IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT NASHVILLE

October 1, 2004 Session

GARY DEWAYNE FINN v. MARY LOUISE SUMMER BUNDY

Appeal from the Chancery Court for Sumner County

No. 96D-216 Tom E. Gray, Chancellor

No. M2003-01368-COA-R3-CV - Filed February 22, 2005

This appeal involves enforcement of a divorce decree incorporating a marital dissolution agreement

and the obligation of a parent to support a child beyond the child’s majority in certain circumstances.

The trial court determined that the former husband’s alimony obligation had terminated upon the

payment of the entire amount of alimony in solido created in the order and MDA. The court also

held that the father had a continuing obligation to support his adult son because the son was disabled.

We affirm both holdings.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court

Affirmed

PATRICIA J.COTTRELL,J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which WILLIAM B.CAIN, and FRANK

G. CLEMENT, JR., JJ., joined.

M. Allen Ehmling, Gallatin, Tennessee, for the appellant, Mary Louise Summer Bundy.

Clark Lee Shaw, for the appellee, Gary Dewayne Finn.

OPINION

These parties were divorced by order entered September 11, 1996, and the final decree

approved and incorporated a marital dissolution agreement. The wife was given custody of the

parties’ two minor children, and the husband was ordered to pay child support. The instant

proceedings began with the September 24, 2002, filing by Mr. Finn of a petition to terminate child

support and alimony and was concluded with the trial court’s final order entered May 5, 2003. Ms.

Bundy, the former wife, appeals the trial court’s termination of alimony. Mr. Finn, the former

husband, appeals the court’s holding that he must continue to pay support for the parties’ adult

disabled child. We begin with the issue of child support.
The amount is not at issue.

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I. CHILD SUPPORT

In his petition, Mr. Finn alleged that both of the parties’ children had reached the age of

eighteen and graduated from high school and, as a result, he should be relieved of his obligation to

pay child support. There is no dispute that the parties’ older child, Mary Ann, born March 19, 1982,

had reached the age of majority, graduated from high school, and was married at the time of the

hearing. The trial court held that Mr. Finn’s obligation to pay support for this child had terminated.

No appeal is taken from this holding.

The parties’ younger child, Gary Dewayne Finn II, was born August 23, 1983; thus, he turned

eighteen in August of 2001. Mr. Finn alleged this child had graduated from high school in May of

2002 and asked to be relieved of child support retroactive to that date.

Ms. Bundy responded that the parties’ son Dewayne was disabled, unable to care for himself,

continued to live with and was dependent upon his mother, and, consequently, the need for child

support was continuing. She alleged that Dewayne was entitled to continuing support from his father

pursuant to Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-5-101(p) and asked the court to set an appropriate amount of

support for Dewayne. 

After the hearing, the trial court found that the parties’ son was a mentally challenged adult

whom both parties had an obligation to support beyond age eighteen. The court set the father’s

monthly support obligation at $331.80 per month. On appeal Mr. Finn concedes that his son has a 1

physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activity. However, he

argues that Dewayne is notso severely disabled as to require the father to pay support for an indefinite

future.

Mr. Finn’s argument is based on the difference between the two provisions of Tenn. Code

Ann. § 36-5-101(p):

(p)(1) Except as provided in subdivision (p)(2), the court may continue child support

beyond a child’s minority for the benefit of a child who is handicapped or disabled,

as defined by the Americans with Disabilities Act, until such child reaches twenty-one

(21) years of age.

(2) Provided, that such age limitation shall not apply if such child is severely disabled

and living under the care and supervision of a parent and the court determines that it

is in the child’s best interest to remain under such care and supervision and the obligor

is financially able to continue to pay child support. In such cases, the court may
Subsection (3) provides that the court may use the child support guidelines in setting the amount of continuing

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support.

The Americans with Disabilities Act defines disability, in part, as a physical or mental impairment that 3

substantially limits one or more of the major life activities of an individual. 42 U.S.C. § 12102(2).

Mr. Finn argues that any obligation under that section would have expired because Dewayne was born March 4

19, 1982. That date is the date given for the daughter’s birth in Mr. Finn’s modification petition. Dewayne’s birth date

is stated in the petition as August 23, 1983. The trial court’s order on the statement of the evidence states that the

daughter, Mary Ann Tomlinson, was born March 19, 1982. All the evaluation reports list Dewayne’s birth date as

August 23, 1983. Thus, he would have turned 21 in August of 2004, after the petition and proceedings herein.

Both parties submitted statements of the evidence. The trial court approved Ms. Bundy’s statement with 5

specified corrections.

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require the obligor to continue to pay child support for such period as it deems in the

best interest of the child.2

Essentially, Mr. Finn argues that, although his son may meet the requirements of subpart (1),

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support under that provision is limited in duration, and that Dewayne is not severely disabled so as 4

to qualify for continuing support under subsection (2). The trial court did not use the language of

either subpart (1) or (2), but clearly held that the son was handicapped and that the father had a

continuing obligation to support his handicapped child. Implicit in this holding is a finding that the

parties’ son was severely disabled. Because the trial court did not make specific findings of fact about

the son’s situation, we review the facts in the record under a purely de novo review. In re Valentine,

79 S.W.3d 539, 546 (Tenn. 2002). Issues of law are reviewed de novo. Id. The record does not

include a transcript of the hearing, but does include a statement of the evidence.

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Ms. Bundy testified that Dewayne lives with her and she provides his daily care. The parties’

adult daughter also testified that she helps her mother with Dewayne’s care. Both had extensive

personal knowledge of Dewayne’s condition and capabilities. Mr. Finn testified that he had not

visited or seen Dewayne for several years. Therefore, he had no personal knowledge of Dewayne’s

daily activities or needs.

Several evaluation reports on Dewayne were introduced and are included in the record before

us. From these reports, we learn that he has had serious medical problems since his premature birth,

including spina bifida with encephalopathy, cerebral palsy, hydrocephalus, myelodysplasia, and

neurogenic bladder. He underwent fourteen surgical procedures before he was one year old, and

removal of cerebral tissue during one surgery impaired his muscular coordination. He is also mentally

retarded and has impaired speech and fine-motor problems.

A psychoeducational evaluation performed February 21, 2003, byTrousdale County Schools

stated that Dewayne had received special education services all his life, graduated from Trousdale

County High School in 2002, and was currently obtaining adult services through H.A.T.S., an agency

that provides vocational, learning, and social opportunities to adults with disabilities. Dewayne’s
Prior to entry of the final order, the trial court asked the attorneys to determine whether any continued award 6

of support would adversely affect the SSI or medical benefits.

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intellectual functioning score placed him in the mentally retarded range. His adaptive skills were

within the mild range of mental retardation and showed relative weaknesses in functional academics,

home living, health and safety, and self-care. The report concluded that his overall intellectual

functioning placed his mental age at from 5 years, 7 months to 8 years, 2 months. It also stated

individuals in this range generally cannot live independently.

Both his mother and his sister testified that Dewayne requires a great deal of supervision. He

does not remember to eat and cannot prepare his food. He cannot operate any basic equipment in the

house including the microwave, dishwasher, stove, washer and dryer. He has little control over his

bodily functions, and he soils his underwear daily. He cannot handle money or make change and has

no concept of the value of money. He works in a sheltered workshop through H.A.T.S. and earns $25

to $45 per month. He uses the money to buy extra things for himself, but his mother or sister must

assist with any purchases. He is incapable of being left alone for more than a couple of hours because

he begins to panic. He cannot take care of his physical needs, his affairs, or his personal hygiene.

Ms. Bundy testified Dewayne was able to graduate from high school through a special

education program that allows a diploma equivalent. Dewayne’s sister, Mary Ann Tomlinson,

testified that even at the workshop Dewayne attends, he cannot work without supervision and must

be reminded what task to perform and how to perform it. Ms. Bundy receives supplemental social

security of $249 or $289 per month payments for Dewayne’s benefit, and he receives Tenn Care

benefits.6

The testimony that Dewayne needs supervision and cannot function independently was

consistent with a report from a physician, dated October 22, 2002, stating that Dewayne Finn is

unable to live without adult supervision and assistance and stated:

Mr. [Dewayne] Finn needs continuous assistance and supervision due to the following

conditions:

1. Mr. [Dewayne] Finn is unable to comprehend or cope with danger in his

environment;

2. He is unable to prepare a meal competently or safely;

3. He is unable to finish a meal without assistance due to becoming distracted;

4. Mr. [Dewayne] Finn is unable to operate sophisticated machinery, (e.g.

washing machine, car, motorcycle, or bicycle) due to lack of comprehension

and/or coordination. He is therefore unable to wash clothing and travel to a

market for food.
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The undisputed evidence shows the parties’son is living under the care and supervision of his

mother, that such care and supervision is necessary, and that remaining in such care and supervision

is in Dewayne’s best interest. The evidence also establishes that Dewayne is severely disabled.

Although Mr. Finn testified that he thought his son was capable of working to support himself, that

opinion is totally unsupported by any evidence in the record. Dewayne’s work at the sheltered

workshop, while important and beneficial, is not comparable to a job that could provide his necessary

financial support.

The final requirement for the application of Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-5-101(p)(2) is that the

obligor parent, here Mr. Finn, is financially able to pay support. Mr. Finn asserts he is himself

disabled and his only income is from social security and an annuity from a personal injury settlement

discussed more fully below. More specific evidence regarding Mr. Finn’s financial condition is not

included in the record. The evidence does not preponderate against the trial court’s implicit finding

that Mr. Finn is financially able to pay the $331 per month ordered by the trial court.

Accordingly, we affirm the trial court’s order that Mr. Finn continue to provide support for

the benefit of his adult disabled child pursuant to Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-5-101(p)(2). 

II. ALIMONY

Mr. Finn also petitioned to be relieved of his alimony obligation. During the marriage, the

parties had settled a lawsuit for personal injuries to Mr. Finn during the course of his employment.

The settlement provided for an annuity contract with Safeco Insurance under which the parties

received $1580 per month, with payments guaranteed for five years. The MDA addressed these

settlement payments, providing:

The parties receive $1580.00 per month from a settlement of a personal injury lawsuit

wherein the above mentioned amount is paid for as long as the parties live with the

survivor to receive 100% of the payments upon the death of the other for the life of

the survivor guaranteed for five (5) years. The last guaranteed payment is on

December 19, 2000. As alimony to the Plaintiff, the Defendant shall pay to the WIFE

the sum of $500 per month for as long as $1,580 is received by the Defendant.

Nothing in this Order or Agreement shall be deemed to extinguish the Plaintiff’s right

to receive the $1,580 per month payment guaranteed for five (5) years in the event the

Defendant predeceases the Plaintiff. The Defendant shall make the payment to the

Plaintiff within five (5) days of the Defendant receiving the $1,580 payment.

This provision became the source of continuing disputes over its meaning and effect and the

basis for the trial court’s alimony decision that is the subject of this appeal.

The parties herein disagree over whether the alimony awarded to Ms. Bundy in the divorce

decree incorporating the parties’ MDA was subject to modification. Whether an alimony award is

subject to modification depends upon the type of alimony involved, as determined from the language
Rehabilitative alimony is not at issue, and neither party claims the award was intended to be rehabilitative

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alimony.

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of the order or agreement establishing the award. The parties disagree as to whether the alimony

provided for in the MDA provision quoted earlier was alimony in solido or alimony in futuro.

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Alimony in solido is an award of a definite sum of money, and the total amount to be paid is

ascertainable at the time of the award. Burlew v. Burlew, 40 S.W.3d 465, 471 (Tenn. 2001); Waddey

v. Waddey, 6 S.W.3d 230, 232 (Tenn. 1999). It retains its character as alimony in solido even if paid

in installments, provided the payments are ordered over a definite period of time and the total amount

to be paid is definite and ascertainable. Burlew, 40 S.W.3d at 471; Waddey, 6 S.W.3d at 232.

Alimony in solido is often used to adjust the distribution of the parties’ marital property. Burlew,

40 S.W.3d at 471. It promotes the twin goals of certainty and finality though finality though the

award of a fixed amount without conditions. Bryan v. Leach, 85 S.W.3d 136, 145 (Tenn. Ct. App.

2001). The determinative factor in deciding whether an award of alimony is in solido is the intent

of the parties (in an MDA) or the court (in final order). Bryan, 85 S.W.3d at 146; Self v. Self, 861

S.W.2d 360, 363 (Tenn. 1993).

A final award of alimony in solido is not subject to future modification. Burlew, 40 S.W.3d

at 471; Day v. Day, 931 S.W.2d 936, 939 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1996). The other type of alimony at issue,

alimony in futuro, however, remains subject to modification. Burlew, 40 S.W.3d at 471; Bryan, 85

S.W.3d at 146.

Alimony in futuro continues support that was incident to the marriage and continues

indefinitely. Bryan, 85 S.W.3d at 146. The purpose of an award of alimony in futuro is to provide

support to a spouse who cannot be rehabilitated. Burlew, 40 S.W.3d at 471. Alimony in futuro “lacks

sum-certainty due to contingencies affecting the total amount of alimony to be paid.” Burlew, 40

S.W.3d at 471, quoting Waddey, 6 S.W.3d at 232. Its duration, and therefore the total amount to be

paid, is subject to contingencies agreed to by the parties (in an MDA) or imposed by the court (in the

final order). Burlew, 40 S.W.3d at 471.

In the case before us, the trial court held that the MDA provided for $30,000 as alimony in

solido by payment of $500 per month for 60 months. Although both parties attempted to testify in

the trial in these proceedings as to their understanding of the MDA provision, the trial court limited

such testimony, determining that interpretation of the provision was a question of law. Additionally,

the trial court entered an order correcting the Statements of the Evidence submitted by both parties

which clarifies the proof at trial regarding the settlement proceeds. The court stated that there was

no testimony “as to both parties,” as opposed to Mr. Finn only, “being the recipients of the

settlement.” The court also recounted prior litigation over the MDA provision.

As the trial court noted, the settlement document itself was not introduced into evidence in

this proceeding. The trial court also noted that in 1998 Mr. Finn had petitioned to modify the alimony

award, and the settlement document was introduced in the trial on that petition. The prior proceeding
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was brought into the matter here on appeal by Ms. Bundy’s answer in which she asserted that the

issue of alimony was res judicata in that it had been litigated regarding the Safeco Insurance annuity,

referring to the order entered August 19, 1999, nunc pro tunc to February 4, 1999.

The record indicates there were two prior orders entered. The first, entered December 16,

1998, appeared to respond to Mr. Finn’s petition and stated that the issue before the court was

whether or not the alimony provision could be modified. The court held:

. . . the amount of the obligation of Gary Dewayne Finn is a determinable amount.

That amount is $30,000.00 ($500.00 for 60 months). It is alimony in solido.

Apparently, this order was not appealed. The second order, referenced by Ms. Bundy in her

answer and by the trial court in its order approving and correcting the statement of the evidence,

resolved two sets of issues. The first was heard August 4, 1998, and involved Mr. Finn’s failure to

pay child support. The court found Mr. Finn to be in arrears in the amount of $1,869. The order

noted the check from Safeco payable to the parties had been held by one of the attorneys, and the

court ordered that the checks should be executed and the proceeds used to pay Mr. Finn’s alimony

and child support obligation including the arrearage.

The second part of the order resulted from a hearing on February 4, 1999, on an unidentified

petition filed by Mr. Finn. In pertinent part, the order stated:

That nothing in this Order shall be deemed to change the contractual rights that both

parties have to the funds distributed pursuant to the annuity contract with SAFECO

LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY or to alter the contract or the contractual rights of

GARY FINN and MARY FINN with SAFECO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY so

that both parties are entitled to receive the funds from SAFECO LIFE INSURANCE

COMPANY.

Accordingly, the court ordered that Safeco send $789 per month (alimony and child support)

directly to Ms. Bundy and send the remainder of the monthly payment ($791) to Mr. Finn. It is the

above-quoted language that Ms. Bundy relied upon in her answer. In its order on the statements of

the evidence in the proceeding that is the subject of this appeal, the trial court explained the language

it had used in the prior order, stating:

That statement was entered as part of the Court’s order because paragraph 6 of the

Marital Dissolution Agreement which is incorporated and a part of the final decree of

divorce ordered that the husband pay alimony in the sum of $500 per month for so

long as he received the $1,580 per month on the annuity with the last guaranteed

payment of $1,580 per month to be the 19th day of December, 2000. Further, the final

Decree provided that in event the husband died before December 19, 2000 and the

wife survived him then she would be entitled to receive the full $1,580 per month

payment. It was certainly the intent of the Court not to have an order entered before
Although there appears to be implicit assumption that the date of the last guaranteed payment from the annuity 8

is the same as the date of the last alimony in solido payment, that is not the case. The five years of settlement payments

began before the divorce decree was entered. The court’s order herein, however, reaffirmed its earlier holding that the

total amount of alimony in solido was $30,000, calculated at 60 months of $500 payments. Neither party has addressed

this issue.

Because of the MDA provision’s language that Mr. Finn was to pay to Ms. Bundy, as alimony, “the sum of 9

$500 per month for as long as $1,580 is received by [him],” it is arguable that the five years of payments was not the

entirety of Mr. Finn’s obligations and that any amount beyond the five years would be alimony in futuro. However, Ms.

Bundy has not made that argument, instead insisting that even payments beyond five years were alimony in solido.

Perhaps she adopted that strategy because alimony in futuro or alimony the amount of which is not calculable on the date

the decree was entered terminates “automatically and unconditionally” upon the remarriage of the person receiving such

alimony. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-5-101(a)(2)(B). While the parties herein could have agreed the payments would not

cease upon Ms. Bundy’s remarriage, they did not explicitly state any such agreement. It is not clear from the record when

Ms. Bundy remarried, but she was referred to as Ms. Bundy in the August 1999 order, so she remarried before the

expiration of the five years of alimony in solido.

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the 19th day of December, 2000 that would cause that agreement of the parties not to

be followed.

The court’s reference to December 19, 2000, was to the date of the last guaranteed monthly

payment under the settlement annuity.8

On appeal, Ms. Bundy argues that the $500 per month she was to receive under the MDA was

either a distribution of marital property or was alimony in solido and, in either case, was not

modifiable. The trial court had resolved these issues in a previous order that was not appealed,

finding the MDA provision constituted an award of alimony in solido in the total amount of $30,000.

On the basis of that holding, the trial court did not allow Mr. Finn in the earlier proceedings to cease

his alimony payments or reduce them in amount until the total amount was paid.

However, Ms. Bundy argues she is entitled to receive $500 per month as alimony in solido

for an indefinite time, i.e., as long as the annuity proceeds are received by Mr. Finn. This argument

is not tenable in view of the definition of alimony in solido, since at the time of the divorce there was

no way to ascertain the duration beyond five (5) years.

The language of the MDA provision is less than clear on the issue at hand, but the parties

agreed to this language. The trial court’s holding that the provision constituted an award of alimony

in solido for 60 months, the duration of the guaranteed payments, was enforced to prevent Mr. Finn

from modifying the $500 per month payment during the five-year period. The trial court’s rulings

have been consistent in considering the alimony award to be a total of $30,000, to be paid in monthly

installments. We do not disagree with the trial court’s holding that the payments to Ms. Bundy

constituted alimony in solido.

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Accordingly, we affirm the trial court’s holding that Mr. Finn’s alimony obligation ceased

upon the payment of the total amount of $30,000

III. CONCLUSION

We affirm the trial court’s orderthat Mr. Finn provide continued support for his adult disabled

child. We also affirm the trial court’s determination that Mr. Finn’s alimony obligation terminated

upon his payment of the total amount of alimony in solido. Costs of this appeal are divided equally

between the appellant, MaryLouise Summer Bundy, and the appellee, GaryDewayne Finn, for which

execution may issue if necessary.

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PATRICIA J. COTTRELL, J.