 N.E.2d 1127 (10th 

Dist.2000); Garcia v. Wayne Homes, L.L.C., 2d Dist. Clark No. 2001 CA 53, 

2002-Ohio-1884, ¶ 76 (stating generally that statutory claims may be arbitrated). “The 

fact that R.C. 1345.04 confers jurisdiction upon common pleas and municipal courts in 

cases arising under the CSPA does not preclude arbitration of such claims.” Vincent at 

852, citing Stehli v. Action Custom Homes, Inc., 11th Dist. Geauga No. 98-G-2189, 1999 

Ohio App. LEXIS 4464 (Sept. 24, 1999). Further, arbitrating a CSPA claim does not 

deprive the claimant of any remedies prescribed by R.C. Chapter 1345. See Smith v. 

Ohio State Home Servs., Inc., 9th Dist. Summit Nos. 16441 and 16445, 1994 Ohio App. 

LEXIS 2270 (May 25, 1994); Karamol v. Continental Estates, Inc., 6th Dist. Wood No. 

WD-00-021, 2000 Ohio App. LEXIS 4264 (Sept. 22, 2000). The United States Supreme 

Court has noted, however, that statutory claims may be arbitrated so long as the claimant 

may “effectively vindicate his or her statutory cause of action” through arbitration. 

Gilmer v. Interstate/Johnson Lane Corp., 500 U.S. 20, 28, 114 L.Ed.2d 26, 111 S.Ct. 

1647 (1991). It is important to safeguard the statute’s remedial and deterrent functions 

in the arbitration context. Id. 
{¶47} But where a consumer’s CSPA claim is subject to binding arbitration, 

limitations on a consumer’s rights should not be allowed by a private arbitration forum. 

Eagle, 157 Ohio App.3d 150, 2004-Ohio-829, 809 N.E.2d 1161, at ¶ 67. Indeed, 

“[w]hen an arbitration clause vanquishes the remedial purpose of a statute by limiting 

consumers rights and preventing actions from being brought by consumers, the arbitration 

clause should be held unenforceable.” Id. at ¶ 68, citing Randolph v. Green Tree Fin. 

Corp., 178 F.3d 1149, 1156 (11th Cir.1999), citing Gilmer, 500 U.S. 20, 114 L.Ed.2d 26, 

111 S.Ct. 1647. 

{¶48} In the instant case, we find that the loser-pays provision in the arbitration 

agreement violates public policy to the extent that it requires the arbitrator to award ADO 

reasonable attorney fees even if Hedeen did not file her action in bad faith. The CSPA 

reflects a strong public policy that consumers who bring good faith claims against 

suppliers will not have to pay the supplier’s attorney fees under R.C. 1345.09(F), even if 

the consumer loses his or claim against the supplier. ADO’s loser-pays provision 

effectively nullifies this statutory protection provided to consumers by the CSPA. 

Therefore, we agree with Hedeen in that the loser-pay provision chills consumers from 

pursuing their statutory claims through arbitration. 

{¶49} Based on the foregoing, we find that the arbitration clause is 

unenforceable because it vanquishes the remedial purpose of a statute by imposing 

arbitration costs and preventing actions from being brought by consumers. See Eagle at 

¶ 68. Such a contract clause is injurious to the interests of the State, is against public 
policy, and accordingly cannot, and will not, be enforced. Id. at ¶ 74, citing King, 63 

Ohio St. 363, 372, 59 N.E. 111. As a result, the trial court’s grant of ADO’s motion to 

stay proceedings pending arbitration was improper. 

{¶50} Accordingly, we find merit to Hedeen’s fourth issue in part with respect to 

the loser-pays provision being against public policy. 

Final and Binding Provision

{¶51} In her final issue, Hedeen argues that the “final and binding” provision is 

against public policy and misrepresents Ohio law. The arbitration agreement contains a 

provision, which states that: “The decision of the arbitrators shall be final and binding on 

all parties to the proceedings.” Hedeen claims that this provision is unenforceable and 

against public policy because it attempts to modify Ohio law under both R.C. 2711.10 and 

2711.11. 

{¶52} R.C. 2711.13 provides that “[a]fter an award in an arbitration proceeding is 

made, any party to the arbitration may file a motion in the court of common pleas for an 

order vacating, modifying, or correcting the award as prescribed in sections 2711.10 and 

2711.11 of the Revised Code.” R.C. 2711.10 sets forth when a court may vacate an 

arbitration award. R.C. 2711.11 sets forth when a court may modify an award. Hedeen 

argues that the “final and binding” provision nullifies the protections under R.C. 2711.10 

and 2711.11. 

{¶53} In Miller v. Gunkle, 96 Ohio St.3d 359, 2002-Ohio-4932, 775 N.E.2d 475, 

the Ohio Supreme Court explained that “‘[f]or a dispute resolution procedure to be 
classified as ‘arbitration,’ the decision rendered must be final, binding and without any 

qualification or condition as to the finality of an award.’” Id. at ¶ 10, quoting Schaefer 

v. Allstate Ins. Co., 63 Ohio St.3d 708, 711, 590 N.E.2d 1242 (1992). Therefore, the 

very definition of arbitration requires a “final and binding” award. The arbitration 

agreement does not modify R.C. 2711.10 or 2711.11. Accordingly, we find no merit to 

Hedeen’s fifth and final argument. 

{¶54} Hedeen’s single assignment of error is sustained in part and overruled in 

part. 

{¶55} Judgment is affirmed in part and reversed in part. The matter is remanded 

for adjudication of the claims. 

It is ordered that appellant recover from appellee costs herein taxed. 

The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal. 

It is ordered that a special mandate be sent to said court to carry this judgment into 

execution. 

A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of 

the Rules of Appellate Procedure. 

 

 

MARY EILEEN KILBANE, JUDGE 

LARRY A. JONES, SR., J., CONCURS; 

MARY J. BOYLE, A.J., CONCURS IN PART AND DISSENTS IN PART (SEE 

SEPARATE OPINION). 
MARY J. BOYLE, A.J., CONCURRING IN PART AND DISSENTING IN PART: 

{¶56} I agree with the majority’s analysis in most of the opinion, including its 

holding that the loser-pay provision violates public policy. I disagree, however, with the 

majority that the loser-pay provision invalidates the entire arbitration agreement. Thus, I 

respectfully concur in part and dissent in part. 

{¶57} “If a contract or term in a contract is found to be unconscionable at the 

time that the contract was made, a court may choose to either refuse to enforce the 

contract, enforce the contract without the unconscionable portion, or limit the application 

of the unconscionable portion to avoid an unconscionable result.” (Citations omitted.) 

Eagle, 157 Ohio App.3d 150, 2004-Ohio-829, 809 N.E.2d 1161, ¶ 36 (9th Dist.). 

Although we are addressing a public policy argument here, it is my view that this general 

statement of law applies. 

{¶58} The arbitration agreement in this case provides that the arbitrators must 

“apply relevant law.” Thus, by removing the portion of the contract that is against 

public policy — the loser-pays provision — the remaining contract is valid and 

enforceable. The arbitrators could then award the prevailing party any amount or 

remedy that is consistent with Ohio law. 

{¶59} Accordingly, I concur in part and dissent in part.