FIRST DIVISION

BARNES, P. J.,

MCMILLIAN and REESE, JJ.

NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be

physically received in our clerk’s office within ten

days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.

http://www.gaappeals.us/rules

June 21, 2018

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia

A18A0563. CHALK v. POLETTO.

REESE, Judge.

Herschel E. Chalk, III, filed a petition to legitimate his two biological sons.

Their mother, Ketty Poletto, opposed the petition, and the Superior Court of Cobb

County held a bench trial on February 7, 2017. After Chalk rested his case, the court

granted Poletto’s motion for a directed verdict, and issued a written order denying the

legitimation petition. The court subsequently entered an order denying Chalk’s

motion for new trial and granting Poletto’s petition for attorney fees, litigation costs,

and guardian ad litem fees. Chalk appeals from this order. For the reasons set forth,

infra, we affirm.

The record is undisputed that Chalk is the biological father of two minor

children born to Poletto in 2011 and 2012. Chalk and Poletto lived together with the
children until October 2015, when Poletto evicted Chalk from her apartment. In

November 2015, Poletto obtained a six-month family violence protective order

prohibiting Chalk from contacting her or the children.

1 Chalk consented to the

protective order, but immediately filed a petition to legitimate the children.

In the legitimation action, the trial court appointed a guardian ad litem for the

children and required Chalk and Poletto to split the cost of the guardian ad litem’s

services. When Chalk failed to pay his portion, the guardian ad litem petitioned for

a citation of contempt against him, and the trial court scheduled a hearing on the

matter. Chalk, who was an Army reservist, asked for a continuance and provided the

guardian ad litem with a copy of military orders purporting to send him to training on

the date of the hearing. On the day of the scheduled contempt hearing, Chalk instead

attended a marketing conference out-of-state. After holding the hearing in Chalk’s

absence, the trial court held Chalk in contempt for failing to pay the guardian ad

litem, failing to cooperate with her investigation, and delaying the completion of the

legitimation action.

1

Just before the protective order expired in May 2016, Poletto obtained a 12-

month protective order with the same prohibitions.

2
At the subsequent bench trial on Chalk’s petition to legitimate in February

2017, Chalk testified that he had financially supported the children while he lived

with Poletto and enjoyed a close relationship with them. On cross-examination,

however, Chalk was unable to say how much support he had provided, had no

documentation of any such support, and conceded that Poletto had paid for rent and

childcare while they lived together. He also admitted that, after Poletto evicted him,

he provided no support for the children. Chalk testified that he had received a

bachelor’s degree from Georgetown University, but admitted that he had not held

remunerative employment since he quit his job in 2012,2and that he owed over

$200,000 in debt, primarily in student loans. Further, Chalk admitted that, in 2002,

he had pled guilty in Virginia to the felony of making false statements to receive

benefits, and he was still paying off the fine associated with his sentence for that

charge when he filed the legitimation action.

At trial, Chalk claimed to have zero assets. But, in 2016, he had taken a sixweek trip to South America that included attending the Olympic Games in Brazil,

2 Chalk testified that he solicited contributions from members of his church to

go on “mission trips” abroad. The evidence also showed that he had a significant

internet and social media presence, where he advertised himself as a “social

entrepreneur” and branding consultant. 

3
hiking in Machu Picchu, and riding the “Swing of Death” and taking a dune buggy

tour in Ecuador. He had also traveled to Thailand, Costa Rica, Las Vegas, Orlando,

and Opryland. The exhibits introduced on cross-examination showed that Chalk had

documented these travels on social media. In addition, in 2016, Chalk had paid for

indoor skydiving, laser hair removal, college classes, and renewal of his private

pilot’s license.

In granting Poletto’s motion for directed verdict, the courtruled that Chalk had

abandoned his opportunity interest to establish a relationship with his children and

that legitimation was not in the children’s best interests. The courtstated: “If this man

says today was Tuesday, I would look at my calendar. He’s lucky he’s not jailed now

for perjury. He’s a liar.” The court then issued a written order denying the

legitimation petition. Chalk filed a motion for new trial. After a hearing, the trial

court entered an order denying thatmotion and awarding $30,034.95

3

to Poletto under

OCGA § 19-9-3 (g).

3 This number represents $25,680.27 in Poletto’s attorney fees, Poletto’s half

of the guardian ad litem fees of $3,190.46, and costs totaling $1,164.22. 

4
We review a trial court’s decision whether to award attorney fees for an abuse

of discretion.

4 Similarly, “[w]e review a trial court’s ruling on a legitimation petition

for an abuse of discretion and will sustain the trial court’s factual findings if there is

any evidence to support them.”5

“In a bench trial, where there is no verdict by a jury,

a motion for directed verdict is treated as a request for involuntary dismissal under

OCGA § 9-11-41 (b).”6

A dismissal under O.C.G.A. § 9-11-41 (b) does notrequire the trial court

to construe the evidence most favorably for the non-moving plaintiff.

Since the trial court determinesthe facts as well asthe law, it necessarily

follows that an involuntary dismissal may be warranted even though

plaintiff may have established a prima facie case. Thus, despite the rule

that a motion for a directed verdict in a bench trial is construed to be a

motion for involuntary dismissal, we cannot treat a dismissal pursuant

to OCGA § 9-11-41 (b) the same as a directed verdict in a jury trial,

which may be upheld only if the evidence demands a particular verdict.

At a bench trial, the trial court can determine when essential facts have

4 Odum v. Russell, 342 Ga. App. 390, 393 (2) (802 SE2d 829) (2017).

5 Durden v. Anderson, 338 Ga. App. 565 (1) (790 SE2d 818) (2016) (citation

omitted).

6 Magnus Homes v. Derosa, 248 Ga. App. 31 (1), n. 2 (545 SE2d 166) (2001)

(citation omitted).

5
not been proved. The trial court’s determination as a trier of fact will be

reversed only where the evidence demands a contrary finding.

7

With these guiding principles in mind, we turn to Chalk’s claims of error.

1. Chalk arguesthat the trial court clearly erred when it denied hislegitimation

petition because histestimonywas clear and undisputed on many areas of his parental

involvement over a nearly five-year period, and this involvement ended only when

Poletto ejected him from the home. Chalk contends he did not abandon his

opportunity interest but filed to legitimate the children as soon as Poletto sought to

exclude him from their lives. 

In considering a petition to legitimate, the trial court must first

determine whether the father abandoned his opportunity interest to

develop a relationship with the child. In that respect, a biological father

is afforded an opportunity to develop a relationship with his offspring.

If the father grasps that opportunity and accepts some measure of

responsibility for the child’s future, he may enjoy the blessings of the

parent-child relationship and make uniquely valuable contributions to

the child’s development. Unwed fathers gain from their biological

connection with a child an opportunity interest to develop a relationship

with their children which is constitutionally protected. This opportunity

interest begins at conception and endures probably throughout the

7

Smith v. Ga. Kaolin Co., 269 Ga. 475, 476 (1) (498 SE2d 266) (1998)

(citations and punctuation omitted).

6
minority of the child. But it is not indestructible. It may be lost. It is an

interest which can be abandoned by the unwed father if not timely

pursued.

8

As Chalk points out, no other witnesses testified at trial. However, the court

admitted multiple exhibits during Chalk’s cross-examination that demonstrated his

extensive travel, including his “six-week journey throughout Latin America,” all

while reporting very little annual income from wages, and negative net selfemployment income. As noted above, Chalk did not introduce any documentation to

support his claims that he had ever provided financial support for the children.

Giving due regard to the opportunity of the trial court to judge the credibility

of the sole witness,

9

particularly given Chalk’s prior felony conviction for making

false statements and his attempt to perpetrate a fraud upon the court in this case,10the

8 Wilbourn v. Lumpkin, 327 Ga. App. 385, 386 (759 SE2d 262) (2014)

(punctuation and footnotes omitted).

9

 See Magdangal v. Hendrix, 313 Ga. App. 522 (722 SE2d 130) (2012).

10 The guardian ad litem had called Chalk’s commanding officer to verify the

military training orders and learned they had been falsified. Chalk later admitted

under oath that he had forged them.

7
trial court was not required to believe his testimony, including his assertions that he

had a close relationship with the children and had supported them financially.

11

Moreover, there was evidence that undermined or contradicted Chalk’s

testimony. Chalk did not attempt to legitimate the children until after Poletto evicted

him from her apartment in October 2015, when the children were approximately two

and four years old. Chalk then consented to a protective order that prevented him

from having any contact with the children. Additionally, there was no documentary

evidence thatChalk ever financially supported the children, either while he wasliving

with Poletto or after she evicted him, even though he spentsignificantsums of money

on his own travel and personal enrichment. Under these circumstances, there was

evidence to support the trial court’s finding that Chalk abandoned his opportunity

11 See Taylor v. Taylor, 288 Ga. App. 334, 338 (2) (654 SE2d 146) (2007)

(“Credibility of witnesses and the weight to be given their testimony is a

decision-making power that lies solely with the trier of fact. The trier of fact is not

obligated to believe a witness even if the testimony is uncontradicted and may accept

or reject any portion of the testimony.”) (punctuation and footnote omitted).

8
interest,

12

 and the court did not abuse its discretion in denying Chalk’s legitimation

petition.

13

2. (a) Chalk contends that the trial court erred in awarding attorney fees and

costs under OCGA § 19-9-3 (g), which Chalk argues only applies to custody cases.

Because legitimation was denied, the court never addressed custody.

“Generally an award of attorney fees is not available unless supported by

statute or contract.”14 OCGA § 19-9-3 (g) provides in relevant part:

Except as provided in Code Section 19-6-2, and in addition to the

attorney’s fee provisions contained in Code Section 19-6-15, the judge

may order reasonable attorney’sfees and expenses of litigation, experts,

and the child’s guardian ad litem and other costs of the child custody

action and pretrial proceedings to be paid by the parties in proportions

and at times determined by the judge.

12 See Wilbourn, 327 Ga. App. at 387 (“Factors supporting a finding of

abandonment of a father’s opportunity interest include, without limitation, a

biological father’s inaction during pregnancy and at birth, a delay in filing a

legitimation petition, and a lack of contact with the child.”) (punctuation and footnote

omitted).

13 See Smith v. Soligon, 254 Ga. App. 172, 173-174 (2) (561 SE2d 850) (2002)

(affirming denial of legitimation petition where biological father lived with child for

several years, but provided no significant emotional or monetary support and

maintained only sporadic contact after child moved away).

14

Sinkwich v. Conner, 288 Ga. App. 320, 321 (654 SE2d 182) (2007).

9
“OCGA § 19-9-3 (g) affords wide discretion to the trial court to award reasonable

attorney fees and expenses in child custody actions[.]”

15

As the trial court noted in its order, Chalk’s petition for legitimation included

a prayer that the parties share joint legal custody of the children. The petition also

included a prayer for “liberal visitation.”

Chalk has provided no authority, and we have found none, to support his

argument that OCGA § 19-9-3 (g) does not apply in legitimation cases16that include

claims for custody or visitation.

17

“[W]hen a legitimation petition is filed[,] the

amount of child support is one of the issuesto be determined, along with custody and

visitation.”18

15 Moore v. Hullander, ___ Ga. App. ___ (2) (d) (Case No. A18A0592, decided

Apr. 25, 2018). 

16 Compare Appling v. Tatum, 295 Ga. App. 78, 83 (5) (670 SE2d 795) (2008)

(reversing trial court’s award of attorney fees because OCGA § 19-6-2 (a), which, by

its plain language, governsthe grant and enforcement of attorney feesin alimony and

divorce cases, was not applicable to legitimation petition) (footnote omitted). 

17 See Dellinger v. Dellinger, 278 Ga. 732, 733 (1) (609 SE2d 331) (2004)

(“[V]isitation rights are a part of custody and changesin one parent’s visitation rights

necessarily affect the custodial rights of the other parent.”) (citations omitted).

18 Dodson v. Walraven, 318 Ga. App. 586, 591 (3) (734 SE2d 428) (2012)

(footnote omitted).

10
OCGA § 19-7-22 (g) provides:

A legitimation petition may also include claims for visitation, parenting

time, or custody. If such claims are raised in the legitimation action, the

court may order, in addition to legitimation, visitation, parenting time,

or custody based on the best interests of the child standard. In a case

involving allegations of family violence, the provisions of paragraph (4)

of subsection (a) of Code Section 19-9-3 shall also apply.

19

Because Chalk requested visitation and joint legal custody in his legitimation

petition, the trial court could have awarded visitation and custody under OCGA § 19-

7-22 (g) concurrently with a grant of the legitimation petition. Thus, we conclude that

the trial court had authority to award attorney fees and other costs “of the child

custody action and pretrial proceedings” under OCGA § 19-9-3 (g).

(b) Chalk further complains that the trial court’s inclusion of half of the

guardian ad litemfeesin its award to Poletto wasinconsistent with its pronouncement

19

 OCGA § 19-7-22 (g).

11
at the bench trial. Chalk has cited no authority to support this argument,

20 which we

find to be without merit.

21

Judgment affirmed. Barnes, P. J., concurs. McMillian, J., concurs fully and

specially.

20 See Court of Appeals Rule 25 (c) (2) (“Any enumeration of error that is not

supported in the brief by citation of authority or argument may be deemed

abandoned.”).

21 See Wachovia Bank Savannah v. Kitchen, 272 Ga. App. 601, 602 (612 SE2d

885) (2005) (“[A trial court is not bound by its oralstatements made during the course

of a hearing to the extent that such oral decisions cannot be changed prior to the time

a final written order is entered.”); Andrew L. Parks, Inc. v. SunTrust Bank, 248 Ga.

App. 846, 847 (545 SE2d 31) (2001) (noting that a judgment is not entered until it is

filed with the court clerk and that a trial judge has inherent power during the same

term of court to modify a judgment, even sua sponte).

12
A18A0563. CHALK v. POLETTO

MCMILLIAN, Judge, concurring specially.

I concur fully with the majority’s opinion, but write separately to point out that

the statutory history of OCGA § 19-7-22 (g) and OCGA § 19-9-3 also supports that

a legitimation petition with a request for custody may also be considered a child

custody action such that attorney fees and expenses may be awarded under OCGA §

19-9-3.

1

In 2005, Section 19-7-22 wassubstantially amended, adding subsection (f.1),

which specifically allowed the petition for legitimation to include a claim for

1 Statutory history is the “enacted lineage of a statute, including prior laws

amendments, codifications, and repeals,” and may be properly relied upon in

discerning the plain meaning of the text of a statute, as opposed to legislative history.

See Duncan v. Rawls, 345 Ga. App. 345, 350 (1), n.10 (812 SE2d 647) (2018);

Antonin Scalia & Bryan A. Garner, Reading Law: The Interpretation of Legal Texts

256, 440 (2012) (distinguishing between statutory history and legislative history). 
visitation or custody. 2005 Ga. Laws Act 413, § 1.

2 Prior to that time, custody issues

could only be adjudicated in a legitimation proceeding by consent of the parties, and

in the absence of the mother’s consent, the father seeking a change in physical

custody was required to file a separate proceeding after the judgment of legitimation

was entered. See Peterson v. Tyson, 253 Ga. App. 431, 432 (559 SE2d 164) (2002).

Subsequently, the General Assembly enacted OCGA § 19-9-3 (g), permitting attorney

fees and expenses of litigation to be awarded in a child custody action. 2007 Ga.

Laws Act 264.

Because it is presumed that the legislature acts with full knowledge of the

existing state of the law,3

it follows that the legislature was aware that the biological

father could seek both legitimation and custody in the same proceeding when it

enacted OCGA § 19-9-3 (g). Accordingly, I fully concur with the majority’s

conclusion that OCGA § 19-9-3 applies in legitimation cases that include claims for

custody or visitation.

2 Subsection (f.1) wassubsequently redesignated assubsection (g) in 2016. See

2016 Ga. Laws Act 404.

3 Retention Alternatives, Ltd. v. Hayward, 285 Ga. 437, 440 (2) (678 SE2d 877)

(2009); Duncan, 345 Ga. App. at 349 (1), n.9.

2