# Patent

## Title
Multi-sensor device and methods for fire detection

## Abstract

Multiple parameter fire detection uses outputs from one or more radiant energy sensors in combination with outputs from smoke or thermal sensors to shorten response times to alarm while minimizing nuisance alarms. The radiant energy related outputs can be used to alter parameters of the smoke or thermal sensors. The various sensors can be displaced from one another in an alarm system.

## Background
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
This is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/247,106 filed Sep. 19, 2002 entitled, Detector With Ambient Photon Sensor and Other Sensors.


FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The invention pertains to fire detection. More particularly, the invention pertains to systems and methods of fire detection using signals from multiple, different types of sensors.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
It has been known that a sensitivity parameter of a smoke detector can be periodically altered in response to day/night cycles. The known sequence increases the sensitivity at night and decreases it during the day. Such changes can be effected automatically in response to incident light.
At times there is continued light in a region even at night. Hence, it would be desirable to be able to respond to more than the level of ambient light in changing sensitivity. Additionally, if the light being sensed is from a developing fire condition, it would be desirable to take that information into account in making a fire determination. It would also be advantageous if information obtained from the light sensor could be used to speed up the fire detection process and/or minimize nuisance alarms.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1A is a block diagram of an exemplary system in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 1B is a block diagram of an alternate system in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 2A is a block diagram of yet alternate system in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 2B is a further alternate system in accordance with the invention;
FIGS. 3A, 3B taken together are steps of an exemplary processing method in accordance with the invention.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS
While embodiments of this invention can take many different forms, specific embodiments thereof are shown in the drawings and will be described herein in detail with the understanding that the present disclosure is to be considered as an exemplification of the principles of the invention and is not intended to limit the invention to the specific embodiment illustrated.
In one embodiment of the invention, a sensor of radiant energy, such as a photodiode, thermopile, pyro-electric, passive infrared sensor or other type of flame sensor can be used to monitor a region. The sensor generates an electrical signal which corresponds to incident radiant energy or light. Where the light is produced by a flaming fire, the electrical signal fluctuates accordingly.
The radiant energy sensor can be used in combination with sensors of other hazardous conditions, such as smoke, temperature or gas to provide improved multiple critieria determinations of alarm conditions. The radiant energy sensor can be in a common housing with the other sensors. Alternately, one or more of the sensors can be physically displaced from the others without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.
Signals from the radiant energy sensor can be monitored by either a local or a displaced processor. Where the signals from the radiant energy change from a non-fire signature, for example, a non-fluctuating or slowly changing state, to a fluctuating state consistent with a fire signature, the detected change can be used to alter operational characteristics of one or more of the other sensors such as the smoke or thermal sensor. One form of such processing is disclosed in the parent application hereto Ser. No. 10/247,106 filed Sep. 19, 2002 entitled “Detector with Ambient Photon Sensors and Other Sensors” and incorporated herein by reference.
In yet another aspect of the invention, the recognized presence of a fire signature in the electrical signal from the radiant energy sensor(s) can be used to enhance or speed up detection of the fire using a thermal sensor. For purposes of minimizing nuisance alarms, signals from the thermal sensor can be enhanced on a progressive basis in response to detecting a predetermined minimal heat increase. If the thermal sensor is not detecting the minimal level of increased heat within a predetermined period of time, progressive enhancement of the signals or operation of the thermal sensor can be terminated.
By using the signals from the radiant energy sensor to establish the presence of a fire signature in the region, it may be possible to detect a small flaming fire which initially will not be generating substantial amounts of heat, as would be detected by the thermal sensor. Even if the flames should be out of the direct view of the radiant energy sensor, they may be partly visible by reflections off of surfaces or walls in the region prior to coming directly into the monitoring field of the radiant energy sensor.
Enhancement of the thermal sensor's signals can be accomplished using a counter which starts incrementing its count in response to a recognized fire signature or a recognized flaming condition. This recognition can be based on signals from the radiant energy sensor. The counter value can be used as a level shifter or multiplying factor relative to signals from the thermal sensor to obtain presensitivity.
The rate at which the counter is incremented can be predetermined, or varied, depending on the signals from the radiant energy sensor, for example. Potential nuisance alarms can be limited or suppressed by clamping the degree of enhancement to a predetermined maximum value.
Fire profiles or amplitudes of signals or other characteristics of the signals from the radiant energy sensor can be used to alter the rate of increasing enhancement of the thermal sensor. Hence, a minimal fire signature from the radiant energy sensor could provide a smaller degree of enhancement than a larger version of such a signal.
In yet another aspect of the invention, the sensors can be in communication, via a wired or wireless medium, with a common control element which carries out some or all of the processing.
In yet another aspect of the invention, flame or fire indicating signals from a radiant energy sensor can be used to alter a sample rate or sensitivity parameter, or both, of a smoke detector, such as photoelectric smoke detector. Similar performance variations can be implemented with ionization-type smoke sensors.
The signals from a radiant energy sensor will also reflect abrupt or step changes in ambient light level in the region. For example, if lights in the region are abruptly switched off, signals from the radiant energy sensor will reflect this change of state. In response thereto, sample rates, or sensitivity levels or both, can be adjusted. In such circumstances, the sample rate could be decreased. Additionally, the sensitivity could also be decreased if desired.
Alternately, the signals from the radiant energy sensor can be used to adjust the process of signals from either a thermal detector or a smoke detector in response to slowly varying ambient conditions. For example, the transition from daylight to night time, which will be reflected in output signals from the radiant energy sensor can be used, in combination to alter a sample rate, sensitivity parameter, or signal processing of one or more other sensors of hazardous conditions.
The respective radiant energy sensor or sensors, smoke sensor or sensors, thermal sensor or sensors or other sensors can be distributed throughout a region and in bidirectional communication either via a wired or wireless medium with a common processor. The processor can carry out some or all of the above-described processing in response to signals from the radiant energy sensor or sensors, as well as the other hazardous condition sensors.
FIGS. 1A and 1B illustrate embodiments of the present invention. FIG. 1A, a block diagram of a system 10 in accordance with the invention includes a plurality of sensors such as a radiant energy sensor 14, a thermal sensor 16, and a smoke sensor 20. Additional identical sensors or other types of sensors 22 are indicated in phantom.
The sensors 14 through 22 can be spaced apart in a region R being monitored. They need not be in close physical proximity to one another. For example, each of the sensors 14 through 22 could be contained or carried in a respective housing and a fixed two a surface in the region R. Outputs from the sensors 14 through 22 can be coupled by cables or wirelessly to a controller or microprocessor 24. The processor 24 can carry out processing, such as noted above, or described subsequently, using signals from the radiant energy sensor 14 to adjust signal values or other parameters associated with temperature sensor 16 or smoke sensor 20 all without limitation.
FIG. 1B illustrates an alternate configuration 10′ which incorporates radiant energy sensor 14, thermal sensor 16, smoke sensor 20 coupled to controller 24. Controller 24 is in turn coupled by a communication link to a displaced second controller 26 which can carry out a portion of the processing noted above.
FIGS. 2A and 2B illustrate alternate embodiments 12, 12′ in accordance with the invention. As illustrated in FIG. 2A, system 12 incorporates radiant energy sensor 14, and another condition sensor, humidity sensor 16-1, both of whose output signals are coupled to controller 24-1. Controller 24-1 can in turn respond to signals from radiant energy sensor 14 so as to adjust signal values or other parameters associated with humidity sensor 16-1 as described above.
FIG. 2B illustrates system 12′ which incorporates as an alternate condition sensor, gas sensor 16-2. Outputs from radiant energy sensor 14 and gas sensor 16-2 can in turn be coupled to controller 24-2 for processing as described above.
Those of skill will understand that the various controllers 24, 24-1 and 24-2 could be implemented with a variety of circuit configurations without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, a combination of interconnected analog and digital circuits can be used to implement the various controllers. Alternately, a programmed processor, such as a microprocessor, could be used.
FIGS. 3A, 3B and 3C illustrate additional exemplary processing details of a method 100 in accordance with the invention. In an initial step 102 signal values are acquired from a plurality of sensors such as photon or radiant energy sensor 14, thermal sensor 16 and smoke sensor 20. In the illustrative method 100, the smoke sensor 20 is implemented as a photoelectric smoke sensor of type known to those of skill in the art.
In a step 104, the signals associated with the thermal sensor 16 are converted to a temperature or degrees. In a step 106, a change of temperature, DC from an average temperature being maintained for the region R is determined.
In a step 108, average light level in the region R is established based on signals from sensor 14. In a step 110, a change in ambient light, DL from average light level in the region R is established.
In a step 112, the radiant energy variation DL is analyzed to determine if the signal is indicative of flame. A flame indicating output F is produced thereby. Those with skill will understand that the radiant energy variations DL could be compared to a plurality of flame indicating profiles as one way of producing a flame indicating indicia F. Other types of flame analysis such as pattern recognition, neural net processing and the like all come within the spirit and scope of the invention.
In a step 114, the variation in light DL is compared to a night threshold. If the variation indicates night time, a night mode indicator is set, step 114a. Alternately, in a step 116 if the change in light DL exceeds a light increasing threshold, the night mode indicator is reset, step 116a. 
In a step 118, a variation in output, DP, from the smoke sensor 20, from a rung average of such signals is established. Such changes would be most likely to take place in the event of increasing smoke in the region R, which is incident upon sensor 20.
In a step 120, a nuisance bypass counter ST is decremented and clamped. In a step 122, noise is removed from the variation in smoke DP. The noise removal processing can introduce a selectable delay, for example 25 seconds, brought about by an averaging process to suppress the noise.
In a step 124, flame related signal F is compared to a threshold to determine if flames are present in the region R. If so, in a step 126 the temperature variation DC is compared to a low heat rise threshold. If the changing temperature exceeds the low heat rise threshold, processing in step 122 is revised to shorten the noise elimination delay from the larger number, 25 seconds, to a shorter delays of 10 seconds.
It will be understood that the exemplary delay values of 25 seconds and 10 seconds can be varied without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, the initial noise related delay and a lower smoke environment could be set at 20 seconds or 30 seconds or other values without limitation. Similarly, the shortened noise delay of step 128 need not be 10 seconds. It could be shortened to 5 seconds or 15 seconds as most appropriate given the circumstances.
If the flame indicating indicia F does not exceed the threshold in step 124, a comparison is made in step 130 of the change in temperature signal, DC, to a high heat threshold. In the event that the heat variation DC does not exceed the high temperature threshold, another comparison is made in a step 132 of the radiant energy indicating signal L to the dark or night threshold. If the radiant energy indicating signal L is less than the dark or night threshold, the nuisance bypass counter ST is initialized at a predetermined count, step 134, FIG. 3B. If not, the status of the night mode indicator is checked, step 136, FIG. 3B.
Sensitivity can then be increased in steps 138a and 138b, FIG. 3B. In step 138a, the sensitivity to smoldering fires can be increased by, for example, increasing the sensitivity associated with signals from photoelectric smoke sensor, such as sensor 20. Additionally, sensitivity to flaming fires F can be increased by reducing the flame threshold, see step 124.
The variation in smoke signal, DP, is compared to a minimum smoke level step 140. If it exceeds the minimum smoke level, in a step 142, the value of the nuisance counter ST is increased.
In a step 144, the value of the nuisance counter ST, a number N, is compared to a maximum allowable value and clamped at that maximum value. In a step 146, the variation in smoke signal DT is compared to a maximum smoke level. If the signal DP is between the minimum and the maximum, an output corresponding to the value of DP is generated, step 148a. Alternately, in step 148b, the condition indicating output is set to the maximum smoke level plus the value N of the nuisance counter ST.
Where in step 140, the smoke variation value DP is less than the minimum smoke level, the nuisance counter vaalur N is set tozero, step 142a. A condition indicating output indicating a lack of smoke is generated in step 150.
In a step 152, FIG. 3B, contents of the nuisance counter ST are compared to zero. If above zero, the output value, step 154 is set to the maximum smoke level plus the maximum value of N. In a step 156, the output from the above noted steps is compared to an alarm threshold. If the output value exceeds the alarm threshold, an alarm condition can be indicated in a step 158a. Alternately, no alarm is indicated, step 158b. In step 160 the nuisance value counter ST is decremented and clamped at zero.
The above methodology 100 can be repeated in the next sample interval. It will be understood that variations of the exemplary methodology 100 come within the spirit and scope of the present invention. Using radiant energy sensor 14 to alter signal values from other types of sensors such as thermal sensor 16 or smoke sensor 20 or to adjust sensitivity, parameters can be incorporated into a variety of processing methodology without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.
From the foregoing, it will be observed that numerous variations and modifications may be effected without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. It is to be understood that no limitation with respect to the specific apparatus illustrated herein is intended or should be inferred. It is, of course, intended to cover by the appended claims all such modifications as fall within the scope of the claims.

## Claims

1. An ambient condition detector comprising:
at least one of a smoke sensor or a thermal sensor;
a sensor of incident radiant energy responsive to sources of radiant energy exclusive of the smoke sensor or the thermal sensor; and
control circuitry coupled to the sensors and responsive to selected transient changes in incident radiant energy to shorten the time to respond to a predetermined ambient condition where the control circuitry is responsive to substantially step changes reducing radiant energy to increase a sensitivity parameter.

2. A detector as in claim 1 which includes additional circuitry, responsive to incident radiant energy to determine the presence of a flame.

3. A detector as in claim 2 which includes executable instructions to process signals from the sensor of incident radiant energy to establish the presence of a flame.

4. A detector as in claim 3 where the smoke sensor is displaced from the sensor of incident radiant energy.

5. A detector as in claim 4 where the control circuitry is, at least in part, coupled to at least one of the sensors by a bi-directional communications medium.

6. A detector as in claim 4 with the control circuitry, at least in part, displaced from the sensors and in communication therewith via a bi-directional communications medium.

7. A detector as in claim 1 where the smoke sensor comprises a photo-electric type smoke sensor, and responsive to radiant energy indicative of flame, the control circuitry shortens response time of the smoke sensor by at least one of increasing a sample rate of the smoke sensor, or increasing a sensitivity parameter of the smoke sensor.

8. A detector as in claim 1 which includes additional circuitry, responsive to incident radiant energy indicative of a flame, to increase a sensitivity parameter of the thermal sensor.

9. A detector as in claim 8 which includes executable instructions for processing signals from the sensor of radiant energy to establish a flaming fire as a likely source of the radiant energy.

10. A detector as in claim 9 where the executable instructions compare signals from the radiant energy sensor to a pre-stored fire profile.

11. A detector as in claim 9 where the executable instructions compare signals from the radiant energy sensor to a plurality of pre-stored fire profiles.

12. A detector as in claim 9 which includes additional instructions correlating signals from the light sensor with signals from the thermal sensor in establishing the presence of a fire condition.

13. A detector as in claim 8 where the smoke sensor, the thermal sensor and the radiant energy sensor are all displaced from one another as well as a portion of the control circuitry with the portion of the control circuitry in communication with the sensors via one of a wireless or a wired medium.

14. A detector as in claim 9 which includes additional executable instructions, responsive to an established flaming fire, for altering a response parameter of the thermal sensor.

15. A detector as in claim 14 where the additional executable instructions progressively enhance signals from the thermal sensor prior to processing same to establish the presence of a thermally indicated fire condition.

16. A detector as in claim 1 which includes executable instructions, responsive to a step change in incident radiant energy, to adjust a parameter of the other sensor.

17. A detector as in claim 16 with the executable instructions responsive to step decreases in incident radiant energy.

18. An ambient condition detector comprising:
at least one of a smoke sensor or a thermal sensor;
a sensor of incident radiant energy responsive to sources of radiant energy exclusive of the smoke sensor or the thermal sensor; and
control circuitry coupled to the sensors and responsive to selected transient changes in incident radiant energy to shorten the time to respond to a predetermined ambient condition and
which includes additional circuitry to shorten the response time by adjusting at least one of a sample rate or a sensitivity parameter associated with the smoke sensor in response to changes in incident radiant energy where the additional circuitry to shorten the response time is responsive to increasing radiant energy to reduce the sensitivity parameter and to substantially step changes reducing radiant energy to increase the sensitivity parameter.

19. An ambient condition detector comprising:
at least one of a smoke sensor or a thermal sensor;
a sensor of incident radiant energy responsive to sources of radiant energy exclusive of the smoke sensor or the thermal sensor; and
control circuitry coupled to the sensors and responsive to selected transient changes in incident radiant energy to shorten the time to respond to a predetermined ambient condition where the control circuitry is responsive to substantially step changes reducing radiant energy to increase a sensitivity parameter where the thermal sensor and the radiant energy sensor are displaced from one another with the control circuitry, at least in part, in bidirectional communication therewith via one of a wireless or a wired medium.

20. A method of monitoring a region comprising:
sensing a radiant energy parameter in a region;
sensing a hazard parameter indicative of by-products of combustion in the region;
sensing a thermal parameter in the region;
evaluating the radiant energy parameter for the presence of flame, and responsive thereto, evaluating the thermal parameter for an indication of elevated heat in the region;
altering a sensitivity parameter associated with at least one of the hazard parameter or the thermal parameter in response to the results of evaluating the parameters; and
determining if the by-products of combustion are indicative of the presence of a hazardous condition in the region which includes evaluating if the radiant energy parameter is indicative of a relatively low level of ambient light in the region, and responsive thereto, increasing a sensitivity parameter indicative of a smoldering fire condition.

21. A method of monitoring a region comprising:
sensing a radiant energy parameter in a region;
sensing a hazard parameter indicative of by-products of combustion in the region;
sensing a thermal parameter in the region;
evaluating the radiant energy parameter for the presence of flame, and responsive thereto, evaluating the thermal parameter for an indication of elevated heat in the region;
altering a sensitivity parameter associated with at least one of the hazard parameter or the thermal parameter in response to the results of evaluating the parameters; and
determining if the by-products of combustion are indicative of the presence of a hazardous condition in the region which includes evaluating if the radiant energy parameter is indicative of a relatively low level of ambient light in the region, and responsive thereto, and also responsive to the radiant energy parameter indicating the presence of flame, increasing a sensitivity parameter indicative of the presence of flame.