DA 11-0645

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA

2012 MT 303

STATE OF MONTANA,

 Plaintiff and Appellee,

 v.

STUART LAURENCE LOZON, JR.,

 Defendant and Appellant.

APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Twenty-First Judicial District,

In and For the County of Ravalli, Cause No. DC 2011-37

Honorable James A. Haynes, Presiding Judge

COUNSEL OF RECORD:

For Appellant:

Wade Zolynski, Chief Appellate Defender; Lisa S. Korchinski, Assistant 

Appellate Defender; Helena, Montana

For Appellee:

Steve Bullock, Montana Attorney General; Kathryn F. Schulz, Assistant 

Attorney General; Helena, Montana

Karen Mahar, Hamilton City Attorney; Jennifer Lint, Assistant City 

Attorney; Hamilton, Montana

Submitted on Briefs: September 19, 2012

 Decided: December 21, 2012

Filed:

__________________________________________

Clerk

December 21 2012
2

Justice Jim Rice delivered the Opinion of the Court. 

¶1 A jury convicted Stuart Laurence Lozon, Jr. (Lozon) of driving under the 

influence in the Twenty-First Judicial District Court. Lozon argues his conviction should 

be reversed because the District Court admitted the video of the Preliminary Alcohol 

Screening Test administration without sound over Lozon’s objection. We reverse.

¶2 We consider the following issue on appeal:

¶3 Did the District Court abuse its discretion by partially denying Lozon’s motion in 

limine to exclude video footage depicting administration of the PAST?

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

¶4 On July 6, 2010, Lozon was stopped by Officer Reichert after failing to stop at a 

stop sign in Hamilton. After noting that Lozon’s movements were labored and he had 

glassy and bloodshot eyes, Officer Reichert asked Lozon if he had been drinking. Lozon 

stated he had two-and-a-half beers earlier in the evening. Officer Reichert asked Lozon 

to perform several standardized field sobriety tests, including the horizontal gaze 

nystagmus, which Lozon failed. Lozon agreed to perform the Preliminary Alcohol 

Screening Test (PAST)1 and he registered a blood alcohol level of .153. Officer Reichert

arrested Lozon and transported him to the Ravalli County Detention Center where Lozon 

refused to perform additional field sobriety tests and would not provide an Intoxilyzer 

 

1

 This Court’s previous decisions involving field breathalyzer tests have used PAST and 

preliminary breath test (PBT) interchangeably. For consistency, we will use PAST here.
3

8000 breath sample. Lozon was charged with driving under the influence (DUI) in 

violation of § 61-8-401, MCA (2009).

¶5 A jury found Lozon guilty of DUI in Hamilton City Court in March 2011. Lozon 

appealed to the Twenty-First Judicial District Court, Ravalli County, and a new trial was 

scheduled for August 2011. Before trial, Lozon filed a motion in limine requesting the 

court to redact all portions of the in-car or “field” video during which the PAST and the 

horizontal gaze nystagmus test were administered or discussed. Lozon also requested the 

court to redact a portion of the jail video in which Lozon refers to his PAST results. The 

State, through the City of Hamilton (State), opposed the motion. The District Court 

granted the motion to redact all footage of the administration and discussion of the 

horizontal gaze nystagmus and all references to the PAST results, but denied the request 

to redact all video footage of the administration of the PAST.

¶6 At the District Court trial, Officer Reichert testified, describing his professional 

training and experience. He explained generally the administration of the walk-and-turn 

and the one-leg stand, two standardized field sobriety tests. Officer Reichert then 

testified that Lozon’s performance on both of these standardized field sobriety tests 

indicated impairment. No expert testimony about the PAST was offered. The in-car

video was then played for the jury. The video showed Lozon performing the 

standardized field sobriety tests. The State switched to a blank screen during the 

horizontal gaze nystagmus portion of the video. The sound was muted during the portion 

of the video showing Officer Reichert administering the PAST. After the PAST was 
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administered, the video depicted the results being shown to Lozon. He was told to sit on 

the bumper of the police cruiser and shortly afterwards was placed under arrest. The

PAST results were not revealed to the jury.

¶7 During deliberations, the jury sent a question to the court asking, “[c]an we know 

the results of the field breathalyzer? Why/why not?” The court responded in writing:

“No. The Montana Supreme Court generally limits the use of PAST (“field 

breathalyzer”) results to an estimation of a person’s alcohol concentration for purposes of 

establishing probable cause.” The jury found Lozon guilty of DUI.

¶8 Lozon appeals the District Court’s partial denial of his motion in limine to exclude 

the video of the PAST administration, which was played without sound.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

¶9 A district court’s ruling on a motion in limine is an evidentiary ruling and the 

district court has broad discretion in determining whether evidence is relevant and 

admissible. State v. Weldele, 2003 MT 117, ¶ 41, 315 Mont. 452, 69 P.3d 1162. “[I]t is 

within the district court’s sound discretion to determine whether an adequate foundation 

has been established to warrant admissibility of evidence.” Weldele, ¶ 43 (citing State v. 

Delaney, 1999 MT 317, ¶ 14, 297 Mont. 263, 991 P.2d 461). We will not disturb a 

district court’s determination on the admissibility of evidence absent an abuse of 

discretion. State v. Snell, 2004 MT 334, ¶ 17, 324 Mont. 173, 103 P.3d 503. “Abuse of 

discretion occurs if a district court acts arbitrarily without conscientious judgment or 
5

exceeds the bounds of reason, resulting in substantial injustice.” State v. Rodriguez, 2011 

MT 36, ¶ 12, 359 Mont. 281, 248 P.3d 850 (citations omitted).

DISCUSSION

¶10 Did the District Court abuse its discretion by partially denying Lozon’s motion in 

limine to exclude video footage depicting administration of the PAST?

¶11 Lozon notes that PAST results are not admissible as substantive evidence unless 

the State presents testimony that establishes PAST accuracy and reliability under M. R. 

Evid. 702. Lozon argues that the video of the PAST administration, played without 

sound, was used as substantive evidence because “it proved the element that Lozon was 

‘under the influence’” and permitted the jury to infer that Lozon was above the legal limit

when he was arrested shortly afterwards. He argues that the State “did not provide the 

requisite evidence to establish PAST reliability and accuracy, therefore the district court 

abused its discretion when it admitted the PAST video.”

¶12 The State responds that the “video evidence at issue here is not evidence of a 

PAST result” and “[e]xpert testimony is not required to admit Lozon’s on-screen video 

depicting real-time interactions with an investigating officer.” (Emphasis in original.) 

The State contends that the District Court “did not abuse its discretion in allowing the 

jury to view relevant video footage of Reichert’s total DUI field investigation that 

included administration of the PAST.”
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¶13 The admission of audio-visual evidence is generally within the district court’s 

discretion. City of Missoula v. Forest, 236 Mont. 129, 134-36, 769 P.2d 699 (1989) 

(citing State v. Warwick, 158 Mont. 531, 494 P.2d 627 (1972)). Audio-video evidence is

generally admissible to assist the trier of fact because it demonstrates the person’s 

mannerisms, including speech and performance on sobriety tests. State v. Thompson, 237 

Mont. 384, 386-87, 773 P.2d 722, 723-24 (1989); see also State v. Devlin, 1999 MT 90, 

¶¶ 10, 21, 294 Mont. 215, 980 P.2d 1037.

¶14 PAST results may be introduced to establish probable cause for arrest. Weldele, 

¶ 50. “Before a [PAST] result may be admitted as substantive evidence, however, a court 

must conduct a conventional Rule 702, M. R. Evid., analysis and the test result must be 

demonstrably accurate and reliable and meet all other admissibility requirements.” State 

v. Damon, 2005 MT 218, ¶ 25, 328 Mont. 276, 119 P.3d 1194 (citing Weldele, ¶ 57). In 

Weldele, we noted that:

[PASTs] are qualitatively different from [other standardized] field

[sobriety] tests, which call for a subjective analysis of a person’s behavior. 

A [PAST] utilizes a scientific instrument to test a person’s chemistry. In 

this scientific age, it is indisputable that, fairly or not, the result of a 

[PAST], given its scientific nature, will be weighed heavily by a jury and 

will likely be accorded more weight than the other field tests. We 

conclude, therefore, that our many concerns pertaining to the [PAST], i.e., 

its unreliability, lack of regulation and potentially inappropriate evidentiary 

weight, are not addressed or cured by admitting the [PAST] result into 

evidence in conjunction with the arresting officer’s observations and field 

sobriety test results.

Weldele, ¶ 55. This reasoning invokes M. R. Evid. 403, which provides: “[a]lthough 

relevant, evidence may be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by 
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the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by 

considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative 

evidence.”

¶15 Although Lozon’s blood alcohol content level from the PAST was not revealed to 

the jury, we agree with Lozon that the evidence prompted a jury inference that he had 

failed the PAST. The video of the PAST administration, followed closely by Lozon’s 

arrest, raised a compelling inference that he was over the legal blood alcohol limit. Thus, 

the video was impermissibly used as substantive evidence of Lozon’s intoxication

without the State satisfying the requirement of Damon and M. R. Evid. 702 to call an 

expert to testify regarding the reliability and accuracy of the PAST. Further, as we 

cautioned in Weldele, it is likely that the jury placed inappropriate weight on the fact that 

Lozon was arrested following the PAST and concluded therefrom that Lozon was over 

the legal limit. During deliberations, the jury asked if it could be given the result of 

Lozon’s PAST and, if not, asked the reason this information would be withheld. While 

the video was relevant to the State’s case, the potential for unfair prejudice by that

portion of the video showing the PAST administration followed almost immediately by

Lozon’s arrest outweighed its probative value.

¶16 The State does not argue harmless error, but Lozon wisely does, and we believe 

this issue should be addressed, in light of our precedent. In both Weldele and State v. 

Crawford, 2003 MT 118, 315 Mont. 480, 68 P.3d 848, we considered whether the 

erroneous admission of PAST or PBT evidence was harmless under State v. Van Kirk, 
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2001 MT 184, 306 Mont. 215, 32 P.3d 735. Weldele, ¶ 59; Crawford, ¶¶ 14, 19. Under 

Van Kirk, we first determine whether the error was “structural” or “trial” error. Van Kirk, 

¶ 37. Here, the error occurred when the jury viewed the video during trial, which

constitutes trial error, as we also determined in Weldele and Crawford. Weldele, ¶ 61; 

Crawford, ¶ 19. Then, to determine whether the erroneous admission of evidence 

prejudiced the defendant’s right to a fair trial, “we apply the ‘cumulative evidence test’ 

which determines whether the fact-finder was presented with admissible evidence that 

proved the same facts as the tainted evidence proved.” Snell, ¶ 40 (citing Van Kirk, ¶ 43). 

“Moreover, the State must also demonstrate that the quality of the tainted evidence was 

such that there was no reasonable possibility that it might have contributed to the 

defendant’s conviction.” Van Kirk, ¶ 44 (emphasis in original). The State bears the 

burden of “demonstrat[ing] that the error at issue was not prejudicial.” Van Kirk, ¶ 42.

¶17 We concluded that the error was harmless and non-prejudicial in Weldele, ¶ 63, 

but that the error was prejudicial and therefore reversible in Crawford, ¶ 22. In Weldele, 

the State also introduced the arresting officer’s field observations, the results of the 

defendant’s standardized field sobriety tests, and the defendant’s Intoxilyzer results to 

prove the element of intoxication for DUI. Weldele, ¶ 63. We found that the Intoxilyzer 

results independently established the element of intoxication and the erroneously 

admitted PAST results were non-prejudicial and harmless. Weldele, ¶ 63. In Crawford, 

the defendant refused to provide an Intoxilyzer sample and we held that the erroneous 

admission of the PAST evidence was prejudicial despite the State’s introduction of the 
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arresting officer’s field observations, the results from the defendant’s standardized field 

sobriety tests, and the defendant’s admission he had been drinking. Crawford, ¶¶ 19-20,

22. The State could not demonstrate “that the tainted evidence would not have 

contributed to Crawford’s conviction,” and thus the error required reversal. Crawford, 

¶ 22.

¶18 Here, as noted above, the State’s presentation of the PAST evidence improperly 

became substantive evidence of the intoxication element of driving under the influence, 

and the State must demonstrate that, qualitatively, the tainted evidence of the PAST 

would not have contributed to the conviction. In addition to the portions of the video

properly admitted, the State notes it introduced Officer Reichert’s testimony about 

Lozon’s driving errors and his physical condition, the standardized field sobriety test 

results, Lozon’s admission he had been drinking, and his refusal to provide a later breath 

sample. This refusal left the State without Intoxilyzer results.

¶19 The error that resulted here was the prompting of the inference that Lozon had 

failed the PAST. While the other evidence introduced by the State may have 

cumulatively and conclusively proven the element of intoxication necessary to support a 

DUI conviction, it did not constitute “admissible evidence that proved the same facts as 

the tainted evidence.” Van Kirk, ¶ 44; see also Weldele, ¶ 63. Further, we conclude that 

the State has not “demonstrate[d] that the quality of the tainted evidence was such that 

there was no reasonable possibility that it might have contributed to the defendant’s 
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conviction.” Van Kirk, ¶ 44 (emphasis in original). Therefore, the admission of the 

PAST evidence by video was prejudicial error.

¶20 Reversed.

/S/ JIM RICE

We concur: 

/S/ PATRICIA COTTER

/S/ MICHAEL E WHEAT

/S/ BRIAN MORRIS

/S/ BETH BAKER

Justice Patricia O. Cotter concurs.

¶21 I concur in the Court’s Opinion. I write separately in response to the Court’s 

discussion at ¶ 14 to reassert my objection to the introduction of PAST results as 

substantive evidence of guilt under any circumstances. State v. Damon, 2005 MT 218, 

328 Mont. 276, 119 P.3d 1194 (Cotter, J., dissenting). 

/S/ PATRICIA COTTER