Fourth Court of Appeals

San Antonio, Texas

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Nos. 04-18-00458-CR, 04-18-00459-CR & 04-18-00460-CR

Victor RIGGAN,

Appellant

v.

The STATE of Texas,

Appellee

From the County Court at Law, Kerr County, Texas

Trial Court Nos. CR171326, CR171327 & CR171328

Honorable Susan Harris, Judge Presiding

Opinion by: Sandee Bryan Marion, Chief Justice

Sitting: Sandee Bryan Marion, Chief Justice

Luz Elena D. Chapa, Justice

Beth Watkins, Justice

Delivered and Filed: April 10, 2019

AFFIRMED

Victor Riggan appeals his convictions for speeding, driving without a seat belt, and driving 

without a license. On appeal, Riggan presents six issues contending: (1) his due process rights 

were violated; (2) the municipal court and county court lacked jurisdiction; (3) his right to 

assemble cannot be regulated by the State; (4) documents were erroneously placed in the court 

file, and the prosecutor was erroneously allowed to verbally respond to Riggan’s pre-trial motions; 

(5) court costs were improperly assessed; and (6) the police officer was not authorized to stop 

Riggan’s car. We affirm the trial court’s judgments.
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BACKGROUND

Riggan was stopped by a police officer and issued citations for speeding, driving without 

a seat belt, and driving without a license. Riggan demanded a jury trial in municipal court, and 

the jury found him guilty of all three offenses which were punishable by fine only. Riggan 

appealed his convictions to the county court and waived a trial by jury in his de novo appeal. After 

a bench trial, the county court also found Riggan guilty of the offenses. Riggan now appeals to 

this court. 

Although Riggan presents six issues on appeal, several of the issues and the arguments 

made in reference to the issues overlap. Accordingly, this opinion consolidates related issues and 

arguments in analyzing the issues presented.

CHARGING INSTRUMENT

In his first, second, and fourth issues, Riggan contends his constitutional rights were 

violated and the municipal and county courts lacked jurisdiction based on deficiencies in the 

charging instruments. In support of his arguments, Riggan cites various provisions of the Texas 

Constitution and article 45.018 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure (“Code”).

“There are three types of charging instruments—indictments, informations and 

complaints.” Huynh v. State, 901 S.W.2d 480, 481 n.3 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995). “Indictments and 

informations are provided for and defined in the Texas Constitution” and “are also defined in the 

[Texas] Code of Criminal Procedure.” Id. “Complaints are not addressed in the Constitution, but 

are provided for in the Code of Criminal Procedure in a variety of contexts.” Id. “A complaint is 

a sworn affidavit charging the commission of an offense.” Id. “A complaint serves as the sole 

charging instrument in municipal court.” Id.; TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 45.018. With 

regard to charging instruments for offenses punishable only by fine, article 27.14(d) of the Code 

provides in pertinent part:
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If written notice of an offense for which maximum possible punishment is by fine 

only ... has been prepared, delivered, and filed with the court and a legible duplicate 

copy has been given to the defendant, the written notice serves as a complaint to 

which the defendant may plead “guilty,” “not guilty,” or “nolo contendere.” If the 

defendant pleads “not guilty” to the offense or fails to appear based on the written 

notice, a complaint shall be filed that conforms to the requirements of Chapter 45 

of this code, and that complaint serves as an original complaint.

Thus, for offenses punishable by fine only, an officer’s written citation serves as the complaint 

until a defendant pleads “not guilty.” A formal complaint in conformity with Chapter 45 is only 

required to be prepared after a defendant pleads not guilty, thus necessitating a trial. See id.; see 

also Palma v. State, No. 01-04-00206-CR, 2004 WL 1470911, at *1 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st 

Dist.] July 1, 2004, pet. ref’d) (not designated for publication); State v. Shaw, 822 S.W.2d 807, 

809 (Tex. App.—Austin 1992, no pet.). In a de novo appeal from a municipal court to a county 

court, the trial is on the original papers, and an information is “not only not required, but the filing 

of [an information] would not [be] authorized by law.” Ex parte Morales, 53 S.W. 107, 108 (Tex. 

Crim. App. 1899); TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. arts. 44.17, 45.042.

In this case, the record reflects Riggan was provided a copy of the citations issued by the 

police officer who stopped him, and the citations stated the offenses with which he was charged. 

After Riggan appeared in municipal court and pled not guilty, complaints were prepared in 

conformity with Chapter 45, and a discovery release signed by Riggan shows that he received 

copies of the complaints by at least September 11, 2017, seven days before the trial was held on 

September 18, 2017. The complaints are acknowledged by the clerk of the municipal court and 

stamped with the court’s seal making them a part of the official court record. Accordingly, we 

overrule all of Riggan’s issues and arguments relating to the charging instruments in the instant 

case and the jurisdiction of the lower courts.
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MOTION FOR A FAIR TRIAL

In his first issue, Riggan also argues his due process rights were violated because the county 

court denied his motion for a fair trial. In his motion, Riggan requested the judge: (1) follow the 

Constitution; (2) be impartial; and (3) remind the prosecutor that the prosecutor’s primary duty 

was not to convict but to see that justice was done and that the prosecutor was prohibited from 

suppressing facts or secreting witnesses capable of establishing Riggan’s innocence. Although the 

trial court denied Riggan’s motion, the trial court stated, “As for a fair trial, Mr. Riggan, yes. 

You’re — we will give you a fair trial. Yes. As to the particularities of the motion, I’m going to 

deny it.” Riggan cites no authority that would require a trial court to grant his motion or any 

authority to support his contention that his due process rights were violated by the trial court’s 

denial of the motion. Having reviewed the record as a whole, we hold Riggan was given a fair 

trial, and his due process rights were not violated by the trial court’s denial of his motion.

RECORDING PURSUANT TO ARTICLE 15.17

In his first issue, Riggan also asserts his due process rights were violated because the record 

is lacking the recording required by article 15.17 of the Code. Article 15.17 of the Code requires 

a recording to be made of the required communication between an arrested person and a magistrate. 

TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 15.17. Here, the record reflects Riggan was not arrested but 

was issued citations and released. In fact, the officer who issued the citations testified he allowed 

Riggan to call his wife to come pick him up, and she arrived shortly after. Accordingly, no 

recording was required to be made under article 15.17.

INFRINGEMENT ON CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT AND SUFFICIENCY

In his third issue, Riggan contends the State is not authorized to regulate his constitutional 

right to assemble, and he was traveling to assemble with others when he was stopped. Riggan 
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further contends the evidence is insufficient to prove that he was in a motor vehicle as defined by 

18 U.S.C. §31(a)(6)1 at the time he was stopped.

Driving is not a constitutionally protected right, but a privilege subject to reasonable 

regulations formulated under the police power in the interest of the welfare and safety of the 

general public. Tharp v. State, 935 S.W.2d 157, 159 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996) (quoting Ex parte 

Arnold, 916 S.W.2d 640, 642 (Tex. App.—Austin 1996, pet. ref’d)); Coyle v. State, 775 S.W.2d 

843, 846 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1989, no pet.). Accordingly, the State is authorized to regulate 

Riggan’s driving even if he was traveling to assemble with others.

The three offenses with which Riggan was charged are set forth in the Texas Transportation 

Code. See TEX. TRANSP. CODE ANN. §§ 521.021, 545.351, 545.413. Unlike the federal statute 

cited by Riggan, the Texas Transportation Code defines a “motor vehicle” as a self-propelled 

vehicle or any motor driven or propelled vehicle. Id. §§ 501.002(17), 520.051(1), 541.201(11). 

Officer Zach Martin testified he stopped Riggan after observing him driving a car at a high rate of 

speed in excess of the speed limit. Accordingly, the evidence is sufficient to prove Riggan was 

driving a motor vehicle.

PRE-TRIAL HEARING

In his fourth issue, Riggan also argues the county court at law prosecutor should not have 

been permitted to verbally respond to his motions during the pre-trial hearing. Riggan cites article 

28.01 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure in support of his argument.

Although article 28.01 requires notice to be provided of the matters to be considered at a 

pre-trial hearing, article 28.01 does not prohibit a prosecutor from verbally responding to a 

 1 18 U.S.C. § 31(a)(6) defines the term “motor vehicle” to mean “every description of carriage or other contrivance 

propelled or drawn by mechanical power and used for commercial purposes on the highways in the transportation of 

passengers, passengers and property, or property or cargo.” 18 U.S.C. § 31(a)(6).
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defendant’s motion at a pre-trial hearing. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 28.01. Instead, 

article 28.02 implicitly recognizes a prosecutor has the right to present argument on a defendant’s 

motion. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 28.01 (“The counsel of the defendant has the right 

to open and conclude the argument upon all pleadings of the defendant presented for the decision 

of the judge”). Because article 28.02 provides the defendant has the right to open and conclude 

the argument on his pre-trial motions, article 28.02 recognizes the prosecutor’s right to argue after 

the defendant’s opening argument and before the defendant’s closing argument. See id.

COURT COSTS

In his fifth issue, Riggan asserts the trial court erred in assessing costs because the three 

offenses were consolidated for trial, but costs were assessed as if three separate trials were held. 

Although article 102.073 of the Code generally allows a court to assess each court cost or fee only 

once against a defendant who is convicted of two or more offenses in a single criminal action, 

article 102.073 “does not apply to a single criminal action alleging only the commission of two or 

more offenses punishable by fine only.” See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 102.073. Because 

the offenses for which Riggan was convicted were punishable by fine only, the court did not err in 

its assessment of costs for each offense.

AUTHORITY OF OFFICER

In his sixth and final issue, Riggan contends the officer was not authorized to stop him

because he did not have the certification required by 37 TEX. ADMIN. CODE § 4.13. The regulation 

cited by Riggan, however, is a commercial vehicle regulation which sets forth the authority of 

officers to stop a motor vehicle subject to Chapter 644 of the Texas Transportation Code. See id. 

Chapter 644 of the Texas Transportation Code governs commercial motor vehicles. TEX. TRANSP.

CODE ANN. §§ 644.001-644.252. In this case, Riggan was not driving a commercial motor vehicle; 

therefore, the officer was not required to have the certification required by the regulation.
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CONCLUSION

Having overruled all of Riggan’s issues, the trial court’s judgments are affirmed.

Sandee Bryan Marion, Chief Justice

DO NOT PUBLISH