UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

IZTOK PLEVNIK,

Plaintiff,

v. 

EUGENE R. SULLIVAN, et al.,

Defendants. 

Case No. 23-cv-837 (CRC)

MEMORANDUM OPINION & ORDER

Plaintiff Iztok Plevnik claims he discovered over six billion dollars that had been taken 

from Libya following the death of Muammar Gaddafi and was on a quest to repatriate the funds 

to the United States Treasury. Along the way, he alleges that three federal employees and two 

private lawyers conspired against him to steal the money, resulting in his arrest and brief 

detention in the Ivory Coast. Seeking compensation for these indignities, including 

disgorgement of the loot, Mr. Plevnik brought this suit for common law fraud against all five 

individuals. The United States government has substituted itself for the three named federal 

defendants pursuant to the Westfall Act, 28 U.S.C. § 2679(d)(1), and moved to dismiss the 

complaint on the grounds of sovereign immunity. Because Plevnik has not rebutted the Attorney 

General’s certification that the federal defendants were acting within the scope of their 

employment at the time of their alleged conduct, the Court will uphold the certification, 

substitute the United States for the individual federal defendants, and construe Plevnik’s claim 

against the government as having been brought under the Federal Tort Claims Act (“FTCA”). 

The Court will then proceed to grant the government’s motion to dismiss the claim against it 

with prejudice because, as Plevnik concedes, at least two exceptions to the United States’ waiver 

of sovereign immunity in the FTCA are plain from the face of the complaint. 
2

I. Background

The Court draws the following background from the factual allegations in the amended 

complaint, which was filed within 21 days of the original complaint. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 

15(a)(1)(A). While the defendants surely contest many of the allegations, the Court must accept

them as true in considering the government’s motion to dismiss. See Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 

662, 678 (2009).

Iztok Plevnik is a permanent resident of the United States, currently residing in Florida. 

Am. Compl. ¶¶ 1, 4. In 2017, Plevnik claims that he embarked on an effort to repatriate to the 

United States between six and ten billion dollars that “had been scattered from Libya after the 

2011 overthrow and killing of Libya’s dictator Muammar Gaddafi.” Id. ¶¶ 10–11. As a first 

step, Plevnik enlisted the help of Eugene R. Sullivan I, a lawyer based in the District of 

Columbia. Id. ¶¶ 10–14. Plevnik met with Sullivan four times before Sullivan, upon the 

payment of a $50,000 retainer, agreed to represent him. Id. In February 2021, Sullivan brought 

several attorneys from the U.S. Department of Justice (“DOJ”) to his office to interview Plevnik

about the location of the supposed booty, including DOJ attorney Michael Keilty. Id. ¶ 15. 

Sullivan’s son, Gene Sullivan II, also attended the interview. Id. Sullivan then sent Plevnik two 

letters that he had received from the General Counsel of the Treasury Department. Id. ¶¶ 17–18. 

Plevnik claims the letters authorized him to repatriate the funds via wire transfer. Id. With the 

letters in hand, Plevnik traveled first to Kenya in December 2020 and then to the Ivory Coast in 

July and August 2021 to make arrangements to collect the cash. Id. ¶¶ 19, 23, 25. On the third 

trip, as directed by Sullivan, Plevnik asked to speak with James Billington, a State Department

security attaché at the U.S. Embassy in Abidjan. Id. ¶¶ 35–36. Billington questioned the 

authenticity of the letters Plevnik presented and blocked him from leaving the embassy for 
3

approximately four hours. Id. ¶¶ 37–38, 41. The next morning, Plevnik was arrested at his hotel 

by local law enforcement for alleged money laundering and misrepresentation of official United 

States documents. Id. ¶ 42. He was then imprisoned in Abidjan for one day. Id. ¶ 43. 

Meanwhile, Plevnik alleges that the cash was stolen from its holding place at an Abidjan police 

station. Id. ¶ 39. Plevnik now seeks compensatory and punitive damages for his injuries 

resulting from this ordeal, including disgorgement of all “stolen” funds. Id. at 12–13.

In addition to Sullivan and his son, Plevnik named three federal employees as defendants

in his complaint: Mr. Keilty, the DOJ lawyer who interviewed him at Sullivan’s office; Mr.

Billington, the State Department security attaché who questioned him at the U.S. Embassy in 

Abidjan; and Todd Brown, the then Acting Assistant Secretary of State for Diplomatic Security 

and Mr. Billington’s supervisor. Id. ¶¶ 7–9. The complaint, filed in March 2023 and amended in 

April 2023, asserts one count of common-law fraud alleging that the five defendants “entered a 

conspiracy” in February 2021 “to steal the money for themselves while arranging for Plaintiff to 

be hors de combat.” Id. ¶¶ 16–17, 54–59. All the defendants have moved to dismiss. This 

ruling addresses the government’s motion only. 

II. Legal Standards

The government has moved for dismissal pursuant to Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 

12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6). To survive a Rule 12(b)(1) motion, the plaintiff bears the burden of 

demonstrating that the Court possesses subject matter jurisdiction over his claims. See

Georgiades v. Martin–Trigona, 729 F.2d 831, 833 n.4 (D.C. Cir. 1984) (citing McNutt v. Gen. 

Motors Acceptance Corp., 298 U.S. 178, 189 (1936)). The Court must accept the factual 

allegations in the complaint as true but it also “may consider materials outside the pleadings in 
4

deciding whether to grant a motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction.” Jerome Stevens Pharms., 

Inc. v. FDA, 402 F.3d 1249, 1253 (D.C. Cir. 2005).

While “Rule 12(b)(1) presents a threshold challenge to the court’s jurisdiction, [Rule]

12(b)(6) presents a ruling on the merits with res judicata effect.” Haase v. Sessions, 835 F.2d 

902, 906 (D.C. Cir. 1987). On a 12(b)(6) motion, it is the defendant who bears the burden of 

proof, and “dismissal is inappropriate unless the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of 

his claim which would entitle him to relief.” See Browning v. Clinton, 292 F.3d 235, 242 (D.C. 

Cir. 2002) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). A court evaluating a Rule 12(b)(6) 

motion will “construe the complaint ‘liberally,’ granting the plaintiff ‘the benefit of all inferences 

that can be derived from the facts alleged.’” Barr v. Clinton, 370 F.3d 1196, 1199 (D.C. Cir. 

2004) (quoting Kowal v. MCI Commc’ns Corp., 16 F.3d 1271, 1276 (D.C. Cir. 1994)).

III. Analysis

The United States seeks to substitute itself for the federal defendants pursuant to the 

Westfall Act and to dismiss this action on the basis of sovereign immunity under the Federal Tort 

Claims Act (“FTCA”), 28 U.S.C. §§ 1346(b), 2671–2680. See United States’ Mot. to Dismiss 

(“Gov’t Mot. Dismiss”) at 5–7. The Westfall Act requires substitution of the United States in 

place of a defendant federal employee where the Attorney General has certified that the 

employee was “acting within the scope of his office or employment at the time of the incident 

out of which the claim arose.” See 28 U.S.C. § 2679(d)(1). A plaintiff “may contest the 

Attorney General’s scope-of-employment certification before a district court,” Wuterich v. 

Murtha, 562 F.3d 375, 381 (D.C. Cir. 2009), but “[o]nce a court determines that the federal 

employee acted within the scope of employment, the case is, inter alia, restyled as an action 

against the United States that is governed by the [FTCA].” Council on Am. Islamic Rels. v. 
5

Ballenger, 444 F.3d 659, 662 (D.C. Cir. 2006); see also De Martinez v. Lamagno, 515 U.S. 417, 

420 (1995). 

Plevnik’s amended complaint is styled as a state-law tort action seeking money damages 

against all five defendants, including the three employees of the United States. See Am. Compl. 

at 12–13. The Attorney General has certified that the federal employees “were acting within the 

scope of their employment . . . at the time of the incidents alleged in this action,” therefore 

substituting the United States in their place and transforming the suit from a state tort action into 

one governed by the FTCA. See Notice of Westfall Certification at 1. Plevnik challenges the

certification but appears to accept that the FTCA would govern this action and bar his recovery 

against the United States if the certification were upheld. See Pl.’s Opp’n at 4–7. Accordingly, 

the Court will first address the sufficiency of the government’s certification before turning to its

motion to dismiss. 

A. Westfall Substitution

Westfall Act certification is prima facie evidence that a federal employee was acting 

within the scope of his employment. See Ballenger, 444 F.3d at 662. As a result, Plevnik “bears 

the burden of coming forward with specific facts rebutting the certification.” Stokes v. Cross, 

327 F.3d 1210, 1214 (D.C. Cir. 2003) (quoting Lawson v. United States, 103 F.3d 59, 60 (8th 

Cir. 1996)). In his opposition to the motion to dismiss, Plevnik contends that the federal 

defendants do not meet the requirements for acting within the “scope of employment” under

D.C. law as required by the Westfall Act. See Pl.’s Opp’n at 5–7. The government counters that 

its employees were “on the job” at the time of their alleged conduct and that no more is required 

to support the certification. United States’ Reply (“Gov’t Reply”) at 2. 
6

In evaluating the sufficiency of a Westfall certification, courts apply the law on

respondeat superior liability of the state where the alleged tort occurred, which the parties here 

agree is the District of Columbia. See Wuterich, 562 F.3d at 383; Gov’t Reply at 2–3. To fall 

within the “scope of employment,” D.C. law requires that the employee’s conduct be (a) “of the 

kind he is employed to perform”; (b) “substantially within the authorized time and space limits”; 

(c) “actuated, at least in part, by a purpose to serve the master”; and (d) with respect to any 

intentional use of force, “not unexpectable by the master.” Moseley v. Second New St. Paul 

Baptist Church, 534 A.2d 346, 348 n.4 (D.C. 1987) (adopting the definition from 

RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF AGENCY § 228(1) (1957)). Plevnik contends that 

requirements (a) and (c) are not met here because (1) “conspiring to commit common law fraud 

to deprive the United States of more than $6 billion in repatriated dollars is not of the type [of 

activity the defendants] were hired by the United States to perform” and (2) the defendants were 

“motivated solely to benefit themselves” and therefore their actions were “not actuated to benefit 

their employer, the United States, in any respect.” See Pl.’s Opp’n at 5–7. The Court disagrees. 

1. Nature of the Alleged Conduct

The conduct that Plevnik alleges the federal defendants undertook is “of the kind” each of 

them was employed to perform. “To qualify as conduct of the kind an employee was to perform, 

his or her actions must have either been of the same general nature as that authorized or 

incidental to the conduct authorized.” Allaithi v. Rumsfeld, 753 F.3d 1327, 1332 (D.C. Cir. 

2014) (cleaned up). “Conduct is ‘incidental’ so long as it is ‘foreseeable’—that is, it must be a 

‘direct outgrowth of the employee’s instructions or job assignment.’” Id. (quoting Haddon v. 

United States, 68 F.3d 1420, 1424 (D.C. Cir. 1995)); see also Smith v. Clinton, 886 F.3d 122, 

127 (D.C. Cir. 2018) (“What matters is whether the underlying activity itself was part of the 
7

employee’s duties.”). As the government notes, Plevnik cannot merely “assert[] that the 

Government Employees’ conduct is unlike their typical duties” to defeat Westfall certification. 

See Gov’t Reply at 2. Instead, the complaint must plausibly allege that the employees’ conduct 

was neither of the same general nature as, nor the foreseeable result of, their authorized duties.

Starting with Mr. Keilty, Plevnik alleges that he participated in the alleged fraud by 

“extracting from Plaintiff the whereabouts of billions of dollars in [the] Ivory Coast intended for 

repatriation.” Pl.’s Opp’n at 6. Keilty did so, according to the amended complaint, by 

interviewing Plevnik along with other DOJ attorneys about the supposed location of the cash. 

Am. Compl. ¶ 15. In assessing whether this conduct was within the scope of Keilty’s 

employment, the Court must “look beyond alleged intentional torts themselves” to the specific 

conduct alleged. Ballenger, 444 F.3d at 664. As the government points out, one of DOJ’s many 

functions is to “recover assets in foreign countries.” Gov’t Reply at 4–5 (citing Money 

Laundering and Asset Recovery Section (MLARS), Dep’t of Just., https://perma.cc/2ZNQ-US9). 

And Plevnik offers nothing to suggest that Keilty’s duties as a DOJ attorney did not encompass 

asset recovery or, indeed, investigating the bona fides of persons seeking the government’s 

assistance in extracting billions of dollars from a sovereign nation. Accordingly, Plevnik has 

failed to show that Keilty’s alleged activities were not “of the same general nature” as those he 

was authorized to perform and, therefore, that he was acting outside the scope of his 

employment. 

Moving to Todd Brown, Plevnik alleges that Brown’s duties as Acting Assistant 

Secretary of State for Diplomatic Security did not include “facilitating [Plevnik’s] speedy entry 

into the U.S. Embassy in Abidjan, Ivory Coast, to meet with Federal Defendant Billington as part 

of the conspiracy to commit common law fraud.” Pl.’s Opp’n at 6–7 (citing 1 Foreign Affairs 
8

Manual 261.1 Responsibilities). As an initial matter, the only specific allegations in the

amended complaint concerning Brown are that he was in the Army Rangers like other defendants 

and that he supervised Billington. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 8, 32. Plevnik cannot amend his complaint 

through subsequent briefing to state a claim against Brown based on facilitating his entry into the 

embassy. See Kingman Park Civic Ass’n v. Gray, 27 F. Supp. 3d 142, 160 n.7 (D.D.C. 2014) 

(collecting cases). But Plevnik has not shown that this purported conduct fell outside the scope 

of Brown’s employment in any case. Again, the Court must “look beyond alleged intentional 

torts themselves” to the specific conduct alleged in determining whether the conduct was within 

the scope of employment. Ballenger, 444 F.3d at 664; see also Gov’t Reply at 3. Assisting 

Plevnik’s entry into the U.S. Embassy in Abidjan to meet with a security attaché is plainly

consistent with Brown’s responsibilities as a diplomatic security officer, including “operating 

post security and protective functions abroad.” 1 Foreign Affairs Manual 261.1(b)(2). So, even 

if Plevnik had challenged this conduct in his amended complaint, he would have failed to rebut 

the Attorney General’s certification that Brown was acting within the scope of his employment.

Lastly, Mr. Billington. Plevnik contends that Billington “arbitrarily detain[ing] Plaintiff 

for long hours in the Embassy without cause” was outside the scope of his authority. See Pl.’s 

Opp’n at 7. But Billington’s role as an embassy security attaché self-evidently includes 

questioning and, if necessary, detaining individuals at the embassy who present potentially 

fraudulent government documents. Gov’t Reply at 5–6. Even if Plevnik’s detention was 

ultimately erroneous, holding individuals pending verification of their identity and intentions fits 

squarely within Billington’s duty to keep the embassy secure. See id.; cf. Allaithi, 753 F.3d at 

1332 (finding that a government employee’s continued shackling and chaining of detainees after 

they were cleared as non-enemy combatants was conduct incidental to the detention and 
9

interrogation of suspected enemy combatants). Therefore, Billington was also acting within the 

scope of his authority.

2. Purpose of the Alleged Conduct

Plevnik also challenges the government’s Westfall certification on the grounds that the 

federal defendants’ conduct was not “actuated, at least in part, by a purpose to serve the master,” 

and as a result they were acting outside the scope of their employment. Pl.’s Opp’n at 5 (citing 

RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF AGENCY § 228(1)(c)). To rebut the Attorney General’s 

certification to the contrary, Plevnik must come forward with specific facts proving that each 

employee was “solely motivated by his own purposes.” Allaithi, 753 F.3d at 1333. “[E]ven a 

partial desire to serve the master is sufficient” to uphold a Westfall certification. Ballenger, 444 

F.3d at 665 (citing RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF AGENCY § 228(1)(c)). As the 

government highlights, the potentially wrongful nature of the activities is irrelevant. See Smith, 

886 F.3d at 126 (“Extensive precedent makes clear that alleging a federal employee violated 

policy or even laws in the course of her employment . . . does not take that conduct outside the 

scope of employment.”). Plevnik has failed to make this showing.

To show that the federal defendants were “motivated solely to benefit themselves,” 

Plevnik argues that their fraudulent conspiracy “injure[d] the United States financially by 

denying the United States Treasury billions of dollars in repatriated funds” and that the fraud was 

orchestrated by a private party, Sullivan, not a United States official. Pl.’s Opp’n at 5–6. The 

government counters that the federal defendants’ conduct “advances the purposes of the 

Government” and therefore they were motivated, at least in part, to serve their employer. Gov’t 

Reply at 8. Per the amended complaint, Keilty “interviewed Plaintiff to learn the location of 

funds allegedly owned by the United States”; Billington “tried to authenticate purported Treasury 
10

Department letters”; and Brown merely supervised Billington, an explicit requirement of his role. 

Id.; see Am. Compl. ¶¶ 8, 15, 38. Plevnik has failed to present any specific facts showing that 

the federal employees undertook these job-related activities solely for their own purposes. 

Accordingly, Plevnik has failed to rebut the Attorney General’s Westfall certification. 

The Court will, therefore, substitute the United States for the three named federal defendants in 

the amended complaint and treat the claim against the United States as governed by the FTCA. 

See De Martinez, 515 U.S. at 420.

B. Subject Matter Jurisdiction

With the proper defendant in place, the Court turns to its subject matter jurisdiction over 

Plevnik’s claim against the United States. The government’s sovereign immunity is 

“jurisdictional in nature” and Plevnik “bears the burden of proving that the government has 

unequivocally waived its immunity.” Tri-State Hosp. Supply Corp. v. United States, 341 F.3d 

571, 575 (D.C. Cir. 2003). The FTCA confers jurisdiction over civil claims for money damages

like Plevnik’s where they are “caused by the negligent or wrongful act or omission of any 

employee of the Government while acting within the scope of his office or employment, under 

circumstances where the United States, if a private person, would be liable to the claimant in 

accordance with the law of the place where the act or omission occurred.” 28 U.S.C. 

§ 1346(b)(1). This is a “limited waiver of the government’s sovereign immunity,” subject to 

several exceptions. See Tri-State Hospital Supply Corp., 341 F.3d at 575; see also 28 U.S.C.

§ 2680. 

The government identifies three such exceptions as applicable here: The FTCA does not 

waive sovereign immunity if (1) the claim arises out of an enumerated intentional tort, including 
11

misrepresentation (28 U.S.C. § 2680(h)); (2) the claim arises in a foreign country1 (28 U.S.C. 

§ 2680(k)); or (3) the plaintiff has failed to exhaust his administrative remedies (28 U.S.C. 

§ 2675(a)). See Gov’t Mot. Dismiss at 5–8. Plevnik does not contest any of these defenses in 

his opposition and therefore concedes them. See Wannall v. Honeywell, Inc., 775 F.3d 425, 428 

(D.C. Cir. 2014) (“[I]f a party files an opposition to a motion and therein addresses only some of 

the movant’s arguments, the court may treat the unaddressed arguments as conceded.” (citing 

Hopkins v. Women’s Div., Gen. Bd. of Glob. Ministries, 284 F. Supp. 2d 15, 25 (D.D.C. 2003)). 

In any case, the first two waiver exceptions—the claim is based on an intentional tort and arose 

abroad—are plain from the face of the complaint. The Court therefore lacks subject matter 

jurisdiction over Plevnik’s claim against the United States and it must be dismissed.

IV. Conclusion

For these reasons, it is hereby 

ORDERED that [Dkt. No. 25] Defendant United States’ Motion to Dismiss is 

GRANTED. Having been substituted for Defendants James R. Billington, Todd J. Brown, and 

Michael Keilty, the United States is hereby dismissed from the case. 

SO ORDERED.

CHRISTOPHER R. COOPER

United States District Judge

Date: November 3, 2023

1

 Though much of the government’s allegedly tortious conduct took place in Washington, D.C., 

“the FTCA’s foreign country exception bars all claims based on any injury suffered in a foreign 

country, regardless of where the tortious act or omission occurred.” See Sosa v. AlvarezMachain, 542 U.S. 692, 712 (2004).