In the

Court of Appeals

Second Appellate District of Texas

at Fort Worth ___________________________

No. 02-22-00001-CV

___________________________

On Appeal from the 467th District Court

Denton County, Texas

Trial Court No. 18-5868-211

Before Birdwell, Bassel, and Wallach, JJ.

Memorandum Opinion by Justice Wallach

NANCY BOUAJRAM, Appellant

V. 

RAMI BOUAJRAM, Appellee
2

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Nancy Bouajram and Rami Bouajram both appeal from the trial court’s divorce 

decree. The trial court signed its original divorce decree in October 2020, but after a 

new-trial order and a successful mandamus proceeding brought by Rami, the trial 

court signed the corrected final decree (the Corrected Decree) from which the parties 

appeal. Nancy challenges the Corrected Decree’s adoption of the couple’s mediated 

settlement agreement (MSA). Rami’s appeal asserts one issue in two parts; one part 

challenges the Corrected Decree’s language regarding the treatment of the parties’

pre-divorce federal income taxes, and the other part challenges the Corrected 

Decree’s recital of values for some of the property allocated to Rami. Because we hold 

that the MSA is enforceable, that the Corrected Decree should have included the 

income tax term requested by Rami, and that Rami did not preserve his valuation 

argument for appeal, we will affirm in part and reverse in part.

Background

Nancy filed for divorce in July 2018. In April 2019, the parties signed a 

“Partition or Exchange Agreement” (the partition agreement or PEA). Under that

agreement, the parties partitioned some of their community property into separate 

property. In October 2019, the parties attended mediation, but it concluded without a 

settlement.

Rami filed a counterpetition in January 2020. On February 6, 2020, the parties 

and their attorneys appeared at court for a hearing. Shortly before that hearing, the 
3

parties negotiated some changes to a draft MSA,

1 which they then signed. The MSA 

was filed with the clerk that same day.

The MSA had two distinct parts. The first part (Part I) began with an 

introduction and was followed by seven sections over eight pages. At a status hearing 

later in the case at which the parties discussed their objections to the proposed 

Corrected Decree, they referred to Part I as “the boilerplate”; this part of the MSA

contained generic terms that did not address any specific property of the parties. For 

example, it contained a section in which the parties agreed that their community

property would be divided in accordance with a spreadsheet that had been attached to 

the MSA as Exhibit 1, but Part I did not discuss or refer to any of the specific

property listed in Exhibit 1.

In another section of Part I, each party made representations that the party had 

made a full and fair disclosure of all their assets and liabilities, that any mistakenly 

omitted assets or liabilities not described in the agreement would be subject to future 

division by the court, and that “[a]ny undivided community assets later determined to 

have been fraudulently undisclosed by a party in [the agreement] are hereby 

partitioned 100% to the other party, and the Decree will so provide.” Another section

1

Nancy’s brief states that Rami brought the draft agreement with him to court 

that day. See Tex. R. App. P. 38.1(g) (“In a civil case, the court will accept as true the 

facts stated [in the appellant’s brief] unless another party contradicts them.”).
4

stated that the agreement superseded all prior marital property agreements between 

the parties.

The second part of the MSA (Part II) was entitled “Further Agreements.” As 

suggested by its title, this part of the MSA contained additional, more specific

provisions relating to the parties’ property division and to child custody issues. It also 

specifically addressed the PEA: “Marital Property Agreement dated 4/25/19: The 

agreement is null and void. Neither party will seek to enforce the terms of the 

Agreement.”

In June 2020, Rami filed a motion to divide undivided assets and, alternatively, 

a motion to reopen evidence2 because, among other grounds, he had not disclosed 

several business entities that he had created. He had provided the formation 

documents for some of the entities to Nancy in discovery responses two days before 

the hearing that resulted in the MSA, but the existence of others had not been 

disclosed until after the MSA’s signing. Rami contended that the lack of disclosure 

was unintentional and that he had not yet used any of the entities.

A week later, Rami filed a second amended motion to divide undivided assets. 

On the same day, Nancy filed a motion to set aside the MSA based on these and other 

alleged nondisclosures or misrepresentations by Rami regarding the parties’

community property. She stated that she had discovered the omitted entities only by 

2

The motion’s title indicates that it was an amended motion, but the original 

motion does not appear in the appellate record.
5

reading the draft decree that Rami’s attorney had prepared. At a September 

2020 hearing, the trial court denied Nancy’s motion to set aside the MSA, but the 

court ordered that the decree include the language from Part I of the MSA regarding 

the parties’ representations about omitted property.

In October 2020, the trial court signed the original decree. Nancy filed a 

motion to modify the judgment, a motion to vacate the decree, and a motion for new 

trial. In her new-trial motion and at the hearing on the motion, Nancy asserted that 

Rami had omitted from the MSA’s Exhibit 1 the accounts receivables for Hospital 

Medical Management Services, LLC (HMMS), an entity that was allocated to Rami in 

the MSA. Nancy claimed that in August 2020, after the trial court had reopened 

discovery, she received data from the software service used by HMMS, and that data

was evidence that HMMS had receivables that Rami had not reported; Exhibit 1 had 

listed multiple assets and liabilities of HMMS, but the list did not include receivables.

Nancy also asserted that the draft decree that Rami had provided to the trial court left 

out the MSA language about omitted property that the court had ordered included.

After a hearing, the trial court signed an order granting a new trial, setting aside 

the MSA, and finding that newly discovered evidence had come to Nancy’s 

knowledge since the MSA’s execution. However, the trial court crossed out proposed 

language in the order that would have found that Rami’s failure to disclose assets was 

fraudulent. Accordingly, in a mandamus proceeding, this court granted relief for Rami 

and ordered the trial court to vacate the new-trial order and to reinstate the MSA. In re 
6

Bouajram, No. 02-21-00072-CV, 2021 WL 3673856, at *4, *5 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 

Aug. 17, 2021, orig. proceeding) (mem. op.) (noting that the trial court had crossed 

out a proposed fraud finding and declining on that basis to apply this court’s 

precedent that an MSA may be set aside if procured by fraud or other dishonest 

means); see also Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 6.602 (providing that parties are entitled to 

judgment on MSA that meets statute’s requirements).

While the mandamus proceeding was pending, the case was transferred to the 

467th District Court.3 After this court’s disposition of the mandamus proceeding, the 

new trial court signed an order vacating the new-trial order and reinstating both the

MSA and the original divorce decree. In response, Nancy filed a supplemental motion

to modify the judgment. After a hearing, the trial court signed a memorandum ruling

finding that the award of property in the reinstated decree did not conform with the 

MSA and that the decree should thus be corrected to identify the assets awarded to 

each party.

The trial court then held a status hearing for the parties to address their 

objections to a proposed decree—the hearing at which the parties referred to Part I of 

the MSA as “the boilerplate.” At the hearing, each party’s attorney told the trial court 

that certain tax language in the MSA should not be included in the decree because 

3

Before granting mandamus relief, we first abated the mandamus proceeding

for the judge of the 467th District Court to consider the new-trial order. See In re 

Blevins, 480 S.W.3d 542, 543 (Tex. 2013) (orig. proceeding).
7

more specific tax language elsewhere in the MSA controlled. However, after the trial 

court signed the Corrected Decree, which left out the language that the attorneys for 

both parties had said should be omitted, Rami’s attorney filed a motion to modify the 

judgment to include the omitted language. The trial court denied the motion. Both 

parties then appealed.

Nancy’s Appeal

Nancy’s appellate issues are all based on her contention that after the partition 

agreement converted some of the couple’s community property into separate

property, the MSA then converted some of that separate property back into 

community property without including the statutory disclosure that must be provided 

when converting separate property to community property. Nancy argues in her first 

issue that the MSA improperly divested her of her separate property rights without 

disclosing the effects of the agreement. In her second issue, Nancy contends that 

(1) Rami failed to show that she had waived her rights under the partition agreement

and (2) because she was not made aware of her right to understand the effects of the 

MSA on her separate property, she could not have waived that right. In her third 

issue, Nancy argues that even under an MSA, a party cannot waive a mandatory 

Family Code provision; thus, the trial court had no discretion to render judgment on 

the MSA that violated the mandatory Family Code provision requiring disclosure of 

the agreement’s effects.
8

I. Nancy’s Arguments and Applicable Law

Texas law presumes that property possessed by either spouse during or on 

dissolution of a marriage is community property, but the Family Code allows spouses 

to partition their community property into separate property. Tex. Fam. Code Ann. 

§§ 3.003, 4.102. Nancy and Rami did just that in 2019 by executing the partition 

agreement. The PEA partitioned HMMS to Rami as his separate property; in 

exchange, Rami agreed to pay Nancy $8,500 a month for 144 months. The PEA 

partitioned the couple’s marital residence to Nancy as her separate property, and Rami 

agreed to be solely liable for paying the existing indebtedness on the property. Thus, 

at that point, as a result of the PEA, HMMS and the marital residence would have 

been no longer subject to a trial court’s “just and right” division of property in the 

couple’s divorce proceeding. See Boyd v. Boyd, 67 S.W.3d 398, 406 (Tex. App.—Fort 

Worth 2002, no pet.) (noting that a spouse’s separate property is not subject to just 

and right division by trial court). Additionally, the PEA made Rami solely responsible 

for “any and all pending federal income tax liabilities of the parties,” and he agreed to 

pay any losses or penalties incurred by Nancy resulting from a “Federal Tax Audit or 

other litigation surrounding taxes owed by the parties prior to May 1, 2019.” The PEA 

further stated that it could be “waived, abandoned, modified, amended, discharged, or

terminated only by a written instrument signed by both parties that specifically 

identifie[d] the waiver, abandonment, modification, amendment, discharge, or

termination.”
9

In addition to authorizing partitions of community property into separate

property, Texas law also allows spouses to convert their separate property into 

community property. Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 4.203. Merely transferring a spouse’s 

separate property to the name of the other spouse or to the name of both spouses is

insufficient to convert the property to community property. Tex. Fam. Code Ann. 

§ 4.203(b). Like a partition agreement, an agreement converting separate property (a 

conversion agreement) must be in writing. Id. Additionally, the conversion agreement 

must disclose to the affected party the legal effect of converting the separate property 

to community property. Id. §§ 4.203, .205; see Robertson v. Robertson, No. 13-14-00523-

CV, 2015 WL 7820814, at *6 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg Dec. 3, 2015, no 

pet.) (mem. op.) (noting that the Family Code requires that a conversion agreement 

include disclaimers identifying the consequences of the agreement). A conversion 

agreement is unenforceable if one of the parties proves that the party did not receive a

fair and reasonable disclosure of the agreement’s legal effect. Tex. Fam. Code Ann. 

§ 4.205(a).

Nancy argues that because the MSA divided some property that the PEA had 

already partitioned to her as her separate property, the MSA acted as a conversion 

agreement. She further argues that because the MSA was a conversion agreement but 

did not contain the statutorily-required disclosure about its legal effect, the MSA is

unenforceable to the extent that it affects the separate property awarded to her under

the PEA. She contends that this is so even if the MSA otherwise complied with 
10

Section 6.602, a Family Code provision regarding MSAs in the divorce context. That 

section provides that if an MSA meets the section’s requirements, “a party is entitled

to judgment on the [MSA] notwithstanding Rule 11, Texas Rules of Civil Procedure, 

or another rule of law.” Id. § 6.602. As Nancy points out, despite the

“notwithstanding” language, several appellate courts have held that an MSA under the 

Family Code may not contract around the Family Code’s mandatory venue statute. 

See, e.g., In re Mathes, Nos. 03-20-00379-CV, 03-20-00441-CV, 2020 WL 7063684, at 

*2 (Tex. App.—Austin Dec. 3, 2020, orig. proceeding) (mem. op.); In re Lovell-Osburn, 

448 S.W.3d 616, 620 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2014, orig. proceeding).

Nancy argues that like the venue provision, the requirement to disclose a conversion 

agreement’s legal effect is also mandatory, and therefore an MSA may not avoid 

complying with it. Thus, she contends, the parts of the MSA that conflict with the

PEA are unenforceable for failing to satisfy that requirement.

II. Analysis

For purposes of resolving Nancy’s appeal, we make three assumptions, each

limited to this case. First, we accept both parties’ assertion that the MSA is in fact a 

mediated settlement agreement, despite the suggestion in the record that parts of the 

agreement were negotiated among the spouses and their attorneys at the courthouse

on a hearing date rather than during mediation. See Lee v. Lee, 158 S.W.3d 612,

614 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2005, no pet.) (holding that an MSA “necessarily 

requires mediation and a mediator,” and thus a settlement agreement entered into by 
11

divorcing parties without the involvement of a third-party mediator is not an MSA 

under Family Code Section 6.602). Second, we assume that Nancy did not waive her 

issues.4 Third, we accept Nancy’s contention that the MSA is a conversion agreement.

Rami argues that the MSA’s inclusion of separate property in the property 

division is not sufficient on its own for the MSA to constitute a conversion agreement

because a spouse may bargain away separate property as part of an MSA.

5 See Moore v. 

Moore, No. 01-11-00163-CV, 2011 WL 6147771, at *5 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st 

Dist.] Dec. 8, 2011, no pet.) (mem. op.); Cayan v. Cayan, 38 S.W.3d 161, 166 (Tex. 

App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2000, pet. denied). However, we need not consider that 

argument because even assuming for purposes of this opinion that the MSA is a 

4

Among other arguments, Rami asserts that by signing an agreement that 

negated the PEA, Nancy waived her statutory right to the disclosure about the legal 

effects of the agreement. We decline to hold that a party waives the right to 

mandatory disclosures merely by signing an agreement that omits them. See Tex. Fam. 

Code Ann. § 4.205(a). Rami also argues that the law of the case doctrine prevents 

consideration of Nancy’s issues, but the previous mandamus proceeding brought by 

Rami considered only whether the dishonest-behavior exception applied to make the 

MSA void in its entirety. See Bouajram, 2021 WL 3673856, at *4–5. We were not asked 

to consider the effect, if any, that Sections 4.203 and 4.205 had on the enforceability 

of some parts of the MSA. See Briscoe v. Goodmark Corp., 102 S.W.3d 714, 716 (Tex. 

2003) (discussing application of law of the case doctrine).

5

Rami does not address the effect that the MSA’s revocation of the PEA has on

the character of the property that became separate property only because of the PEA. 

Rami also does not address the MSA’s referring to the property divided within it as

community property or the MSA’s use of the word “partition” to refer to the 

agreement’s division of property. However, we need not determine whether that 

language is sufficient to show that the MSA is a conversion agreement, as opposed to 

an agreement in which the parties conveyed away some separate property, because we 

may dispose of the appeal by assuming that the MSA is a conversion agreement.
12

conversion agreement, under the limited facts of this case, we reject Nancy’s 

challenges to the agreement. As we discuss next, we agree with Rami that to the 

extent that the MSA converts separate property to community property and divides it 

as such, it satisfies statutory requirements. In this case, Nancy has not shown that she 

did not receive a fair and reasonable disclosure as to the MSA’s legal effect. See Tex. 

Fam. Code Ann. § 4.205(a) (putting burden on party resisting enforcement of

conversion agreement to show lack of fair and reasonable disclosure).

As Rami points out, the MSA listed the property that it divided and stated that 

as of the agreement’s date, the property would be the separate property of the spouse 

to whom it had been allocated. The MSA also stated that for the property awarded to 

Rami as his separate property, Nancy was divested of all right, title, and interest in and 

to that property as of the MSA’s date and that unless otherwise provided, “all income 

and bonuses of [Rami]’s and all income arising from th[at] property and benefits set 

aside to [him] in this [MSA]” would also be Rami’s separate property. The MSA had 

the same provisions regarding the property that it allocated to Nancy. Additionally, 

the MSA allocated some debts to Nancy as of the MSA’s date and some debts to 

Rami, and it provided that Nancy would pay the debts allocated to her and that Rami

would pay the debts allocated to him. Finally, the MSA expressly voided the PEA—

the very agreement that partitioned to Nancy the separate property that she claims 

here. The PEA contemplated that it could be terminated or abandoned by a 

subsequent written agreement, so long as the subsequent agreement specified the
13

termination or abandonment, and the MSA did just that. Although the MSA does not 

use the word “convert” or “conversion,” under the specific facts of this case, the 

MSA provided a fair and reasonable disclosure of its legal effect. Cf. Alonso v. Alvarez, 

409 S.W.3d 754, 758 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2013, pet. denied) (upholding trial 

court finding that marital agreement was a conversion agreement under Section 

4.203 even though it did not use the word “conversion”).

Nancy argues that Family Code Section 4.205 “goes out of its way to define 

‘fair and reasonable disclosure’” and that the MSA does not satisfy that standard. She

refers to language in Section 4.205 that, when included in a conversion agreement,

creates a rebuttable presumption that the parties received a fair and reasonable 

disclosure. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 4.205(b). However, Section 4.205 does not 

state that the sample language in the statute is the only way to provide a fair and 

reasonable disclosure. Nancy contends that the MSA did not inform her that it would 

divest her of her separate property, but the MSA specifically advised Nancy that as of 

its execution date, Nancy was divested of all right, title, and interest in and to the

property that had been allocated to Rami in the MSA. We hold that under the specific

facts of this case, the parties’ MSA provided a fair and reasonable disclosure of its 

legal effects as to the parties’ separate property.

Nancy relies on Lachica v. Medina, 657 S.W.3d 829, 836 (Tex. App.—El Paso 

2022, no pet.), and In re Estate of Cunningham, 390 S.W.3d 685, 688 (Tex. App.—Dallas 
14

2012, no pet.), to argue that to the extent that the MSA conflicts with the PEA, it is

unenforceable. Both cases are distinguishable.

In Lachica, the divorcing spouses had executed a marital property agreement 

under which multiple accounts were partitioned as the wife’s separate property. 

657 S.W.3d at 832. Later, in divorce proceedings, the couple executed a settlement 

agreement—though not a mediated settlement agreement—that addressed the 

division of the couple’s real and personal property and shared debts. Id. Both spouses 

subsequently repudiated the settlement agreement. Id. at 837. On appeal, the husband 

complained that the trial court had failed to include the previously-partitioned

accounts in its division of community property and had improperly found that the 

accounts were the wife’s separate property. Id. at 835–36. The husband asserted that

the settlement agreement, although repudiated, had nevertheless converted the 

partitioned separate property back into community property. Id. at 836.

The appellate court overruled the husband’s contentions because, even if a 

repudiated settlement agreement could have that effect, the repudiated agreement 

(1) contained no language revoking the parties’ prior partition agreement and (2) did 

not meet the requirements of Section 4.203 because it never identified the property

being converted or specified that it was being converted to community property. Id. at 

837. The court further noted that the settlement agreement never even referred to any 

property as “separate” or “community.” Id. The MSA here presents a different 
15

situation. The MSA specifically terminated the PEA, and as we have discussed, it

satisfies Section 4.203.

In Cunningham, the spouses had used a fill-in-the-blank form entitled 

“Agreement to Establish Right of Survivorship to Community Property between 

Spouses”; the form stated that its purpose was to allow the spouses to agree that on 

the death of one spouse, the couple’s community property would pass to the 

surviving spouse. 390 S.W.3d at 688. On the form, the spouses listed one property as 

their community property. In a proceeding after the husband’s death, the trial court 

found that the agreement complied with Section 4.203 and had converted all the 

husband’s separate property into community property. Id. at 687.

On appeal, the Dallas Court of Appeals agreed with the husband’s son that the 

agreement did not satisfy Section 4.203. Id. at 688. The court noted that the agreement 

listed only one specific property, stated that its purpose was for the spouses to agree 

that their community property would be passed on the death of one spouse to the 

surviving spouse, and did not state that the spouses were agreeing to convert the 

husband’s separate property into community property. Id. Further, the wife 

acknowledged that there had been no disclosure of the effect of converting the 

husband’s separate property. Id. at 688–89. Here, the MSA listed the property affected 

by the agreement and informed the parties that as of the agreement’s date, the 

property allocated to each spouse was that spouse’s separate property and the other 

spouse was divested of all right, title, and interest in and to that property.
16

Nancy further argues that the MSA did not inform her of its legal effects 

because “[t]he MSA made no reference to any community buy-out of [her] interest in 

HMMS[,] and so she lost $1,232,500 previously awarded to her [in the PEA] as her 

separate property for this interest.” But the MSA made clear that HMMS would 

become Rami’s separate property under the agreement, that Nancy would lose any 

interest in the entity, and that the PEA was revoked. Under the facts of this case, the 

MSA satisfied statutory requirements and provided Nancy with a full and fair 

disclosure of its legal effect regarding the property that had been partitioned to her 

and to Rami under the PEA. We overrule Nancy’s first issue.

In Nancy’s second issue, she challenges the trial court’s finding that by 

executing the MSA, she had waived her right to enforce the PEA. Under this issue, 

she contends that Rami failed to plead waiver as an affirmative defense and that the 

record does not establish waiver. She asserts that the trial court’s finding that she 

waived the PEA “misses the point entirely” because her argument “was not for the 

enforcement of the PEA but that the MSA was void to the extent it sought to convert 

separate property into community property without sufficient warnings required 

under the Family Code.” She then argues that she could not have waived her right to 

understand the MSA’s effects when the MSA did not make her aware of that right.

Our disposition of Nancy’s first issue moots this issue.

Also moot is Nancy’s third issue, which asserts that the trial court had no 

discretion to render judgment on an MSA that violated the public policy that parties 
17

must be fully informed of the effect of a transfer of separate property to community

property. As we held above, the MSA sufficiently informed Nancy of its legal effect 

regarding property that had been partitioned to her and Rami under the PEA. Nancy 

makes no argument that a conversion agreement that complies with Section 

4.203 nevertheless violates public policy. Accordingly, we overrule Nancy’s second 

and third issues.

Rami’s Appeal

In Rami’s sole issue, he contends that the trial court erred by signing the 

Corrected Decree because it does not conform to the MSA. Under this issue, he 

complains about two separate provisions of the decree.

I. Tax Liability and Indemnification Language

In the first part of Rami’s issue, he complains that the Corrected Decree does 

not contain the MSA’s “explicit provisions as to the dividing [of] the parties’ preDecember 31, 2019 tax liability and indemnification.” This argument challenges the 

exclusion from the Corrected Decree of some tax-liability language contained in the 

MSA.

A. Background

The MSA had two provisions regarding the parties’ federal tax liabilities. First, 

Part I of the MSA had a section stating that each spouse would equally split any 

income tax refund resulting from the couple’s taxes through the end of 2019, that 

each spouse would be responsible for half of all the couples’ federal income tax 
18

liabilities through the end of 2019, and that each spouse would hold the other party 

harmless from half of any liabilities (the indemnification term). Second, Part II of the 

MSA had a section that stated, “Income Taxes due for 2018 and 2019: According to 

IRS rules and regulations” (the IRS regulations term). The Corrected Decree omitted 

the indemnity term; the trial court signed the Corrected Decree after each party’s

attorney told the court that the IRS regulations term controlled over the indemnity

term.

The attorneys made these representations at the status hearing at which the 

parties made their objections to the proposed corrected decree. There, the trial court 

asked the attorneys why they had removed the indemnification term. Rami’s attorney 

responded that she agreed with Nancy’s attorney that the IRS regulations term from 

Part II was the more specific provision and prevailed over the indemnification term in 

Part I.

THE COURT: Why did all the rest of the tax language go?

[Rami’s attorney]: So in summary, Judge, there was only one line 

in the MSA addressing the taxes and it was only for years 2018 and 2019. 

When I included—when I drafted this, I included—well, actually, I take 

that back. [Nancy’s attorney] included 2020 when he sent it to me, but

there were no provisions made whatsoever anywhere for 2020 taxes, and 

[Nancy’s attorney] and I both agreed to that, so we just removed that 

language.

THE COURT: Right. I see that, but there was language with 

regard to income taxes prior to 2019. Was that accepted or deleted or 

what?
19

[Rami’s attorney]: Yes, because there was—[Nancy’s attorney] and 

I both agreed that the specific language of the MSA [i.e., Part II] controls the 

general language in the boilerplate [i.e., Part I]. So the MSA itself [Part II] 

just had one line. I do agree with you; I would prefer to have the full 

language that we deleted. I think that’s actually the appropriate thing to

do under the circumstances.

THE COURT: But the MSA has more than one line on page 4.

[Rami’s attorney]: In the boilerplate, yes.

THE COURT: Oh, gotcha. Okay.

[Rami’s attorney]: Yeah, in the boilerplate.

THE COURT: Gotcha.

[Rami’s attorney]: And we made a specific provision addressing those 

outside that. So, unfortunately, I think we’re sort of stuck with the

specific over the general thing. [Emphasis added.]

In other words, according to Rami’s attorney, although she would have liked the 

indemnity term to be included, the indemnity term was in Part I, which was “the

boilerplate,” and the IRS regulations term was the more specific term. Her reference 

to Part I as “the boilerplate” and to Part II as “the MSA itself” was some indication

that, at least in her understanding, Part II contained the terms of the MSA that the

parties had negotiated as to their specific property (and children), whereas Part I

contained the MSA’s more standardized terms. However, Rami’s attorney also noted 

that her client nevertheless wanted the indemnity term to be included in the decree:

[Rami’s attorney]: I will say, Judge, that my client would like that 

language from the MSA to be included with regard to the taxes. So we 

would ask that you make a ruling related to the tax language as to
20

whether the 2018 or 2019 language controls or the whole boilerplate 

controls in this case.

The trial court ruled that the IRS regulations term controlled.

After the trial court signed the Corrected Decree, which included only the IRS 

regulations term, Rami’s attorney filed a motion to modify the decree to include the 

indemnification term. At the hearing on the motion, his attorney argued that the 

indemnification term was the more specific language because the IRS regulations term

was “incredibly general.” She further asserted that the indemnity term should control 

because it appeared earlier in the MSA. The trial court denied the motion.

B. Relevant Authority

When parties reach a settlement agreement, the final judgment must comply

with that agreement. Glynn v. Glynn, 651 S.W.3d 348, 354–55 (Tex. App.—Houston 

[1st Dist.] 2022, no pet.) (observing that a divorce decree based on an MSA may

adopt mechanisms to enforce the parties’ agreement but must not add terms that 

significantly alter the MSA’s original terms). A judgment that improperly removes or 

adds material terms to a settlement agreement does not comply with the agreement. 

Chisholm v. Chisholm, 209 S.W.3d 96, 98 (Tex. 2006). Courts determine material terms 

on a case-by-case basis. Fischer v. CTMI, L.L.C., 479 S.W.3d 231, 237 (Tex. 2016); see 

Glynn, 651 S.W.3d at 354.

We apply general contract-interpretation principles when construing an MSA.

Loya v. Loya, 526 S.W.3d 448, 451 (Tex. 2017). When a contract is not ambiguous, the 
21

trial court must look to the contract’s language to determine as a matter of law the 

parties’ intent as expressed in the contract. Am. Mfrs. Mut. Ins. Co. v. Schaefer, 

124 S.W.3d 154, 157 (Tex. 2003); see also Loya, 526 S.W.3d at 451. We examine the 

entire agreement to harmonize its provisions, and we consider each provision in the 

context of the whole agreement. Austin Tr. Co. as Tr. of Bob & Elizabeth Lanier 

Descendants Trs. for Robert Clayton Lanier, Jr. v. Houren, 664 S.W.3d 35, 42 (Tex. 2023).

With respect to particular terms, “a specific contract provision controls over a 

general one.” Pathfinder Oil & Gas, Inc. v. Great W. Drilling, Ltd., 574 S.W.3d 882, 

889 (Tex. 2019) (citing Forbau v. Aetna Life Ins. Co., 876 S.W.2d 132, 134 (Tex. 1994)). 

Further, an agreement’s mere reference to a certain set of rules does not bind the 

parties to those rules, but when the agreement expressly states that a term of the 

agreement must be performed “in accordance with” a set of rules, the agreement 

incorporates those rules. TotalEnergies E&P USA, Inc. v. MP Gulf of Mexico, LLC, 

667 S.W.3d 694, 709 (Tex. 2023).

C. Analysis

Rami argues that the two tax terms may be harmonized because the IRS 

regulations term “in no way, shape, or form is in discord with” the indemnity term.

However, he does not discuss or cite the applicable IRS regulations. Nevertheless, we 

do agree that the two terms may be harmonized.

The indemnity term applies generally to all years of the marriage through the 

end of 2019 and is a general statement about how the parties would handle their tax 
22

refunds and obligations for past years. The IRS regulations term, on the other hand, 

appears in the part of the MSA that contains terms specific to the couple’s children 

and property. Further, the IRS regulations term is more specific in that it carves out 

two particular years of the couple’s incomes taxes for its application and provides that 

for the “[i]ncome [t]axes due” for those two years, the parties would follow IRS rules 

and regulations. See Forbau, 876 S.W.2d at 133–34 (noting that when an insurance

contract provision “makes a general statement of coverage, and another provision 

specifically states the time limit for such coverage, the more specific provision will 

control”); cf. Jackson v. State Office of Admin. Hearings, 351 S.W.3d 290, 297 (Tex. 2011)

(“[A] specific statutory provision prevails as an exception over a conflicting general 

provision” (quoting Tex. Lottery Comm’n v. First State Bank of DeQueen, 325 S.W.3d 628, 

637 (Tex. 2010))). The IRS regulations term is more specific as to 2018 and 2019, and

accordingly, to the extent the terms conflict, the IRS regulations term governs for 

those two years. See Pathfinder Oil, 574 S.W.3d at 889. For any year before 2018, the 

IRS regulations term has no application, but the indemnity term does.

Rami says that the indemnity term is more specific because it is longer and 

more detailed, but he does not compare the indemnity term’s length or detail to the 

IRS regulations that were incorporated into the MSA by the IRS regulations term. See

TotalEnergies, 667 S.W.3d at 709. He does not tell us how or if they conflict with the 
23

indemnity term.

6 See Tex. R. App. P. 38.1(i). Regardless, for the reasons we have 

explained, the IRS regulations term is more specific as to the couple’s 2018 and 

2019 taxes.

Nancy argues that Rami conceded in the trial court that the parties intended for 

the IRS regulations term, which his attorney referred to as the more specific provision

at the status hearing, to prevail over the indemnity term, which his attorney referred 

to as “boilerplate.” We agree that the MSA reflects the parties’ intent for the IRS 

regulations term to control with respect 2018 and 2019 taxes, but the MSA does not 

reflect an intent for the indemnity term to be entirely omitted from the decree. The 

couple agreed in the MSA that for their taxes for years other than 2018 and 2019, the 

indemnity term would apply, and the trial court was required to enforce the MSA as 

written and include the indemnity term in its decree.

7 See Glynn, 651 S.W.3d at 355.

6

The record indicates that the parties had already filed at least their 2018 taxes 

before the Corrected Decree’s signing, but we have not found more detailed 

information about their filing. Rami has not cited to any part of the record from 

which we could gather whether the parties filed separately or jointly or any other 

information from which we could determine which regulations apply, and we have 

not found such information in our review of the record.

7

The Corrected Decree provides that Rami will be 100 percent responsible for 

all debts and obligations associated with the entities awarded to him, including tax 

obligations. The record does not establish whether any outstanding tax liabilities of 

the parties at the time of the decree were taxes associated with any of these entities, 

and neither party makes any argument regarding this provision or argues that it 

conflicts with either the IRS regulations term or the indemnity term.
24

D. Waiver and Estoppel

Nancy’s brief makes several arguments for why we should not consider Rami’s

argument on appeal. First, she asserts that quasi-estoppel prevents him from taking a 

different position on appeal than he had taken in the trial court.8 “Quasi-estoppel 

precludes a party from asserting, to another’s disadvantage, a right inconsistent with a 

position previously taken.” Lopez v. Munoz, Hockema & Reed, L.L.P., 22 S.W.3d 857, 

864 (Tex. 2000). Quasi-estoppel applies “when it would be unconscionable to allow a 

person to maintain a position inconsistent with one to which he acquiesced, or from 

which he accepted a benefit.” Id. Thus, “quasi-estoppel forbids a party from accepting 

the benefits of a transaction and then subsequently taking an inconsistent position to 

avoid corresponding obligations or effects.” Lindley v. McKnight, 349 S.W.3d 113, 

131 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2011, no pet.).

Here, although Rami’s attorney told the trial court that the IRS regulations term 

was the more specific term and controlled over the indemnity term, she also stated 

that Rami wanted the indemnity term to be included in the decree. Thus, the parties

and the trial court were all aware that whatever position Rami’s attorney had taken, 

Rami’s position was that the decree should include the indemnity term, and Rami’s 

attorney specifically asked for a ruling on the question. In ruling on the objection, the 

8

Nancy does not raise, and we do not consider, the doctrine of invited error. See

In re Mabray, 355 S.W.3d 16, 32 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2010, orig.

proceeding) (stating that wife could not complain to appellate court about trial court’s 

enforcement of arbitration provision after she had asked the court to enforce it).
25

trial court’s obligation was to first attempt to determine the parties’ intent from the 

language of the MSA. URI, Inc. v. Kleberg Cnty., 543 S.W.3d 755, 765 (Tex. 2018)

(stating that “[u]nderstanding the context in which an agreement was made is essential 

in determining the parties’ intent as expressed in the agreement, but it is the parties’

expressed intent that the court must determine” (quoting Anglo–Dutch Petrol. Int’l, Inc. v. 

Greenberg Peden, P.C., 352 S.W.3d 445, 451 (Tex. 2011)). Both the parties and the trial 

court understood that Rami was not acquiescing in his attorney’s position about 

whether the indemnity term should be included.

Nancy argues that this case is similar to Brooks v. Brooks, 257 S.W.3d 418, 

424 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2008, pet. denied). In that case, the husband and wife 

signed an MSA and filed it with the trial court in their divorce suit, but over a year 

later, their attorneys signed a letter, filed with the trial court, in which they stated that 

“it is agreed that the mediated settlement agreement . . . is void and this matter will be 

mediated again.” Id. at 420. More than a year later, the case proceeded to trial at which 

both spouses testified and presented proposed property divisions. Id. After the trial,

the husband obtained new counsel, who filed a motion for new trial asserting that the 

MSA should have been the basis for the trial court’s decree. Id. at 421. The trial court 

denied the motion. Id. On appeal, this court held that it would be unconscionable to 

allow the husband to enforce the parties’ MSA when the husband admitted that he 

had agreed to re-mediate and that he knew he would have to go to trial if the second 

mediation failed; he presented his own proposed property division at trial, which 
26

differed from the property division in the MSA; he never objected at trial on the basis 

that the wife’s proposed property division differed from the MSA; by the time of the 

hearing on the motion for new trial, one of the couple’s properties had already been 

sold in accordance with the decree and the proceeds had been divided equally; and a 

judgment in accordance with the MSA would disadvantage the wife. Id. at 424.

Nancy argues that in this case, accepting Rami’s change in position would 

“work to [her] disadvantage by making her liable for a raft of income tax obligations 

[she and Rami] agreed in the MSA she would not bear.” Brooks is distinguishable. The 

husband in Brooks agreed to a second mediation, a trial, and the trial court’s judgment

before asserting the MSA’s enforceability. Here, Rami consistently asserted the 

enforceability of the MSA, and his attorney made the trial court aware of Rami’s 

position on the indemnity term and asked the trial court for a ruling on the issue.

Although Nancy may or may not be disadvantaged by the inclusion of the indemnity 

term,9 this situation is not like Brooks.

We understand Nancy’s frustration with Rami’s attorney’s taking one position 

before judgment and waiting until the trial court has acted on that representation to 

argue the exact opposite. However, Nancy and the trial court knew that regardless of 

the legal argument that his attorney made, Rami did not agree with omitting the 

9

As noted above, the parties do not discuss the specific IRS regulations that 

govern their 2018 and 2019 income taxes. We need not discuss them to resolve this 

appeal, and we make no determination about whether Nancy will be disadvantaged by 

including the indemnity term.
27

indemnity term, and it was the trial court’s duty to construe the agreement and 

harmonize its terms if possible. See Piranha Partners v. Neuhoff, 596 S.W.3d 740, 

744 (Tex. 2020). Because of Rami’s disagreement with omitting the term, his attorney 

specifically asked the trial court to rule on the question at the status hearing. Quasiestoppel does not apply.

Next, Nancy argues that Rami waived his argument that the two tax provisions 

can be harmonized. She asserts that although Rami flip-flopped his position on which 

term was more specific and controlled, he consistently argued that only one provision 

should be included and never argued that the two terms could be harmonized. Nancy 

is correct that Rami’s attorney initially agreed that the IRS regulations term was more 

specific and later argued in his motion to modify that only the indemnity term should 

be included, but the motion also stated that “if possible,” the trial court “should 

harmonize the terms of the contract to give effect to all its terms” and that the trial 

court should include only the indemnity term “[i]f the [trial c]ourt is unable to 

harmonize the tax provisions.” Rami therefore did not waive his argument that the

terms should be harmonized if possible.

The two tax terms can be harmonized, and thus the indemnity term should not 

have been omitted from the decree. We sustain this part of Rami’s issue.
28

II. Valuation Findings

A. Background

Attached to the MSA was Exhibit 1, a spreadsheet that listed the couple’s

property and gross and net values for the property. That list included HMMS, an 

entity awarded to Rami. The list’s entry for most items of property was a single line

showing the property’s value or liabilities, but for HMMS, the exhibit identified

specific assets and liabilities: a checking account, a savings account, a credit card, a 

BMW, and HMMS’s payroll and malpractice insurance costs.

Exhibit 1 was a simple spreadsheet with no language explaining the valuations 

listed within it, but Part I of the MSA included a section indicating that the values of 

assets and liabilities listed in the exhibit might not be accurate and were included to 

illustrate the property division:

The parties understand that the values reflected on Exhibit 1 are being 

used for the purposes of illustrating the division of property and that the 

actual values of assets, debts, taxes, accounts[,] and entities may in fact 

be different from those reflected on Exhibit l and that further the values 

reflected in Exhibit 1 may go up or down due to market fluctuations or 

other conditions.

Nevertheless, Part I further included each spouse’s confirmation that the spouse had

“made a full and fair disclosure of all of the assets and liabilities of the parties of which 

[the spouse] is aware on Exhibit 1 or elsewhere in this Agreement.” [Emphasis 

added.] For any assets that had been omitted from the exhibit, the MSA required the 

decree to provide that if any undivided community assets were later found to have 
29

been intentionally or fraudulently undisclosed by a party, those assets were partitioned 

to the other party.

After this court granted Rami mandamus relief and the new trial court signed 

an order reinstating the original divorce decree, Nancy then filed a supplemental 

motion to modify, correct, or reform the decree. After a hearing, the trial court signed 

a memorandum ruling in which the court found that the award of property in the 

reinstated decree “d[id] not conform with the terms set forth in the ‘Mediated 

Settlement Agreement w/attachments’ as signed by the parties and attorneys [that]

was filed with the Court on February 6, 2020.” The trial court consequently ordered 

the decree “corrected to specifically identify the assets awarded to each party (to 

include but not limited to real property, financial accounts, business, life insurance 

etc.) as set forth in the ‘MSA with attachments’ signed by the parties.”

At the status hearing to discuss the proposed corrected decree, Rami’s attorney 

objected that the decree should not list the specific assets and liabilities of two entities 

that had been allocated to him under the MSA—such as the BMW and bank

accounts—because “generally speaking, we wouldn’t do that” in a decree. With 

respect to the values of those specific assets and liabilities, Nancy’s attorney noted 

that Rami’s attorney had made “a standard objection to [the] inclusion of all the 

values of the accounts as of the date of the MSA.” Nancy’s attorney then argued that

the dollar amounts needed to be included because the first trial court had ordered that 

the decree include the language from the MSA about intentionally undisclosed assets 
30

becoming the property of the other spouse, and the parties would not be able to 

enforce that language if the corrected decree did not include the MSA’s property 

values:

[Nancy’s attorney]: I believe that, based on your [memorandum] ruling

and the intent of the MSA, that the specific dollar amounts need to be 

included; because if not, then we’re not able to utilize the language that 

[the first trial court had] specifically directed us to put in there that talks 

about representations and omitted property and what happens in the 

event that property’s either omitted or there wasn’t an accurate 

disclosure of the value of an asset, et cetera.

THE COURT: I know in typical divorces we would not put 

balances, but because of—for this particular case, I believe that the 

numbers are important because they are set forth in the MSA. I know there’s 

concern about opening doors for unknown assets or some other matters, 

but I believe it’s appropriate to put them in in this particular case.

[Emphasis added.]

The trial court’s Corrected Decree included the values listed in Exhibit 1 for 

some but not all the property. For example, the Corrected Decree included no value 

for real property and a Honda Pilot awarded to Rami. However, the Corrected Decree 

did include values for HMMS’s assets and liabilities, the bank account for another 

entity, and three other bank accounts.10 The property division of those assets and 

liabilities did not, however, state that the property division was limited to the value 

listed. For example, Exhibit 1 stated that HMMS’s checking account had $100,909.78, 

10Regarding each entity for which the Corrected Decree listed specific assets 

and liabilities of that entity, the decree stated that the entity had only those listed 

assets and liabilities. On appeal, Rami does not challenge the inclusion of that 

language in the decree.
31

and rather than award Rami only the $100,909.78 that Rami had disclosed, the 

Corrected Decree awarded Rami the “JP Morgan Chase Bank Checking Account, 

account number ending in *[account number omitted] with a balance of 

$100,909.78 as of February 6, 2020.”

B. The Parties’ Arguments

Rami makes no argument for how the trial court should have reconciled in the 

Corrected Decree the MSA’s language regarding the values in Exhibit 1 with the 

MSA’s language stating that each party had made a “full and fair” disclosure of all 

their assets and liabilities, and he does not explain how the inclusion of the property 

values in the decree did not serve the purpose of illustrating the property division, just 

as the values in the MSA had done. Rami also does not argue that the values included 

in the MSA were incorrect.

11 However, he points out that the MSA states that the 

listed values could be different than the actual values. He further argues that because

the MSA said that the values might not be accurate and there was no other evidence 

of values, the trial court’s inclusion of values in the decree was not supported by the

evidence and contravened the MSA.

Nancy, on the other hand, argues that including the values was necessary to 

effectuate the MSA and to illustrate the property division because, if the parties 

11In Rami’s appellee’s brief in Nancy’s appeal, he challenges her brief for failing 

to cite the record to support her claim that he had provided unreliable values for the 

MSA, and from context, the brief appears to be impliedly arguing that the record 

would show that the values he had provided were reliable.
32

discovered any assets or liabilities that had not been divided by the decree, the trial 

court would need to reference “the amounts already awarded to the Parties” to decide 

how to divide the undivided property. She further contends that removal of the 

valuations would “impermissibly deviate from the MSA by removing material terms 

the Parties relied upon in deciding to enter the MSA.”

C. Analysis

At the status hearing and at the hearing on Rami’s post-judgment motion to 

modify, he did not raise the same specific complaint that he now argues on appeal—

that having the values in the decree conflicted with the MSA. Indeed, the record 

contains no indication that his “standard objection” mentioned at the status hearing

was based on the MSA at all. His motion to modify addressed only the tax issue and 

did not challenge the inclusion of the valuations in the decree.

By adding the valuations, the trial court was not making a factfinding; it was 

incorporating and attempting to follow part of the MSA,

12 and from the court’s 

12Rami argues in one sentence that “[t]here was no evidence admitted regarding 

the value of the assets as the values set forth in the decree were taken directly from 

Exhibit 1 attached to the MSA.” As Rami acknowledges, the trial court incorporated 

the figures from the MSA and did so specifically because they had been included in the 

MSA; the trial court was not making a factfinding. However, even if we were to 

conclude that the trial court had made a factfinding by including the figures in the 

decree, we cannot determine whether the trial court made the finding without 

evidence aside from the MSA. Rami does not tell us whether any part of the 

voluminous record contains testimony or non-MSA evidence presented to the trial 

court at any point regarding values, and he does not tell us whether any evidence was 

presented at hearings from which no record was made or that were not included in 

the record. See NexPoint Advisors, L.P. v. United Dev. Funding IV, 674 S.W.3d 437, 
33

hearing comments, it apparently did so in an attempt to effectuate other MSA terms.

Rami’s complaint is that the trial court contravened the MSA’s terms by incorporating 

those figures because the MSA stated that the actual figures might be different, and 

thus incorporating the figures conflicted with the MSA, but that is a complaint that he 

did not raise in the trial court. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1. He therefore did not preserve 

this argument for appeal. See Ricks v. Ricks, 169 S.W.3d 523, 528 (Tex. App.—Dallas 

2005, no pet.) (holding that appellant wife had not preserved her appellate complaint 

that the child support payment periods and injunction terms in the divorce decree did 

not comport with the parties’ MSA when her motion for new trial had complained 

only generally that there were discrepancies, which she did not identify, between the 

decree and the MSA); see also Brantley v. Brantley, No. 14-11-00583-CV, 

2012 WL 727700, at *3 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Mar. 6, 2012, no pet.)

(mem. op.) (holding wife had not preserved her complaint about variance between 

MSA and divorce decree); Murphy v. Leveille, No. 2-08-130-CV, 2009 WL 2619857, at 

446 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2023, pet. filed) (“The appellate court has no duty to 

brief issues for an appellant . . . [and] we are not responsible for searching the record 

for facts that are favorable to the appellant’s position.”); Ex parte D.K., No. 02-22-

00020-CV, 2022 WL 15075939, at *3 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Oct. 27, 2022, pet. 

denied) (“[I]n the absence of a reporter’s record, we must presume that the hearing 

was properly conducted and that the trial court was presented with sufficient evidence 

to make its finding.”). We know that there was at least one evidentiary hearing in the 

history of this proceeding, but Rami does not cite to any part of the record from that 

hearing in his argument—or any other evidentiary hearing, if there was one—and 

does not mention what, if anything, was discussed at that hearing. See Tex. R. App. P. 

38.1(i). However, Rami’s complaint here appears to be not that the decree is not 

supported by sufficient evidence but that the decree deviated from the MSA.
34

*2 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Aug. 26, 2009, no pet.) (per curiam) (mem. op.) (holding 

same). We overrule the remainder of Rami’s issue.

Conclusion

Having overruled Nancy’s three issues, and having sustained Rami’s issue in 

part and overruled it in part, we reverse the trial court’s judgment only as to its 

omission of the indemnity tax term and affirm it in all other respects. We remand this 

case to the trial court solely for the purpose of rendering a decree that incorporates 

the indemnity term in a manner consistent with this opinion. See LeBlanc v. LeBlanc, 

No. 09-20-00028-CV, 2022 WL 243163, at *6 (Tex. App.—Beaumont Jan. 27, 2022, 

no pet.) (mem. op.) (remanding case to trial court for issuance of final decree 

complying with parties’ MSA).

/s/ Mike Wallach

Mike Wallach

Justice

Delivered: December 21, 2023