# Patent

## Title
Cross-linked chiral compounds and methods of making thereof

## Abstract

The invention relates to a method which comprises synthesizing bifunctional compounds then chiral compounds from the bifunctional compounds, also to synthesizing supports comprising these chiral compounds, and the use of these supports for preparing or separating enantiomers, or for asymmetric synthesis. The invention also relates to bifunctional compounds, their use as a source of functionalized polymers, and to the chiral compounds, also to the use of these chiral compounds in a chiral support in the form of a three-dimensional network or for separating or preparing enantiomers, principally for analytical or preparative chromatography, and in a support for the production of chiral molecules by asymmetric synthesis.

## Background
This application is a divisional application of application Ser. No. 09/039,266 filed Mar. 16, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,342,592 issued Jan. 29, 2002.


FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to a method which comprises synthesising bifunctional compounds then chiral compounds from the bifunctional compounds, also to synthesising supports comprising these chiral compounds, normally in the form of a cross-linked three-dimensional chiral network and generally with a modifiable degree of cross-linking depending on the desired degree of swelling, and the use of these supports for preparing and separating enantiomers, or for asymmetric synthesis. The invention also relates to bifunctional compounds, their use as a source of functionalised polymers, and to the chiral compounds, also to the use of these chiral compounds in a chiral support for separating and preparing enantiomers, principally for analytical or preparative chromatography, and for asymmetric synthesis.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Enantiomer separation is a field which has been expanding for about twenty years both on the preparative and on the analytical levels. This is particularly true in the pharmaceutical field, where the law requires the separate study of optical isomers of any chiral component of a medication composition. Substituted polysaccharides have been the subject of a number of studies, and celuloses physically deposited on a silica gel support are commercially available. Such compounds have the disadvantage, however, of usually being soluble in polar organic solvents, which drastically limits their applications.
Recent solutions to the problem of solubility have been found by forming covalent bonds between the substituted polysaccharide and the support. Kimata et al. have published their results (“Analytical methods and instrumentation”, vol. 1, 23–29 (1993)) on a stationary chiral phase based on -tris-2,3,6(4-vinylbenzoate) cellulose deposited on silica gel, then polymerised on the support.
Chromatographic data obtained with two racemic test mixtures were as follows:















Deposited and polymerised



Deposited support
support













1-(1-naphthyl

1-(1-naphthyl



Stilbene oxide
ethanol)
Stilbene oxide
ethanol)















k′1
1.08
2.15
1.04
1.47


k′2
1.66
2.84
1.44
1.80


α
1.54
1.32
1.39
1.22


RS
3.63
2.34
3.82
1.44









where:

    
    
        k′1 and k′2 are partition ratios, i.e., if i=1 or 2,
    
    






  
    
      k
      ’
    
    i
  
  =
  
    
      
        t
        Ri
      
      -
      
        t
        0
      
    
    
      t
      0
    
  




    
    
        
        
            where tRi is the retention time of compound i;
            and t0 is the non-retained solute transit time;
        
        
        α is the relative retention ratio:
    
    






  α
  =
  
    
      
        
          t
          R2
        
        -
        
          t
          0
        
      
      
        
          t
          R1
        
        -
        
          t
          0
        
      
    
    =
    
      
        
          k
          ’
        
        ⁢
        2
      
      
        
          k
          ’
        
        ⁢
        1
      
    
  




    
    
        RS is the peak resolution:
    
    






  
    R
    S
  
  =
  
    
      1
      4
    
    ⁢
    
      (
      
        
          α
          -
          1
        
        α
      
      )
    
    ⁢
    
      (
      
        
          
            k
            ’
          
          ⁢
          2
        
        
          
            
              1
              +
              k
            
            ’
          
          ⁢
          2
        
      
      )
    
    ⁢
    
      
        (
        N
        )
      
      
        1
        /
        2
      
    
  




    
    
        
        
            where N is the plate number
        
        
    
    






  N
  =
  
    
      a
      ⁡
      
        (
        
          
            t
            R
          
          ω
        
        )
      
    
    2
  




    
    
        
        
            where ω is the peak width at a given ordinate, related to the square of the standard deviation or variance σ2 by the relationship ω2=aσ2, giving
        
        
    
    






  N
  =
  
    
      16
      ⁢
      
        
          (
          
            
              t
              R
            
            ω
          
          )
        
        2
      
    
    =
    
      5.54
      ⁢
      
        
          (
          
            
              t
              R
            
            σ
          
          )
        
        2
      
    
  




A systematic reduction in the relative retention ratios obtained can be seen between the deposited support and the deposited and polymerised support: 10% less on the trans-stilbene oxide (α varies between 1.54 and 1.39) and 25% less for the 1-(1-naphthyl)ethanol.
This phenomenon can be explained by partial solubility of the polymerised support due to incomplete polymerisation because of weak reactivity of the vinyl benzoate group under the reaction conditions used.
Kimata et al. did not describe any examples of separation in a pure polar solvent.
Okamoto et al. (in European patent EP-B-0 155 637) described polymers which are chemically bonded to a silica gel. In particular, they described grafting tris-2,3,6-phenylcarbamate cellulose onto silica gel via a tritylated intermediate, then forming a covalent bond between the silica gel and the partially derived polysaccharide carbamate, by the action of a diisocyanate.
The results of elemental analyses carried out during the different stages of synthesis were as follows (EP-B-0 155 637, page 8 to page 9, line 33).















C %
H %
N %




















1.
Trityl cellulose deposited on silica
15.40
1.23
0.09


2.
Detritylated cellulose deposited on silica
 3.61
0.60
—


3.
Cellulose bonded to silica by toluene-2,4-
—
—
—



diisocyanate


4.
Cellulose phenyl carbamate bonded to silica
 3.23
0.27
0.45



and washed with THF/chloroform









The drop in the degree of grafting between the cellulose deposited on silica (2) and cellulose phenylcarbamate bonded to silica (4) is important knowing that the degree of (4) calculated after (2) is of the order of 14% of carbon. The loss of hydrocarbon moieties can thus be estimated to be 80% from formation of the covalent bond between the cellulose and the silica by the diisocyanate arm, followed by derivative formation by reacting the OH groups with phenyl isocyanate and final washing with chloroform.
No example of separation in polar solvents was given for the support obtained.
Okamoto et al (Japanese patent JP 06-206-893) have described an oligosaccharide chemically bonded to silica gel by means of an imine function reduced to an amine. Amylose is then chemicoenzymatically regenerated from this oligosaccharide. The available hydroxyl functions are then reacted with carbamate functions to form derivatives. No example of separation in a polar solvent was given.
It is important to use a large column excess for preparative applications. The possibility of using 100% of chiral material in the form of pure polymer beads of substituted polysaccharides instead of physically depositing them on a support has proved effective in increasing mass yields in preparative chiral chromatographic processes. Thus patents EP-B-0 348 352, EP-B-0 316 270 and International patent application WO 96/27639 relate to the production of cellulose beads for separating optical isomers.
However, pure polymer beads are soluble in polar solvents such as halogenated solvents—tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, etc. It is thus impossible to use these solvents either pure or in mixtures with high proportions of these solvents, to carry out isomer separation.
In order to overcome this disadvantage, Francotte et al. recommended irradiation polymerisation of polysaccharide derivatives. (WO 96/27615).
However, the degree of polymerisation appears to be difficult to control in such a process. No example of separation in a pure polar solvent is given.
Minguillon et al. described the synthesis of cellulose carbamates with partial derivatives formed by reaction with an undecenoyl chloride. However, the structure of the support was not explained (J. of Chromatog. A 728 (1996), 407–414 and 415–422).
Lange (U.S. Pat. No. 5,274,167) described the polymerisation of optically active methacrylic acid derivatives, but the structure of the support was not explained. No example of separation in a pure polar solvent was given.
The present invention concerns the preparation of novel chiral compounds and their use in preparing or separating enantiomers, in particular on a support or in polymer beads.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The chiral supports are obtained in the form of pure polymer beads of the chiral compound which is normally polymerised and cross-linked, preferably into a three-dimensional glycosidic network or obtained in the form of a chiral compound attached to a support via a covalent bond, then polymerised and cross-linked, preferably into a three-dimensional glycosidic network.
The chiral supports of the invention have remarkable stability in polar solvents such as THF (tetrahydrofuran), chloroform, methylene chloride, acetonitrile, toluene, acetone or ethyl acetate.
For the first time, separation of a racemic molecule on a support based on a polysaccharide has been carried out in pure chloroform (see Examples IA, IB, IC and ID).
This exceptional stability towards polar solvents of the novel chiral supports is associated with the extremely fast mass transfer kinetics between the solutes and the three-dimensional glycosidic network. Again for the first time, separations have been carried out in the normal or inverse mode using an elution gradient on stationary chiral phases (see Examples IIA and IIB).
Further, we have noticed that the degree of cross-linking of the chiral supports has an influence on the swelling capacity of the supports. Since the swelling capacity is variable, there are difficulties in using it for analytical or preparative purposes in chromatographic processes: variable support volume, and the creation of large pressure drops during swelling can result in columns which are of insufficient size exploding or percolation becoming impossible for those which resist high pressures; also, during shrinking, dead volumes are seen to form which are incompatible with their current use.
The possibility of modifying the number and nature of the bifunctional compounds ensuring polymerisation and cross-linking per chiral unit has the advantage of enabling the degree of cross-linking and thus the final performance of the chiral support to be modified and in particular the swelling capacity in polar solvents can be controlled.
Further, we have noticed that the use of polar solvents mixed with other alkane/alcohol type solvents can in some cases reverse the elution order of enantiomers of compounds of biological importance (see Example III). When analysing the enantiomeric purity of chiral molecules, the gain in sensitivity is thus significant. The compound which is eluted first is always that with a higher number of theoretical plates than the second.
For the same reasons, the first enantiomer eluted in a preparative chiral chromatographic process is always the most pure and the most concentrated. There is thus a major interest in analytical and preparative chiral chromatography is being able to control the order of enantiomer exit.
The three-dimensional glycosidic network of novel chiral supports thus offers this possibility through “matrix” effects, swelling to a greater or lesser extent depending on the degree of cross-linking of the support and the nature of the polar solvent used. Depending on the spatial disposition of the same functional constituents of each enantiomer, the matrix favours elution of one or other of the enantiomers by means of a variable three-dimensional structure.
The bifunctionality can bond chiral units, preferably glycosidic, via one or more covalent bonds to constitute a polymerised and cross-linked three-dimensional network and thus the degree of cross-lining depends on:

    
    
        the number of —OH, —NH2, —NHR or SH functions in the chiral unit which have reacted or react with compounds:

[R—CH═CH—X—O]nAr—Q

[(R1, R2, R3)Si—CH(R)—CH2—X—O]nAr—Q

        the number n of these same formulae

where R, X, n, Ar, R1, R2, and R3 are defined below.

    
    


The —OH, —NH2 or SH functions are generally and preferably partially reacted to form derivatives in the case where polar solvents are to be used and to benefit from the “matrix” effects relating thereto. The degree of cross-linking of the network, preferably a three-dimensional chiral glycosidic network, is maximal and the swelling effects are also maximised; the use of gradient methods is generally impossible, as is the use of pure polar solvents or mixtures with high polar solvent contents.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1A depicts the separation on a type A support with a test solute of 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(9-anthryl)ethanol.
FIG. 1B depicts the separation on a type A support with a test solute of indapamide.
FIG. 1C depicts the separation on a type A support with a test solute of 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(9-anthryl)ethanol.
FIG. 1D depict the separation on a type A support with a test solute of indapamide.
FIG. 1E depicts the separation on a type B support with a test solute of oxazepam.
FIG. 2A depicts the separation on a type A support with a test solute of indapamide.
FIG. 2B depicts the separation on a type A support with a test solute of benzoin.
FIG. 3A depicts the inversion exit order of enantiomers of an active pharmaceutical ingredient on a type A support eluted after 17454,
FIG. 3B depicts the inversion exit order of enantiomers of an active pharmaceutical ingredient on a type A support eluted before 17454.



METHODS OF THE INVENTION
The invention provides a method comprising the following successive steps:

    1) synthesis of at least one bifunctional alkenyloxyaryl or alkenylaryloxyaryl type compound with general formula [R—CH═CH—(X)—O]n-Ar—Q,
    
        where Q is a group which reacts with a hydrogen carried by a heteroatom selected from the group formed by oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur or a precursor of such a group, and where:
        n is in the range 1 to 20;
        R is hydrogen or a linear or branched alkyl croup or a linear or branched alkoxy group or a hydroxyl or an aryl group, which may be substituted;
        X is a divalent linear alkyl group containing more than one carbon atom or a divalent branched alkyl group, or an aryl group, which may be substituted with at least one group selected from the group formed by hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, hydroxyl or trihalogenoalkyl groups;
        Ar is a divalent aryl or polyaryl group, optionally substituted with at least one hydrogen atom or at least one group selected from the group formed by alkyl, alkoxy, hydroxyl, trihalogenoalkyl, silyl, thiol, amino, aminoalkyl, amide, nitro, nitrosamino, N-amino, aldehyde, acid or ester groups;
    
    
    2) reacting at least one hydrogen of an alcohol, amine or thiol function of at least one chiral unit of a product, preferably a glycosidic unit of a product selected from holosides, heteroholisides, oligosides, cyclooligosides, heterooligosides, polyosides, heteropolyosides, enzymes and proteins with at least one group Q of the bifunctional compound of step 1), to synthesise at least one chiral compound.


The compound selected from holosides, heteroholisides, oligosides, cyclooligosides, heterooligosides, polyosides, heteropolyosides, enzymes and proteins is generally selected from the following compounds: pullulan, beta-2,1-fructan (inulin), beta-1,4-mannane, cellulose, beta-1,3-glucan curdlan, chitosan, dextran, amylose-cyclodextrins, alpha-1,3-glucan, beta-1,2-glucan, and beta-1,4-xylan, the formula for which are given below.
Group Q is preferably selected from the group formed by the following groups: —N═C═O or a precursor thereof; —NH2, —CON3 or —COCl or a precursor thereof; —COOH, —N═C═S, —CH2—Y, where Y is Cl or Br or I or methylsulphonyloxy or paratoluenesulphonyloxy or 3,5-dimethylphenylsulphonyloxy.
The method of the invention may comprise a supplementary hydrosilylation step, before or after step 2), to transform at least a portion of the alkenyl moieties R—CH═CH— using a silane (R1, R2, R3)Si—H generally in the presence of a metallic complex derived from platinum or rhodium to (R1, R2, R3)—Si—CH(R)—CH2— moieties, where:

    
    
        R1 is hydrogen or a methoxy or ethoxy group or a halogen or an amino or alkylamino group;
        R2 and R3, which may be identical to or different from R1, are alkoxy, hydroxyl, trihalogenoalkyl, linear or branched alkyl, or aryl groups;
        R is hydrogen or a linear or branched alkyl group or a linear or branched alkoxy group or a hydroxyl group or an aryl group which may be substituted.
    
    


Hydrosilylation generally takes place in a solvent medium in the presence of a suitable catalyst such as platinum.







where each Y (Y1, Y2 or Y3) represents a sulphur or oxygen atom or the group NH;

each W (W1, W2 or W3) represents an ethylenic radical with general formula

[R—CH═CH—(X)—O]n—Ar—Z—

where Z represents a NH—CO group, or an —NH—CS group, or a CO group, or a CH2 group;

and in which symbols R, X and Ar are defined below;

where n is a whole number in the range 5 to 2000;

and where each glycosidic unit contains at least 0.05 Y-W groups;

groups Y-W may be identical or different.

Polymerised and Cross Linked Chiral Compounds
The invention particularly provides a polymerised and cross-linked chiral compound or ester, amide, urea, carbamate, thioester or thiocarbamate derivatives of said polymerised and cross-linked chiral compound, with general formula:




where:

    
    
        q is at least 1 and less than 20;
        s is at least 1 and less than 20000;
        if r=0, the compound is a pure cross-linked chiral polymer, oligomer or monomer;
        if r≧1, the compound is a chiral polymer, oligomer or monomer which is cross-linked in a three-dimensional network and bonded to a cross-linked support.

LINK A represents:

    
    






LINK B represents:





    
    
        “chiral unit” represents a monomeric, oligomeric, cyclooligomeric or polymeric chiral compound and optionally comprises a primary or secondary amine function or a primary, secondary or tertiary hydroxyl function or a sulphhydryl function and in which all or a portion of these functions have optionally been modified to the ester, amide, urea, carbamate, thioester or thiocarbamate;
        Z represents a —CH2— group or a —CO— group or a —NH—CO— group or a —NH—CS— group;
        Y represents a sulphur or oxygen atom or the amino group;
        n is in the range 1 to 20;
        Ar represents a divalent aryl or polyaryl group;
        X represents a divalent alkyl or aryl group;
        R represents an alkyl group or hydrogen;
        L represents a single bond or a bis-sulphhydryl or silane or an ethylene group which may be substituted or a disiloxane;
        K represents a single bond or a siloxane or a silane;
        “support” represents an organic or mineral support;

functionalised by an alkene or a hydrogenosilane or a sulphhydryl.

    
    


Thus the compound or one of its derivatives preferably has one of the following formulae:




The method of the invention preferably comprises a supplementary step for treating at least a portion of the chiral compound obtained above to obtain a chiral support. The treatment is generally selected from the group formed by the three treatments described below.
A first treatment for the chiral compound consists of physical deposition of at least a portion of the compound on a support. Such a treatment generally consists of adding a co-solvent to the chiral compound which is dissolved in a polar solvent in the presence of a support, addition being followed by precipitation of the compound on the support, or evaporation of the chiral compound which is dissolved in a polar solvent in the presence of a support.
A second treatment for the chiral compound consists of physical deposition then grafting by covalently bonding at least part of the chiral compound onto a support, the support having been at least partially reacted with at least one group selected from the group formed by alkoxy, halogeno or aminosilane groups to form a derivative, the group also carrying a function of the type —SH, —SiH or —CH═CH—. The second treatment generally comprises adding free alkenyl functions of the portion of the chiral compound to the derivative support followed by in situ cross-linking of the remaining alkenyl functions to constitute a three-dimensional chiral network. The reaction is generally carried out in a solvent with a high boiling point such as a hydrocarbon, to encourage the kinetics. The grafting reaction between at least a portion of the alkenyl functions of the chiral units (preferably glycosidic) of the chiral compound and at least a portion of the —SH, —SiH or —CH═CH— functions of the derivative support generally takes place in an organic solvent in the presence of a suitable catalyst such as platinum salts or peroxides. When the chiral compound has undergone the supplemental hydrosilylation step, grafting is generally carried out on at least a portion of the hydrogen, alkoxy, halogeno or alkylaminosilane type terminal groups.
Regarding the first and second treatments, the support is generally selected from the group formed by gel type supports of native or modified silica, oxides of zirconia, magnesium, aluminium, or titanium, glass beads, carbons or any organic polymer.
A third treatment for the chiral compound consists of at least partial polymerisation, generally by cross-linking at least a portion of the chiral compound to obtain polymer beads which essentially constitute a chiral support. One possible manner of carrying out the third treatment generally comprises dissolving the portion of the chiral compound in a suitable solvent then reacting it in a two-phase medium, followed by evaporating the solvent to obtain a polymer in the form of beads or irregular particles, then polymerisation by intra- or inter-molecular cross-linking of at least a portion of the alkenyl moieties of the units, preferably glycosidic, of that portion of the chiral compound, by heating in the presence of a polymerisation initiator such as a peroxide. A further manner of carrying out the third treatment comprises the same steps, with the exception of polymerisation by cross-linking which is obtained by hydrosilylation, using hydrosilanes or hydrosiloxanes, of at least a portion of the alkenyl functions of that portion of the chiral compound on bifunctional dithiol type compounds HS—( . . . )—SH, dihydrogenosilanes HSi—( . . . )—SiH, or polyfunctional tetramethyldisiloxane, or 1,3,5,7-tetramethylcyclo-tetrasiloxane, or methylhydrocyclosiloxanes type compounds, or ethanediol type compounds or with sulphur.
Polymerisation by cross-linking is known per se and has been described, for example, in J. Chromatogr. 1992, 594, 283–290. The technique described in this article can be used to prepare the chiral compounds of the invention. In general, the reaction is carried out in a solvent which is inert towards hydrosilylation, such as toluene, 1,4-dioxane, chloroform, tetrahydrofuran (THF) or xylene, or mixtures of these solvents, at temperatures of 40° C. to 140° C. Using a catalyst such as metallic platinum or rhodium complexes accelerates the reaction kinetics.
The hydrosilanes or hydrosiloxanes used to prepare the chiral compounds can be defined by the following general formula:




R4: is an alkoxy, halogen or alkylamino group;

Ri: is identical to or different from R1 and is an alkoxy, hydroxyl, aryl, halogen, alkylamino, trihalogenoalkyl, or linear or branched alkyl group;

F: is (CH2)u or oxygen;

t: is 0 to 3000;

u: is 0 to 10.

When the chiral compound has undergone a supplemental hydrosilylation step, polymerisation principally occurs by controlled hydrolysis of at least a portion of the terminal hydrogenosilane, alkoxysilane, halogenosilane or N-alkylaminosilane type functions, which mainly results in substantially spherical particles of pure polymer.
The chiral support obtained above by one of the three treatments is preferably used in accordance with the method of the invention in an operation for separating chiral compounds or for preparing enantiomers. The operation is generally selected from the following methods: liquid chromatography, generally preparative or analytical liquid chromatography, comprising the following techniques: low, medium and high pressure (HPLC) liquid chromatography, counter-current chromatography and simulated moving bed chromatography, gas chromatography, generally analytical or preparative, supercritical chromatography, subcritical chromatography, centrifugal chromatography, electrophoresis, electrochromatography, or any membrane separation process, also asymmetrical synthesis.
Process for Synthesizing Polymers
The invention also provides a process for synthesising polymers comprising the following successive steps:

    1) synthesising at least one bifunctional alkenyloxyaryl or alkenylaryloxyaryl type compound with general formula [R—CH═CH—X—O]nAr—Q,
    
        where Q is a group selected from the group formed by the following groups: —N═C═O or a precursor thereof, —NH2 or —CON3, —COCl or a precursor thereof, —COOH, —N═C═S, —CH2Y, where Y is Cl or Br or I or methylsulphonyloxy or paratoluenesulphonyloxy or 3,5-dimethylphenylsulphonyloxy, and where:
        n is in the range 1 to 20;
        R is hydrogen or a linear or branched alkyl group or a linear or a branched alkoxy group or a hydroxyl or an aryl group, which may be substituted;
        X is a linear or branched alkyl group or an aryl group, which may be substituted with at least one group selected from the group formed by hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, hydroxyl and trihalogenoalkyl groups;
        Ar is an aryl or polyaryl group, which may be substituted with at least one hydrogen atom or a group selected from the group formed by alkyl, alkoxy, hydroxyl, trihalogenoalkyl, silyl, thiol, amino, aminoalkyl, amide, nitro, nitrosamino, N-amino, aldehyde, acid or ester groups;
    
    
    2) polymerisation by the alkenyl moiety or by the R1 group of the bifunctional compound of step 1), to synthesise at least one polymer functionalised by a group Q.


Bifunctional Compounds
The invention also provides any bifunctional alkenyloxyaryl or alkenylaryloxyaryl type compound with general formula

[R—CH═CH—(X)—O]n—Ar—Q,

where Q is a group which is reactive towards a hydrogen carried by a heteroatom selected from the group formed by oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur, or a precursor of such a group, and where:

    
    
        n is in the range 1 to 20;
        R is hydrogen or a linear or branched alkyl group or a linear or branched alkoxy group or a hydroxyl or an aryl group, which may be substituted;
        X is an optional divalent linear or branched alkyl group or an aryl group, which may be substituted with at least one group selected from the group formed by hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, hydroxyl and trihalogenoalkyl groups;
        Ar is a divalent aryl or polyaryl group, which may be substituted with at least one hydrogen atom or with at least one group selected from the group formed by alkyl, alkoxy, hydroxyl, trihalogenoalkyl, silyl, thiol, amino, aminoalkyl, amide, nitro, nitrosamino, N-amino, aldehyde, acid or ester groups;

excluding the following compounds: 4-allyloxyaniline, 4-allyloxybenzoic acid, its acid chloride, and 4-allyloxyphenylisocyanate. The synthesis and/or use of these compounds is described in the following articles:

    
    
    M. A. Apfel, H. Finkelmann, G. M. Janini, R. J. Laub, B. H. Lühmann, A. Price, W. L. Roberts, T. J. Shaw and C. A. Smith, Analytical Chemistry, 1985, 57, 651–658;
    Y. Nambu and T. Endo, Journal of Organic Chemistry, 1993, 58, 1932–1934;
    G. Yi, J. S. Bradhsaw, B. E Rossiter, S. L. Reese, R. Petersson, K. E. Markides and M. L. Lee, Journal of Organic Chemistry, 1993, 58, 2561–2565;
    G. Yi, J. S. Bradhsaw, N. E Rossiter, A. Malik, W. Li, H. Yun, M. L. Lee, Journal of Chromatography A, 673 (1994), 219–230;
    G. Yi, J. S. Bradhsaw, B. E Rossiter, A. Malik, W. Li, H. Yun, M. L. Lee, Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry, 352, 621 (1995);
    G. Yi, W. Li, J. S. Bradhsaw, A. Malik, M. L. Lee, Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry, 32, 1715 (1995).


Group Q is preferably selected from the group formed by the following groups: —N═C═O or a precursor thereof, —NH2 or —CON3, —COCl or its precursor, —COOH, —N═C═S, —CH2Y, where Y is Cl or Br or I or methylsulphonyloxy or paratoluenesulphonyloxy or 3,5-dimethylphenylsulphonyloxy.
Chiral Compound
The invention also provides any chiral compound which can be obtained by a substitution reaction of at least one hydrogen of an alcohol, amine or thiol function of at least one chiral unit of a product, preferably a glycosidic unit of a product selected from holosides, heteroholisides, oligosides, cyclooligosides, heterooligosides, polyosides, heteropolyosides, enzymes and proteins, with at least one group Q of the above bifunctional compound. The invention still further provides any chiral compound which can be obtained by hydrosilylation of the substituted chiral compound to transform at least a portion of the alkenyl moieties R—CH═CH— using a silane (R1, R2, R3)Si—H generally in the presence of a metallic complex derived from platinum or rhodium to (R1, R2, R3)Si—CH(R)—CH2— moieties, where:

    
    
        R1 is hydrogen or an alkoxy group or a halogen or an amino or alkylamino group;
        R2 and R3, which may be identical to or different from R1, are alkoxy, hydroxyl, trihalogenoalkyl, linear or branched alkyl or aryl groups;
        R is hydrogen or a linear or branched alkyl group or a linear or branched alkoxy group or a hydroxyl group or an aryl group which may be substituted.
    
    


The invention yet still further provides any chiral compound which can be obtained by hydrosilylation of a bifunctional compound to transform at least a portion of the alkenyl moieties R—CH═CH— using a silane (R1, R2, R3)Si—H generally in the presence of a metallic complex derived from platinum or rhodium to (R1, R2, R3)Si—CH(R)—CH2— moieties, where:

    
    
        R1 is hydrogen or an alkoxy group or a halogen or an amino or alkylamino group;
        R2 and R3, which may be identical to or different from R1, are alkoxy, hydroxyl, trihalogenoalkyl, linear or branched alkyl or aryl groups;
        R is hydrogen or a linear or branched alkyl group or a linear or branched alkoxy group or a hydroxyl group or an aryl group which may be substituted;

then by reacting at least one hydrogen of an alcohol, amine or thiol function of at least one chiral unit of a product, preferably a glycosidic unit of a product selected from holosides, heteroholisides, oligosides, cyclooligosides, heterooligosides, polyosides, heteropolyosides, enzymes and proteins, with at least one group Q of the above bifunctional compound.

    
    


Chiral Supports
The invention also provides any chiral support which can be obtained from the preceding chiral compounds by physical deposition on a support. The invention also provides any chiral support which can be obtained from the above chiral compounds and a support, the support having being derived from at least one group selected from the group formed by alkoxy, halogeno or aminosilane groups also comprising a —SH, —SiH or —CH═CH— type function, by forming covalent chemical bonds with at least a portion of the alkenyl moieties of said chiral compounds followed by in situ cross-linking of the remaining alkenyl functions to constitute a three-dimensional chiral network.
More generally, the invention provides any chiral support comprising at least one of the above chiral compounds and at least one support. The compound is preferably chemically bonded to the support, by at least one covalent chemical bond.
The support is generally selected from the group formed by gel type supports of native or modified silica, oxides of zirconia, magnesium, aluminium or titanium, glass beads, carbons or any organic polymer.
The invention also provides any chiral support which can be obtained from at least one of the above chiral compounds by polymerisation generally by cross-linking at least a portion of the alkenyl moieties of said chiral compound to obtain polymer beads.
More generally, the invention provides any chiral support comprising beads of at least one of the above chiral compounds.
Finally, the invention provides any process for separating chiral compounds or for preparing enantiomers using at least one chiral support as above in an operation selected from the following methods: liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, supercritical chromatography, subcritical chromatography, centrifugal chromatography, electrophoresis, electrochromatography, or any membrane separation process, also asymmetrical synthesis.
The following examples illustrate the invention without in any way limiting its scope.
EXAMPLES
1. Preparation of Chromatographic Supports in Accordance with the Invention
a) Preparation of parapent-4-enoxybenzoic Acid
2 g of sodium hydroxide, 15 ml of distilled water, 7.6 g of methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, 0.16 g of tetrabutylammonium bromide and 5.92 ml of 5-bromopent-1-ene were successively placed in a reactor. Vigorous stirring was maintained overnight at ambient temperature. After adding 30 ml of a 2.5 M sodium hydroxide solution, the reaction medium was heated to 60–80° C. for 90 minutes. It was then diluted with 120 ml of distilled water and extracted with two times 50 ml of diethyl ether. The aqueous phase was acidified with 10 ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid to precipitate the acid. After filtering, washing with distilled water and drying in a dessicator over P2O5, the acid was obtained in a yield of 93%.
b) Preparation of the Acid Chloride of parapent-4-enoxybenzoic Acid
10.3 g of parapent-4-enoxybenzoic acid was suspended in 60 ml of toluene to which 17 ml of thionyl chloride was added. The reaction mixture was heated under reflux for 30 minutes then vacuum evaporated. The oily residue obtained was vacuum distilled (110° C./1 mm of Hg). The yield from this synthesis was 85%.
c) Preparation of parapent-4-enoxybenzoylazide
A solution of 11.27 g of parapent-4-enoxybenzoyl chloride dissolved in 15 ml of acetone was added dropwise to an aqueous solution of sodium nitride (3.9 g in 22 ml of distilled water) at ambient temperature with vigorous stirring. Following addition, the reaction medium was stirred for one hour then diluted with 50 ml of water. After decanting, the colourless oil obtained was dried over magnesium sulphate. (Yield=80%).
d) Preparation of parapent-4-enoxyhenylisocyanate
11.6 g of parapent-4-enoxybenzoylazide was dissolved in 80 ml of anhydrous toluene then heated under reflux for 90 min. The solvent was then vacuum evaporated and the residue which had the appearance of a colourless oil was vacuum distilled (100° C./1 mm of Hg). The yield from this synthesis was 94%.
Example 2
a) Preparation of a tris[1,3,6-(4-allyloxyphenyl)urethanel] Cellulose (for Preparation of a Type B Support)
2.5 g of microcrystalline cellulose, 75 ml of pyridine and 38 ml of heptane were placed in a reactor. Stirring and heating the reaction mixture dehydrated the cellulose by azeotropic entrainment. 9.31 g of 4-allyloxyphenylisocyanate and 0.05 g of 4-dimethylaminopyridine were added to the mixture and it was heated under reflux for 8 hours. At the end of the reaction, 65 ml of methanol was added and refluxing was continued for 15 minutes. The cellulose derivative was then washed three times with 300 ml of distilled water then 140 ml of methanol.
b) Preparation of a tris[6-(4-allyloxyphenyl)urethane-2.3.6-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)urethanel] Cellulose (for the Preparation of a Type A Support)
2.5 g of microcrystalline cellulose, 75 ml of pyridine and 38 ml of heptane were placed in a reactor. Stirring and heating the reaction mixture dehydrated the cellulose by azeotropic entrainment. 1.35 g of 4-allyloxyphenylisocyanate, 6.80 g of 3,5-dimethylphenylisocyanate and 0.05 g of 4-dimethylaminopyridine were added to the mixture and it was heated under reflux for 8 hours. At the end of the reaction, 65 ml of methanol was added and refluxing was continued for 15 minutes. The cellulose derivative was then washed three times with 300 ml of distilled water then 140 ml of methanol.
3. Composite Obtained Between a Cellulose Derivative and a Modified Silica (Mercaptopropyl Silica)
a) Preparation of a Mercaptopropyl Silica
10 g of Kromasil silica (5 μm, 100-where 1=0.1 nm) suspended in 50 ml of toluene was placed in a reactor. The medium was heated under reflux to dehydrate the silica by azeotropic entrainment. 45 ml of mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane and 20 ml of pyridine were then added. The reaction mixture was stirred and heated at 100° C. for two days. After filtering and washing with methanol and diethylether then vacuum drying at 60° C., a mercaptopropyl silica was obtained with a degree of grafting of 0.85 mmol/g of thiol function.
b) Preparation of Composite
b1) For B type support: 0.45 g of tris[2,3,6-(4-allyloxyphenyl)urethane] cellulose was dissolved in 27 ml of tetrahydrofuran, then 3 g of Kromasil mercaptopropyl silica was added. After ultrasound degassing for three minutes, it was evaporated to dryness. The composite formed was filtered, then dried in the open air.

B2) For an A type support: 0.45 g of tris[6-(4-allyloxyphenyl)urethane-2,3,6-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)urethane] cellulose was dissolved in 27 ml of tetrahydrofuran, then 3 g of mercaptopropyl Kromasil silica was added. After ultrasound degassing for three minutes, it was evaporated to dryness. The composite formed was filtered, then dried in the open air.

Example 4
a) Preparation of a Type A Chromatographic Support:
The composite prepared as above (3-b2) was dissolved in 17 ml of heptane in the presence of a catalytic quantity of benzoyl peroxide. The reaction medium was heated under reflux for 14 hours then filtered and air dried.
b) Preparation of a Type B Chromatographic Support:
The composite prepared as above (3-b1) was dissolved in 17 ml of heptane in the presence of a catalytic quantity of benzoyl peroxide. The reaction medium was heated under reflux for 14 hours then filtered and air dried.
B-Use of Chromatographic Supports in Accordance with the Invention
IA-Example of Separation on a Type A Support
Test Solute: 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(9-anthryl)ethanol
Please refer to FIG. 1A
Mobile phase: 100% pure chloroform
















UV detection at 254 nm;
O. D. (optical density) = 0.2



Flow rate: 1 ml/min
P = 6.2 MPa (600 psi)°










T0=2.95′′ (non-retained solute transit time measured using 1,3,5,tritert-butylbenzene)

Partition ratios: k′1=1.03 k′2=2.56

↑: t0 injection

Relative retention ratio: α=2.64

IB-Example of Separation on a Type A Support
Test Solute: Indapamide
Please refer to FIG. 1B
Mobile phase: 100% pure chloroform
















UV detection at 254 nm;
O. D. = 0.2



Flow rate: 1 ml/min
P = 6.2 MPa (600 psi)°










T0=2.95′ (non-retained solute transit time measured using 1,3,5,tritert-butylbenzene)

Partition ratios: k′1=7.47 k′2=9.17

↑: t0 injection

Relative retention ratio: α=1.23

IC-Example of Separation on a Type A Support
Test Solute: 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(9-anthryl)ethanol
Please refer to FIG. 1C
Mobile phase: 100% pure dichloromethane
















UV detection at 254 nm;
O. D. = 0.2



Flow rate: 1 ml/min
P = 6.2 MPa (600 psi)°










T0=2.95′ (non-retained solute transit time measured using 1,3,5,tritert-butylbenzene)

Partition ratios: k′1=0.56 k′2=1.03

↑: t0 injection

Relative retention ratio: α=1.85

ID-Example of Separation on a Type A Support
Test Solute: Indapamide
Please refer to FIG. 1D
Mobile phase: 100% pure dichloromethane
















UV detection at 254 nm;
O. D. = 0.2



Flow rate: 1 ml/min
P = 6.2 MPa (600 psi)°










T0=2.95′ (non-retained solute transit time measured using 1,3,5,tritert-butylbenzene)

Partition ratios: k′1=2.13 k′2=2.39

↑: t0 injection

Relative retention ratio: α=1.12

IE-Example of Separation on a Type B Support
Test Solute: Oxazepam
Please refer to FIG. 1E
Mobile phase: 70/30/0.1 heptane/isopropanol/diethylamine
















UV detection at 254 nm;
O. D. = 0.1



Flow rate: 1 ml/min
P = 5.5 MPa (800 psi)°










T0=2.82′ (non-retained solute transit time measured using 1,3,5,tritert-butylbenzene)

Partition ratios: k′1=2.69 k′2=10.18

↑: t0 injection

Relative retention ratio: α=3.78

IIA-Example of Separation on a Type A Support
Test Solute: Indapamide
Please refer to FIG. 2A
Mobile phase: reverse mode elution gradient water (100%) to acetonitrile (100%) in 60 minutes
















UV detection at 254 nm;
O. D. = 0.5



Flow rate: 1 ml/min










T0=2.80′ (non-retained solute transit measured using 1,3,5,tritert-butylbenzene)

Partition ratios: k′1=11.03 k′2=11.58

↑: t0 injection

Relative retention ratio: α=1.05

IIB-Example of Separation on a Type A Support
Test Solute: Benzoin
Please refer to FIG. 2B
Mobile phase: normal mode elution gradient heptane (100%) to isopropanol (100%) in 60 minutes
















UV detection at 254 nm;
O. D. = 0.02



Flow rate: 1 ml/min










T0=2.90′ (non-retained solute transit time measured using 1,3,5,tritert-butylbenzene)

Partition ratios: k′1=5.10 k′2=6.28

↑: t0 injection

Relative retention ratio: α=1.23

III: Example of Inversion of Order of Exit of Enantiomers of an Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient on a Type A Support
Active Ingredient (Eutomer): 17454
Unwanted Enantiomer (Distomer): 17455













CONDITIONS 1: 17455 eluted after 17454



Mobile phase: (v = volume)


hexane 89.4v/methanol 2.4v/isopropanol 8.0v/diethylamine 0.2v
50%


dichloromethane
10%


hexane
40%


Retention time of S 17454:  18.29′


Retention time of S 17455:  21.01′


(see diagram below)


CONDITIONS 2: 17455 eluted before 17454


Mobile phase:


heptane + 2% diethylamine


 10%


dichloromethane
22%


heptane
66%


methanol
 2%


Retention time of S 17455:  13.86′


Retention time of S 17454:  14.93′


(see diagram below)









Other parameters for conditions 1 and conditions 2 were identical, namely:

    
    
        detection wavelength: 270 nm, UV
        flow rate: 1 ml/min
        20 μl volume injected, i.e., 20 μg of solute at the concentration used.
    
    


Conditions 1
Please refer to FIGS. 3A and 3B
The foregoing examples can be repeated with analogous results by substituting the reactants and/or the general or particular conditions described in the invention for those used in the examples.
In the light of the above description, the skilled person can readily determine the essential characteristics of the invention and could make various changes and modifications without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, to adapt it to various uses and conditions for carrying out the invention.

## Claims

1. A cross-liked chiral compound made by reacting at least one functional group of at least one chiral unit with a compound of the formula 1: [RCH═CH—(X)—O]n—Ar—ZY, to create a polymerizable precursor:




and polymerizing the precursor to create a cross-linked chiral compound where:
chiral unit is a monomeric, oligomeric, cyclooligomeric or polymeric chiral unit and wherein the unit optionally comprises a primary or secondary amine function or a primary, secondary or tertiary hydroxyl function or a sulphhydryl function and in which all or a portion of these functions have optionally been modified to the ester, amide, urea, carbamate, thioester or thiocarbamate wherein the chiral unit optionally has 2 or more functional groups reactable with a compound of formula I or a compound linkable to a support;
Ar is an arylene or polyarylene optionally substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, hydroxyl, trihalogenoalkyl, silyl, thiol, amino, aminoalkyl, amide, nitro, nitrosamino, N-amino, aldehyde, acid and ester groups;
X is a linear alkylene group carrying more than one carbon atom, a branched alkylene group, or an arylene group, optionally substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, hydroxyl and trihalogenoalkyl groups;
R is hydrogen, a linear or branched alkyl group, a linear or branched alkoxy group, a hydroxyl or an aryl group, optionally substituted;
n is in the range 1 to 20;
Y is a sulphur or oxygen atom or an amino group; and
Z is a —CH2-group, a —CO-group, —NHCO-group or a —NH—CS-group.

2. A supported cross-linked chiral compound obtainable from a chiral compound according to claim 1, by physical deposition on a support.

3. A cross-linked chiral compound according to claim 1 wherein the polymerizable precursor reacts to create a LINK A between two chiral units:




wherein LINK A is:




where the chiral unit, Ar, X and R are defined as in claim 1 and
Z is a —CH2— group, a —CO— group, a —NH—CO— group, or a —NH—CS— group;
m is 1–20;
n is 1–20;
s is at least 1 and less than 20000; and
Y is a sulphur or oxygen atom or an amino group.

4. A hydrosilylated compound made by hydrosilylating a polymerizable precursor of a chiral compound according to claim 1 with a silane of the formula (R1, R2, R3)Si—H; where
R1 is hydrogen, an alkoxy group, a halogen, or an amino or alkylamino group; and
R2 and R3, which may be identical to or different from R1 to transform at least a portion of the alkenyl moieties
R—CH═CH—, are alkoxy, hydroxyl, trihalogenoalkyl, linear or branched alkyl or aryl groups.

5. A cross-linked compound according to claim 1 wherein the hydrosilylated polymerizable precursor react to create a LINK A′ between two chiral units:




where LINK A′ is:




where the chiral unit, Ar, X and R are defined as in claim 1 and
Z is a —CH2-group a —CO— group, a —NH—CO— group, or a —NH—CS— group;
m is 1–20;
n is 1–20;
s is at least 1 and less than 20000;
L is a silicylene; and
Y is a sulphur or oxygen atom or an amino group.

6. A cross-linked compound, made by reacting the at least one chiral unit according to claim 1 with:
a compound of the formula I: [R—CH═CH—(X)—O]n—Ar—ZY, and
a compound of the formula II: Ar′—Z′ to make a polymerizable precursor of the formula III where Ar′ is an aryl or polyaryl group optionally substituted by at least one alkyl and Z′ is a —CH3 group, a —COH group, a —NCO— group, or a —NCS— group:





where:
Y′ is a sulphur or oxygen atom, or an amino group; and
Z′ is a —CH2— group, a —CO— group, a —NH—CO— group, or a —NH—CS— group; and
Ar′ is aryl or polyaryl group.

7. A cross-linked chiral compound linked to a support, made by reacting and polymerizing a polymerizable precursor of the formula III as in claim 6, to make a cross-linked chiral compound linked to a support:




wherein LINK A is:




where the chiral unit, Ar, X and R are defined as in claim 1 and
Z is a —CH2— group, a —CO— group, a —NH—CO— group, or a —NH—CS— group;
m is 1–20;
n is 1–20;
r is ≧1;
s is at least 1 and less than 20000; and
Y is a sulphur or oxygen atom or an amino group; and wherein LINK B is:





where:
X′ is alkylene or arylene;
Y′ is a sulphur or oxygen atom or an amino group;
Z′′ is a —CH2— group, a —CO— group, a —NH—CO— group, or a —NH—CS— group;
Ar′′ is an arylene or a polyarylene group;
K is a single bond, a siloxane, or a silane wherein, if K is a single bond, R′ is not present in LINK B;
R′ is an alkyl group or hydrogen; and
“support” is an organic or mineral support; functionalized by an alkene or a hydrogenosilane or a sulphhydryl.

8. A crosslinked chiral compound according to claim 3, in which the chiral compound is polymerized by cross-linking at least a portion of the alkenyl moieties to obtain polymer beads which essentially constitute a chiral support.

9. A cross-linked chiral compound according to claim 3, having the following formula:

10. A cross-linked chiral compound according to claim 5, having the following formula:

11. A cross-linked chiral compound having the following formula:




where
a chiral unit is a monomeric, oligomeric, cyclooligomeric or polymeric chiral unit and wherein the unit optionally comprises a primary or secondary amine function or a primary, secondary or tertiary hydroxyl function or a sulphhydryl function and in which all or a portion of these functions have optionally been modified to the ester, amide, urea, carbamate, thioester or thiocarbamate wherein the chiral unit optionally has 2 or more functional groups reactable with a compound of formula I or a compound linkable to a support;
Ar is an arylene or polyarylene optionally substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, hydroxyl, trihalogenoalkyl, silyl, thiol, amino, aminoalkyl, amide, nitro, nitrosamino, N-amino, aldehyde, acid and ester groups;
X is a linear alkylene group carrying more than one carbon atom, a branched alkylene group, or an arylene group, optionally substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, hydroxyl and trihalogenoalkyl groups;
R is hydrogen, a linear or branched alkyl group, a linear or branched alkoxy group, a hydroxyl or an aryl group, optionally substituted;
Z is a —CH2— group, a —CO— group, a —NH—CO— group, —NH—CS— group;
m is 1–20;
n is 1–20;
Y is a sulphur or oxygen atom or an amino group;
L is a silicylene;
R2 and R3 are independently alkoxy, hydroxyl, trihalogenoalkyl, linear or branched alkyl or aryl groups;
K is a single bond, a siloxane, or a silane; and
“support” is an organic or mineral support; functionalized by an alkene or a hydrogenosilane or a sulphhydryl.

12. A supported cross-linked chiral compound obtainable from a chiral compound according to claim 7 and a support, said support laving been reacted with at least one group selected from the group consisting of alkoxy, halogeno or aminosilane groups, said group also comprising a moiety selected from the group consisting of —SH, —SiH and —CH═CH—.

13. A supported cross-linked chiral compound comprising at least one chiral compound according to claim 3 and at least one support.

14. A supported cross-linked chiral compound according to claim 7, in which the chiral compound is chemically bonded to said support, using at least one covalent chemical bond.

15. A supported cross-linked chiral compound obtainable from a chiral compound according to claim 1 by polymerization, generally by cross-linking at least a portion of the alkenyl moieties of said chiral compound to obtain polymer beads.

16. A supported cross-linked chiral compound comprising beads of a chiral compound according to claim 3.

17. A cross-linked chiral compound according to claim 3, in which said chiral unit of a product is a glycosidic unit of a product selected from the group consisting of holosides, heteroholosides, oligosides, cyclooligosides, heterooligosides, polyosides, heteropolyosides, enzymes and proteins.

18. A cross-linked chiral compound according to claim 6, in which said chiral unit of a product is a glycosidic unit of a product selected from holosides, heteroholosides, oligosides, cyclooligosides, heterooligosides, polyosides, heteropolyosides, enzymes and proteins.

19. A cross-linked chiral compound according to claim 1, in which the chiral compound is polymerized by cross-linking at least a portion of the alkenyl moieties to obtain polymer beads which essentially constitute a chiral support.

20. A cross-linked chiral compound according to claim 7, wherein the support is selected from the group consisting of gel type supports of native silica, silica substituted by alkyl group wherein the alkyl group is optionally substituted, oxides of zirconia, magnesium, aluminium and titanium, glass beads, carbons, and an organic polymers.