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NOTE: This CFTC report on virtual currency monitoring was generated in 

compliance with House Report 116-107, The Agriculture, Rural Development, 

Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies Appropriations Bill, 2020.

The CFTC’s Role in Monitoring Virtual Currencies

House Report Language

The advent of virtual currency markets has presented several new challenges for the 

Commission in its efforts to carry out its mission. Each virtual currency derivatives 

contract currently ties its price in some way, through various settlement processes, to 

prices of virtual currency on certain cash market platforms. This underlying virtual 

currency cash market is relatively nascent, and the platforms operating in the cash 

market remain largely unregulated, with the Commission having only limited 

enforcement authority over the cash market. Those features of the underlying cash 

market platforms have led the Commission to note multiple risks to the markets. 

Therefore, the Committee encourages the Commission’s ongoing efforts, in 

coordination with other financial regulators such as the Securities and Exchange 

Commission, to continue monitoring virtual currencies, including Bitcoin futures 

contracts, and to detect, investigate, and prosecute fraud and manipulation in these 

markets. The Commission is directed to prepare a report on how to better protect virtual 

currency investors and promote American competitiveness in this evolving global 

marketplace. This report should include, but is not limited to a discussion of how to 

protect investors against fraud and manipulation involving virtual currency. This report is 

to be made available on the Commission website within 270 days of the date of 

enactment of this Act.

The CFTC’s Mission

The mission of the CFTC is to promote the integrity, resilience, and vibrancy of the U.S. 

derivatives markets through sound regulation. We do this by:

• Protecting market participants against fraud, price manipulations, and abusive

trading practices.

• Ensuring the financial integrity of the clearing process.

• Promoting transparency, by conducting research on economic issues related to

the futures and options markets, and sharing data about market activity.

• Encouraging market efficiency through principles-based regulation.

• Working with the exchanges, self-regulatory organizations, and other

governmental and international organizations to enforce against instances of

manipulative or disruptive market activity.

Under the authority of the Commodity Exchange Act (CEA), the CFTC writes rules and 

supervises market activity and market participants—including exchanges, clearing 

organizations, large traders, and the companies and individuals who handle customer 

funds or offer trading advice. The agency also investigates and brings cases for 
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violations of the CEA and Commission regulations. And, the CFTC educates market 

customers about their rights, protections, and how to spot, avoid, and report fraud.

CFTC Oversight of Virtual Currencies

The Commission and federal courts have found that virtual currencies are commodities 

under the CEA. While its regulatory oversight authority over commodity cash markets is 

limited, the CFTC maintains general anti-fraud and manipulation enforcement authority 

over virtual currency cash markets as a commodity in interstate commerce. 

The Commission has not formally defined virtual currency via regulation. The 

Commission, however, adopted a broad definition of the term “virtual currency” for 

purposes of its March 2020 Final Interpretive Guidance for Retail Commodity 

Transactions Involving Certain Digital Assets. 

In the context of that interpretation, virtual currency was referenced as: 

• a digital asset that encompasses any digital representation of value or unit of 

account that is or can be used as a form of currency (i.e., transferred from one 

party to another as a medium of exchange); 

• may be manifested through units, tokens, or coins, among other things; and 

• may be distributed by way of digital “smart contracts,” among other structures. 

However, the Commission noted that it did not intend to create a bright line definition 

given the evolving nature of the commodity and, in some instances, its underlying 

public distributed ledger technology (“DLT” or “blockchain”).

For purposes of below, the term “digital assets” encompasses the term “virtual 

currency.” Many of the Commission’s primers and advisories can be found on 

cftc.gov/Bitcoin and other areas of the agency’s website. 

The CFTC’s Embrace of Innovation

The Commission recently released its Strategic Plan for 2020-2024. Among the five 

strategic goals, the Commission focused on encouraging innovation and enhancing the 

regulatory experience for market participants at home and abroad. The strategic plan 

commits the Commission to addressing both the risk and opportunities arising from “21st

century commodities.” The Commission will develop a holistic framework to promote 

responsible innovation in digital assets. The final 2020-2024 Strategic Plan is available

here. 

Upon taking office one year ago, the Chairman increased his focus on innovation in the 

derivatives markets. Soon after starting, he elevated LabCFTC (the Commission’s 

innovation arm) to an office with the Director reporting directly to the Chairman. This 

enabled innovation throughout the Commission, including the focus on digital assets.
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LabCFTC also hosts an annual conference called Fintech Forward. This conference, 

held in 2018 and 2019, included panel discussions on a wide range of topics: artificial 

intelligence in the 21st century marketplace, digitization and custody, big data and cloud 

computing, and global perspectives on fintech issues. In light of the pandemic, 

LabCFTC shifted the format of this conference for 2020 to be an Empower Innovation 

Series this Fall. Here, the focus will be on technology and innovation in light of the 

pandemic, how regulators are looking at innovation, and the role technology and 

innovation will play for the future of finance.

Over the past year, the Commission has focused on digital assets and their role 

in the derivatives markets. This includes: 

• Adopting Interpretive Guidance for the Actual Delivery of Virtual Currency: 

On March 24th 2020, the Commission voted unanimously to approve final 

interpretive guidance concerning retail commodity transactions involving certain 

digital assets. Specifically, the guidance clarifies the CFTC’s views regarding the 

“actual delivery” exception to Section 2(c)(2)(D) of the CEA in the context of virtual 

currencies. In sum, the final guidance provides the Commission’s views on an 

exception to CFTC regulations involving certain leveraged, margined, or financed 

virtual currency transactions offered to U.S. retail investors. The final guidance

provides a central interpretation of what this concept of “actual delivery” means 

and several examples of situations that demonstrate or do not demonstrate actual 

delivery in the Commission’s view.

• The CFTC’s response to the Telegram case: In February, 2020, CFTC was 

asked to comment on the SEC v. Telegram case with regard to the commodity 

and security definition for the Telegram’s “Gram” token. In response to the 

Judge’s request for comment from the Commission, the Office of General 

Counsel (OGC) issued a letter that defined commodities and the Commission’s 

jurisdiction. The letter stated that blockchain-based digital assets are 

commodities and acknowledged that these digital assets may also be securities 

but declined to offer analysis on that point as such analysis is within the purview 

of the SEC. CFTC did not comment on the merits of the case, nor take a 

position on whether GRAM was a security or a commodity.1

 

Protecting and Educating 

• CFTC Enforcement Activities: The Commission has recently announced a 

number of enforcement actions related to fraud and manipulation in virtual currency 

markets. Below is a compilation of cases from the past year. A complete list can be 

found here. 

 

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: Robert A. Schwartz, Deputy General Counsel, Litigation, Enforcement & Adjudication, Commodity Futures 

Trading Comm’n, Letter to Judge Castel, Re: SEC v. Telegram Group, Inc., et al., No. 1:19-cv-09439 (PKC) 

(S.D.N.Y. Feb. 18, 2020), ECF No. 203.
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 CFTC Sanctions Two Firms Offering Digital Asset-Based Swaps for Illegal

Off-Exchange Trading and Registration Violations

 CFTC Files Charges in $20 Million International Binary Options and Digital

Asset Fraud Scheme

 CFTC Charges Florida Man and His Companies in Fraudulent Forex and

Digital Asset Scheme

 CFTC Charges Colorado Resident with Fraud in Digital Asset-Linked Ponzi

Scheme

 CFTC Charges Foreign Trading Platform for Failing to Register with the

CFTC

 Federal Court Permanently Enjoins Defendants and Orders Them to Pay

Penalties and Restitution for Bitcoin Solicitation Fraud, Impersonating a CFTC

Investigator, and Sending Forged CFTC Documents

 CFTC Charges Company and its Principal in $147 Million Fraudulent Bitcoin

Trading Scheme

 Foreign Trading Platform and Its CEO to Pay $990,000 for Illegal BitcoinRelated Transactions with U.S. Customers

 CFTC reinstates TeraExchange, LLC as Swap Execution Facility

• Education: The Commission has increased its internal training efforts on various

virtual currency topics: bitcoin, ether, blockchains, zero knowledge proofs, and forks

of virtual currency blockchains. This internal education enhances current regulatory

staff know-how – enabling more innovation in the regulatory process.

• CFTC Customer Advisories on Virtual Currencies: The Office of Customer

Education and Outreach have developed several customer advisories related to

digital assets and virtual currency. These advisories provide tips customers can

take to avoid fraud or other problems.

 Use Caution When Buying Digital Coins or Tokens

 Beware Virtual Currency Pump-and-Dump Schemes

 Beware of "IRS Approved" Virtual Currency IRAs

 Risks of Virtual Currency Trading

 Customer Advisory: Beware of Fee Scams Targeting Workers Sidelined by

COVID-19

 Investor Alert: Watch Out for Fraudulent Digital Asset and “Crypto” Trading

Websites

 Customer Advisory: There’s Nothing to Like about Scammers on Social Media

In addition, the cftc.gov/check web page includes information on how to check the 

registration of virtual currency over-the-counter spot trading websites using the 

money service businesses (MSB) Registrant Search operated by the Financial 

Crimes Enforcement Network and the Nationwide Multistate Licensing System 

(NMLS) operated by the Conference of State Bank Supervisors. This information is 
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included with other registration FAQs and information that encourage customers to 

verify entity registration before committing funds to a trade or investment.

Overview of Prior CFTC Efforts

The CFTC has been focused on virtual currencies for some time, spanning multiple 

agency heads. These efforts span prior enforcement actions, LabCFTC policy primers, 

Commission requests for information (RFIs), Staff Advisories, and resources developed 

by the Office of Public Affairs. 

Enforcement Actions: The CFTC began filing cases involving virtual currencies as 

early as 2015. These cases include: 

 CFTC Orders Bitcoin Options Trading Platform Operator and its CEO to 

Cease Illegally Offering Bitcoin Options and to Cease Operating a Facility for 

Trading or Processing of Swaps Without Registering

 CFTC Settles with TeraExchange LLC for Failing to Enforce Prohibitions on 

Wash Trading and Prearranged Trading in Bitcoin Swap

 CFTC Orders Bitfinex to Pay $75,000 for Offering Illegal Off-Exchange 

Financed Retail Commodity Transactions and Registration Violations

• LabCFTC Primer on Virtual Currencies: In October 2017, LabCFTC released a 

primer on Virtual Currencies. The primer was aimed at the general public. The 

primer provided an overview of what virtual currency is, the role of the CFTC in 

virtual currency spot and derivative markets, as well as an overview of the risks 

associated with Virtual Currencies.

• CFTC Backgrounder on Oversight of Virtual Currency Futures Markets: 

In January 2018, the Office of Public Affairs released a backgrounder on the 

Commission’s oversight of virtual currency futures markets. The backgrounder 

provided clarity regarding federal oversight of and jurisdiction over virtual currencies; 

the CFTC’s approach to regulation of virtual currencies; the self-certification process 

generally, as well as specifically regarding the self-certification of new contracts for 

bitcoin futures products by DCMs; background on the CFTC’s “heightened review” 

for virtual currency contracts; and a discussion of the constituencies the CFTC 

believes could be impacted by virtual currency futures.

• RFI on Crypto-asset Mechanics and Markets/Ether Commodity Determination:

In December 2018, the CFTC released a Request for Information (RFI) seeking 

input about the virtual currency marketplace, particularly related to Ether and the 

Ethereum network. The RFI specifically sought public comments on a range of 

questions related to the underlying technology, opportunities, risks, mechanics, use 

cases, and markets, related to Ether and the Ethereum Network. The responses to 

the RFI did not find opposition to Ether-related derivatives. Many commentators 

noted that Ether derivatives could have a positive impact on Ether and the Ethereum 
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Network.2 In October 2019, CFTC Chairman Tarbert noted that, in his view, Ether is 

a commodity.3 Since this announcement, CFTC has begun to hear from interested 

stakeholders about the potential to initiate a listed derivatives contract based on 

Ether. 

• DMO and DCR Staff Advisory on Virtual Currency Derivative Product Listings: 

In May 2018, DMO and DCR issued a joint staff advisory (No. 18-14) to exchanges 

and clearinghouses providing guidance for listing virtual currency derivative

products. The advisory is intended to clarify CFTC staff priorities and expectations 

in its review of new cash-virtual currency derivatives to be listed on a DCM or SEF, 

or to be cleared by a DCO. Highlighted in the advisory are key areas that require 

particular attention in the context of listing a new virtual currency derivatives 

contract. These include:

 Establishing enhanced market surveillance processes (such as having formal 

information sharing agreements with spot market platforms that are used to

form settlement prices).

 Coordinating with CFTC surveillance staff.

 Setting large trader reporting levels equivalent to 5 BTC.

 Undertaking outreach to member and market participants to address 

concerns on the product. 

 Coordinating with CFTC staff on a review of the DCO’s risk management 

policies for the clearing of virtual currency derivatives.

 

2 See https://comments.cftc.gov/PublicComments/CommentList.aspx?id=2941. 3 “It’s my conclusion as Chairman of the CFTC that ether is a commodity and therefore would fall under our 

jurisdiction.” https://www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/PressReleases/8051-19.