IN THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS OF WEST VIRGINIA
 

January 2017 Term 

FILED 

May 18, 2017 No. 16-0597 released at 3:00 p.m. 

RORY L. PERRY, II CLERK
 

SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
 

OF WEST VIRGINIA
 

DREAMA BOWDEN,
 

AS ADMINISTRATRIX OF THE ESTATE OF
 

LOWELL BOWDEN,
 

Plaintiff Below, Petitioner
 

V. 

MONROE COUNTY COMMISSION,
 

A POLITICAL SUBDIVISION; AND
 

PATRICIA GREEN,
 

INDIVIDUALLY AND IN HER OFFICIAL CAPACITY,
 

Defendants Below, Respondents
 

Appeal from the Circuit Court of Monroe County
 

Honorable Robert A. Irons, Judge
 

Civil Action No. CC-32-2011-C-18
 

REVERSED AND REMANDED
 

Michael A. Olivio 

Stephanie H. D. Mullett 

Olivio Law Firm, PLLC 

Charleston, West Virginia 

Attorneys for the Petitioner 

Submitted: April 19, 2017 

Filed: May 18, 2017 

J. Victor Flanagan 

Daniel J. Burns 

Pullin, Fowler, Flanagan, 

Brown & Poe, PLLC 

Beckley, West Virginia 

Attorneys for the Respondents 

JUSTICE DAVIS delivered the Opinion of the Court. 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

SYLLABUS BY THE COURT
 

1. “W. Va. Code, 29-12A-5(a)(5) [1986], which provides, in relevant part, 

that a political subdivision is immune from tort liability for ‘the failure to provide, or the 

method of providing, police, law enforcement or fire protection[,]’ is coextensive with the 

common-law rule not recognizing a cause of action for the breach of a general duty to 

provide, or the method of providing, such protection owed to the public as a whole. Lacking 

a clear expression to the contrary, that statute incorporates the common-law special duty rule 

and does not immunize a breach of a special duty to provide, or the method of providing, 

such protection to a particular individual.” Syllabus point 8, Randall v. Fairmont City Police 

Department, 186 W. Va. 336, 412 S.E.2d 737 (1991). 

2. “To establish that a special relationship exists between a local 

governmental entity and an individual, which is the basis for a special duty of care owed to 

such individual, the following elements must be shown: (1) an assumption by the local 

governmental entity, through promises or actions, of an affirmative duty to act on behalf of 

the party who was injured; (2) knowledge on the part of the local governmental entity’s 

agents that inaction could lead to harm; (3) some form of direct contact between the local 

governmental entity’s agents and the injured party; and (4) that party’s justifiable reliance on 

i 
 

 

the local governmental entity’s affirmative undertaking.” Syllabus point 2, Wolfe v. City of
 

Wheeling, 182 W. Va. 253, 387 S.E.2d 307 (1989).
 

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Davis, Justice: 

The instant matter is before this Court on appeal by Mrs. Dreama Bowden 

(hereinafter “Mrs. Bowden”), as administratrix of the estate of her late husband, Lowell 

Bowden (hereinafter “Mr. Bowden”), plaintiff below and petitioner herein. Mrs. Bowden 

appeals two orders entered by the Circuit Court of Monroe County. The first order granted 

summaryjudgement in favor of respondents herein and defendants below, Patricia Green and 

the Monroe County Commission (hereinafter collectively “the County”), based upon the 

circuit court’s conclusion that the evidence presented by Mrs. Bowden was insufficient to 

establish a disputed issue of material fact in relation to the special relationship exception to 

the public duty doctrine. In its second order, the circuit court, sua sponte, summarily 

dismissed all of Mrs. Bowden’s remaining claims against all defendants. We find the circuit 

court’s rulings in both orders to be erroneous. Accordingly, we reverse the orders and 

remand this case for further proceedings. 

I.
 

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
 

It is undisputed that, on November 27, 2009, petitioner’s decedent, Mr. 

Bowden, who was seventy years old at the time, was viciously attacked by four or five 

American Pit Bull Terriers (hereinafter “pit bulls”) while he was taking a walk near 

Landside, Monroe County, West Virginia, an area in which he resided. Mr. Bowden later 

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died from his injuries. The pit bulls involved in the attack were kept at the home of Kim 

Blankenship.1 Four of the dogs apparently were owned by her son, Justin Blankenship, who 

resided in her home.2 The remaining dog, a black-and-white pit bull named Echo, was in the 

care of Justin Blankenship and was allegedly owned by Anna Hughes and Mose Christian.3 

At the time of the attack, Patricia Green (hereinafter “Dog Warden Green”), a defendant 

below and a respondent herein, served as the Monroe County Dog Warden. 

Mrs. Bowden, as administratrix of her husband’s estate, filed a complaint 

against the County and others4 alleging, in relevant part, negligence in performing statutory 

duties imposed by W. Va. Code § 19-20-1 et seq. thereby allowing the vicious dogs to remain 

at large, and wrongful death. Dog Warden Green was sued both individually and in her 

official capacity as dog warden. Mrs. Bowden also sough punitive damages alleging willful, 

wanton, and reckless conduct by Dog Warden Green that was outside her scope of 

employment. 

1

Kim Blankenship was tried and acquitted of criminal charges brought against 

her in relation to the attack. 

2

Justin Blankenship pled guilty to nine misdemeanors arising out of this 

incident, including involuntary manslaughter. See Bowden v. Monroe Cty. Comm’n, 232 

W. Va. 47, 50 n.1, 750 S.E.2d 263, 266 n.1 (2013). He apparently was sentenced to a period 

of incarceration at the Anthony Center for Youthful Offenders. 

3

Ultimately, all of the dogs were euthanized after the attack. 

4

Mrs. Bowden also sued Justin Blankenship, Kim Blankenship, Anna Hughes, 

Mose Christian, and American Modern Home Insurance Company. 

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The County filed a motion to dismiss the complaint pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) 

of the West Virginia Rules of Civil Procedure, asserting a defense based upon the public duty 

doctrine. Mrs. Bowden responded by asserting the special relationship exception to the 

public duty doctrine. Mrs. Bowden also sought leave from the circuit court to file an 

amended complaint to incorporate additional allegations of fact in support of the special 

relationship exception to the public duty doctrine. However, the circuit court granted the 

motion to dismiss that had been filed by the County without ruling on Mrs. Bowden’s motion 

to amend her complaint. Mrs. Bowden appealed the dismissal to this Court. See Bowden v. 

Monroe Cty. Comm’n, 232 W. Va. 47, 750 S.E.2d 263 (2013). Finding the circuit court erred 

in dismissing the matter, this Court remanded for additional discovery and to allow Mrs. 

Bowden to file her amended complaint. Id. On remand, Mrs. Bowden filed her amended 

complaint, and the parties engaged in discovery. 

Thereafter, the County filed a motion seeking summary judgment again based, 

in relevant part, upon the public duty doctrine. After receiving Mrs. Bowden’s response and 

conducting a hearing, the circuit court granted summary judgment in favor of the County, by 

order entered on May 5, 2016. In doing so, the circuit court found that Mrs. Bowden had 

failed to produce facts sufficient to establish the special relationship exception. The parties 

asked the circuit court for a certification that the summary judgment ruling was final as to 

the parties and issues addressed therein pursuant to Rule 54(b) of the West Virginia Rules 

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of Civil Procedure. In response, the circuit court instead entered, sua sponte, a “Dismissal 

Order” dated June 2, 2016, which order dismissed the action in its entirety and removed it 

from the circuit court’s docket. This appeal followed. 

II.
 

STANDARD OF REVIEW
 

With respect to our consideration on appeal of a circuit court’s summary 

judgment ruling, it is well established that “[a] circuit court’s entry of summary judgment is 

reviewed de novo.” Syl. pt. 1, Painter v. Peavy, 192 W. Va. 189, 451 S.E.2d 755 (1994). 

It is equally clear that, 

[i]n reviewing a circuit court’s order granting summary 

judgment this Court, like all reviewing courts, engages in the 

same type of analysis as the circuit court. That is “‘we apply the 

same standard as a circuit court,’ reviewing all facts and 

reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to the 

nonmoving party.” Powderidge Unit Owners Ass’n v. Highland 

Properties, Ltd., 196 W. Va. 692, 698, 474 S.E.2d 872, 878 

(1996), quoting Williams v. Precision Coil, Inc., 194 W. Va. 52, 

58, 459 S.E.2d 329, 335-36 (1995), citing Matsushita Elec. 

Indus. Co. Ltd. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587-88, 

106 S. Ct. 1348, 1356-57, 89 L. Ed. 2d 538, 553 (1986). 

Fayette Cty. Nat’l Bank v. Lilly, 199 W. Va. 349, 353 n.8, 484 S.E.2d 232, 236 n.8 (1997), 

overruled on other grounds by Sostaric v. Marshall, 234 W. Va. 449, 766 S.E.2d 396 (2014). 

See also Painter, 192 W. Va. at 192, 451 S.E.2d at 758 (observing that, in deciding motion 

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for summary judgment, this Court “must draw any permissible inference from the underlying 

facts in the light most favorable to the party opposing the motion” (citations omitted)). 

We also are cognizant that “[a] motion for summary judgment should be 

granted only when it is clear that there is no genuine issue of fact to be tried and inquiry 

concerning the facts is not desirable to clarify the application of the law.” Syl. pt. 3, Aetna 

Cas. & Sur. Co. v. Federal Ins. Co. of New York, 148 W. Va. 160, 133 S.E.2d 770 (1963). 

In other words, summary judgment is proper “if the pleadings, depositions, answers to 

interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there 

is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment 

as a matter of law.” W. Va. R. Civ. P. 56(c). See also Syl. pt. 2, Williams v. Precision Coil, 

Inc., 194 W. Va. 52, 459 S.E.2d 329 (1995) (“Summary judgment is appropriate if, from the 

totality of the evidence presented, the record could not lead a rational trier of fact to find for 

the nonmoving party, such as where the nonmoving party has failed to make a sufficient 

showing on an essential element of the case that it has the burden to prove.”). Thus, 

[i]f the moving party makes a properly supported motion 

for summary judgment and can show by affirmative evidence 

that there is no genuine issue of a material fact, the burden of 

production shifts to the nonmoving party who must either (1) 

rehabilitate the evidence attacked by the moving party, (2) 

produce additional evidence showing the existence of a genuine 

issue for trial, or (3) submit an affidavit explaining why further 

discovery is necessary as provided in Rule 56(f) of the West 

Virginia Rules of Civil Procedure. 

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Syl. pt. 3, id. 

With the foregoing standards in mind, we address the dispositive issues herein 

raised. 

III. 

DISCUSSION 

Mrs. Bowden raises seven assignments of error that present two dispositive 

issues to this Court: (1) whether the circuit court erred in its application of the special 

relationship exception to the public duty doctrine;5 and (2) whether the circuit court erred by 

5

Specifically, Mrs. Bowden argues that the circuit court erred bymisstating and 

misapplying the law regarding the relationship of the public duty doctrine and its special 

relationship exception to the law of immunities for political subdivisions; by finding that a 

meeting between Mrs. Bowden and Dog Warden Green would not amount to an assumption 

of a duty to act on behalf of Mrs. Bowden; and by finding that Mrs. Bowden failed to present 

evidence to support that the County had knowledge that its inaction would lead to harm. 

In addition, Mrs. Bowden contends that the circuit court erred by misapplying 

the standards for granting summary judgment as follows: (1) performing credibility 

determinations and weighing evidence; (2) failing to consider the totality of the evidence 

presented in the light most favorable to the non-moving party; (3) holding that the meeting 

between Mr. and Mrs. Bowden and Dog Warden Green “would not amount to an assumption 

of a duty to act on behalf of Plaintiff” because such is a question of fact for the jury; (4) 

finding that Mrs. Bowden failed to present evidence to support that Respondents had 

knowledge that inaction would lead to harm; (6) erroneously finding that “[t]he only 

evidence presented by the Plaintiff is her own testimony, and under the standard for summary 

judgment established in Gooch v. W. Va. Dep’t of Pub. Safety, this mere scintilla of evidence 

is not sufficient.”; and (7) finding that “Plaintiff has not proven direct contact between the 

(continued...) 

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sua sponte entering a dismissal order disposing of the entire case when issues remained that 

were not addressed in the summary judgment order. We address these issues in turn. 

A. Special Relationship Exception 

to the Public Duty Doctrine 

The circuit court based its award of summary judgment on its conclusion that 

Mrs. Bowden failed to satisfactorily prove the elements of the special relationship exception6 

to the public duty doctrine. In other words, the circuit court ruled that Mrs. Bowden had 

failed to establish any genuine issue of material fact with respect to the existence of a special 

relationship so as to overcome a motion for summary judgment. Mrs. Bowden claims the 

circuit court erred. We agree. 

Recently, this Court succinctly explained the public duty doctrine in this way: 

Under the public duty doctrine, a government entity or officer 

cannot be held liable for breaching a general, non-discretionary 

duty owed to the public as a whole. “Often referred to as the 

‘duty to all, duty to no one’ doctrine, the public duty doctrine 

5

(...continued) 

Defendants and the decedent prior to the attack on the decedent.” 

Finally, Ms. Bowen argues that the circuit court erred in entering a Dismissal 

Order on June 2, 2016, after finding that there was “nothing remaining to be done” because 

the Order granting summary judgment did not adjudicate all counts against Respondents.” 

6

In its order, the circuit court repeatedly mixed up the terms “public duty 

doctrine” and “special relationship exception,” apparently using one term when it actually 

intended to refer to the other. 

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provides that since government owes a duty to the public in 

general, it does not owe a duty to any individual citizen.” [John 

Cameron McMillan, Jr., “Government Liability and the Public 

Duty Doctrine,” 32 Vill. L. Rev. 505, 509 (1987) (footnotes 

omitted)]. For example, under the public duty doctrine, “the 

duty to fight fires or to provide police protection runs to all 

citizens and is to protect the safety and well-being of the public 

at large[.]” [Wolfe v. City of Wheeling, 182 W. Va. 253, 256, 

387 S.E.2d 307, 310 (1989)]. Generally, no private liability 

attaches when a fire department or police department fails to 

provide adequate protection to an individual. The public duty 

doctrine is restricted to “liability for nondiscretionary (or 

‘ministerial’ or ‘operational’) functions[.]” [Parkulo v. West 

Virginia Bd. of Prob. & Parole, 199 W. Va. 161, 174, 483 

S.E.2d 507, 520 (1996) (quoting Randall v. Fairmont City 

Police Dep’t, 186 W. Va. 336, 346, 412 S.E.2d 737, 747 

(1991))]. 

West Virginia State Police v. Hughes, 238 W. Va. 406, ___, 796 S.E.2d 193, 199 (2017) 

(footnotes omitted).7 

7

This Court also has made clear that 

[t]he public dutydoctrine is separate and distinct from the 

principle of immunity. It “does not rest squarely on the 

principle of governmental immunity, but rests on the principle 

that recovery may be had for negligence only if a duty has been 

breached which was owed to the particular person seeking 

recovery.” Parkulo v. West Virginia Board of Probation and 

Parole, 199 W. Va. 161, 172, 483 S.E.2d 507, 518 (1996). In 

other words, the public duty doctrine “is not based upon 

immunity from existing liability. Instead, it is based on absence 

of duty in the first instance.” Holsten v. Massey, 200 W. Va. 

775, 782, 490 S.E.2d 864, 871 (1997). Where the public duty 

doctrine would apply, there is simply no duty and therefore no 

need to inquire as to the existence of immunity. The public duty 

doctrine is not a “doctrine of governmental immunity but one of 

(continued...) 

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An exception to the public duty doctrine, which Mrs. Bowden seeks to apply 

in this case, “arises when a ‘special relationship’ exists between the government entity and 

a specific individual. ‘The state may be liable where it has taken on a special duty to a 

specific person beyond that extended to the general public.’” Id. (quoting Barry A. Lindahl, 

2 Modern Tort Law: Liability and Litigation § 16:20 (2d ed. 2008)) (footnote omitted). 

Although this Court in Hughes was addressing liability of the State, this Court 

has made clear that the special relationship exception to the public duty doctrine applies to 

political subdivisions: 

W. Va. Code, 29-12A-5(a)(5) [1986], which provides, in 

relevant part, that a political subdivision is immune from tort 

liability for “the failure to provide, or the method of providing, 

police, law enforcement or fire protection[,]” is coextensive with 

the common-law rule not recognizing a cause of action for the 

breach of a general duty to provide, or the method of providing, 

such protection owed to the public as a whole. Lacking a clear 

expression to the contrary, that statute incorporates the 

common-law special duty rule and does not immunize a breach 

of a special duty to provide, or the method of providing, such 

protection to a particular individual. 

7

(...continued)
 

tort, based on the initial question applicable to any negligence
 

action, that is, whether the defendant owes the plaintiff any
 

judicially cognizable duty.” Reno v. Chung, 220 Mich. App.
 

102, 559 N.W.2d 308, 311 (1996) (Ludington, Judge,
 

dissenting).
 

Walker v. Meadows, 206 W. Va. 78, 83, 521 S.E.2d 801, 806 (1999) (per curiam). 

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Syl. pt. 8, Randall v. Fairmont City Police Dep’t, 186 W. Va. 336, 412 S.E.2d 737 (1991) 

(emphasis added). 

The elements required to establish the special relationship exception to the 

public duty doctrine have been previously set forth by this Court as follows: 

To establish that a special relationship exists between a 

local governmental entity and an individual, which is the basis 

for a special duty of care owed to such individual, the following 

elements must be shown: (1) an assumption by the local 

governmental entity, through promises or actions, of an 

affirmative duty to act on behalf of the party who was injured; 

(2) knowledge on the part of the local governmental entity’s 

agents that inaction could lead to harm; (3) some form of direct 

contact between the local governmental entity’s agents and the 

injured party; and (4) that party’s justifiable reliance on the local 

governmental entity’s affirmative undertaking. 

Syl. pt. 2, Wolfe v. City of Wheeling, 182 W. Va. 253, 387 S.E.2d 307 (1989). Accord Syl. pt. 

5, Bowden v. Monroe Cty. Comm’n, 232 W. Va. 47, 750 S.E.2d 263. The foregoing elements 

for establishing a special relationship are joined with the conjunctive “and,” signifying that 

all elements are required. See, e.g., Browning v. Hickman, 235 W. Va. 640, 652, 776 S.E.2d 

142, 154 (2015) (“The three factors . . . are joined with the conjunctive ‘and,’ meaning they 

all must be present . . . .”).8 Thus, we examine the evidence relating to each factor to see if 

8

See also Jan-Care Ambulance Serv., Inc. v. Public Serv. Comm’n of 

W. Virginia, 206 W. Va. 183, 193 n.13, 522 S.E.2d 912, 922 n.13 (1999) (“Because of the 

use of the conjunctive ‘and,’ all of the services contained in Section 1206(b)(4)(C) of the 

1973 Act are required of an emergency medical services system.”); Ooten v. Faerber, 181 

(continued...) 

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it was sufficient to establish a genuine issue of material fact. In examining this evidence, we 

are mindful that “‘[t]he question of whether a special duty arises to protect an individual from 

a local governmental entity’s negligence in the performance of a 

nondiscretionary . . . function is ordinarily a question of fact for the trier of the facts.’ Syl. 

Pt. 3, in part, Wolfe v. City of Wheeling, 182 W. Va. 253, 387 S.E.2d 307 (1989).” Syl. pt. 

6, Bowden, 232 W. Va. 47, 750 S.E.2d 263. 

1. An assumption by the local governmental entity, through promises or 

actions, of an affirmative duty to act on behalf of the party who was injured. To support 

her assertion that the County had assumed a duty to Mr. and Mrs. Bowden, Mrs. Bowden 

provided deposition testimony that she had called 911 to complain about the pit bulls, was 

connected to Dog Warden Green to discuss her complaint, and, thereafter, Dog Warden 

Green visited the Bowden home. According to Mrs. Bowden’s testimony, she shared with 

Mrs. Green her belief that the dogs were dangerous and explained her fear of them. She 

further testified that, in response, Dog Warden Green assured Mrs. Bowden that the “county 

would take care of it.”9 

8

(...continued) 

W. Va. 592, 597, 383 S.E.2d 774, 779 (1989) (observing that “‘and’ is a conjunctive, and the 

use of ‘and’ here clearly makes both conditions necessary, not merely either of the two.”). 

9

Specifically, Mrs. Bowden testified as follows: 

(continued...) 

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In support of its motion for summary judgment, the County attempted to show 

the absence of a question of fact by tendering the deposition testimony of Dog Warden 

Green, wherein she denied receiving a complaint from Mrs. Bowden, visiting the Bowden 

home, or making any assurances in relation to any pit bulls. 

The circuit court concluded that Mrs. Bowden “failed to meet her burden of 

providing more than a scintilla of evidence that the defendants ever assumed an affirmative 

duty to act on behalf of [Mr. and Mrs. Bowden], by making a promise or assumption.” The 

circuit court additionally concluded that, 

assuming, arguendo, that [Dog Warden Green] did go to [Mrs. 

Bowden’s] home in response to her 911 complaint, the 

9

(...continued) 

Q. . . . [W]hen you spoke to [Dog Warden Green] 

about the dogs, what did you understand or believe that she was 

going to do about the dogs, if anything? 

A. That they would no longer be roaming around in 

my yard. 

Q. Did she tell you how she planned on 

accomplishing that? 

A. No. 

Q. Did she specifically tell you that she would make 

sure that they weren’t roaming around in the neighborhood? 

A. She said – she assured me that the County would 

take care of it. 

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conversation alleged to have occurred between the two would 

not amount to an assumption of an affirmative duty to act on 

[Mrs. Bowden’s] behalf in a manner that would have prevented 

attack on the Plaintiff’s decedent. 

We find that the circuit court erred by finding no material question of fact was 

in dispute as to this factor of the special relationship test. The evidence pertaining to the 

existence of an assumption by the County of an affirmative duty to address Mrs. Bowden’s 

complaint about dangerously vicious dogs amounts to testimony by Mrs. Bowden indicating 

that such an assumption was made, and testimony by Dog Warden Green indicating the 

opposite. Rather than exposing the absence of a disputed question of fact, the evidence 

offered by the County demonstrates a quintessential factual dispute, and the need for 

credibility determinations, both of which should be resolved by a trier of fact. See Maston 

v. Wagner, 236 W. Va. 488, 498, 781 S.E.2d 936, 946 (2015) (“‘In assessing the factual 

record, we must grant the nonmoving party the benefit of inferences, as credibility 

determinations, the weighing of the evidence, and the drawing of legitimate inferences from 

the facts are jury functions, not those of a judge.’” (quoting Williams v. Precision Coil, Inc., 

194 W. Va. at 59, 459 S.E.2d at 336)). The fact that Mrs. Bowden indicated in her 

deposition testimony that she understood Dog Warden Green’s assurance to mean that “the 

dogs would no longer be in [the Bowden’s] yard,” is not dispositive insofar as her testimony 

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further indicated that Dog Warden Green additionally provided assurance that “the county 

would take care of” making sure the dogs were not roaming around in the neighborhood.10 

2. Knowledge on the part of the local governmental entity’s agents that 

inaction could lead to harm. In support of this second element of the special relationship 

exception to the public duty doctrine, Mrs. Bowden points to the evidence of Dog Warden 

Green’s own personal experience with one of the pit bulls on November 8, 2009, the same 

month as the fatal attack on Mr. Bowden. Dog Warden Green testified that, on that day, she 

received a complaint from Mr. Mark Crook about the pit bull named Echo jumping 

aggressively on his car. Dog Warden Green related that, while she and her husband were in 

their vehicle at the Crook residence,11 the pit bull named Echo appeared and jumped up on 

the side of her vehicle while growling and barking. She stated that the dog scared her and 

her husband, and she would not exit the vehicle. That same evening, she went to Justin 

Blankenship’s home, issued him a citation for harboring a vicious dog, and instructed him 

to keep the dog chained and fenced.12 Mrs. Bowden submits that a reasonable jury could find 

that a first-hand attack of this nature, coupled with Dog Warden Green’s years of experience 

10See note 9, supra. 

11Dog Warden Green’s husband had driven her to the Crook residence. 

12However, the dog, which had not yet returned to the residence, was not 

seized, and Dog Warden Green could not remember returning to the Blankenship residence 

to ensure that the dog had actually been chained and fenced as instructed. 

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as an animal control officer and the numerous complaints that had been made about the pit 

bulls, was sufficient to establish knowledge that inaction could lead to harm. 

The County does not dispute this event, but, rather, disputes the inferences to 

be drawn therefrom. According to the County’s reasoning, Dog Warden Green’s experience 

with a single aggressive pit bull, along with reports of one or more pit bulls acting 

aggressively in the neighborhood, is insufficient to establish knowledge that inaction could 

result in a multi-dog attack such as that suffered by Mr. Bowden, especially when no one had 

been physically injured by any pit bull. 

The circuit court similarly found that Ms. Bowden did “not meet her burden 

of providing substantial evidence that would allow a jury to find in her favor that Defendants 

knew inaction would lead to harm.” To support its conclusion, the circuit court reasoned that 

the evidence established that Dog Warden Green had knowledge of only one pit bull in the 

neighborhood. With respect to the complaint by Mr. Crook, the circuit court commented that 

“the dog, Echo, did not attack or harm Mr. Crook.” In addition, the circuit court incorrectly 

found that, when Dog Warden Green went to Justin Blankenship’s home and issued a citation 

for harboring a vicious dog, she “confirmed that no other pit bulls were in his house or on 

his property.” The portion of the record cited by the circuit court to support this finding 

contains Dog Warden Green’s testimony that she had “never seen” any other pit bulls on the 

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Blankenship property. However, it is important to note that Dog Warden Green testified that 

when she went to the Blankenship home and issued the citation, she did not get out of her 

vehicle. Moreover, the citation indicates that it was issued at 9:30 p.m., when it would have 

been dark and difficult to observe the grounds while seated in a vehicle. Thus, the circuit 

court’s conclusion that Dog Warden Green had confirmed the absence of multiple pit bulls 

located at the Blankenship residence is factually incorrect based upon the evidence in the 

record. 

We find that the circuit court erred in concluding that Mrs. Bowden failed to 

establish that facts related to the knowledge factor of the special relationship test were in 

dispute. Contrary to the circuit court’s findings and the County’s arguments, the record on 

appeal contains numerous statements from neighbors living in the same rural community as 

the Bowdens detailing encounters with one or more of the pit bulls where the dogs were 

running loose and acting aggressively. For example, Philip Hunt, who characterized the dogs 

as running loose constantly, testified at the criminal trial of Kimberly Blankenship and 

described four incidents involving the pit bulls. One incident in 2009 occurred on Easter 

Sunday, when the dogs “came up after [his] kids” who were playing in the yard. Mr. Hunt 

and his brothers-in-law had to chase the dogs away. During another incident in 2009,13 Mr. 

13In a written statement, Mr. Hunt described this incident as occurring in July 

2009. 

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Hunt’s son was chased by one of the dogs when he went to get trash cans at the bottom of 

the driveway. The boy shot at the dog with his BB gun and was able to run into the house. 

On a third occasion the dogs chased Mr. Hunt’s truck and prevented him and his wife from 

exiting the vehicle without first pulling into the garage. Finally, once when he was unable 

to pull into his garage, one of the pit bulls was in his driveway growling and barking at Mr. 

Hunt’s vehicle so that he could not exit until the dog left. Mr. Hunt testified that he “called 

animal control” and “nothing was done.”14 

The various complaints, combined with Dog Warden Green’s own experience 

with one of the dogs where she was too afraid to exit her vehicle, were sufficient to establish 

a question of fact with respect to the County’s knowledge that its inaction could lead to harm. 

The rationale adopted by the circuit court and the County, that the absence of any actual 

physical harm prior to the attack on Mr. Bowden was sufficient to dispel such knowledge, 

improperly draws inferences in favor of the County and not Mrs. Bowden. See Painter, 192 

W. Va. at 192, 451 S.E.2d at 758 (observing that, in deciding motion for summary judgment, 

a court “must draw any permissible inference from the underlying facts in the light most 

favorable to the party opposing the motion” (citations omitted)). Indeed, a reasonable 

interpretation of the facts, properly viewed in the light most favorable to Mrs. Bowden, is 

14The record contains additional statements by other neighbors describing 

similar experiences with one or more of the dogs, some of which indicate that complaints 

were made to “animal control” or to “the state” and nothing was done about the dogs. 

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that the lack of injury was fortuitous in that the victims of the aggressive dogs were either 

able to get away, or were safely inside their vehicles and refused to exit the same in the 

presence of the vicious dog or dogs. 

3. Some form of direct contact between the local governmental entity’s 

agents and the injured party. This Court has explained that “the requirement of direct 

contact serves as a basis for rationally limiting the class of individuals to whom the local 

governmental entity’s ‘special’ duty extends.” Wolfe, 182 W. Va. at 257-58, 387 S.E.2d at 

311-12 (citing Cuffy v. City of New York, 69 N.Y.2d 255, 261, 505 N.E.2d 937, 940, 513 

N.Y.S.2d 372, 375 (1987)). 

On the issue of direct contact, Mrs. Bowden again relies on her deposition 

testimony that, within a month prior to the attack on Mr. Bowden, she spoke to Dog Warden 

Green on the phone when making her complaint about the pit bulls and that, following the 

conversation, Dog Warden Green visited the Bowden home in response to the complaint. 

Mrs. Bowden argues that her assertion that Dog Warden Green had visited her home is 

supported by her testimony describing Dog Warden Green’s uniform and the fact that she 

was accompanied by a man (the record demonstrates that Dog Warden Green’s husband 

typically drove the truck for her when she went on calls). In addition, Mrs. Bowden points 

to other evidence in the record that, she asserts, also could be interpreted as corroborating her 

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testimony regarding the visit. Such evidence includes testimony by her daughter-in-law, 

Linda Ludwig,15 that a Monroe County Animal Control vehicle stopped at the Ludwig home 

sometime before the fatal attack seeking directions to the Blankenship home. Mrs. Bowden 

contends that, because there was evidence that Dog Warden Green was familiar with the 

Blankenship home, having previouslybeen there in response to prior complaints,16 she should 

not have needed directions to the home. Thus, Mrs. Bowden reasons that a jury could 

conclude that Dog Warden Green was actually trying to find Mrs. Bowden’s home. Mrs. 

Bowden also notes that an “Animal Control Expense Sheet” completed by Dog Warden 

Green in relation to the citation she issued to Justin Blankenship on November 8, 2009, 

provides additional evidence that could be interpreted by a jury as supporting her assertion 

that Dog Warden Green visited the Bowden home. The expense sheet contains a notation 

stating “called on (11-4-09) Justin Blankenship about the Blk & White pit Bull and ask him 

to pen and chain dog. Said he would do so, but the dog has been loose. So I issued a ticket 

to him [under W. Va. Code §] 19-20-20 for visious [sic] dog. . . .” Mrs. Bowden contends 

15Mrs. Bowden contends that her daughter-in-law, Linda Ludwig, also is Justin 

Blankenship’s aunt. Thus, she asserts, the familial relationship casts a shadow of bias on 

Mrs. Ludwig’s testimony that should be weighed by a jury. The County responds that Mrs. 

Bowden did not make this argument below, and the record on appeal contains no evidence 

of the relationship between Mrs. Ludwig and Justin Blankenship. Because we find no 

evidence of a family relationship between Mrs. Ludwig and Justin Blankenship in the record 

on appeal, we will not consider Mrs. Bowden’s contentions in this regard. 

16In her deposition, Dog Warden Green testified that, prior to the attack on Mr. 

Bowden, she had been to the Blankenship residence “a couple of times for dog complaints, 

and further, Blankenship’s horses.” 

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that a jury could find that it was her contact with Dog Warden Green that prompted her to 

call on Justin Blankenship on November 4, 2009. 

The Countyresponds byarguing that the evidence relied upon byMrs. Bowden 

amounts to self-serving statements and conjecture, which are insufficient to overcome a 

motion for summary judgment. The County asserts that the “Animal Control Expense Sheet” 

simply evidences that Dog Warden Green called Mr. Blankenship on November 4, 2009, and 

provides nothing whatsoever to indicate any reason for the call. The County then submits 

that the following evidence demonstrates the absence of a disputed material fact: (1) the 

testimony of Dog Warden Green wherein she denied having ever visited the Bowden home 

or speaking to Mrs. Bowden by phone; (2) the absence of any office records documenting 

a visit to the Bowden home; and (3) testimony by Robert and Linda Ludwig that they had 

never seen animal control at the Bowden home. 

In granting summary judgment, the circuit court found that Mrs. Bowden’s 

testimony was insufficient to satisfy her burden of overcoming the County’s motion for 

summary judgment insofar as it was disputed by at least three other people (Dog Warden 

Green, Robert Ludwig, and Linda Ludwig). The circuit court’s ruling is erroneous. 

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The County is correct that self-serving statements and conjecture are 

insufficient to overcome a motion for summary judgment. 

[T]he partyopposing summaryjudgment must satisfythe burden 

of proof by offering more than a mere “scintilla of evidence” 

and must produce evidence sufficient for a reasonable jury to 

find in a nonmoving party’s favor. . . . The evidence illustrating 

the factual controversy cannot be conjectural or problematic. It 

must have substance in the sense that it limns differing versions 

of the truth which a factfinder must resolve. The evidence must 

contradict the showing of the moving party by pointing to 

specific facts demonstrating that, indeed, there is a “trialworthy” 

issue. 

Williams, 194 W. Va. at 60, 459 S.E.2d at 337 (internal citation and footnote omitted). 

However, the County and the circuit court fail to recognize that, before any burden is 

imposed upon Mrs. Bowden to overcome summary judgment, the County had to make a 

properly supported motion demonstrating that there was no material question of fact in 

dispute. In other words, “the initial burden of production and persuasion is upon the party 

moving for a summary judgment.” Id. With respect to the moving party’s burden, this Court 

has held that, “[i]f the moving party makes a properly supported motion for summary 

judgment and can show by affirmative evidence that there is no genuine issue of material 

fact, the burden of production shifts to the nonmoving party . . . .” Syl. pt. 3, in part, Jividen 

v. Law, 194 W. Va. 705, 461 S.E.2d 451 (1995) (emphasis added). The evidence relied upon 

by the County simply fails to “show by affirmative evidence that there is no genuine issue 

of material fact.” Id. Rather, the testimony of Mrs. Bowden and Dog Warden Green was 

directly contradictory as to whether a meeting between them had occurred. The additional 

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evidence relied upon by the parties does not favor one party over the other on its own, but 

instead requires drawing inferences and making credibility determinations, which functions 

are not available to a circuit court ruling on a motion for summary judgment. See Syl. pt. 3, 

Painter, 192 W. Va. 189, 451 S.E.2d 755 (“The circuit court’s function at the summary 

judgment stage is not to weigh the evidence and determine the truth of the matter, but is to 

determine whether there is a genuine issue for trial.”). Accord Williams, 194 W. Va. at 59, 

459 S.E.2d at 336. 

4. Mrs. Bowden’s justifiable reliance on the local governmental entity’s 

affirmative undertaking. This Court has recognized that 

[t]he injured party’s reliance is as critical in establishing 

the existence of a “special relationship” as is the local 

governmental entity’s voluntary affirmative undertaking of a 

duty to act toward the injured party. The element of reliance 

provides the essential causative link between the special duty 

assumed by the local governmental entity and the injury. Cuffy 

[v. City of New York], 69 N.Y.2d at 261, 505 N.E.2d at 940, 513 

N.Y.S.2d at 375. 

Wolfe, 182 W. Va. at 257, 387 S.E.2d at 311. We find the controverted evidence related to 

whether Dog Warden Green visited the Bowden home and gave assurances that“the county 

would take care of” making sure the dogs were not roaming around in the neighborhood17 

17See supra note 9. 

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is sufficient to establish a question for the jury as to whether Mr. and Mrs. Bowden’s 

reliance on those assurances was justifiable. 

Because we find disputed evidence on each of the factors required to establish 

the special relationship exception to the public duty doctrine, we find the circuit court erred 

by granting summary judgment to the County. Indeed, this Court has emphasized that 

the question of whether a special duty arises to protect an 

individual from a local governmental entity’s negligence in the 

performance of a nondiscretionary governmental function is 

ordinarily a question of fact for the trier of the facts. Estate of 

Tanasijevich v. City of Hammond, 178 Ind. App. 669, 675, 383 

N.E.2d 1081, 1085 (1978); De Long v. County of Erie, 60 

N.Y.2d 296, 306, 457 N.E.2d 717, 722, 469 N.Y.S.2d 611, 616 

(1983). 

Wolfe, 182 W. Va. at 258, 387 S.E.2d at 312. 

B. Dismissal Order 

Mrs. Bowden submits that counsel for all parties to this appeal requested a 

certification from the circuit court pursuant to Rule 54(b) of the West Virginia Rules of Civil 

Procedure stating that the summary judgment order was final as to the parties and issues 

addressed therein. Rather than issue a Rule 54(b) certification, the circuit court, sua sponte, 

issued a two sentence dismissal order stating in full: 

On this day the Court reviewed the file, and it appearing 

proper to [do] so, and nothing remaining to be done, it is hereby 

ORDERED and ADJUDGED as follows: 

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1. The above styled action is hereby DISMISSED. 

The Clerk is directed to remove it from the docket and to 

provide a copy of this order to any pro se party, and counsel, not 

registered for electronic notification[.] 

Mrs. Bowden contends that, insofar as the circuit court’s summary judgment 

order did not address certain claims contained in her complaint,18 it was error for the circuit 

court to dismiss those claims. 

The County agrees that the summary judgment order did not address some of 

Mrs. Bowden’s claims that were subsequently dismissed by the circuit court and, in addition, 

notes that the dismissal of some defendants is not relevant to the County. Nevertheless, the 

County contends that some of the dismissed issues were rendered moot by the summary 

judgment order and, therefore, dismissal of those issues was proper. 

Because we have reversed the circuit court’s summary judgment order, upon 

which the dismissal order apparently was based, we likewise summarily vacate the circuit 

court’s dismissal order. See, e.g., Napier v. Napier, 211 W. Va. 208, 214 n.12, 564 S.E.2d 

18Namely, Count VII of her complaint, pertaining to W. Va. Code § 29B-1-1 

et seq. and the United States Freedom of Information Act, 5 USC § 552(a)(3); Counts VI and 

IX, concerning punitive damages and actions by Dog Warden Green that may have been 

outside the scope of her employment; and claims against additional defendants Anna Hughes 

and Mose Christian, who are not parties to the instant appeal. 

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418, 424 n.12 (2002) (“Because the circuit court based its decision to dismiss Ms. Napier’s 

counterclaim on the fact that summary judgment was granted to Mr. Napier, we summarily 

reverse the dismissal of the counterclaim and remand that claim for further proceedings.”). 

IV.
 

CONCLUSION
 

Based upon the reasoning set out above, we reverse the May 5, 2016, and June 

2, 2016, orders entered by the Circuit Court of Monroe County and remanding this case for 

further proceedings. 

Reversed and Remanded. 

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