Opinion issued July 12, 2016.

In The

Court of Appeals 

For The 

First District of Texas 

————————————

NO. 01-15-00466-CV

———————————

DAVID SCHIED, Appellant

V.

MICHAEL RAY MERRITT, Appellee

On Appeal from Probate Court No. 1

Harris County, Texas

Trial Court Case No. 434,875

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Appellant David Schied is appealing the probate court’s order granting 

appellee Michael Ray Merritt’s no-evidence motion for summary judgment and 

dismissing appellant’s contest to Merritt’s application to probate the 2014 will of 

appellant’s brother, Michael Edward Schied. We affirm.
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Background

In January 2014, Michael Edward Schied executed his last will and testament 

which named Michael Ray Merritt as the independent executor. After Michael died 

in August 2014, Merritt filed an application to probate the will and for letters 

testamentary in Harris County probate court. Appellant, Michael’s brother and a 

beneficiary under the will, filed a pro se contest to Merritt’s application alleging that 

Merritt was not qualified to serve as executor.1

In his contest, appellant also asked the probate court to (1) issue an order 

compelling Merritt and Jeanette Smith, appellant’s sister and another beneficiary 

under the will, to produce certain records and documents regarding Michael’s estate, 

including an itemized accounting of all property removed from his home, and (2) 

grant injunctive, declaratory, and other relief necessary to preserve the estate’s 

assets. Appellant attached nineteen “exhibits” to his sixty-page pleading. 

Appellant subsequently filed other motions and pleadings seeking various 

types of relief and attempting to formally join Jeannette, Jeanette’s attorney Robin 

 

1 Appellant’s pleading was entitled, “‘Complaint and Brief in Support of Opposition’ 

to Michael Ray Merritt’s ‘Application to Probate Will and for Letters Testimony 

[sic]’ and ‘Motion for Order to Show Cause and to Compel Documents’ and for 

Injunctive, Declaratory, and other Relief in Actions Taken Thus Far Against 

Plaintiff’s Survivorship Rights, and to Determinate [sic] the actual necessity and 

degree of Need for This Court’s Further Involvement in the ‘Probating’ of the 

Remaining Terms of Mickey Schied’s Last Will and the Last Aspects of 

‘Administration’ of Mickey Schied’s Estate.”
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Apostolakis, Merritt’s wife Wynde Merritt, and Merritt’s attorney David Munson, 

as parties.

On March 6, 2015, Merritt filed a no-evidence motion for summary judgment 

on appellant’s contest to Merritt’s qualifications to serve as the independent executor 

of Michael’s estate. Appellant did not file a response to the motion. 

On April 8, 2015, the probate court granted Merritt’s no-evidence motion for 

summary judgment, dismissed appellant’s contest, and signed an order stating that 

“[t]his judgment finally disposes of all parties and all claims and is appealable.” The 

record reflects that appellant did not file a motion for new trial or request any postjudgment relief from the trial court. This appeal followed.

Pro Se Litigants

Appellant is representing himself in this case. Although we must liberally

construe pro se pleadings and briefs, we nevertheless hold pro se litigants to the same 

standards as licensed attorneys and require them to comply with applicable laws and 

rules of procedure. Mansfield State Bank v. Cohn, 573 S.W.2d 181,184–85 (Tex.

1978); Valadez v. Avitia, 238 S.W.3d 843, 845 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2007, no pet.); 

see also Harkins v. Dever Nursing Home, 999 S.W.2d 571, 573 (Tex. App.—

Houston [14th Dist.] 1999, no pet.) (requiring pro se litigants to substantially comply 

with appellate rules). A pro se litigant is required to properly present his case to both 

the trial and appellate courts. Valadez, 238 S.W.3d at 845. Otherwise, pro se litigants 
4

would benefit from an unfair advantage over those parties who are represented by

counsel. See id. Therefore, we do not make allowances or apply different standards 

when a case is presented by a litigant acting without the advice of counsel. See id.

The Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure control the required contents and 

organization for an appellant’s brief. See TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1. An appellate brief is 

“meant to acquaint the court with the issues in a case and to present argument that 

will enable the court to decide the case . . . .” Id. R. 38.9. Therefore, an appellant’s 

brief must contain “a clear and concise argument for the contentions made, with 

appropriate citations to authorities and to the record.” Id. R. 38.1(i). This 

requirement is not satisfied by merely uttering conclusory statements unsupported 

by legal citations. Sweed v. City of El Paso, 195 S.W.3d 784, 786 (Tex. App.—El 

Paso 2006, no pet.). A brief must explain how the law that is cited is applicable to 

the facts of the case. Hernandez v. Hernandez, 318 S.W.3d 464, 466 (Tex. App.—

El Paso 2010); San Saba Energy, L.P. v. Crawford, 171 S.W.3d 323, 338 (Tex.

App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2005, no pet.); Plummer v. Reeves, 93 S.W.3d 930, 931 

(Tex. App.—Amarillo 2003, pet. denied); Nguyen v. Kosnoski, 93 S.W.3d 186, 188 

(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2002, no pet.). This Court has “no duty—or even 

right—to perform an independent review of the record and applicable law to 

determine whether there was error.” Hernandez, 318 S.W.3d at 466; see 2218 Bryan 

St., Ltd. v. City of Dallas, 175 S.W.3d 58, 65 n.2 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2005, pet. 
5

denied). When an appellant’s brief fails to contain a clear and concise argument for 

the contentions made with appropriate citations to legal authorities, the appellate 

court is not responsible for doing the legal research that might support that party’s 

contentions. Bolling v. Farmers Branch Indep. Sch,=. Dist., 315 S.W.3d 893, 895 

(Tex. App.—Dallas 2010, no pet.); Canton–Carter v. Baylor Coll. of Med., 271 

S.W.3d 928, 931 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2008, no pet.). If we were to do 

so, we would be abandoning our role as judges and assuming the role of advocate 

for that party. Bolling, 315 S.W.3d at 895; Canton–Carter, 271 S.W.3d at 931.

Incorporation of Previous Filings by Reference

Appellant has attempted to incorporate by reference all of his previous filings 

in this case. The rules of appellate procedure and applicable case law require that all 

arguments must be set forth in the briefs; incorporating by reference arguments made 

in another document does not present an issue for appellate review. See Young v. 

Neatherlin, 102 S.W.3d 415, 423 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2003, no pet.).

Accordingly, we will not consider any arguments raised in any of the documents 

appellant has attempted to incorporate by reference unless such arguments were 

sufficiently set forth in appellant’s brief in compliance with Rule 38.1. See TEX. R.

APP. P. 38.1; Young, 102 S.W.3d at 423; see also Francis v. State, 746 S.W.2d 276, 

278 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1988, pet. ref’d) (refusing to consider brief 
6

appellant had filed in another case that appellant attempted to incorporate by 

reference).

Parties

Although appellant filed a “Summons and Counter-Complaint and/or Cross 

Complaint,” in which he attempted to assert claims against Jeanette, Wynde, 

Apostolakis, and Munson and join them as parties, the appellate record does not 

reflect that any of these individuals were properly served with citation or made an 

appearance in the trial court.

Specifically, the record does not reflect that appellant requested the Harris 

County clerk to issue citations to Jeanette, Wynde, Apostolakis, or Munson or that 

any such citations were ever issued in this case. Furthermore, the only “citation” 

included in the appellate record does not appear to have been prepared by the clerk 

because it was not signed by the clerk, and it does not contain the court’s seal. See

TEX. R. CIV. P. 99(a) (“when requested,” trial court clerk shall issue citation, and 

requesting party is responsible for obtaining service), 99(b)(2) (stating citation “shall 

. . . be signed by the clerk under seal of court”).

The record also does not reflect that Jeanette, Wynde, or Apostolakis filed an 

answer in this proceeding or sought any affirmative relief from the trial court. 

Appellant contends that Munson made an appearance by virtue of the fact that 

he represented Merritt in this case. Munson, however, only appeared on behalf of 
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his client; he did not file an answer, appear, or seek any relief from the trial court on 

his own behalf as a purported defendant.

Appellant further contends that Jeannette and Apostolakis appeared in this 

case when they attended a hearing, and that Apostolakis acknowledged that she 

represented Jeanette in this probate proceeding when Apostolakis sent appellant a 

letter regarding the will. On the contrary, one does not appear in a case by 

corresponding with one of the parties involved in the matter, or by being present in 

the courtroom during proceedings. See In re S.K.A., 236 S.W.3d 875, 895–96 (Tex. 

App.—Texarkana 2007, no pet.) (stating that purported defendant’s letter written to 

opposing counsel, not court, insufficient to submit defendant to court’s jurisdiction); 

Mays v. Perkins, 927 S.W.2d 222, 225 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1996, no 

writ) (holding party’s mere presence in courtroom during proceeding does not 

constitute an appearance); see generally Forty-Acre Spring Live Stock Co. v. W. Tex. 

Bank & Tr. Co., 111 S.W. 417, 419 (Tex. Civ. App. 1908, writ ref’d) (“‘Appearance’ 

means, ordinarily, the process by which a person, against whom a suit has been 

commenced, submits himself to the jurisdiction of the court.”).

Because the record does not reflect that Jeanette, Wynde, Apostolakis, or

Munson were served with a citation issued by the county clerk, or that they made an 

appearance in the trial court, they were not parties to the trial court’s final judgment 

and, as such, they are not “appellees” for purposes of this appeal. See Yilmaz v. 
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McGregor, 265 S.W.3d 631, 637 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2008, pet. denied) 

(“To be a ‘party’ to a lawsuit, one generally must be named in the pleadings and 

either be served, accept or waive service, or make an appearance. Merely being 

named in a petition as a defendant does not make one a ‘party’ to the lawsuit.”); see 

also Showbiz Multimedia, LLC v. Mountain States Mortg. Ctrs., Inc., 303 S.W.3d 

769, 771 n.3 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2009, no pet.) (noting that appellee

must be party to trial court’s final judgment and someone against whom appellant 

raises issues or points of error in appellant’s brief).

Appellate Issues

Appellant argues on appeal that: (1) the trial court erred by denying his 

motions for default judgment against Merritt, Jeanette, Wynde, Apostolakis, and 

Munson; (2) the trial court erred in granting Merritt’s “no evidence” summary 

judgment motion; (3) the trial court erred by denying him a jury trial; (4) the actions 

of the trial judge, court coordinator, county clerk, and/or other parties deprived him 

of equal protection and equal treatment under the law; (5) the actions of the trial 

judge, court coordinator, county clerk, and/or other parties deprived him of due 

process; and (6) the trial judge, court coordinator, county clerk, and/or other parties 

violated canons of the Code of Judicial Conduct, the local rules, and/or rules of 

procedure. To the extent that appellant raised any additional arguments not identified 
9

in this opinion, such arguments were inadequately briefed and preserved nothing for 

our review. See TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(h).

Appellant’s Motions for Default Judgment

Appellant contends that the trial court erred by denying his motions for default 

judgment against Merritt, Jeanette, Wynde, Apostolakis, and Munson. Even 

assuming, without deciding, that appellant is a “plaintiff” who has asserted a separate 

claim against “defendant” Merritt, appellant was not entitled to take a default 

judgment against Merritt because Merritt had already appeared in the case. See TEX.

R. CIV. P. 508.3(d) (“If the defendant files an answer or otherwise appears in a case 

before a default judgment is signed by the judge, the judge must not render a default 

judgment and must set the case for trial.”). Furthermore, appellant was not entitled 

to take a default judgment against Jeanette, Wynde, Apostolakis, and Munson 

because those individuals were never properly served with citation. See generally

TEX. R. CIV. P. 239 (stating that plaintiff may not take judgment by default against 

defendant unless “return of service [of citation] shall have been on file with the clerk 

for the length of time required by Rule 107”).

We overrule this appellate complaint.

Merritt’s “No Evidence” Summary Judgment

Appellant contends that the trial court erred in granting Merritt’s “no 

evidence” summary judgment motion because (1) appellant was not properly served 
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with the motion, (2) the motion and the trial court’s ruling on the motion were 

premature because they were filed and entered before the close of discovery, and (3) 

appellant attached nineteen exhibits to his “original complaint.”

A nonmovant who complains of less than twenty-one days’ notice of a 

summary judgment hearing but admits to knowing of the hearing date before it 

occurs waives its defense of insufficient notice if he fails to bring the defect to the 

trial court’s attention at or before the erroneously scheduled hearing or submission 

date. See May v. Nacogdoches Mem’l Hosp., 61 S.W.3d 623, 626 (Tex. App.—Tyler 

2001, no pet.); see also Nguyen v. Short, 108 S.W.3d 558, 560 (Tex. App.—Dallas 

2003, pet. denied); Rios v. Tex. Bank, 948 S.W.2d 30, 33 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th 

Dist.] 1997, no writ). A nonmovant may preserve a complaint of untimely notice 

through a motion for continuance or in its response to the summary judgment 

motion. Nguyen, 108 S.W.3d at 560. By contrast, a nonmovant who receives no 

notice of a summary judgment hearing or submission date must raise a lack-ofservice defense in a motion for new trial or other post-judgment filing in order to 

preserve the error. See Mayfield v. Fullhart, 444 S.W.3d 222, 226 (Tex. App.—

Houston [14th Dist.] 2014, pet. denied). It is unclear whether appellant is arguing 

that he received “no notice” or insufficient notice on appeal, but in either event, the 

record does not reflect that appellant ever complained to the trial court that he had 
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no notice or insufficient notice of Merritt’s motion, and therefore, he has not 

preserved this issue for our review. See id.; Nguyen, 108 S.W.3d at 560.

Similarly, to preserve a complaint that the trial court’s decision on a summary 

judgment motion was premature, the party claiming it did not have adequate time 

for discovery must file either an affidavit explaining the need for further discovery 

or a verified motion for continuance. See Tenneco, Inc. v. Enter. Prods. Co., 925 

S.W.2d 640, 647 (Tex. 1996). Appellant does not show that he did either. 

Accordingly, appellant failed to preserve any alleged error on this point. See 

Guerrero v. Mem’l Turkey Creek, Ltd., No. 01–09–00237–CV, 2011 WL 3820841, 

at *4 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Aug. 25, 2011, no pet.) (mem. op.).

After an adequate time for discovery, the party without the burden of proof 

may, without presenting evidence, move for summary judgment on the ground that 

there is no evidence to support an essential element of the nonmovant’s claim or 

defense. TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(i). The trial court must grant the motion unless the 

nonmovant produces summary judgment evidence that raises a genuine issue of 

material fact. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(i) cmt.; S.W. Elec. Power Co. v. Grant, 73 

S.W.3d 211, 215 (Tex. 2002). The nonmovant must expressly and specifically 

identify in its response to a summary judgment motion the supporting evidence that 

it contends is sufficient to raise a genuine issue of material fact. See Boeker v. Syptak,

916 S.W.2d 59, 61 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1996, no writ); see also TEX. R.
12

CIV. P. 166a(i) cmt. (“To defeat a [no-evidence summary judgment] motion made 

under paragraph (i), the respondent is not required to marshal its proof; its response 

need only point out evidence that raises a fact issue on the challenged elements.”). 

Although appellant attached nineteen exhibits to his initial pleading, he did not file 

a response to Merritt’s “no evidence” summary judgment motion directing the trial 

court to these exhibits. Because appellant failed to file any response to Merritt’s 

motion, appellant did not meet his burden of proof on this issue, and, therefore, the 

trial court did not err in granting summary judgment in Merritt’s favor. See S.W. 

Elec. Power Co., 73 S.W.3d at 215.

We overrule appellant’s challenge to the trial court’s granting of Merritt’s 

no-evidence summary judgment motion. 

Denial of a Jury Trial

Appellant argues that the trial court violated Rule of Civil Procedure 504.1 

when it granted Merritt’s “no evidence” summary judgment motion and disposed of 

the entire case, thereby depriving appellant of his right to a trial by jury. See TEX. R.

CIV. P. 504.1. The right to a jury trial in a civil case, however, is not absolute. See 

Springer v. Am. Zurich Ins. Co., 115 S.W.3d 582, 585 (Tex. App.—Waco 2003, pet. 

denied) (“We hold that a no-evidence summary judgment under Rule 166a(i) does 

not violate the right to a jury trial because, by presenting no evidence in support of 

one’s claim, a party has failed to show that there is a material fact issue for a jury to 
13

consider.”). Because the trial court did not err by granting Merritt’s “no evidence” 

summary judgment motion, the trial court’s disposition of this case did not violate 

appellant’s right to a jury trial. See id.

We overrule appellant’s challenge based upon Rule 504.1. 

Equal Protection and Treatment

Appellant raises numerous equal protection and equal treatment challenges on 

appeal, none of which are preserved for appellate review.

To preserve a complaint on appeal, the record must show that the appellant 

made the complaint to the trial court by a timely request, objection, or motion and 

that the trial court ruled on the request, objection, or motion either expressly or 

implicitly, or that the trial court refused to rule and the party objected to the refusal. 

TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a). The appellant’s complaint on appeal must be the same as 

the complaint presented to the trial court. Sefzik v. Mady Dev., L.P., 231 S.W.3d 456, 

464 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2007, no pet.). These rules also apply to constitutional 

challenges. See Dreyer v. Greene, 871 S.W.2d 697, 698 (Tex. 1993) (holding party 

waived due process and equal protection challenges by failing to raise them in trial 

court). The record before us, however, does not reflect that appellant ever argued to 

the trial court that he was deprived of his right to equal protection or equal treatment 

under the law. According, appellant has not preserved any such arguments for our 

review. See id. Even if appellant had raised such arguments to the trial court, 
14

appellant has not cited to any legal authority that supports his allegations and it is 

not this court’s responsibility to craft such legal arguments for him. See TEX. R. APP.

P. 38.1(h); Canton–Carter, 271 S.W.3d at 931–92.

We overrule appellant’s equal protection and equal treatment arguments. 

Due Process

Appellant also raises numerous due process challenges on appeal, none of 

which are preserved for appellate review.

The record reflects that, unlike his equal protection and treatment arguments, 

appellant raised some of his due process arguments with the trial court. Nevertheless, 

appellant has not preserved these arguments for our review because he has not cited 

to any legal authority that actually supports his allegations that the trial court, the 

court coordinator, the clerk’s office, or any other party, acted in such a way as to 

deprive him of due process. See TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(h). For example, appellant 

argues on appeal that the trial court deprived him of due process and violated Rule 

of Civil Procedure 62 when it dismissed his case without first giving him an 

opportunity to replead and cites five U.S. Supreme Court opinions in support of his 

contention. See generally Baldwin Cty. Welcome Ctr. v. Brown, 466 U.S. 147, 104 

S. Ct. 1723 (1984) (per curiam); Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 97 S. Ct. 285 

(1976); Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 92 S. Ct. 594 (1972); Conley v. Gibson, 355 
15

U.S. 41, 78 S. Ct. 99 (1957). Appellant’s reliance upon these cases is misplaced.2

These opinions address a federal court’s obligation to liberally construe a pro se 

litigant’s complaint and not dismiss such complaints for failure to state a claim 

unless the litigant can prove no set of facts in support of his claim which would 

entitle him to relief. Appellant’s challenge to Merritt’s qualifications to serve as 

executor, however, was not dismissed for failure to state a claim; the trial court 

granted summary judgment in Merritt’s favor based on appellant’s failure to present 

any evidence supporting his claim. Thus, these cited cases are inapplicable for 

purposes of appellant’s due process complaint. Furthermore, appellant’s reliance 

upon Rule 62 is similarly misplaced because the trial court’s ruling was based on 

appellant’s failure to present evidence, not a pleading deficiency. See TEX. R. CIV.

P. 62. Accordingly, because appellant’s brief does not contain a clear and concise 

due process argument, with appropriate citations to supporting legal authority and 

the record, appellant has not preserved any of his due process arguments for our 

review. See TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(h).

We overrule appellant’s due process challenges. 

Code of Judicial Conduct

Appellant contends that the trial judge breached two canons of the Code of 

Judicial Conduct. Under our constitution, the State Commission on Judicial Conduct 

 

2 These are the only legal opinions cited in appellant’s brief. 
16

is charged with enforcement of the Code of Judicial Conduct. TEX. CONST. art. V, 

§ 1–a(6); see also Joachim v. Chambers, 815 S.W.2d 234, 243 (Tex. 1991); Howell 

v. Hecht, 821 S.W.2d 627, 632 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1991, writ denied) (“[W]e find 

that the only remedy or sanction that is afforded by the Code states: ‘Any judge who 

violates this Code shall be subject to sanctions by the State Commission on Judicial 

Conduct.’”). We are therefore without jurisdiction to address any alleged breach of 

the Code of Judicial Conduct. Cf. Merritt v. Davis, 331 S.W.3d 857, 863 (Tex. 

App.—Dallas 2011, pet. denied) (finding no authority to support proposition that 

violation of Code of Judicial Conduct amounts to reversible error). We overrule 

appellant’s challenge based on alleged violations of the Code of Judicial Conduct.

Alleged Violations of Local Rules and Rules of Procedure3

Appellant contends that after he informed the trial court that Merritt’s counsel 

had violated the “Harris County Local Rules of District Courts Concerning the 

Electronic Filing of Court Documents” by electronically serving him when he did 

not wish to be served electronically, the judge failed to act or admonish the attorney. 

He further contends that the trial court clerk’s docketing practice violates Rules of 

Civil Procedure 1, 4, 5, and 26. Appellant, however, does not cite to any legal 

authority holding that the violation of any of these rules constitutes reversible error 

 

3 We further note that appellant’s reliance upon “Rule 21.8” is misplaced because that 

rule of appellate procedure pertains to motions for new trial in criminal cases. TEX.

R. APP. P. 21.8.
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and we are not responsible for doing the legal research that might support such

contentions. See Canton–Carter, 271 S.W.3d 928, 931–92. We overrule appellant’s 

challenge based on alleged violations of the local rules and the Rules of Civil 

Procedure. 

Appellant’s Motion for Default Judgment on Appeal

In addition to his brief, appellant also filed a motion seeking a “default 

judgment” in this appeal based on appellee’s failure to file a brief. An appellant 

cannot prevail on appeal merely because the appellee does not file a brief. See Com.

Credit & Control Data Corp. v. Wheeler, 756 S.W.2d 769, 771 (Tex. App.—Corpus 

Christi 1988, writ denied) (“The burden rests on the appellant to present to us, 

through its brief, errors committed by the trial court . . . . The appellees’ failure to 

properly submit a brief does not in itself entitle appellant to a reversal.”). Appellant’s 

motion is denied.

Conclusion

We affirm the trial court’s judgment and dismiss any outstanding motions as 

moot.

Russell Lloyd

Justice

Panel consists of Justices Bland, Brown, and Lloyd.