T hi s di s pos i t i on i s notappr opr i a t e f orpubl i c a t i on and i s notpr e c e de nt * e xc e pta s pr ovi de d by9th C i r . R . 36- 3.

T he H onor abl e R udi M . B r e w s t e r , S e ni orU ni t e d S t a t e s D i s tr i c tJ udge ** f orthe S outhe rn D i s tr i c tof C a l i f orni a , s i tt i ng byde s i gna t i on. NOT F OR P UB L I CAT I ON UN I TE D STATE S C OU RT OF APPE ALS FOR T HE NI NTH CI RC UI T K EN T D A V I S, P la in tif

f - A p p e lla n t, v. C OU NT Y O F S AN B E RNA R DI NO ; S AN B E RN A R D IN O S H E R IF F ’S D EPA RTM EN T; STEV E SPEA R, D efen d an t s - A p p el l ees. N o. 10- 55043 D . C. N o . 5 : 0 8 - c v - 0 1 2 6 2 - SV W - SS ME MOR AN DU M *

A pp ea l fr om the U ni t ed S t at es D i stri ctC ou rt f o rth e C e n tr a l D is tr ic t o f C a lif o rn ia S t e phe n V . W i l s on, D i s tr i c tJ udge , P r e s i di ng A r gue d a nd S ubm i tt e d J une 8, 2011 P a s a d e n a , C a lif

o rn ia B e f o r e : B . F L E T C H E R , a n d N .R . S M I T H , C ir c u it J u d g e s , a n dR . B R E W S T E R , D i stri ctJudg e. ** 

# FI LED JU L 11 2011 M OLLY C. DW Y ER, CLERK U . S. C O U R T OF APPE ALS- 2-

K entD avi s app ea l s the di stri ctcourt ’ s c on cl usi on of l aw , fol l ow i ng a bench tr i a l , tha tthe s he r i f

f ha d pr obabl e c aus e t o a rr e s thi m f orw i l l f ul l yr e s i s t i ng, de l a y i ng, orobs truc t i ng ape a c e of f i c e ri n the di s c ha r ge of

hi s dut i e s i n vi ol a t i on of C a l. P e n a l C o d e § 1 4 8 ( a ) ( 1 ) . W e a f f i rm be c aus e the s he r i f

f ha d pr obabl e c aus e t o a rr e s tD a vi s ba s e d upon D avi s’ ent i re patt ern o f e rr at i c and defi antcond uct . T he arre stdi d n otpu ni sh m er e s pe e c h. T he s he r i f

f ha d l e gi t i m a t e r e a s ons t o r e que s tthe c a rke y s , i nc l udi ng, but notl i m i t e d t o, a voi di ng da m a ge t o the pr i s t i ne vi nt a ge C a di l l a c dur i ng t ow i ng; ope ni ng the trunk t o c he c k i f D a vi s br oughthi s f

i r e a rm w i th hi m ; a nd pr e ve nt i ng D avi s f rom fl ee i ng the sc ene w i th the car. D avi s’ s behavi or gave the po l i ce offi ce r p r o b ab le c au s e to b e lie v e th a t D a v is o b s tru c te dth e la w f u l e x e r c is e o f

au th o r ityto im p o u n d th e u n r e g is te r e d c a r . S m ith v . C ityo f H e m e t, 3 9 4 F .3 d6 8 9 , 6 9 6 - 9 7 ( 9 th C i r . 2005) ( e n ba nc ) ( “ T he a c t s byS m i th i nc l ude tw i c e r e f us i ng t o t a ke hi s ha nds outof hi s poc ke t s , r e e nt e r i ng the hom e onc e ; r e pe a t e dl yr e f us i ng t o puthi s ha nds on hi s he a d a nd c om e dow n the por c h[ ; ] a nd, f i na l l y , r e f

us i ng t o puthi s ha nds on hi s he a d a nd turn a r ound. E a c h of the s e a c t s c ons t i tut e d avi ol a t i on of § 148( a ) ( 1) s uf f i c i e ntt o w a rr a ntthe f

i l i ng of ac r i m i na l c ha r ge . ” ) ; c f . M a c ki nne yv. N i e l s e n, 69 F . 3d 10 02 , 10 06 (9th C i r. 19 95 ) ( no prob abl e c ause un der §14 8(a) (1) w hen- 3-

pl ai nt i ff “ re fuse d t o com pl y f

or on l y afe w se cond s” then “ i m m edi at el y turned a r o u n d ” to s e e w h o o r d e r e d h im to s to p w r itin g o n s id e w a lk ) . A F F I R M E D .