[Cite as Taxiputinbay, L.L.C. v. Put-In-Bay, 2023-Ohio-1237.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

OTTAWA COUNTY

Taxiputinbay, LLC Court of Appeals No. OT-22-020

Appellee Trial Court No. 2020CVH192

 

v.

Village of Put-In-Bay DECISION AND JUDGMENT

Appellant Decided: April 14, 2023

* * * * *

Andrew R. Mayle and Benjamin G. Padanilam, for appellee.

Susan Keating Anderson, Morris L. Hawk, and Stephen W. Funk,

for appellant.

* * * * *

CROUSE, V.J.

{¶ 1} Appellant, the Village of Put-in-Bay (“the Village”), appeals the judgment 

of the Ottawa County Court of Common Pleas, declaring unconstitutional Section 

866.01(a)(4) of the Codified Ordinances of the Village of Put-in-Bay, and permanently 

enjoining its enforcement. For the reasons that follow, we reverse.
2.

I. Background

{¶ 2} The underlying facts of this case are undisputed.

{¶ 3} In March 2020, the Village amended Codified Ordinance 866.01(a)(4), 

which defines “Taxicab” or “cab” to include

any vehicle that seeks its business or part thereof on public streets or in 

quasi-public places, and which is operated on the streets of the Village for 

the purpose of transporting members of the general public under 

expectation of compensation or reward in any form. * * * Notwithstanding 

other provisions of this chapter, no vehicle operated as a taxicab shall 

exceed the width of 80 inches, including fender flare but excluding mirrors, 

and shall not exceed the overall length of 25 feet, as determined by the 

Village’s inspection conducted under Section 866.14 of this Chapter. * * *

{¶ 4} Appellee, Taxiputinbay, LLC (“Taxiputinbay”), owns and operates taxicabs 

in Put-in-Bay. As a result of the amended ordinance, the Village declined to issue 

taxicab permits for three of Taxiputinbay’s vehicles because they exceeded the 80-inch 

width limitation.

{¶ 5} Taxiputinbay initiated the present matter when it filed a three-count 

complaint against the Village, seeking (1) declaratory relief that the 80-inch width 

limitation in Section 866.01(a)(4) violated the Home Rule Amendment in Article XVIII, 

Section 3 of the Ohio Constitution; (2) declaratory relief that the 80-inch width limitation
3.

violated the Equal Protection Clause in Article I, Section 2 of the Ohio Constitution; and 

(3) preliminary and permanent injunctions against the enforcement of the 80-inch width 

limitation.

{¶ 6} The trial court granted a preliminary injunction to Taxiputinbay. Eventually, 

the parties submitted competing motions for summary judgment. On April 27, 2022, the 

trial court granted Taxiputinbay’s motion for summary judgment, and denied the 

Village’s motion for summary judgment. The trial court declared that the 80-inch width 

limitation was unconstitutional under both the Home Rule Amendment and the Equal 

Protection Clause, and thus permanently enjoined the Village from enforcing the 

provision.

II. Assignments of Error

{¶ 7} The Village has timely appealed the trial court’s April 27, 2022 judgment, 

and now presents three assignments of error for our review:

1. The trial court erred in declaring that Put-in-Bay’s 80-inch width 

limitation on vehicles that want the privilege of providing for-profit taxicab 

services on the village’s streets violates the Home Rule Amendment, 

Article XVIII, Section 3 of the Ohio Constitution.

2. The trial court erred in declaring that Put-in-Bay’s 80-inch width 

requirement for taxicab permits violates the Equal Protection Clause, 

Article I, Section 2 of the Ohio Constitution.
4.

3. The trial court erred in granting a permanent injunction to enjoin 

the enforcement of the 80-inch width requirement for taxicab permits in 

Chapter 866 of the Village of Put-in-Bay’s codified ordinances.

III. Analysis

{¶ 8} The standard of review for the grant or denial of a motion for summary 

judgment is de novo. Grafton v. Ohio Edison Co., 77 Ohio St.3d 102, 105, 671 N.E.2d 

241 (1996). Summary judgment is appropriate where (1) no genuine issue as to any 

material fact exists; (2) the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law; and 

(3) reasonable minds can come to but one conclusion, and when viewing the evidence 

most strongly in favor of the nonmoving party, that conclusion is adverse to the 

nonmoving party. Harless v. Willis Day Warehousing Co., 54 Ohio St.2d 64, 66, 375 

N.E.2d 46 (1978).

{¶ 9} Constitutional challenges to local legislation are also reviewed de novo. 

Put-in-Bay v. Mathys, 163 Ohio St.3d 1, 2020-Ohio-4421, 167 N.E.3d 922, ¶ 11. The 

Ohio Supreme Court has recognized that “[D]uly enacted laws are afforded a strong 

presumption of constitutionality.” Id., citing Yajnik v. Akron Dept. of Health, Hous. Div., 

101 Ohio St.3d 106, 2004-Ohio-357, 802 N.E.2d 632, ¶ 16. “To overcome this 

presumption, the party challenging the law must prove the law unconstitutional beyond a 

reasonable doubt.” Id.
5.

A. Home Rule Amendment

{¶ 10} In its first assignment of error, the Village challenges the trial court’s 

determination that Section 866.01(a)(4) violates the Home Rule Amendment in Article 

XVIII, Section 3 of the Ohio Constitution, which states, “[M]unicipalities shall have 

authority to exercise all powers of local self-government and to adopt and enforce within 

their limits such local police, sanitary and other similar regulations, as are not in conflict 

with general laws.” Taxiputinbay argued, and the trial court agreed, that Section 

866.01(a)(4) is in conflict with R.C. 5577.05(B), which regulates the width of vehicles on 

Ohio’s roadways.

{¶ 11} “A state statute takes precedence over a local ordinance when * * * * (1)

the ordinance is an exercise of the police power, rather than of local self-government, (2) 

the statute is a general law, and (3) the ordinance is in conflict with the statute.” 

Mendenhall v. Akron, 117 Ohio St.3d 33, 2008-Ohio-270, 881 N.E.2d 255, ¶ 17.

{¶ 12} Regarding the first requirement, the Village argues that Section 

866.01(a)(4) is an exercise of local self-government, but Taxiputinbay argues that the 

section is an exercise of the police power. “While local self-government ordinances are 

protected under [the Home Rule Amendment], police-power ordinances ‘must yield in 

the face of a general state law.’” Marich v. Bob Bennett Constr. Co., 116 Ohio St.3d 553, 

2008-Ohio-92, 880 N.E.2d 906, ¶ 11, quoting Am. Fin. Servs. Assn. v. Cleveland, 112 

Ohio St.3d 170, 2006-Ohio-6043, 858 N.E.2d 776, ¶ 23. “An ordinance created under 
6.

the power of local self-government must relate ‘solely to the government and 

administration of the internal affairs of the municipality.’” Id., quoting Beachwood v. Bd. 

of Elections of Cuyahoga Cty., 167 Ohio St. 369, 148 N.E.2d 921 (1958), paragraph one 

of the syllabus. “Conversely, the police power allows municipalities to enact regulations 

only to protect the public health, safety, or morals, or the general welfare of the public.” 

Id.

{¶ 13} We agree with Taxiputinbay that Section 866.01(a)(4) is an exercise of the 

police power. “‘[A]ny municipal ordinance, which prohibits the doing of something 

without a municipal license to do it, is a police regulation’ within the meaning of the 

Home Rule Amendment.” State ex rel. Morrison v. Beck Energy Corp., 143 Ohio St.3d 

271, 2015-Ohio-485, 37 N.E.3d 128, ¶ 17, quoting Auxter v. Toledo, 173 Ohio St. 444, 

446, 183 N.E.2d 920 (1962). In Morrison, the Ohio Supreme Court held that the local 

ordinances were an exercise of the police power because they did not regulate the form 

and structure of the local government, but instead prohibited—and even criminalized—

the act of drilling for oil and gas without a municipal permit. Id. at ¶ 18. Here, similarly, 

Chapter 866 of the Codified Ordinances does not seek to regulate the form and structure 

of the local government, but instead seeks to regulate and establish a permitting 

procedure for the operation of taxicabs within the Village in the interest of protecting the 
7.

public health, safety, and welfare of the community.

1

 Therefore, we hold that Section 

866.01(a)(4) is an exercise of the police power.

{¶ 14} As to the second requirement, the parties do not dispute that R.C. 5577.05 

is a general law. See Marich at ¶ 16-29 (analyzing R.C. 5577.05, and concluding that it is 

a general law).

{¶ 15} The crucial issue in this case relates to the third requirement, which seeks 

to determine whether Section 866.01(a)(4) is in conflict with R.C. 5577.05(B). “In 

determining whether an ordinance is in ‘conflict’ with general laws, the test is whether 

the ordinance permits or licenses that which the statute forbids and prohibits, and vice 

versa.” Village of Struthers v. Sokol, 108 Ohio St. 263, 140 N.E. 519 (1923), paragraph 

two of the syllabus; Newburgh Hts. v. State, 168 Ohio St.3d 513, 2022-Ohio-1642, 200 

N.E.3d 189, ¶ 29.

{¶ 16} Here, R.C. 5577.05 provides, “(A) no vehicle shall be operated upon the 

public highways, streets, bridges, and culverts within the state, whose dimensions exceed 

those specified in this section. (B) No such vehicle shall have a width in excess of: (1) 

One hundred four inches for passenger bus type vehicles operated exclusively within 

1 Put-in-Bay Ordinance No. 1240-20—the enacting legislation—recognized, 

“WHEREAS, this Council finds and determines that due to the public demand for taxi 

service; traffic congestion and safety of existing vehicular and pedestrian traffic in the 

Village; the Village population, including the tourist population during the summer 

months; and public convenience and necessity for taxicab services; the health, safety and 

welfare of the community will be served by the amendment of Chapter 866 of the 

Codified Ordinances.”
8.

municipal corporations; * * * (5) One hundred two inches, including load, for all other 

vehicles * * *.”

{¶ 17} In comparison, Section 866.01(a)(4) provides, in pertinent part, 

“Notwithstanding other provisions of this chapter, no vehicle operated as a taxicab shall 

exceed the width of 80 inches, including fender flare but excluding mirrors, and shall not 

exceed the overall length of 25 feet.”

{¶ 18} Taxiputinbay argues that R.C. 5577.05(B) undisputedly permits the width 

of its vehicles, but Section 866.01(a)(4) prohibits the vehicles as too wide. Thus, 

Taxiputinbay concludes that the ordinance and the general law are in conflict. In 

response, the Village argues that the two are not in conflict because they involve different 

subject matter. The village contends that the state statute generally controls vehicles that 

operate on the public roadways, while the ordinance regulates vehicles that are used to 

provide for-profit taxi services within the Village.

{¶ 19} A plain reading of R.C. 5577.05 and Section 866.01(a)(4) reveal that the 

two provisions do not directly contradict each other: R.C. 5577.05 states that no vehicle 

shall exceed 102 (or 104) inches in width; Section 866.01(a)(4) states that no vehicle 

operated as a taxicab shall exceed 80 inches in width. Importantly, Section 866.01(a)(4) 

does not prohibit Taxiputinbay from driving its vehicles on the streets of Put-in-Bay; it is 

only when Taxiputinbay seeks to use its vehicles as taxicabs that the vehicles must be no 

wider than 80 inches. Thus, for the two provisions to be in conflict, it must be implied 
9.

that R.C. 5577.05 grants a right to operate a vehicle greater than 80 inches in width as a 

taxicab.2

{¶ 20} On this issue, we find the Ohio Supreme Court’s instruction in Mendenhall 

v. Akron, 117 Ohio St.3d 33, 2008-Ohio-270, 881 N.E.2d 255, ¶ 31, to be particularly 

applicable:

Although on occasion a state statute and municipal ordinance will directly 

contradict each other, and thereby make a conflict analysis simple and 

direct, that is not always the case. It is in the context of more nuanced 

cases that the concept of “conflict by implication” has arisen. Rather than 

an independent test for identifying a conflict, conflict by implication is a 

2

In this way, the present case differs from Marich v. Bob Bennett Constr. Co., 116 Ohio 

St.3d 533, 2008-Ohio-92, 880 N.E.2d 906, which the trial court relied on in finding that a 

conflict existed in this case. Marich concerned a direct, not an implied, conflict. The 

Ohio Supreme Court held that a direct conflict existed between R.C. 5577.05 and a 

municipal ordinance. In addition to setting forth a maximum width for vehicles on the 

roadway, R.C. 5577.05 provided for a permit exception that required drivers (1) to apply 

for a permit in writing from the relevant jurisdiction, (2) demonstrate good cause to 

support such a permit, and (3) receive a written permit that authorizes the conduct. Id. at 

¶ 32. The municipal ordinance in that case, however, provided for an exemption from the 

permit process on certain, listed roadways within its jurisdiction. Id. at ¶ 33. In holding 

that a conflict existed, the Ohio Supreme Court stated,

The conflict between these sections is clear. Norton Codified Ordinances 

440.01 permits persons to operate excessively wide vehicles on certain 

roads without engaging in the statutorily mandated permit process and 

without demonstrating good cause for the exception. While R.C. 5577.05 

and 4513.34 prohibit such traffic without a permit, Norton Codified 

Ordinances 440.01(c)(1) explicitly permits it.

Id. at ¶ 34. Here, in contrast, there is no direct conflict between Section 866.01(a)(4) and 

R.C. 5577.05, but instead the conflict must be implied. Therefore, Marich is

distinguishable.
10.

subset of the Struthers analysis and recognizes that sometimes a municipal 

ordinance will indirectly prohibit what a state statute permits or vice versa.

“When determining whether a conflict by implication exists, we examine whether the 

General Assembly indicated that the relevant state statute is to control a subject 

exclusively.” Id. at ¶ 32. This concept of “conflict by implication” has been longestablished in Ohio Supreme Court precedent examining the home rule authority of 

municipalities. In case after case, the court has examined whether the General Assembly 

demonstrated its intent to control a subject exclusively to determine whether there is a 

conflict.

{¶ 21} For example, in Schneiderman v. Sesanstein, 121 Ohio St. 80, 86, 167 N.E. 

158 (1929), the Ohio Supreme Court held that a municipal ordinance establishing a 15-

mile-per-hour speed limit was in conflict with a state statute establishing a 25-mile-perhour speed limit. In that case, the state statute expressly provided that the speed limit 

“shall not be diminished, restricted or prohibited by an ordinance, rule or regulation of a 

municipality or other public authority.” Id. at 85, quoting section 12608, General Code. 

Thus, the court recognized that “[i]t was the legislative purpose, clearly manifested by the 

provisions of sections 12603 and 12608, General Code, to permit vehicles to travel upon 

the streets and highways of the state at any rate of speed not expressly prohibited by 

statute.” Id. at 90. Therefore, the court concluded that “an ordinance of a municipality 
11.

which attempts to make unlawful a rate of speed which the state by general law has 

stamped as lawful would be in conflict therewith.” Id. at 86.

{¶ 22} In Neil House Hotel Co. v. Columbus, 144 Ohio St. 248, 58 N.E.2d 665 

(1944), the Ohio Supreme Court held that a municipal ordinance that prohibited the sale 

of alcohol after midnight conflicted with a state regulation that prohibited the sale of 

alcohol between 2:30 a.m. and 5:30 a.m. The plaintiff in that case held a valid state 

liquor permit. Id. at 249. Section 6064-15, General Code, provided that one who holds 

such permits may sell beer and intoxicating liquors after the hour of 1:00 a.m. Id. at 252. 

Pursuant to express authorization granted by Section 6064-3, General Code, the Board of 

Liquor Control prohibited the sale and consumption of beer and intoxicating liquors 

between the hours of 2:30 a.m. and 5:30 a.m. Id. at 252. At the outset of its analysis, the 

court noted that the control and regulation of the “liquor traffic” is within the province of 

the state government, and

[t]he General Assembly of Ohio has undertaken to control and regulate the 

production, sale and dispensing of beer, wine and spirituous liquors 

throughout the state and has created an agency called the Board of Liquor 

Control to execute and administer the laws and to regulate the conduct of 

those who engage in the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages.

Id. at 251. The court held that after examining the state statutes and regulations, “it is 

difficult to escape the conclusion that plaintiff, under state authorization, may lawfully 
12.

sell beer and intoxicants to its customers after the hour of midnight and that a municipal 

ordinance fixing midnight as the time when the sale of such beverages must cease, is 

invalid.” Id. at 252-253.

{¶ 23} In Lorain v. Tomasic, 59 Ohio St.2d 1, 391 N.E.2d 726 (1979), the Ohio 

Supreme Court held that a municipal ordinance that prohibited the paying out of more 

than $1,200 in prizes during any single bingo session was in conflict with former R.C. 

2915.09(B)(5), which prohibited a payout of more than $3,500 during any bingo session. 

The court recognized that Article XV, Section 6 of the Ohio Constitution grants the 

General Assembly the power to “authorize and regulate the operation of bingo to be 

conducted by charitable organizations for charitable purposes.” As part of that regulatory 

scheme “the General Assembly has indicated that once a charitable organization is 

properly licensed, it has a right, pursuant to R.C. 2915.09(B)(5), to pay out up to, but no 

more than, $3,500 at any bingo session.” Tomasic at 3. In reaching its conclusion, the 

court reasoned,

To allow ordinances to be enacted throughout the state reducing maximum 

pay outs in any amount would destroy a uniform application of the newly 

enacted statutory scheme and create a potential for totally emasculating a 

duly licensed charitable organization’s ability to conduct a lawful bingo 

operation. Such a construction of R.C. 2915.09(B)(5) would render its 

language virtually meaningless and nullify its effect.
13.

Id. at 5.

{¶ 24} Am. Fin. Servs. likewise found that a conflict existed. In that case, a series 

of state statutes regulated a defined set of “covered loans,” which, at a basic level, 

consisted of mortgages with interest rates ten percentage points higher than the yield on 

U.S. Treasury securities. Am. Fin. Servs., 112 Ohio St.3d 170, 2006-Ohio-6043, 858 

N.E.2d 776, at ¶ 3. Following the enactment of the state statutes, the city of Cleveland 

passed a municipal ordinance with stricter limitations aimed at predatory lending. Id. at ¶ 

14. However, the Ohio Supreme Court recognized that “Through Sub.H.B. No. 386, the 

General Assembly has expressed its intent to preempt municipal regulation and occupy 

the field of regulation of predatory lending as an issue of statewide concern.” Id. at ¶ 31. 

Because the municipal ordinance applied to a broader swath of loans, and imposed 

stricter standards and additional requirements on lenders, the court concluded that 

“Cleveland has undertaken to regulate the making of a loan authorized by the General 

Assembly. This is directly contradictory to the syllabus in Struthers v. Sokol because 

these ordinances seek to forbid what the statutes allow.” Id. at ¶ 47-48.

{¶ 25} A few weeks after Am. Fin. Servs. was released, the Ohio Supreme Court 

held that no conflict existed in Cincinnati v. Baskin, 112 Ohio St.3d 279, 2006-Ohio6422, 859 N.E.2d 514. In Baskin, a Cincinnati municipal ordinance prohibited the 

possession of any semiautomatic rifle with a capacity of more than ten rounds. Id. at ¶ 1. 

The state statute at the time prohibited the possession of “any semi-automatic firearm 
14.

designed or specifically adapted to fire more than thirty-one cartridges without 

reloading.” Id. at ¶ 3. Again, the court examined whether the General Assembly 

indicated that the relevant state statute is to exclusively control the capacity of 

semiautomatic weapons. The court held:

There is nothing in the weapons-control measures in the criminal code that 

manifests an intent to prevent municipalities from regulating the possession 

of semiautomatic firearms that hold fewer than 32 rounds. There is no 

provision in the statute declaring or otherwise suggesting that the limitation 

upon firing capacity fixed therein is the only limitation controlling the 

possession of a semiautomatic firearm, that the limitation shall not be 

diminished or altered by municipal regulation, or that municipalities may 

not prohibit the possession of lower-capacity firearms than are prohibited 

by the statute.

Id. at ¶ 23.

{¶ 26} In holding that there was no conflict, the court reasoned,

Cincinnati has not undertaken to regulate or prohibit any conduct 

that the state has authorized. The relevant state statutes, i.e., R.C. 2923.11 

and 2923.17, prohibit the possession of semiautomatic firearms that are 

designed or adapted to fire more than 31 cartridges without reloading. 

They do not, however, permit or authorize the possession of semiautomatic 
15.

firearms that are capable of firing 31 or fewer cartridges without reloading. 

* * *

In the absence of any limiting provision or declaration to the 

contrary, we conclude that the General Assembly intended to allow 

municipalities to regulate the possession of lower-capacity semiautomatic 

firearms in accordance with local conditions, requiring only that under no 

condition shall municipalities allow the possession of any semiautomatic 

firearm that is capable of firing more than 31 cartridges without reloading. 

Thus, the ordinance does not prohibit what the statute permits.

Id. at ¶ 23-24.

{¶ 27} Following Baskin, the Ohio Supreme Court again held that no conflict 

existed in Mendenhall, 117 Ohio St.3d 33, 2008-Ohio-270, 881 N.E.2d 255. That case 

involved a municipality’s efforts to establish an “automated mobile speed enforcement 

system” that imposed a civil penalty for violating the speed limits set by the state. Id. at ¶ 

4, 6. In holding that the civil penalty regime did not conflict with the state’s criminal 

enforcement of the speed limits, the Ohio Supreme Court reasoned that “although the 

General Assembly has enacted a detailed statute governing criminal enforcement of 

speeding regulations, it has not acted in the realm of civil enforcement.” Id. at ¶ 32. The 

court concluded, “[B]ecause there is no indication that the state has intended to reserve to 
16.

itself the ability to enforce statewide traffic laws through a civil process, we decline to 

recognize a conflict by implication.” Id. at ¶ 34.

{¶ 28} Turning to the case at bar, while R.C. 5577.05 is a general law that sets 

forth the maximum length, width, and height of different classes of vehicles that operate 

on the public roadways, it does not purport to regulate what type of vehicle may be used 

to provide for-profit taxicab services. In addition, the Ohio Supreme Court has 

recognized that there is a fundamental difference between the general right to operate a 

motor vehicle on the public roadways and the privilege of using a particular vehicle for a 

regulated purpose. See Put-in-Bay v. Mathys, 163 Ohio St.3d 1, 2020-Ohio-4421, 167 

N.E.3d 922, ¶ 24 (“Mathys and Islander Inn may drive their golf carts in the village and 

may even let others use the carts without charging for their use. But if Mathys and 

Islander Inn want the privilege of renting those vehicles to others for use within the 

village, they are required to pay the tax imposed by the ordinance on their rental 

vehicles.”).

{¶ 29} Furthermore, unlike Schneiderman, Neil House Hotel, Tomasic, and Am. 

Fin. Servs., nothing in R.C. 5577.05 indicates the state’s intent to exclusively control the 

width of vehicles used as taxicabs. To the contrary, it has long been recognized that 

“[w]hile an extensive body of law has been enacted by the Legislature dealing with the 

operation of motor vehicles over the state highways, the statutes have not occupied the 

field of the regulation of taxicabs within municipalities.” State ex rel. McBride v. 
17.

Deckebach, 117 Ohio St. 227, 232, 157 N.E. 758 (1927). Indeed, in R.C. 715.22 the 

legislature has demonstrated its positive intent to allow municipalities to regulate taxicabs 

by providing that “Any municipal corporation may: (A) Regulate the use of carts, drays, 

wagons, hackney coaches, omnibuses, automobiles, and carriages kept for hire or livery 

stable purposes; [and] (B) License and regulate the use of the streets by persons who use 

vehicles, or solicit or transact business thereon.”

{¶ 30} Thus, we hold that R.C. 5577.05 does not create an implied right to operate 

as a taxicab any vehicle that is less than 102 (or 104) inches in width, and therefore, 

Section 866.01(a)(4) does not conflict with R.C. 5577.05. Consequently, because Section 

866.01(a)(4) is an exercise of the local police power that does not conflict with the 

general law provided in R.C. 5577.05, we hold that Section 866.01(a)(4) does not violate 

the Home Rule Amendment found in Article XVIII, Section 3 of the Ohio Constitution.

{¶ 31} Accordingly, the Village’s first assignment of error is well-taken.

B. Equal Protection

{¶ 32} In its second assignment of error, the Village argues that the trial court 

erred when it determined that Section 866.01(a)(4) violated the Equal Protection Clause 

in Article I, Section 2 of the Ohio Constitution.3

3

In its complaint, Taxiputinbay limited its claim to a violation of the Ohio Constitution, 

and did not assert an equal protection claim under the federal constitution. Due to the 

disparate language between the two constitutional provisions, there have been calls for 

further examination into whether Article I, Section 2 of the Ohio Constitution provides 

additional or different protection than the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States 

Constitution. See Sherman v. Ohio Pub. Emps. Retirement Sys., 163 Ohio St.3d 258, 
18.

{¶ 33} “The federal and Ohio equal-protection provisions are ‘functionally 

equivalent,’ and are to be construed and analyzed identically.” (Internal citations 

omitted.) Pickaway Cty. Skilled Gaming, L.L.C. v. Cordray, 127 Ohio St.3d 104, 2010-

Ohio-4908, 936 N.E.2d 944, ¶ 17. “Simply stated, the Equal Protection Clauses require 

that individuals be treated in a manner similar to others in like circumstances.” Burnett v. 

Motorists Mut. Ins. Co., 118 Ohio St.3d 493, 2008-Ohio-2751, 890 N.E.2d 307, ¶ 30, 

quoting McCrone v. Bank One Corp., 107 Ohio St.3d 272, 2005-Ohio-6505, 839 N.E.2d 

1, ¶ 6.

{¶ 34} “Courts apply varying levels of scrutiny to equal-protection challenges 

depending on the rights at issue and the purportedly discriminatory classifications created 

2020-Ohio-4960, 169 N.E.3d 602, ¶ 38 (Fischer, J., concurring); Stolz v. J & B Steel 

Erectors, Inc., 155 Ohio St.3d 567, 2018-Ohio-5088, 122 N.E.3d 1228, ¶ 28 (Fischer, J., 

concurring). However, the Ohio Supreme Court continues to hold that the two equal 

protection provisions are “functionally equivalent.” See State ex rel. Maras v. LaRose, 

Slip Opinion No. 2022-Ohio-3852, ¶ 17 (“We have interpreted the Equal Protection 

Clause in the Ohio Constitution as being equivalent to the federal Equal Protection 

Clause.”); State v. Moore, 154 Ohio St.3d 94, 2018-Ohio-3237, 111 N.E.3d 1146, ¶ 22 

(“Most recently we have considered the [Ohio equal protection and federal equal 

protection] guarantees to be ‘functionally equivalent’ and employed the same analysis 

under both provisions.”); State v. Aalim, 150 Ohio St.3d 489, 2017-Ohio-2956, 83 N.E.3d 

883, ¶ 29 (“[The Ohio and federal] equal-protection provisions are functionally 

equivalent and require the same analysis.”); but see State v. Mole, 149 Ohio St.3d 215, 

2016-Ohio-5124, 74 N.E.3d 368, ¶ 23 (“[W]e make clear that even if we have erred in 

our understanding of the federal Constitution’s Equal Protection Clause, we find that the 

guarantees of equal protection in the Ohio Constitution independently forbid the disparate 

treatment [at issue in this case].”). Furthermore, while Taxiputinbay has cited both the 

Ohio and federal equal protection clauses in its motion for summary judgment and on 

appeal, Taxiputinbay has not argued that the two provisions require separate 

consideration.
19.

by the law. ‘[A] statute that does not implicate a fundamental right or a suspect 

classification does not violate equal-protection principles if it is rationally related to a 

legitimate government interest.’” Pickaway at ¶ 18, quoting State v. Williams, 126 Ohio 

St.3d 65, 2010-Ohio-2453, 930 N.E.2d 770, ¶ 39. Here the parties do not dispute that this 

case does not involve a fundamental right or suspect classification, thus rational-basis 

review applies.

{¶ 35} “The rational-basis test involves a two-step analysis. We must first identify 

a valid state interest. Second, we must determine whether the method or means by which 

the state has chosen to advance that interest is rational.” Id. at ¶ 19, quoting McCrone at 

¶ 9.

Under the rational-basis standard, a state has no obligation to produce 

evidence to sustain the rationality of a statutory classification. Statutes are 

presumed to be constitutional and * * * courts have a duty to liberally 

construe statutes in order to save them from constitutional infirmities. The 

party challenging the constitutionality of a statute bears the burden to 

negate every conceivable basis that might support the legislation.

(Internal citations omitted.) Id. at ¶ 20.

{¶ 36} As to the first step, in her affidavit, the mayor of the Village stated that the 

80-inch width limitation served several public safety purposes intended to protect both 

the Village’s residents as well as tourists. “Legislative concern for public safety is not 
20.

only a proper police power objective—it is a mandate.” Arnold v. Cleveland, 67 Ohio 

St.3d 35, 47, 616 N.E.2d 163 (1993). Thus, the Village has identified a valid state 

interest in protecting the safety of its residents and visitors.

{¶ 37} As to the second step, “Ohio courts grant substantial deference to the 

legislature when conducting an equal-protection rational-basis review.” Pickaway at ¶ 

32, quoting Williams at ¶ 40. “A legislative choice is not subject to courtroom 

factfinding and may be based on rational speculation unsupported by evidence or 

empirical data.” Id. “Furthermore, courts are compelled under rational-basis review to 

accept a legislature’s generalizations even when there is an imperfect fit between means 

and ends. A classification does not fail rational-basis review because ‘it is not made with 

mathematical nicety or because in practice it results in some inequality.” Id., quoting Am. 

Assn. of Univ. Professors, Cent. State Univ. Chapter v. Cent. State Univ., 87 Ohio St.3d 

55, 58, 717 N.E.2d 286 (1999).

{¶ 38} Here, as stated in the mayor’s affidavit, limiting the width of taxicabs is 

rationally related to the goal of protecting public safety by reducing the threat to 

pedestrians and those on golf-carts, by reducing congestion on crowded, narrow streets, 

and by providing more room for the Village’s emergency response vehicles to navigate 

the streets.

{¶ 39} In response, Taxiputinbay argues that the 80-inch width limitation is 

irrational (1) because it only applies to taxicabs and not to other, larger vehicles, such as 
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delivery trucks, (2) because the number of vehicles it applies to is small given that there 

are only 36 taxicab licenses, and (3) because existing laws and ordinances already protect 

the public safety, such as R.C. 5577.05(B) (governing the width of vehicles), Section 

452.09 (time limits for “unloading zones”), Section 452.10 (establishing rules for 

“taxicab stands”), Section 452.11 (outlawing stopping in alleys or narrow streets without 

leaving at least 10 feet of room), and Section 452.111 (banning parking on certain roads 

in the Village).

{¶ 40} However, “[a] legislative body may direct its legislation against any evil as 

it actually exists, without covering the whole field of possible abuses, and it may do so 

none the less that the forbidden act does not differ in kind from those that are not 

forbidden.” Pickaway at ¶ 41, quoting Benjamin v. Columbus, 167 Ohio St. 103, 117, 

146 N.E.2d 854 (1957). “The task of classifying persons for * * * benefits * * * 

inevitably requires that some persons who have an almost equally strong claim to favored 

treatment be placed on different sides of the line, and the fact the line might have been 

drawn differently at some points is a matter for legislative, rather than judicial 

consideration.” Id., quoting Fitzgerald v. Racing Assn. of Cent. Iowa, 539 U.S. 103, 108, 

123 S.Ct. 2156, 156 L.Ed.2d 97 (2003).

{¶ 41} Here, it is reasonable to conclude that taxicabs would be most often used 

during the busiest times of the day. Thus, taxicabs pose a different danger than, for 

example, delivery trucks, which may deliver or operate during non-peak hours. Taxicabs 
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also operate closer to the public, and deliver passengers to store fronts instead of back 

alleys, thereby posing a greater risk to pedestrians. As such, it is not irrational to limit the 

width of taxicabs to protect the safety of residents and tourists.

{¶ 42} Therefore, we hold that Section 866.01(a)(4) does not violate the Equal 

Protection Clause because it is rationally related to a valid state interest in protecting the 

safety of residents and tourists.

{¶ 43} Accordingly, the Village’s second assignment of error is well-taken.

C. Permanent Injunction

{¶ 44} Finally, in its third assignment of error, the Village argues that the trial 

court erred when it granted a permanent injunction against the enforcement of Section 

866.01(a)(4).

{¶ 45} “The test for the granting or denial of a permanent injunction is 

substantially the same as that for a preliminary injunction. However, in the case of a 

permanent injunction, the plaintiff must prove that he has prevailed on the merits, not 

merely that there is a ‘substantial likelihood’ of prevailing on the merits.” (Emphasis 

sic.) Gimex Properties Corp., Inc. v. Reed, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-22-1049, 2022-Ohio4771, ---N.E.3d---, ¶ 62; W. Branch Local Sch. Dist. Bd. of Edn. v. W. Branch Edn. Assn., 

2015-Ohio-2753, 35 N.E.3d 551, ¶ 15 (7th Dist.) (“A permanent injunction test requires a 

higher standard. It requires the party seeking it to demonstrate a right to relief under the 

applicable substantive law. Or in other words, the moving party must prove that he has 
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prevailed on the merits.”). Here, as discussed above, Taxiputinbay has not prevailed on 

the merits in that Section 866.01(a)(4) is not unconstitutional. Therefore, we hold that 

the trial court erred in granting a permanent injunction.

{¶ 46} Accordingly, the Village’s third assignment of error is well-taken.

IV. Conclusion

{¶ 47} For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the Ottawa County Court of 

Common Pleas is reversed, and summary judgment is entered in favor of the Village on 

Taxiputinbay’s claims. Taxiputinbay is ordered to pay the costs of this appeal pursuant 

to App.R. 24.

Judgment reversed.

A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to App.R. 27. 

See also 6th Dist.Loc.App.R. 4.

Gene A. Zmuda, J. ____________________________

JUDGE

Candace C. Crouse, V.J. 

____________________________

Pierre H. Bergeron, V.J. JUDGE

CONCUR. 

____________________________

JUDGE

Judges Candace C. Crouse and Pierre H. Bergeron, First District Court of Appeals, sitting 

by assignment of the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Ohio.
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This decision is subject to further editing by the Supreme Court of

Ohio’s Reporter of Decisions. Parties interested in viewing the final reported

version are advised to visit the Ohio Supreme Court’s web site at:

http://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/ROD/docs/.