19-4057

United States v. Robertson

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

SUMMARY ORDER

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY 

ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF 

APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER 

IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN 

ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING TO A SUMMARY 

ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL. 

At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at 

the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, 

on the 28th day of December, two thousand twenty.

PRESENT:

AMALYA L. KEARSE,

JOSEPH F. BIANCO,

STEVEN J. MENASHI,

Circuit Judges.

_____________________________________

United States of America,

Appellee,

v. 19-4057

Alvin Robertson,

Defendant-Appellant.

_____________________________________

FOR APPELLEE: TARA E. LEVENS (Marc H. Silverman, on 

the brief), Assistant United States 

Attorneys, for John H. Durham, United 

States Attorney for the District of 

Connecticut, New Haven, CT.
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FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLANT: TRACY HAYES, Assistant Federal Defender, 

for Terence S. Ward, Federal Defender, 

District of Connecticut, New Haven, CT.

Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the District of Connecticut

(Bolden, J.). 

UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND 

DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.

Defendant Alvin Robertson appeals from a judgment, entered on November 26, 2019, by 

the United States District Court for the District of Connecticut (Bolden, J.). Robertson pleaded 

guilty to one count of bank robbery in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2113(a), and the district court 

sentenced him to 120 months’ imprisonment, three years’ supervised release, and restitution. 

Robertson filed for reconsideration of the sentence, which the district court denied. On appeal, 

Robertson argues that his 120-month sentence is substantively unreasonable. In particular, 

Robertson does not dispute that he qualified for the career offender enhancement under the United 

States Sentencing Guidelines (the “Sentencing Guidelines”), but rather argues that the district 

court, in arriving at the sentence, did not adequately consider the Connecticut Department of 

Corrections’s mistake regarding the release date for his 1996 prior conviction, which he claims 

triggered the application of that enhancement. We assume the parties’ familiarity with the 

underlying facts, procedural history, and issues on appeal, to which we refer only as necessary to 

explain our decision to affirm.

We review a district court’s sentencing decisions for reasonableness under a deferential 

abuse-of-discretion standard. United States v. Cossey, 632 F.3d 82, 86 (2d Cir. 2011).

Substantive reasonableness “focuses on a district court’s explanation of its sentence in light of the 
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factors contained in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a).” United States v. Gonzalez, 529 F.3d 94, 98 (2d Cir. 

2008). A sentence is substantively unreasonable only when it “cannot be located within the range 

of permissible decisions,” United States v. Cavera, 550 F.3d 180, 189 (2d Cir. 2008) (en banc)

(quotation marks omitted), or, in other words, is “shockingly high, shockingly low, or otherwise 

unsupportable,” United States v. Rigas, 583 F.3d 108, 123 (2d Cir. 2009). 

In the instant case, during a four-month period in 2018, Robertson robbed two Subway 

sandwich stores and three bank branches located inside Stop & Shop grocery stores. On May 21, 

2019, pursuant to a plea agreement, Robertson pleaded guilty to one of the bank robbery offenses, 

while agreeing that all five of these charged robberies would be considered at sentencing by the 

district court. At sentencing, the district court found that Robertson was subject to the career

offender enhancement under the Sentencing Guidelines and calculated his Sentencing Guidelines 

range to be 151 to 188 months’ imprisonment. The career offender enhancement was based, in 

part, on the fact that one of Robertson’s recent robberies—the May 30, 2018 robbery of a 

Subway—occurred within 15 years of his release date for his 1996 conviction for four bank 

robberies. See U.S.S.G. § 4A1.1 cmt. n.1 (“A sentence imposed more than fifteen years prior to 

the defendant’s commencement of the instant offense is not counted unless the defendant’s 

incarceration extended into this fifteen-year period.”); see also U.S.S.G. §§ 4A1.1, 4A1.2. After 

considering the factors under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), the district court sentenced Robertson to 120 

months’ imprisonment, and Robertson appealed.

Although Robertson does not challenge the applicability of the career offender 

enhancement under the Sentencing Guidelines, and although his 120-month sentence was 

substantially below the applicable Sentencing Guidelines range of 151 to 188 months, Robertson
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argues that the sentence was substantively unreasonable because the district court failed to 

adequately consider a mistake that he claims led to him being subject to the enhancement. More 

specifically, with respect to his 1996 conviction, the parties agree that Robertson should have been 

parole-eligible on September 12, 2003, but due to an erroneous application of Connecticut law, 

Robertson was calculated to be parole-eligible on December 11, 2008. Thus, Robertson argued 

to the district court that, had the Connecticut Department of Corrections properly calculated his 

parole-eligibility date for his 1996 conviction, and if he had received approximately 4 months of 

good time credit (which is plausible, because he actually received eight months of good-time credit 

for that conviction), he would have been released in mid-May 2003, i.e., more than 15 years before 

the commencement of the relevant conduct in this case, and would not have been subject to the 

career offender enhancement. Without that enhancement, his Guidelines range would have been 

57 to 71 months’ imprisonment rather than 151 to 188 months and thus, according to Robertson, 

those circumstances regarding the 1996 conviction rendered his 120-month sentence substantively 

unreasonable. We disagree.

It is clear from the record that not only was the district court aware of Robertson’s argument 

regarding the circumstances that led to the application of the career offender enhancement, but 

also that the district court explicitly stated multiple times during the sentencing that it was taking 

that fact into consideration in determining the appropriate sentence. See Joint App’x at 98 (“I do 

recognize that in your particular circumstances it is a slight quirk of time. . . . As a result, you end 

up in career offender status, which certainly substantially increases the likelihood of your

[receiving a long] sentence. So I do want to think about and take that into consideration.”); Joint 

App’x at 104 (noting, while stating the sentence, that the court “[took] into consideration . . . the 
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issues [defense counsel] has raised about the questions about how [Robertson] ended up in career 

offender status”); see also Joint App’x at 120 (denying Robertson’s motion to reconsider the 

sentence and noting that the court “thought 120 was an appropriate sentence that certainly took 

into consideration the issues that [defense counsel] had raised regarding the career enhancement”). 

Notwithstanding its careful consideration of that issue, the district court explained that the 120-

month sentence was necessary, based upon, among other things, the nature of the crime, 

particularly, the “serious threats to public safety,” Joint App’x at 94, as well as the need to provide 

“adequate deterrence” and have the sentence reflect “the impact that [these] crimes have had on 

individuals,” Joint App’x at 97. The district court emphasized the “terror that these workers must 

have felt and experienced,” Joint App’x at 95, and “the impact that [such a robbery] has on society” 

in terms of “how people begin to lose faith in their ability to do something as simple as go to a 

store or work at a store and not feel that their lives are in danger,” Joint App’x at 97. The district 

court further noted Robertson’s “extensive criminal history.” Joint App’x at 98. 

We conclude that 120 months’ imprisonment is not an unreasonably high sentence for a 

defendant who has committed five recent robberies, especially where the defendant has already 

been convicted on multiple occasions for conduct similar to that at issue in this case. The district 

court adopted and relied upon the presentence report, which is replete with evidence of Robertson’s 

prior criminal conduct, including robbery convictions in 1991 (two counts), 1996 (four counts), 

2009 (one count), as well as the five robberies that led to his arrest in the instant case.

Additionally, the circumstances surrounding his career offender enhancement do not impact the 

substantive reasonableness of the district court’s determination. In fact, the 15-year window for 

consideration of certain prior convictions under the Sentencing Guidelines seeks to measure the 
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likelihood of recidivism based upon how soon after the defendant’s release date the defendant 

returned to criminal activity. See generally United States v. Campbell, 967 F.2d 20, 24 (2d Cir. 

1992) (“The criminal history category principally estimates the likelihood of recidivism.”). 

Thus, the fact that the defendant’s release on the 1996 conviction may have been delayed by a 

mistaken parole calculation does not undermine in any way the substantial concern about the safety 

of the community prompted by his return to committing robberies within 15 years of that release 

date, and the district court was well within its discretion in continuing to assess dangerousness and 

the need for deterrence in fashioning the appropriate sentence under those circumstances. In 

short, it is plain from the record that the district court meaningfully considered the events that led 

to Robertson’s qualification as a career offender in rendering its sentence as well as other 

mitigating factors raised by Robertson, and we will not second-guess the weight afforded to those

considerations where, as here, the overall sentence was reasonable. See United States v. 

Fernandez, 443 F.3d 19, 32 (2d Cir. 2006) (“The weight to be afforded any given argument made 

pursuant to one of the § 3553(a) factors is a matter firmly committed to the discretion of the 

sentencing judge and is beyond our review, as long as the sentence ultimately imposed is 

reasonable in light of all the circumstances presented.”), abrogated on other grounds by Rita v. 

United States, 551 U.S. 338 (2007). 

* * *

We have considered all of Robertson’s remaining arguments and find them to be without 

merit. Accordingly, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.

FOR THE COURT:

Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe,

Clerk of Court