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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

TAYLOR LAMBERT

 Plaintiff,

v.

INTERNATIONAL UNION OF 

BRICKLAYERS AND ALLIED 

CRAFTWORKERS,

 Defendant.

Civil Action No. 23-309 (CKK)

MEMORANDUM OPINION

(July 18, 2023)

Plaintiff Taylor Lambert (“Lambert” or “Plaintiff”) brought an action in the Superior 

Court of the District of Columbia against Defendant International Union of Bricklayers and 

Allied Craftworkers (“BAC” or “Defendant”), alleging that Defendant violated Title VII and 

“other Civil Rights Acts.” See generally Compl. Defendant removed this action from D.C. 

Superior Court to federal court based on federal question jurisdiction. Now pending before the 

Court is Plaintiff’s [10] Motion to Remand, in which Plaintiff argues that Defendant’s removal 

was improper for three reasons: first, that this court lacks subject matter jurisdiction; second, that 

Defendant’s notice of removal was not timely; and third, that Defendant “partook in 

gamesmanship” by removing the case before being served. See Pl.’s Mot. at 1–4. Upon 

consideration of the briefing,

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the relevant legal authorities, and the record as a whole, the Court 

shall DENY Plaintiff’s Motion to Remand.

1 The Court’s consideration has focused on the following documents: 

• Plaintiff’s Complaint, ECF No. 1-1 (“Compl.”); 

• Defendant’s Notice of Removal, ECF No. 1 (“Notice of Removal”);

• Plaintiff’s Motion to Remand, ECF No. 10 (“Pl.’s Mot.”);

• Defendant’s Opposition to Motion for Remand, ECF No. 11 (“Def.’s Opp’n”);

• Plaintiff’s Response to Defendant’s Opposition to Remand, ECF No. 12 (“Pl.’s Reply”).
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I. BACKGROUND

Plaintiff Taylor Lambert, who is proceeding pro se, worked for Defendant until October 

2021. Notice of Removal ¶ 2. Defendant suggests that Plaintiff resigned after indicating that she

would not comply with Defendant’s COVID-19 vaccination policy. Id. Contrarily, Plaintiff 

contends that she did not resign and was merely informing Defendant of her vaccination status. 

See Pl.’s Mot. Ex. 5.

In response to these events, Plaintiff filed a Complaint in D.C. Superior Court on 

December 13, 2022, alleging that Defendant violated Title VII and “other Civil Rights Acts.” 

Compl. ¶ 3. On February 3, 2023, Defendant removed the Complaint to this Court pursuant to 

28 U.S.C. § 1441(a). See Notice of Removal at 2. Defendant then filed a [7] Motion to Dismiss 

on February 21, 2023, pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). See generally ECF 

No. 7. On March 6, 2023, prior to the deadline to respond to Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss, 

Plaintiff filed the pending Motion to Remand. The Court then vacated the briefing schedule and 

held in abeyance the Motion to Dismiss pending the resolution of Plaintiff’s Motion to Remand. 

See Minute Order, Mar. 8, 2023. Plaintiff’s Motion to Remand is now fully briefed and ripe for 

resolution.

II. LEGAL STANDARD

“Only state-court actions that originally could have been filed in federal court may be 

removed to federal court by the defendant.” Caterpillar Inc. v. Williams, 482 U.S. 386, 392

(1987). Upon filing a notice of removal, the defendant “bears the burden of proving that 

jurisdiction exists in federal court.” Downey v. Ambassador Dev., LLC, 568 F. Supp. 2d 28, 30

In an exercise of its discretion, the Court finds that holding oral argument in this action would 

not be of assistance in rendering a decision. See LCvR 7(f). 
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(D.D.C. 2008) (JDB). Similarly, “[w]hen a plaintiff seeks to have a case that has been removed 

to federal court remanded back to state court, the party opposing a motion to remand bears the 

burden of establishing that subject matter jurisdiction exists in federal court.” Mizell v. SunTrust

Bank, 26 F. Supp. 3d 80, 84 (D.D.C. 2014) (KBJ) (quotation omitted). Courts in this jurisdiction 

“construe[] removal jurisdiction strictly, favoring remand where the propriety of removal is 

unclear.” Ballard v. D.C., 813 F. Supp. 2d 34, 38 (D.D.C. 2011).

III. DISCUSSION

Plaintiff argues that Defendant’s removal was improper for three reasons: first, that this 

court lacks subject matter jurisdiction; second, that Defendant’s notice of removal was not 

timely; and third, that Defendant “partook in gamesmanship” by removing the case before being 

served. See Pl.’s Mot. at 1–4. The Court now addresses these arguments in turn.

A. Subject Matter Jurisdiction

Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1441, a defendant may properly remove a civil action filed in 

state court to a federal district court that has original subject matter jurisdiction. 28 U.S.C. § 

1441(a). Accordingly, a defendant in a state court action may remove a case on the basis of the 

federal court’s diversity jurisdiction, see 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a) (providing for original subject 

matter jurisdiction over cases between citizens of different states, where the amount in 

controversy exceeds $75,000), or because the case raises a cognizable question of federal law, 

see id. § 1331 (providing for original subject matter jurisdiction over “civil actions arising under 

the Constitution, laws, or treaties of the United States”), among other bases.

Here, Plaintiff argues that the case was improperly removed to federal court––and, 

therefore, should be remanded to D.C. Superior Court––because both parties are domiciled in the 

District of Columbia and therefore there is no diversity jurisdiction. Pl.’s Mot. at 1. However, 
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Defendant removed Plaintiff’s action based on federal question jurisdiction, not diversity 

jurisdiction. See Def.’s Opp’n at 5; see also Notice of Removal ¶ 3.

“The presence or absence of federal question jurisdiction is governed by the ‘wellpleaded complaint rule,’” Caterpillar, 482 U.S. at 392, which provides that “a suit ‘arises under’ 

federal law ‘only when the plaintiff’s statement of his own cause of action shows that it is based 

upon [federal law],’” Vaden v. Discover Bank, 556 U.S. 49, 60 (2009) (quoting Louisville &

Nashville R. Co. v. Mottley, 211 U.S. 149, 152 (1908)). In the instant case, a federal question

clearly appears on the face of Plaintiff’s Complaint: Plaintiff asserts a federal cause of action 

when she argues that Defendant has “vehemently violated Title VII,” a federal statute. See 

Compl. ¶ 3. Therefore, Defendant’s removal of the case to federal court pursuant to federal 

question jurisdiction was unquestionably proper.

Plaintiff also raises violations of “other Civil Rights Acts” in her Complaint. See Compl. 

¶ 3. To the extent this was intended to refer to state law claims, including perhaps the District of 

Columbia Human Rights Act, as Defendant suggests, see Def.’s Opp’n at 3, this Court has

supplemental jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1367. In certain circumstances where “a 

federal court has an independent basis for exercising federal jurisdiction,” it may also exercise

“supplemental jurisdiction over related claims under state law.” Women Prisoners of D.C. Dep’t

of Corr. v. District of Columbia, 93 F.3d 910, 920 (D.C. Cir. 1996). First, the court must 

determine “whether the state and the federal claims ‘derive from a common nucleus of operative 

fact.’” Id. (quoting United Mine Workers of Am. v. Gibbs, 383 U.S. 715, 725 (1966)); see also

Lindsay v. Gov’t Employees Ins. Co., 448 F.3d 416, 423–24 (D.C. Cir. 2006). If so, the court then 

has the power under Article III of the Constitution to hear the state claims, Women Prisoners, 93 

F.3d at 920; see also 28 U.S.C. § 1367(a); if the claims do not derive from a common nucleus of 
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operative fact, the court cannot exercise supplemental jurisdiction and the state claims must be 

dismissed, Wisey’s #1 LLC v. Nimellis Pizzeria LLC, 952 F. Supp. 2d 184, 188 (D.D.C. 2013)

(JDB). Next, even if the court has the power to adjudicate the state law claims, it must consider 

certain bases for declining to exercise supplemental jurisdiction as enumerated by 

28 U.S.C. § 1367(b) and (c). See Lindsay, 448 F.3d at 421.

Plaintiff’s Title VII claim and state law claims under “other Civil Rights Acts,” if they are 

to be construed as such, derive from a common nucleus of operative fact: the controversy 

surrounding the end of Plaintiff’s employment relating to Defendant’s COVID-19 vaccination 

policy. See Compl. ¶ 3; Pl.’s Mot. ¶ 3. None of the factors that may lead courts to decline to 

exercise supplemental jurisdiction are present. Therefore, at this time and on the present record, 

the Court chooses to assert supplemental jurisdiction over any state law claims that Plaintiff 

intended to plead, although they were not expressly articulated as such.

B. Timeliness of Filing

Next, Plaintiff argues that Defendant filed its Notice of Removal after the deadline to do 

so had passed. Pl.’s Mot. ¶ 2. Pursuant to statute, a defendant has thirty days after receipt of the 

initial pleading, through service or otherwise, to file a notice of removal. 28 U.S.C. § 1446(b). 

Here, Defendant filed its Notice of Removal on February 3, 2023. Therefore, to be timely filed, 

Defendant must have received a copy of the Complaint no earlier than January 4, 2023.

Defendant contends that it first obtained a copy of the Complaint on January 4, 2023, see

Notice of Removal ¶ 1, which it supports through sworn declarations from both its outside 

counsel of record and General Counsel, see ECF No. 11-1 (“Kekacs Decl.”); ECF No. 11-2 

(“O’Connor Decl.”). On December 28, 2022, Defendant received in the mail a Notice of Remote 

Initial Scheduling Conference in D.C. Superior Court for the case brought by Plaintiff Lambert. 
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Kekacs Decl. ¶ 3; O’Connor Decl. ¶ 2. Defendant states that at that time, they had not yet been 

served with or otherwise received the Complaint. O’Connor Decl. ¶ 3. On January 3, 2023, 

Defendant’s General Counsel reached out to its outside counsel of record, Bredhoff & Kaiser 

P.L.L.C., with this information. Kekacs Decl. ¶ 2; O’Connor Decl. ¶ 4. The following day, 

January 4, 2023, a paralegal at Bredhoff & Kaiser contacted the office of the Clerk at D.C. 

Superior Court and requested a copy of Plaintiff’s Complaint. Kekacs Decl. ¶ 4. A deputy clerk 

emailed a copy of the Complaint to the paralegal that same day. Id.; Kekacs Decl. at 7 (email 

from clerk to paralegal sent on January 4, 2023, with subject line including case number and text 

“eCopy of Complaint”); see also O’Connor Decl. ¶ 5.

Plaintiff claims that Defendant obtained a copy of the Complaint prior to January 4, 2023. 

Pl.’s Mot. ¶ 2. To support this, she points to Defendant’s Notice of Removal, in which Defendant 

attached said “Notice of Remote Initial Scheduling Conference” that was stamped with 

“Received Dec 28 2022”. See id.; Pl.’s Mot. Ex. 2 at 12. Defendant admits that they received 

the Notice of Remote Initial Scheduling Conference on December 28, 2022, as discussed 

previously, and, furthermore, this does nothing to support Plaintiff’s assertion that Defendant 

received the Complaint at that time or any time before January 4, 2023. Plaintiff’s only other 

argument is that she claims in her reply brief that “Defendant has a long-standing history of 

manipulating facts, events and even dates.” Pl.’s Reply at 2–3 (citing ECF No. 12-1 (“Lindsay 

Decl.”) ¶¶ 7–8 (declaration from an ex-employee of International Union of Bricklayers and 

Allied Craftworkers suggesting that they had been “persuaded by” or “pressured by” their 

employer “to falsify” certain information)). This does not do anything to confirm, let alone 

suggest, that Defendant received the Complaint prior to January 4, 2023.

Accordingly, without more concrete evidence to support Plaintiff’s position that 
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Defendant received the Complaint prior to January 4, 2023, this Court finds that Defendant

timely filed its notice of removal.

C. Improper Procedure

Finally, Plaintiff argues that Defendant engaged in improper “gamesmanship” by 

removing the action to federal court prior to service of the Complaint. Pl.’s Mot. at 4.

Case law is clear that “[f]ederal courts have held that formal service is not required 

before removing a case.” See Middlebrooks v. Godwin Corp., 279 F.R.D. 8, 11 (D.D.C. 2011)

(BAH) (collecting cases). One exception is the forum defendant rule, under which “[a] civil 

action otherwise removable solely on the basis of the jurisdiction under section 1332(a) of this 

title may not be removed if any of the parties in interest properly joined and served as defendants 

is a citizen of the State in which such action is brought.” 28 U.S.C. § 1441(b)(2). That rule is 

not applicable here, where the case was properly removed based on federal question jurisdiction. 

See Notice of Removal ¶ 3. The Court therefore finds that Defendant’s removal of the action 

prior to service of the Complaint was not improper.

IV. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the Court DENIES Plaintiff’s [10] Motion to Remand. An 

appropriate Order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.

 /s/

COLLEEN KOLLAR-KOTELLY

United States District Judge