UNPUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

No. 21-4034

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff - Appellee,

v.

UNDER SEAL,

Defendant - Appellant.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, at 

Alexandria. Rossie David Alston, Jr., District Judge. (1:20-cr-00231-RDA-1)

Submitted: February 22, 2022 Decided: June 15, 2022

Before GREGORY, Chief Judge, and THACKER and RICHARDSON, Circuit Judges.

Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.

ON BRIEF: John C. Kiyonaga, LAW OFFICE OF JOHN C. KIYONAGA, Alexandria, 

Virginia, for Appellant. Raj Parekh, Acting United States Attorney, Rebecca H. Bellows, 

Assistant United States Attorney, Cristina C. Stam, Assistant United States Attorney, 

Aidan Taft Grano, Assistant United States Attorney, Alexander E. Blanchard, Assistant 

United States Attorneys, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Alexandria, 

Virginia, for Appellee.

Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.

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PER CURIAM:

Male Juvenile appeals the district court’s order transferring him to adult status 

under the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Act, 18 U.S.C. §§ 5031-5043 (“JDA”).

1

Male Juvenile was charged in a two-count juvenile information with maiming in aid of 

racketeering activity, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2, 1959(a)(2), and assault with a 

dangerous weapon resulting in serious bodily injury in aid of racketeering activity, in 

violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2, 1959(a)(3).2

 The Government certified to the district court 

that there is a substantial federal interest in Male Juvenile’s case and his offenses that 

warrant exercising federal jurisdiction. Male Juvenile argues that the district court lacked 

jurisdiction to transfer him to adult status because (1) a violation of Va. Code § 18.2-51 is 

not a “crime of violence” under the JDA; and (2) prosecuting him as an adult implicates

no “substantial federal interest.” Male Juvenile further asserts that the court abused its 

discretion when it determined that the interests of justice compelled the exercise of its 

discretion to transfer him for trial as an adult. Finding no error, we affirm.

I. Jurisdiction

The principal purpose of the JDA “is to remove juveniles from the ordinary 

criminal process in order to avoid the stigma of a prior criminal conviction and to 

1 We possess jurisdiction to review the district court’s transfer order under the 

collateral order doctrine. United States v. Juv. Male, 554 F.3d 456, 463-65 (4th Cir. 

2009).

2 The maiming and assault charges underlying the charged federal offenses were 

alleged under Va. Code § 18.2-51 and § 18.2-18.

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encourage treatment and rehabilitation.” United States v. Robinson, 404 F.3d 850, 858 

(4th Cir. 2005) (internal quotation marks omitted). Accordingly, the JDA dictates that a 

juvenile not be prosecuted in federal court unless the Government first certifies “one of 

three potential jurisdictional bases for proceeding in federal court.” Juv. Male, 554 F.3d 

at 460. The potential jurisdictional bases are: “(1) that no state possesses, or is willing to 

exercise, jurisdiction over the juvenile; (2) that the state lacks adequate programs and 

services for the juvenile; or (3) that the juvenile has committed a felonious ‘crime of 

violence’ or drug offense in which there is a substantial federal interest.” Id. 

In order to satisfy itself that jurisdiction exists, then, a district court must “review[] 

the stated reasons underlying the [G]overnment’s decision to proceed in federal court.” 

Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). In evaluating a transfer motion, “a court is not 

required to examine the veracity of the allegations lodged against the juvenile; it is 

entitled to accept the prosecution’s allegations as true.” Id. We conduct a de novo 

review of the district court’s determination that it possessed jurisdiction over the 

proceeding against Male Juvenile. See United States v. Cortez, 930 F.3d 350, 355 (4th 

Cir. 2019). 

The parties now agree that a violation of Va. Code § 18.2.51 is a “crime of

violence” under the JDA. See Moreno-Osorio v. Garland, 2 F.4th 245, 253 (4th Cir. 

2021) (holding that a violation of “Virginia Code § 18.2-51 is a ‘crime of violence’ under 

18 U.S.C. § 16(a), since it has as an element the use of ‘physical force’”). In addition, 

given the egregious nature of the offenses in Male Juvenile’s case, the severity of the 

penalties Male Juvenile faces, the importance of the federal law under which the 

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Government seeks to prosecute Male Juvenile, and the fact that the Government has a 

significant interest in prosecuting all of the individuals—including the adult 

individuals—involved in the alleged crimes, we find no error in the district court’s 

determination that a “substantial federal interest” is implicated in Male Juvenile’s case.

We therefore conclude that the district court properly exercised jurisdiction over

Male Juvenile’s proceedings.

II. Discretionary Transfer

Before a juvenile defendant eligible for discretionary transfer may become the 

subject of a transfer order, the district court must determine, after a hearing, that 

transferring him for prosecution as an adult would serve the “interest[s] of justice.” 18 

U.S.C. § 5032, para. 4. In so doing, the court must consider evidence on, and make

findings of fact regarding, six factors: (1) “the age and social background of the 

juvenile”; (2) “the nature of the alleged offense;” (3) “the extent and nature of the 

juvenile’s prior delinquency record;” (4) “the juvenile’s present intellectual development 

and psychological maturity”; (5) “the nature of past treatment efforts and the juvenile’s 

response to such efforts”; and (6) “the availability of programs designed to treat the 

juvenile’s behavioral problems.” Id., para. 5. 

A transfer hearing is not a criminal proceeding; rather, it is essentially a civil 

matter that results in the adjudication of the juvenile’s status. See Juv. Male, 554 F.3d at 

459 & n.3. Accordingly, the Government need only show by a preponderance of the 

evidence that transfer to adult status is in the “interest of justice.” See Robinson, 404 

F.3d at 858. 

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While the district court must make explicit findings on each of the six § 5032 

factors, see United States v. Romulus, 949 F.2d 713, 715-16 (4th Cir. 1991), it need not 

accord them equal weight, see United States v. Juv. Male No. 1, 86 F.3d 1314, 1323 (4th 

Cir. 1996). This court has nonetheless recognized that “the nature of the offense is 

significant,” and a district court does not clearly err if it concludes “that this factor 

weigh[s] heavily in favor of transfer.” Juv. Male, 554 F.3d at 469. Regardless of the 

emphasis placed on a particular factor, however, the district court must be sure to 

“balance the rehabilitative purposes against the need to protect the public from violent 

and dangerous individuals.” Juv. Male No. 1, 86 F.3d at 1323. While we review a 

district “court’s findings on the statutory factors for clear error,” we examine the court’s 

“ultimate transfer ruling for abuse of discretion.” Juv. Male, 554 F.3d at 469. 

The district court here appropriately considered each of the § 5032 factors and

thoroughly explained why it determined that the factors favored prosecuting Male 

Juvenile as an adult. We find that, given the documentary evidence before the court and 

the witness testimony provided during the transfer hearing, combined with the deference 

this court affords the district court’s credibility determinations, see United States v. 

Palmer, 820 F.3d 640, 653 (4th Cir. 2016) (“When reviewing factual findings for clear 

error, we particularly defer to a district court’s credibility determinations, for it is the role 

of the district court to observe witnesses and weigh their credibility” (cleaned up)), the 

district court did not clearly err in rendering its factual findings, see United States v. Cox, 

744 F.3d 305, 308 (4th Cir. 2014) (recognizing that this court will find clear error only if 

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it is “left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.” 

(internal quotation marks omitted)). 

And as to the court’s decision to exercise its discretion to grant the Government’s 

motion based on the § 5032 factors, the district court can be said to have abused its 

discretion only if it “acted arbitrarily or irrationally,” “failed to consider judicially 

recognized factors constraining its exercise of discretion, . . . relied on erroneous factual 

or legal premises,” or “committed an error of law.” United States v. High, 997 F.3d 181, 

187 (4th Cir. 2021) (cleaned up). While we have considered Male Juvenile’s insistence 

that the court inappropriately evaluated the § 5032 factors under the circumstances of his 

case, we defer to the district court’s determination that the § 5032 factors weighed in 

favor of Male Juvenile being prosecuted as an adult. See Juv. Male, 554 F.3d at 469-70 

(finding no abuse of discretion in district court’s transfer decision because “the court 

appropriately evaluated and weighed th[e § 5032] factors”). 

Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s order. We dispense with oral argument 

because the facts and legal contentions are adequately presented in the materials before 

the court and argument would not aid the decisional process.

AFFIRMED

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