FILED

September 9, 1996

Cecil Crowson, Jr.

Appellate C ourt Clerk

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF TENNESSEE

AT KNOXVILLE

 FOR PUBLICATION

Filed: September 9, 1996

C.L. RANDOLPH, )

)

Plaintiff/Appellee, ) BRADLEY GENERAL SESSIONS

)

)

Vs. ) HON. M. DREW ROBINSON,

) SPECIAL JUDGE

)

VIRGINIA HENLEY RANDOLPH, )

)

Defendant/Appellant. ) No. 03-S-01-9510-CV-00119

For Appellant: For Appellee:

Roger E. Jenne James F. Logan, Jr.

JENNE, SCOTT & BRYANT LOGAN, THOMPSON, MILLER, 

Cleveland, Tennessee BILBO, THOMPSON & FISHER, P.C.

Cleveland, Tennessee

O P I N I O N

REVERSED AND REMANDED;

TRIAL COURT JUDGMENT REINSTATED. ANDERSON, J.
1

 "Notwithstanding any other provision of law to the contrary, . . . any antenuptial or

prenuptial agreement entered into by spous es concerning property owned by either spouse before

the marriage which is the subject of such agreement shall be binding upon any court having

jurisdiction over such spouses and/or such agreement if such agreement is determined in the

disc retion of the court to ha ve be en en tered into by s uch spou ses freely, kno wledgeably and in

good faith and without the exertion of duress or undue influence u pon either spouse. The term s

of such agreement shall be enforceable by all remedies available for enforcement of contract

terms. " Tenn. Cod e Ann. § 36-3-501 (1991 Repl.).

-2-

We granted this appeal to clarify the statutory standard by which the

validity of antenuptial agreements should be judged. The trial court in this case

held the antenuptial agreement invalid, finding the wife did not “knowledgeably”

sign the agreement, as required by statute1. The Court of Appeals, in a split

decision, reversed, finding the totality of the circumstances established that the

wife possessed sufficient knowledge of the husband’s business affairs and

financial status at the time she signed the agreement to meet the statutory

requirement of "knowledgeably" executing the agreement and that the

agreement was therefore enforceable. 

We interpret the statutory requirement that an antenuptial agreement is

enforceable only if entered into "knowledgeably" to mean that the spouse

seeking to enforce an antenuptial agreement must prove, by a preponderance of

the evidence, either that a full and fair disclosure of the nature, extent and value

of his or her holdings was provided to the spouse seeking to avoid the

agreement, or that disclosure was unnecessary because the spouse seeking to

avoid the agreement had independent knowledge of the full nature, extent, and

value of the proponent spouse’s holdings. 

Applying this standard, we have carefully reviewed the record in this case

and conclude that the evidence does not preponderate against the trial court’s

finding that the wife did not "knowledgeably" sign the antenuptial agreement. 
2

 The agreement provides specifically that “Perry forever waives, releases, and

relinquishes any and all claims to or rights or interest in, statutory, equitable or otherwise, to the

separate property of Randolph owned by him prior to the marriage and to any property acquired

after the date of the marriage which is acquired with the proceeds or income from property owned

prior to the marriage or is traceable to property acquired prior to the marriage. This waiver and

release includes but is not limited to any claims with respect to dower rights, widow’s allowance,

homestead, year’s support, marital share, right to dissent from valid will, any statutory exempt

property, or any other claim which she might acquire with respect to said property as the wife,

widow, heir at law, next of kin, or distributee of Randolph.” 

3

 This provision in its entirety requires that “[i]n the event a division must be made of the

parties’ marital property, the marital property shall be divided based upon the amount invested by

each of the parties. The parties may prove their investment based upon their records of income,

purcha ses, an d paym ents.”

-3-

Accordingly, the Court of Appeals’ judgment is reversed and the judgment of the

trial court is reinstated. 

BACKGROUND

In 1983, Virginia Perry Randolph contacted C.L. Randolph, a successful

real estate businessman, about renting a place to live. They began dating, and

in August of 1983, Virginia and her 13-year-old son moved into C.L.’s residence.

A little over one year later, in September, 1984, they were married. C.L.

Randolph, age 52, had been previously married five times and Virginia Perry

Randolph, age 46, had been married once before. On the day before their

marriage, the parties entered into an antenuptial agreement prepared by C.L.’s

lawyer. The agreement provided, in part, that in the event of divorce or death,

each party released all marital rights in the separate property of the other.2 Also,

in the event of divorce, the agreement provided that the division of marital

property was to be based upon the amount each party invested in the property. 3

At the time the agreement was executed, Virginia owned virtually no assets,

except personal belongings, while C.L. had substantial real estate holdings that
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were valued in 1986, at approximately $800,000. In 1983, when the parties were

living together, C.L. had a net worth of between $500,000 and $600,000.

Almost from the beginning of their marriage, the parties experienced

difficulties, including mental and physical abuse, and adultery on the part of C.L..

In addition, the parties had substantial health problems, both before and during

the marriage, which exacerbated the stress. Divorce actions were filed on at

least two prior occasions during the ten-year marriage. The present action

began when, in November of 1993, the parties again separated and C.L. filed for

divorce, asking that the antenuptial agreement be enforced. Virginia counterclaimed, asserting that the agreement was the result of fraud, duress, coercion,

undue influence, and misrepresentation.

At trial, Virginia testified that she had never seen the antenuptial

agreement until the day she signed it, which was one day before the parties were

married. Virginia admitted she reviewed the agreement on the drive to the

attorney’s office, but claimed that no one explained it to her. Because she was

responsible for a minor child and suffering from breast cancer at the time the

agreement was executed, Virginia said her only choices had been to sign the

agreement or be kicked out of the residence she and her son had shared with

C.L. for the previous year. As to her knowledge of property covered by the

agreement, Virginia admitted that she knew about some of C.L.’s property

holdings, but she insisted that she was not aware of, nor did anyone disclose to

her, the full extent and value of his assets and holdings.
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Virginia was not represented by counsel when she signed the agreement. 

However, George McCoin, C.L.’s attorney who drafted the antenuptial

agreement, was present when it was executed and testified that it is his normal

practice to explain such agreements to both parties to insure a mutual

understanding of the terms. McCoin, however, could not specifically recall

following that practice with Virginia. In addition, McCoin acknowledged that he

did not provide Virginia with a copy of C.L.’s financial statement prior to

execution of the agreement, nor discuss the specific dollar value of C.L’s

holdings with her, but instead only discussed C.L.’s assets in general terms. 

Likewise, C.L. admitted that he never advised Virginia of his net worth,

which in 1983 was between $500,000 and $600,000. He asserted, however, that

she was aware of the nature of his holdings since they had lived together for

more than one year before the agreement was signed, and she had

accompanied him to many of his properties to collect rent. In addition, C.L.

testified that Virginia had reviewed the agreement prior to signing it and had

made suggestions for changes, including a provision relating to a watch. 

Although Virginia conceded she read that provision before signing the

agreement, she denied that the provision was included on her suggestion.

Based on the foregoing proof, the trial court found that both parties had

contributed to the breakup of the marriage and awarded the divorce to each. 

Although rejecting the defendant’s claim that the agreement was procured by

fraud, duress, coercion, undue influence, and misrepresentation, the trial court

concluded that the antenuptial agreement was invalid. In so holding, the trial

court stated as follows:
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The concern of the Court goes to the “knowledgeably” requirement

in the statute. The failure to prove this requirement in the Court’s

opinion would create an inceptual impediment to the contract. The

defendant has the burden of proof in this regard. The particular

contract in question indicates that “each party has sought and

obtained independent counsel regarding this matter.” This is

simply not the case according to all the proof. Mr. McCoin

represented Mr. Randolph in the transaction. He did not remember

going over the agreement with each at the time of signature. He

was not required under his duties to go over the agreement with

Mrs. Randolph. Proof of independent counsel would have

overcome the “knowledgeably” requirement. The Court is of the

opinion that Mrs. Randolph probably did not have the means nor

perhaps the wherewithal to secure independent counsel to advise

her of the consequences of the arrangement she was about to

enter into. It was incumbent upon Mr. Randolph to assist in this

regard due to the prior relationship between the parties and the

obvious bargaining disparity. Mr. Randolph was a learned

businessman very shrewd in his dealings. Mrs. Randolph did not

possess similar tools nor abilities. The agreement states an untrue

fact on the issue of independent counsel. This is a fatal flaw to the

Court under the facts set out above. For this reason the Court

finds that the antenuptial agreement is void and therefore sets it

aside. 

Upon finding the agreement void and unenforceable, the trial court awarded

Virginia the following: 

(a) $3,705, representing her one-half interest in the household 

property purchased after the marriage;

(b) $41,500, representing her interest in the other marital 

property;

(c) $125,000, as alimony in-solido; and 

(d) $3,000, in attorneys fees.

C.L. appealed, and in a split decision, the Court of Appeals concluded that

the evidence preponderated against the trial court’s decision as to Virginia’s

knowledge when she signed the agreement. The Court of Appeals determined

that neither independent counsel nor a financial statement is absolutely
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necessary to satisfy the “knowledgeably” requirement of the statute. 

Accordingly, the Court of Appeals reversed the judgment of the trial court with

respect to the validity of the antenuptial agreement, the division of marital

property, and the award of alimony.

Thereafter, we granted permission to appeal to consider the knowledge

required to sustain the validity of an antenuptial agreement. We review the

findings of fact by the trial court de novo upon the record of the trial court,

accompanied by a presumption of the correctness of the findings, unless the

preponderance of the evidence is otherwise. Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d). Because

the trial judge is in a better position to weigh and evaluate the credibility of the

witnesses who testify orally, we give great weight to the trial judge’s findings on

issues involving credibility of witnesses. Gillock v. Board of Professional

Responsibility, 656 S.W.2d 365, 367 (Tenn. 1983).

KNOWLEDGE

It is now well settled in Tennessee that public policy allows the

enforcement of antenuptial agreements if certain prerequisites are satisfied. For

example, Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-3-501(1991 Repl.) provides that "if such

agreement is determined in the discretion of the court to have been entered into

by such spouses freely, knowledgeably and in good faith and without the

exertion of duress or undue influence upon either spouse," it is enforceable.

Thus, under the statute, such agreements are enforceable if entered into

freely, knowledgeably, and in good faith, without the exertion of duress or undue

influence. Since both the trial court and the Court of Appeals rejected the wife’s
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claim that the agreement was procured by fraud, duress, coercion, undue

influence, and misrepresentation, the only issue in this appeal is whether the

agreement was entered into “knowledgeably.”

The wife contends that the agreement was not entered into

knowledgeably since the husband did not make a full and fair disclosure of the

nature, extent, and value of his assets, and she had no independent knowledge

of that information. On the other hand, the husband argues that disclosure was

not necessary in this case, since the wife had gained knowledge of his holdings

as a result of their relationship prior to marriage.

These contentions arise from interpretations of prior Tennessee decisions

rendered both before and after enactment of the above statute. Prior to the

statute, at common law, the rule governing the disclosure required to validate

antenuptial agreements was announced by the Court of Appeals in Baker v.

Baker, 24 Tenn. App. 220, 142 S.W.2d 737 (1940). In that case, Mrs. Baker

brought suit to set aside an antenuptial contract by which she had waived her

statutory right to share in the estate of her deceased husband. She claimed that

when the agreement was signed, she did not know her husband was a wealthy

man. She asserted that her husband had a duty to disclose that information

since the parties were engaged and therefore in a confidential relationship when

the agreement was executed. 

The Baker court agreed and stated the rule as follows:

The rule supported by the weight of authority may be stated thus:

An engagement to marry creates a confidential relation between

the contracting parties and an antenuptial contract entered into
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after the engagement and during its pendency must be attended by

the utmost good faith; if the provision for the prospective wife is, in

the light of surrounding circumstances, wholly disproportionate to

the means of her future husband and to what she would receive

under the law, the burden rests on those claiming the validity of the

contract to show that there was a full disclosure of the nature,

extent and value of the intended husband’s property, or that she

had full knowledge thereof without such disclosure, and that she,

with this knowledge, voluntarily entered into the antenuptial

settlement.

It should be noted that under this rule the contract is not

invalidated merely because the portion fixed for the bride is small

or disproportionate, for, if fully informed and advised, the intended

wife may be entirely satisfied with the provision made for her, and,

if she then voluntarily enters into the contract she is bound by its

terms.

Id. at 745-46 (citations omitted).

This Court first addressed the disclosure issue following adoption of Tenn.

Code Ann. § 36-3-501(1991 Repl.) in Kahn v. Kahn, 756 S.W.2d 685 (Tenn.

1988). In that case, the parties met at a restaurant, where the prospective wife

worked as a waitress and the prospective husband was a patron. The husband

was a relatively wealthy businessman, while the wife owned virtually no assets. 

The prenuptial agreement was the suggestion of the husband and was prepared

by the husband’s lawyer. The agreement involved the release of all marital

rights in the separate property of each spouse, but required the husband to

provide the wife, in the event of divorce, a two-bedroom house or condominium

for as long as she resided therein or until she remarried. Id., at 686. As in the

present case, the agreement in Kahn was signed one day before the parties

were married, and the wife did not have the assistance of independent counsel. 

However, there, as here, the parties had lived together for more than one year

prior to their marriage.
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Mrs. Kahn testified that she was not made fully aware of the extent of Mr.

Kahn’s financial dealings before executing the agreement, but she conceded that

she knew approximately a year and a half before signing the agreement that he

was worth “millions of dollars” and “was making around $360,000 a year from all

his investments.” Id. at 690. In addition, Mr. Kahn testified that he informed her

prior to signing the prenuptial agreement that his net worth was between eight

and nine million dollars. Id.

In determining the validity of the agreement, this Court discussed the rule

announced by Baker, and compared it to the requirements of the statute, stating

as follows:

A comparison of the requirements of the statute and the Baker rule

reveals that the statute makes no reference to the requirement in

Baker that where the provision for wife in an antenuptial agreement

is wholly disproportionate to the husband’s wealth, a full disclosure

of the nature, extent and value of husband’s property is required to

sustain the validity of the agreement. Of course, numerous factual

scenarios could occur in which the failure to make a full disclosure

of assets, liabilities and values would breach the statutory

requirement that the contract was entered into freely,

knowledgeably and in good faith. However, in this case it is not

necessary that we resolve the apparent conflict between the

Baker rule and the statute because we find that the antenuptial

agreement between these parties fully complies with the tests

imposed in either of those rules.

Id. at 694 (emphasis added).

Applying the rules announced in Baker, the Kahn court specifically held

“the antenuptial agreement valid because the wife had full knowledge of the

nature, extent and value of the intended husband’s property at the time she

executed the agreement, making full disclosure at that time unnecessary.” Id. at

696. The record in Kahn reflected that Mrs. Kahn was aware of every valuable
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asset Mr. Kahn owned at the time she signed the agreement, and Mr. Kahn did

not underestimate the value of any asset.

Initially, this case requires that we resolve the issue left open in Kahn --

whether the statute abrogated the rule announced in Baker requiring proof of full

disclosure or independent knowledge to validate an antenuptial agreement. It is

instructive to note that the rule announced in Baker remains the prevailing view

throughout the country. See generally Judith T. Younger, Perspectives on

Antenuptial Agreements: An Update, 8 J. Am. Acad. Matrim. Law. 1 (1992)

(hereafter “Perspectives at ____.”). Moreover, unlike the court in Kahn, we do

not perceive a conflict between the rule announced in Baker and the statute

providing for enforcement of antenuptial agreements entered into

“knowledgeably.” As we interpret the knowledge element of the statute, the

spouse seeking to enforce an antenuptial agreement must prove, by a

preponderance of the evidence, either that a full and fair disclosure of the nature,

extent, and value of his or her holdings was provided to the spouse seeking to

avoid the agreement, or that disclosure was unnecessary because the spouse

seeking to avoid the agreement had independent knowledge of the full nature,

extent, and value of the proponent spouse’s holdings. Under the statute,

disclosure or full knowledge is required in all cases, not just those which involve

an agreement in which the provision for one spouse is wholly disproportionate to

the means of the other spouse. 

At least three principles support our interpretation of the rule. First, as

was recognized in both Baker and Kahn, an agreement to marry gives rise to a
4 See also Newman v. Newman , 653 P.2d 728, 732 (Colo. 19 82); Burtoff v. Burtoff, 418

A.2d 10 85, 1089 (D.C. Ap p. 1980); Del Vecchio v. D el Vecchio, 143 So. 2d 17, 21 (Fla. 1962);

Frey v. Frey, 471 A.2d 705, 711 (Md. 19 84); Fletcher v. Fletcher, 628 N.E.2d 13 43, 1346 (Oh io

1994); Kosik v. George, 452 P.2d 560, 563 (Or. 196 9); Button v. Button, 388 N.W.2d 546, 550

(Wis. 1986 ).

5 Burtoff, 418 A.2d at 1089; Del Vecchio, 143 So . 2d at 21; Simeone v. Simeone, 581 A.2d

162, 167 (Pa. 199 0). 

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confidential relationship.4

 As a result, the parties to an antenuptial agreement do

not deal at arms’ length and must exercise candor and good faith in all matters

bearing upon the contract.5

 

Secondly, parties to an antenuptial agreement are very often ill-matched

in terms of bargaining power. As one court put it, “candor compels us to raise to

a conscious level the fact that, as in this case, prenuptial agreements will almost

always be entered into between people with property or an income potential to

protect on one side and people who are impecunious on the other.” Gant v.

Gant, 329 S.E.2d 106, 114 (W. Va. 1985). Thus, a rule requiring full disclosure

or independent knowledge serves to level the bargaining field for the party in the

weaker position. 

Finally, unlike other private commercial contracts, the State has an

interest and is a party to every marriage. Gant, 329 S.E.2d at 114. In the

absence of antenuptial agreements, state laws govern the division of marital

property and the awarding of alimony in the event of divorce. Often, antenuptial

agreements alter the rights parties otherwise would have under those state laws. 

Consequently, it is altogether appropriate that parties entering into antenuptial

agreements do so with knowledge of the holdings to which they are waiving any

claim under state law. Fletcher, 628 N.E.2d at 1347.
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As we view the statute, knowledge is simply an element that must be

proven to establish the existence of a valid contract. Ordinarily, the burden of

proving the existence of a valid contract is upon the person relying on the

contract. In the context of antenuptial agreements, the same is true. The

proponent has the burden of establishing the existence and terms of the

agreement, as would be the situation in any other contractual setting. Lebeck v.

Lebeck, 881 P.2d 727, 733 (N.M. App. 1994).

The extent of what constitutes “full and fair” disclosure varies from case to

case depending upon a number of factors, including the relative sophistication of

the parties, the apparent fairness or unfairness of the substantive terms of the

agreement, and any other circumstance unique to the litigants and their specific

situation. Perspectives at 25. While disclosure need not reveal precisely every

asset owned by an individual spouse, at a minimum, full and fair disclosure

requires that each contracting party be given a clear idea of the nature, extent,

and value of the other party’s property and resources. Id. Though not required,

a fairly simple and effective method of proving disclosure is to attach a net worth

schedule of assets, liabilities, and income to the agreement itself. See, e.g.,

Pajak v. Pajak, 385 S.E.2d 384, 388 (W. Va. 1989); Hartz v. Hartz, 234 A.2d

865, 871, n. 3 (Md. 1967) (“The careful practitioner has often caused to be

prepared an itemization of the property covered by the agreement with appraised

values and caused it to be made part of the agreement.”).

In the absence of full and fair disclosure, an antenuptial agreement will

still be enforced if the spouse seeking to avoid the agreement had independent

knowledge of the full nature, extent, and value of the other spouse’s property
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and holdings. Of course, the particular facts and circumstances of each case

govern, to a great degree, the determination of knowledge. Some factors

relevant to the assessment include, but are not limited to, the parties’ respective

sophistication and experience in business affairs, the duration of the relationship

prior to the execution of the agreement, the time of the signing of the agreement

in relation to the time of the wedding, and the parties’ representation by, or

opportunity to consult with, independent counsel. Perspectives at 18; see, e.g.,

Norris v. Norris, 419 A.2d 982, 985 (D.C. App. 1980); Del Vecchio, 143 So. 2d at

21; Simeone, 581 A.2d at 167.

Though representation by independent counsel may be the best evidence

that a party has entered into an antenuptial agreement voluntarily and

knowledgeably, no state makes consultation with independent counsel an

absolute requirement for validity. Perspectives at 18. Some states, however,

require that each party have the opportunity to consult with legal counsel of his

or her own choice, but do not require actual consultation for the agreement to be

upheld. See, e.g., Gant, 329 S.E.2d at 116. Finally, some states hold that the

presence or absence of independent counsel is just another factor to be

considered when determining if the agreement was entered into knowledgeably. 

Perspectives at 22; see, e.g., Ex Parte Walters, 580 So. 2d 1352, 1354 (Ala.

1991); Matter of Benker‘s Estate, 331 N.W.2d 193, 198 (Mich. 1982). It is in this

last category that Tennessee is found. Kahn, 756 S.W.2d at 695. 

Applying the foregoing rules to the facts of this case, it is clear that the

husband failed to prove the existence of a valid agreement. There is no claim in

this case that full and fair disclosure was provided to the wife. Instead, the
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husband claimed that the wife had full knowledge of the nature, extent, and

value of his holdings at the time she signed the agreement. The record,

however, does not support that claim. Although the wife resided with the

husband for about a year before their marriage, he did not at anytime reveal to

her the extent or value of his holdings. She was aware only of the nature of his

business -- that he conducted a real estate business. Although their relationship

was of a fair duration, she testified that she had only general knowledge of his

holdings. Her testimony was corroborated by her husband and his attorney. 

From the record it appears the only business of which she had specific

knowledge was a losing concern. Though specific appraisal values are not

required to sustain the validity of an antenuptial agreement, knowledge of the

proponent spouse’s overall net worth is necessary. In terms of the comparative

sophistication and business experience of the parties, the record clearly supports

the trial court’s conclusion that “Mr. Randolph was a learned businessman very

shrewd in his dealings.” The wife, in contrast, possessed no prior business

experience or knowledge. Moreover, the agreement at issue was executed one

day before the parties were married. The wife was presented with the

agreement on the way to the attorney’s office, at a time when she was in ill

health. She had no opportunity to personally study the agreement or to seek

advice from her own attorney or others close to her.

As we emphasized in Kahn, supra, consultation with independent counsel

is not required and is merely one factor relevant to the assessment of

knowledge, and to the extent the trial court’s decision can be read to require

such consultation, it is not approved. We have analyzed the record applying the

foregoing rules and conclude that the evidence does not preponderate against
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the trial court’s finding that Virginia Randolph did not enter into the agreement

knowledgeably. Accordingly, the antenuptial agreement is unenforceable.

CONCLUSION

Because we conclude that the evidence does not preponderate against

the trial court's finding that Virginia Randolph did not knowledgeably enter into

this antenuptial agreement, the Court of Appeals’ judgment is reversed. The

judgment of the trial court is reinstated and this cause is remanded for further

proceedings consistent with this decision, including assessment of attorney fees

on appeal. Costs of this appeal are taxed to the plaintiff, C.L. Randolph, for

which execution may issue if necessary. 

_______________________________

RILEY ANDERSON, JUSTICE

CONCUR:

Birch, C.J.

Drowota, Reid, and White, JJ.