[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________ No. 17

- 13606 Non

- Argument Calendar

________________________ D.C. Docket No. 1:17

- cr - 00019

- TWT

- CMS

- 1

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff

- Appellee,

v ersus TAVIIEN OWENS, Defendant

- Appellant.

________________________ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia

_____ ___________________

(May 8, 2018) Before ROSENBAUM , JULIE CARNES , and HULL , Circuit Judges. PER CURIAM:

Case: 17-13606 Date Filed: 05/08/2018 Page: 1 of 52 Defendant

- Appellant Taviien Owens challenges as substantively unreasonable his 27

- month sentence imposed for escaping from federal custody. After care ful review, we find no error and affirm. As relevant here, Owens was convicted of using a communication device in the commission of a drug

- trafficking offense and was sentenced to 24 months in custody . After Owens spent the majority of his sentence in pr ison, the Bureau of Prisons transferred Owens to a halfway house where he was to complete his
sentence
. O ne evening, before he completed his sentence, Owens checked out of the halfway house to run an errand . He never return ed

. Atlanta police found him three weeks later while responding to a report of suspicious people in a vacant residence. Owens was charged and ple d guilty to knowingly escaping from federal custody. The district court determined Owens’ s base offense level wa s 13 , pursuant to Sentencing Guideline § 2P1.1. U.S.S.G. § 2P1.1(a)(1). It then reduced it by six levels: four because Owens escaped from non

- secure custody, see id . § 2P1.1(b)(3), and an additional two because he accepted responsibility, see id. § 3E1.1 (a). Thus, with an offense level of seven and a criminal history category of VI

— Owens had twenty

- five criminal history points from more than ten prior convictions

— the district court calculated his advisory Guideline sentence range as 15 to 21 months.

Case: 17-13606 Date Filed: 05/08/2018 Page: 2 of 53 Ho wever, the court granted the government’s request for an upward variance and sentenced Owens to 27 months in custody . It concluded that the Guidelines range was insufficient for two reasons. First, after Owens escaped, he sent text messages asking if a f riend had crack or heroin that he could sell. Noting this, t he district court found that Owens’s prior 24

- month sentence for using a communication device in the commission of a drug

- trafficking offense was insufficient to deter him from engaging in the sa me activity after he escaped from custody; therefore, the court determined that an upward variance was needed to “reflect the seriousness of the [present] offense and afford adequate deterrence [,]” pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 3553(a). The district cour t also found the Guidelines range insufficient because Owens had 25 criminal

- history points. An offender is in criminal

- history c ategory VI

— the highest criminal

- history category

— with thirteen or more criminal history points; Owens had almost double that n umber. Thus, after considering “ t he history and c haracteristics of the Defendant,” again pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 3553(a), the district court determined that an upward variance was warranted. Owens now appeals the sentence, arguing that it is substantively unreasonable 1 because it is “greater than necessary to satisfy the sentencing

1 Although Owens does no t expressly challenge the procedural reasonableness of his sentence , he argues that the district court should n o t have considered the text messages he sent to a friend asking if the friend had dru gs he could sell because such evidence “was insufficient to

Case: 17-13606 Date Filed: 05/08/2018 Page: 3 of 54 considerations set forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a).” We review a challenge to the substantive reasonableness of a sentence for abuse of discretion, and vacate “if, bu t only if, we ‘are left with the definite and firm conviction that the district court committed a clear error of judgment in weighing the [18 U.S.C.] § 3553(a) factors.” United States v. Irey , 612 F.3d 1160, 1165, 1190 (11th Cir. 2010) (quoting United Sta tes v. Pugh , 515 F.3d 1179, 1191 (11th Cir. 2008)). We are not left with such a conviction. Two of the factors a district court must consider under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) w hen determining a sentence include “ the nature and circumstances of the offense and the history and characteristics of the defen dant[,]” and “the need for the sentence imposed . . . to reflect the seriousness of the offense, to promote respect for the law, . . . to provide just punishment for the offense [,] . . . [and] to afford adequate deterrence to criminal conduct.” The district court below cited these considerations when it concluded that Owens’s immediate relapse into cri minal behavior and his extensive criminal history warranted an upward variance. We cannot say that this amounted to a clear error

prove, by a preponderance of the evidence, that Mr. Owens was selling drugs while on escape status.” This implies a procedural

- error argument: that the district court “select[ed] a sentence based on clearly erroneous facts.” United States v. Shaw , 560 F.3d 1230 , 1237 (11th Cir. 2009). W hile w e review this argument for plain error because it was n o t preserved below , United States v. Vandergrif t, 754 F.3 d 1303, 1307 (11th Cir. 2014), it is unavailing under any standard for the simple reason that the district court did n o t base the sentence on the conclusion that Owens was selling drugs. Rather, it based the sentence, in part, on the fact that Owens “at least attempt[ed]” to sell drugs. Tha t conclusion is supported by the text messages.

Case: 17-13606 Date Filed: 05/08/2018 Page: 4 of 55 of judgment. See, e.g., Shaw , 560 F.3d at 1240 ( upward variance to statutory maximum reasonable because defendant had “one

- and

- a - half times the number of points required to come within criminal history category VI,” had committed the

sam e crime before, and “shorter sentences had done nothing to get [defendant] off his determined course of crime and had not been enough to protect the public from his lawlessness.”). For these reasons, we affirm the district court’s sentence. AFFIRMED. Case: 17-13606 Date Filed: 05/08/2018 Page: 5 of 5