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21-2603-cv (L)

Behrens v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

SUMMARY ORDER

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. 

CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS 

PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE 

PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A 

SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY 

MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE 

(WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY 

ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY 

COUNSEL.

At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, 

held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the 

City of New York, on the 13th day of March, two thousand twenty-four.

PRESENT: DENNIS JACOBS,

RICHARD C. WESLEY,

BETH ROBINSON,

Circuit Judges.

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BRUCE BEHRENS, KATHLEEN BEHRENS,

DAVID SCHEFFERT, SHERRI SCHEFFERT, 

and RICHARD WAKEFORD, on behalf 

of themselves and all others similarly 

situated,

Plaintiffs-Appellants-Cross-Appellees

v. Nos. 21-2603-cv (L), 

21-2651-cv (XAP), 

21-2660-cv (XAP), 

21-2661-cv (XAP), 

21-2662-cv (XAP)
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JPMORGAN CHASE BANK, N.A., U.S.

BANK, N.A., CHICAGO MERCANTILE 

EXCHANGE, INC., THE CME GROUP,

INC., and NATIONAL FUTURES 

ASSOCIATION,

Defendants-Appellees-Cross-Appellants,

MILLENNIUM TRUST CO., a.k.a. 

Millennium Trust Co. LLC, PAUL 

THOMAS, RUSSELL WASENDORF, JR.,

and PERRY COMEAU,

Defendants-Appellees,

STEVE BREWER, a.k.a. Steven John 

Brewer, GARLON MAXWELL, AMBER 

MAXWELL, RUSSELL WASENDORF, and 

DOES #1-40,

Defendants.*

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FOR PLAINTIFFS-APPELLANTSCROSS-APPELLEES:SUSAN JOAN LEVY, Susan J. Levy, 

Esq., New York, NY

FOR DEFENDANTS-APPELLEESCROSS-APPELLANTS:CHRISTOPHER J. HOUPT, Mayer 

Brown LLP, New York, NY, for

JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.

ERIC R. SHERMAN, Dorsey & 

Whitney LLP, Minneapolis, MN, 

for U.S. Bank, N.A.

* The Clerk’s office is directed to amend the caption.
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ABBY F. RUDZIN (Kayla N. Haran, 

on the brief), O’Melveny & Myers 

LLP, New York, NY, for Chicago 

Mercantile Exchange, Inc. and The 

CME Group, Inc.

GREGORY M. BOYLE, Jenner & 

Block LLP, Chicago, IL (Adam G. 

Unikowsky, Jenner & Block LLP, 

Washington, DC, on the brief), for 

National Futures Association.

FOR DEFENDANTS-APPELLEES: MICHAEL E. GIORDANO (Samuel 

M. Braverman, Louis V. Fasulo, on 

the brief), Fasulo Braverman & 

DiMaggio, LLP, New York, NY, 

for Millennium Trust Co.

Lisa L. Shrewsberry, Traub 

Lieberman Straus & Shrewsberry 

LLP, Hawthorne, NY, for Paul 

Thomas.

Julie B. Begovan, Griesing Law, 

LLC, Brooklyn, NY, for Russell 

Wasendorf, Jr., and Perry 

Comeau.

Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the 

Southern District of New York (Vernon S. Broderick, District Judge).

UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, 

AND DECREED that the judgment of the District Court is AFFIRMED.
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Plaintiffs-Appellants-Cross-Appellees (“Plaintiffs”)--five former customers 

of Peregrine Financial Group, Inc. (“Peregrine”), the defunct futures commission 

merchant--appeal the dismissal of their putative class action.1 We publish this 

summary order simultaneously with an opinion that decides an unsettled issue. 

We assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts, procedural history,

and the issues presented for review. We refer only to facts necessary to explain 

our decision to affirm.

1. Plaintiffs first challenge the dismissal of their claims as time barred. 

“We review de novo a district court’s grant of a motion to dismiss, accepting as 

true all factual allegations in the complaint and drawing all reasonable inferences 

in favor of the plaintiffs.” Muto v. CBS Corp., 668 F.3d 53, 56 (2d Cir. 2012). 

With respect to a statute of limitations, a “district court’s interpretation and 

application of a statute of limitations are also subject to our de novo review.” Id. 

However, we review “a district court’s decision to deny equitable tolling for 

abuse of discretion.” Zerilli-Edelglass v. N.Y.C. Transit Auth., 333 F.3d 74, 81 (2d 

Cir. 2003).

1 In citations, “A” refers to the appendix; “SA” refers to the special appendix; and 

“SAC” refers to the Second Amended Complaint.
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Chiefly at issue are claims pursuant to (i) the Commodity Exchange Act, 

7 U.S.C. §§ 1–27f, which has a statute of limitations of two years, and (ii) the 

Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act, 18 U.S.C. §§ 1961–1968, 

which has a statute of limitations of four years. See 7 U.S.C. § 25(c); Koch v. 

Christie’s Int’l PLC, 699 F.3d 141, 148 (2d Cir. 2012). Because neither statute 

evinces a contrary intent, the “discovery accrual rule” governs, and the statuteof-limitations clock starts with the “discovery of the injury, not discovery of the 

other elements of a claim.” Levy v. BASF Metals Ltd., 917 F.3d 106, 108 (2d Cir. 

2019) (per curiam) (“Levy I”) (quoting Rotella v. Wood, 528 U.S. 549, 555 (2000)); 

see also Koch, 699 F.3d at 148. A plaintiff may “discover” an injury either 

through “actual or inquiry notice,” Koch, 699 F.3d at 151 (citation omitted), even 

if the plaintiff has not yet unearthed “the identity of the defendants or . . . the 

manipulation scheme she alleges in her complaint,” Levy I, 917 F.3d at 108.

As the district court concluded, Plaintiffs had actual notice of their injury 

when they learned, in October 2008, that their investments with Peregrine “were 

wiped out.” A206 (SAC ¶ 115). Six months later, they retained counsel to 

arbitrate a “fraud case” with the National Futures Association. A317–18 (SAC 

¶ 662). Accordingly, even if Plaintiffs did not discover “the alleged manipulation 
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scheme or the identity of the defendants” until a later date, they had discovered 

their injury in October 2008, which is when their claims accrued. Levy I, 917 F.3d 

at 107, 109; see also Levy v. BASF Metals Ltd., 755 F. App’x 29, 30 (2d Cir. 2018) 

(summary order).2

The district court did not abuse its discretion in denying Plaintiffs the 

benefits of tolling. The district court correctly rejected Plaintiffs’ argument for 

equitable tolling on the theory of fraudulent concealment. To trigger fraudulent 

concealment, a plaintiff must show: (a) “the defendant concealed from him the 

existence of his cause of action,” (b) “he remained in ignorance of that cause of 

action until some point within [the statute of limitations],” and (c) “his 

continuing ignorance was not attributable to lack of diligence on his part.” New 

York v. Hendrickson Bros., 840 F.2d 1065, 1083 (2d Cir. 1988). The elements of 

fraudulent concealment must be pleaded with particularity under Federal Rule 

of Civil Procedure 9(b). See Armstrong v. McAlpin, 699 F.2d 79, 88–89 (2d Cir. 

1983). We agree with the district court that Plaintiffs failed to show the elements 

2 We decline Plaintiffs’ invitation for us to abrogate Levy I as a matter of law.

“[P]rior opinions of a panel of this court are binding upon us in the absence of a 

change in the law by a higher authority or our own in banc proceeding.” 

Wisdom v. Intrepid Sea-Air Space Museum, 993 F.2d 5, 7 (2d Cir. 1993) (per 

curiam) (citation omitted).
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of fraudulent concealment with particularity. Notably, Plaintiffs failed to show 

diligence and to explain how any alleged acts of concealment hampered their 

investigation of the case.3, 4

Plaintiffs also sought class-action tolling under American Pipe & 

Construction Co. v. Utah, which held that “the commencement of a class action 

suspends the applicable statute of limitations as to all asserted members of the 

class who would have been parties had the suit been permitted to continue as a 

class action.” 414 U.S. 538, 554 (1974). However, American Pipe applies only to 

“exactly the same cause of action” as asserted in the prior case. Johnson v. Ry. 

Express Agency, Inc., 421 U.S. 454, 467 (1975); see also In re Libor-Based Fin. 

Instrument Antitrust Litig., No. 11-MDL-2262, 2015 WL 4634541, at *135 

(S.D.N.Y. Aug. 4, 2015) (“Courts do not . . . permit tolling when a plaintiff raises a 

3 Many of the alleged acts of concealment are facially implausible. For example, 

Plaintiffs allege that their own prior counsel (now a defendant) concealed the 

alleged fraud by “solely blaming U.S. Bank, N.A. [during the arbitration] to 

cover up his role in this Scheme and the role of the other defendants herein.” 

A324 (SAC ¶ 703). Other than the bald assertion, Plaintiffs do not explain how a 

defendant conceals a complex conspiracy by exposing an alleged co-conspirator.

4 Plaintiffs’ briefing argues for other theories of equitable tolling, which Plaintiffs

did not raise before the district court; these arguments are thus waived. See

Booking v. Gen. Star Mgmt. Co., 254 F.3d 414, 418 (2d Cir. 2001).
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new factual theory.”). Here, Plaintiffs’ case is premised on a different factual 

theory than the Illinois class action precipitated by Peregrine’s collapse in 2012.

The Illinois class action focused only on the misappropriation by Peregrine’s 

CEO, whereas Plaintiffs’ case sought to connect that misconduct to their 2008 

financial losses by hypothesizing a larger conspiracy of “fictitious trades.” A186

(SAC ¶ 18). Moreover, the Illinois class action involved only four of the thirteen 

named Defendants; so, if continued, Plaintiffs’ case will unlikely “concern the 

same evidence, memories, and witnesses as the subject matter of the original 

class suit.” Am. Pipe, 414 U.S. at 562 (Blackmun, J., concurring). Accordingly, 

the district court did not abuse its discretion in declining to apply American Pipe

tolling.

2. Plaintiffs next challenge the district court’s dismissal of all claims against 

Defendant Millennium Trust Co. (“Millennium Trust”) pursuant to an 

enforceable arbitration clause.5 We review de novo a district court’s 

5 We reject Millennium Trust’s argument that Plaintiffs’ appeal is untimely under 

Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 4(a)(4)(A), which tolls the time to file an 

appeal “for all parties” upon the filing of a motion pursuant to, among others, 

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 59. In this case, the district court properly 

construed Plaintiffs’ motion, filed pursuant to S.D.N.Y. Local Rule 6.3, as one 

filed pursuant to Rule 59(e). See, e.g., R.F.M.A.S., Inc. v. Mimi So, 640 F. Supp. 2d 

506, 508 (S.D.N.Y. 2009).
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“determination of whether parties have contractually bound themselves to 

arbitrate.” Meyer v. Uber Techs., Inc., 868 F.3d 66, 72–73 (2d Cir. 2017). We 

review for clear error any factual findings upon which the district court relied in 

reaching its decision about arbitrability. Id. at 73.

In March and April 2007, each Plaintiff created a self-directed individual 

retirement account (“IRA”) with Millennium Trust, a custodian of self-directed 

IRAs. Each Plaintiff signed the Self-Directed IRA Adoption Agreement, which 

requires acknowledgment that they “received” and “understand and agree to be 

bound by” the Traditional IRA Custodial Agreement (“Custodial Agreement”), 

which--in turn--contains an arbitration clause.

An arbitration clause is enforceable if (a) “the parties have entered into a 

valid agreement to arbitrate,” and (b) “the dispute at issue comes within the 

scope of the arbitration agreement.” In re Am. Express Fin. Advisors Sec. Litig., 

672 F.3d 113, 128 (2d Cir. 2011). State contract law governs this analysis. Meyer, 

868 F.3d at 73–74. The choice-of-law clause in the Custodial Agreements 

designates Illinois.

An Illinois arbitration clause may be invalidated by “either procedural or 

substantive unconscionability, or a combination of both.” Bain v. Airoom, LLC, 
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207 N.E.3d 1015, 1022 (Ill. App. Ct. 2022) (quoting Kinkel v. Cingular Wireless 

LLC, 857 N.E.2d 250, 263 (Ill. 2006)). Procedural unconscionability “refers to a 

situation where a term is so difficult to find, read, or understand that the plaintiff 

cannot fairly be said to have been aware he was agreeing to it.” Kinkel, 857 

N.E.2d at 264 (citation omitted). Substantive unconscionability looks to the “the 

actual terms of the contract” and considers “the relative fairness of the 

obligations assumed,” such as whether the disputed clause is “so one-sided as to 

oppress or unfairly surprise an innocent party, an overall imbalance in the 

obligations and rights imposed by the bargain, and significant cost-price 

disparity.” Id. at 267 (citation omitted).

In this case, the district court correctly rejected Plaintiffs’ arguments for

substantive unconscionability. The district court did not consider procedural 

unconscionability, which Illinois law recognizes as an independent basis to 

invalidate a contract term. See Bain, 207 N.E.3d at 1022. However, the failure to 

do so was harmless error, as Plaintiffs have failed to demonstrate that procedural 

unconscionability applies.

Plaintiffs’ briefing raises three arguments for procedural 

unconscionability: (a) that Millennium Trust failed “to furnish” or “make [the 
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Custodial Agreement] easily accessible” to them; (b) that a contract term cannot 

properly be incorporated by reference “without the acknowledgment of both 

parties and the attachment of the document to be so incorporated,” and (c) that 

one of the Defendants was allegedly acting as Millennium Trust’s agent to solicit 

fraudulent customer accounts. Pls. Br. 86–92.

As to failure to furnish, this argument is foreclosed by Bain. 207 N.E.3d at 

1023 (declining to find procedural unconscionability based on plaintiff’s mere 

allegation that the arbitration agreement “was not specifically brought to her 

attention and that she had no opportunity to understand or bargain for [it]”). As 

the Illinois Supreme Court acknowledged, arbitration clauses in adhesion 

contracts, often “presented in fine print in language that the average consumer 

might not fully understand,” is simply “a fact of modern life.” Kinkel, 857 

N.E.2d at 266.

As to incorporation by reference, this argument has been likewise rejected. 

See Wright v. Mr. Quick, Inc., 486 N.E.2d 908, 910 (Ill. 1985) (“It is well 

established that one instrument can incorporate the terms of another.”).

Finally, as to the alleged agent of Millennium Trust, Plaintiffs pleaded no 

facts other than the bald assertion of the agency relationship. Under Illinois law, 
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“[a] mere allegation of agency is insufficient to establish actual agency,” and a 

plaintiff “relying on an agency relationship must plead facts that, if proved, 

could establish the existence of an agency relationship.” Bogenberger v. Pi 

Kappa Alpha Corp., 104 N.E.3d 1110, 1119 (Ill. 2018). Although Plaintiffs 

provided some record evidence that the particular defendant may have been an 

unlicensed investment adviser, that allegation has no bearing on his alleged 

status as an agent of Millennium Trust, and even less on how his allegedly 

unlawful actions affected Plaintiffs’ routine act of opening self-directed IRAs

with an IRA custodian.

Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s dismissal of all claims against 

Millennium Trust pursuant to an enforceable arbitration clause.6, 7

3. Finally, the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying 

Plaintiffs’ leave to amend the complaint for a third time. See Ellis v. Chao, 336 

6 As the district court ruled, 17 C.F.R. § 166.5 does not apply here, as Plaintiffs 

alleged no facts that Millennium Trust is a “Commission registrant” to trigger 

the applicability of that regulation.

7 Although the district court should have stayed the case pending arbitration

rather than dismiss Millennium Trust from the case, see Katz v. Cellco P’ship, 

794 F.3d 341, 347 (2d Cir. 2015), neither party has challenged that aspect of the 

district court’s decision, and it is therefore waived.
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F.3d 114, 127 (2d Cir. 2003). Although leave to amend a complaint should be 

“freely given when justice so requires,” a district court may deny such leave if an 

amendment would be futile. Id. (citation omitted). We review de novo a district 

court’s denial of leave to amend on the basis of futility. See Gorman v. Consol. 

Edison Corp., 488 F.3d 586, 592 (2d Cir. 2007).

Here, as an initial matter, the motion to amend sought a different relief than 

the one Plaintiffs seek on appeal. At the district court, Plaintiffs sought to add 

additional state-law claims against their prior counsel. The district court 

correctly denied that motion once all federal claims were dismissed. On appeal, 

Plaintiffs seek to “cure any ambiguities” regarding whether and when they had 

notice of their injury. Pls. Br. 99–100. Putting aside the issue of waiver, 

Plaintiffs’ proposed amendment is futile, because the clarifications that they seek 

to add--such as the timing of when they received certain arbitration files--would

not affect our finding that Plaintiffs had actual notice of their injuries in October 

2008.

* * *
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We have considered Plaintiffs’ remaining arguments and conclude that 

they are without merit. For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the District 

Court is AFFIRMED.

FOR THE COURT:

Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court