### F I LE D U. S . COURT OF AP PE ALS E LEVE NTH CI RCUI T Fe br uar y 10, 2005 T HOM AS K. KAHN C L E RK [ P UB L I S H] I N THE UN I TE D STATE S C OU RT OF APPE ALS F O R T H E E L E V E N T H C IR C U IT

________________________ N o. 03- 16377 N on -A rgum entC al endar

________________________ D . C. D o c k e tN o . 0 3 - 0 0 0 9 3 - CR- 1 - CG U N I T E D S T A T E S O F A M E R I C A , P la in tif f - A p p e lle e , v ersu s C E C I L R A Y F R Y E , J R ., D e f e n d a n t- A p p e lla n t.

________________________ A pp ea l fr om the U ni t ed S t at es D i stri ctC ou rt f o rth e So u th e rn D i s tr i c to f A l ab a ma

_________________________ ( F e b r u ar y 10, 2005) B efo re C A RN E S , M A R C U S , an d P R Y O R , C i rcu i tJu d g es. P E R C U R I A M: T h i s ap p eal p resen t s fo u r i ssu es, th e seco n d o f w h i ch i s an i ssu e o f fi rst im p r e s s io n in th e E le v e n th C ir c u it: ( 1 ) w h e th e rC e c il R a y F ry e J r .’s g u ilty p le ato2

one c ountof

c ons pi r a c y t o m a nuf

a c tur e m e tha m phe t a m i ne unde r21 U . S . C . s e c t i on 846 a nd tw o c ount s of

us i ng orc a rry i ng af

i r e a rm i n c onne c t i on w i th adrug f e l ony un der 18 U . S . C . se ct i on 92 4(c) w as kn ow i ng and v ol un t ary; (2) w hether F ry e w as pr ope r l y c onvi c t e d of

the f i r e a rm s c ha r ge s unde rs e c t i on 924( c ) w he n he w a s not conv i ct ed of the predi ca t e off ense s; (3) w hether there w as an i nsuffi ci entfa ctual basi s t o sup po rtthe fi re arm s c on vi ct i on s; and (4) w hether F ry e’ s s ent ence vi ol at ed th e S ix th A m e n d m e n t u n d e rU n ite d S ta te s v . B o o k e r , 1 2 5 S . C t. 7 3 8 ( 2 0 0 5 ) . W e c onc l ude tha t( 1) F ry e ’ s pl e aw a s know i ng a nd vol unt a ry , ( 2) ac onvi c t i on on the pr e di c a t e of

f e ns e i s notne c e s s a ry f

orac onvi c t i on unde rs e c t i on 924( c ) , ( 3) the fi re arm s c on vi ct i on s a re supp ort ed by the re cord, and (4) because F ry e a dm i tt ed the f a c t s us e d by the di s tr i c tc our tt o c a l c ul a t e hi s s e nt e nc e , the s e nt e nc e di d not v io la te th e S ix th A m e n d m e n t. W e , th e r e f o r e , a f f irm th e d is tr ic t c o u r t. I . B AC KG RO UN D O n M ay29 , 20 03 , F ry e w as char ged b y s up er se di ng i nd i ctm entw i th seven coun t s r el at ed t o d rug tra ff i cki ng and fi re arm s posse ss i on , four coun t s of w hi ch ar e re l evantt o thi s app ea l . C ou ntO ne of the i nd i ctm entchar ged F ry e w i th con spi ra cy t o m anufacture m ore than 5 00 gram s of m etham ph et am i ne. C ou ntF ou r c harged F ry e w ith a n a tte m p t to m a n u f a c tu r e m o r e th a n 5 0 g r a m s o f m e th a m p h e ta m in e . C ountF i ve c ha r ge d tha tdur i ng a nd i n r e l a t i on t o the of f e ns e c ha r ge d i n C ount3

F o u r , F ry e k n o w in g ly u s e d , c a rr ie d , a n d p o s s e s s e d af ir e a rm , a n d C o u n t S ix char ged thatdu ri ng and i n rel at i on t o the offe nse of a tt em pt i ng t o m anufacture m e tha m phe t a m i ne , F ry e know i ngl y us e d, c a rr i e d, a nd pos s e s s e d af i r e a rm . C ount S ix d id n o t r e f

e r e n c e a n y o th e rc o u n t in th e in d ic tm e n t. F ry e pl e a de d gui l ty t o C ount s O ne , F i ve , a nd S i x, a nd the gove rnm e nt di sm i ss ed the re m ai ni ng char ges. B ef ore a cc ept i ng the pl ea , the di stri ctcourt e xt e ns i ve l y que s t i one d F ry e i n aR ul e 11 c ol l oquy c onc e rni ng hi s know l e dge of the c ha r ge s a ga i ns thi m , the r i ght s he pos s e s s e d a s ac r i m i na l de f e nda nt , a nd the consequences of pl ea di ng gu i l ty. F ry e then p l ea ded g ui l ty. T he di stri ctcourt d e te rm in e d th a t th e p le aw a s v o lu n ta ry a n d k n o w in g a n d a c c e p te d th e p le a . A f t e rthe s e nt e nc i ng he a r i ng, a tw hi c h F ry e s t a t e d tha the ha d no obj e c t i ons t o th e p resen t en ce i n v est i g at i o n rep o rtth atw o u l d affect th e g u i d el i n e cal cu l at i o n s, the di s tr i c tc our ts e nt e nc e d F ry e t o at ot a l t e rm of 548 m onths ’ i m pr i s onm e nta nd f iv e y e a r s ’ s u p e rv is e d r e le a s e . F ry e f ile d atim e ly n o tic e o f

ap p e a l. I I . STA N D A R D O F R EVI EW T he vol unt a r i ne s s of

agui l ty pl e ai s r e vi e w e d de novo. U ni t e d S t a t e s v. B row n, 11 7 F . 3d 47 1, 47 4 (11 th C i r. 19 97 ). W e r evi ew i ss ues of s t atut ory c o n s tru c tio n d e n o v o . U n ite d S ta te s v . M ik e ll, 1 0 2 F .3 d 4 7 0 , 4 7 4 ( 1 1 th C ir . 1 9 9 6 ) .

“ [W ] e w i l l no tov erturn a j ud ge’ s dec i si on t o acc epta gui l ty pl eaun l es s there has4

b e e n a n ab u s e o f

d is c r e tio n .” U n ite d S ta te s v . O w e n , 8 5 8 F .2 d 1 5 1 4 , 1 5 1 6 ( 1 1 th C i r . 1988) . F i na l l y , be c aus e F ry e di d notobj e c tt o hi s s e nt e nc e a ts e nt e nc i ng, our r e vi e w i s l i m i t e d t o pl a i n e rr or . U ni t e d S t a t e s v. D unc a n, 381 F . 3d 1070, 1073 ( 1 1 th C ir . 2 0 0 4 ) . I I I . DI S CUS S I ON

“ A pl eaof gu i l ty c anno tsupp orta j ud gm entof gu i l tun l es s i tw as vo l un t ary i n ac ons t i tut i ona l s e ns e . ” B r ow n, 117 F . 3d a t476. A pl e ai s vol unt a ry i n a c o n s titu tio n a l s e n s e if

th e d e f e n d a n t r e c e iv e s r e a l n o tic e o f th e c h a r g e a g a in s t h im an d u n d erst an d s th e n atu re o f th e co n st i tu t i o n al p ro t ect i o n s h e i s w ai v i n g . Id . F rye cont es t s the kn ow i ng and v ol un t ary nature of hi s gui l ty pl ea . W e f i rs t , there fore , det erm i ne w hether F ry e kno w i ng l y a nd vo l un t ar i l y pl ea ded g ui l ty. W e then a d d r e s s F ry e ’s r e m a in in g a r g u m e n ts o n ap p e a l. T o ci rc um ventthe det ai l ed R ul e 11 col l oq uy, F ry e c on t ends thatthe cr i m i nal p r o c e e d in g a s aw h o le u n d e rm in e d th e k n o w in g a n d v o lu n ta ry n a tu r e o f h is p le a . S p e c if ic a lly , F ry e a r g u e s th a t th e d is tr ic t c o u r t n e g le c te d to in q u ir e a d e q u a te ly co n ce rn in g th e m o ti o n to w ith d ra w d u e to irre co n cilab le d iffe re n ce s th at F ry e’s c o u n s e l h a d f

ile d th e m o rn in g o f

th e p le ah e a r in g . T h is a r g u m e n t f a ils . T o d et erm i ne thata gui l ty pl eai s kno w i ng and v ol un t ary the di stri ctcourt m u s t e s tab lis h th a t “( 1 ) th e g u ilty p le a[ is ] f r e e f r o m c o e r c io n ; ( 2 ) th e d e f e n d a n t . . .5

unde r s t a nd[ s ] the na tur e of the c ha r ge s ; a nd ( 3) the de f e nda nt. . . know [ s ] a nd unde r s t a nd[ s ] the c ons e que nc e s of hi s gui l ty pl e a . ” U ni t e d S t a t e s v. M os e l y , 173 F . 3 d 1 3 1 8 , 1 3 2 2 (1 1 th C i r. 1 9 9 9 ). H ere th e d i stri ctco u rtex p l i ci t l y ask ed F rye ab o u t th e m o tio n to w ith d r a w , a n d F ry e r e s p o n d e d th a t h e w a s s a tis f ie d w ith h is re pres ent at i on and thatthe di ff i cul ty had pass ed. T he di stri ctcourtfurther di s c us s e d the pl e aa gr e e m e nt , e l e m e nt s of e a c h of f e ns e , bur de n of

pr oof , a nd consequences of pl ea di ng gu i l ty w i th F ry e i n d et ai l . F ry e r es po nd ed thathe w as no tcoer ce d i nt o p l ea di ng gu i l ty, thathe un ders t oo d the charges and con se qu ence s o f p l ead i n g g u i l ty, an d th ath e p l ead ed g u i l ty. T h e reco rd sh o w s th atF rye unde r s t ood the c ha r ge s a ga i ns thi m a nd hi s opt i ons , a nd tha the vol unt a r i l y a nd k n o w in g ly p le a d e d g u ilty . S e c ond, F ry e a r gue s tha the c oul d notbe c onvi c t e d of us i ng orc a rry i ng a fi re arm i n con nect i on w i th a drug tra ff i cki ng cr i m e und er18 U . S . C . se ct i on 92 4(c) be c a us e he w a s notc onvi c t e d of the pr e di c a t e drug of

f e ns e f orC ountF i ve or c ha r ge d w i th the pr e di c a t e of f e ns e f orC ountS i x. W he the rade f e nda ntc a n be f o u n d g u ilty u n d e rs e c tio n 9 2 4 ( c ) w h e n h e w a s n o t c o n v ic te d o f th e p r e d ic a te o ffen se o r sep arat el y ch arg ed w i th th e p red i cat e o ffen se i s an i ssu e o f fi rst i m pr e s s i on i n thi s c i r c ui t . W e hol d tha tc onvi c t i on unde rs e c t i on 924( c ) doe s not r e q u ir e e ith e rth a t th e d e f e n d a n t b e c o n v ic te d o f

o rc h a r g e d w ith th e p r e d ic a te6

o f f e n s e . S ect i o n 9 2 4 (c)(1 )(A ) m ak es i ta cri m e fo r an y p erso n t o u se o r carry a f i r e a rm “ dur i ng a nd i n r e l a t i on t o a ny . . . drug tr a f f i c ki ng c r i m e . . . f

orw hi c h the p e r s o n m a y b e p r o s e c u te d in ac o u r t o f th e U n ite d S ta te s . . . .” 1 8 U .S .C . § 924( c ) ( 1) ( A ) . A “ drug tr a f f i c ki ng c r i m e ” i nc l ude s a ny c r i m e puni s habl e unde rthe C o n tr o lle d S u b s ta n c e s A c t, 2 1 U .S .C . s e c tio n 8 0 1 , e t s e q . 1 8 U .S .C . § 9 2 4 ( c ) ( 2 ) . B y i t s pl ai n l angu age, se ct i on 92 4 d oes notre qu i re thata def endantbe conv i ct ed of , ore ve n c ha r ge d w i th, the pr e di c a t e of f e ns e t o be f

ound gui l ty of

us i ng or c a rry in g af

ir e a rm in r e la tio n to th e p r e d ic a te o f f e n s e . S e c tio n 9 2 4 ( c ) r e q u ir e s o n ly thatthe drug tra ff

i cki ng cr i m e be one that“ m aybe prosec ut ed. ” F ry e, there fore , w a s pr ope r l y c onvi c t e d of vi ol a t i ng s e c t i on 924( c ) ( a ) de s pi t e tha the w a s not c o n v ic te d o f

th e p r e d ic a te o f

f e n s e o n C o u n t F iv e o rc h a r g e d w ith ap r e d ic a te o f f e n s e o n C o u n t S ix . Th e o th e rc i r c u i t s th a th a v e a d d r e s s e d th i s i s s u e h a v e r e a c h e d th e s a me concl usi on w e r ea ch t od ay . U ni t ed S t at es v. C art er , 30 0 F . 3d 41 5, 42 5 (4th C i r. 20 02 ); U ni t ed S t at es v. L ake, 15 0 F . 3d 26 9, 27 4-75 (3d C i r. 19 98 ); U ni t ed S t at es v. N e l s on, 27 F . 3d 199, 200 ( 6th C i r . 1994) ; U ni t e d S t a t e s v. M y e r s , 993 F . 2d 171, 17 2 (8th C i r. 19 93 ); U ni t ed S t at es v. H i l l , 97 1 F . 2d 14 61 , 14 67 (10th C i r. 19 92 ); U ni t ed S t at es v. M un oz-F abel a, 89 6 F . 2d 90 8, 91 0-11 (5th C i r. 19 90 ); U ni t ed7

S ta te s v . H u n te r , 8 8 7 F .2 d 1 0 0 1 , 1 0 0 3 ( 9 th C ir . 1 9 8 9 ) . I n M u n o z - F ab e la , th e F if th C ir c u it h e ld th a t “o n ly th e f a c t o f th e o f f e n s e , a n d n o t ac o n v ic tio n , . . . is n e e d e d to e s t abl i s h the r e qui r e d pr e di c a t e , ” a nd c onc l ude d tha tthe c ha r ge of pos s e s s i on of c oc a i ne w i th i nt e ntt o di s tr i but e , w hi c h w a s c ont a i ne d i n the f i r s ti ndi c tm e ntbutof w h ic h M u n o z w a s n o t c o n v ic te d , w a s as u f f ic ie n t “d ru g tr a f

f ic k in g o f f e n s e ” w ith in th e m e a n in g o f

s e c tio n 9 2 4 ( c ) . 8 9 6 F .2 d a t 9 1 0 - 1 1 . S im ila r ly , in H u n te r , th e N in th C i r c ui the l d tha t“ ade f

e nda ntc ha r ge d w i th vi ol a t i ng s e c t i on 924( c ) ( 1) m us tbe pr ove n t o ha ve c om m i tt e d the unde r l y i ng c r i m e , butnothi ng i n the s t a tut e orthe l e gi s l a t i ve hi s t ory s ugge s t s he m us tbe s e pa r a t e l y c ha r ge d w i th a nd c onvi c t e d of the unde r l y i ng of

f e ns e . ” 887 F . 2d a t1003. W e a gr e e w i th the i rr e a di ng of the pl a i n l a ngua ge of

s e c t i on 924. T h ir d , F ry e a r g u e s th a t th e r e w a s a n in s u f f ic ie n t f a c tu a l b a s is in th e r e c o r d to s u p p o r t th e c o n v ic tio n s o n C o u n ts F iv e a n dS ix . R u le 1 1 ( b ) ( 3 ) r e q u ir e s th a t, b efo re accep t i n g a g u i l ty p l ea, a d i stri ctco u rt“ m u std et erm i n e th atth ere i s a f a c tu a l b a s is f

o rth e p le a .” F e d . R . C r im . P . 1 1 ( b ) ( 3 ) . “T h e p u rp o s e o f th is re qu i re m enti s t o p rot ec ta def endantw ho m i st akenl y bel i eves thathi s c on du ct const i tut es the cr i m i nal offe nse t o w hi ch he i s pl ea di ng . ” U ni t ed S t at es v. L op ez , 9 0 7 F. 2 d 1 0 9 6 , 1 1 0 0 ( 1 1 th Ci r . 1 9 9 0 ) ( c i t i n g M c Ca r th y v . U n i t e d St a t e s , 3 9 4 U . S. 4 5 9 , 4 6 7 , 8 9 S . C t. 1 1 6 6 , 1 1 7 1 ( 1 9 6 9 ) ) . “T h e s ta n d a r d f o re v a lu a tin g c h a lle n g e s to8

th e f a c tu a l b a s is f

o rag u ilty p le ais w h e th e rth e tr ia l c o u r t w a s p r e s e n te d w ith e v id e n c e f

r o m w h ic h it c o u ld r e a s o n ab ly f in d th a t th e d e f

e n d a n t w a s g u ilty .” I d . T he fa ct s pre se nt ed by the part i es t o enabl e the tri al courtt o p er form i t s r ol e, un der R ul e 11( b) ( 3) , w e r e c ont a i ne d i n ni ne pa ge s of a dm i s s i ons by F ry e , w hi c h the p art i es en t i t l ed th e “ factu al resu m e, ” so w e m u stev al u at e F rye’ s arg u m en tag ai n st hi s a dm i ss i on s i n thatfa ctual re sum e. T o co n v i cta d efen d an tu n d er sect i o n 9 2 4 (c)(1 ), th e g o v ern m en tm u st de m ons tr a t e tha tthe de f e nda ntus e d orc a rr i e d af i r e a rm , dur i ng a nd i n r e l a t i on t o a d ru g tr a f f ic k in g c r im e . S m ith v . U n ite d S ta te s , 5 0 8 U .S . 2 2 3 , 2 2 7 - 2 8 , 1 1 3 S . C t. 2 0 5 0 , 2 0 5 3 ( 1 9 9 3 ) . A d e f e n d a n t c a rr ie s af

ir e a rm if it is c a rr ie d d ir e c tly o n h is pe r s on orc a rr i e d i n hi s ve hi c l e . M us c a r e l l o v. U ni t e d S t a t e s , 524 U . S . 125, 131, 118 S . C t . 1911, 1916 ( 1998) . T o pr ove the “ i n r e l a t i on t o” r e qui r e m e nt , the g o v e rn m e n t m u s t d e m o n s tr a te th a t th e f ir e a rm h a d “s o m e p u rp o s e o re f f e c t w ith r e s pe c tt o the drug tr a f

f i c ki ng c r i m e ; i t s pr e s e nc e ori nvol ve m e ntc a nnotbe the r e s u lt o f a c c id e n t o rc o in c id e n c e .” S m ith , 5 0 8 U .S . a t 2 3 8 , 1 1 3 S . C t. a t 2 0 5 8 - 5 9 .

“ T he gun a tl e a s tm us tf a c i l i t a t e , orha ve the pot e nt i a l of f a c i l i t a t i ng, the drug tra ff i cki ng offe nse. ” I d. at23 8, 11 3 S . C t . at20 59 (c i t at i on s a nd i nt ernal p u n c tu a tio n o m itte d ) . T h e f a c tu a l r e s u m e p r o v id e s s u f f ic ie n t f a c ts f o rth e d is tr ic t c o u r t r e a s o n ab ly9

t o ha ve de t e rm i ne d tha tthe de f e nda ntw a s gui l ty . T he r e s um e s t a t e s tha t , dur i ng the a tt e m ptt o m a nuf

a c tur e m e tha m phe t a m i ne a ti s s ue i n C ountF i ve , F ry e c a rr i e d a C o lt r e v o lv e rin h is le f

t ja c k e t p o c k e t w h ile tr a n s p o r tin g c h e m ic a ls a n d e q u ip m e n t. T he r e s um e a l s o s t a t e s tha tF ry e c a rr i e d aR uge r9 m m s e m i - aut om a t i c pi s t ol du ri ng the att em pt ed theftof anhydrou s a m m on i a f or m aki ng m etham ph et am i ne at is s u e in C o u n t S ix b e c au s e th e R u g e rw a s f o u n d in p la in v ie w in th e v e h ic le w ith F ry e . A r e a s onabl e f

a c t f i nde rc oul d ha ve c onc l ude d tha ti n e a c h c a s e the gun f a c i l i t a t e d orha d the pot e nt i a l t o f a c i l i t a t e the of

f e ns e . T he di s tr i c tc our tdi d not ab u s e its d is c r e tio n w h e n it a c c e p te d th e p le a . F in a lly , F ry e a r g u e s th a t th e d is tr ic t c o u r t e rr e d w h e n it e n h a n c e d h is s e nt e nc e ba s e d on f

a c t or s tha tw e r e ne i the ra dm i tt e d by hi m norpr ove d be y ond a r e a s onabl e doubti n vi ol a t i on of hi s S i xth A m e ndm e ntr i ght s . F ry e obj e c t s t o the e n h a n c e m e n th e r e c e i v e d f o rb e i n g a n o r g a n i z e ri n th e c o n s p i r a c y u n d e rU. S . S . G. se ct i on 3B 1. 1(a) and for ri sk of harm t o h um an l i fe or the envi ronm entun der U . S . S . G . s e c t i on 2D 1. 1( b) ( 5) ( B ) . F ry e ’ s a r gum e nti s be l i e d by the r e c or d. In B l akel y v. W as hi ng t on , the S up re m e C ou rthel d thatthe i m po si t i on of a s e nt e nc i ng e nha nc e m e ntm us tbe s uppor t e d by f a c t s tha tw e r e e i the ra dm i tt e d by the de f e nda ntorf

ound be y ond ar e a s onabl e doubtby the j ury , B l a ke l y v. W as hi ng t on , 12 4 S . C t . 25 31 , 25 38 (200 4), and i n B oo ker, the S up re m e C ou rt10

e xt e nde d the r e a s oni ng of B l a ke l y t o the f

e de r a l s e nt e nc i ng gui de l i ne s . T he B o o k e rC o u r t c o n c lu d e d , in th e o p in io n w r itte n b y J u s tic e S te v e n s , “A c c o r d in g ly w e r e a f f i rm ourhol di ng i n A ppr e ndi : A ny f a c t( othe rtha n apr i orc onvi c t i on) w hi c h i s ne c e s s a ry t o s uppor tas e nt e nc e e xc e e di ng the m a xi m um a uthor i z e d by the f a c t s e s t abl i s he d by apl e aof gui l ty oraj uryve r di c tm us tbe a dm i tt e d by the defe nd antor prov ed t o a j ury bey on d a re as on abl e dou bt . ” B oo ker, 12 5 S . C t . at 756. S o l ong a s F ry e i n pl e a di ng gui l ty a dm i tt e d the f a c t s tha ts uppor tthe e n h a n c e m e n t o f

h is s e n te n c e , th e r e is n o v io la tio n o f th e S ix th A m e n d m e n t. Th e r e c o r d s h o w s th a tth e f a c t s a d mi tt e d b y Fry e , i n th e f a c tu a l r e s u me s u b m i tt e d t o th e d i s tr i c tc o u r ta s p a r to f th e g u i l ty p l e a , s u p p o r tth e two e n h a n c e m e n ts to h is s e n te n c e . F ir s t, a n e n h a n c e m e n t u n d e rs e c tio n 3 B 1 .1 ( a ) is supp ort ed i f the defendantw as an organi ze r or l ea der of acr i m i nal ac t i vi ty that in v o lv e d f

iv e o rm o r e p a r tic ip a n ts o rw a s o th e rw is e e x te n s iv e . U .S .S .G . § 3B 1. 1( a ) . I n the f

a c tua l r e s um e , F ry e a dm i tt e d tha tthe gove rnm e ntc oul d pr ove b e y o n d ar e a s o n ab le d o u b t th a t h e r e c ru ite d v a r io u s in d iv id u a ls to s te a l in g r e d ie n ts t o m ake m etham ph et am i ne, di stri bu t ed m etham ph et am i ne as paym entfor s ervi ce s a n d r e n t, p a id o n e in d iv id u a l to m a k e th e d ru g s , a n d in s tru c te d a n o th e rh o w to

“ co o k ” th e m eth am p h et am i n e. F rye ad m i tt ed th atth e co n sp i racy i n v o l v ed atl east t en part i ci pant s. F ry e’ s a dm i ss i on s s up po rtthe fi nd i ng of the di stri ctcourtthat11

F ry e w a s a n o r g a n iz e rin th e o f f e n s e . S e c ond, a n e nha nc e m e ntunde rs e c t i on 2D 1. 1( b) ( 5) ( B ) i s appr opr i a t e i f the of f e ns e ( 1) i nvol ve d the m a nuf a c tur e of m e tha m phe t a m i ne a nd ( 2) c r e a t e d a s u b s ta n tia l r is ko f

h a rm to h u m a n lif

e o rth e e n v ir o n m e n t. U .S .S .G . § 2 D 1 .1 ( b ) ( 5 ) ( B ) . T h e o f f e n s e to w h ic h F ry e p le a d e d g u ilty w a s c o n s p ir a c y to m a nuf a c tur e m e tha m phe t a m i ne , a nd i n the r e s um e , F ry e a dm i tt e d tha t , i n the c our s e of the c ons pi r a c y , he m a nuf a c tur e d appr oxi m a t e l y thr e e t o f ourounc e s of m e tha m phe t a m i ne pe rw e e k. F ry e a l s o a dm i tt e d tha the “ c ooke d” m etham ph et am i ne atthree se para t e r es i dent i al l ocat i on s a nd thatprot ec t i ve gear w as req u i red t o cl ear a cland est i n e m eth am p h et am i n e l ab o rat o ry. T h ese ad m i ssi o n s are su ffi ci en tt o su p p o rtth e fi n d i n g b y th e d i stri ctco u rtth atth e o ffen se i nvol ve d as ubs t a nt i a l r i s k t o hum a n l i f e orthe e nvi r onm e nt . S e e U ni t e d S t a t e s v. L a y ne , 324 F . 3d 464, 468- 71 ( 6th C i r . 2003) . T he s e nt e nc e , the r e f or e , di d not vi ol a t e the S i xth A m e ndm e nta s e xpl i c a t e d i n B ooke r , a nd the di s tr i c tc our tdi d not err. I V . CONCL US I ON B e c au s e F ry e k n o w in g ly a n d v o lu n ta r ily p le a d e d g u ilty , th e d is tr ic t c o u r t d id notabus e i t s di s c r e t i on w he n i ta c c e pt e d the gui l ty pl e a , a nd the s e nt e nc e di d not vi ol at e the S i xth A m endm ent , w e A F F I R M.