### J - S59034 - 19 ; J - S59035 - 19

NON - PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37 COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA

v. MALIK NOEL Appellant : : : : : : : : : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

PENNSYLVANIA

No. 1235 EDA 2017 Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence August 26, 2016 In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Criminal Division at

No(s): CP - 51 - CR - 0002131 - 2011, CP - 51 - CR - 0002134 - 2011 COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA

v. MALIK NOEL Appellant : : : : : : : : : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

PENNSYLVANIA

No. 3434 EDA 2017 Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence August 26, 2016 In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Criminal Division at No(s): CP - 51 - CR - 0002130 - 2011 BEFORE: LAZARUS, J., NICHOLS, J., and McLAUGHLIN, J. MEMORANDUM BY McLAUGHLIN, J.: F iled: August 20, 2020 Malik Noel appeals from the judgment of sentence entered following his convictions for Firearms not to be Carried Withou t a License , Carrying a Firearm in Public in Philadelphia , and Possession of a Firearm by a Person Prohibited . 1 

### Noel challenges the sufficiency of the evidence and argues the

_________________ ____________________ _______ 1 

### 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 6106(a)(1), 6108, and 6105(a)(1), respectively.

### J - S59034 - 19 ; J - S59035 - 19

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trial court abused its discretion when it instructed the jury that Noel ’ s flight could be considered as evidence of consciousness of guilt . We affirm. Noel was arrested and charged in November 2 010 after he engaged in a shoot out with two other men. The trial court set forth the factual history of the case, which we adopt and incorpora te herein. Trial Court Opinion, filed Mar. 2019, at 3 - 7 ( “ 1925(a) Op. ” ). We will provide a brief summary here. At Noel ’ s jury trial, the Commonwealth presented evidence of the following. Police Officers Cyrus Pollard and Robert Ellis heard gunshots while on patrol. They proceeded toward the sound, and observed two men shooting into a red Jeep , which police later determined Noel was driving . Officer Ellis ordered the men to stop, and he pur sued the men when they failed to comply and fled. Officer Ellis testified that he sa w a muzzle flash come from the Jeep . Officer Pollard testified th at as the Jeep drove off, he saw gunshots coming from the vehicle. He chased the Jeep , which crashed . Noel jumped out of the passenger - side window and ran. Officer Clyde Frasier of the crime scene unit testified that he inspected the Jeep , and noticed the rear window was blown out and t here were three spent .45 - caliber shell casing s in the rear cargo area. T he firearms recovered from the scene were not .45 caliber. He also identified bullet holes on the vehicle, which he found were both exit and entrance holes. When the trial court instructed the jury, it gave the following instruction about credibility and weight determinations and the jury ’ s consideration of the testimony that Noel fled:

### J - S59034 - 19 ; J - S59035 - 19

- 3 - Now, members of the jury, there was evidence and testimony that tended to show that the defendant fled from the police. The credibility, weight, and effect of this evidence is for you to decide. Generally speaking, when a crime has been committed and a person thinks he or she may be accused of committing it and he or she flees or conceals himself or herself, such flight or concealment is a circumstance tending to pro ve the person is conscious of guilt. Such flight or concealment does not necessarily show consciousness of guilt in every case. A person may flee or hide for some other motive and may do so even though innocent. Whether the evidence of flight or concealmen t in this case should be looked at as tending to prove guilt depends upon the facts and circumstances of this case; especially upon motive that may have prompted the flight or concealment. You may not find the defendant guilty solely on the basis of eviden ce of flight or concealment. N.T., 9/14/15, at 106 - 07 . Noel objected to this instruction , and the court overruled the objection . N. T ., 9/11/15, at 94 - 99. The jury found Noel guilty of Firearms not to be Carried without a License and Carrying a Firearm in Public in Philadelphia, and the judge, sitting without a jury, convicted him of Possession of a Firearm by a Person Prohibited . The court sentenced Noel in August 2016 to five to 10 years ’ incarceration for Possession of a Firearm by a Person Prohibited , three and a half to seven years in prison for the Firearms not to be Carried Without a License conviction, and five years ’ probation for Carrying a Firearm in Public in Philadelphia . The court ordered the sentences to run consecutive ly , for an aggregate se ntence of eight and a half to 17 years in prison followed by five years of probation . Noel filed post - s entence motions, which were denied by

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operation of law. After Noel ’ s appellate rights were reinstated following the filing of a timely Post Conviction Re lief Act petition , Noel filed this appeal. 2 

### Noel raises the following issues: 1. Was the evidence insufficient to support all of [Noel ’ s] convictions? 2. Did the trial court abuse its discretion in chargi ng the jury on flight under the circumstances of th is case? Noel ’ s Br. at 2 (suggested answers omitted). Noel first challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the convictions for all three offenses , claiming the Commonwealth failed to establish he possessed a firearm . “ When reviewing a sufficie ncy of the evidence claim, we must determine whether, when viewed in the light most favorable to the verdict winner, the evidence at trial and all reasonable inferences therefrom are sufficient for the trier of fact to find that each element of the crime c harged is established beyond a reasonable doubt. ” Commonwealth v. Dix , 207 A.3d 383, 390 (Pa.Super. 2019 ). “ The Commonwealth may sustain its burden of proving every element of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt by means of wholly circumstantial evidence. ” Id. (quoting Brown , 23 A.3d 544, 559 (Pa.Super. 2011) ( en banc ) ) . Each of the crimes for which Noel was found guilty have a possessory element. To obtain a conviction for Possession of a Firearm by a Person

_________________ ____________________ _______ 2 

### Noel filed a notice of appeal at each docket number, listing three docket numbers. Because he filed a separate notice at each docket, we will not quash this appeal. See Commonwealth v. Johnson , --- A.3d ---- , 2020 WL 3869723, at *4 - 5 (Pa.Super. July 9, 2020) ( en banc ).

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Prohibited , the Commonwealth must prove that “ the defendant possessed a firearm and that he was convicted of an enumerated offense that prohibits him from possessing, using, controlling, or transferring a firearm. ” Commonwealth v. Thomas , 988 A.2d 669, 670 (Pa.Super. 2009) ; 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 6105 . Firear ms not to be Carried Without a License requires proof that the defendant “ carrie[d] a firearm in any vehicle or . . . carrie[d] a firearm concealed on or about his person, except in his place of abode or fixed place of business, without a valid and lawfull y issued license . ” 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 6106(a) (1) . Carrying a Firearm in Public in Philadelphia obliges the Commonwealth to prove that the defendant “ carr[ied] a firearm, rifle or shotgun at any time upon the public streets or upon any public property in a city of the fir st class , ” without either a license to do so or a valid exemption from licensing . 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 6108. Noel does not dispute that he was barred from possessing a firearm, that he had no license to possess a firearm, or that the incident occurred in Philadelphia. Rather, h e claims that the convictions cannot stand because the Commonwealth failed to establish he possessed a firearm. He points out that no one testified they saw him in possession of a gun, firing a gun, or disposing of a gun. He adds that there was no evidence he returned fire at the men shooting at his car, and claims that the ballistics evidence did not support a finding that gunshot s came from within the car. He further notes that, although the police officers searched for a gun he might have used , they did not find one .

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Because Noel was not in physical possession of a firearm , the Commonwealth had to establish he had constructive possession. Commonwealth v. Hopkins , 67 A.3d 817, 820 (Pa.Super. 2013).

“ Constructive possession is an inference arising from a set of facts that possession of the contrab and was more likely than not. ” Commonwealth v. Parker , 847 A.2d 745, 750 (Pa.Super.2004) (citing Commonwealth v. Thompson , 779 A.2d 1195, 1199 (Pa.Super.2001)). C onstructive possession

“ m ay be established by the totality of the circumstances. ” Id. (quoting Thompson , 779 A.2d at 1199). The trial court concluded the Commonwealth presented sufficient evidence that Noel was in constructive possession of a firearm. It explained that police off icers had testified that they saw muzzle flashes coming from inside a vehicle solely occupied by Noel and that one of the officers said he saw the rear window blow out simultaneously with the muzzl e flash. The court also pointed out that the office r s had f ound shell casings inside the vehicle that did not match any of the firearms recovered. After reviewing the trial court ’ s opinion, the record, the parties ’ briefs, and the relevant law, we agree with the trial court . Accordingly, we affirm based on the well - reasoned opinion of the Honorable Angelo J. Foglietta , which we adopt. See Trial Court Opinion, filed Mar. 2019, at 3 - 7 ( “ 1925(a) Op. ” ) at 2 - 8. Noel next claims the court abused its discretion when it instructed the jury that his flight could be considered as evidence of consciousness of guilt. He claims the Commonwealth failed to present evidence that he knew the

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police were pursuing him. He asserts the officers did not identify themselves, and he was being actively shot at by other individuals when the officers arrived. He argues that when he realized he was safe, and his assailants were not pursuing him, he returned to the scene , met Officer Pollard, and complied with police orders. Our standard of review of a court’s decision on jury instruc tions “ is one of deference — an appellate court will reverse a court ’ s decision only when it abused its discretion or committed an error of law. ” Commonwealth v. Yale , 150 A.3d 979, 983 ( Pa. Super . 2016) (citation and brackets omitted). “ A jury instruction is proper if supported by the evidence of record. ” Commonwealth v. Clark , 961 A.2d 80, 92 ( Pa. 2008 ). A flight instruction is proper where a person , with a reason to know that he was wanted in connection with a crime , flees from law enforcement. Commonwealth v. Tha , 64 A.3d 704, 714 (Pa. Super. 2013) (citing Commonwealth v. Harvey , 526 A.2d 330, 334 (Pa. 1987)) . As the Pennsylvania Supreme Court has explained, “ W hen a person commits a crime, knows that he is wanted therefor, and flees or conceals h imself, such conduct is evidence of consciousness of guilt, and may form the basis [of a conviction] in connection with other proof from which guilt may be inferred. ” Clark , 961 A.2d at 92 (quoting Commonwealth v. Rios , 684 A.2d 1025, 1035 (Pa, 1996)) (alt eration in original). Here, the trial court concluded the f light - as - consciousness - of - guilt instruction was appropriate because the area was well lit , the officers were in

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full uniform and a marked patrol vehicle , and, after Noel drove away from the scene , he got out of the vehicle and attempted to f lee on foot. The court found the fact that he later returned did not alter that he “ initially exited the vehicle and proceeded to run away from a police officer who was in pursuit. ” 1925(a) Op. at 12. Following a review of the record, the applicable law, the briefs, and the trial court opinion, we discern no abuse of discretion. We affirm on the basis of the trial court opinion. Id. at 8 - 12. Judg ment of sentence affirmed. Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq. Prothonotary
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### 3A t tr i a l , th e C o m m o nw e a l th a ll e g e d an d p ro v e d th at th e d e f e n d an t , M a li k N o e l , w a s o n e o f th e s h o o t e r s d i r e c t l y i n v o l v e d i n th e g un fi g h t o n th at n i g h t. O n th e ab o v e d a t e , P h i l a d el p h i a P o l i c e O f fi c e r s C y ru s P o ll ar d an d R o b e rt E lli s w e r e o n p atro l i n an d aro un d th e ar e a o f 2 7 1 11 an d W h art o n S tr e e t s . T h e y w e r e i n a m ark e d p atro l c ar an d
w e r e dr e s s e d i n fu ll p o li c e uni fo rm . Up o n h e ar i n g th e g un s h o t s , th e y p ro c e e d e d t o w ar d s th e s o un d
o f th e g un fi r e . A s th e y t

urn e d th e i r p atro l v e h i cl e o n t o 2 7 th S tr e e t , th e y o b s e rv e d tw o m e n s h o o t i n g i n t o a r e d J e e p . T h e dr i v e r o f th e J e e p w a s l at e r d e t e rm i n e d t o b e th e D e fe n d an t. Up o n s e e i n g th i s , O ffi c e r E ll i s j ump e d o ut th e v e h i cl e an d o r d e r e d th e tw o m e n th a t h e h a d s e e n s h o o t i n g i n t o th e v e h i cl e t o dro p th e i r w e a p o n s . I n s t e a d o f c o mp l y i n g w i th h i s c o m m an d s , th e m e n b e g i n s h o o t i n g at h i m . O f

fi c e E lli s t o o k c o v e r an d r e t urn e d fi r e . A t th at p o i n t , th o s e tw o i n d i v i d u a l s fl e d fr o m th e s c e n e . O ffi c e r E ll i s p ur s u e d a ft e r th e m an d r e p e a t e d l y e x c h an g e d g un fi r e . O n e o f th e s e s h o o t e r s w a s arr e s t e d
. T h e o th e r e v a d e d a p p r e h e n s i o n . S i n c e th e D e fe n d an t h a s ra i s e d i s s u e s d i r e c tl y r e l at e d t o th e e v e n t s i n v o l v i n g h i s p o s s e s s i o n an d d i s c h ar g e o fa fi r e arm fr o m i n s i d e th e v e h i cl e , th e C o m m o nw e a l th e l i c i t e d a t tr i a l th e fo ll o w i n g t e s t i m o ny w h i c h d i r e c t l y r e fut e s th e cl a im s th at th e e v i d e n c e w a s i n s u f fi c i e n t t o c o n v i c t h i m o f th e fi r e arm c r i m e s . O ffi c e r R o b e rt E ll i s t e s t i fi e d th at d ur i n g th e g un fi g h t i n w h i c h h e w a s i n v o l v e d , at o n e p o i n t d ur i n g h i s e x c h an g e s o f g un fir e , h e l o o k e d t o w ar d s th e J e e p , an d a ll h e c o u l d s e e " fr o m th e J e e p i s a l ar g e n o i s e an d a l ar g e b an g , an d th e n I c an s e e n o th i n g b ut a mu z z l e fl a s h
. " N . T. , 0 9
- 0 9 - 2 0 1 5 , P g . 6 3 L. 8
- 1 0 . H e s u p p o rt e d h i s t e s t i m o ny i n m o r e d e t a i l un d e r f urth e r qu e s t i o n i n g , s t at i n g a s h e l o o k e d b a c k o v e r t o w ar d s th e J e e p , h e h e ar d " a l o u d b an g , an d th e n th e b a c k w i n d o w i s o u t . A n d a ll I c an s e e at th at t i m e i s mu z z l e fl a s h
. " N . T . , 0 9
- 0 9
- 2 0 1 5 , P g . 6 8 L. 7 - 9 . O f fi c e r E lli s i n d i c at e d h e w a s " l o o k i n g r i g h t at th e J e e p . T h at ' s w h e n I s e e n [ s i c ] th e mu z z l e fl a s h
. " N . T. , 0 9 - 40 9
- 2 0 1 5 , P g . 8 8 L. 9
- 1 0 . O ffi c e r E lli s ' t e s t i m o ny at tr i a l w a s c o n s i s t e n t w i th th e s t a t e m e n t h e h a d

g i v e n t o I n t e rn a l A f

fa i r s o n M ar c h 10 , 2 0 1 1. N . T . , 0 9
- 0 9
- 2 0 1 5 , P g . 9 1 L. 2 1 t o P g . 9 2 , L. 1 7 . O f fi c e r E ll i s ' s t e s t i m o ny r e m a i n e d c o n s i s t e n t o n c ro s s - e x am i n a t i o n b y d e fe n s e c o un s e l. O n r e d i r e c t , O ffi c e r E ll i s , o n c e a g a i n , d e t a i l e d h i s o b s e rv at i o n s r e g ar d i n g th e mu z z l e fl a s h i n s i d e th e v e h i cl e , s t at i n g :

[ 6 ] Q . A n d w a s th e r e any o n e e l s e i n th e v i c i n i ty at th e [ 7 ] t i m e o f

th a t mu z z l e fl a s h b e s i d e s s o m e o n e i n th e J e e p , [ 8 ] th a t y o u kn e w o f? [ 9 ] A. T h e r e w a s n o o n e e l s e . Ju s t w h o e v e r w a s i n th e [ 10 ] J e e p an d my s e l f. A n d th e o th e r g uy s w e r e a lr e a dy g o n e . [ 1 1 ] 

### Q
. A t th e p o i n t w h e n y o u s aw th e mu z z l e fl a s h , c o u l d ( 1 2 ] i t h av e c o m e fr o m any w h e r e el s e b ut i n s i d e th e J e e p ? [ 1 3 ] A. I n s i d e th e J e e p . N . T. , 0 9
- 0 9
- 2 0 1 5 , P g . 1 1 9 , L. 6
- 1 3 . T h e C o m m o nw e a l th n e x t p r e s e n t e d th e t e s t i m o ny o f O f fi c e r C y ru s P o ll ar d , O ffi c e r E ll i s ' p artn e r o n th e e v e n i n g i n qu e s t i o n . O f fi c e r P o ll ar d d e s c r i b e d th e e v e n t s a s fo ll o w s : ( 3 ] . . M e an d my p artn e r w e r e dr i v i n g o n W h art o n S tr e e t [ 4 ] g o i n g e a s t

b o un d
. W e h e ar d g un s h o t s . S o o n c e w e g o t t o [ 5 ] th e c o rn e r o f 2 7 th an d W h art o n , w e t o o k a l o o k t o th e [ 6 ] r i g h t. W e s e e a m a l e s h o o t i n g i n s i d e o f a b ur g un dy [ 7 ] v e h i c l e . M y p artn e r h a d j ump e d o u t o fth e c ar b e fo r e I [ 8 ] s t o p p e d , an d h e t o l d th e m e n t o p u t th e i r g un s d o w n . A t [ 9 ] th at t i m e I w a s tr

y i n g t o p ut my c ar i n p ark
. T h e m a l e [ 1 0 ] th at w a s s h o o t in g i n s i d e o fth e v e h i cl e t urn e d t o w ar d s [ 1 1 ] my p artn e r an d s t art e d s h o o t i n g at h i m . M y p artn e r ( 1 2 ] r e t urn e d fi r e . I g o t o ut o fmy v e h i cl e t o g o b e hi n d my [ 1 3 ] p artn e r. [ 1 4 ] F i n a ll y , th e tw o m a l e s t o o k o ff an d ran u p [ 1 5 ] w e s t b o un d o n S e ar s S tr e e t . A s my p artn e r g o t t o th e [ 1 6 ] c o rn e r o f S e ar s S tr e e t , th e b ur g un dy v e h i cl e t o o k o ff i n [ 1 7 ] a c a tty - c o rn e r m o t i o n . A s h e w a s p u ll i n g o ff , th e r e [ 1 8 ] w e r e g un s h o t s c o m i n g o u t o f th e v e h i cl e , at l e a s t fo ur , [ 1 9 ] a i m i n g t o w ar d s my p a 1 i n e r. I w a s 3 fe e t b e h i n d my [ 2 0 ] p artn e r . An d at th at t i m e th at ' s w h e n I g o t b a c k i n my [ 2 1 ] v e h i cl e an d w e n t a ft e r th e b ur g un dy v e h i cl e . T h e [ 2 2 ] b ur g un dy v e h i cl e h a d c ra s h e d , an d thi s y o un g m an r i g h t [ 2 3 ] h e r e j ump e d o u t o f th e p a s s e n g e r ' s s i d e an d s t art e d 

### 5[ 2 4 ] 

### r unn i n g u p E ar p S tr e e t. N . T . , 0 9
- 10
- 2 0 1 5 , P g . 1 0 , L. 3 - 2 4 . W h e n a s k e d h o w d i d h e kn o w th at th e s h o t s w e r e c o m i n g fr o m i n s i d e th e J e e p , O ffi c e r P o ll ar d t e s t i fi e d :

[ 1 8 ] Q . S o at th e p o i n t w h e n th e g un s h o t s s t art , h o w d o [ 1 9 ] y o u kn o w th at i t ' s g un s h o t s c o m i n g o u t o f th e b a c k o f [ 2 0 ] th e J e e p ? [ 2 1 ] A . T h e b a c k w i n d o w b l e w o ut. [ 2 2 ] 

### Q
. W e r e y o u a

b l e t o s e e any th i n g el s e i n d i c at i v e o f [ 2 3 ] g un s h o t s c o m i n g o ut o fth e J e e p ? [ 2 4 ] A. Y e s ; mu zz l e fl a s h
. [ 2 5 ] Q . W h e r e e x a c t l y w a s th at mu z z l e fl a s h th at y o u [ 1 ] c o u l d s e e ? [ 2 ] A. C o m i n g fr o m th e fr o n t o f th e v e hi cl e . S o m e o n e [ 3 ] w a s s i tt i n g i n s i d e th e fr o n t s e at. [ 4 ] Q . Ju s t s o 

# rm cl e ar , y o u h av e l i k e a fl at s c r e e n T V [ 5 ] v i e w o fth e b a c k o f th e J e e p ? [ 6 ] A . Y e s . [ 7 ] 

### Q
. A ft e r th a t w i n d o w g o t b l o w n o ut w e r e y o u a b l e t o [ 8 ] s e e th ro u g h th e J e e p ? [ 9 ] A . Y e s . [ 10 ] Q . W e r e y o u ab l e t o s e e h o w m any p e o p l e w e r e i n th e [ 11 ] J e e p at th at p o i n t ? [ 1 2 ] A. A t th at p o i n t , n o . [ 13 ] Q . W e r e y o u ab l e t o s e e i f s o m e o n e w a s i n th e [ 1 4 ] dr i v e r ' s s e at ? [ 1 5 ] A. Y e s . [ 1 6 ] Q . N o w , h o w m any s h o t s d o y o u r e c a ll h e ar i n g c o rn i n g [ 1 7 ] o u t o f th e b a c k o f

th e Je e p ? [ 1 8 ] A. F o ur . N . T. , 0 9
- 10
- 2 0 1 5 , P g . 2 2 , L. 1 8 t o P g . 2 3 , L. 1 8 . N e i th e r o ffi c e r t e s t i fi e d th at th e y s aw th e D e fe n d an t i n a c t u a l p o s s e s s i o n o f a fir e arm o n th e e v e n i n g i n qu e s t i o n . S e v e ra l w e a p o n s w e r e r e c o v e r e d d

ur i n g th e c o ur s e o f th e i n v e s t i g at i o n ,

6h o w e v e r , n o n e w e r e a .4 5 c a li b e r , w h i c h w e r e o f th e typ e o f c a s i n g s fo un d i n th e v e h i cl e a s

d e s c ri b e d b e l o w . T h e C o m m o nw e a lth n e x t p r e s e n t e d th e t e s t i m o ny o f O ffi c e r C l y d e F ra s i e r o f th e C r i m e S c e n e U n i t , w h o i n s p e c t e d th e v e h i cl e w h e r e i t c am e t o r e s t o n th e n i g h t i n qu e s t i o n . H e n o t i c e d th e r e ar w i n d o w w a s b l o w n o ut. N . T. , 0 9
- 10
- 2 0 1 5 , P g . 1 8 2 , L. 1 2
- 1 5 . H e a l s o i d e n t i fi e d an d p h o t o g ra p h e d th r e e fi r e d s h e ll c a s i n g s i n th e r e ar i n t e r i or c ar g o ar e a o fth e J e e p . N . T . , 0 9
- 1 0
- 2 0 1 5 , P g . 1 8 4 , L. 1 5 - 2 4 . T h e s e c a s i n g s w e r e a ll d e t e rm i n e d t o b e .4 5 aut o fi r e d c artr i d g e c a s i n g s . N . T . , 0 9
- 10
- 2 0 1 5 , P g . 2 1 2 , L 2 0
- 2 4 . N o n e o f th e fi r e arm s r e c o v e r e d w e r e a .4 5 c a l i b e r. N . T. , 0 9
- 1 0 - 2 0 1 5 , P g . 2 1 5 , L. 2
- 1 5 . H e a l s o i d e n t i fi e d an d p h o t o g ra p h e d s e v e ra l b u ll e t h o l e s o n th e v e h i cl e w h i c h h e c o n cl u d e d w e r e b o th e n tr an c e an d e x i t s h o l e s . N . T. , 0 9
- 1 0
- 2 0 1 5 , P g . 1 8 8 , L. 3
- 8 . O f fi c e r Jo hn T a g g art o f th e C r i m e S c e n e U n i t p e r fo rm e d a m o r e d e t a i l e d an a l y s i s o f th e J e e p aft e r i t h a d b e e n i mp o un d e d fo r furth e r i n s p e c t i o n . O ffi c e r T a g g art ' s tr i a l t e s t i m o ny w a s c o n s i s t e n t wi th th at o f O ffi c e r F ra s i e r an d c o n firm e d th at th e fi r e d c a s i n g s fo un d i n th e b a c k o f th e v e h i c l e i n th e c ar g o ar e a w e r e .4 5 c a l i b e r s h e ll s . H e a l s o p e r fo rm e d b u ll e t tra j e c t or i e s b a s e d u

p o n th e b u ll e t h o l e s i n th e J e e p t o d e t e rm i n e b o th e x i t an d e n tran c e h o l e s . N . T . , 0 9
- 1 1
- 2 0 1 5 , P g s . 2 1 t o 7 0 . B a s e d u

p o n th e fo r g o i n g t e s ti m o ny , a j ur y c o u l d r e a s o n a

b l y c o n c l u d e b y th e d ir e c t an d
c i r c um s t an t i a l e v i d e n c e p r e s e n t e d a t tr i a l b y th e C o m m o nw e a l th ' s w i tn e s s e s th at th e d e fe n d an t
w a s i n p o s s e s s i o n o f a fir e arm o n th e n i g h t i n qu e s t i o n an d d i d fi r e th at w e a p o n fr o m i n s i d e th e J e e p th ro u g h i t s r e ar w i n d o w . O f fi c e r s E lli s an d P o ll ar d s aw mu zz l e fl a s h e s c o m i n g fr o m th e i ns i d e . O ffi c e r E lli s s aw th e r e ar w i n d o w b l o w o ut w h e n h e ar i n g th e g un s h o t s an d s e e i n g th e fl a s h e s . T hr e e s h e ll c a s i n g s a ll o fth e s am e c a li b e r w e r e fo un d i n s i d e th e J e e p o c c u p i e d s o l e l y b y th e d e fe n d an t. C l e arl y , d e s p i t e n o t a c t u a ll y s e e i n g a w e a

p o n i n th e d e fe n d an t ' s h an d an d a w e a p o n
7n o t b e i n g l o c at e d th at w a s a m at c h fo r th e s h e ll c a s i n g s fo un d i n th e J e e p , th e j ur y c o u l d r e a s o n ab l y i n fe r th at th e d e fe n d an t h a d p o s s e s s e d an d fi r e d a w e a p o n o n th e n i g h t i n qu e s t i o n . T h e r e fo r e , th i s d i r e c t an d c i r c um s t an t i a l e v i d e n c e w h e n t ak e n a s a w h o l e w a s s u ffi c i e n t t o s u p p o rt a fi n d i n g o f g u i l t o n th e w e a

p o n s c h ar g e s . T h e s e c o n d i s s u e ra i s e d b y th e d e fe n d an t r e l at e s t o th i s C o urt ' s c h ar g e t o th e j ur y i n r e g ar d t o th e d e fe n d an t ' s a c t i o n s d ur i n g an d a ft e r th e s h o o t i n g t o o k p l a c e . T h e d e fe n d an t a s s e rt s th at th i s C o urt e rr e d i n i n s tru c t i n g th e j ur y th at th e y c o u l d c o n s i d e r h i s a c t i o n s an d b e h av i o r o n th e e v e n i n g i n qu e s t i o n a s e v i d e n c e o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s o f gu i l t. It i s w e ll s e tt l e d th at j ur y i n s tru c t i o n s mu s t b e s u p p o rt e d b y th e e v i d e n c e o f r e c o r d a s i n s tru c t i o n s r e g ar d i n g m att e r s th at ar e n o t b e fo r e th e c o urt s e rv e n o p ur p o s e b ut t o c o n fu s e th e j ur y . 

### C o m m o n w e a l t

h v . W a s h i ng to n , 5 4 7 P a . 5 6 3 , 6 9 2 A .2 d 10 2 4 (1 9 9 7 )
. G e n e r a ll y , a tr i a l c o urt c an g i v e a fl i g h t

/ c o n c e a l m e n t j ur

y c h ar g e w h e n a p e r s o n c o m m i t s a c r i m e , kn o w s th at h e i s a s u s p e c t , an d th e n t ak e s s o m e a c t i o n t o fl e e o r c o n c e a l h i m s el f , b e c au s e s u c h c o n d

u c t i s e v i d e n c e o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s o f g u il t , w h i c h m ay fo rm th e b a s i s , a l o n g w i th o th e r p ro o f , fr o m w h i c h g u il t m ay b e i n f e rr e d , 

### C o m m o n w e a l t

h v . H a r le y , 4 2 4 P a . S u

p e r. 2 9 , 4 0 , 6 2 1 A . 2 d 1 0 2 3 , 10 2 9 ( 1 9 9 3 ) , a p p e a l d e n i e d , 5 4 0 P a . 6 11 , 6 5 6 A . 2 d 1 1 7 ( 1 9 9 4 ) ( c i t at i o n o m i tt e d )
. It i s p e rm i s s i b l e t o i n f e r th at a d e fe n d an t kn o w s h e i s w an t e d fo r a c n m e fr o m th e c i r c um s t an c e s att e n d an t t o h i s fli g h t. 

### C o m m o n w e a lth v . R i o s , 6 8 4 A .2 d 10 2 5 , 1 0 3 5 ( P a . 1 9 9 6 ) ( c i t i n g 

### C o m m o n w e a l t

h v . T i n s le y , 3 5 0 A 2 d 7 9 1 , 7 9 2
- 9 3 ( P a . 1 9 7 6 ) )
. A s s e t fo rth b y o ur S u p r e m e C o urt i n 

### T

i n s le y , s u p ra . , a fl i g h t i n s tru c t i o n i s p ro p e r e v e n w h e n n o d i r e c t e v i d e n c e w a s p r e s e n t e d at tr i a l t o e s t ab l i s h th e d e fe n d an t h a d a c t u a l kn o w l e d g e th at h e w a s w an t e d b y p o li c e , w h e n th e r e w a s " un qu e s t i o n a b l y c i r c um s t an t i a l p ro o f o f th i s fa c t. " Id. , at 7 9 3



### 8B a s e d u p o n th e e v i d e n c e p r e s e n t e d , th i s C o urt d e t e rm i n e d th at th e s t an d ar d i n s tru c t i o n fo r F li g h t o r C o n c e a l m e n t a s S h o w i n g C o n s c i o u s n e s s o f G u i l t ( S S J I C r i m . 3 . 1 4 ) w a s a p p ro p r i at e fo r th e j ur y ' s c o n s i d e rat i o n . I n r e g ar d t o th i s c h ar g e , th i s C o urt s t at e d : [ 7 ] N o w , m e mb e r s o fth e j ur y , th e r e w a s [ 8 ] e v i d e n c e an d t e s t i m o ny th at t e n d e d t o s h o w th at [ 9 ] th e d e fe n d an t fl e d fr o m th e p o l i c e . T h e 

### [ 1 O ] c r e d i b i l i ty , w e i g h t , an d e ff e c t o f th i s [ 1 1 ] e v i d e n c e i s fo r y o u t o d e c i d e . G e n e ra ll y [ 1 2 ] s p e ak i n g , w h e n a c r i m e h a s b e e n c o m m i tt e d an d a [ 1 3 ] p e r s o n th i n k s h e o r s h e m ay b e a c c u s e d o f [ 1 4 ] c o m m i tt i n g i t an d h e o r s h e fl e e s o r c o n c e a l s [ 1 5 ] hi m s e l f o r h e r s e l f

, s u c h fli g h t o r c o n c e a l m e n t [ 1 6 ] i s a c i r c um s t an c e t e n d i n g t o p ro v e th e p e r s o n [ 1 7 ] i s c o n s c i o u s o f g u i l t. S u c h fli g h t o r [ 1 8 ] c o n c e a l m e n t d o e s n o t n e c e s s ar i l y s h o w [ 1 9 ] c o n s c i o u s n e s s o f g u i lt i n e v e r y c a s e . A p e r s o n [ 2 0 ] m ay fl e e o r h i d e fo r s o m e o th e r m o t i v e an d m ay [ 2 1 ] d o s o e v e n th o u g h i nn o c e n t. [ 2 2 ] W h e th e r th e e v i d e n c e o f fl i g h t o r [ 2 3 ] c o n c e a l m e n t i n th i s c a s e s h o u l d b e l o o k e d at a s [ 2 4 ] t e n d i n g t o p ro v e g u i lt d e p e n d s u p o n th e fa c t s [ 2 5 ] an d c i r c um s t an c e s o fth i s c a s e ; e s p e c i a ll y u p o n [ 1 ] m o t i v e th at m ay h av e p ro mp t e d th e fli g h t o r [ 2 ] c o n c e a lm e n t. Y o u m ay n o t fi n d th e d e fe n d an t [ 3 ] g u i lty s o l e l y o n th e b a s i s o f e v i d e n c e o f [ 4 ] fl i g h t o r c o n c e a l m e n t. N .T . 9
- 1 4
- 1 5 , p g s 1 0 6
- 1 0 7 . D e fe n d an t' s c o un s e l h a d p ro p e rl y p r e s e rv e d h i s o b j e c t i o n t o th i s c h ar g e d uri n g th e c h ar g i n g c o n fe r e n c e o n S e p t e mb e r 1 1 , 2 0 1 5 . N . T . 9
- 1 1
- 1 5 , P . 9 4 , L. 1 4 t o P . 9 9 , 

### L. 1 8 . I n e xp l a i n i n g th e r e a s o n fo r th i s C o urt ' s d e t e rm i n at i o n fo r g i v i n g th i s c h ar g e , i t w a s s u c c i n c t l y s t at e d a s fo ll o w s :

[ 8 ] T H E C O U R T : A n d th e r e a s o n w h y I a g r e e d [ 9 ] t o g i v e th at c h ar g e w a s - - p utt i n g a s i d e th e [ 1 

## O J fa c t o fth e v e h i cl e l e av i n g th e s c e n e an d 9[ 1 1 ] c ra s h i n g , a f t e r th a t th e r e w a s t e s t i m o ny fr o m a [ 1 2 ] p o l i c e o f

fi c e r th at th e d e fe n d an t g o t u p an d [ 13 ] ran aw ay a ft e r th e tw o a ll e g e d a s s a i l an t s w e r e [ 1 4 ] s h o o t i n g at th e c ar. H e l e ft th e s c e n e an d w a s [ 1 5 ] n o l o n g e r at th e s c e n e o fth e v e h i cl e . A n d I [ 1 6 ) b e li e v e b o th O f

fi c e r P o ll ar d an d O ffi c e r E lli s [ 1 7 ] t e s t i fi e d th at th e y i d e n t i fi e d th e m s e l v e s a s [ 1 8 ] p o l i c e o ffi c e r s , an d th e y w e r e b o th i n fu ll [ 1 9 ] un i fo rm . [ 2 0 ] W i th r e g ar d t o P o l i c e O ffi c e r P o ll ar d , [ 2 1 ] I b e l i e v e h e i n d i c a t e d th at h e a l s o t o l d th e [ 2 2 ) d e fe n d an t t o s t o p , an d th e d e fe n d an t k e p t o n [ 2 3 ] r unn i n g , T h e d e fe n d an t w a s th e n a p p r e h e n d e d
. [ 2 4 ] A n d h e j u s t s p o k e a b o ut w h at h a

p p e n e d o n - - [ 2 5 ) I s i t S e ar s S tr e e t ?
[ 1 ] M S . M c G L YNN : E ar p S tr e e t , Y o ur H o n o r. [ 2 ] T H E C O U R T : E ar

p S tr e e t. [ 3 ) A n d i t ' s a d e t e rm i n at i o n fo r th e fi n d e r [ 4 ] o f fa c t , th e j ur

y c an m ak e , a s t o w h e th e r th e [ 5 ] r e a s o n th at th e d e fe n d an t r an fr o m th e s c e n e [ 6 ] w a s b e c au s e o f w h at y o u s a i d o r b e c au s e o f [ 7 ] c o n s c i o u s n e s s o f g u i l t. I' m n o t c h ar g i n g th e [ 8 ] j ur y th at th e y mu s t fi n d th at w ay . I m e an , [ 9 ] th a t ' s n o t w h at th e c h ar g e s ay s an d I w o u l d [ 10 ] n e v e r d o th at. It s i mp l y m e an s th at i fth e y [ 1 1 ] d e t e rm i n e th a t th e d e fe n d an t fl e d th e s c e n e [ 1 2 ] a f t e r kn o w i n g p o l i c e o f

fi c e r s w e r e th e r e an d [ 1 3 ] a ft e r th e a ll e g e d a s s a i l an t s l e ft th e ar e a , [ 1 4 ] th a t th e y c o u l d r e a s o n ab l y c o n cl u d e th a t th e [1 5 ] fli g h t fr o m th at s c e n e w a s d o n e b e c au s e o f [ 1 6 ) c o n s ci o u s n e s s o f g u i l t. N . T . , 9
- 1 1
- 1 5 , P . 9 6 , 

### L. 8 t o P . 9 7 , 

### L. 1 6 A t tr i a l , O ffi c e r P o ll ar d , th e o f fi c e r w h o a

p p r e h e n d e d th e D e fe n d an t , t e s t i fi e d th at h e g av e c h a s e t o th e J e e p . W h e n h e c au g h t u p t o th e v e h i cl e n e ar E arp S tr e e t: [ 9 ] A . A s I w a s g o i n g t o w ar d s E ar p S tr e e t , I s l o w e d d o w n [ 1 

## O J b e c au s e I h a d t o t ak e a l o o k i n s i d e th e b ur g un dy v e h i cl e [ 1 1 ] t o m ak e s ur e th e r e w a s n' t any o n e el s e i n th e r e . I t o o k [ 1 2 ] a l o o k i n s i d e , an d th e v e h i c l e w a s e mp ty . [ 1 3 ] A s I w e n t d o w n E ar p S tr e e t , M r . N o e l w e n t h a l fw ay 1 0[ 1 4 ] d o w n th e b l o c k. H e h a d t urn e d aro un d an d s t art e d c o m i n g [ 1 5 ] b a c k t o w ar d s m e , t e ll i n g m e h e w a s s h o t. I h a d my [ 1 6 ] w e a p o n o ut. I t o l d h i m t o g e t t o th e g ro un d
. H e g o t t o [ 1 7 ] th e g ro un d , an d I c u ff e d h i m . A n d an o th e r o ffi c e r [ 1 8 ] s h o w e d u

p , an d w e h a d t o t ak e h i m t o th e h o s p i t a l. N . T. , 0 9
- 10
- 2 0 1 5 , P g . 1 1 , L. 9
- 1 8 . I n d e t a i li n g th e c h a s e an d a p p r e h e n s i o n , O f

fi c e r P o ll ar d s t at e d th a t th e J e e p h a d c ra s h e d i n t o an o th e r v e h i cl e a ft e r fl e e i n g fr o m th e ar e a o f w h e r e th e s h o o t i n g t o o k p l a c e . H e t e s t i fi e d h i s r e a s o n fo r p ur s u i n g th e J e e p :

[ 2 ] 

### Q
. A n d w h at w a s y o ur p l an th e n ? Wh e r e w e r e y o u [ 3 ] h e a d e d ? [ 4 ] A. I w a s h e a d i n g fo r th e J e e p s i n c e i t fir e d o ut th e [ 5 ] v e h i cl e . [ 6 ] 

### Q
. A n d d i d y o u fo ll o w th e J e e p a ll th e w ay un t i l i t [ 7 ] c ra s h e d i n y o ur c ar ? [ 8 ] A . O n c e i t c r a s h e d , th at ' s w h e n I s t o p p e d 

### my v e h i cl e [ 9 ] an d h o p p e d o ut. [ 10 ] 

### Q
. W e r e y o u a

b l e t o s e e a ll s i d e s o f th e J e e p [ 1 1 ] th ro u g h o u t th i s e n t i r e i n c i d e n t ? [ 1 2 ] A. Y e s . [ 13 ] Q . O th e r th an th e d e fe n d an t g e tt i n g o ut o f th e [ 1 4 ] v e h i cl e , d i d any o n e e l s e g e t o ut o fth e c ar ? [ 1 5 ] A. N o . [ 1 6 ] Q . D i d any o th e r d o o r s o p e n i n th e c ar ? [ 1 7 ] A. N o . [ 1 8 ] Q . A n d w h i c h s i d e o f th e c ar d i d th e d e fe n d an t g e t [ 1 9 ] o u t o f? [ 2 0 ] A. T h e fr o n t p a s s e n g e r ' s s i d e . ( 2 1 ] 

### Q
. A n d w h i c h d i r e c t i o n d i d h e run ? [ 2 2 ] A . H e ran w e s t

b o un d o n t o E ar

p S tr e e t. [ 2 3 ] 

### Q
. S o h e g o t o u t o fth e p a s s e n g e r ' s s i d e , an d th e n [ 2 4 ] c o n t i nu e d runn i n g i n th at d i r e c t i o n . [ 2 5 ] A. Y e s . N . T . , 0 9
- 10
- 2 0 1 5 , P g . 2 5 , L. 2
- 2 5 . U n d e r th e s e c i r c um s t an c e s , an d i n li g h t o f th e fa c t s p r e s e n t e d a t tr i a l , i t w o u l d b e r e a s o n ab l e fo r a j ur y t o i n fe r th at th e r e w a s fl i g h t fr o m th e p o l i c e . T h e ar e a w a s w e ll li t , th e o ffi c e r s w e r e i n fu ll p o l i c e un i fo rm s , an d th e y h a d i d e n t i fi e d th e m s e l v e s a s p o l i c e t o th e d e fe n d an t. A lth o u g h i t 11m ay h av e b e e n r e a s o n ab l e an d j u s t i fi ab l e fo r th e d e fe n d an t t o fl e e fr o m th e s c e n e w h i l e b e i n g s h o t

at , a ft e r h e h a s s u c c e s s fu ll y fl e d an d w a s o ut o f th e ar e a o f d an g e r , h e e x i t e d th e v e hi cl e an d
att e mp t e d t o th e n fl e e o n fo o t b e i n g p ur s u e d o n l y b y th e p o l i c e at th at p o i n t. T h e fa c t th at h e th e n s t o p p e d an d w a l k e d b a c k t o th e arr e s t i n g o f fi c e r i s o f n o c o n s e qu e n c e , a s h e h a d i n i t i a ll y e x i t e d th e v e h i cl e an d p ro c e e d e d t o r un aw ay fr o m a p o l i c e o ffi c e r w h o w a s i n p ur s u i t . 

### In l i g h t o f th e s e fa c t s , th e g i v e n c h ar g e w a s a p p ro p r i at e fo r a j ur

y t o c o n s i d e r th e d e fe n d an t ' s a c t i o n s i n o r d e r t o i n fe r h i s i n t e n t t o e s c a

p e fr o m p o li c e a s c o n s ci o u s n e s s o f h i s g u i l t. I n l i g h t o f

th e fo r e g o i n g , i t i s r e qu e s t e d th at th e d e fe n d an t' s c o n v i c t i o n s b e u p h e l d an d th i s C o urt ' s d e c i s i o n s b e a f

firm e d o n a

p p e a l. B Y T H E C O U R T :

.,,., .

D at e : M ar c h 2 8 , 2 0 1 9

1 2C e 1 · t i fi c a t e o f S e rv ic e � O n th i s d at e , th e 

## Z. 

# 1 d ay o f 

### M ar c h , 2 0 1 9 , a tru e an d c o r r e c t c o p y o f th e att a c h e d 1 9 2 5 ( b ) O p i n i o n w a s fi l e d b y th i s C o urt w i th th e C r i m i n a l Ap p e a l s U n i t fo r s e rv i c e u p o n th e co uns e l l i s t e d b e l o w v i a th e C o urt ' s e l e c tro n i c fi l i n g s y s t e m an d F i r s t C l a s s M a i l , P o s t a g e P a i d :

H u g h B urn s , E s qu i r e P h i l a d e l p h i a D i s tr i c t A tt o r n e y ' s O f fi c e 3 S P e nn S q P h i l a d e l p h i a , P A 1 9 1 0 7 - 3 4 9 9
T o d d M i c h a e l M o s s e r , E s q . M o s s e r L e g a l P L L C 2 1 1 N 13 th S t - S t e 8 0 1 P h i l a d e l p h i a , P A 1 9 1 0 7