Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), 

this Memorandum Decision shall not be 

regarded as precedent or cited before 

any court except for the purpose of 

establishing the defense of res judicata, 

collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT: ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE:

MICHAEL K. WANDLING LEONARD J. GULLOTTA, II

STEPHANIE L. NEMETH Walker & Gullotta

Wandling & Associates Elkhart, Indiana

South Bend, Indiana

IN THE

COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

IN RE THE PATERNITY OF C.B.: )

)

F.M., )

)

Appellant, )

)

vs. ) No. 71A04-1309-JP-492

)

N.B., )

) 

Appellee. )

APPEAL FROM THE ST. JOSEPH PROBATE COURT

The Honorable Barbara J. Johnston, Special Judge

Cause No. 71J01-1001-JP-12

June 11, 2014

MEMORANDUM DECISION - NOT FOR PUBLICATION

BRADFORD, Judge
2

CASE SUMMARY

Appellant F.M. (“Mother”) and Appellee N.B. (“Father”) are the parents of C.B. 

Father was granted parenting time with C.B. after his paternity of C.B. was established. 

Father has since paid child support and exercised parenting time with C.B. 

On July 26, 2011, Father filed a petition in which he requested physical custody of 

C.B. In making this request, Father alleged that a change in custody was in C.B.’s best 

interests and that there had been a substantial change in the parties’ circumstances. 

Following an evidentiary hearing, the juvenile court granted Father’s petition and awarded 

primary physical custody of C.B. to Father. On appeal, Mother contends that the juvenile

court abused its discretion in modifying custody of C.B. to Father. Mother also contends that 

the juvenile court abused its discretion in ordering her to pay $5000 of Father’s attorney’s 

fees. Concluding that the trial court acted within its discretion in modifying custody to 

Father and in ordering Mother to pay $5000 of Father’s attorney’s fees, we affirm.

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

A prior opinion of this court pertaining to Mother, Father, and the custody of C.B. 

provides that:

C.B., born on April 8, 2009, is the child of Mother and Father, who are both of 

Kenyan heritage. In an April 2010 order, the court established the paternity of 

Father, granted Mother physical custody of C.B., required Father to pay child 

support, recognized that Mother and C.B. were residents of the State of 

Minnesota, and allowed Father parenting time. Father owned a home in South 

Bend, Indiana. In August 2010, the court entered an order related to 

transporting C.B. between the parties for parenting time in response to 

contempt allegations filed by Father. In May 2011, Father filed a Rule to 

Show Cause against Mother.
3

On July 26, 2011, Father filed a Verified Petition to Modify Custody, 

Parenting Time and Child Support, in which Father requested primary physical 

custody of C.B., an appropriate parenting time order for Mother, a 

modification of child support, and an award of reasonable attorney’s fees and 

further alleged that Mother had intentionally and willfully refused to follow the 

court’s August 2010 order regarding parenting time.

F.M. v. N.B., 979 N.E.2d 1036, 1037 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012) (footnotes omitted).

On August 20 and 27, 2013, the juvenile court conducted an evidentiary hearing. 

During the evidentiary hearing, Father presented evidence that Mother continually acted in a 

manner that hindered his efforts to exercise his court-ordered parenting time with C.B. In 

addition, Father presented evidence relating to C.B.’s development. Father presented 

evidence relating to his interactions with C.B. as well as C.B.’s interactions with Father’s 

family and neighbors. The juvenile court also heard evidence that Mother would often speak

to Father in a negative or rude tone when Father attempted to talk to Mother about C.B., and 

that C.B. has picked up on Mother’s animosity towards Father. 

On August 29, 2013, the juvenile court issued an order modifying custody of C.B. to 

Father after concluding that there had been a substantial change in the parties’ circumstances 

and that the change in custody would be in C.B.’s best interest. The juvenile court also 

ordered Mother to pay $5000 of Father’s attorney’s fees. This appeal follows.

DISCUSSION AND DECISION

I. Custody Modification

Mother contends that the juvenile court abused its discretion in granting Father’s 

motion to modify custody.

A. Standard of Review
4

The modification of a custody order lies within the sound discretion of the trial 

court. Spencer v. Spencer, 684 N.E.2d 500, 501 (Ind. Ct. App. 1997), reh’g 

denied. “We review custody modifications for abuse of discretion, with a 

‘preference for granting latitude and deference to our trial judges in family law 

matters.’” Kirk v. Kirk, 770 N.E.2d 304, 307 (Ind. 2002) (quoting In re 

Marriage of Richardson, 622 N.E.2d 178, 178 (Ind. 1993)). Our supreme 

court explained the reason for this deference in Kirk:

While we are not able to say the trial judge could not have found 

otherwise than he did upon the evidence introduced below, this 

Court as a court of review has heretofore held by a long line of 

decisions that we are in a poor position to look at a cold 

transcript of the record, and conclude that the trial judge, who 

saw the witnesses, observed their demeanor, and scrutinized 

their testimony as it came from the witness stand, did not 

properly understand the significance of the evidence, or that he 

should have found its preponderance or the inferences therefrom 

to be different from what he did.

Id. (citing Brickley v. Brickley, 247 Ind. 201, 204, 210 N.E.2d 850, 852 

(1965)). “Therefore, ‘[o]n appeal it is not enough that the evidence might 

support some other conclusion, but it must positively require the conclusion 

contended for by appellant before there is a basis for reversal.’” Id. (quoting 

Brickley, 247 Ind. at 204, 210 N.E.2d at 852).

Bettencourt v. Ford, 822 N.E.2d 989, 997 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005).

B. Analysis

Indiana Code section 31-17-2-21(a) provides that a juvenile court may not modify a 

child custody order unless: (1) the modification is in the best interests of the child; and (2) 

there is a substantial change in one or more of the factors that the court may consider under 

Indiana Code section 31-17-2-8. Indiana Code section 31-17-2-8 provides that the court shall 

consider all relevant factors, including the following: 

(1) The age and sex of the child.

(2) The wishes of the child’s parent or parents. 

(3) The wishes of the child, with more consideration given to the child’s 

wishes if the child is at least fourteen (14) years of age.

(4) The interaction and interrelationship of the child with:
5

(A) the child’s parent or parents;

(B) the child’s sibling; and

(C) any other person who may significantly affect the child’s 

best interests.

(5) The child’s adjustment to the child’s:

(A) home;

(B) school; and

(C) community.

(6) The mental and physical health of all individuals involved.

(7) Evidence of a pattern of domestic or family violence by either parent.

(8) Evidence that the child has been cared for by a de facto custodian....

“The court shall not hear evidence on a matter occurring before the last custody proceeding 

between the parties unless the matter relates to a change of the factors relating to the best 

interests of the child as described by [Indiana Code] section [31-17-2-8]....” Ind. Code § 31-

17-2-21(c) (emphasis added).

During the evidentiary hearing, the juvenile court heard evidence pertaining to 

Mother’s alleged attempt to limit Father’s exercise of parenting time with C.B. Specifically, 

the juvenile court heard evidence that Mother had refused, on occasion, to allow Father to 

“Skype”1 with C.B. as ordered by the trial court. The juvenile court also heard evidence that 

Mother failed, on numerous occasions, to bring C.B. to Indiana to visit with Father as 

ordered by the trial court and that Mother often attempted to limit Father’s parenting time 

with C.B. on the occasions that Father, in accordance with the visitation orders, traveled to 

exercise parenting time with C.B. in Minnesota.

The juvenile court also heard evidence relating to the applicable factors set forth in 

Indiana Code section 31-17-2-21. While both Mother and Father expressed their desire to 

 

1

 “Skype” is a form of video communication that is conducted via the internet.
6

have primary physical custody of C.B., the record demonstratesthat Father has established a

good relationship with C.B. and that C.B. responded appropriately to Father and Father’s 

instruction. The record also demonstratesthat Father purchased developmentally appropriate 

toys for C.B., engaged in developmentally appropriate activities with C.B., and provided an 

environment in which C.B. could continue to progress developmentally. Father testified that 

C.B. has shown significant progress in her development since he began working with C.B. 

In addition, the record demonstrates that Father had an appropriate support system, 

including family and friends, who could help him with C.B.’s care, if necessary, and that 

C.B. responded well to each of these individuals. The juvenile court also heard evidence that 

C.B. had cousins and friends living near Father. Several of these cousins and friends are 

approximately the same age as C.B., and C.B. appears to enjoy interacting with them. C.B. 

also seems to have adjusted well to Father’s community and participates in activities with 

Father at the local YMCA. Father has also displayed a willingness to allow Mother to 

exercise appropriate parenting time with C.B. Further, despite Mother’s allegation that 

Father had previously acted toward her in a violent manner, Mother presented no evidence of 

the claimed violence by Father and, upon cross-examination, could point to no specific 

incident when Father acted violently.

After considering this evidence, the juvenile court determined that there had been a 

substantial change in the parties’ circumstances and that a modification of custody of C.B. to 

Father was in C.B.’s best interests. Mother’s claims to the contrary effectively amount to an 

invitation for this court to re-judge the credibility of the witnesses and to reweigh the 
7

evidence, which we will not do. See Fowler v. Perry, 830 N.E.2d 97, 102 (Ind. Ct. App. 

2005). Accordingly, in light of our preference for granting latitude and deference to trial 

judges in family law matters, we defer to this determination and conclude that the juvenile 

court acted within its discretion in modifying custody of C.B. to Father.2 See Kirk, 770 

N.E.2d at 307. 

II. Award of Attorney’s Fees

Mother also contends that the juvenile court abused its discretion in ordering her to 

pay $5000 of Father’s attorney’s fees.

A. Standard of Review

In post-dissolution proceedings, the trial court may order a party to pay 

a reasonable amount toward an opposing party’s attorney fees. Ratliff v. 

Ratliff, 804 N.E.2d 237, 248 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004). A trial court’s decision to 

grant or deny attorney fees is left to the sound discretion of the trial court, and 

a decision to deny attorney fees will be reversed only for an abuse of 

discretion. Id. at 248-49. The trial court abuses its discretion if its decision is 

clearly against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances before it. Id. 

at 249.

“When determining whether an award of attorney fees is appropriate, 

the court may consider such factors as the resources of the parties, the relative 

earning ability of the parties, and other factors that bear on the reasonableness 

of the award.” Id. Additionally, the trial court may take into account “[a]ny 

misconduct on the part of one party that causes the other party to directly incur 

additional fees....” Id. 

Van Wieren v. Van Wieren, 858 N.E.2d 216, 224 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006). “Awarding of 

attorney’s fees in divorce actions is analogous to paternity proceedings.” Roe v. Doe, 154 

Ind. App. 203, 215, 289 N.E.2d 528, 536 (1972).

 

2

 Furthermore, to the extent that Mother claims that the juvenile court erred in considering evidence 

relating to situations that may have occurred before the last custody proceeding between the parties, we 
8

B. Analysis

Mother claims that the juvenile court abused its discretion in ordering her to pay 

$5000 of Father’s attorney’s fees because Father earns a substantially higher annual income 

than Mother. While the record supports Mother’s assertion that Father earns a substantially 

higher annual income than Mother, the record also demonstrates that many of the legal costs 

incurred by Father, including the costs relating to the instant petition to modify custody, are 

directly related to Mother’s alleged non-compliance with the prior court orders regarding 

Father’s exercise of parenting time with C.B. As such, we conclude that the trial court did 

not abuse its discretion in ordering Mother to pay $5000 of Father’s attorney’s fees.

CONCLUSION

In sum, we conclude that the juvenile court acted within its discretion in modifying 

custody of C.B. to Father and in ordering Mother to pay $5000 of Father’s attorney’s fees. 

As such, we affirm the judgment of the juvenile court.

The judgment of the juvenile court is affirmed.

RILEY, J., and ROBB, J., concur. 

 

conclude that all of the evidence was properly considered by the juvenile court as the evidence related to the 

factors set forth in Indiana Code section 31-17-2-8 and to C.B.’s best interests. See Ind. Code § 31-17-2-21(c).