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NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

CHRISTOPHER DICKINSON, 

Plaintiff-Appellant, 

 v. 

WARREN BROWN, in his official capacity 

as President of North Seattle College and 

DARRYL JOHNSON, individually and in 

his official capacity as Director of Safety 

and Security for North Seattle College, 

Defendants-Appellees.

No. 18-35024

D.C. No. 

2:17-cv-00868-RSL

MEMORANDUM*

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Western District of Washington

Robert S. Lasnick, District Judge, Presiding

Argued and Submitted July 9, 2018 

Seattle, Washington

Before: FERNANDEZ and NGUYEN, Circuit Judges, and RAKOFF,** Senior 

District Judge.

 

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent 

except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.

** The Honorable Jed S. Rakoff, Senior United States District Judge for 

the Southern District of New York, sitting by designation.

FILED

JUL 19 2018

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
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Chapter 132F-142 of the Washington Administrative Code (“WAC”)

requires that any first amendment activity on Seattle’s public college campuses

“not substantially interfere with educational activities inside or outside any college 

building or otherwise prevent the college from fulfilling its mission and achieving 

its primary purpose of providing an education to its students.” WAC § 132F-142-

030(7). The WAC also provides that those who are not students, faculty, or staff 

and who violate the district’s rules “will be advised of the specific nature of the 

violation, and if they persist in the violation, they will be requested by the campus 

president, or his or her designee, to leave the college property. Such a request will 

be deemed to prohibit the entry of . . . any portion of the college property by the 

person or group of persons requested to leave . . . .” Id. § 132F-136-050(1).

Consistent with these provisions, Seattle colleges have adopted a policy barring

“activity which limits, interferes with, or otherwise disrupts the normal activities” 

of the campus, and have expressly adopted the procedures outlined in the WAC 

Chapter 132F-142 to implement that policy. Seattle College District Policy and 

Procedure No. 270. 

On Monday, October 3, 2016, Christopher Dickinson went to North Seattle 

College to preach. He notified the administration and was shown to the area of the 

courtyard that the college reserved for such first amendment activity. Following at 

least one complaint, college security personnel warned Dickinson that he was 
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being disruptive, and ultimately asked him to leave. Dickinson claims that he was 

speaking at a normal volume and was not told to speak more quietly before being 

told to leave, while college employees claim that he was speaking very loudly and 

disruptively and that they asked him multiple times to keep his voice down. The 

next day, the college sent Dickinson a notice that he had “been trespassed” under 

WAC § 132F-136-050.

Thereafter, Dickinson commenced this lawsuit, filing a complaint along with 

a motion for a preliminary injunction seeking to enjoin college employees from

implementing the disruption policy and from enforcing the trespass notification 

against him. The district court denied the motion for a preliminary injunction, 

finding that Dickinson was unlikely to succeed on the merits, and Dickinson 

appeals. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1292, and we affirm.

1. Dickinson argues that the Seattle college policy is a facially

unconstitutional burden on the free expression rights of those it regulates. The 

parties agree that the policy regulates protected speech in a designated public 

forum and is content-neutral, and therefore must be narrowly tailored to serve a 

significant government interest and leave open sufficient alternative channels for 

communication. Ward v. Rock Against Racism, 491 U.S. 781, 791 (1988). 

According to Dickinson, the policy bars him from preaching at any volume if the 

college administration receives a single, subjective complaint. However, the only 
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support he cites for this interpretation is his own alleged treatment. In fact, the

college policy and incorporated WAC provisions permit removal of only those 

who “substantially interfere with educational activities” or “otherwise prevent the 

college from fulfilling its mission and achieving its primary purpose of providing 

an education to its students.” WAC § 132F-142-030(7). In Grayned v. City of 

Rockford, the Supreme Court addressed a similar challenge to a statute that barred

“any noise or diversion which disturbs or tends to disturb the peace or good order 

of [a] school session or class thereof,” holding that it was “narrowly tailored to 

further [the town’s] compelling interest in having an undisrupted school session 

conducive to the students’ learning.” 408 U.S. 104, 108, 119 (1972). The instant

restriction is not materially different.

2. Dickinson next argues that the Seattle college policy is void for 

vagueness because the geographic boundaries to which it applies, and the degree of 

disruption necessary to violate the policy, are unclear. The district court did not err 

in finding that this claim was unlikely to succeed. The policy clearly references the 

“college’s buildings, facilities and grounds” multiple times, Seattle College District

Policy No. 270, and the underlying WAC states that the First Amendment activity 

“must not substantially interfere with educational activities inside or outside any 

college building.” WAC § 132F-142-030(7). As to what conduct suffices to violate 

the policy, this case is again not materially different from Grayned: “Although the 
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prohibited quantum of disturbance is not specified in the ordinance, it is apparent 

from the statute’s announced purpose that the measure is whether normal school 

activity has been or is about to be disrupted.” 408 U.S. at 112.

3. Last, Dickinson contends that the district court erred in denying his 

motion for a preliminary injunction against the enforcement of what appears to be 

an indefinite ban from campus. However, at oral argument the parties agreed that 

the college had lifted the ban and Dickinson was now free to return to campus.

Therefore, this portion of the appeal is moot.

AFFIRMED.