FILED

October 4, 1996

Cecil W. Crowson

Appellate Court Clerk

ELLA MAE BROWN, )

)

Plaintiff/Counter-Defendant/ )

Appellee, )

) Appeal No.

) 01-A-01-9510-CV-00480

VS. )

) Davidson Circuit

) No. 94D-3788

MARVIN DOUGLAS BROWN, )

)

Defendant/Counter-Plaintiff/ )

Appellee. )

COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

MIDDLE SECTION AT NASHVILLE

APPEALED FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF DAVIDSON COUNTY

AT NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE

THE HONORABLE MURIEL ROBINSON, JUDGE

CAROL DOWNTON

4205 Gallatin Road

Nashville, Tennessee 37216

Attorney for Plaintiff/Counter-Defendant/Appellee

MARVIN DOUGLAS BROWN, #78585

Riverbend Maximum Security Institute

7475 Cockrill Bend Road

Nashville, Tennessee 37209-1010

Pro Se/Defendant/Counter-Plaintiff/Appellant

REVERSED; VACATED 

AND REMANDED

BEN H. CANTRELL, JUDGE

CONCUR:

TODD, P.J., M.S.

KOCH, J.

O P I N I O N
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The wife of a prisoner in the custody of the Tennessee Department of

Correction filed for divorce, claiming that her husband was guilty of inappropriate

marital conduct. The husband answered and counterclaimed, and moved the court

to order the wife to file a Bill of Particulars, setting forth the facts she was relying upon

as grounds for the pending divorce. The court did not respond to the husband’s

motion, nor did it respond to the husband’s Motion for Writ of Habeas Corpus ad

Testificandum, but granted the wife an absolute divorce without affording the husband

the opportunity to present any evidence. We reverse, and vacate the trial court’s

order.

I. The Marriage and Divorce

The appellant, Marvin Douglas Brown, was sentenced to serve two

consecutive 99 year terms of imprisonment. He has been continuously confined since

January 15, 1974. In 1983, Mr. Brown met the woman who would eventually become

his wife. Though she lived in East Tennessee, she subsequently moved to Middle

Tennessee to be near the prison where he was incarcerated, and she made regular

weekly visits to the prison to see him. On May 27, 1989, the parties were married in

the chapel at the Tennessee State Prison in Nashville. 

Despite the rigors of the husband’s confinement, the parties managed

to maintain a cooperative relationship. Marvin Brown sent his wife the money he

earned in prison to help her pay her bills and to enable her to purchase some items

for her use, such as a riding lawn mower and a portable storage shed. Ella Mae

Brown visited her husband frequently, bringing him special food each time, supplying

him with shoes when he needed them, and contributing funds towards his court costs.

 
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Eventually, problems arose between the parties. The nature of these

problems is nowhere stated in the record, though the appellee refers in her brief to

“excessive drug abuse” on the part of the husband and his maintaining a relationship

by correspondence with another woman. On October 21, 1994, Mrs. Brown filed a

Complaint for Absolute Divorce, citing as grounds irreconcilable differences and

inappropriate marital conduct. On November 18, 1994, Mr. Brown filed an answer

denying that he had been guilty of inappropriate marital conduct. He also counterclaimed for divorce. 

Mr. Brown simultaneously filed a Motion for a Bill of Particulars, and a

Motion for Appointment of Counsel. The court did not issue a response to either

motion, although Mr. Brown filed two subsequent motions before trial for a judicial

ruling on his Motion for a Bill of Particulars. On April 3, 1995, Mr. Brown filed a wellreasoned Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus ad Testificandum. The trial court again

failed to respond. 

The divorce hearing took place on August 29, 1995. The husband was

not present. The court heard testimony from the wife, and from two witnesses whose

expected participation was communicated to the husband only a few hours before the

trial. A corrections officer had been summoned to provide a transcript of a taped

telephone conversation between the husband and wife. The husband insisted that

the tape contained admissions that contradicted the wife’s sworn answers to the

husband’s interrogatories. The officer had the tape in his possession, but no

transcript was provided, and the tape was not admitted into evidence. 

After the hearing, the trial court issued a decree granting the wife an

absolute divorce on the ground of inappropriate marital conduct. The decree also

divested the husband of any interest he might have had in the house that the wife

purchased during the course of the marriage, granted to the wife full ownership of all
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personal property currently in her possession, and established a permanent

restraining order against the husband, prohibiting him from threatening, coming

around, or harrassing the wife in any way. This appeal followed. 

II. The Bill of Particulars

A prisoner does not forfeit his constitutional right of access to the civil

courts by virtue of his conviction and incarceration. Whisnant v. Byrd, 525 S.W.2d

152, 153 (Tenn. 1975). The due process to which he is entitled however is somewhat

diminished in comparison to the rights he could exercise if he were not incarcerated.

For example, a prisoner who files a civil complaint unrelated to the legality of his

conviction will not normally be allowed to make a personal appearance in court to

present his case, absent unusual circumstances, 525 S.W.2d at 154, but he may

testify by deposition. Tenn. Code Ann. § 41-21-304.

Due process requires notice and an opportunity to be heard. Mullane

v. Central Hanover Bank & Trust Co., 339 U.S. 306, 70 S.Ct. 652, 94 L.Ed 865 (1950).

Though incarceration necessarily limits a prisoner’s right to be heard by personal

appearance, it does not preclude him from receiving the same notice of actions

against him that is afforded to citizens who are not under sentence. We note that the

Eastern Section of this court recently vacated a divorce decree granted to the wife of

a prisoner, because the defendant did not receive notice of the date of the hearing

until four days before it was to take place. The Court found that the limited period of

time available to prepare his defense was insufficient to accord him constitutional due

process. Tolbert v. Tolbert, Appeal No. 03A01-9406-CV-00230 (Filed in Knoxville

December 15, 1994). 
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Our legislature has provided the means whereby a defendant to a

divorce action may be notified of the basis of the allegations against him. Tenn. Code

Ann. § 36-4-106 reads:

Contents of petition for divorce. -- (a) The bill or petition

shall set forth the grounds for the divorce in substantially the

language of § 36-4-101 or § 36-4-102, and pray only for

divorce from the defendant, or for a divorce and such other

and further relief to which the complainant may think himself

or herself entitled. In cases wherein an answer is filed, the

court shall, on motion of the defendant, require the

complainant to file a bill of particulars, setting forth the facts

relied upon as grounds for the divorce, with reasonable

certainty as to time and place.

The intent of the legislature in requiring the wording of the petition to

substantially follow the language of the two statutes that set out the grounds upon

which divorce may be granted is to prevent the petitioner from inserting scurrilous

matters into so public a document. See Farrar v. Farrar, 553 S.W.2d 741 (Tenn.

1977). At this early stage in the proceedings, due process does not require detailed

notice of the acts that the complainant is alleging the defendant has been guilty of. 

However after the defendant has answered the petition, and denied the

validity of the grounds recited in it, he is entitled to a Bill of Particulars, so he can know

what he is accused of, and defend himself against the petitioner’s charges if he

wishes.

As the appellee points out, if Mr. Brown cannot make a personal

appearance, he can still exercise the right to be heard by submitting a deposition.

See Tenn. Code Ann. § 41-21-304(a). But without a Bill of Particulars, he has been

deprived of the opportunity to present facts that would negate the allegations that are

implied by the complaint against him. It therefore constitutes reversible error for the

trial court to have failed to grant Mr. Brown’s Motion for a Bill of Particulars. 

III. Habeas Corpus ad Testificandum
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The Writ of Habeas Corpus ad Testificandum is a common law writ

which is used to enable a prisoner detained in a jail or prison to be brought before the

court to give evidence. Blacks Law Dictionary, 4th Ed. (1957). Our Legislature

appears to have shut the door on the use of this writ in civil proceedings, by virtue of

Tenn. Code Ann. § 41-21-304(a):

Depositions.-- (a) In no civil case can a convict be removed

from the penitentiary to give personal attendance at court, but

his testimony may be taken by deposition as in other cases,

the party seeking his testimony being required to make

affidavit that the convict is a material witness in the cause.

Neither party has raised the question on appeal as to whether the

statute operates to bar the trial court from considering the appellant’s Writ for Habeas

Corpus as Testificandum. We note, however, that despite the absolute language of

the statute, relevant case law supports the proposition that the constitutional rights to

due process and reasonable access to the courts may sometimes require that a party

litigant be personally present in court, even if that litigant is incarcerated.

In Whisnant v. Byrd, 525 S.W.2d 152, 154 (Tenn. 1975), for example,

our Supreme Court cited Article 1, Secs. 12 and 17 of the Tennessee Constitution,

which provide respectively that “no conviction shall work corruption of blood or

forfeiture of estate,” and that “every man, for an injury done him in his lands, goods,

person or reputation, shall have remedy by due course of law.” The interaction

between these provisions led the court to hold that “a prisoner has a constitutional

right to institute and prosecute a civil action seeking redress for injury or damage to

his person or property, or for vindication of any other legal right . . .,” and consequently

“. . . in a proper case, and upon a proper showing of particularized need, the trial

judge, in his discretion, may issue an appropriate directive requiring the attendance

of the prisoner.” 
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In Tolbert, supra, the court noted the paucity of Tennessee cases

dealing with the rights of incarcerated defendants in civil suits to be personally present

at their trials, and sought guidance from other jurisdictions that have considered the

question. The court found a helpful discussion of the reported cases to be contained

in 82 A.L.R. 4th 1063 (1990).

The court cited with approval the lead case in that discussion, an en

banc decision of the Arizona Supreme Court, Strube v. Strube, 764 P.2d 731 (Ariz.

1988). The Strube court held that:

“Prisoners have a right of access to the courts for legitimate

purposes. At least with respect to a significant civil

proceeding initiated against a prisoner by others, we hold that

there is a presumption that the prisoner is entitled to be

personally present at critical proceedings, such as the trial

itself, when he has made a timely request to be present. Of

course this is a rebuttable presumption and the ultimate

decision is within the sound discretion of the trial court.”

764 P.2d at 735.

The Strube Court also said that “[t]he court’s discretion should be

exercised after balancing the interest of the prisoner against the interests of the other

parties and the state, including the authorities having custody of the prisoner.” 764

P.2d at 734.

While the Tolbert Court did not go so far as to hold that Tennessee had

adopted the rebuttable presumption discussed above, it did place the question of

whether to permit a prisoner/defendant in a civil case to be physically present at court

within the trial court’s sound discretion, and instructed the court that its discretion was

to be exercised with the best interest of both the prisoner and the government in mind.

The following language, quoted in both the Strube and Tolbert opinions,

is worth repeating for the guidance of trial courts that must exercise their discretion

when faced with this question:
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“If it is apparent that the request of the prisoner to argue

personally reflects something more than a mere desire to be

freed temporarily from the confines of prison, that he is

capable of conducting an intelligent and responsible

argument, and that his presence in the courtroom may be

secured without undue convenience or danger, the court

would be justified in issuing the writ.”

Price v. Johnston, 334 U.S. 266 at 284-85, 68 S.Ct. 1049 at 1059-60, 92 L.Ed. 1356

at 1369 (1948). And

“[the judge] should take into account the costs and

inconvenience of transporting a prisoner from his place of

incarceration to the courtroom, any potential danger or

security risk which the presence of a particular inmate would

pose to the court, the substantiality of the matter at issue, the

need for an early determination of the matter, the possibility

of delaying trial until the prisoner is released, the probability

of success on the merits, the integrity of the correctional

system, and the interests of the inmate in presenting his

testimony in person rather than by deposition.” 

Stone v. Morris, 546 F.2d 730, 735-36 (7th Cir.1976).

In the Tolbert case, supra, the court affirmed the trial court’s denial of

the defendant’s Motion for Writ of Habeas Corpus ad Testificandum, and vacated the

trial court’s decree on the question of insufficient notice alone. The court found that

“the Trial Judge did not abuse his discretion and properly refused Mr. Tolbert’s

request to be present.” However in the present case, the trial court did not rule on the

defendant’s motion, and thus failed to exercise its discretion.

We accordingly remand this case to the trial court for a new trial, with

instructions to grant the defendant’s Motion for a Bill of Particulars, and to issue a

ruling on his Motion for Writ of Habeas Corpus ad Testificandum, setting out in its

order the reasoning behind its decision.

IV.
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The decree of the trial court is vacated. Remand this cause to the

Circuit Court of Davidson County for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

Tax the costs on appeal to the appellee. 

________________________________

BEN H. CANTRELL, JUDGE

CONCUR:

_______________________________

HENRY F. TODD, PRESIDING JUDGE

MIDDLE SECTION

_______________________________

WILLIAM C. KOCH, JR., JUDGE