1

Filed 6/15/16 P. v. Andrade CA4/2

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115. IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION TWO

THE PEOPLE, Plaintiff and Respondent,

v. RENE ANDRADE, Defendant and Appellant. E063762 (Super.Ct.No. FSB1204004)
OPINION

APPEAL from the Superior Court of San Bernardino County. Michael M. Dest, Judge. (Retired judge of the San Bernardino Super. Ct. assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to art. VI, § 6 of the Cal. Const.) Affirmed in part; reversed in part with
directions

. William Paul Melcher under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant

an d Appellan t.2

Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant Attorney General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, Arlene A. Sevidal, and Elizabeth M. Carino, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
I
INTROD UCTION 1
Defendant Rene Andrade was the pastor of a Los Angeles church where his 15

- year - old victim was a member

. After being charged with three offenses, d efendant eventually pleaded no contest to one count of contact with a minor for the purposes of

com mitting a sexual offense (count 3; § 288.3, subd. (a).) On appeal, defendant

c hallenges 12 o f his probation conditions. We uphold in part and reverse in part.
II
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND A. The Underlying Offense In May 2012, defendant was 43 years old 2 and a pastor at El Shaddai Church in Los Angeles. D efendant met Jane Doe at her q uinceañera ceremony, celebrating her 15th birthday. After the ceremony, defendant c ommunicated with Jane Doe using Facebook, text messaging , and cell phone s . Th e two would often speak to each other on the telephone for hours at a time.

1 All statutory references are to the Penal Code unless stated otherwise.

2 According to the probation reports, defendant was born in January 1969.3

On August 21, 2012, Jane Doe reported to San Bernardino P olice O fficer Gerardo
Orozco that she and defendant had a relationship in which they were seeing one another
and exchangin g messages and phone calls. Officer Orozco re viewed several text
messages f

rom defendant asking to see Jane Doe

. Jane Doe reported that defendant asked her to send him a naked picture and Jane Doe sent him a photo of her breasts. When Jane Doe confirmed that it was a genuine
p hoto , defendant replied that he was masturbating and Jane Doe could hear him moaning and breathing heavily on the phone.
Defendant later asked Jane Doe if she would have sex with him. On August 14, 2012, he picked her up from scho ol and they hugged and kissed in his car for about 20 minutes. Defendant also touched her thighs, pulled her bra down, and sucked on her
breasts.
When Jane Doe’s mother discovered that her daughter and defendant were communicating with one another and pl anning to have sex, she confiscated Jane Doe’s cell phone. Defendant supplied Jane Doe with a new cell phone so that the two could stay in contact. In September, 2012, officers arranged for Jane Doe to make a pretext telephone
call to defendant. During the call, defendant agreed to come to Jane Doe’s residence for

a sexual encounter when her parents were not home. Defendant came to the residence but drove away without entering because he was aware he was being watched

. Police stopped defendant and t ook him into custody. Defendant admitted to police that h e had4

inten ded to meet Jane Doe at her home for sex but he denied he had ever kissed her or touched her inappropriately.
B. The Criminal Charges
Defendant was initially charged with two counts of committing a lewd and lascivious act upon a minor 10 years or younger than defendant (counts 1 and 2; § 288, subd. (c)(1)) and one count of contact with a minor for the purposes of committing a sexual offense (count 3; § 288.3, subd. (a).) After various i nterim proceedings, defendant pleaded no contest to count 3 pursuant to a plea agreement. In exchange for his plea, the

court sentenced defendant to 135 days in jail and placed him on five years of formal probation.
III
WAIVER OF PRIVILEGE AGAINST SELF

- IN CRIMINATION AND
PARTICIPATION IN POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION
T hree of defendant’s probation conditions, Nos. 25 , 26, and 34, read together require him to register as a sex offender (§ 290) and to participate in a treatment program , including polygraph testing. (§ 1203.067, subd. (b)(2).) S ection 1 203.067, subdivision (b)(3) , requires “[w] aiver of any privilege against self

- incrimination and participation in polygraph examinations, which shall be part of the sex offender management program. ”
When defendant rais es a “ facial constitutional defect in the relevant probation condition, ” ( In re Sheena K

. (2007) 40 Cal.4th 875, 887) this c ourt reviews such questions of law de novo. ( In re Shaun R. (2010) 188 Cal.App.4th 1129, 1143.) The5

Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides that no person shall be compelled to incriminate himself at trial or in future criminal proceedings. ( Minnesota v. Murphy (1984) 465 U.S. 42 0 , 426.)
D efendant contends the statutory waiver of the privilege against self

- incri mination violates the Fifth Amendment and is constitutionally overbroad : “A probation condition that imposes limitations on a person ’ s constitutional rights must closely tailor those limitations to the purpose of the condition to avoid being invalidated a s unconstitutionally
overbroad. ” ( In re Sheena K

. , supra, 40 Cal.4th at p. 890.) Defendant contends the waiver is overly broad because it is not limited to statements concerning the subject offenses and because it applies in any criminal proceeding, incl uding a future offense committed after his probation expires. Accordingly, defendant contends the blanket waiver of privilege is unconstitutional under the Fifth Amendment. The People counter that it does not violate the Fifth Amendment to require defendant to provide truthful disclosures while participating in the sex offender treatment program as a term of his probation. The People argue that t rial courts have broad discretion to set reasonable conditions of probation in order to foster rehabil itation and to protect public safety pursuant to section 1203.1. ( People v. Carbajal (1995) 10 Cal.4th 1114, 1120; People v. Olguin (2008) 45 Cal.4th 375, 379.) Therefore, the waiver requirement is narrowly tailored for purposes of probation supervision and treatment.6

Additionally, the People assert that sex

- offender probationers are protected in criminal proceedings regardless of any waiver of the privilege against self

- incrimination. 3
Based on a quartet of published cases which we discuss below , we co nclude that, although defendant’s statements generally would be inadmissible in criminal prosecutions, the blanket waiver is to o broad and should be framed more narrowly.
De fendant ’ s statements , made in compliance with probation condition No s . 25 and 34 , are compelled , and therefore are inadmissible in a criminal trial under the Fifth Amendment privilege against self

- incrimination. Defendant is also privileged not to answer official questions in any other proceeding, civil or criminal, formal or informal , where he reasonably believes the answers might incriminate him in a criminal case

. Defendant’s compelled statements can be used in a probation revocation pr oceeding because it is not a criminal proceeding. ( Minnesota v. Murphy, supra, 465 U.S. at p. 43 5,
fn. 7.) However, defendant cannot be forced to waive his constitutional right against self

incrimination for a ny crime other than the present offenses

.

3 This issue is presently pending before the California Supreme Court in numerous cases, including People v. Friday (2014) 225 Cal.App.4th 8, review granted July 16, 2014, S218288 ; People v. Garcia (2014) 224 Cal.App.4th 1283, review granted July 16, 2014, S218197; People v. Klatt (2014) 225 Cal.App.4th 906, review granted July 16, 2014, S218755; People v. Rebulloza (2015) 234 Cal.App.4th 1065, review granted June 10, 2015, S225503 .)7

Murphy
In Murphy , the United States Supreme Court addressed the admissibility in a
criminal trial of statements the defendant , a sex offender, made during questioning by his probation officer. When Murphy ’ s probation officer learned from Murphy ’ s counselor that he had abandoned his treatment program and had admitted to previously committing rape and mur der seven years before, the probation officer called Murphy into the office, with the intent of reporting to the police any incriminating statements. ( Minnesota v. Murphy, supra, 465 U.S. at p. 422.)
The court in Murphy held that the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments did not prohibit the introduction into evidence of Murphy ’ s admissions made to the probation
officer. The court stated: “We conclude, in summary, that since Murphy revealed incriminating information instead of timely asserting his Fifth Amendm ent privilege, his disclosures were not compelled incriminations. Because he had not been compelled to incriminate himself, Murphy could not successfully invoke the privilege to prevent the information he volunteered to his probation officer from being us ed against him in a criminal prosecution.” ( Minnesota v. Murphy, supra , 465 U.S. at p. 440.)
The Murphy court explained: “The Fifth Amendment, in relevant part, provides that no person ‘shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself.’ It has long been held that this prohibition not only permits a person to refuse to testify against himself at a cri minal trial in which he is a defendant, but also ‘privileges him not to answer official questions put to him in any other proceeding, civil or criminal, formal8

or informal, where the answers might incriminate him in future criminal proceedings.’ [Citation .] In all such proceedings, [¶] ‘a witness protected by the privilege may rightfully refuse to answer unless and until he is protected at least against the use of his compelled answers and evidence derived therefrom in any subsequent criminal case in
whic h he is a defendant.

. . . Absent such protection, if he is nevertheless compelled to answer, his answers are inadmissible against him in a later criminal prosecution.’ [Citation.]” ( M innesota v. M urphy, supra, 465 U.S. at p. 426.)
The Murphy court furth er noted : “A defendant does not lose this protection by reason of his conviction of a crime; notwithstanding that a defendant is imprisoned or on probation at the time he makes incriminating statements, if those statements are

c ompelled they are inadmissi ble in a subsequent trial for a crime other than that for which
he has been convicted. [Citation.]” ( M innesota v. Murphy, supra, 465 U.S. at p. 426.)
The issue in the instant case is not the admissibility of compelled statements made in compliance with p robation condition No s . 25 and 34

. U nlike in Murphy , the issue here is whether compelling waiver of defendant ’ s self

- incrimination privilege is constitutional. Murphy supports the proposition that a defendant on probation retains the privilege against se lf

- incrimination and cannot be compelled to waive it.
Maldonado
In Maldonado v. Superior Court (2012) 53 Cal.4th 1112, 1127, the California Supreme Court held the Fifth Amendment bars , not mere disclosure , but actual use of a
declarant ’ s compelled utterances to convict or criminally punish that person: “[T]he Fifth9

Amendment does not provide a privilege against the compelled ‘disclosure’ of self

incriminating materials or information, but only precludes the use of such evidence in a criminal prosec ution against the person from whom it was compelled.” ( Id. at pp. 11 34 .) Thus, a defendant ’ s Fifth Amendment rights are adequately safeguarded by the immunity against use, either direct or derivative, of defendant ’ s statements against him. T he
Maldonado court stated: “As we have seen, the Fifth Amendment does not provide a privilege against the compelled ‘disclosure’ of self

- incriminating materials or information, but only precludes the use of such evidence in a criminal prosecution against the person f

rom whom it was compelled.” ( Id. at pp. 1122, 1129, 1134, 1137.) Again it is undisputed here that defendant ’s statements made in compliance with probation condition No s . 25 and 34 are compelled and therefore are inadmissible in a
criminal trial under the Fifth Amendment privilege against self

- incrimination. The issue here is whether a probation condition can compel defendant to waive his privilege against
self

- incrimination. Spielbauer
The Spielbauer court rejected a forced waiver of self

- incrimination: “[t]he constitutional guarantee against compelled self

- incrimination protects an individual from being forced to testify against himself or herself in a pending criminal proceeding, but it
does more than that. It also privileges a person not to answer off icial questions in any other proceeding, ‘civil or criminal, formal or informal,’ where he or she reasonably believes the answers might incriminate him or her in a criminal case. [Citations.] One10

cannot be forced to choose between forfeiting the privileg e, on the one hand, or asserting it and suffering a penalty for doing so on the other. [Citation.]” ( Spielbauer v. County of Santa Clara (2009) 45 Cal.4 th 704, 714; see M innesota v. Murphy, supra , 465 U.S. at p. 426.) We recognize “it is necessary or highly desirable to procure citizens ’ answers to official questions, including their formal testimony under oath. In such circumstances, an
individual ’ s invocation of the privilege against self

- incrimination would frustrate legitimate governmental objecti ves. In light of the competing interests, it is well established that incriminating answers may be officially compelled, without violating the privilege, when the person to be examined receives immunity ‘coextensive with the scope of the privilege’

— i.e. , immunity against both direct and ‘derivative’ criminal use of the

statements. [Citations.] In such cases, refusals to answer are unjustified, ‘for the grant of immunity has removed the dangers against which the privilege protects. [Citation.]’ [Citat ion.]” ( Spielbauer v. County of Santa Clara , supra, 45 Cal.4th at pp. 714

- 715.) In the instant case, however, defendant is required under the section 1203.067 , subdivision (b)(3) , probation condition, not only to respond to questions during polygraph test ing, but also to waive his privilege against self

- incrimination. By requiring such waiver, defendant loses the Fifth Amendment safeguards of use immunity in a
criminal trial.
In Spielbauer v. County of Santa Clara , supra, 45 Cal.4th 704, the plaintiff, wh o was a deputy public defender, refused to answer questions by a supervising attorney who11

was investigating allegations the plaintiff had made deceptive statements to the court while representing a defendant. The plaintiff was told refusal to answer the q uestions would be deemed insubordination warranting discipline up to and including dismissal. The plaintiff was also told his responses could not be used in a criminal proceeding. The plaintiff declined to answer the questions, invoking his privilege aga inst self

incrimination. The plaintiff was terminated on the grounds of deceptive court conduct and refusal to answer his employer ’ s questions. ( Id. at p. 709.) The California Supreme Court in Spielbauer concluded that “a public employee may be compelled , by threat of job discipline, to answer questions about the employee ’ s job performance, so long as the employee is not required, on pain of dismissal, to waive the constitutional protection against criminal use of those answers.” ( Spielbauer v. County of Santa Clara , supra , 45 Cal.4th at p. 710.) The Spielbauer court added that “the constitutional privilege against compelled self

- incrimination in a criminal case or cause (U.S. Const., 5 th Amend

. ; Cal. Const., art. I, § 15) does not protect against the nonpenal adverse use of officially compelled answers. [Citations.]” ( Id. at p. 715.) This would include probation revocation proceedings. “Although a revocation proceeding must comport with the requirements of due process, it is not a criminal proceedi ng. [Citations.]” ( Minnesota v. Murphy, supra, 465 U.S. at p. 435, fn. 7.) Therefore, under Spielbauer , probation may be revoked for refusing to answer officially compelled questions in probation proceedings, so long as the defendant is not required to s urrender his or her right against criminal use of the statements thus obtained.12

( Spielbauer v. County of Santa Clara , supra, 45 Cal.4th at p. 725.) In addition, under Spielbauer , a formal guarantee of immunity is not required before defendant is required to submit to polygraph testing in compliance with probation condition No. 25 and 2 6 , assuming questioning is tailored specifically, directly, and narrowly to compliance with probation conditions and participation in a sex offender management program. ( Id

. at pp. 718, 725.) Although Spielbauer is distinguishable in that the plaintiff was not required to waive the privilege against self

- incrimination, as was defendant in the instant case, Spielbauer supports the proposition that a probation condition can co mpel a defendant to answer questions by threat of revocation of probation but cannot require waiver of the privilege against self

- incrimination. A defendant cannot be forced to forego the constitutional protection against criminal use of officially compel led statements in a
criminal trial. ( Spielbauer v. County of Santa Clara , supra, 45 Cal.4th at p. 710.) Thus, in the instant case, defendant can be compelled under section 1203.067 , subdivision (b)(3) , to submit to polygraph testing, but cannot be forced to waive his constitutional privilege against self

- incrimination.
Miller
In People v. Miller (1989) 208 Cal.App.3d 1311, the court held that “[t]he trial court did not abuse its discretion by including the polygraph requirement as a condition of probation for the limited use as an investigative tool.” ( Id . at p. 1316.) The defendant
in Miller , who ple a ded guilty to committing a lewd and lascivious act upon a child13

(§ 288, subd. (a)), was placed on probation, conditional upon the defendant submitting to polygraph testing at the direction of his probation officer. The Miller court concluded the polygraph probation condition was reasonable and valid because it assisted in monitoring probation compliance. The Miller court noted that “[t]he polygraph condition is designed to help evaluate the truthfulness of defendant ’ s reports and ‘[t]he purpose and object ives of probation would be frustrated if a convicted defendant could maintain .

. . a right of
silence at the time of his .

. . report to the probation officer

. . . .’” ( Miller, at p. 1316.)
The Miller court further stated the polygraph condition was “a imed at deterring and discovering criminal conduct most likely to occur during unsupervised contact with young females,” and therefore was reasonably related to future criminality. ( Id. at p. 1314.)
The court in Miller concluded the polygraph condition wa s not overbroad because it was limited to questions relating to compliance with probation conditions. Even though there were no specific limitations on the questions to be asked during polygraph testing, the Miller court construed the condition as imposed to monitor the defendant ’ s compliance with the probation condition prohibiting unsupervised contact with young females and therefore any polygraph test administered to the defendant at the direction of his probation officer “necessarily will be limited to questions relevant to compliance with that condition.” ( People v. Miller, supra , 208 Cal.App.3d at p. 1315.) The Miller court held the polygraph probation condition did not violate the defendant ’ s privilege against14

self

- incrimination unless the defendant showed a realistic threat of self

- incrimination. ( Ibid. )
The court in Miller explained: “Although defendant has a duty to answer the polygraph examiner ’ s questions truthfully, unless he invokes the privilege, shows a
realistic threat of self

- incrimination and nevertheless is required to answer, no violation of his right against self

- incrimination is suffered. [Citation.] The mere requirement of taking the test in itself is insufficient to const itute an infringement of the privilege.” ( Ibid. )
Miller , decided in 1989, does not address the constitutionality of the section
1203.067 , subdivision (3)(b) , probation condition requiring waiver of the self

incrimination privilege because the statute was not enacted until after Miller was decided. We nevertheless conclude, based on Murphy, Maldonado, Spielbauer, and Miller , that
the probation condition s , premised on section 1203.067 , subdivision (b)(3), are unconstitutional to the extent they mandate defe ndant waive his privilege against self

incrimination. Such mandated waiver violates defendant ’ s Fifth Amendment privilege against self

- incrimination. On the other hand, the probation condition compelling defendant to submit to polygraph testing at the direction of his probation officer, which is narrowly tailored to monitoring compliance with defendant ’ s probation conditions and participation in his sex offender management program, is constitutional and valid when appropriately modified, as proposed by the People, to read as follows: “The questions shall be limited to those15

relating to the successful completion of probation and the crime for which you were convicted.” ( In re Sheena K. , supra, 40 Cal.4th at p. 888; Brown v. Superior Court (2002) 101 Cal .App.4th 313, 316

- 317, 322.)
III PROBATION CONDITION NO. 17, FIELD INTERROGATION Probation condition No. 17 requires defendant to “Submit to and cooperate in a field interrogation by any peace officer at any time of the day or night.” A field interrogation condition is meant as a correctional tool used to determine whether the probationer is complying with the terms of his probation or disobeying the law. ( People v. Reyes (1998) 19 Cal.4th 743, 752; In re Anthony S. (1992) 4 Cal.App.4th 1000, 1006.) An otherwise valid probation condition that impinges upon constitutional rights “must be carefully tailored, ‘reasonably related to the compelling state interest in reformation and
rehabilitation . . . .’” ( People v. Bauer (1989) 211 Cal.App.3d 93 7, 942, quoting In re White (1979) 97 Cal.App.3d 141, 146.) A probation condition cannot be vague; it

“ ‘“ must be sufficiently precise for the probationer to know what is required of him, and
for the court to determine whether the condition has been violat ed. ”

. . . ’ ” ( People v. Barajas (2011) 198 Cal.App.4th 748, 753, quoting In re Sheena K., supra , 40 Cal.4th at p. 890.) A state may not “ constitutionally carry out a threat to revoke probation for the legitimate exercise of the Fifth Amendment privilege. ” ( Minnesota v. Murphy, supra, 465 U.S. at p. 438 .)16

Defendant contends the condition is unconstitutionally vague and overbroad and impairs his Fifth Amendment right because “it would be inherently uncooperative for [ defendant ] to assert his constitutional privilege during a field investigation.” D efendant
also asserts probation condition No. 17 would allow him to be interrogated on any matter, rather than his crime of conviction and compliance with probation, whether related or
unrelated to his conduct.
W e disagree the condition is vague because it expressly describes that defendant is required to submit to a field interrogation at any time. The probation condition is not overbroad because it aids the probation department in monitoring defendant’s probati on compliance and future criminality. ( People v. Olguin, supra, 45 Cal.4 th at p. 380; People
v. Bravo (1987) 43 Cal.3d 600, 610; People v. Lent (1975) 15 Cal.3d 481, 486.) The Fifth Amendment claim also fails because defendant’s incriminating statements can only be used against him to revoke his probation, not in a criminal proceeding. ( Minnesota v. Murphy, supra, 465 U.S. at 435, fn. 7; Maldonado v. County of Santa Clara , supra, 53 Cal.4 th at p. 1134; People v. Brown, supra, 101 Cal.App.4 th at p. 320.)
IV PROBATION CONDITION NOS. 13, 16, 24, AND 30 Probation condition No. 13 prohibits defendant’s association “ with females under the age of eighteen (18), unless in the presence of a responsible adult, who is aware of the nature of your background and curre nt offense, and who has been approved by the probation officer.” Probation condition No. 16 prohibits defendant from approach ing17

“ minor female motorists or pedestrians not previously known to you or engag [ing] same in conversation in a public place or str eet.” Probation condition No. 24 states, “Do not utilize any form of social media via the i nternet or access social media. Submit all
internet devices including smart phones and tablets for examination upon request by any
law enforcement agency. ” P robat ion c ondition No. 30 states, “Do not associate with minors or frequent places where minors congregate, including but not limited to : schoolyards, parks, amusement parks, concerts, playgrounds, swimming pools, and arcades, unless in the company of a respon sible adult over the age of 21 who is approved by the P robation O fficer or court , . . . ” The parties generally agree th ese probation conditions must contain a scienter requirement and must be modified to prohibit only knowing conduct. ( People v.
Contreras (2015) 237 Cal.App.4 th 868, 886.) Where a probationer could unknowingly engage in activity prohibited by probation conditions, C ourts of A ppeal have modified
those conditions to incorporate a scienter requirement. (See, e.g., People v. Lopez (1 998) 66 Cal.App.4th 615, 629; In re Kacy S. (1998) 68 Cal.App.4th 704, 713 [association with approved persons] ; People v. Turner (2007) 155 Cal.App.4 th 1432, 1435

- 1436 [persons under 18] ; In re Victor L. (2010) 182 Cal.App.4th 902, 912

- 913 ; People v. Moses (2011) 199 Cal.App.4 th 374 , 377 [minors] ; People v. Moore (2012 ) 211 Cal.App.4 th 1179,
1185 .) Because defendant may act unknowingly the conditions must be modified to incorporate an express scienter requirement. ( People v. Patel (2011) 196 Cal.App.4th
9 56, 960 ; People v. Pirali (2013) 217 Cal.App.4th 1341, 1350 [with addition of an18

express knowledge requirement, probation condition regarding internet access is not unconstitutionally vague or overbroad].)
V

PROBATION CONDITION NO S . 14, 27 , 28 , and 30 Defendant objected to probation condition Nos. 14, 27 , and 28. Probation

c ondition No. 14 states, “ Neither possess nor have under your control any ‘ obscene
matter, ’ as defined in PC311. ” Probate c ondition No. 27 states, “ Do not own, use, or possess any f

orm of sexually explicit movies, videos, material, or devices unless recommended by a therapist and approved by the probation officer. Do not frequent any establishment where such items are the primary items viewed, sold at such establishment,
and do not utilize any sexually oriented telephone services. ” Probation c ondition No. 28
states, “ Do not frequent massage parlors, live nude shows or conventions where erotic
materials and/or devices are the primary items sold. ”
We conclude these probation c ondition s are not o verbroad because they are relevant to defendant’s present and f uture c riminality

. A condition of probation will not be held invalid unless it (1) has no relationship to the crime of which the offender was convicted, (2) relates to conduct which is not in itself criminal, and (3) requires or forbids
conduct which is not reasonably related to future criminality. ( People v. Lent, supra , 15 Cal.3d at p. 486; People v. Olguin, supra, 45 Cal.4th at pp. 379

- 3 80 ; People v. Carbajal , supra , 10 Cal.4th at p. 1121.)19

Here the prohibited conduct is not in itself criminal

. However, the conduct reasonably relates to defendant’s present crimes and future criminality. Defendant encouraged his victim to share nude photos of herself and he used tho se photos for sexual gratification. The probation conditions could help prevent future crime by defendant. The challenged probation conditions are valid under two prongs of Lent . The trial court did not abuse its broad discretion imposing the conditions . ( People v. Contreras (2015) 237 Cal.App.4 th 868, 881.) Defendant also objects to the term “frequent” as used to mean visit in p robation
condition s No s . 27 , 28, and 30. Probation condition No. 30 forbids appellant to

“ associate ” with minors or “ frequen t ” places where minors congregate. Defendant relies on two cases: “We also agree with defendant that the word ‘frequent’ renders the condition unconstitutionally vague, because it is both obscure and has multiple meanings. ( In re H.C. (2009) 175 Cal.App .4th 1067, 1072.) Accordingly, we will order the gang

area condition to read as follows: ‘You are not to visit or remain in any specific location which you know to be or which the probation officer informs you is an area of criminal

street

- gang - related a ctivity.’” ( People v. Leon (2010) 181 Cal.App.4th 943, 952.) We disagree that “frequent” is too archaic to be commonly understood. Its meaning is the equivalent of “visit.” No modification of the word is necessary to uphold the validity of the probatio n conditions using it.20 VI
DISPOSITION The parties agree probation condition Nos. 11, 25, and 26 must be modified to strike the portion of each condition requiring defendant to be responsible for paying costs
or fees. (See People v. Brown, supra, 101 Cal.App.4th at p p . 321

- 322.) We also remand to modify probation condition Nos. 13, 16, 24, 25, 26, 30, 34 as explained in this opinion.
Probation condition Nos. 13, 16, 24, and 30 should include the requirement of scienter

. Subject to these modific ations, we affirm the judgment.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
CODRINGTON J.
We concur:

RAMIREZ P. J.

McKINSTER J.