# U n i t e d S t a t e s C o u r t o f A pp e a l s

For the Eig hth Circu it

_ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

No . 1 8 -2 2 37

_ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Un i t ed St at es o f Am eri ca

l ll l l l l l l l l l l l ll l l l l l Pl a i n t i

f f - Ap pel l ee

v

.

Crai g W at t ers

l ll l l l l l l l l l l l ll l l l l l Def

en da n t - Ap pel l an t

_

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Ap p eal fro m

Un i t ed St at es Di s t ri ct Co u rt

fo r t he No rt h ern Di s t ri ct o f Io wa - Ced ar Rap i d s

_

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Su bm i t t ed : Au gu s t 1 3 , 2 0 1 9

Fi l ed : J an u ary 1 0 , 2 0 2 0

_ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ _

Befo re SHEPHERD, M ELLOY, an d GRASZ, Ci rcu i t J u d g es

.

_ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ _

M ELLOY, Ci rcu i t J u d g e.

In 2 0 1 7, Defen d an t Crai g W at t ers p l ead ed g u i l t y t o t h e ch arg e of d is tri b u t i n g

ch i l d p o rn og rap h y i n v i o l at i o n o f 18 U .S.C. §§ 22 5 2 (a)(2 ) an d (b )(1 ). Th e d i s t ri ctco u rt 1 i m

p o s ed a s en t en ce at t he b o t t o m o f t h e ad v i s o ry g ui d el i n es ran g e, 2 6 2 m o n th s

,

b u t o rd ered t h e sen t en ce t o ru n co n s ecu t iv e t o t h e rem ai n i n g p ort i on o f a n e arl ieri m p o s ed

, 6 0 -m o n t h

, rev o cat i o n -o f-s u p erv i s ed -rel eas e s en ten ce u n d er 1 8 U.S.C.

§ 35 8 3 (k ). W at t ers arg ues t h e cu rren t s en t en ce p u n i s h es t h e sa m e c o n d uct as t h e

rev o cat i on s en t en ce i n v i o l at i on o f t h e Fi ft h Am en dm en t’ s p ro h i b it i o n o n d o u b l e

jeo p ard y . He al so arg u es t h e cu rren t s en t en ce i s s ub s tan t i v el y u n reas o n ab l e. Aft er

t h e Su p rem e Co urt hel d § 3 5 8 3 (k ) u n co n s t i t u t i o n al i n Un it ed St at es v

. Hay m o n d

, 1 3 9

S. Ct . 2 3 6 9 (2 0 1 9 ), we o rd ered s u p p l em en t al b ri efi ng . W e n o w affi rm

.

I.

In 2 0 0 7

, W at t ers p l ead ed g u i l t y t o o n e co u n t o f recei p t o f ch i l d p o rn o g rap hy

u n d er 1 8 U.S.C. § § 2 2 5 2 A(a)(2 )(A) an d 2 2 5 2 A(b )(1 ). Hi s o ffen s e carri ed a st at u t o ry

m ax i m u m sen t en ce o f 2 40 m o n t h s ’ i m p ri s o n m en t an d h is ad v i s o ry gu i d el i nes ran g e

was 2 1 0

– 2 4 0 m o n t h s

. H e recei v e d a s u b s t an ti al ly b el o w-ran g e s en t en ce o f 6 0

m o nt h s ’ i m

p ri so n m en t an d a l ifet i m e o f s u p erv i s ed rel eas e. H e b eg an serv i n g h i s

t erm o f s u p erv is ed rel eas e fo r t h e 2 00 7 co n vi ct i o n i n Feb ru ary 2 0 1 2

.

In 2 0 1 4

, m o n i t o ri n g s o ft ware o n W at t e rs ’ s p ers o n al co m p u t er rev eal ed

s u s p ect ed ch i l d po rn o g rap h y

. At a 2 0 1 4 rev ocat i o n h eari n g

, t h e di s t ri ct co u rt fo u n d

W at t ers h ad v i o lat ed t h e t erm s o f h i s s u perv i s ed i n s ev eral res p ect s

. Vi d eo s o b t ai n ed

fro m W at t ers ’ s co m

pu t er d ep i ct ed p rep u b es cen t ch i l d ren en g ag ed i n o ral an d an al s ex

wi t h ad u l t m al es

. I n ad d i t i o n

, t h e g o v ern m en t i n t ro d u ced ev i d en ce o f W at t ers ’ s

o n l i n e ch at s an d em ai l s i ncl u d i n g s creen sh o ts o f i m ag es o f ch i l d p orn o g rap h y t h at

W at t ers had s en t an d recei v ed

. T h e d i s t ri ct co u rt fo u n d W at t ers had recei v ed

,

p o s s es s ed , an d d i st ri b u t ed ch i l d p orn o g rap h y i n v i o l at io n o f h i s s u p erv i s ed rel eas e.

1 Th e Ho no rab l e Li n d a R. Read e, Un i t ed St at es Di st ri ct J u d g e fo r t h e No rt h ern

Di s t ri ct o f Io wa.

-2

-As a res u l t

, th e di s tri ct co u rt im p o s ed a m an d at o ry 6 0 -m o n t h rev o cat i o n s en t en ce

u n d er 1 8 U.S.C. § 3 5 8 3 (k ) an d rei m p o s ed a l i fet i m e o f s u p erv i sed rel eas e.

W at t e r s d i d n ot ap p eal h i s rev o cat i o n s en t en ce. W h en co u p l ed wi t h h i s

o ri g i nal t erm o f i m

p ri s o n m en t fo r t he 2 0 0 7 co n vi ct i o n

, h i s t o t al term of i n carcerat i o n

was 1 2 0 m o n t h s

— h al f o f t h e s t at u to ry m ax i m u m an d s u b s t an t i al l y b el o w h i s o ri g i n al

ad v is o ry g u i del i n es ran g e.

Aft er i m p o s i t i o n o f t h e rev o cat i o n s en t en ce, i nv es t i g at i o n co n t i n u ed

, an d

o ffi cers d i s co v e red t h at W at t ers al s o p o ss es s ed ad d i t i o nal fi les co nt ai n in g ch i ld

p o rn og rap hy n o t i d en t i fi ed at t h e t i m e o f rev o cat io n

. Th es e fi l es i n cl u ded 2 9 v i d eo s

o f ad u l t m al es sex ual l y p en et rat i n g p rep u b es cen t ch i l d ren

. In ad d i t i o n

, o ffi cers

d i s co v ered W at t ers h ad u s ed Sk y p e t o t rad e ch i l d p orn o g rap h y

.

In 2 0 1 7

, t h e Un i ted St at es ch arg ed W at ters wi t h s ev eral co u n t s o f d i st ri b u t i n g,

recei v i ng

, an d p o s s es s in g ch i l d p o rn o g rap h y

, l i s t i n g t h e 2 0 0 7 c o n v i ct i o n as a p ri o r

o ffen s e fo r s t at u t o ry en h an cem en t p u rp os es

. T he u nd erl y in g ev i d en ce t o su p p o rt t h e

n ew ch arg es i n cl u d ed th e ev i d en ce k n o wn at t h e t i m e of t h e rev o cat i o n p ro ceed i ng s

an d t h e l at er-d i sco vered ev i d en ce. In No v em b er 2 0 1 7

, W at t ers p l ead ed g u i l t y to

d i s t ri b u t i n g ch i l d p orn og rap h y i n v i o l at i o n o f 1 8 U.S.C. § § 2 2 5 2 (a)(2 ) an d

2 2 5 2 (b )(1 ).

In M ay 2 0 1 8

, t h e d i s t ri ct co u rt s en t en ced W at t ers t o 2 6 2 m o nt h s’ i m pr isonm en t

b as ed o n an ad v is o ry g ui d el i n es ran g e o f 2 6 2

– 3 27 m o nt hs

. T h e di s t ri ct co u rt o rd ered

t h e n ew s en t en ce to ru n co n s ecu t i v e t o t h e 2 0 14 rev o cat i o n s en t en ce. At t h e t i m e o f

W at t ers ’ s 2 0 1 8 s en t en ci n g

, h e h ad ap p ro x i m at el y s i x m o n t h s rem ai n i ng t o b e s erv ed

o n h i s u nap p eal ed 2 0 1 4 rev o cat i o n s en t en ce. 2

2 W at t ers ’ s Pres en t en ce In v es ti g at i o n Rep o rt in d i cat es t h at

, p ri o r to h i s recen t

s en t en ci n g , h e was p ro

ject ed t o b e rel eas ed fro m p ri s o n i n No v em b er 2 0 1 8

.

-3

-At t h e 2 0 1 8 s en t en ci ng

, d efen s e co u n s el req u es t ed a d o wn ward vari an ce fro m

2 6 2 m o n t h s t o 2 0 2 m o n t h s to acco u n t fo r t h e p r e v i o u s l y i m p o s ed

, 6 0 -m o n th

rev o cat i on s en t en ce. In ad v ocat i n g f o r a 2 02 -m o n t h s en t en ce, co u n s el n ei t h er

as s ert ed a d o u b l e jeo p ard y arg u m en t n o r c h a l l e n g ed t he v al id i t y o f th e u n ap p eal ed

2 0 1 4 s u p erv i sed rel eas e vi o l at i on

. In reject in g W at t ers ’ s arg u m en t s

, t h e d i st ri ct co u rt

d i s cu s s ed i n fo rm at i o n co n t ai n ed i n u n o b j ect ed -t o p arag rap h s o f t h e Pres en t en ce

In v es t i g at i o n Rep o rt t h at i n di cat ed W at t ers h ad p art i ci p at ed i n s ex o ffen d er t reat m en t

an d co u n s el in g b u t h ad n o t b een s u cces s fu l i n a d d res s i n g h is des i re fo r ch i ld

p o rn o g r a p h y. In fact

, h e h ad co ns i st en t l y at t em pt ed t o m i n im i ze hi s cu lp ab i l i t y

,

d en y i n g t h at h e recei v ed an y s ex u al g rat ifi cat i o n fro m su ch m at eri al s

. Th e co u rt al s o

em ph as i zed th at W at t ers en g ag ed i n co n d u ct b ey o n d t h e p o s s es s i o n an d d is tri b u t i o n

o f ch i ld p o rn o g rap h y

, i n cl ud i n g p art i ci p at in g i n web cam ses s i o n s n u d e wi t h m i n o rs

,

fl a s h i n g p eo p l e, an d en g ag i ng i n s ex act s i n p u b l i c p l aces

. Th e co u rt co n cl u d ed

W at t ers was “ a reci d i v i s t

. . . at a h i g h ri s k t o reo ffen d

. . . [an d ] a d an g er t o ch i l d ren .”

II.

On ap p eal

, W at t ers pres en t s t wo arg um en t s b as ed o n t h e t h eo ry t h at h i s cu rren t

co n vi ct i o n an d s en t en ce i m perm i s s i b l y rel y o n t h e sam e act io n s th at l ed to h i s 2 0 1 4

rev o cat i on s en t en ce. He fi rs t arg u es t h at h i s l at es t co n v i c t i o n an d s en t en ci n g

o ccu rred i n v i ol at i o n o f t h e Fi ft h Am en dm en t ’ s p ro h i b i t i o n o n d ou b l e jeo p ard y

.

W at t ers co n ced es t h at h e d i d n o t as s ert h i s d o u b l e jeo pard y arg um en t b el ow an d t h at

we rev i ew h i s d o u b l e j eo p ard y ch al len g e o n l y fo r p l ai n erro r. See Un i t ed St at es v.

Bel l

, 4 1 1 F.3 d 9 6 0, 9 6 6 (8 t h Ci r. 2 0 0 5 ). He al s o arg u es th e d i s t ri ct co u rt erred an d

i m p o s ed an “ u n r e a s o n a b l e s en t en ce” “ b y n o t v ary in g o r d ep art i ng do wn ward in

co n si d erat io n o f t h e [2 0 1 4 s u perv i s ed rel eas e s en t en ce] fo r th e s am e op erat i v e fact s

an d f o r t h e ex act s am e cri m e o f d i s t ri b u t io n o f ch il d p o rn og rap h y ” as hi s cu rren t

o f f e n s e. W e rev iew t h e s ub s tan t i v e reas o n ab l en es s o f h i s s en t en ce fo r ab u s e o f

d i s cret i o n . See Un i t ed St at es v . W i s ecarv er, 9 1 1 F.3 d 5 5 4 , 5 5 7 (8 t h Ci r. 2 0 1 8 ).

-4

-At t h e ti m e o f W at t ers ’ s sen t en ci n g

, t h e l aw i n o u r ci rcu i t was cl ear. It was n ot

a v i o l at i o n o f t h e do u b l e jeo p ard y cl au s e t o im p o s e a s en t en ce fo r a new co n v i ct i o n

b as ed o n t h e s am e co n d uct th at h ad g i v en ri s e t o a rev ocat i o n sen t en ce. See Un i t ed

St at es v

. W i l so n

, 9 39 F.3 d 92 9

, 9 3 1 (8 th Ci r. 2 0 1 9 ) ( “ I t h a s l o n g b een t h e

ju ri s p ru den ce o f t h i s co u rt t h at t h e s am e co n d u ct can res u lt i n b ot h a rev o cat io n o f

. . .

s u p erv i s ed rel eas e an d a s ep arat e cri m i n a l c onv i ct i on wi th o ut rai s i n g d o u bl e jeo p ard y

co n cern s.” (ci t in g Un i t ed St at es v

. Dan g

, 9 0 7 F.3 d 5 6 1

, 5 6 7 (8 t h Ci r. 2 0 18 ); Un i t ed

St at es v

. Ben n et t

, 5 6 1 F.3 d 7 9 9, 8 0 2 (8 t h Ci r. 2 0 0 9))). W e, an d t h e Su p rem e Co u rt

,

h ad co n s i s ten t l y ch aract eri zed rev o cat i o n sen t en ces as p u n i s h m en t fo r t h e earl i er,

u n d erl y i n g co n v i ct i o n an d fo r t h e b reach o f th e t ru s t ex t en d ed t o t h e d efen d an t

p u rs u an t t o t h e t erm s o f s up erv i s ed rel eas e. See J o h n s o n v

. U ni t ed St at es

, 52 9 U.S.

6 9 4

, 7 00 (2 0 0 0 ); Ben n et t

, 5 6 1 F.3 d at 8 0 2 (“ A h eari n g to d et erm i n e wh et h er

s u p erv i s ed rel eas e sh o u l d b e rev o k ed

, h o wev er, i s n o t a cri m i n al p ro s ecu t i o n.

M o reo v er, t h e rev o cat i on o f s up erv i s ed rel eas e i s a p en al t y at t ri bu t ab le t o t h e o ri g i n al

co n vi ct i o n

, n o t a n ew pu ni s hm en t .” (i n t ern al ci t at i o n o m i t t e d )). W e d i d n ot

ch aract eri ze th e rev o cat i o n s en t en ce as pu n is h m en t fo r t h e new l aw v i o lat i o n t h at

o ccu rred d u ri n g t h e t erm

o f s up erv i s ed rel eas e.

In J u n e 2 0 1 9, ho wev er, t h e Su p rem e Co u rt i s su ed it s op i ni o n i n Hay m o n d,

h o l d i n g § 3 5 83 (k ) u n co n s t i t u t i o n al

. Th e Co u rt ch aract eri zed § 3 5 8 3 (k ) as m an d at i n g

a n ew m i n im

u m t erm o f i n carcerat i o n b as ed o n ju d g e-fo u nd fact s

, i n v i o l a t i o n o f

d efen d an t s ’ Si xt h Am en d m en t ju ry ri g h t s

. Hay m o n d

, 1 3 9 S. Ct

. at 2 3 8 6 (Brey er, J

.,

co n cu rri n g ). Hay m on d i n cl ud ed a fo u r-ju s t i ce pl u ral i t y au t h o red b y J u st ice Go rs u ch

an d a sep arat e o p i ni o n b y Ju s t i ce Brey er co ncu rri n g i n t h e ju d g m en t

. As n o t ed b y t h e

d i s s en t

, J u s t i ce Brey er’ s o p i n i o n i s t h e n arro wer op i ni o n

, an d t h erefo re co n t ro l s

. Id

. (Al i to , J ., d i s s en t i ng ).

J u s t ice Brey er wro t e t h at

, i n g en eral

, s u p erv i s ed rel eas e rev o cat i o n s are

“ t y p i cal l y u n d ers t oo d as ‘ p art o f t he p en al t y fo r th e i n it i al offen se.’ ” Hay m o n d

, 1 3 9

S. Ct

. at 2 3 8 6 (q u o t in g J o h n s o n, 5 2 9 U.S. at 7 0 0). As s u ch

, “ [t ] h e co ns eq u en ces t h at

-5

-fl ow fro m v i o l at i on o f t h e co n d i t i o n s o f s u perv i s ed rel eas e are fi rs t an d fo rem o s t

co n si d ered s an ct i o n s fo r t h e defen d an t ’ s ‘ b reach o f t ru s t ’

— h i s ‘ fai l u re to fo l l o w t h e

co u rt -i m p o s ed co n d itions ’ t hat fo l l o wed h i s i n i t i al co n v ict i o n

— n o t ‘ fo r th e p art i cu l ar

co n du ct t ri g g eri n g t h e rev o cat i o n as i f t hat co n du ct were b ei ng s e n t e n c e d as n ew

fed eral cri m i n al co n d u ct .’” I d

. (q u o t in g U.S. Sen t en ci n g Gu id el i n es M an u al

, ch

. 7

p t

. A

, i n tro

. 3 (b ) (No v

. 2 0 1 8 )). J u s t i ce Brey er co n cl u ded

, h o w ev er, t h at § 3 5 8 3 (k ) “ i s

l es s l i k e o rd i n ary rev o cat io n an d m o re l i k e p u n is hm en t fo r a n ew o ffen s e, t o wh i ch

t h e ju ry ri g h t wo u ld ty

p i ca l l y at t ach .” Id

. He reach ed t h i s co n cl u s i o n b ecau s e

§ 3 5 8 3 (k ): (1 ) “ ap p l i es o n ly w h en a d efen d an t co m m i ts a d i s cret e s et o f f

ed eral

cri m i n al o ffen s es s p eci fi ed i n t h e s t at u t e”; (2 ) “ t ak es away t h e ju d g e’ s d i s cret i o n t o

d eci d e wh et h er v i o l at i o n o f a co n d it i on o f su p erv is ed re l e a s e s h o u l d res u l t in

i m p ri s o n m en t an d fo r h o w l o n g ”; a n d ( 3) “ l im i t s t h e ju dg e’ s d i s cret i on

. . . by

i m p o s i n g a m an d at ory m i ni m um t erm o f i m

p ri s o n m en t

. . . u p o n” ju d g e-fo u n d fact s

.

Id

.

Th e Hay m o n d d i s s en t an d p l ural i t y d is ag reed as t o ho w t o ch aract eri ze

rev o cat i on s en t en ces wh en v iewed ag ai n s t a n u n d erl y i n g co n v i ct i o n an d i n i t i al

s en t en ce— i s t he rev o cat i on sen t en ce a n ew s en t en ce b as ed u po n ju d g e-fo u n d fact s

o r i s i t m erel y a p u ni s hm en t fo r, an d wi t h i n t h e p erm i s s ib l e s t at u t o ry s co pe o f, t h e

i n i t i al co n v i ct i o n ? Th e di s sen t em ph as i zed t h at t h e d efen d an t in Hay m on d i n i t i al l y

h ad b e e n s en t en ced t o 3 8 m o nt h s ’ i m p ri s o n m en t

, fo l l o wed b y th e m an d at o ry 6 0

m o nt h s o f § 3 58 3(k ), s u ch t h at h i s t ot al s en t en ce— ev en w i t h th e m an d at ory t erm o f

rev o cat i on

— was s t i l l b el o w t h e s t at u t o ry m ax i m u m fo r hi s o ffen s e o f co n v i ct i o n

, 1 2 0

m o nt h s

. Id

. at 2 3 90

. Th e d i s s en t

, t h erefo re, i n terp ret ed t h e pl ural i t y o p i ni o n as an

as s au l t o n § 35 8 3 (e) an d th e b ro ad er s y s t em o f s u p erv i s ed rel eas e “ carefu l l y craft ed

fo r t h e p u rp o s e o f l ay i n g t h e g ro u n d wo rk fo r l at er deci s io n s o f mu ch b ro ad er s co p e.”

Id

. at 2 3 8 6

. T h e p l u r a l i ty

, i n co n t ras t

, ch aract eri zed i t s h ol di n g as l i m i t ed i n s co p e

t o § 3 5 8 3 (k ) an d n o t ex t en d i n g m o re g en eral l y t o § 3 5 8 3 (e). Id

. at 2 3 8 3

. Th e

p l u ral i t y n o t ed

, h o wev er, th at t h e rel at i o n s h i p b et ween a s t at u to ry m ax im u m an d t h e

co m b i ned in i ti al an d rev o cat i o n s en t en ces rem ai n ed rel ev an t

. Id

. at 2 3 8 4 (“ In m o s t

-6

-cas es (i ncl u d i n g t h i s o n e), co m b i n i n g a d efen d an t ’ s i n i t i al an d p o s t -rev o cat i o n

s en t en ces i ss ued u n d er § 3 5 8 3 (e) wi ll n o t y i el d a t erm o f i m p ri s o n m en t t h at ex ceed s

t h e s t at u t o ry m ax i m

u m t erm of i m

p ri s o n m en t t h e ju ry h as au t h ori zed fo r t h e o ri g i n al

c r i m e

. . . . [b ecau s e] co u rt s rarel y s en t en ce d efen d an t s t o t h e s t at u to ry m ax i m a

. ”

(ci t at i o n an d q u ot at i o n m ark s o m i t t ed )).

Su b s eq uen t t o Hay m o n d, o u r c o u r t ad d res s ed a d efen d an t ’ s arg u m en t t h at

Hay m o n d m ad e a re vocat i o n s en t en ce u nd er a d i fferen t p ro v is io n

, § 35 8 3(g ), a d o u b l e

jeo p ard y v io l at i on

. See Un i ted St at es v

. W i ls o n

, 9 3 9 F.3 d 9 2 9 (8 t h Ci r. 2 01 9 ). W e

reject ed t h e arg u m en t

, n o t i n g t hat , al t h o u g h § 3 5 8 3 (g ) m ad e rev o cat io n m an d at o ry

,

i t l i m i t ed p os si b le rev o cat i o n s en t en ces t o t erm s i n d ex ed t o t h e s ev eri t y o f t h e i n i t i al

,

u n d erl y i n g co n v i ct i o n

. Id

. at 93 2

– 3 3 (d i s cu s si n g t h e rel at i o n s h i p b et ween § 3 5 8 3 (g )

an d t h e cro s s -referen ced rev o cat i o n -s en t e n c e l im i t s i d en ti fi ed i n § 3 5 83 (e)). W e

co n cl u d ed t h at “ Sect io n 3 58 3 (g ), u nl i k e s u b s ect i o n (k ), req u i res t h e co u rt t o co n s i d er

t h e un d erl y i n g o ffen s e a n d g i v es t h e co u rt d is cret i o n to det erm i n e t h e l en g t h o f

s en t en ce u p t o t h e l i m i t at i o n s o f s u b s ect i o n (e)(3 ). T hi s l i m i t at i o n dem o n s t rat es t h at

§ 3 58 3 (g ) i s d es i g n ed t o s an ct i o n t h e d efen d an t ’ s b reach o f t ru s t rat h er t h an p u n i s h

a s ep arat e cri m e.” Id

. at 9 3 3 . An d, i n fi n d i ng Hay m o n d i n ap pl i cab l e t o s u b s ect i o n

(g ), we em

p h as i zed t h at t h e co m

b i n ed rev o ca t i o n a n d i n i t i al s en t en ces i n W i l so n

ad d ed up t o l es s t h an t h e s t at u t o ry m ax i m u m au t ho ri zed by t h e u n d erl y i n g co n v i ct i o n.

Id

. at 9 33 ( “ Th e t o t al 1 0 5-m o n t h s en t en ce i s l es s t han t h e s t at u t ory m ax i m u m 1 2 0

m o n t h s a u t h o ri zed fo r W i l s o n ’ s v i o l at i o n o f 1 8 U .S.C. § 9 2 2 (g )(1 ). Becau s e t h e

i m p o s i t i o n o f a s en t en ce u n d er § 3 5 8 3 (g ) i s a s an ct i o n rat h er t h an a p u n is hm en t fo r

a s ep arat e o ffen s e, cri m i n al p ro s ecu t i o n d oes n o t v i o l at e d o u b l e jeo p ard y .”).

Here, o f co u rs e, we are faced s q uarel y wi t h t h e s i tu at i o n t h e co u rt d is t i n g u i s h ed

i n W i l s o n

. W at t ers ’ s d o u b l e jeo p ard y arg u m en t i s b as ed o n § 3 5 8 3 ( k )

. W at t ers

i n v o k e s Hay m o n d d i rect l y an d arg u es t h at t h e pl u ral i t y an d J u s t i ce Brey er b o t h

d et erm i n ed th at § 3 5 8 3 ( k ) d o e s

, i n fact

, serv e as pu n is h m en t fo r t h e n ew o ffen s e

rat h er t h an pu n i s h m en t fo r t h e i n i t i al co n v i c t io n o r t h e b reach o f t ru s t. W at t ers

,

-7

-arg u es t h at

, at l eas t as ap p l i ed t o § 3 5 8 3(k ) rev o cat i o n s an d su b seq u en t p ro s ecu t i o n s

,

Hay m o n d ab ro g at es o ur d o u b le jeo p ard y p reced en t

.

W e are n o t p ers u ad ed t h at Hay m on d d i ct at es s u ch a co n cl u s i o n. In Hay m o n d,

t h e pl u ral i t y ex p res s l y di s av o wed t h e d is s en t ’ s ch aract eri zat i o n o f t h e pl u ral i t y ’ s

o p i n i o n as a b ro ad

, g en eral at t ack u p o n rev ocat i o n pro ceed i n gs an d s en t en ces

. 1 3 9

S. Ct

. at 2 3 8 3– 8 4

. J u st i ce Brey er’ s n arro w co n cu rren ce— t h e co n t r o l l i n g

o p i n i o n —d i d n ot h o l d t h at rev o cat i o n s were, i n an d o f t h em s el v es

, fu l l -b l o w n

p ro s ecu ti o n s o r t ri al s t hat n eces s ari l y wo u ld perm it a d efen d an t t o i n v o k e al l o f t h e

v ari o u s co n s t it u t i o nal p ro t ect i o n s at t en d an t t o s u ch pro ceed i n g s

. He h el d m erel y t h at

§ 3 5 8 3 (k ) “ i s l es s l i k e o rd i n ary rev o cat i on an d m o re l i k e p u ni s h m en t fo r a n ew

o ffen s e, t o wh i ch t h e ju ry ri g h t wo u l d t y pi cal l y at t ach .” Id

. at 2 3 86

. Im po rt an t l y

, in

d o i n g s o

, h e s tat ed t h at h e “ wo u l d n o t t r an s p l an t t he Ap pren d i [v

. New J ers ey

, 5 3 0

U.S. 4 66 (2 0 0 0 )] l i ne o f cas es t o t h e s u perv i s ed -rel eas e co nt ex t .” Id

. at 2 3 85

. If t h e

Su p rem e Co urt i t s el f d id n o t “ t ran s p l an t” t h e en t ire b od y o f ju ry -ri g h t ju ri s p ru d en ce

i n t o t h e s u p erv i s ed rel eas e co n t ex t, we s h ou l d n o t p res u m e i t n eces s ary t o p u l l i n to

t h at s am e co n t ex t o th er, u n rel at ed d o ct ri n es s u ch as d ou b l e jeo p ard y

. Si m p l y p u t

, t h e

fact t hat rev o cat io n p u rs u an t to § 3 5 8 3 (k ) i s “ l i ke” p u ni s h m en t fo r a new o ffen s e d o es

n o t m ean t h at t h e reas o n i ng of Hay m o n d n eces s ari l y d i s p l aces o u r l o ng s t an d i n g

d o u b l e jeo p ard y

ju ri s p ru d en ce.

In an y ev en t, b ecau s e o u r rev i ew i s o n l y fo r pl ai n erro r, rel i ef i s no t ap p ro p ri at e

i n t h i s cas e. Befo re we m ay ex erci s e d i s cret i o n t o g ran t p l ai n -erro r rel i ef, th ere m u s t

b e an erro r t h at i s “ cl ear o r

. . . o b v i o u s ” an d “ a f f e c [ t s ] s u b s t an t ial ri g h t s .” Un i t ed

St at es v

. Ol an o, 5 0 7 U.S. 7 2 5

, 7 3 4 (1 99 3 ) (i n t ern al q u o t at i o n m ark s a n d ci t at i on s

o m it t ed ). “ ‘ [I] n t h e o rd i n ary cas e,’ an erro r affect s a d efen dan t ’ s s u b s tan t i al ri g h t s

i f t h e d efen d an t can ‘ s h o w a reas o n ab l e p ro b ab i l it y t hat

, b u t fo r t h e erro r, t he o u t co m e

o f t h e p ro ceed i n g wo u l d h av e b een d i fferen t .’ ” Un i t ed St at es v

. Val q u i er, 9 3 6 F.3 d

7 8 1

, 7 8 4 (8 t h Ci r. 2 0 1 9 ) (q u o t i ng M o l i n a-M art i n ez v

. Un i t ed St at es

, 1 36 S. Ct

. 1 3 3 8,

1 3 4 3 (2 0 1 6 )).

-8

-Here, fo r t h e reas on s ju s t s t at ed

, i t i s b y n o m e a n s c l ear t h at erro r o ccu rred

,

m u ch l es s erro r t h at i s “ cl ear o r

. . . o b v io u s

. ” Ol an o

, 50 7 U.S. at 7 34

. M o reo v er, i t

i s di ffi cu l t to fi n d th at th e o ut co m e w o u l d h av e b een d ifferen t i n t h e ab s en ce o f erro r.

W at t ers

, aft er al l

, di d n o t ap p eal h i s re v o c a t i o n s en ten ce. Th at s en t en ce i s n ot

p res en t l y o n ap p eal an d was no t ch al l en g ed at s en t en ci ng o n th e cu rren t co n v i ct i o n.

W at t ers d i d arg u e fo r cred i t o r a d ep art u re at h i s l at es t s en t en ci n g b as ed u p o n t h e 6 0

-

m o nt h rev o cat io n s en t en ce. T h ere, t h e b o t t o m o f t h e ad v i s o ry g u i d el i n es ran g e was

2 6 2 m o n t h s an d h e arg u ed fo r a 20 2 -m o n th s en t en ce t o acco u n t fo r t h e rev o cat i o n

s en t en ce. Th e di s tri ct co urt reject ed t h at req u es t

, reco u n t i n g t h e ev i den ce an d fi n d i n g

W at t ers to b e a d an g ero u s reci d i v i s t

. Al t h o u g h n o t co u ch ed i n t erm s of d o u b l e

jeo p ard y

, t h e d i st ri ct co u rt h eard an d co n s i d ered W at t ers ’ s arg u m en t an d fo u n d t h e

co n secu ti v e s en t en ce o f 2 6 2 m o n t h s t o b e n o g reat er t han n eces s ary to ach i ev e t h e

l eg i t i m at e p u rp o s es o f 1 8 U.S.C. § 3 5 5 3 (a).

St i l l

, ev en as s u m i ng erro r an d ev en as s u m i n g we were t o reach t h e fi n al p ro n g

o f t h e p l ai n erro r an al y s i s

, we d o n o t b el iev e t h e a s s e r t e d erro r i n t h i s cas e m eri t s

rel i ef. Rel i ef p u rs u an t t o pl ai n erro r rev i ew i s “ p erm i s s iv e, n o t m an d at o ry ,” Ol an o,

5 0 7 U.S. at 7 35 , an d we “ s h o u l d co rrect a p l ai n fo rfei t ed erro r affect i n g s u b s t an t i al

ri gh t s i f t h e erro r seri o u s l y affect [s ] t h e f a i r n es s

, i n t eg ri t y o r p u b l i c rep u t at i o n o f

ju d i ci al p ro ceed in g s ,” i d

. at 7 36 (al t erat i o n i n o ri g i n al ) (i n tern al q uo t at i o n m ark s an d

ci t at i o n s o m i t t ed ). Here, a s a l read y n o t ed

, th e rev o cat i o n s en t en ce an d t h e o ri g i n al

s en t en ce fo r t h e 2 0 0 7 co nv i ct i o n ad d ed u p t o 1 2 0 m o n t h s

— h al f o f t h e a p p l i cab l e

s t at u to ry m ax i m

u m t erm o f 2 4 0 m o n t h s

. In ad d it i on

, t h e s tat u t o ry m ax i m u m fo r t h e

2 0 1 7 co n v i ct i o n was 4 80 m o n t h s an d t h e ap p l icab l e ad vi s o ry g u id el i n es ran g e was

2 6 2

– 3 2 7 m o nt hs

. Ev en i f w e were t o co n s id er t h e 20 1 4 rev o cat i o n s en ten ce an d t h e

2 0 1 7 s en t en ce as co m

b i n ed p u n i s h m en t f

o r n ew co n d u ct

, t he co m bi n ed s en t en ce

co u ld be co n s i d ered

, at m o s t

, t o b e 3 2 2 m o n t h s

. Th i s term

, t o o

, was w i t h i n t h e

ap p li cab l e ad v i so ry g u i d el i n es ran g e fo r t h e n ew offen s e. As su ch

, ev en i f we were

t o h o l d Hay m o n d ab ro g at ed o u r double j e o pa r dy pr e c e de nt c onc e rn i n g sen t en ces aft er

-9

-rev o cat i on

, W at t ers ’ s cas e si m p l y d o es n o t cal l i nt o qu es t i o n t h e “ fai rn es s

, i n t eg ri t y

o r p u bl i c rep ut at i o n o f ju d i ci al p ro ceed in g s .”

Tu rn i n g t o t he W at t ers ’ s fi n al arg u m en t

, we d o n o t fi nd h i s s en t en ce t o b e

s u b s t an t i vel y u n reas o n ab l e

. Th e d i s t ri ct co u rt co n s i d ered th e 1 8 U.S.C. § 3 5 5 3 (a)

fact ors an d s u ffi ci en t l y

ex p l ai n ed i t s reas o ns fo r i m p o s i n g a wi t h i n -ran g e s en t en ce.

In p art i cu l ar, t h e co u rt was co n cern ed wi th W at ters ’ s dem o n s t rat ed reci d i v i s m

, h i s

rel at ed co nd u ct ab o v e an d b ey o n d t he p o ss es s io n an d di s t ri b u t i on o f ch i ld

p o rn og rap hy , an d h i s ap p aren t d en i al o f cu lp ab i l i t y an d i n t eres t i n s u ch m at eri al s

.

W e affi rm

t h e ju d gm en t o f t h e d i s t ri ct co u rt

.

__ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _

-1 0

-