FOR PUBLICATION

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:

SUSAN D. RAYL GREGORY F. ZOELLER

Smith Rayl Law Office, LLC Attorney General of Indiana

Indianapolis, Indiana

KATHERINE MODESITT COOPER

Deputy Attorney General

Indianapolis, Indiana

IN THE

COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

COREY COLE, )

)

Appellant-Defendant, )

)

vs. ) No. 49A02-1111-CR-1019

)

STATE OF INDIANA, )

)

Appellee-Plaintiff. )

APPEAL FROM THE MARION SUPERIOR COURT

The Honorable Carol J. Orbison, Judge

Cause No. 49G02-0907-FB-64032

July 13, 2012

OPINION - FOR PUBLICATION

MAY, Judge
2

Corey Cole appeals his conviction of Class B felony rape.1 He presents two issues for 

our consideration:

1. Whether the trial court abused its discretion when it sustained the State’s 

objection to Cole’s attempt to refresh the victim’s memory with a writing made 

by another witness; and

2. Whether the trial court’s admission of hearsay constituted a fundamental error.

We affirm.

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

At 11:00 p.m. on July 11, 2008, J.S. left work. Thereafter she consumed several 

alcoholic beverages at two bars. J.S. testified she does not remember anything after leaving 

the second bar. Around 1:00 a.m. on July 12, J.S. arrived at the bar where her boyfriend, 

D.R., tended bar. D.R. noticed she was “very intoxicated, to the point of incoherency.” (Tr. 

at 31.) After J.S. passed out in the bar, D.R. carried her to his car and left the car unlocked. 

J.S.’s roommate, K.G., testified she checked on J.S. three times throughout the early morning 

hours. K.G. testified J.S. was passed out in the passenger side of D.R.’s car and J.S. did not 

acknowledge K.G. when she checked on J.S.

The last time K.G. checked on J.S., she noticed a man she later described as a “little 

taller, skinny, black,” (Id. at 14), exit the driver’s side of the car and take off running. K.G.

approached the car and found J.S. in a state of undress. She alerted D.R., who testified J.S. 

was “completely passed out with her – her legs her [sic] up, her dress was down, her 

 

1

Ind. Code § 35-42-4-1(a).
3

underwear was gone, her shoes were off.” (Id. at 35.) K.G. alerted Kory Dickerson, an offduty police officer who was working security at the bar. 

Officer Dickerson attempted to wake J.S., but she was unresponsive. She remained 

unresponsive even as medics arrived and checked her vital signs. Detective Michael Hanson 

and a sex crimes deputy prosecutor also attempted to wake J.S., to no avail. J.S. finally 

awoke in the ambulance on the way to the hospital, sometime after 3:56 a.m. 

At the hospital, Detective Hanson informed J.S. that she may have been sexually 

assaulted and J.S. consented to collection of evidence using a rape kit. J.S. had a blood 

alcohol level of .27. J.S. was unable to identify her attacker in a photo array. Based on DNA 

analysis of the fluids found on J.S., the police identified Cole as a suspect. Cole’s DNA and 

fingerprints were found on a beer bottle near D.R.’s car. 

Cole was charged with Class B felony rape. At trial, Cole admitted he had sexual 

intercourse with J.S. but claimed it was consensual. The trial court found Cole guilty as 

charged, and sentenced him to twelve years with six years suspended.

DISCUSSION AND DECISION

The trial court has broad discretion when deciding whether to admit evidence. Gaby 

v. State, 949 N.E.2d 870, 877 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011). We will not reverse the trial court’s 

decision absent a showing of a manifest abuse of that discretion resulting in the denial of a 

fair trial. Id. An abuse of discretion occurs when the trial court’s decision is clearly against 

the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances before the court. Id.
4

1. Refreshing Recollection

Indiana Evidence Rule 612(a) allows a questioner to refresh a witness’s memory using 

a writing or similar device after the witness indicates she has no memory of the information 

sought. Thompson v. State, 728 N.E.2d 155, 160 (Ind. 2000). The item used to refresh the 

witness’s memory does not need to have been written by the witness. Id. 

Cole tried to refresh J.S.’s memory using a writing prepared by the sexual assault 

nurse who met with J.S. after the rape. He argues the trial court abused its discretion when it 

sustained the State’s objection. During Cole’s cross-examination of J.S., he asked her about 

a conversation she had with the nurse from The Center of Hope: 

[Defense]: Do you recall talking to a nurse?

[J.S.]: Yes.

[Defense]: Do you recall how much you told her you had to drink?

[J.S.]: No.

[Defense]: If I showed you her report and told her that you – showed you 

that you said you had a couple drinks, would that refresh your 

memory?

[J.S.]: Yes.

[State]: Your Honor, I would object to him showing her the notes that 

another witness has taken and already testified to. She has no 

personal knowledge of those notes. She was not watching her as 

she wrote them. That would not be able to refresh this witness’s 

memory.

[Court]: Sustained.

[Defense]: Do you recall telling the nurse how many drinks you had?

[J.S.]: No.

(Tr. at 190-91.) 

The testimony Cole sought to produce through refreshment of J.S.’s recollection –

how many drinks she consumed the night of the crime – was cumulative of the nurse’s 
5

testimony earlier in the trial. The nurse testified, “[J.S.] had two drinks at one place then 

another drink in another place. So I see here that says she had three.” (Id. at 149.) As the 

admission or exclusion of “[e]vidence that is merely cumulative is not grounds for reversal,” 

Tobar v. State, 740 N.E.2d 106, 108 (Ind. 2000), the trial court did not err.2 

2. Hearsay

Hearsay is “a statement, other than one made by the declarant while testifying at the 

trial or hearing, offered into evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted.” Evid. R.

801(c). Hearsay is not admissible unless it fits within an exception to the hearsay rule. 

Simmons v. State, 760 N.E.2d 1154, 1160 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002). Cole argues two witnesses 

offered hearsay testimony. However, Cole did not object to the statements during trial. 

Therefore, his claim of error is waived. Johnson v. State, 725 N.E.2d 864, 867 (Ind. 2000). 

One way to escape such waiver is by claiming the error is fundamental. Jewell v. 

State, 887 N.E.2d 939, 940 n.1 (Ind. 2008). Fundamental errors are “clearly blatant 

violations of basic and elementary principles, and the harm or potential for harm could not be 

denied.” Warriner v. State, 435 N.E.2d 562, 563 (Ind. 1982). The fundamental error 

exception is “extremely narrow.” Benson v. State, 762 N.E.2d 748, 755 (Ind. 2002).

Cole first asserts testimony by James Roth of the Marion County Forensic Services 

Agency included hearsay. During cross-examination, defense counsel asked Roth about a 

 

2 We note, however, a portion of the State’s proffered reason for objecting to Cole’s attempt to refresh J.S.’s 

recollection was not proper, as there is no requirement that the item used to refresh the witness’s memory must 

have been written by the witness. See Thompson, 728 N.E.2d at 160 (witness does not have to be author of 

item used to refresh recollection). 
6

beer bottle found at the scene of the crime:

[Defense]: You found a beer bottle –

[Roth]: Yes.

[Defense]: - in the parking lot.

[Roth]: Yes.

* * *

[Defense]: Did you pick that up and look for prints on that?

[Roth]: No, I did not.

[Defense]: Why did you not do that?

[Roth]: I didn’t feel at that point it was – had any evidentiary value.

[Defense]: Why did you think the beer bottle had value again?

[Roth]: I was told by Detective Hanson that someone had observed an 

individual place that beer bottle there and he wanted me to 

collect it.

(Tr. at 81-82.) Cole claims Roth’s final statement was hearsay and its admission was 

fundamental error. 

However, because Cole’s counsel asked the question, he invited the alleged error 

about which he now complains. See Thacker v. State, 578 N.E.2d 784, 786 (Ind. Ct. App. 

1991) (holding defendant invited any error caused by admission of evidence where he 

elicited the testimony during cross-examination). Therefore, we may not reverse on the basis 

of that alleged error. See Kingery v. State, 659 N.E.2d 490, 494 (Ind. 1995) (invited error

cannot be fundamental error, and does not warrant reversal), reh’g denied.

Cole also argues five portions of Detective Hanson’s testimony were hearsay. During 

direct examination, Detective Hanson was asked about his investigation at the scene of the 

crime. He said, “I had been informed by a witness that he had observed two males in what he 

had described as a silver, Dodge Magnum, had been drinking beer in the parking lot and left 

a beer bottle behind.” (Tr. at 97.) He later mentioned the witness who gave him the 
7

information:

[Prosecutor]: Okay. Now you stated earlier that a witness had told you that he 

saw some individuals get into a vehicle and leave the beer bottle 

in the parking lot.

[Hanson]: Correct.

[Prosecutor]: Were you able to go back and find the witness?

[Hanson]: Yes.

[Prosecutor]: And how did you find that witness?

[Hanson]: I had spoken with him when I was there earlier on the scene. He 

had come up. He’s the one who had told me about the beer 

bottle.

[Prosecutor]: And who was he?

[Hanson]: His name was, I believe, Manasha Fairham and he was a 

bouncer at Bleeker Street.

* * *

[Prosecutor]: . . . Did Mr. Fairham tell you what type of vehicle he saw the 

individual get into.

[Hanson]: He described it as a silver, Dodge Magnum.

[Prosecutor]: Okay. And how was he able to determine that the same person

that got into the Dodge Magnum was the same person that sat 

down the beer bottle?

[Hanson]: He observed it.

[Prosecutor]: Okay. And had he had any other experience with that individual 

that night?

[Hanson]: I believe they had tried to enter Bleeker Street and they were not 

allowed admittance.

(Id. at 99-101.) Next, Detective Hanson described his investigation into the owner of the car 

Fairham described:

[Hanson]: I had asked about the silver vehicle and was informed that a 

friend of his by the name of Mr. Offutt had a silver vehicle.

[Prosecutor]: And did you make touch – did you make contact with Mr. 

Offutt?

[Hanson]: Yes, I did

[Prosecutor]: And upon making contact with Mr. Offutt, what did you 

determine?

[Hanson]: Mr. Offutt advised me that they had a friend who had a silver, 

Dodge Charger and that he had not been at Broad Ripple that 

evening. He told me about the gentleman, Mr. Vaughn, that had 
8

the silver, Dodge Charger.

[Prosecutor]: So you made contact with Marlo (phonetic) Offutt based on the 

silver Dodge Magnum information.

[Hanson]: Correct.

[Prosecutor]: And he informed you that he had not been with Mr. Cole but 

someone with a silver, Dodge Charger had been with him?

[Hanson]: Well, that he knew that Mr. Vaughn had a silver, Dodge Charger.

(Id. at 105-6.)

Finally, Cole argues two statements made by Detective Hanson about evidence 

collected at the scene were hearsay. First, Detective Hanson stated he “had been informed 

that there was a fingerprint identified off the beer bottle[,]” (id. at 98), and it was Cole’s. 

Later, Detective Hanson answered in the affirmative when asked, “So did you get 

information from the Marion County Crime Lab that J.S.’s DNA matched the DNA on the 

beer – I’m sorry, the DNA found on J.S. was matched to the DNA on the beer bottle?” (Id. at 

103.) 

Cole argues Detective Hanson’s hearsay statements about Fairham and the beer bottle 

“were the only evidence connecting Mr. Cole to the beer bottle in the parking lot[,]” (Br. of 

Appellant at 18), and thus he was denied a fair trial because those statements were 

inadmissible hearsay. We cannot agree.

As noted above, an error in the admission of evidence does not justify reversal if the 

evidence is cumulative of other evidence presented at trial. Tobar, 740 N.E.2d at 108. 

Neither does the erroneous admission of evidence require reversal if there is “substantial

independent evidence of guilt so that there is no substantial likelihood that the challenged 

evidence contributed to the conviction.” Meadows v. State, 785 N.E.2d 1112, 1122 (Ind. Ct. 
9

App. 2003). 

Detective Hanson’s testimony followed that of Rochelle O’Niel, a fingerprint 

examiner with IMPD, who testified about the fingerprints found on the beer bottle. Detective 

Hanson’s testimony regarding the match of DNA samples was cumulative of the testimony of 

a DNA analyst for the Marion County Forensic Services Agency. Finally, Detective 

Hanson’s testimony regarding the beer bottle at the crime scene was cumulative of Cole’s 

own testimony that he was drinking beer in the parking lot near where J.S. was raped. 

Detective Hanson’s testimony was cumulative of other testimony properly admitted. See 

Hunter, 172 Ind. App. at 416, 360 N.E.2d at 600 (“this court will not reverse for admission or 

denial of cumulative evidence”).

Further, the testimony about which Cole complains did not likely contribute to his 

conviction. Cole admitted he had sex with J.S. on the night in question, which places him at 

the scene of the crime regardless of whether his fingerprint was on a beer bottle and his DNA 

was on J.S. Therefore, based on Cole’s own testimony, we cannot say fundamental error 

occurred. See Meadows, 785 N.E.2d at 1122 (erroneous admission of evidence is not a 

reason for reversal if there is “substantial independent evidence of guilt so that there is no 

substantial likelihood that the challenged evidence contributed to the conviction”).

CONCLUSION

The trial court did not commit reversible error when it sustained the State’s objection 

to Cole’s attempt to refresh J.S.’s memory with the notes from the nurse; J.S.’s testimony 

would have been cumulative of the nurse’s testimony. In addition, no fundamental error 
10

occurred when the court admitted hearsay statements: Cole invited some of the error, the 

uninvited statements were cumulative of other testimony, and they did not likely contribute to 

the decision regarding Cole’s guilt. Accordingly, we affirm.

Affirmed.

FRIEDLANDER, J., and BARNES, J., concur.