J-S59034-19; J-S59035-19

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA

v.

MALIK NOEL 

Appellant

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 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 1235 EDA 2017

Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence August 26, 2016

In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Criminal Division at 

No(s): CP-51-CR-0002131-2011, 

CP-51-CR-0002134-2011

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA

v.

MALIK NOEL 

Appellant

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 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 3434 EDA 2017

Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence August 26, 2016

In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Criminal Division at 

No(s): CP-51-CR-0002130-2011

BEFORE: LAZARUS, J., NICHOLS, J., and McLAUGHLIN, J.

MEMORANDUM BY McLAUGHLIN, J.: Filed: August 20, 2020

Malik Noel appeals from the judgment of sentence entered following his 

convictions for Firearms not to be Carried Without a License, Carrying a 

Firearm in Public in Philadelphia, and Possession of a Firearm by a Person 

Prohibited.

1 Noel challenges the sufficiency of the evidence and argues the 

____________________________________________

1 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 6106(a)(1), 6108, and 6105(a)(1), respectively.
J-S59034-19; J-S59035-19

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trial court abused its discretion when it instructed the jury that Noel’s flight 

could be considered as evidence of consciousness of guilt. We affirm.

Noel was arrested and charged in November 2010 after he engaged in 

a shootout with two other men. The trial court set forth the factual history of 

the case, which we adopt and incorporate herein. Trial Court Opinion, filed 

Mar. 2019, at 3-7 (“1925(a) Op.”). We will provide a brief summary here.

At Noel’s jury trial, the Commonwealth presented evidence of the 

following. Police Officers Cyrus Pollard and Robert Ellis heard gunshots while 

on patrol. They proceeded toward the sound, and observed two men shooting 

into a red Jeep, which police later determined Noel was driving. Officer Ellis 

ordered the men to stop, and he pursued the men when they failed to comply 

and fled. Officer Ellis testified that he saw a muzzle flash come from the Jeep.

Officer Pollard testified that as the Jeep drove off, he saw gunshots 

coming from the vehicle. He chased the Jeep, which crashed. Noel jumped out 

of the passenger-side window and ran. 

Officer Clyde Frasier of the crime scene unit testified that he inspected 

the Jeep, and noticed the rear window was blown out and there were three 

spent .45-caliber shell casings in the rear cargo area. The firearms recovered 

from the scene were not .45 caliber. He also identified bullet holes on the 

vehicle, which he found were both exit and entrance holes. 

When the trial court instructed the jury, it gave the following instruction 

about credibility and weight determinations and the jury’s consideration of the 

testimony that Noel fled:
J-S59034-19; J-S59035-19

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Now, members of the jury, there was evidence and 

testimony that tended to show that the defendant fled from 

the police. The credibility, weight, and effect of this evidence 

is for you to decide. Generally speaking, when a crime has 

been committed and a person thinks he or she may be 

accused of committing it and he or she flees or conceals 

himself or herself, such flight or concealment is a 

circumstance tending to prove the person is conscious of 

guilt. Such flight or concealment does not necessarily show 

consciousness of guilt in every case. A person may flee or 

hide for some other motive and may do so even though 

innocent.

Whether the evidence of flight or concealment in this case 

should be looked at as tending to prove guilt depends upon 

the facts and circumstances of this case; especially upon 

motive that may have prompted the flight or concealment. 

You may not find the defendant guilty solely on the basis of 

evidence of flight or concealment.

N.T., 9/14/15, at 106-07. Noel objected to this instruction, and the court 

overruled the objection. N.T., 9/11/15, at 94-99.

The jury found Noel guilty of Firearms not to be Carried without a 

License and Carrying a Firearm in Public in Philadelphia, and the judge, sitting 

without a jury, convicted him of Possession of a Firearm by a Person 

Prohibited. The court sentenced Noel in August 2016 to five to 10 years’

incarceration for Possession of a Firearm by a Person Prohibited, three and a 

half to seven years in prison for the Firearms not to be Carried Without a 

License conviction, and five years’ probation for Carrying a Firearm in Public 

in Philadelphia. The court ordered the sentences to run consecutively, for an 

aggregate sentence of eight and a half to 17 years in prison followed by five 

years of probation. Noel filed post-sentence motions, which were denied by 
J-S59034-19; J-S59035-19

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operation of law. After Noel’s appellate rights were reinstated following the 

filing of a timely Post Conviction Relief Act petition, Noel filed this appeal.2

Noel raises the following issues:

1. Was the evidence insufficient to support all of [Noel’s]

convictions?

2. Did the trial court abuse its discretion in charging the jury 

on flight under the circumstances of this case?

Noel’s Br. at 2 (suggested answers omitted).

Noel first challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the 

convictions for all three offenses, claiming the Commonwealth failed to 

establish he possessed a firearm. “When reviewing a sufficiency of the 

evidence claim, we must determine whether, when viewed in the light most 

favorable to the verdict winner, the evidence at trial and all reasonable 

inferences therefrom are sufficient for the trier of fact to find that each 

element of the crime charged is established beyond a reasonable doubt.”

Commonwealth v. Dix, 207 A.3d 383, 390 (Pa.Super. 2019). “The 

Commonwealth may sustain its burden of proving every element of the crime 

beyond a reasonable doubt by means of wholly circumstantial evidence.” Id.

(quoting Brown, 23 A.3d 544, 559 (Pa.Super. 2011) (en banc)).

Each of the crimes for which Noel was found guilty have a possessory 

element. To obtain a conviction for Possession of a Firearm by a Person 

____________________________________________

2 Noel filed a notice of appeal at each docket number, listing three docket 

numbers. Because he filed a separate notice at each docket, we will not quash 

this appeal. See Commonwealth v. Johnson, --- A.3d ----, 2020 WL 

3869723, at *4-5 (Pa.Super. July 9, 2020) (en banc).
J-S59034-19; J-S59035-19

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Prohibited, the Commonwealth must prove that “the defendant possessed a 

firearm and that he was convicted of an enumerated offense that prohibits 

him from possessing, using, controlling, or transferring a firearm.”

Commonwealth v. Thomas, 988 A.2d 669, 670 (Pa.Super. 2009); 18 

Pa.C.S.A. § 6105. Firearms not to be Carried Without a License requires proof 

that the defendant “carrie[d] a firearm in any vehicle or . . . carrie[d] a firearm 

concealed on or about his person, except in his place of abode or fixed place 

of business, without a valid and lawfully issued license.” 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 

6106(a)(1). Carrying a Firearm in Public in Philadelphia obliges the 

Commonwealth to prove that the defendant “carr[ied] a firearm, rifle or 

shotgun at any time upon the public streets or upon any public property in a 

city of the first class,” without either a license to do so or a valid exemption 

from licensing. 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 6108.

Noel does not dispute that he was barred from possessing a firearm, 

that he had no license to possess a firearm, or that the incident occurred in 

Philadelphia. Rather, he claims that the convictions cannot stand because the 

Commonwealth failed to establish he possessed a firearm. He points out that

no one testified they saw him in possession of a gun, firing a gun, or disposing 

of a gun. He adds that there was no evidence he returned fire at the men 

shooting at his car, and claims that the ballistics evidence did not support a 

finding that gunshots came from within the car. He further notes that, 

although the police officers searched for a gun he might have used, they did 

not find one.
J-S59034-19; J-S59035-19

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Because Noel was not in physical possession of a firearm, the 

Commonwealth had to establish he had constructive possession. 

Commonwealth v. Hopkins, 67 A.3d 817, 820 (Pa.Super. 2013). 

“Constructive possession is an inference arising from a set of facts that 

possession of the contraband was more likely than not.” Commonwealth v. 

Parker, 847 A.2d 745, 750 (Pa.Super.2004) (citing Commonwealth v. 

Thompson, 779 A.2d 1195, 1199 (Pa.Super.2001)). Constructive possession 

“may be established by the totality of the circumstances.” Id. (quoting 

Thompson, 779 A.2d at 1199).

The trial court concluded the Commonwealth presented sufficient 

evidence that Noel was in constructive possession of a firearm. It explained

that police officers had testified that they saw muzzle flashes coming from 

inside a vehicle solely occupied by Noel and that one of the officers said he 

saw the rear window blow out simultaneously with the muzzle flash. The court 

also pointed out that the officers had found shell casings inside the vehicle 

that did not match any of the firearms recovered. After reviewing the trial 

court’s opinion, the record, the parties’ briefs, and the relevant law, we agree 

with the trial court. Accordingly, we affirm based on the well-reasoned opinion

of the Honorable Angelo J. Foglietta, which we adopt. See Trial Court Opinion, 

filed Mar. 2019, at 3-7 (“1925(a) Op.”) at 2-8.

Noel next claims the court abused its discretion when it instructed the 

jury that his flight could be considered as evidence of consciousness of guilt. 

He claims the Commonwealth failed to present evidence that he knew the 
J-S59034-19; J-S59035-19

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police were pursuing him. He asserts the officers did not identify themselves, 

and he was being actively shot at by other individuals when the officers 

arrived. He argues that when he realized he was safe, and his assailants were 

not pursuing him, he returned to the scene, met Officer Pollard, and complied

with police orders. 

Our standard of review of a court’s decision on jury instructions “is one 

of deference—an appellate court will reverse a court’s decision only when it 

abused its discretion or committed an error of law.” Commonwealth v. Yale, 

150 A.3d 979, 983 (Pa.Super. 2016) (citation and brackets omitted). “A jury 

instruction is proper if supported by the evidence of record.” Commonwealth 

v. Clark, 961 A.2d 80, 92 (Pa. 2008).

A flight instruction is proper where a person, with a reason to know that 

he was wanted in connection with a crime, flees from law enforcement. 

Commonwealth v. Tha, 64 A.3d 704, 714 (Pa.Super. 2013) (citing 

Commonwealth v. Harvey, 526 A.2d 330, 334 (Pa. 1987)). As the 

Pennsylvania Supreme Court has explained, “When a person commits a crime, 

knows that he is wanted therefor, and flees or conceals himself, such conduct 

is evidence of consciousness of guilt, and may form the basis [of a conviction] 

in connection with other proof from which guilt may be inferred.” Clark, 961 

A.2d at 92 (quoting Commonwealth v. Rios, 684 A.2d 1025, 1035 (Pa, 

1996)) (alteration in original).

Here, the trial court concluded the flight-as-consciousness-of-guilt

instruction was appropriate because the area was well lit, the officers were in 
J-S59034-19; J-S59035-19

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full uniform and a marked patrol vehicle, and, after Noel drove away from the 

scene, he got out of the vehicle and attempted to flee on foot. The court found 

the fact that he later returned did not alter that he “initially exited the vehicle 

and proceeded to run away from a police officer who was in pursuit.” 1925(a) 

Op. at 12. Following a review of the record, the applicable law, the briefs, and 

the trial court opinion, we discern no abuse of discretion. We affirm on the 

basis of the trial court opinion. Id. at 8-12.

Judgment of sentence affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 8/20/20
Circulated 07/23/2020 10:01 AM 

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COURT OF COMMON PLEAS OF PHILADELPIDA COUNTYf:.. i f:� !':. tt

3 

FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA 

2019 HAR 28 lM 10: 3 f 

COMMONWEALTH OF PA 

V. 

CP-51-CR-0002130-2011 

CP-51-CR-0002131-2011 

CP-51-CR-0002134-2011 

CRJMINAL TRIAL DIVISION 

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MALIK NOEL SUPERIOR COURT DOCKET NO.: 

1235 EDA 2017 

3434 EDA 2017 

OPINION OF THE TRIAL COURT 

This is the appeal of the defendant, Malik Noel, who was found guilty of possession of a 

firearm by persons prohibited', firearms not to be carried without a license", and carrying a firearm 

in public in Philadelphia County

3. The Defendant was found guilty of the latter two crimes in a 

jury trial taking place from September 9, 2015 to September 14, 2015. Thereafter, in a non-jury 

trial, defendant was found guilty by this Court on the charge of possession of a firearm by a 

prohibited person. The defendant was found not guilty on several other charges and many others 

were nolle prossed. 

On appeal, the Defendant raises two (2) issues: 

1. The evidence was insufficient to support Defendant's firearms 

convictions because nobody ever saw him with a firearm and because the 

evidence was inconclusive as to whether a muzzle flash came from the 

vehicle he was in, and because the ballistics evidence did not support an 

1 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 6105(a)(1) 

2 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 6106(a)(l) 

3 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 6108 

1 
inference that shots were fired from inside the Jeep as the expert testified 

that the bullets coming from the Jeep were fired from outside the Jeep. 

2. This Court erred by giving the flight charge to the jury because the 

evidence did not support the notion that Defendant was fleeing from the 

police but rather that he was running for his life after being repeatedly 

shot. 

For the reasons set forth herein, it is respectfully requested that the Defendant's findings 

of guilt be affirmed on appeal as the issues raised do not warrant relief. The evidence presented at 

trial was sufficient to prove that the Defendant did, in fact, fire a weapon from inside of the vehicle 

he occupied and, further, that his actions on the evening in question could lead the jury to conclude 

that he was attempting to flee from police who were in pursuit. 

The defendant has raised an issue on appeal as to the sufficiency of the evidence presented 

at trial for the firearm crimes upon which he was found guilty by the jury, and subsequently by the 

Trial Court. A review of the trial testimony clearly establishes that the Commonwealth met its 

burden in proving the elements of each of these crimes as charged and the finding of guilt on each 

charge was proper, appropriate and based upon the totality of the evidence in weight, sufficiency 

and credibility of the witnesses as set forth below. 

In evaluating any type sufficiency claim, the court must view the evidence in the light most 

favorable to the Commonwealth as the verdict winner and also drawing all rational evidentiary 

inferences to determine whether a reasonable jury could have found that each element of the crimes 

charged were established beyond a reasonable doubt. Commonwealth v. Patterson, 940 A.2d 493, 

500 (Pa.Super. 2007) and Commonwealth v. Rosario, 438 Pa.Super. 241, 260-61, 652 A.2d 354, 

364 (1994). A court reviewing a sufficiency challenge " ... may not weigh the evidence and 

substitute [the court's] judgment for the fact-finder." Commonwealtlt v. Orr, 38 A.3d 868, 872 

2 
(Pa.Super. 2011), citing Commonwealth v. Hansley, 24 A.3d 410, 416 (Pa.Super. 2011); 

Commonwealth v. Jones, 874 A.2d 108, 120-21 (Pa.Super. 2005). 

The evidence at trial need not " ... preclude every possibility of innocence, and the fact 

finder is free to resolve any doubts regarding a defendant's guilt." Hansley, 24 A.3d at 

416. Although a conviction must be based on " ... more than mere suspicion or conjecture, the 

Commonwealth need not establish guilt to a mathematical certainty." Commonwealth v. Davis, 

861 A.2d 310, 323 (2004) citing Commonwealth v. Coon, 695 A.2d 794, 797 (1997). Further "if 

the record contains support for the convictions, they may not be disturbed." Id. 861 A.2d at 323- 

24; Commonwealth v. Marks, 704 A.2d 1095, 1098 (Pa.Super. 1997). These long settled 

principles of law governing a sufficiency challenge are equally applicable to cases where the 

evidence is circumstantial rather than direct, provided that the combination of inferential evidence 

links the accused to the criminality and/or establishes the crime's requisite element(s) beyond a 

reasonable doubt. Commonwealth v. Cox, 546 Pa. 515, 528, 686 A.2d 1279, 1285 (1996). 

In deciding whether as a matter of law that the trial evidence was sufficient to sustain a 

conviction, it must be remembered that "[w]hen evaluating the credibility and weight of the 

evidence, the fact finder is free to believe all, part or none of the evidence." Commonwealth v. 

Patterson, supra, 940 A.2d at 500; Commonweaitlt v. Emler, 903 A.2d 1273, 1276-77 (Pa.Super. 

2006). Furthermore, the jury is tasked with being the " ... sole judges of the credibility and weight 

of all testimony" and is certainly free to reject or accept, in whole or part, the testimony of all 

witnesses. Regarding the offered testimony, the jury in making their decision may choose what 

they value and discount what they find unpersuasive. 

The events subject to this appeal arise from an incident occurring on November 18, 2010 

and involved a gunfight between several individuals in a Philadelphia residential neighborhood. 

3 
At trial, the Commonwealth alleged and proved that the defendant, Malik Noel, was one of the 

shooters directly involved in the gunfight on that night. 

On the above date, Philadelphia Police Officers Cyrus Pollard and Robert Ellis were on 

patrol in and around the area of 27

111 and Wharton Streets. They were in a marked patrol car and 

were dressed in full police uniform. Upon hearing the gunshots, they proceeded towards the sound 

of the gunfire. As they turned their patrol vehicle onto 27th Street, they observed two men shooting 

into a red Jeep. The driver of the Jeep was later determined to be the Defendant. Upon seeing this, 

Officer Ellis jumped out the vehicle and ordered the two men that he had seen shooting into the 

vehicle to drop their weapons. Instead of complying with his commands, the men begin shooting 

at him. Office Ellis took cover and returned fire. At that point, those two individuals fled from the 

scene. Officer Ellis pursued after them and repeatedly exchanged gunfire. One of these shooters 

was arrested. The other evaded apprehension. 

Since the Defendant has raised issues directly related to the events involving his possession 

and discharge of a firearm from inside the vehicle, the Commonwealth elicited at trial the following 

testimony which directly refutes the claims that the evidence was insufficient to convict him of the 

firearm crimes. 

Officer Robert Ellis testified that during the gunfight in which he was involved, at one 

point during his exchanges of gunfire, he looked towards the Jeep, and all he could see "from the 

Jeep is a large noise and a large bang, and then I can see nothing but a muzzle flash." N.T., 09-09- 

2015, Pg. 63 L. 8-10. He supported his testimony in more detail under further questioning, stating 

as he looked back over towards the Jeep, he heard "a loud bang, and then the back window is out. 

And all I can see at that time is muzzle flash." N.T., 09-09-2015, Pg. 68 L. 7-9. Officer Ellis 

indicated he was "looking right at the Jeep. That's when I seen [sic] the muzzle flash." N.T., 09- 

4 
09-2015, Pg. 88 L. 9-10. Officer Ellis' testimony at trial was consistent with the statement he had 

given to Internal Affairs on March 10, 2011. N.T., 09-09-2015, Pg. 91 L. 21 to Pg. 92, L. 17. 

Officer Ellis's testimony remained consistent on cross-examination by defense counsel. On 

redirect, Officer Ellis, once again, detailed his observations regarding the muzzle flash inside the 

vehicle, stating: 

[6] Q. And was there anyone else in the vicinity at the 

[7] time of that muzzle flash besides someone in the Jeep, 

[8] that you knew of? 

[9] A. There was no one else. Just whoever was in the 

[10] Jeep and myself. And the other guys were already gone. 

[11] Q. At the point when you saw the muzzle flash, could 

(12] it have come from anywhere else but inside the Jeep? 

[13] A. Inside the Jeep. 

N.T., 09-09-2015, Pg. 119, L. 6-13. 

The Commonwealth next presented the testimony of Officer Cyrus Pollard, Officer Ellis' 

partner on the evening in question. Officer Pollard described the events as follows: 

(3] . . Me and my partner were driving on Wharton Street 

[ 4] going eastbound. We heard gunshots. So once we got to 

[5] the corner of 27th and Wharton, we took a look to the 

[6] right. We see a male shooting inside of a burgundy 

[7] vehicle. My partner had jumped out of the car before I 

[8] stopped, and he told the men to put their guns down. At 

[9] that time I was trying to put my car in park. The male 

[10] that was shooting inside of the vehicle turned towards 

[11] my partner and started shooting at him. My partner 

(12] returned fire. I got out of my vehicle to go behind my 

[ 13] partner. 

[14] Finally, the two males took off and ran up 

[15] westbound on Sears Street. As my partner got to the 

[ 16] corner of Sears Street, the burgundy vehicle took off in 

[17] a catty-corner motion. As he was pulling off, there 

[18] were gunshots coming out of the vehicle, at least four, 

[19] aiming towards my pa1iner. I was 3 feet behind my 

[20] partner. And at that time that's when I got back in my 

[21] vehicle and went after the burgundy vehicle. The 

[22] burgundy vehicle had crashed, and this young man right 

[23] here jumped out of the passenger's side and started 

5 
[24] running up Earp Street. 

N.T., 09-10-2015, Pg. 10, L. 3- 24. 

When asked how did he know that the shots were coming from inside the Jeep, Officer 

Pollard testified: 

[18] Q. So at the point when the gunshots start, how do 

[19] you know that it's gunshots coming out of the back of 

[20] the Jeep? 

[21] A. The back window blew out. 

[22] Q. Were you able to see anything else indicative of 

[23] gunshots coming out of the Jeep? 

[24] A. Yes; muzzle flash. 

[25] Q. Where exactly was that muzzle flash that you 

[1] could see? 

[2] A. Coming from the front of the vehicle. Someone 

[3] was sitting inside the front seat. 

[4] Q. Just so rm clear, you have like a flat screen TV 

[5] view of the back of the Jeep? 

[6] A. Yes. 

[7] Q. After that window got blown out were you able to 

[8] see through the Jeep? 

[9] A. Yes. 

[10] Q. Were you able to see how many people were in the 

[11] Jeep at that point? 

[12] A. At that point, no. 

[13] Q. Were you able to see if someone was in the 

[14] driver's seat? 

[15] A. Yes. 

[16] Q. Now, how many shots do you recall hearing corning 

[17] out of the back of the Jeep? 

[18] A. Four. 

N.T., 09-10-2015, Pg. 22, L. 18 to Pg. 23, L. 18. 

Neither officer testified that they saw the Defendant in actual possession of a firearm on 

the evening in question. Several weapons were recovered during the course of the investigation, 

6 
however, none were a .45 caliber, which were of the type of casings found in the vehicle as 

described below. 

The Commonwealth next presented the testimony of Officer Clyde Frasier of the Crime 

Scene Unit, who inspected the vehicle where it came to rest on the night in question. He noticed 

the rear window was blown out. N.T., 09-10-2015, Pg. 182, L. 12-15. He also identified and 

photographed three fired shell casings in the rear interior cargo area of the Jeep. N.T., 09-10-2015, 

Pg. 184, L. 15-24. These casings were all determined to be .45 auto fired cartridge casings. N.T., 

09-10-2015, Pg. 212, L 20-24. None of the firearms recovered were a .45 caliber. N.T., 09-10- 

2015, Pg. 215, L. 2-15. He also identified and photographed several bullet holes on the vehicle 

which he concluded were both entrance and exits holes. N.T., 09-10-2015, Pg. 188, L. 3-8. 

Officer John Taggart of the Crime Scene Unit performed a more detailed analysis of the 

Jeep after it had been impounded for further inspection. Officer Taggart's trial testimony was 

consistent with that of Officer Frasier and confirmed that the fired casings found in the back of the 

vehicle in the cargo area were .45 caliber shells. He also performed bullet trajectories based upon 

the bullet holes in the Jeep to determine both exit and entrance holes. N.T., 09-11-2015, Pgs. 21 to 

70. 

Based upon the forgoing testimony, a jury could reasonably conclude by the direct and 

circumstantial evidence presented at trial by the Commonwealth's witnesses that the defendant 

was in possession of a firearm on the night in question and did fire that weapon from inside the 

Jeep through its rear window. Officers Ellis and Pollard saw muzzle flashes coming from the 

inside. Officer Ellis saw the rear window blow out when hearing the gunshots and seeing the 

flashes. Three shell casings all of the same caliber were found inside the Jeep occupied solely by 

the defendant. Clearly, despite not actually seeing a weapon in the defendant's hand and a weapon 

7 
not being located that was a match for the shell casings found in the Jeep, the jury could reasonably 

infer that the defendant had possessed and fired a weapon on the night in question. Therefore, this 

direct and circumstantial evidence when taken as a whole was sufficient to support a finding of 

guilt on the weapons charges. 

The second issue raised by the defendant relates to this Court' s charge to the jury in regard 

to the defendant's actions during and after the shooting took place. The defendant asserts that this 

Court erred in instructing the jury that they could consider his actions and behavior on the evening 

in question as evidence of consciousness of guilt. 

It is well settled that jury instructions must be supported by the evidence of record as 

instructions regarding matters that are not before the court serve no purpose but to confuse the 

jury. Commonwealth v. Washington, 547 Pa. 563, 692 A.2d 1024 (1997). Generally, a trial 

court can give a flight/concealment jury charge when a person commits a crime, knows that he is 

a suspect, and then takes some action to flee or conceal himself, because such conduct is evidence 

of consciousness of guilt, which may form the basis, along with other proof, from which guilt may 

be inferred, Commonwealth v. Harley, 424 Pa.Super. 29, 40, 621 A.2d 1023, 1029 (1993), appeal 

denied, 540 Pa. 611, 656 A.2d 117 (1994) (citation omitted). It is permissible to infer that a 

defendant knows he is wanted for a cnme from the circumstances attendant to his flight. 

Commonwealth v. Rios, 684 A.2d 1025, 1035 (Pa. 1996) (citing Commonwealth v. Tinsley, 350 

A2d 791, 792-93 (Pa. 1976)). As set forth by our Supreme Court in Tinsley, supra., a flight 

instruction is proper even when no direct evidence was presented at trial to establish the defendant 

had actual knowledge that he was wanted by police, when there was "unquestionably 

circumstantial proof of this fact." Id., at 793 

8 
Based upon the evidence presented, this Court determined that the standard instruction for 

Flight or Concealment as Showing Consciousness of Guilt (SSJI Crim. 3 .14) was appropriate for 

the jury's consideration. In regard to this charge, this Court stated: 

[7] Now, members of the jury, there was 

[8] evidence and testimony that tended to show that 

[9] the defendant fled from the police. The 

[1 O] credibility, weight, and effect of this 

[11] evidence is for you to decide. Generally 

[12] speaking, when a crime has been committed and a 

[13] person thinks he or she may be accused of 

[14] committing it and he or she flees or conceals 

[15] himself or herself, such flight or concealment 

[16] is a circumstance tending to prove the person 

[ 17] is conscious of guilt. Such flight or 

[18] concealment does not necessarily show 

[19] consciousness of guilt in every case. A person 

[20] may flee or hide for some other motive and may 

[21] do so even though innocent. 

[22] Whether the evidence of flight or 

[23] concealment in this case should be looked at as 

[24] tending to prove guilt depends upon the facts 

[25] and circumstances of this case; especially upon 

[1] motive that may have prompted the flight or 

[2] concealment. You may not find the defendant 

[3] guilty solely on the basis of evidence of 

[ 4] flight or concealment. 

N.T. 9-14-15, pgs 106 -107. 

Defendant's counsel had properly preserved his objection to this charge during the 

charging conference on September 11, 2015. N.T. 9-11-15, P. 94, L. 14 to P. 99, L. 18. 

In explaining the reason for this Court's determination for giving this charge, it was 

succinctly stated as follows: 

[8] THE COURT: And the reason why I agreed 

[9] to give that charge was -- putting aside the 

[ 1 OJ fact of the vehicle leaving the scene and 

9 
[11] crashing, after that there was testimony from a 

[12] police officer that the defendant got up and 

[13] ran away after the two alleged assailants were 

[14] shooting at the car. He left the scene and was 

[15] no longer at the scene of the vehicle. And I 

[16) believe both Officer Pollard and Officer Ellis 

[17] testified that they identified themselves as 

[18] police officers, and they were both in full 

[19] uniform. 

[20] With regard to Police Officer Pollard, 

[21] I believe he indicated that he also told the 

[22) defendant to stop, and the defendant kept on 

[23] running, The defendant was then apprehended. 

[24] And he just spoke about what happened on -- 

[25) Is it Sears Street? 

[1] MS. McGLYNN: Earp Street, Your Honor. 

[2] THE COURT: Earp Street. 

[3) And it's a determination for the finder 

[ 4] of fact, the jury can make, as to whether the 

[5] reason that the defendant ran from the scene 

[ 6] was because of what you said or because of 

[7] consciousness of guilt. I'm not charging the 

[8] jury that they must find that way. I mean, 

[9] that's not what the charge says and I would 

[10] never do that. It simply means that if they 

[11] determine that the defendant fled the scene 

[12] after knowing police officers were there and 

[13] after the alleged assailants left the area, 

[14] that they could reasonably conclude that the 

[15] flight from that scene was done because of 

[16) consciousness of guilt. 

N.T., 9-11-15, P. 96, L. 8 to P. 97, L. 16 

At trial, Officer Pollard, the officer who apprehended the Defendant, testified that he gave 

chase to the Jeep. When he caught up to the vehicle near Earp Street: 

[9] A. As I was going towards Earp Street, I slowed down 

[ 1 OJ because I had to take a look inside the burgundy vehicle 

[11] to make sure there wasn't anyone else in there. I took 

[12] a look inside, and the vehicle was empty. 

[13] As I went down Earp Street, Mr. Noel went halfway 

10 
[14] down the block. He had turned around and started coming 

[15] back towards me, telling me he was shot. I had my 

[16] weapon out. I told him to get to the ground. He got to 

[17] the ground, and I cuffed him. And another officer 

[ 18] showed up, and we had to take him to the hospital. 

N.T., 09-10-2015, Pg. 11, L. 9-18. 

In detailing the chase and apprehension, Officer Pollard stated that the Jeep had crashed 

into another vehicle after fleeing from the area of where the shooting took place. He testified his 

reason for pursuing the Jeep: 

[2] Q. And what was your plan then? Where were you 

[3] headed? 

[4] A. I was heading for the Jeep since it fired out the 

[5] vehicle. 

[6] Q. And did you follow the Jeep all the way until it 

[7] crashed in your car? 

[8] A. Once it crashed, that's when I stopped my vehicle 

[9] and hopped out. 

[10] Q. Were you able to see all sides of the Jeep 

[11] throughout this entire incident? 

[12] A. Yes. 

[13] Q. Other than the defendant getting out of the 

[14] vehicle, did anyone else get out of the car? 

[15] A. No. 

[16] Q. Did any other doors open in the car? 

[17] A. No. 

[18] Q. And which side of the car did the defendant get 

[19] out of? 

[20] A. The front passenger's side. 

(21] Q. And which direction did he run? 

[22] A. He ran westbound onto Earp Street. 

[23] Q. So he got out of the passenger's side, and then 

[24] continued running in that direction. 

[25] A. Yes. 

N.T., 09-10-2015, Pg. 25, L. 2-25. 

Under these circumstances, and in light of the facts presented at trial, it would be reasonable 

for a jury to infer that there was flight from the police. The area was well lit, the officers were in 

full police uniforms, and they had identified themselves as police to the defendant. Although it 

11 
may have been reasonable and justifiable for the defendant to flee from the scene while being shot 

at, after he has successfully fled and was out of the area of danger, he exited the vehicle and 

attempted to then flee on foot being pursued only by the police at that point. The fact that he then 

stopped and walked back to the arresting officer is of no consequence, as he had initially exited 

the vehicle and proceeded to run away from a police officer who was in pursuit. In light of these 

facts, the given charge was appropriate for a jury to consider the defendant's actions in order to 

infer his intent to escape from police as consciousness of his guilt. 

In light of the foregoing, it is requested that the defendant's convictions be upheld and this 

Court's decisions be affirmed on appeal. 

BY THE COURT: 

.,,.,. 

Date: March 28, 2019 

12 
Ce1·tificate of Service 

�

On this date, the Z. 1 day of March, 2019, a true and correct copy of the attached 

1925(b) Opinion was filed by this Court with the Criminal Appeals Unit for service upon the 

counsel listed below via the Court's electronic filing system and First Class Mail, Postage Paid: 

Hugh Burns, Esquire 

Philadelphia District Attorney's Office 

3 S Penn Sq 

Philadelphia, PA 19107-3499 

Todd Michael Mosser, Esq. 

Mosser Legal PLLC 

211 N 13th St - Ste 801 

Philadelphia, PA 19107