NUMBER 13-11-00170-CR

COURT OF APPEALS

THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

CORPUS CHRISTI – EDINBURG

ERNESTO BERLANGA, Appellant,

v.

THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee.

On appeal from the 107th District Court

of Cameron County, Texas.

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Before Chief Justice Valdez and Justices Benavides and Longoria

Memorandum Opinion by Chief Justice Valdez

By three issues, appellant, Ernesto Berlanga, appeals his conviction for 

aggravated assault. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 22.02(a)(2)(b) (West 2011). 

Appellant argues that (1) the evidence was insufficient to support the aggravating 

factors for the offense; (2) the trial court violated his right to a fair trial by not requiring a 
2

unanimous verdict; and (3) the trial court violated his confrontation clause rights 

because two of the State’s witnesses’ previous reports were not available at trial to be 

used for impeachment. We affirm. 

I. BACKGROUND

Berlanga was charged with aggravated assault for an incident at The CarrizalesRucker jail, where he was incarcerated for an unrelated offense. The indictment, in 

relevant part, alleged that Berlanga “on or about the 15th day of July 2006 . . . . did then

and there intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly cause bodily injury to Ruben Villanueva 

by stabbing Ruben Villanueva, and the defendant did then and there exhibit a deadly 

weapon, to-wit, pen or object unknown to the grand jury, during the commission of said 

assault.” 

At trial, the victim, Ruben Villanueva, testified that four inmates began harassing 

him in his cell. He testified that Berlanga began interrogating him about his gang 

affiliation and then ordered him to remove his jumpsuit so that he could inspect him for 

gang tattoos. He testified that Berlanga informed him that he was “capitas,” or leader,

of Unit C1, home of the Vallucos Gang. He stated that Berlanga began waving a pen at 

him and threatening him. He stated that he could clearly identify Berlanga because he 

was standing very near him. Villanueva testified that someone to his side struck him in 

the head with a coffee cup. Vilanueva then testified that Berlanga swung at him with a 

pen twice, and that on the second swing the pen “caught [him] in the eye.” On crossexamination, he clarified that he “got hit in the eye” and that he felt the pen “go in” after 

Berlanga swung at him the second time. Villanueva stated that the men then started 

assaulting him with cups and their hands and feet until he eventually blacked out. He 
3

stated that, after the attack, he couldn’t see and he was bleeding everywhere. He 

testified, “I got to my feet, and I grabbed a towel to put over my eye ‘cause I was 

gushing blood out from everywhere, from the top of my head, my nose, and my eye.” 

Villanueva testified that he eventually required surgery on his eye, that he now has 

nerve damage, and that he cannot see very well out of his eye. The prosecution also 

elicited the testimony of two jailers who spoke with both Berlanga and Villanueva in the 

aftermath of the alleged assault, and entered into evidence medical records detailing 

the injuries sustained by Villanueva and pictures of the injuries. A jury found Berlanga 

guilty of aggravated assault, and after he pleaded true to an enhancement allegation, 

the trial court sentenced him to twenty-five years in prison. 

II. LEGAL SUFFICIENCY AND FATAL VARIANCE

A. Standard of Review

“When reviewing a case for legal sufficiency, we view all of the evidence in the 

light most favorable to the verdict and determine whether any rational trier of fact could 

have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Winfrey v. 

State, 323 S.W.3d 875, 878–79 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) (citing Jackson v. Virginia, 443 

U.S. 307, 319 (1979)). Accordingly, “we ‘determine whether the necessary inferences 

are reasonable based upon the combined and cumulative force of all the evidence when 

viewed in the light most favorable to the verdict.’” Id. at 879 (quoting Clayton v. State, 

235 S.W.3d 772, 778 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (citing Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 16–

17 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007)). “It has been said quite appropriately, that ‘[t]he appellate 

scales are supposed to be weighted in favor of upholding a trial court's judgment of 

conviction, and this weighting includes, for example, the highly deferential standard of 
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review for legal-sufficiency claims.’” Id. (quoting Haynes v. State, 273 S.W.3d 183, 195 

(Tex. Crim. App. 2008) (Keller J., dissenting) (citing Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319)). “We 

must therefore determine whether the evidence presented to the jury, viewed in the light 

most favorable to the verdict, proves beyond a reasonable doubt that appellant” 

committed the crime for which the jury found him guilty. Id. “It is the obligation and 

responsibility of appellate courts ‘to ensure that the evidence presented actually 

supports a conclusion that the defendant committed the crime that was charged.’” Id. at 

882 (quoting Williams v. State, 235 S.W.3d 742, 750 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007)). 

Additionally, in our analysis of the verdict, we recognize that the jury is the 

exclusive judge of the credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be given their 

testimony. Ozuna v. State, 199 S.W.3d 601, 610 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2006, no 

pet.). The jury may accept or reject all or part of the evidence. Id. The jury may also 

draw reasonable inferences and make reasonable deductions from the evidence. Id. 

B. Discussion

Berlanga first argues that the evidence was insufficient to support a jury finding 

that he caused serious bodily injury. The statute defines serious bodily injury as “bodily 

injury that creates a substantial risk of death or that causes death, serious permanent 

disfigurement, or protracted loss or impairment of the function of any bodily member or 

organ.” TEX. PENAL CODE § 1.07)(a)(46) (West 2011). The State elicited testimony from 

Villanueva that he sustained puncture wounds, lost proper eye function, was bleeding 

profusely, and passed out as a result of the assault. The State also presented medical 

records showing that he suffered a fractured orbital bone. Additionally, the medical 

records presented by the State indicated that Villanueva’s eye was swollen shut and 
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that he was unable to open it. The State also presented pictures of Villanueva’s injuries 

showing blood and severe swelling around Villanueva’s eye. Viewing the evidence in 

the light most favorable to the verdict, this is sufficient evidence to allow the jury to find 

that Berlanga’s assault caused serious bodily injury as alleged in the indictment. See

id.

Berlanga next argues that the State presented insufficient evidence to support a 

jury finding that he committed an assault with a deadly weapon. The statute defines a 

deadly weapon as “anything that in the manner of use or intended use is capable of 

causing death or serious bodily injury.” TEX. PENAL CODE § 1.07(a)(17)(B). Because the 

State presented evidence that Berlanga used a pen in a manner that caused Villanueva 

severe eye injuries, we conclude that there is legally sufficient evidence to support a 

jury finding that Berlanga committed an assault with a deadly weapon. See id.

Berlanga also argues that there was insufficient evidence that Villanueva was 

stabbed as alleged in the indictment and that there was therefore a “fatal variance” 

between the allegations in the indictment and the evidence presented. He, however, 

cites no law indicating what the State must show to prove that a stabbing occurred. The 

record reveals that the State presented evidence showing that Berlanga used a pen in a 

manner that caused Villanueva to sustain severe eye injuries including puncture 

wounds and that Vilanueva felt the pen “go in” his eye, indicating that he had been 

stabbed. Furthermore, even if the evidence was only sufficient to establish that 

Berlanga “hit” Villanueva and not that he “stabbed” him, this would not create a “fatal 

variance.” Under Texas law, “[t]he object of the doctrine of variance is to avoid surprise, 

and to be material it must prejudice a defendant's rights. Only a material variance is 
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fatal.” Stevens v. State, 891 S.W.2d 649, 650 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995), cited with 

approval in Grant v. State, 970 S.W.2d 22, 23 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998). Here, even if the 

State presented evidence that Berlanga “hit” instead of “stabbed” Villanueva, Berlanga

would not have suffered surprise or prejudice, and we would therefore find that there 

was no material variance between the evidence presented and the indictment. See id.

We overrule Berlanga’s first issue. 

III. UNANIMOUS VERDICT

In his second issue, Berlanga contends that the trial court committed error by 

allowing the jury to find appellant guilty of aggravated assault by alternative means. 

The jury charge contained two separate instructions concerning aggravated assault. 

The first instructed the jury that “[a] person commits aggravated assault if the person 

commits an assault, as defined above, and uses or exhibits a deadly weapon during the 

commission of the assault.” The charge then stated, “[a] person commits aggravated 

assault if the person commits an assault, as defined above, and causes serious bodily 

injury to another.” Berlanga correctly asserts that this authorized a guilty verdict without 

requiring the jury to make a unanimous finding on the aggravating factor.

1 However, 

such a finding is not required by Texas law.

In Landrian v State, the court of criminal appeals resolved the exact issue we 

confront today. 268 S.W.3d 532, 535–42 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008). The court reasoned 

that, for the crime of aggravated assault, serious bodily injury and the use of a deadly 

weapon do not create two distinct crimes but “are simply the way in which the simple 

 

1 Under Texas Law, to support a guilty verdict, a jury must make a unanimous finding that a 

defendant committed one specific crime, but not on the means by which he committed it. Landrian v. 

State, 268 S.W.3d 532, 535 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008) (citing Stuhler v. State, 218 S.W.3d 706, 716 (Tex. 

Crim. App. 2007)); Ngo v. State, 175 S.W.3d 738, 745 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). 
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assault becomes a more serious offense.” Id. at 540. The court held that the jury 

needed to make a unanimous finding only on the gravamen of the offense, causing 

bodily injury, not on the aggravating factor and that therefore the trial court did not err by 

submitting the instructions on the aggravating factors in the disjunctive. Id. at 535–542.

In accordance with the Landrian court, we hold that a unanimous finding on the 

aggravating factor of the assault was not required to support a guilty verdict. See id. 

We overrule Berlanga’s second issue. 

IV. CONFRONTATION CLAUSE

In his final issue, Berlanga argues that he was “denied his constitutional right to 

effectively cross-examine witnesses against him” because “their previous statements or 

reports were not made available to defense counsel after they testified.” The trial court

held a hearing outside the presence of the jury at which defense counsel argued that 

Berlanga was denied his opportunity to effectively cross-examine witnesses against 

him.

2

 Defense counsel asserted that two to three jailers made statements in writing 

concerning their involvement in the alleged assault in 2006 and that these statements 

were not made available to the defense. He stated he was uncertain as to whether they 

were reports or statements because he had not seen them. Over Berlanga’s objection,

the trial court permitted two Cameron County jailers to testify. 

 

2 Notably, defense counsel at trial also objected arguing that a Brady violation had occurred. On 

appeal, Berlanga does not raise an argument under Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 87 (1963) (holding 

that the prosecution's suppression of evidence favorable to the accused upon request violates the due 

process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment). Furthermore, we construe his trial counsel’s contention 

that he was denied his opportunity to effectively cross-examine the jailers as a Confrontation Clause 

objection sufficient to preserve error for the issue he has raised on appeal. TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1 (requiring 

an objection to state “the grounds for the ruling that the complaining party sought from the trial court with 

sufficient specificity to make the trial court aware of the complaint, unless the specific grounds were 

apparent from the context”).
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The Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment of the United States 

Constitution guarantees the right of an accused “to be confronted with the witnesses 

against him.” The primary interest secured by the Confrontation Clause is the right of 

cross-examination. Shelby v. State, 819 S.W.2d 544, 546 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991) (citing 

Douglas v. Alabama, 380 U.S. 415, 418 (1965)). The Sixth Amendment's right of 

confrontation is a fundamental right and is applicable to the States by virtue of the 

Fourteenth Amendment. Id. (citing Pointer v. Tex., 380 U.S. 400, 403 (1965)).

Berlanga has cited no case law indicating that a defendant’s Confrontation 

Clause rights are violated when a prior report from a witness is lost and therefore 

unavailable at trial. To support his argument, Berlanga cites Kentucky v. Stincer in 

which the United States Supreme Court held that a defendant’s rights were not violated 

when he was excluded from a competency hearing where witnesses testified against 

him, and Shelby v. State in which a defendant alleged a violation of his Confrontation 

Clause rights because the trial court explicitly limited the scope of a defendant’s crossexamination. Kentucky v. Stincer, 482 U.S. 730, 747 (1987); Shelby, 819 S.W.2d at 

546. Berlanga does not explain how these cases apply here, and they are clearly 

distinguishable from the present case as they involve challenges to trial court decisions 

to limit a defendant’s confrontation of witnesses, not the unavailability of information to 

use for impeachment. 

On appeal, Berlanga only challenges the trial court’s denial of his right to 

effectively cross-examine the witnesses; he does not challenge the admissibility of the 

witness’s testimony. He also does not allege bad faith on the part of the jailers or the 
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State in failing to preserve or provide the reports.3 Berlanga does not suggest, and we 

do not find, that there was any action the trial court could have taken to further protect 

Berlanga’s confrontation clause rights. 

Furthermore, assuming a violation did occur, it was not harmless error. 

Confrontation Clause violations are subject to harm analysis. Delaware v. Van Arsdall, 

475 U.S. 673, 684 (1986); see also Shelby, 819 S.W.2d at 546. “The correct inquiry is 

whether, assuming that the damaging potential of the cross-examination were fully 

realized, a reviewing court might nonetheless say that the error was harmless beyond a 

reasonable doubt.” Van Arsdall, 475 U.S. at 684. Whether a violation of a defendant’s 

Confrontation Clause rights is harmless depends upon a host of factors, “including (1) 

the importance of the witness'[s] testimony in the prosecution's case, (2) whether the 

testimony was cumulative, (3) the presence or absence of evidence corroborating or 

contradicting the testimony of the witness on material points, (4) the extent of crossexamination otherwise permitted, and, of course, (5) the overall strength of the 

prosecution's case.” Id.; see also Shelby, 819 S.W.2d at 547. Here, the prosecution’s 

case did not rely solely on the testimony of the jailers; much of the testimony provided 

was cumulative because it described the victim’s injuries which were documented in 

medical records and photographs that were admitted into evidence; there was no 

evidence contradicting any of the jailers’ testimony; Berlanga had an opportunity, free 

from restriction by the trial court, to fully cross-examine the jailers; and the prosecution’s 

case was otherwise strong as the attorney for the State elicited testimony from the 

victim who was able to identify Berlanga as his assailant and provided medical 

 

3

As the State notes in its brief, Berlanga does not allege, nor does he identify any evidence 

suggesting, that the jailers, prosecution, or trial court acted in violation of his due process rights. See 

Arizona v. Youngblood, 488 U.S. 51, 57 (1988). 
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documentation and photographs of the victim’s injuries.

4 Given these facts, we 

conclude that any error committed by the trial court relating to Berlanga’s right to 

confront the jailers was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. 

Because Berlanga fails to refer to an action taken by the trial court that violated 

his Confrontation Clause rights and the record indicates that any error was harmless, 

we overrule Berlanga’s third issue. 

V. CONCLUSION

We affirm the judgment of the trial court. 

________________________

ROGELIO VALDEZ

Chief Justice

Do not publish.

TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).

Delivered and filed the

20th day of June, 2013.

 

4 Regarding harm, Berlanga only argues, in his brief, that “[t]he difficulty of effectively crossexamining witnesses without having their previous statements or reports was clearly shown by the trial 

counsel.”