T.C. Memo. 2016-53

UNITED STATES TAX COURT

BAYNE FRENCH AND CHRISTINE FRENCH, Petitioners v.

COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent

Docket No. 11715-13. Filed March 23, 2016.

Ross P. Keogh and William E. McCarthy, for petitioners.

Inga C. Plucinski-Holbrook, for respondent.

MEMORANDUM FINDINGS OF FACT AND OPINION

MARVEL, Judge: In a notice of deficiency the Internal Revenue Service

(IRS or respondent) determined deficiencies in petitioners’ 2006, 2007, and 2008

Federal income tax of $11,168, $14,882, and $3,176, respectively, arising from

petitioners’ claimed carryover charitable contribution deductions. The claimed

charitable contribution deductions are related to a 2005 conveyance to the
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[*2] Montana Land Reliance (MLR) of a conservation easement on undeveloped

rural land in Montana. The issues for decision are: (1) whether petitioners

complied with the contemporaneous written acknowledgment requirement of

section 170(f)(8); (2) whether petitioners had an ownership interest in the 1

property; and (3) whether petitioners properly valued the conservation easement. 

Because we hold that petitioners did not comply with the strict substantiation

requirements of section 170(f)(8)(B) and are therefore not entitled to the claimed

carryover charitable contribution deductions, we need not and do not decide

whether petitioners had an ownership interest in the property or whether

petitioners properly valued the conservation easement.

FINDINGS OF FACT

Some of the facts have been stipulated and are so found. The stipulated

facts and facts drawn from stipulated exhibits are incorporated herein by this

reference. Petitioners resided in Montana when they petitioned this Court.

Petitioners assert, and we will assume for purposes of this case, that the

following facts regarding the formation and existence of certain trusts are true.

Unless otherwise indicated, all section references are to the Internal 1

Revenue Code (Code) in effect for the years at issue, and all Rule references are to

the Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure.
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[*3] Petitioner Bayne French’s parents, Davy and Priscilla French, formed in

1993 the Davy A. French and Priscilla A. French Trust (French Trust) and served

as trustees. Between 1978 and 1999 Davy and Priscilla French and the French

Trust acquired four contiguous but separate parcels (property at issue). Davy and

Priscilla French, either individually or as trustees of the French Trust, transferred

various interests in the property at issue to petitioner Bayne French, his sister

Monette French Lembke, and the Monette R. French and Bayne A. French Trust

(MBF Trust). Petitioner Bayne French and Monette French Lembke subsequently

transferred their individual interests in the property at issue to the MBF Trust.

On December 29, 2005, Davy A. French and Priscilla A. French, as trustees

of the French Trust and as trustees of the Camren K. Lembke Trust, and Monette 2

French Lembke and Bayne A. French, as trustees of the MBF Trust, granted a

conservation easement on the property at issue to the MLR. The conservation

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easement was memorialized in a deed of conservation easement (conservation

deed) signed by the trustees of the three trusts and a representative of the MLR.

Respondent questions whether the French Trust and the Camren K. 2

Lembke Trust exist. Whether the trusts exist is immaterial to the Court’s analysis

but provides useful context for the parties’ arguments.

The parties stipulated that the MLR is a “qualified organization” for 3

purposes of sec. 170(h)(1)(B) and is tax-exempt under sec. 501(c)(3).
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[*4] The conservation deed contained covenants intended to preserve the “rural,

agricultural and natural scenic qualities of the area by the retention of significant

open space for a variety of uses including wildlife habitat, recreation, forest

management, and agricultural purposes”. The conservation deed stated that the

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consideration for the conservation easement was the mutual covenants in the deed. 

The conservation deed stated nothing about the nature or extent of the ownership

interest that each of the trusts had in the property at issue, if any. Nor did it state

whether the MLR had provided goods or services in return for the conservation

easement or whether the conservation deed constituted the entire agreement

between the three trusts and the MLR.

Davy French hired an appraiser to prepare a report estimating the cash value

of the conservation easement. On March 3, 2006, the appraiser issued a report that

valued the entire conservation easement at $1.1 million. Petitioners valued Bayne

French’s proportional share of the conservation easement at $350,971.

Petitioners timely filed their joint Federal income tax return for the 2005

taxable year on a Form 1040, U.S. Individual Income Tax Return, without

claiming a charitable contribution deduction for the conservation easement. On or

The parties do not dispute that the conservation easement was “exclusively

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for conservation purposes”, as required by sec. 170(h)(1)(C).
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[*5] before April 15, 2006, petitioners amended their 2005 return on a Form

1040X, Amended U.S. Individual Income Tax Return, and claimed a charitable

contribution deduction of $56,796. On a Form 8283, Noncash Charitable

Contributions, attached to the amended 2005 return, petitioners reported that they

had contributed a conservation easement in 2005, and Bayne French’s

proportional share of the conservation easement was valued at $350,971. After

petitioners had filed their 2005 amended return, an MLR representative stated in a

letter to Davy French and Priscilla French dated June 6, 2006, that “no goods or

services were furnished in respect of your easement donation.”

Petitioners timely filed their 2006-08 joint Federal income tax returns. 

Petitioners claimed for 2006-08 carryover charitable contribution deductions with

respect to the conservation easement of $44,687, $57,154, and $31,572,

respectively.

Respondent examined petitioners’ joint Federal income tax returns for the

2006-08 taxable years, and respondent’s appraiser valued the entire conservation

easement at $432,000. On February 28, 2013, respondent issued a notice of

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deficiency to petitioners disallowing the carryover charitable contribution

Petitioners’ appraiser valued the entire conservation easement granted by

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the donor group at $1.1 million. See supra p. 4.
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[*6] deductions because petitioners had failed to prove that they had an ownership

interest in the property at issue, had failed to obtain a contemporaneous written

acknowledgment that complied with the substantiation requirements of section

170(f)(8), and had failed to prove the value of the conservation easement. 

Petitioners timely petitioned this Court.

OPINION

I. The Presumption of Correctness and the Burden of Proof

Generally, the Commissioner’s determination of a deficiency is presumed

correct, and the taxpayer bears the burden of proving that the determination is

improper. Rule 142(a)(1); Welch v. Helvering, 290 U.S. 111, 115 (1933). 

However, if a taxpayer produces credible evidence with respect to any factual

6

issue relevant to ascertaining the taxpayer’s liability for any tax imposed by

subtitle A or B of the Code and satisfies the requirements of section 7491(a)(2),

the burden of proof on any such issue shifts to the Commissioner. Sec.

7491(a)(1). Section 7491(a)(2) requires a taxpayer to demonstrate that he or she

(1) complied with the requirements under the Code to substantiate any item, (2)

“Credible evidence is the quality of evidence which, after critical analysis, 6

the court would find sufficient upon which to base a decision on the issue if no

contrary evidence were submitted (without regard to the judicial presumption of

IRS correctness).” Higbee v. Commissioner, 116 T.C. 438, 442 (2001) (quoting

H.R. Conf. Rept. No. 105-599, at 240-241 (1998), 1998-3 C.B. 747, 994-995).
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[*7] maintained all records required under the Code, and (3) cooperated with

reasonable requests by the Secretary for witnesses, information, documents,

7

meetings, and interviews. See also Higbee v. Commissioner, 116 T.C. 438, 440-

441 (2001). Although petitioners argue that the burden of proof should shift to

respondent, they have not proven that they meet the requirements of section

7491(a) or established their compliance with the substantiation and recordkeeping

requirements. See sec. 7491(a)(2)(A) and (B). Petitioners therefore bear the

burden of proof.

II. Contemporaneous Written Acknowledgment

Section 170(f)(8)(A) provides that no deduction shall be allowed for

charitable contributions of $250 or more unless the contribution is substantiated

with a contemporaneous written acknowledgment from the donee organization.8

The contemporaneous written acknowledgment “need not take any particular

form”, see Schrimsher v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2011-71, slip op. at 6

(quoting H.R. Conf. Rept. No. 103-213, at 565 n.32 (1993), 1993-3 C.B. 393, 

The term “Secretary” means the Secretary of the Treasury or his delegate. 

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Sec. 7701(a)(11)(B).

Sec. 170(f)(8)(D) provides an exception to the contemporaneous written

8

acknowledgment requirement. Petitioners did not assert that this exception

applies.
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[*8] 443), but it must meet the requirements of section 170(f)(8)(B). The doctrine

of substantial compliance does not apply to excuse compliance with the strict

substantiation requirements of section 170(f)(8)(B). Averyt v. Commissioner,

T.C. Memo. 2012-198, slip op. at 10. If a taxpayer fails to meet the strict

substantiation requirements of section 170(f)(8), the entire deduction is

disallowed. See sec. 170(f)(8)(A); Addis v. Commissioner, 374 F.3d 881, 887

(9th Cir. 2004) (“The deterrence value of section 170(f)(8)’s total denial of a

deduction comports with the effective administration of a self-assessment and selfreporting system.”), aff’g 118 T.C. 528 (2002). 

Section 170(f)(8)(B) provides that a contemporaneous written

acknowledgment must include: 

(i) The amount of cash and a description (but not value) of any

property other than cash contributed.

(ii) Whether the donee organization provided any goods or

services in consideration, in whole or in part, for any property

described in clause (i).

(iii) A description and good faith estimate of the value of any

goods or services referred to in clause (ii) * * *.

A written acknowledgment is contemporaneous if the taxpayer obtains the

acknowledgment on or before the earlier of the date the return was filed or the due

date (including extensions) for filing the return for the year in which the charitable
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[*9] contribution was made. See sec. 170(f)(8)(C). It follows that petitioners had

to obtain a written acknowledgment contemporaneous with their 2005 return

because they made the charitable contribution in 2005.9

Petitioners have two written acknowledgments that may satisfy the

requirements of section 170(f)(8)(B). The first is the conservation deed recorded

on December 29, 2005. The second is the letter from an MLR representative to

Davy and Priscilla French dated June 6, 2006. Petitioners filed their 2005

amended return on or before April 15, 2006. The letter is therefore not

contemporaneous with petitioners’ 2005 return and cannot satisfy the

substantiation requirements. See sec. 170(f)(8)(C). Because the conservation

deed is the only written acknowledgment that is contemporaneous with

petitioners’ 2005 return, we must decide whether the conservation deed complies

with the strict substantiation requirements of section 170(f)(8)(B).

Section 170(f)(8)(B)(ii) requires that a contemporaneous written

acknowledgment state whether the donee organization provided goods or services

Although 2005 is not one of the years at issue, the Court may consider facts

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relating to tax years that are not otherwise within the Court’s jurisdiction where

necessary to correctly redetermine the amount of the tax deficiency for the years at

issue. See sec. 6214(b).
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[*10] in exchange for the donor’s charitable contribution. The parties dispute

whether the conservation deed can satisfy this requirement.

We have held that a deed of conservation easement may satisfy the

substantiation requirements of section 170(f)(8), including subparagraph (B)(ii). 

See, e.g., Averyt v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2012-198; Simmons v.

Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2009-208, aff’d, 646 F.3d 6 (D.C. Cir. 2011). 

Generally, to satisfy the requirement of section 170(f)(8)(B)(ii), the deed must

contain a statement about whether the donee provided goods or services for the

contribution. Schrimsher v. Commissioner, slip. op. at 8-9. When a deed does not

contain an explicit statement, this Court has looked to the deed as a whole to

determine whether the donee provided goods or services. See RP Golf, LLC v.

Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2012-282, at *10-*11; Averyt v. Commissioner, slip

op. at 12-13.

In both Averyt and RP Golf, LLC the taxpayers claimed charitable

contribution deductions for conservation easements and relied on the deeds to

substantiate the deductions. RP Golf, LLC v. Commissioner, at *8; Averyt v.

Commissioner, slip op. at 12. Neither deed stated whether the donee organization

provided any goods or services in exchange for the charitable contribution. RP

Golf, LLC v. Commissioner, at *10-*11; Averyt v. Commissioner, slip op. at 12. 
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[*11] However, in Averyt the deed stated that the conservation easement was

granted for the purpose of conservation and that the deed was the entire agreement

of the parties. See Averyt v. Commissioner, slip op. at 4, 12. Moreover, in RP

Golf, LLC v. Commissioner, at *10, the deed stated that the conservation

easement was made “in consideration of the covenants and representations

contained herein and for other good and valuable consideration”; but the deed did

not include any consideration of any value other than the preservation of the

property. Additionally, similar to the deed in Averyt, the deed in RP Golf, LLC v.

Commissioner, at *10-*11, stated that it was the entire agreement of the parties. 

In the light of these facts the Court in Averyt and RP Golf, LLC held that the

taxpayers had substantiated their charitable contributions because the deeds “taken

as a whole” proved compliance with section 170(f)(8)(B)(ii). RP Golf, LLC v.

Commissioner, at *10-*11; Averyt v. Commissioner, slip op. at 12-13.10

The above analysis demonstrates that when a deed of conservation easement

does not explicitly state whether the donee provided goods or services in exchange

for the charitable contribution, the deed taken as a whole must prove compliance

Although in RP Golf, LLC v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2012-282, the 10

Court held that the taxpayers had complied with the requirements of sec.

170(f)(8)(B), the parties proceeded to trial on other issues, and that case is pending

before the Court. See RP Golf, LLC v. Commissioner, T.C. Dkt. No. 27873-08

(filed Nov. 19, 2008).
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[*12] with section 170(f)(8)(B)(ii). RP Golf, LLC v. Commissioner, at *10-*11;

Averyt v. Commissioner, slip op. at 12-13. As described in Averyt and RP Golf,

LLC, factors that support compliance are that the deed recites no consideration

other than the preservation of the property and that the deed contains a provision

stating that the deed is the entire agreement of the parties. See RP Golf, LLC v. 

 Commissioner, at *10-*11; Averyt v. Commissioner, slip op. at 12-13. This

information allows the IRS to conclude that a taxpayer correctly reported his or

her charitable contribution and that the taxpayer did not receive any consideration

for the contribution. See Durden v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2012-140, slip op.

at 6-8 (noting that a statement about whether goods or services were provided for

a charitable contribution is necessary to determining the amount of the deduction).

In the instant case, the conservation deed did not state whether the donee

provided goods or services in exchange for the charitable contribution. Therefore

we must analyze whether the deed taken as a whole shows compliance with

section 170(f)(8)(B)(ii).

Although the conservation deed includes provisions stating that the intent of

the parties is to preserve the property, those provisions do not confirm that the

preservation of the property was the only consideration because the deed did not

include a provision stating that it is the entire agreement of the parties. Without
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[*13] such a provision, the IRS could not have determined by reviewing the

conservation deed whether petitioners received consideration in exchange for the

contribution of the conservation easement. We conclude, therefore, that the 

 conservation deed taken as a whole is insufficient to satisfy section

170(f)(8)(B)(ii). Because petitioners’ contemporaneous written acknowledgment

does not comply with section 170(f)(8)(B)(ii), petitioners are not entitled to any

claimed carryover charitable contribution deductions, see sec. 170(f)(8)(A), and

respondent’s determination is sustained.

We have considered the parties’ remaining arguments, and to the extent not

discussed above, conclude those arguments are irrelevant, moot, or without merit.

To reflect the foregoing,

Decision will be entered

for respondent.