FILED U.S. COURT OF AP P EALS E LEV EN T HC IRC U IT OCTOB ER 31, 2006 THOMAS K. KAH

N CLERK

The Honorable William H. St eele , United States District Court for the Southern D istrict * of Alaba ma, sitting by

designation. [ DO NO T P UB L I S H] I N THE UN I TE D STATE S C OU RT OF APPE ALS F O R T H E E L E V E N T H C IR C U IT

________________________ N o. 05- 12306

________________________ D. C . Do c k e tNo . 9 4 - 0 0 0 3 2 - C R - DT KH U N I T E D S T A T E S O F A M E R I C A , P la in tif f - A p p e lle e , v ersu s J O S E P H A N T H O N Y H A Y E S , D e f e n d a n t- A p p e lla n t.

________________________ A pp ea l fr om the U ni t ed S t at es D i stri ctC ou rt f orthe S outhe rn D i s tr i c tof F l or i da

_________________________ ( O c t ob e r 31, 2006) B ef ore P R Y O R and F A Y , C i rc ui tJudg es , and S T E E L E , D i stri ctJudg e. * P E R C U R I A M:2

J o s e p h A n th o n y H a y e s ap p e a ls th e o r d e ro f th e d is tr ic t c o u r t d e n y in g h is m ot i on f orr e duc t i on of

s e nt e nc e . 18 U . S . C . § 3582( c ) ( 2) . H a y e s w a s c onvi c t e d of po ss es si on w i th i nt entt o d i stri bu t e c ocai ne, 21 U . S . C . § 8 41 (a )( 1) (C ou ntI) , po ss es si on of fi re arm s duri ng and i n rel at i on t o thatcr i m e, 18 U . S . C . § 9 24 (c ) ( C ountI I ) , a nd pos s e s s i on of a n unr e gi s t e r e d f

i r e a rm , 26 U . S . C . § 5861( d) ( C ount I I I ) . T he di s tr i c tc our tf ound tha tA m e ndm e nt599 of the U ni t e d S t a t e s S e nt e nc i ng G ui de l i ne s , w hi c h f

or e c l os e s a f

i r e a rm s e nha nc e m e ntf

orc r i m i na l s c onvi c t e d of po ss es si ng a f

i re arm du ri ng and i n rel at i on t o cert ai n cri m es , 18 U . S . C . § 9 24 (c ), di d n otappl y t o H ay es . O n app ea l , the go vernm entconcedes thatthe di stri ctcourt e rr e d . W e r e v e r s e a n d r e m a n d . I . B AC KG RO UN D I n J a nua ry 1994, H a y e s pa r t i c i pa t e d i n a s c he m e t o r ob a “ s t a s h hous e ” of 2 0 - 3 0 k ilo g r a m s o f

c o c a in e . A n u n d e r c o v e ra g e n t w ith th e B u r e a u o f A lc o h o l, T oba c c o a nd F i r e a rm s pos e d a s a di s grunt l e d drug c our i e r . I m m e di a t e l y be f or e the robb ery, H ay es show ed the agenta 9-m m . se m i -aut om at i c pi st ol , and repres ent ed thathe and h i s a cc om pl i ce s had a 12-gaug e s ho t gu n i n o ne of the vehi cl es they in te n d e d to u s e in th e r o b b e ry . H ay es re qu es t ed thatthe agentfol l ow hi m as he l ef t t o r e tr i e ve the s hot gun, butbe f or e the y r e a c he d i t , the m e n w e r e a rr e s t e d. A 9 - mm. R ug erpi st ol w as foun d i n the ca r i n w hi ch H ay es had b ee n tra vel i ng , and an3

unr e gi s t e r e d s a w e d- of

f s hot gun w a s f

ound i n H a y e s ’ s ow n c a rpa rke d a f e w bl oc ks aw ay. H a y e s w a s in d ic te d a n d p r o c e e d e d to tr ia l, w h e r e a ju ry c o n v ic te d h im o n a ll c ount s . A thi s s e nt e nc i ng, the di s tr i c tc our ti m pos e d c onc urr e nts e nt e nc e s of 300 m on ths of i m pri sonm enton C ou ntI a nd 12 0 m on ths of i m pri sonm enton C ou ntII I, and a consecut i ve se nt ence of 60 m on ths of i m pri sonm enton C ou ntII . Th e 9 - mm. pi st ol s f orm ed the basi s of the charge i n C ou ntII . T he di s tr i c tc our tus e d the sh o tg u n , w h ich fo rm ed th e b as is o f th e c h ar g e in C o u n t III , t o en h an ce H ay es ’s offe nse l evel for C ou ntI. S ee U . S . S . G . § 2 D 1. 1(b)(1) (a l l ow i ng a tw o-l evel e n h a n c e m e n t f

o rp o s s e s s io n o f

a d a n g e r o u s w e ap o n w h ile tr a f f ic k in g ) . O n N ov em ber 1, 20 00 , A m endm ent59 9 o f the S ent enci ng G ui del i nes be c a m e e f

f e c t i ve a nd w a s m a de r e tr oa c t i ve . A m e ndm e nt599 m odi f i e d the c om m e nt a ry t o S e nt e nc i ng G ui de l i ne 2K 2. 4, w hi c h appl i e s t o of f e ns e s i nvol vi ng the us e of

a f i r e a rm dur i ng ori n r e l a t i on t o c e r t a i n c r i m e s . T he a m e ndm e nt pr e ve nt s a n of

f e ns e tha tunde r l i e s a s e c t i on 924( c ) of f e ns e f r om be i ng e nha nc e d by a f ir e a rm s s p e c if

ic a tio n : I f a s e n te n c e u n d e rth is g u id e lin e is im p o s e d in c onj unc t i on w i th a s e nt e nc e f ora n unde r l y i ng of

f e ns e , do notappl y a ny s pe c i f

i c of f e ns e c ha r a c t e r i s t i c f

or pos s e s s i on, br a ndi s hi ng, us e , ordi s c ha r ge of a n e xpl os i ve orf i r e a rm w he n de t e rm i ni ng the s e nt e nc e f orthe unde r l y i ng of

f e ns e . A s e nt e nc e unde rthi s gui de l i ne4 a c c ount s f

ora ny e xpl os i ve orw e apon e nha nc e m e ntf or the un derl yi ng offe nse of c on vi ct i on , i ncl ud i ng any s uch e nha nc e m e nttha tw oul d appl y ba s e d on c onduc tf or w h ic h th e d e f

e n d a n t is a c c o u n tab le u n d e r§ 1 B 1 .3 ( R e l e va ntC onduc t ) . D o notappl y a ny w e apon enhancem enti n the gu i del i ne for the un derl yi ng offe nse, f o re x a m p le , if

( a ) a c o - d e f

e n d a n t, a s p a r t o f

th e jo in tly un dert aken cri m i nal ac t i vi ty, po ss es se d a fi re arm di ff er entfr om the on e f

or w hi ch the defendantw as c onvi c t e d unde r18 U . S . C . § 924( c ) ; or( B ) i n a n ongoi ng drug tr a f f i c ki ng of f e ns e , the de f

e nda ntpos s e s s e d a fi re arm other than the on e f or w hi ch the defendantw as conv i ct ed un der 18 U . S . C . § 9 24 (c ). A m e ndm e nt599. B as ed on thi s a m endm ent , H ay es fi l ed a m ot i on for r educt i on of se nt ence , and argued thatthe fi re arm s e nh ance m entof the se nt ence for C ou ntI w as p r e c lu d e d b y h is c o n v ic tio n o n C o u n t I I f o rp o s s e s s in g a f

ir e a rm d u r in g a n d in r e l a t i on t o C ountI . T he di s tr i c tc our ts um m a r i l y de ni e d thi s m ot i on. H ay es ap p e a le d , a n d th is C o u r t r e m a n d e d to th e d is tr ic t c o u r t f o ra n e x p la n a tio n o f

its ru lin g . U n ite d S ta te s v . H a y e s , N o . 0 4 - 1 2 6 1 1 ( 1 1 th C ir . D e c . 2 0 , 2 0 0 4 ) . O n r e m a nd, the di s tr i c tc our ts t a t e d tha tA m e ndm e nt599 pr e c l ude s a ddi ng a s e c tio n 2 D 1 .1 ( b ) e n h a n c e m e n t to th e o f f e n s e u n d e r ly in g a s e c tio n 9 2 4 ( c ) c h a r g e “if ( 1) a c o- de f

e nda nta s pa r tof

the j oi nt l y unde r t a ke n c r i m i na l a c t i vi ty , pos s e s s e d a f i r e a rm di f

f e r e ntf r om the one f

orw hi c h the de f

e nda ntw a s c onvi c t e d unde r18 U . S . C . § 924( c ) , or( 2) i n a n ongoi ng drug tr a f f i c ki ng of f e ns e , the de f

e nda nt5

po ss es se d a fi re arm other than the on e f or w hi ch the defendantw as conv i ct ed u n d e r1 8 U .S .C . § 9 2 4 ( c ) .” S i nce H ay es “ po ss es se d ano ther gun (the sa w ed off s h o tg u n c h a r g e d in C o u n t 3 ) th a t w a s n o t in th e p o s s e s s io n o f e ith e rc o - d e f

e n d a n t,” and si nce “ the defendant ’ s drug tra ff i cki ng conspi ra cyoffe nse of c on vi ct i on w as n o t‘ o n g o i n g , ’ ” th e am en d m en td i d n o tap p l y. I I . STA N D A R D O F R EVI EW

“ W e r e vi e w a di s tr i c tc our t ’ s de c i s i on w he the rt o r e duc e a s e nt e nc e pur s ua nt t o 18 U . S . C . § 3582( c ) ( 2) , ba s e d on a s ubs e que ntc ha nge i n the gui de l i ne s , f or abus e of di s c r e t i on. ” U . S . v. B r ow n, 332 F . 3d 1341, 1343 ( 11th C i r . 2003) (i nt ernal qu ot e om i tt ed). “ A di stri ctcourtby defi ni t i on abuses i t s di sc re t i on w hen i tm akes an error of l aw . ” I d. (i nt ernal qu ot e om i tt ed). I I I . DI S CUS S I ON T h e g o v e rn m e n t c o n c e d e s o n ap p e a l th a t A m e n d m e n t 5 9 9 ap p lie s to H a y e s . W e a gr e e . T he a m e ndm e ntdoe s notl i m i ti t s appl i c a t i on t o the tw o s i tua t i ons de s c r i be d by the di s tr i c tc our t , w hi c h a r e gi ve n onl y a s e xa m pl e s of w he n the a m e ndm e ntw oul d appl y . S e e A m e ndm e nt599 ( “ D o notappl y a ny w e apon e nha nc e m e nti n the gui de l i ne f orthe unde r l y i ng of

f e ns e , f ore xa m pl e , i f

( a ) a c odefe nd ant . . . po ss es se d a fi re arm di ff er entfr om the on e f

or w hi ch the defendantw as conv i ct ed. . . ; or (B ) i n an o ng oi ng drug tra ff i cki ng offe nse, the defendantpo ss es se d6

a f ir e a rm o th e rth a n th e o n e f o rw h ic h th e d e f

e n d a n t w a s c o n v ic te d ....” ( E m p h a s is added. )) . T h e u n a m b ig u o u s la n g u a g e o f th e a m e n d m e n t p r o v id e s a g e n e r a l ru le to be appl i e d: “ A s e nt e nc e unde rthi s gui de l i ne a c c ount s f ora ny e xpl os i ve or w e ap o n s e n h a n c e m e n t f o rth e u n d e r ly in g o f

f e n s e o f c o n v ic tio n [ .]” I d . ( e m p h a s is added). T he di stri ctcourtabused i t s di sc re t i on w hen i terroneou sl y c on cl ud ed that A m e ndm e nt599 di d notappl y t o H a y e s . I ti s undi s put e d tha tH a y e s ’ s s e nt e nc e f or C ou ntII fe l l un der S ent enci ng G ui del i ne 2K 2. 4, and the di stri ctcourtenhanced H a y e s ’s s e n te n c e f

o rth e u n d e r ly in g c r im e in C o u n t I . A m e n d m e n t 5 9 9 ap p lie d in thi s c i rc um st ance . O n rem and, the di stri ctcourtm ustre ca l cul at e H ay es ’ s s ent ence unde rthe a m e nde d gui de l i ne s a nd the n de t e rm i ne , i n the l i ghtof the s e nt e nc i ng f a c to r s , 1 8 U .S .C . § 3 5 5 3 ( a ) , w h e th e rto r e d u c e H a y e s ’s s e n te n c e . I V . CONCL US I ON T he de ni a l of

H a y e s ’ s m ot i on f

orr e duc t i on of

s e nt e nc e i s r e ve r s e d, a n d th is ac t i on i s r em anded f

o rf u tu r e p r o c e e d in g s c o n s is te n t w ith th is o p in io n . RE V E RS E D a n d RE MAND E D.