[DO NOT PUBLISH] IN THE UN ITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE ELE VENTH CIRCUIT

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ No. 1 1- 15 44 0 Non -Arg um en t Ca le nd ar

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ D.C. Dock etNo. 2 :1 0- cr-1 40 63 -KMM -1

UNITED STAT ES OF AMERIC A, Pl ai nt iff -Ap pe ll ee,
ve rs us W ILLIAM FRANK SIM MONS, J R., Defen da nt -Ap pe ll an t.

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ App eal fro m

th e Uni te d S ta te s Di st ric t Co urt forth e So ut he rnDis tri ctof F lo rid a

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ (Oct ob er 2 , 20 12 ) Befo re HULL, FAY andANDERSON, Circu itJu dg es . PER CURI AM: Afte r pl ead in g g ui lt y

to fai lu re t o s urren de r fo r se rv ic e o f a s en te nc e, in Case: 11-15440 Date Filed: 10/02/2012 Page: 1 of 10vi ol at io n o f 18 U.S.C. § 1 34 6( a)(2 ), W il li am Simm on s, J r. ap pe al s h is 21 -m on th
se nt en ce. On app eal , Sim m on s ar gu es th athi s 2 1- m on th fed eral sen te nc e is
subs ta nt iv el y

un reas on ab le be cau se th e d is tri ctco urt i m po se d i t co ns ecu ti ve ly to hi s s ta te sen te nc e. Afte r rev ie w, we affi rm . I. BACKG ROUND FACTS A. Prio r 2 01 0 Fra ud Co ns pi ra cy Sente nce In20 10 , infed eral co urt, Si m m on s was co nv ic te d o f co ns pi racy to c omm it wire , m ai l an d b an k fr au d a ndwas s en te nc edto 21 m on th s’ inpri so n. OnJu ne 14 , 20 10 , Simm on s fa il edto rep ort t o t he U.S. Mars ha l’s Offi ce t o b eg inservi ng hi s 21 -m on th sen te nc e. As a re su lt , a warran t was is su edforSimm on s’s arres t. B. Fai lu re-t o- Surr ende r Cha rg e On J un e 2 4, 2 01 0, a g ran d ju ry ch arg edSim

m on s wi th th e in st an t o ffen se of fai lu re t o s urren de r. On J ul y 22 , 20 10 , th e d is tri ctco urt tran sf erre d the ne w cri m in al cas e to th e cl erk ’s fug it iv e fi le un ti l Si m m on s was ap pr eh en de d. C. Sta te Co nv ic tio n a nd Sen tenc e On Oct ob er 2 1, 2 01 0, Si m m on s was arre st edon a Fl or id a st at e ch arg e o f fai li ng to return alea se d v eh ic le . Simm on s was co nv ic te d o f th atst at e o ffen se on Ju ly 21, 2 01 1. Be cau se Sim m on s was a habi tu al fel on y off en de r un de r Fl or id a la w, th e st at e co urt i m

po se d a n e ig ht -y ear s en te nc e. On Au gu st12 , 20 11 ,

2 Case: 11-15440 Date Filed: 10/02/2012 Page: 2 of 10Si m

m on s was st il l s erv in g t hi s ei gh t-year s ta te sen te nc e whe n h e was arre st edon th e in st an t fe de ral fai lu re-t o- su rren de r ch arg e. C. Feder al Plea an d Sent enci ng On Se pt em

be r 7, 2 01 1, Si m

m on s p le d g ui lt y

in fed eral co urt t o t he fai lu reto -s urren de r ch arg e. The P res en te nc e In ve st ig at io n R ep ort (“ PSI” ) cal cu la te d h is to ta l ad jus te d o ffen se lev el as 9 . The PSI sco red27 cri m in al hi st ory po in ts ba se d
on Simm on s’s ex te ns iv e cri m in al hi st ory . In ad di ti onto hi s s ta te co nv ic ti on for fai li ng to return alea se d v eh ic le an d h is fed eral co nv ic ti on forco ns pi racy to
co m m itwire , m ai l an d b an k fr au d, Si m m on s’s cr im in al hi st ory

in cl ud ednu m ero us th eft -rel at edco nv ic ti on s (s uc h a s g ran d t he ft, ro bb ery, bu rg la ry , for gi ng ch eck s
an d p et itth eft ), tre sp as s, b at te ry an d p os se ss io n o f m ari

juan a. Si m m on s’s cr im in al hi st ory

cat eg ory of VI andto ta l o ffen se lev el of 9 y ie ld edanadvi so ry

gu id el in es ran ge of 2 1 t o 2 7 m on th s’ im pr is on m en t. Si m m on s’s s ta tu to ry

m ax im um sen te nc e was ten y ears . See 1 8 U.S.C. § 3 14 6( b) (1 )(A)(i ). Simm on s i ni ti al ly m ad e o ne ob jecti on to th e PSI’s c riminal hi st ory sco re, b utwithd rew the ob jecti onaft er the PSI was rev is ed
. At s en te nc in g, Si m

m on s re qu es te d a21 -m on thsen te nc e, atth e lo w endof advi so ry gu id el in es ran ge of 2 1 t o 2 7 m on th s, fo r hi s fa il ur e-t o- su rren de r
co nv ic ti on . In m it ig at io n, Si m m on s n ot edhi s: (1) hi st ory of m en ta l h eal this su es , 3 Case: 11-15440 Date Filed: 10/02/2012 Page: 3 of 10in cl ud in g aco m m it m en t u nd er the Bak er Actat a ge 17 , a m ajorde pr es si ve di so rd er an d apre sc rip ti onforZol of t; (2) fif te en -y ear h is to ry

of d ru g a dd ic ti on , as well as m en ta l i ll ne ss , whi ch ex pl ai ne d i n p arthi s ex te ns iv e cri m in al hi st ory ; (3 )
ne edto care forhi s wi fe an d t wo youn g c hi ld ren ; an d (4 ) la ckof n ew cri m in al
co nduc t wh il e o utof p ris on . Simm on s al so ad dr es se d t he di st ric t co urt an d
ex pl ai ne d t ha t h e d idno t s urren de r fo r hi s fe de ral frau d c on sp ira cy sen te nc e b ack in 20 10 be cau se he ne ed edm or e ti m e to m ak e su re h is fam il y was “ strai gh t” an d th entu rn edhi m se lf i n. Si m m on s’ cou ns el ackno wled ge d tha t 1 8 U.S.C. § 13 46 (b )(2 ) requi redth e di st ric t co urt t o ru n h is ne w fed eral sen te nc e co ns ecu ti ve to hi s o th er, 2 1- m on th fed eral sen te nc e fo r frau d c on sp ira cy , bu t as ke d t he di st ric t co urt t o e xe rci se it s di sc ret io n u nd er U.S.S.G. § 5 G1.3 an d ru n the ne w sen te nc e co nc urren t t o h is
un di sc ha rg edeig ht -y ear s ta te sen te nc e. The d is tri ctco urt i nqui redin to th e rea so n fo r th e le ng th y

st at e se nt en ce, an d d efen se co un se l s ug ge st edth e se nt en ce was be cau se of S imm on s’ ext en si ve cri m in al reco rdan d h ab itua l o ffen de r st atus . The di st ric t co urt t he n re vi ewedth e u nd is pu te d fa ctua l al le ga ti on s i n t he Pres en te nc e In ve st ig at io n R ep ort (“ PSI” ) rel at in g t o t he st at e o ffen se . 1

Acc ordingto the PSI , Simm ons rented a vehicle on Septe mber 9, 2009 a nd then fa iled to 1 return it to the re ntal ag ency on September 16, 2009. D espite attempts to contac t Sim mons, he never returne d the vehicle , which wa s found aba ndoned on Oc tober 13, 2009. The vehicle w as 4 Case: 11-15440 Date Filed: 10/02/2012 Page: 4 of 10The di stric t co urt s en te nc edSimm on s t o 2 1 m on th s’ im pr is on m en t, atth e lo w endof t he advi so ry

ran ge , to be serve d c on se cu ti ve to bo th th e ei gh t-year s ta te
se nt en ce an d t he 21 -m on th fed eral sen te nc e (o n h is frau d c on sp ira cy co nv ic ti on ). The di st ric t co urt s ta te d t ha t i t h ad“ co ns id eredth e st at em en ts of a ll pa rti es , th e pr es en te nc e rep ort wh ic h c on ta in s t he advi so ry gu id el in es an d t he st atut ory fact or s.” Si m

m on s fi le d t hi s ap pe al
.

II . DISCUSSI ON W e rev ie w th e rea so nabl en es s o f a s en te nc e u nd er a d efer en ti al ab us e o f di sc ret io n s ta nd ard . Gall v. Un it edSta te s, 5 52 U.S. 38 , 51 , 12 8 S . Ct. 5 86 , 59 7 (2 00 7) . W e fi rs t co ns id er wh ethe r th e d is tri ctco urt co m m it te d a ny sig ni fic an t pr oc edur al erro r an d t he n wh ethe r th e se nt en ce i s s ub st an ti ve ly unr eas on ab le
un de r th e 1 8 U.S.C. § 35 53 (a) s en te nc in g fa ct or s an d t he to ta li ty of th e ci rcu m st an ces . Uni te d S ta te s v . Pug h, 5 15 F.3d11 79 , 11 90 (11 th Cir . 20 08 ). 2 The ab us e o f di sc ret io n s ta nd ard“ al lo ws a ra ng e o f ch oi ce fo r th e d is tri ctco urt, s o lo ng as t ha t ch oi ce d oe s n otco ns ti tu te a cl ear e rro r of jud gm en t.” Un it edSta te s v . Irey, 612 F.3d11 60 , 11 89 (11 th Cir . 20 10 ) (en banc ), cert . den ie d, _

__U.S. __

_,

valued at approxim ately

$20,000, and re ntal fee s totaled $1,786.13. Simm ons was ar rested f or the state c harg e on January 22, 2010, while alre ady

incar cer ated in the St. Lucie County J ail, and then ag ain on Octobe r 21, 2010, af ter he failed to a

ppear in court on the state c harg e. Simm ons does not raise a ny proce dural sente ncingerr or. 2 5 Case: 11-15440 Date Filed: 10/02/2012 Page: 5 of 1013 1 S . Ct. 1 81 3 (2 01 1) (in te rn al qu ot at io n m ark s o m it te d) . W e o rd in ari ly exp ecta

se nt en ce wi th in th e g ui de li ne s ra ng e to be reas on ab le . Uni te d S ta te s v . Tall ey , 43 1 F .3d78 4, 7 88 (11 th Cir . 20 05 ). The p art y ch al le ng in g t he sen te nc e b ears th e bu rd enof p ro vi ng th e se nt en ce i s u nr eas on ab le in li gh t o f th e rec or d andth e 1 8 U.S.C. § 3 55 3( a) fa ct or s. Id
. 3 The pa rti es ag ree t ha t 1 8 U.S.C. § 31 46 (b )(2 ) requi redth e d is tri ctco urt t o
ru n S im m on s’s n ew 21 -m on thsen te nc e co ns ecu ti ve to hi s o ld21 -m on th sen te nc e fo r th e u nd erl y in g fe de ral frau d c on sp ira cy off en se . See 1 8 U.S.C. § 31 46 (b )(2 ) (“ A term of i m pr is on m en t i m

po se d u nd er thi s s ect io n s ha ll be co ns ecu ti ve to th e
se nt en ce o f im

pr is on m en t fo r an y

ot he r of fen se .”). Thu s, t he on ly iss ue on ap pe al is whethe r th e d is tri ctco urt’s d eci si on to im po se Simm on s’s 2 1- m on thfed eral
se nt en ce co ns ecu ti ve to hi s ei gh t-year s ta te sen te nc e ren de redth at21 -m on th
se nt en ce s ub st an ti ve ly unr eas on ab le
. 4 The § 3553(a) fa ctors include: ( 1) the nature a nd circ umstances of

the offe nse and the 3 history and cha rac teristics of the de fenda nt; (2) the nee d to refle ct the seriousness of the off ense, to promote respe ct for thelaw, and to pr ovide just punishment for the offe nse; (3) the need f or deter renc e; (4) the need to pr otect the public; (5) the nee d to provide the de fenda nt with needed educational or vocational trainingor medica l car e; (6) the kinds of sentenc es ava ilable; (7) the SentencingGuidelines ra

ng e; (8) pe rtinent policy

statements of the Sente ncingCommi ssion; (9) the nee d to avoid unwar

rante d sentenc ing dispa

rities; and (10) the need to pr ovide re stitut ion to victims. 18 U.S.C . § 3553(a)
. The g overnme nt contends that Simmons’s federa l sentence is reasona ble bec ause 4 § 3146(b)( 2)’s plain languag e re quired the district c ourt to run Simmons ’s 21-month fede ral sentenc e conse cutive to his eight-year state sentenc e. We nee d not resolve this question beca use Simm ons’s 21-month consec utive sentenc e to his state sentenc e is rea sonable whe ther it was 6 Case: 11-15440 Date Filed: 10/02/2012 Page: 6 of 10“ [A] feder al co urt i s au th or iz edto im po se a fed eral sen te nc e co ns ecu ti ve to a st at e se nt en ce.” Un it edSta te s v . Bal la rd , 6 F.3 d 1 50 2, 1 50 6 (1 1t h C ir. 1 99 3) (co nc lu di ng th atth e d is tri ctco urt co ul d d o s o e ve n i f th e st at e co urt s en te nc e h ad
no t yet be enim

po se d) . Our rev ie w as t o “ th e ap pr op ria te ne ss of aco ns ecu ti ve
se nt en ce,” i s fo r anab us e o f di sc ret io n. Un it edSta te s v . Andrews , 33 0 F .3d13 05 , 13 07 (11 th Cir . 20 03 ); s ee al so Uni te d S ta te s v . Cov in gt on , 56 5 F .3d13 36 , 13 46 (1 1t h C ir. 2 00 9)
. Und er 1 8 U.S.C. § 35 84 , “ if aterm of i m pr is on m en t i s i m

po se d o n a de fen da ntwho is alr ead y subjec t t o a n u nd is ch arg edterm of i m pr is on m en t,” t he di st ric t co urt h as th e d is cret io n t o ru n t he pri so n t erm “ co nc urren tl y

or
co ns ecu ti ve ly.” 18 U.S.C. § 35 84 (a). Als o, “ [m ]ult ip le term s o f im pr is on m en t im po se d a t d iff

eren t t im es run co ns ecu ti ve ly unl es s t he co urt o rd ers th atth e te rm s are t o ru n c on cu rren tl y .” Id . In d eci di ng whet he r to im po se a co nc urren t o r
co ns ecu ti ve term , § 3 58 4 re qu ire s t he di st ric t co urt t o “ co ns id er, as to each off en se fo r whi ch a te rm

of i m pr is on m en t i s b ei ng im

po se d,” th e § 35 53 (a) fa ct or s. Id
. § 3 58 4( b)
. Inad di ti on , “ Sect io n 5 G1.3 is th e rel ev an t Gu id el in es pro vi si onin de te rm in in g wh ethe r to im po se a co ns ecu ti ve sen te nc e o n ade fen dantsubjec t t o mandatory

or discre tionary
. 7 Case: 11-15440 Date Filed: 10/02/2012 Page: 7 of 10anun di sc ha rg edterm of i m pr is on m en t.” Un it edSta te s v . Brad fo rd , 27 7 F .3d 13 11 , 13 17 (11 th Cir . 20 02 ). Sect io n 5 G1.3 st at es : (a) If th e in st an t of

fen se was co m

m it te d whi le th e de fen da nt was se rv in g a te rm of im

pr is on m en t (in cl ud in g work rel eas e, fu rlo ug h, or es cap e st atus ) or aft er sen te nc in g for, bu t befo re comm en ci ng se rv ic e of , su ch te rm of im

pr is on m en t, t h e s en te nc e fo r th e in st an t of fen se sh al l be im po se d to ru n co ns ecu ti ve ly to th e un di sc ha rg ed te rm of im pr is on m en t. (b ) If subs ect io n (a) do es no t ap pl y , an d a te rm of im pr is on m en t res ul te d f r om an ot he r of

fen se th at is rel ev an t co nduc t to th e in st an t of f e n s e o f co nv ic ti on un de r th e pr ov is io ns of subs ect io ns (a)( 1) , (a)( 2) , or (a)( 3) of § 1B 1.3 (Rel ev an t Co nduc t) an d th at was th e ba si s fo r an in crea se in th e of fen se l e v e l fo r th e in st an t of fen se un de r Ch ap te r Two (Offen se Co nduc t) o r Ch ap te r Thre e (Ad jus tm en ts ), th e se nt en ce fo r th e in st an t of fen se sh al l b e im

po se d a s fo ll ows : (1 ) th e co urt sh al l ad

jus t th e se nt en ce fo r an y pe rio d of im p ris on m en t al ready se rv ed on th e un di sc ha rg ed te rm of imp ris on m en t if th e co urt de te rm in es th at su ch pe rio d of im pr is on m en t wil l no t be cred it ed to th e fed eral se nt en ce by the Bu reau of P ris on s; an d (2 ) th e se nt en ce fo r th e in st an t of fen se sh al l be im

po s e d t o ru n co nc urren tl y to th e rem ai nd er of t h e un di sc ha rg ed te rm of im pr is on m en t. (c) (Po li cy St at em en t) In an y ot he r cas e in vo lv in g an un di sc ha rg ed te rm of im pr is on m en t, th e se nt en ce fo r th e in st an t of fen se m ay be im

po se d to ru n co nc urren tl y , pa rti al ly co nc urren tl y, or co ns ecu ti ve ly to th e pr io r un di sc harg ed te rm of im

pr is on m en t to ach ie ve a reas on ab le pu ni sh m en t fo r th e in st an t o ffen se .

8 Case: 11-15440 Date Filed: 10/02/2012 Page: 8 of 10U.S.S.G. § 5 G1.3
. 5

The co m m en ta ry to § 5 G1.3 (c) ex pl ai ns th atth e d is tri ctco urt s ho ul d t ry “ to ach ie ve a reas on ab le in crem en ta l p un is hm en t fo r th e in st an t o ffen se an d avo id
un warra nt eddi sp ari ty” by co ns id eri ng th e § 35 53 (a) fa ct or s, t he len gt h o f th e
un di sc ha rg edsen te nc e, th e ti m e al read y serve d a ndli ke ly to b e se rv edon th e
un di sc ha rg edsen te nc e, “ th e fac t t ha t t he pri orun di sc ha rg edsen te nc e m ay ha ve be enim po se d i n s ta te co urt,” andan y ot he r ci rcu m st an ces rel ev an t t o d et erm in in g
anap pr op ria te sen te nc e. U.S.S.G. § 5 G1.3 , cmt. n .3(A) . Both 1 8 U.S.C. § 35 84
an d U.S.S.G. § 5G1 .3 “ ev in ce a p refe ren ce fo r co ns ecu ti ve sen te nc es when im pr is on m en t t erm s ar e im

po se d a t d iff

eren t t im es .” Bal lard , 6 F.3 d a t 1 50 6. Here, Si m

m on s h as no t s ho wn t ha t h is 21 -m on th sen te nc e, ru n c on se cu ti ve to hi s ei gh t-year s ta te sen te nc e, was un reas on ab le . The rec or d re fle ct s t ha t t he di st ric t co urt co ns id eredth e § 35 53 (a) fa ct or s an d S imm on s’s ar gu m en ts in
m it ig at io n, i nc lu di ng hi s h is to ry of m en ta l h eal th is su es an d d ru g a dd ic ti on , hi s
ne edto care forhi s youn g fa m il y an d t he factth athe co m

m it te d n o n ew of

fen se s si nc e h is 20 10 sen te nc in g o n t he fed eral frau d c ha rg e. See Un it edSta te s v . Sco tt ,

Simm ons committed the instant failure- to-surre nder of fensebefor e he w as convic ted on 5 J uly 7, 2011 of the F lorida (2009 f ailure to re turn a lea sed vehic le) off ense. And, the undischarg ed eight-year

state prison term r esulted fr om conduct unre lated to the instant offe nse. Thus, subsection (c ) of U.S.S.G. § 5G1.3 wa s the applica ble subsection. 9 Case: 11-15440 Date Filed: 10/02/2012 Page: 9 of 1042 6 F .3d13 24 , 13 29 (11 th Cir . 20 05 ) (ex pl ai ni ng th atdi st ric t co urt i s n otrequi red

to ex pl ic it ly con si de r eac h o f th e fac to rs ). Altho ug h S imm on s s ug ge st s h is eig ht

y ear s ta te sen te nc e was to o s ev ere “ fo r a rel at iv el y min oroff

en se ,” itres ul te d fr om hi s s ta tu s u nd er Fl or id a la w as ahabi tu al fel on y off en de r. Ind eed , Simm on s’s cri m in al hi st ory

was e xt en si ve an d i nc lu de d ahi st ory of f ai li ng to ap pe ar fo r co urt pr oc eed in gs . Furt he r, Simm on s’s co nduc t i n t he st at e o ffen se was n otrel ev an t
co nduc t i n h is fed eral off en se . Thu s, the pre fere nc e fo r co ns ecu ti ve sen te nc es in
se pa rat e cri m in al cas es m il it at edin fav orof c on se cu ti ve term s. Un de r th e fac tu al ci rcu m st an ces of thi s ca se , we can no t s ay th e d is tri ctco urt ab us edit s d is cret io n b y
ru nn in g S imm on s’s 2 1- m on th fed eral sen te nc e co ns ecu ti ve to hi s ei gh t-year s ta te
co urt s en te nc e. AFFIRMED.

10 Case: 11-15440 Date Filed: 10/02/2012 Page: 10 of 10