1

Filed 6/15/16 P. v. Andrade CA4/2

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication 

or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION TWO

THE PEOPLE,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

RENE ANDRADE,

Defendant and Appellant.

E063762

(Super.Ct.No. FSB1204004)

OPINION

APPEAL from the Superior Court of San Bernardino County. Michael M. Dest, 

Judge. (Retired judge of the San Bernardino Super. Ct. assigned by the Chief Justice 

pursuant to art. VI, § 6 of the Cal. Const.) Affirmed in part; reversed in part with 

directions.

William Paul Melcher under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant 

and Appellant.
2

Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant Attorney 

General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, Arlene A. Sevidal, and Elizabeth 

M. Carino, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.

I

INTRODUCTION1

Defendant Rene Andrade was the pastor of a Los Angeles church where his 15-

year-old victim was a member. After being charged with three offenses, defendant

eventually pleaded no contest to one count of contact with a minor for the purposes of 

committing a sexual offense (count 3; § 288.3, subd. (a).) On appeal, defendant 

challenges 12 of his probation conditions. We uphold in part and reverse in part. 

II

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

A. The Underlying Offense

In May 2012, defendant was 43 years old2 and a pastor at El Shaddai Church in 

Los Angeles. Defendant met Jane Doe at her quinceañera ceremony, celebrating her 15th 

birthday. After the ceremony, defendant communicated with Jane Doe using Facebook, 

text messaging, and cell phones. The two would often speak to each other on the 

telephone for hours at a time.

 

1

 All statutory references are to the Penal Code unless stated otherwise.

2

 According to the probation reports, defendant was born in January 1969. 
3

On August 21, 2012, Jane Doe reported to San Bernardino Police Officer Gerardo

Orozco that she and defendant had a relationship in which they were seeing one another 

and exchanging messages and phone calls. Officer Orozco reviewed several text 

messages from defendant asking to see Jane Doe.

Jane Doe reported that defendant asked her to send him a naked picture and Jane 

Doe sent him a photo of her breasts. When Jane Doe confirmed that it was a genuine 

photo, defendant replied that he was masturbating and Jane Doe could hear him moaning 

and breathing heavily on the phone.

Defendant later asked Jane Doe if she would have sex with him. On August 14, 

2012, he picked her up from school and they hugged and kissed in his car for about 20 

minutes. Defendant also touched her thighs, pulled her bra down, and sucked on her 

breasts.

When Jane Doe’s mother discovered that her daughter and defendant were

communicating with one another and planning to have sex, she confiscated Jane Doe’s 

cell phone. Defendant supplied Jane Doe with a new cell phone so that the two could 

stay in contact.

In September, 2012, officers arranged for Jane Doe to make a pretext telephone 

call to defendant. During the call, defendant agreed to come to Jane Doe’s residence for 

a sexual encounter when her parents were not home. Defendant came to the residence 

but drove away without entering because he was aware he was being watched. Police

stopped defendant and took him into custody. Defendant admitted to police that he had
4

intended to meet Jane Doe at her home for sex but he denied he had ever kissed her or 

touched her inappropriately.

B. The Criminal Charges

Defendant was initially charged with two counts of committing a lewd and 

lascivious act upon a minor 10 years or younger than defendant (counts 1 and 2; § 288, 

subd. (c)(1)) and one count of contact with a minor for the purposes of committing a 

sexual offense (count 3; § 288.3, subd. (a).) After various interim proceedings, defendant 

pleaded no contest to count 3 pursuant to a plea agreement. In exchange for his plea, the 

court sentenced defendant to 135 days in jail and placed him on five years of formal 

probation.

III

WAIVER OF PRIVILEGE AGAINST SELF-INCRIMINATION AND 

PARTICIPATION IN POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION

Three of defendant’s probation conditions, Nos. 25, 26, and 34, read together 

require him to register as a sex offender (§ 290) and to participate in a treatment program, 

including polygraph testing. (§ 1203.067, subd. (b)(2).) Section 1203.067, subdivision 

(b)(3), requires “[w]aiver of any privilege against self-incrimination and participation in 

polygraph examinations, which shall be part of the sex offender management program.”

When defendant raises a “facial constitutional defect in the relevant probation 

condition,” (In re Sheena K. (2007) 40 Cal.4th 875, 887) this court reviews such 

questions of law de novo. (In re Shaun R. (2010) 188 Cal.App.4th 1129, 1143.) The 
5

Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides that no person shall be 

compelled to incriminate himself at trial or in future criminal proceedings. (Minnesota v. 

Murphy (1984) 465 U.S. 420, 426.) 

Defendant contends the statutory waiver of the privilege against self-incrimination 

violates the Fifth Amendment and is constitutionally overbroad: “A probation condition 

that imposes limitations on a person’s constitutional rights must closely tailor those 

limitations to the purpose of the condition to avoid being invalidated as unconstitutionally 

overbroad.” (In re Sheena K., supra, 40 Cal.4th at p. 890.) Defendant contends the 

waiver is overly broad because it is not limited to statements concerning the subject 

offenses and because it applies in any criminal proceeding, including a future offense 

committed after his probation expires. Accordingly, defendant contends the blanket 

waiver of privilege is unconstitutional under the Fifth Amendment. 

The People counter that it does not violate the Fifth Amendment to require 

defendant to provide truthful disclosures while participating in the sex offender treatment 

program as a term of his probation. The People argue that trial courts have broad 

discretion to set reasonable conditions of probation in order to foster rehabilitation and to 

protect public safety pursuant to section 1203.1. (People v. Carbajal (1995) 10 Cal.4th 

1114, 1120; People v. Olguin (2008) 45 Cal.4th 375, 379.) Therefore, the waiver 

requirement is narrowly tailored for purposes of probation supervision and treatment. 
6

Additionally, the People assert that sex-offender probationers are protected in criminal 

proceedings regardless of any waiver of the privilege against self-incrimination.3

Based on a quartet of published cases which we discuss below, we conclude that, 

although defendant’s statements generally would be inadmissible in criminal 

prosecutions, the blanket waiver is too broad and should be framed more narrowly. 

Defendant’s statements, made in compliance with probation condition Nos. 25 and 34,

are compelled, and therefore are inadmissible in a criminal trial under the Fifth 

Amendment privilege against self-incrimination. Defendant is also privileged not to 

answer official questions in any other proceeding, civil or criminal, formal or informal, 

where he reasonably believes the answers might incriminate him in a criminal case. 

Defendant’s compelled statements can be used in a probation revocation proceeding 

because it is not a criminal proceeding. (Minnesota v. Murphy, supra, 465 U.S. at p. 435, 

fn. 7.) However, defendant cannot be forced to waive his constitutional right against selfincrimination for any crime other than the present offenses.

 

3

 This issue is presently pending before the California Supreme Court in 

numerous cases, including People v. Friday (2014) 225 Cal.App.4th 8, review granted 

July 16, 2014, S218288; People v. Garcia (2014) 224 Cal.App.4th 1283, review granted 

July 16, 2014, S218197; People v. Klatt (2014) 225 Cal.App.4th 906, review granted July 

16, 2014, S218755; People v. Rebulloza (2015) 234 Cal.App.4th 1065, review granted 

June 10, 2015, S225503.)
7

Murphy

In Murphy, the United States Supreme Court addressed the admissibility in a 

criminal trial of statements the defendant, a sex offender, made during questioning by his 

probation officer. When Murphy’s probation officer learned from Murphy’s counselor 

that he had abandoned his treatment program and had admitted to previously committing 

rape and murder seven years before, the probation officer called Murphy into the office, 

with the intent of reporting to the police any incriminating statements. (Minnesota v. 

Murphy, supra, 465 U.S. at p. 422.)

The court in Murphy held that the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments did not 

prohibit the introduction into evidence of Murphy’s admissions made to the probation 

officer. The court stated: “We conclude, in summary, that since Murphy revealed 

incriminating information instead of timely asserting his Fifth Amendment privilege, his 

disclosures were not compelled incriminations. Because he had not been compelled to 

incriminate himself, Murphy could not successfully invoke the privilege to prevent the 

information he volunteered to his probation officer from being used against him in a 

criminal prosecution.” (Minnesota v. Murphy, supra, 465 U.S. at p. 440.)

The Murphy court explained: “The Fifth Amendment, in relevant part, provides 

that no person ‘shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself.’

It has long been held that this prohibition not only permits a person to refuse to testify 

against himself at a criminal trial in which he is a defendant, but also ‘privileges him not 

to answer official questions put to him in any other proceeding, civil or criminal, formal 
8

or informal, where the answers might incriminate him in future criminal proceedings.’ 

[Citation.] In all such proceedings, [¶] ‘a witness protected by the privilege may 

rightfully refuse to answer unless and until he is protected at least against the use of his 

compelled answers and evidence derived therefrom in any subsequent criminal case in 

which he is a defendant. . . . Absent such protection, if he is nevertheless compelled to 

answer, his answers are inadmissible against him in a later criminal prosecution.’ 

[Citation.]” (Minnesota v. Murphy, supra, 465 U.S. at p. 426.)

The Murphy court further noted: “A defendant does not lose this protection by 

reason of his conviction of a crime; notwithstanding that a defendant is imprisoned or on 

probation at the time he makes incriminating statements, if those statements are

compelled they are inadmissible in a subsequent trial for a crime other than that for which 

he has been convicted. [Citation.]” (Minnesota v. Murphy, supra, 465 U.S. at p. 426.)

The issue in the instant case is not the admissibility of compelled statements made 

in compliance with probation condition Nos. 25 and 34. Unlike in Murphy, the issue here

is whether compelling waiver of defendant’s self-incrimination privilege is constitutional. 

Murphy supports the proposition that a defendant on probation retains the privilege 

against self-incrimination and cannot be compelled to waive it.

Maldonado

In Maldonado v. Superior Court (2012) 53 Cal.4th 1112, 1127, the California 

Supreme Court held the Fifth Amendment bars, not mere disclosure, but actual use of a 

declarant’s compelled utterances to convict or criminally punish that person: “[T]he Fifth 
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Amendment does not provide a privilege against the compelled ‘disclosure’ of selfincriminating materials or information, but only precludes the use of such evidence in a 

criminal prosecution against the person from whom it was compelled.” (Id. at pp. 1134.) 

Thus, a defendant’s Fifth Amendment rights are adequately safeguarded by the immunity 

against use, either direct or derivative, of defendant’s statements against him. The 

Maldonado court stated: “As we have seen, the Fifth Amendment does not provide a 

privilege against the compelled ‘disclosure’ of self-incriminating materials or 

information, but only precludes the use of such evidence in a criminal prosecution against 

the person from whom it was compelled.” (Id. at pp. 1122, 1129, 1134, 1137.)

Again it is undisputed here that defendant’s statements made in compliance with 

probation condition Nos. 25 and 34 are compelled and therefore are inadmissible in a 

criminal trial under the Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination. The issue 

here is whether a probation condition can compel defendant to waive his privilege against 

self-incrimination.

Spielbauer

The Spielbauer court rejected a forced waiver of self-incrimination: “[t]he

constitutional guarantee against compelled self-incrimination protects an individual from 

being forced to testify against himself or herself in a pending criminal proceeding, but it 

does more than that. It also privileges a person not to answer official questions in any 

other proceeding, ‘civil or criminal, formal or informal,’ where he or she reasonably 

believes the answers might incriminate him or her in a criminal case. [Citations.] One 
10

cannot be forced to choose between forfeiting the privilege, on the one hand, or asserting 

it and suffering a penalty for doing so on the other. [Citation.]” (Spielbauer v. County of 

Santa Clara (2009) 45 Cal.4th 704, 714; see Minnesota v. Murphy, supra, 465 U.S. at p. 

426.)

We recognize “it is necessary or highly desirable to procure citizens’ answers to 

official questions, including their formal testimony under oath. In such circumstances, an 

individual’s invocation of the privilege against self-incrimination would frustrate 

legitimate governmental objectives. In light of the competing interests, it is well 

established that incriminating answers may be officially compelled, without violating the 

privilege, when the person to be examined receives immunity ‘coextensive with the scope 

of the privilege’ — i.e., immunity against both direct and ‘derivative’ criminal use of the 

statements. [Citations.] In such cases, refusals to answer are unjustified, ‘for the grant of 

immunity has removed the dangers against which the privilege protects. [Citation.]’ 

[Citation.]” (Spielbauer v. County of Santa Clara, supra, 45 Cal.4th at pp. 714-715.)

In the instant case, however, defendant is required under the section 1203.067, 

subdivision (b)(3), probation condition, not only to respond to questions during 

polygraph testing, but also to waive his privilege against self-incrimination. By requiring 

such waiver, defendant loses the Fifth Amendment safeguards of use immunity in a 

criminal trial.

In Spielbauer v. County of Santa Clara, supra, 45 Cal.4th 704, the plaintiff, who 

was a deputy public defender, refused to answer questions by a supervising attorney who 
11

was investigating allegations the plaintiff had made deceptive statements to the court 

while representing a defendant. The plaintiff was told refusal to answer the questions 

would be deemed insubordination warranting discipline up to and including dismissal. 

The plaintiff was also told his responses could not be used in a criminal proceeding. The 

plaintiff declined to answer the questions, invoking his privilege against selfincrimination. The plaintiff was terminated on the grounds of deceptive court conduct 

and refusal to answer his employer’s questions. (Id. at p. 709.)

The California Supreme Court in Spielbauer concluded that “a public employee 

may be compelled, by threat of job discipline, to answer questions about the employee’s 

job performance, so long as the employee is not required, on pain of dismissal, to waive

the constitutional protection against criminal use of those answers.” (Spielbauer v. 

County of Santa Clara, supra, 45 Cal.4th at p. 710.) The Spielbauer court added that 

“the constitutional privilege against compelled self-incrimination in a criminal case or 

cause (U.S. Const., 5th Amend.; Cal. Const., art. I, § 15) does not protect against the 

nonpenal adverse use of officially compelled answers. [Citations.]” (Id. at p. 715.) This 

would include probation revocation proceedings. “Although a revocation proceeding 

must comport with the requirements of due process, it is not a criminal proceeding. 

[Citations.]” (Minnesota v. Murphy, supra, 465 U.S. at p. 435, fn. 7.)

Therefore, under Spielbauer, probation may be revoked for refusing to answer 

officially compelled questions in probation proceedings, so long as the defendant is not 

required to surrender his or her right against criminal use of the statements thus obtained. 
12

(Spielbauer v. County of Santa Clara, supra, 45 Cal.4th at p. 725.) In addition, under 

Spielbauer, a formal guarantee of immunity is not required before defendant is required

to submit to polygraph testing in compliance with probation condition No. 25 and 26, 

assuming questioning is tailored specifically, directly, and narrowly to compliance with 

probation conditions and participation in a sex offender management program. (Id. at pp. 

718, 725.)

Although Spielbauer is distinguishable in that the plaintiff was not required to 

waive the privilege against self-incrimination, as was defendant in the instant case, 

Spielbauer supports the proposition that a probation condition can compel a defendant to 

answer questions by threat of revocation of probation but cannot require waiver of the 

privilege against self-incrimination. A defendant cannot be forced to forego the 

constitutional protection against criminal use of officially compelled statements in a 

criminal trial. (Spielbauer v. County of Santa Clara, supra, 45 Cal.4th at p. 710.) Thus, 

in the instant case, defendant can be compelled under section 1203.067, subdivision 

(b)(3), to submit to polygraph testing, but cannot be forced to waive his constitutional 

privilege against self-incrimination.

Miller

In People v. Miller (1989) 208 Cal.App.3d 1311, the court held that “[t]he trial 

court did not abuse its discretion by including the polygraph requirement as a condition 

of probation for the limited use as an investigative tool.” (Id. at p. 1316.) The defendant 

in Miller, who pleaded guilty to committing a lewd and lascivious act upon a child 
13

(§ 288, subd. (a)), was placed on probation, conditional upon the defendant submitting to 

polygraph testing at the direction of his probation officer. The Miller court concluded the 

polygraph probation condition was reasonable and valid because it assisted in monitoring 

probation compliance. The Miller court noted that “[t]he polygraph condition is designed 

to help evaluate the truthfulness of defendant’s reports and ‘[t]he purpose and objectives 

of probation would be frustrated if a convicted defendant could maintain . . . a right of 

silence at the time of his . . . report to the probation officer . . . .’” (Miller, at p. 1316.) 

The Miller court further stated the polygraph condition was “aimed at deterring and 

discovering criminal conduct most likely to occur during unsupervised contact with 

young females,” and therefore was reasonably related to future criminality. (Id. at p. 

1314.)

The court in Miller concluded the polygraph condition was not overbroad because 

it was limited to questions relating to compliance with probation conditions. Even 

though there were no specific limitations on the questions to be asked during polygraph 

testing, the Miller court construed the condition as imposed to monitor the defendant’s

compliance with the probation condition prohibiting unsupervised contact with young 

females and therefore any polygraph test administered to the defendant at the direction of 

his probation officer “necessarily will be limited to questions relevant to compliance with 

that condition.” (People v. Miller, supra, 208 Cal.App.3d at p. 1315.) The Miller court 

held the polygraph probation condition did not violate the defendant’s privilege against 
14

self-incrimination unless the defendant showed a realistic threat of self-incrimination. 

(Ibid.)

The court in Miller explained: “Although defendant has a duty to answer the 

polygraph examiner’s questions truthfully, unless he invokes the privilege, shows a 

realistic threat of self-incrimination and nevertheless is required to answer, no violation 

of his right against self-incrimination is suffered. [Citation.] The mere requirement of 

taking the test in itself is insufficient to constitute an infringement of the privilege.” 

(Ibid.)

Miller, decided in 1989, does not address the constitutionality of the section 

1203.067, subdivision (3)(b), probation condition requiring waiver of the selfincrimination privilege because the statute was not enacted until after Miller was decided. 

We nevertheless conclude, based on Murphy, Maldonado, Spielbauer, and Miller, that

the probation conditions, premised on section 1203.067, subdivision (b)(3), are

unconstitutional to the extent they mandate defendant waive his privilege against selfincrimination. Such mandated waiver violates defendant’s Fifth Amendment privilege 

against self-incrimination.

On the other hand, the probation condition compelling defendant to submit to 

polygraph testing at the direction of his probation officer, which is narrowly tailored to 

monitoring compliance with defendant’s probation conditions and participation in his sex 

offender management program, is constitutional and valid when appropriately modified, 

as proposed by the People, to read as follows: “The questions shall be limited to those 
15

relating to the successful completion of probation and the crime for which you were 

convicted.” (In re Sheena K., supra, 40 Cal.4th at p. 888; Brown v. Superior Court

(2002) 101 Cal.App.4th 313, 316-317, 322.)

III

PROBATION CONDITION NO. 17, FIELD INTERROGATION

Probation condition No. 17 requires defendant to “Submit to and cooperate in a 

field interrogation by any peace officer at any time of the day or night.” A field 

interrogation condition is meant as a correctional tool used to determine whether the 

probationer is complying with the terms of his probation or disobeying the law. (People 

v. Reyes (1998) 19 Cal.4th 743, 752; In re Anthony S. (1992) 4 Cal.App.4th 1000, 1006.) 

An otherwise valid probation condition that impinges upon constitutional rights “must be 

carefully tailored, ‘reasonably related to the compelling state interest in reformation and 

rehabilitation . . . .’” (People v. Bauer (1989) 211 Cal.App.3d 937, 942, quoting In re 

White (1979) 97 Cal.App.3d 141, 146.) A probation condition cannot be vague; it 

“‘“must be sufficiently precise for the probationer to know what is required of him, and 

for the court to determine whether the condition has been violated.” . . .’” (People v. 

Barajas (2011) 198 Cal.App.4th 748, 753, quoting In re Sheena K., supra, 40 Cal.4th at 

p. 890.) A state may not “constitutionally carry out a threat to revoke probation for the 

legitimate exercise of the Fifth Amendment privilege.” (Minnesota v. Murphy, supra,

465 U.S. at p. 438.)
16

Defendant contends the condition is unconstitutionally vague and overbroad and 

impairs his Fifth Amendment right because “it would be inherently uncooperative for 

[defendant] to assert his constitutional privilege during a field investigation.” Defendant

also asserts probation condition No. 17 would allow him to be interrogated on any matter, 

rather than his crime of conviction and compliance with probation, whether related or 

unrelated to his conduct.

We disagree the condition is vague because it expressly describes that defendant is 

required to submit to a field interrogation at any time. The probation condition is not 

overbroad because it aids the probation department in monitoring defendant’s probation 

compliance and future criminality. (People v. Olguin, supra, 45 Cal.4th at p. 380; People 

v. Bravo (1987) 43 Cal.3d 600, 610; People v. Lent (1975) 15 Cal.3d 481, 486.) The 

Fifth Amendment claim also fails because defendant’s incriminating statements can only 

be used against him to revoke his probation, not in a criminal proceeding. (Minnesota v. 

Murphy, supra, 465 U.S. at 435, fn. 7; Maldonado v. County of Santa Clara, supra, 53 

Cal.4th at p. 1134; People v. Brown, supra, 101 Cal.App.4th at p. 320.)

IV

PROBATION CONDITION NOS. 13, 16, 24, AND 30

Probation condition No. 13 prohibits defendant’s association “with females under 

the age of eighteen (18), unless in the presence of a responsible adult, who is aware of the 

nature of your background and current offense, and who has been approved by the

probation officer.” Probation condition No. 16 prohibits defendant from approaching 
17

“minor female motorists or pedestrians not previously known to you or engag[ing] same 

in conversation in a public place or street.” Probation condition No. 24 states, “Do not 

utilize any form of social media via the internet or access social media. Submit all 

internet devices including smart phones and tablets for examination upon request by any 

law enforcement agency.” Probation condition No. 30 states, “Do not associate with 

minors or frequent places where minors congregate, including but not limited to: 

schoolyards, parks, amusement parks, concerts, playgrounds, swimming pools, and 

arcades, unless in the company of a responsible adult over the age of 21 who is approved 

by the Probation Officer or court, . . .”

The parties generally agree these probation conditions must contain a scienter 

requirement and must be modified to prohibit only knowing conduct. (People v. 

Contreras (2015) 237 Cal.App.4th 868, 886.) Where a probationer could unknowingly 

engage in activity prohibited by probation conditions, Courts of Appeal have modified 

those conditions to incorporate a scienter requirement. (See, e.g., People v. Lopez (1998) 

66 Cal.App.4th 615, 629; In re Kacy S. (1998) 68 Cal.App.4th 704, 713 [association with 

approved persons]; People v. Turner (2007) 155 Cal.App.4th 1432, 1435-1436 [persons 

under 18]; In re Victor L. (2010) 182 Cal.App.4th 902, 912-913; People v. Moses (2011) 

199 Cal.App.4th 374, 377 [minors]; People v. Moore (2012) 211 Cal.App.4th 1179, 

1185.) Because defendant may act unknowingly the conditions must be modified to 

incorporate an express scienter requirement. (People v. Patel (2011) 196 Cal.App.4th 

956, 960; People v. Pirali (2013) 217 Cal.App.4th 1341, 1350 [with addition of an 
18

express knowledge requirement, probation condition regarding internet access is not

unconstitutionally vague or overbroad].)

V

PROBATION CONDITION NOS. 14, 27, 28, and 30

Defendant objected to probation condition Nos. 14, 27, and 28. Probation 

condition No. 14 states, “Neither possess nor have under your control any ‘obscene 

matter,’ as defined in PC311.” Probate condition No. 27 states, “Do not own, use, or 

possess any form of sexually explicit movies, videos, material, or devices unless 

recommended by a therapist and approved by the probation officer. Do not frequent any 

establishment where such items are the primary items viewed, sold at such establishment, 

and do not utilize any sexually oriented telephone services.” Probation condition No. 28 

states, “Do not frequent massage parlors, live nude shows or conventions where erotic 

materials and/or devices are the primary items sold.”

We conclude these probation conditions are not overbroad because they are 

relevant to defendant’s present and future criminality. A condition of probation will not 

be held invalid unless it (1) has no relationship to the crime of which the offender was 

convicted, (2) relates to conduct which is not in itself criminal, and (3) requires or forbids 

conduct which is not reasonably related to future criminality. (People v. Lent, supra, 15 

Cal.3d at p. 486; People v. Olguin, supra, 45 Cal.4th at pp. 379-380; People v. Carbajal,

supra, 10 Cal.4th at p. 1121.)
19

Here the prohibited conduct is not in itself criminal. However, the conduct 

reasonably relates to defendant’s present crimes and future criminality. Defendant 

encouraged his victim to share nude photos of herself and he used those photos for sexual 

gratification. The probation conditions could help prevent future crime by defendant. 

The challenged probation conditions are valid under two prongs of Lent. The trial court 

did not abuse its broad discretion imposing the conditions. (People v. Contreras (2015) 

237 Cal.App.4th 868, 881.)

Defendant also objects to the term “frequent” as used to mean visit in probation 

conditions Nos. 27, 28, and 30. Probation condition No. 30 forbids appellant to 

“associate” with minors or “frequent” places where minors congregate. Defendant relies 

on two cases: “We also agree with defendant that the word ‘frequent’ renders the 

condition unconstitutionally vague, because it is both obscure and has multiple meanings. 

(In re H.C. (2009) 175 Cal.App.4th 1067, 1072.) Accordingly, we will order the gangarea condition to read as follows: ‘You are not to visit or remain in any specific location 

which you know to be or which the probation officer informs you is an area of criminalstreet-gang-related activity.’” (People v. Leon (2010) 181 Cal.App.4th 943, 952.) We 

disagree that “frequent” is too archaic to be commonly understood. Its meaning is the 

equivalent of “visit.” No modification of the word is necessary to uphold the validity of 

the probation conditions using it.
20

VI

DISPOSITION

The parties agree probation condition Nos. 11, 25, and 26 must be modified to

strike the portion of each condition requiring defendant to be responsible for paying costs 

or fees. (See People v. Brown, supra, 101 Cal.App.4th at pp. 321-322.) We also remand 

to modify probation condition Nos. 13, 16, 24, 25, 26, 30, 34 as explained in this opinion. 

Probation condition Nos. 13, 16, 24, and 30 should include the requirement of scienter. 

Subject to these modifications, we affirm the judgment. 

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

CODRINGTON

J.

We concur:

RAMIREZ

P. J.

McKINSTER

J.