COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA 

Present: Judges Elder, Humphreys and Kelsey 

Argued at Richmond, Virginia 

CALVIN TAYLOR 

 MEMORANDUM OPINION*

 BY 

v. Record No. 2856-04-2 JUDGE LARRY G. ELDER 

 MARCH 7, 2006 

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA 

 FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF RICHMOND 

Ernest P. Gates, Judge Designate 

 John B. Mann (Levit & Mann, P.C., on briefs), for appellant. 

 Denise C. Anderson, Assistant Attorney General (Judith Williams 

Jagdmann, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee. 

 Calvin Taylor (appellant) appeals from his conviction, entered upon his conditional plea 

of guilty, for possession of marijuana with intent to distribute. On appeal, he contends the 

seizure and search that led to the discovery of marijuana on his person were unreasonable and 

violated the Fourth Amendment. We hold the evidence supports a finding that the seizure and 

search that yielded the marijuana were reasonable, and we affirm appellant’s conviction.1

On appeal of the denial of a motion to suppress, we view the evidence in the light most 

favorable to the Commonwealth. Commonwealth v. Grimstead, 12 Va. App. 1066, 1067, 407 

 *

 Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. 

1

 In his petition for appeal, appellant also challenged a simultaneous conviction for 

possessing cocaine, also entered upon a conditional plea of guilty, because it was found in a 

post-arrest search that he contended was the fruit of the earlier illegal seizure and search that 

yielded the marijuana. At the petition stage, this Court concluded appellant failed to preserve for 

appeal his assignment of error regarding the cocaine and denied his petition for appeal on that 

ground. We note that the result is the same result that would have obtained if the petition for 

appeal of the cocaine conviction had been granted along with the marijuana conviction. 
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S.E.2d 47, 48 (1991). “[W]e are bound by the trial court’s findings of historical fact unless 

‘plainly wrong’ or without evidence to support them,” McGee v. Commonwealth, 25 Va. App. 

193, 198, 487 S.E.2d 259, 261 (1997) (en banc), but we review de novo the trial court’s 

application of defined legal standards such as reasonable suspicion to the particular facts of the 

case, see Ornelas v. United States, 517 U.S. 690, 699, 116 S. Ct. 1657, 1663, 134 L. Ed. 2d 911 

(1996). 

Fourth Amendment jurisprudence recognizes three categories of police-citizen contact: 

“(1) consensual encounters, (2) brief, minimally intrusive investigatory detentions, based upon 

specific, articulable facts, commonly referred to as Terry stops, see Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 

S. Ct. 1868, 20 L. Ed. 2d 889 (1968), and (3) highly intrusive arrests and searches founded on 

probable cause.” Wechsler v. Commonwealth, 20 Va. App. 162, 169, 455 S.E.2d 744, 747 

(1995). 

Consensual encounters “‘need not be predicated on any suspicion of the person’s 

involvement in wrongdoing,’ and remain consensual ‘as long as the citizen voluntarily 

cooperates with the police.’” Payne v. Commonwealth, 14 Va. App. 86, 88, 414 S.E.2d 869, 870 

(1992) (quoting United States v. Wilson, 953 F.2d 116, 121 (4th Cir. 1991)). “‘As long as the 

person to whom questions are put remains free to disregard the questions and walk away, there 

has been no intrusion upon that person’s liberty or privacy as would under the Constitution 

require some particularized and objective justification.’” Greene v. Commonwealth, 17 

Va. App. 606, 610, 440 S.E.2d 138, 140 (1994) (quoting United States v. Mendenhall, 446 U.S. 

544, 554, 100 S. Ct. 1870, 1877, 64 L. Ed. 2d 497 (1980)). 

“A seizure occurs when an individual is either physically restrained or has submitted to a 

show of authority.” McGee, 25 Va. App. at 199, 487 S.E.2d at 262. “Whether a seizure has 

occurred . . . depends upon whether, under the totality of the circumstances, a reasonable person 
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would have believed that he or she was not free to leave.” Id. at 199-200, 487 S.E.2d at 262. 

Factors relevant under the “totality of the circumstances” analysis include “‘“the threatening 

presence of several officers, the display of a weapon by an officer, some physical touching of the 

person of the citizen, or the use of language or tone of voice indicating that compliance with the 

officer’s request might be compelled.”’” Greene, 17 Va. App. at 611 n.1, 440 S.E.2d at 141 n.1 

(quoting Mendenhall, 446 U.S. at 554, 100 S. Ct. at 1877) (other citation omitted). 

“[A] police request made in a public place for a person to produce some identification, by 

itself, generally does not constitute a Fourth Amendment seizure.” McCain v. Commonwealth, 

261 Va. 483, 491, 545 S.E.2d 541, 546 (2001); see also INS v. Delgado, 466 U.S. 210, 216, 104 

S. Ct. 1758, 1762, 80 L. Ed. 2d 247 (1984). 

 If, during the course of a consensual encounter, the officer develops reasonable and 

articulable suspicion that criminal activity may be afoot, he may “detain [the individual] briefly 

while attempting to obtain additional information” to confirm or dispel his suspicions. Hayes v. 

Florida, 470 U.S. 811, 816, 105 S. Ct. 1643, 1647, 84 L. Ed. 2d 705 (1985). 

[O]nce an officer has lawfully detained an individual, “he is 

‘authorized to take such steps as [are] necessary to protect [his and 

others’] personal safety and to maintain the status quo during the 

course of the stop.’” Servis v. Commonwealth, 6 Va. App. 507, 

519, 371 S.E.2d 156, 162 (1988) (quoting United States v. 

Hensley, 469 U.S. 221, 235, 105 S. Ct. 675, 83 L. Ed. 2d 604 

(1985)). An officer may preserve the status quo by ordering the 

person detained to place his hands where the officer can see them. 

Welshman v. Commonwealth, 28 Va. App. 20, 34, 502 S.E.2d 122, 128-29 (1998) (en banc). 

 When an officer is both (1) rightly in the presence of an individual, as he is during the 

course of a valid Terry stop, and (2) develops reasonable suspicion that the person may, in fact, 

be armed and dangerous, he may frisk that person for weapons. See Phillips v. Commonwealth, 

17 Va. App. 27, 30, 434 S.E.2d 918, 920 (1993); see also 4 Wayne R. LaFave, Search and 

Seizure § 9.6(a), at 615-18 (4th ed. 2004). Circumstances “relevant in [this] analysis include 
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characteristics of the area surrounding the stop, the time of the stop, the specific conduct of the 

suspect individual, the character of the offense under suspicion, and the unique perspective of a 

police officer trained and experienced in the detection of crime.” Christian v. Commonwealth, 

33 Va. App. 704, 714, 536 S.E.2d 477, 482 (2000) (en banc) (footnote omitted). 

 Here, the evidence supports a finding that Officer Hixon’s initial encounter with 

appellant was consensual. Officers Hixon and Graves approached the vehicle in which appellant 

and his uncle were occupants in an effort to initiate a consensual encounter. No evidence 

established that, when Officers Hixon and Graves approached the vehicle in which appellant and 

his uncle were occupants, the officers displayed their weapons or directed the men to remain 

inside the car, and appellant in fact felt free to exit the vehicle while he talked to Officer Hixon. 

This evidence supports a finding that appellant was not physically restrained and had not 

submitted to any show of authority. Thus, at the time appellant exited the vehicle and Officer 

Hixon smelled marijuana, appellant had not been seized, and the encounter remained consensual. 

 Once Officer Hixon smelled what he believed to be the odor of marijuana coming from 

the vehicle, he had reasonable, articulable suspicion to believe that criminal activity was afoot, 

cf. Cherry v. Commonwealth, 44 Va. App. 347, 357-58, 605 S.E.2d 297, 302 (2004) (holding 

that “the detection of the odor of burning marijuana emanating from the open door of a 

residence, by a credible law enforcement officer who is familiar with its smell, provides that 

officer with probable cause to believe contraband is present inside the residence”), and he was 

entitled to detain appellant briefly while attempting to obtain additional information to either 

confirm or dispel his suspicion that appellant might be in possession of marijuana. During the 

course of that detention, Officer Hixon was entitled to preserve the status quo by ordering 

appellant to keep his left hand, which appellant repeatedly placed in his left pocket, where the 

officer could see it. Welshman, 28 Va. App. at 34, 502 S.E.2d at 128-29. Officer Hixon testified 
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that he had patrolled that particular apartment complex for a period of five years and had 

previously “encountered individuals [there]” in the early morning hours “that [he had] arrested 

with drugs and/or guns on their persons.” The smell of marijuana, combined with the time of the 

encounter, appellant’s repeated insertion of only his left hand into his left coat pocket despite 

Officer Hixon’s repeated instruction to him to remove it, and Officer Hixon’s knowledge of the 

character of the area in which the encounter occurred, supported Officer Hixon’s suspicion that 

appellant was armed and dangerous. These circumstances justified Officer Hixon’s decision to 

physically seize and restrain appellant while frisking his pocket for weapons. When the frisk 

yielded marijuana rather than a weapon, Officer Hixon had probable cause for an arrest. 

Citing Murphy v. Commonwealth, 264 Va. 568, 570 S.E.2d 836 (2002), appellant 

contends that Officer Hixon’s “feel” of something “crumbly” in appellant’s pocket that he 

believed to be marijuana was insufficient to provide probable cause for arrest. We disagree. 

Officer Hixon testified that immediately upon patting the pocket and without further 

manipulating its contents, he believed, based on his training and experience, that the substance it 

contained was marijuana. This testimony, if found credible by the trial court, was sufficient to 

provide probable cause to seize the contents of the pocket. See Murphy, 264 Va. at 574-75, 570 

S.E.2d at 839 (recognizing “plain feel” doctrine of Minnesota v. Dickerson, 508 U.S. 366, 113 

S. Ct. 2130, 124 L. Ed. 2d 334 (1993), as legitimizing seizure of contraband contained in pocket 

by officer who said character of item as contraband was immediately apparent upon patting and 

distinguishing facts in Murphy based on testimony of officer that “character of the object” as a 

plastic bag was “immediately apparent” and that officer merely inferred that bag likely contained 

contraband). 

Thus, the seizure and search that led to Officer Hixon’s discovery of marijuana in 

appellant’s left coat pocket were reasonable, and the trial court’s denial of appellant’s 
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suppression motion was not error. Accordingly, we affirm appellant’s conviction for possession 

of marijuana with intent to distribute. 

Affirmed.