COURT OF APPEALS

DECISION

DATED AND FILED

June 1, 2022

Sheila T. Reiff

Clerk of Court of Appeals

NOTICE

This opinion is subject to further editing. If 

published, the official version will appear in 

the bound volume of the Official Reports. 

A party may file with the Supreme Court a 

petition to review an adverse decision by the 

Court of Appeals. See WIS. STAT. § 808.10 

and RULE 809.62. 

Appeal No. 2021AP751-CR Cir. Ct. No. 2019CF56

STATE OF WISCONSIN IN COURT OF APPEALS

DISTRICT III

STATE OF WISCONSIN,

 PLAINTIFF-RESPONDENT,

 V.

JUSTIN M. CHURCH,

 DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.

APPEAL from a judgment and an order of the circuit court for 

Forest County: LEON D. STENZ, Judge. Affirmed. 

Before Stark, P.J., Hruz and Gill, JJ.

¶1 STARK, P.J. Justin M. Church appeals from a judgment convicting 

him of one count of possession of methamphetamine, as a repeater, and from an 

order denying his postconviction motion for resentencing. Church argues that he 

is entitled to resentencing because the circuit court prejudged the outcome of his 
No. 2021AP751-CR

2

sentencing hearing. He bases his argument on a comment the court made about

prison at a pretrial hearing. The State argues that the court’s comment was made 

in jest—as a joke or sarcastic remark—and did not demonstrate objective bias. 

We conclude that the court’s comment alone, and in the context that it was made, 

does not demonstrate objective bias, and we therefore affirm.

BACKGROUND

¶2 Church was a passenger in a vehicle that was stopped by law 

enforcement for speeding. Initially, Church provided officers with a false name, 

and a search of his person revealed a syringe in his pocket containing a clear 

liquid, which later tested positive for methamphetamine. The State charged 

Church with one count of obstructing an officer and one count of possession of 

methamphetamine, both as a repeater.1

¶3 During a July 24, 2019 final pretrial conference, at which Church 

was not present, the State presented its plea offer to the circuit court: the State 

agreed to dismiss and read in at sentencing the charge of obstructing an officer in 

exchange for Church’s plea to possession of methamphetamine. The State would 

then recommend a six-year sentence, bifurcated as four years’ initial incarceration 

and two years’ extended supervision, and Church was free to argue at sentencing. 

 

1

 The State also originally charged Church with possession of drug paraphernalia. 

Church filed a motion to dismiss that count of the criminal complaint, arguing that possession of 

a hypodermic syringe is excluded from the definition of drug paraphernalia under WIS. STAT.

§ 961.571(1)(b)1. (2019-20). The State subsequently filed an Information with only the counts 

for obstructing an officer and possession of methamphetamine.

All references to the Wisconsin Statutes are to the 2019-20 version unless otherwise 

noted.
No. 2021AP751-CR

3

During the parties’ discussion regarding scheduling the plea hearing, the following 

exchange occurred:

[Defense Counsel]: And I note, again, this case is 

regarding a syringe that tested positive for 

methamphetamine.

THE COURT: What?

[Defense Counsel]: The offense possession of meth was a 

syringe that tested positive for methamphetamine.

[The State]: Sounds like possession to me.

THE COURT: Sound like prison, agree, [State]?

(General laughter.)

[The State]: Absolutely someone is going to go.

¶4 Five months later, at the plea and sentencing hearing, the circuit 

court accepted Church’s guilty plea to possession of methamphetamine and 

convicted him. The court moved immediately to sentencing, with the State 

abiding by its agreement to recommend a six-year bifurcated sentence and defense 

counsel arguing for probation rather than prison.

¶5 During argument, defense counsel again referenced the facts of the 

case, noting that “one syringe that was loaded with methamphetamine [was 

found].... That’s what the possession of meth is arising out of. Not multiple 

bindles. Not multiple syringes packaged for sale. It was one syringe. And given 

those facts, I don’t believe probation unduly depreciates the seriousness of these 

offenses.” Church also exercised his right of allocution, admitting his serious 

substance abuse problems. After considering the parties’ arguments and the 

proper sentencing factors, the circuit court adopted the State’s recommendation of 

a six-year bifurcated sentence, consecutive to any other sentence.
No. 2021AP751-CR

4

¶6 Church filed a postconviction motion seeking resentencing before a 

different judge. His motion alleged that the circuit court’s statement at the 

July 24, 2019 hearing—“sound[s] like prison”—“and the follow through on that 

statement at [s]entencing overcomes the presumption of impartiality.”

¶7 At a hearing on Church’s motion, the circuit court found that the 

record did not support Church’s claim that it had prejudged Church’s sentence. 

According to the court, the comment was a “sarcastic statement” or a “joke,” and 

those in the courtroom “recognized that it was a joke” and laughed “because 

everyone understood that it was not a promise or unequivocal designation that 

Mr. Church was going to prison.” The court denied Church’s motion. Church 

appeals.

DISCUSSION

¶8 On appeal, Church renews his claim that the circuit court prejudged 

his sentence and was therefore biased at sentencing. As an initial matter, we note 

that the State argues that Church forfeited his judicial bias claim by not objecting 

to the court’s statement either at the pretrial hearing when it occurred or during 

sentencing. Relying on State v. Klapps, 2021 WI App 5, ¶¶17, 25, 395 Wis. 2d

743, 954 N.W.2d 38 (2020),

2

the State argues that “Church tested the mind of the 

circuit court and waited until after he received his sentence to decide that an 

isolated comment in a pretrial hearing months prior demonstrated judicial bias. 

 

2

 Church argues in his reply brief that the State’s reliance on State v. Klapps, 2021 WI 

App 5, 395 Wis. 2d 743, 954 N.W.2d 38 (2020), is misplaced, as Klapps was decided after 

Church was sentenced on December 11, 2019. Although Church is correct that Klapps was 

decided after Church was sentenced, we disagree that the State’s reliance was improper, as the 

propositions the State relied on in Klapps are long standing and well known under the forfeiture 

doctrine.
No. 2021AP751-CR

5

This is the type of testing of the circuit court that the forfeiture rule seeks to 

prevent.” See also State v. Marhal, 172 Wis. 2d 491, 505, 493 N.W.2d 758 

(Ct. App. 1992) (“A challenge to a judge’s right to adjudicate a matter must be 

made as soon as the alleged infirmity is known and prior to the judge’s decision on 

a contested matter.”). Church disagrees, arguing that “[f]orfeiture should not be 

applied to a defendant’s fundamental constitutional right to an impartial tribunal” 

and that “predetermined sentencing is a structural error.”

¶9 We agree that the record is void of an objection to the circuit court’s 

comment either at the pretrial hearing or at sentencing. However, we need not 

decide whether a timely objection is required to preserve a claim for appeal. 

Regardless of whether a party must contemporaneously object to preserve a claim 

of a due process violation based on judicial bias, we have the authority to 

disregard forfeiture arguments and address the claim on the merits. We choose to 

exercise that authority here. See State v. Erickson, 227 Wis. 2d 758, 766, 596 

N.W.2d 749 (1999) (“[T]he [forfeiture] rule is one of judicial administration 

and ... appellate courts have authority to ignore the [forfeiture].”).

¶10 “A fair trial in a fair tribunal is a basic requirement of due process.” 

In re Murchison, 349 U.S. 133, 136 (1955); see also State v. Herrmann, 2015 WI 

84, ¶25, 364 Wis. 2d 336, 867 N.W.2d 772 (plurality opinion). Thus, a criminal 

defendant has a due process right to an impartial judge. State v. Goodson, 2009 

WI App 107, ¶8, 320 Wis. 2d 166, 771 N.W.2d 385. “We presume a judge has 

acted fairly, impartially, and without bias; however, this presumption is 

rebuttable.” Id. The burden falls on the party alleging judicial bias to demonstrate 

bias by a preponderance of the evidence. Herrmann, 364 Wis. 2d 336, ¶24. 

There are two tests to evaluate whether a defendant has rebutted the 

presumption: subjective and objective. Goodson, 320 Wis. 2d 166, ¶8.
No. 2021AP751-CR

6

¶11 In this case, Church claims that the circuit court was objectively 

biased, and we will therefore limit our discussion to that issue. “The United States 

Supreme Court has established that a serious risk of actual bias can objectively 

rise to the level of a due process violation.” Miller v. Carroll, 2020 WI 56, ¶22, 

392 Wis. 2d 49, 944 N.W.2d 542. A reviewing court must “assess whether ‘under 

a realistic appraisal of psychological tendencies and human weakness,’ the 

[court’s] interest ‘poses such a risk of actual bias or prejudgment that the practice 

must be forbidden if the guarantee of due process is to be adequately 

implemented.’” Id., ¶22 (quoting Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co., 556 U.S. 

868, 883-84 (2009)). Thus, our supreme court recently clarified that an objective 

bias claim focuses on whether there is “a serious risk of actual bias—based on 

objective and reasonable perceptions.” Id., ¶24 (quoting Caperton, 556 U.S. at 

884).3 “‘Due process requires an objective inquiry’ into whether the 

circumstances ‘would offer a possible temptation to the average ... judge 

to ... lead him [or her] not to hold the balance nice, clear and true.’” Id. (quoting 

Caperton, 556 U.S. at 885). “[I]t is the exceptional case with ‘extreme facts’ 

which rises to the level of a ‘serious risk of actual bias.’” Id. (quoting Caperton, 

 

3

 Our supreme court’s recent decision in Miller v. Carroll, 2020 WI 56, ¶25 n.18, 392 

Wis. 2d 49, 944 N.W.2d 542, highlights a disagreement within the development of judicial bias 

jurisprudence over the last two decades. One position “relies on the exact language used by the 

United States Supreme Court in” Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co., 556 U.S. 868 (2009). 

Miller, 392 Wis. 2d 49, ¶¶22, 24-25 & n.18 (“We ask whether there is ‘a serious risk of actual 

bias—based on objective and reasonable perceptions.’” (citation omitted)). Conversely, the other 

side advocates for an “appearance of bias” framework that asks whether the “appearance of bias 

reveals a serious [or great] risk of actual bias.” Id., ¶¶41-42, 51 (A.W. Bradley, J., concurring); 

see also State v. Herrmann, 2015 WI 84, 364 Wis. 2d 336, 867 N.W.2d 772 (plurality opinion); 

State v. Goodson, 2009 WI App 107, ¶14, 320 Wis. 2d 166, 771 N.W.2d 385; State v. Gudgeon, 

2006 WI App 143, ¶23, 295 Wis. 2d 189, 720 N.W.2d 114. Under either test, the standard that a 

party asserting judicial bias must demonstrate to overcome the presumption of impartiality is “a

serious risk of actual bias.” For that reason, going forward, we will use the language relied on by 

Caperton and Miller.
No. 2021AP751-CR

7

556 U.S. at 886-87). Whether the circuit court was objectively biased presents a 

question of law that this court reviews de novo. Herrmann, 364 Wis. 2d 336, ¶23.

¶12 Church argues that “[t]he circuit court’s comment shows a great risk 

that it had determined what sentence it would impose in this case five months 

before the sentencing hearing.” According to Church, the court’s statement of 

“[s]ound[s] like prison” at the July 24, 2019 hearing and its resulting followthrough in imposing a prison sentence “overcomes the presumption of 

impartiality.” He claims that “[a] reasonable person would conclude that the

circuit court made a decision about Mr. Church’s sentence months before the 

actual sentencing hearing and [would] question the court’s impartiality.” Church 

relies primarily on two cases in support of his position: State v. Gudgeon, 2006 

WI App 143, 295 Wis. 2d 189, 720 N.W.2d 114, and Goodson.

¶13 The State counters that the circuit court’s isolated comment in this 

case does not rise to the level that would lead a reasonable person to believe that 

the court prejudged Church’s sentence under Gudgeon, Goodson, or their 

progeny. The State argues that Church’s reliance on Goodson and Gudgeon in 

support of his claim is unavailing as “Church fails to explain how the circuit 

court’s isolated comment here rises to the level of the expressly desired outcome 

in Gudgeon or the unequivocal promise of a particular sentence in Goodson.” For 

the reasons that follow, we agree that “based on objective and reasonable 

perceptions,” including the nature of the court’s statement and the context in 

which the statement was made, a reasonable person would not likely conclude that 

the court had prejudged Church’s sentence. See Miller, 392 Wis. 2d 49, ¶24

(citation omitted). Church therefore fails to show a serious risk of actual bias.
No. 2021AP751-CR

8

¶14 In Gudgeon, the defendant was convicted of operating a vehicle 

without the owner’s consent and owed a substantial amount in restitution as a 

result. Gudgeon, 295 Wis. 2d 189, ¶¶2-3. Gudgeon was ordered to pay the 

restitution as a condition of probation. When his probation was about to expire, 

Gudgeon’s agent sent a letter to the circuit court requesting that the court convert 

the restitution obligation to a civil judgment rather than extend Gudgeon’s

supervision. Id., ¶3. The court replied in a handwritten note at the bottom of the 

letter, “No—I want his probation extended,” and sent copies to the parties. Id. 

There, we agreed that the court’s note did not establish actual bias. Id., ¶25. In 

assessing “[t]he appearance of partiality,” however, we concluded that because the 

note “signifie[d] a personal desire on the court’s part” to extend probation, a 

reasonable person would “discern a great risk that the [circuit] court ... had already 

made up its mind to extend probation long before the extension hearing took 

place.” Id., ¶26.

¶15 Relying on our decision in Gudgeon, in Goodson we also

determined that there was an impermissible appearance of bias. In Goodson, 

when the defendant was originally sentenced to prison, he was warned by the 

circuit court that if his extended supervision or probation was ever revoked, “you 

are going to come back here, and you are going to get the maximum.” Goodson, 

320 Wis. 2d 166, ¶¶1-2. Goodson’s extended supervision was later revoked, and, 

as promised, the court sentenced him to the maximum sentence. Id., ¶¶1, 5. At 

the reconfinement hearing, the court stated its decision was “pretty easy,” 

explaining that its decision was based on “the agreement you and I had back at the 

time that you were sentenced.” Id., ¶5.

¶16 We concluded that these facts constituted objective bias. We 

explained that “[a] reasonable person would conclude that a judge would intend to 
No. 2021AP751-CR

9

keep such a promise—that the judge had made up his mind about Goodson’s 

sentence before the reconfinement hearing.” Id., ¶13. Thus, the circuit court 

impermissibly prejudged the defendant’s reconfinement sentence by 

“unequivocally promis[ing] to sentence Goodson to the maximum period of time 

if he violated his supervision rules.” Id.

¶17 Similarly, in State v. Lamb, No. 2017AP1430-CR, unpublished slip 

op. ¶11 (WI App Sept. 25, 2018),4 we also concluded that the defendant had 

demonstrated objective bias by showing a serious risk that the circuit court had 

prejudged his sentence. There, Lamb entered a no-contest plea to battery by a 

prisoner, and the circuit court was aware that the parties planned to recommend 

probation. Id., ¶¶1, 14. At Lamb’s sentencing hearing, prior to any argument by 

counsel or allocution by Lamb, the court inquired as to whether Lamb was making 

a knowing and intelligent decision to forgo a possible plea withdrawal request. 

Id., ¶¶5, 14. Lamb stated that he was comfortable doing so in part because there 

was a “possibility of leaving today.” Id., ¶¶5, 14. The court immediately stated, 

“Not really,” and it told the defendant not to harbor any “false hopes.” Id. The 

court then repeatedly told the defendant that his release to probation was 

“probably not going to happen.” Id. We concluded those statements 

demonstrated a serious risk that the judge “had already made up his mind about 

what kind of sentence Lamb would receive.” Id., ¶16.

¶18 Finally, in Marcotte, like in Goodson, the circuit court “warned 

Marcotte that if he was not successful in drug court, there would be ‘no mercy’

 

4

 Pursuant to WIS. STAT. RULE 809.23(3)(b), authored, unpublished opinions issued on 

or after July 1, 2009, may be cited for their persuasive value.
No. 2021AP751-CR

10

when Marcotte returned to court for sentencing after revocation of his probation.” 

Marcotte, 392 Wis. 2d 183, ¶5. Specifically, the court stated, “[D]ischarge from 

the [drug court] program means you get sentenced and you go to Dodge,” meaning 

prison at Dodge Correctional Institution. Id., ¶4. Relying on Gudgeon, Goodson, 

and Lamb, we concluded that the circuit court’s remarks “gave rise to the 

appearance of bias evidencing a great risk of actual bias.” Marcotte, 392 Wis. 2d

183, ¶¶20-24. While the State in that case attempted to distinguish Goodson, 

arguing that there was no promise of a specific term of incarceration, we 

disagreed. We explained, “[O]ur conclusion in Goodson that the court was 

objectively biased did not turn on the specificity of its promise. Instead, our 

decision was based on the fact that the court told the defendant what would happen 

if his extended supervision was revoked, rather than merely explaining what could

happen.” Marcotte, 392 Wis. 2d 183, ¶24.

¶19 Applying the legal principles discussed above to this case, we 

conclude that the nature of the circuit court’s statements and the context in which 

they were made do not reveal a serious risk of actual bias. The common element 

in each of the cases discussed above was the court’s express and unequivocal 

statement of either its desired outcome, as in Gudgeon, or an affirmation of what 

would happen, as in Goodson, Lamb, and Marcotte, that led to our conclusions 

that the court had prejudged the sentence. That common element is missing here.

¶20 We agree with the State that the circuit court’s statement that 

“possession” of methamphetamine “[s]ound[s] like prison” was at most the court 

expressing an opinion that possession could lead to prison, not that the court had 

clearly made up its mind. See Marcotte, 392 Wis. 2d 183, ¶24. This comment 

was not a clear expression that the court wanted or had decided on a particular 
No. 2021AP751-CR

11

outcome. Without more, the court’s isolated comment would not lead a 

reasonable person to believe that the court had prejudged the sentence.

¶21 The context in which the circuit court’s comment was made also 

informs our decision. The record reflects that the discussion followed the defense 

attorney’s statement that “this case is regarding a syringe that tested positive for 

methamphetamine,” perhaps foreshadowing counsel’s later argument at sentencing 

that from the defense perspective, the circumstances of the case were not 

particularly aggravating. The State then responded, “Sounds like possession to 

me.” The court’s comment followed: “Sound[s] like prison, agree, [State]?” The 

exchange resulted in laughter and no objection by defense counsel. As the court 

stated at the postconviction motion hearing, the comment could appropriately be 

labeled as a “sarcastic statement” or a “joke,” made at the expense of the State. 

Or, as argued by the State, the comment could be viewed as made at the expense 

of defense counsel. As the court noted, the resulting laughter suggested that others 

recognized the statement as a sarcastic comment or a joke.

¶22 Church responds that there is no exception to the objective bias test 

for humor or sarcasm. We agree that our case law does not provide an exception 

for humor where bias is concerned, but we recognize that our review is based on 

“objective and reasonable perceptions.” See Miller, 392 Wis. 2d 49, ¶24 (citation 

omitted). As the State aptly noted, “[a] reasonable person would not view a 

statement that spurred laughter in the courtroom to be one that the circuit court 

meant as a genuine prejudgment of the outcome.” Stated differently, under the 

circumstances here, there was no likelihood that anyone present, or this court on 

review, would understand that the court had decided to sentence Church to prison

based only on this comment.
No. 2021AP751-CR

12

¶23 Finally, Church argues that even if the circuit court “intended the 

statement as humor or a sarcastic question,” that fact “does not alter the 

appearance of bias that the statement created when the sentence five months later 

matches the statement.” We are unpersuaded. As the State contends, “[a] judicial 

bias claim goes to the circuit court’s ability to adjudicate a given case, not its

discretion to impose a certain sentence.” See Marhal, 172 Wis. 2d at 505. Thus, 

the statement itself should be the determining factor, not the ultimate outcome. 

Otherwise, any prison sentence ordered here, no matter how appropriate under the 

proper factors, would be considered evidence of bias. 

¶24 In any event, the record of the sentencing hearing supports our 

conclusion that the circuit court’s comment did not evidence a serious risk of 

actual bias. See Gudgeon, 295 Wis. 2d 189, ¶26 (explaining that “nothing in the 

transcript of the extension hearing would dispel” concerns regarding objective 

bias). Prior to sentencing Church, the court heard the parties’ arguments. The 

State, arguing for prison, noted Church’s significant criminal history and 

highlighted Church’s failure both on probation and extended supervision. In 

arguing for probation, defense counsel positively cited Church’s “steady work 

history,” his status as a veteran, and that he is a father. Counsel also admitted that 

Church “suffers from a horrible, horrible substance use addiction,” but he 

discussed Church’s participation in “programming while in prison” and stated that 

he believes Church is “taking [his addiction] serious[ly] now.” Church was 

allowed his right of allocution, during which he admitted his substance abuse 

issues and explained that he has “done a substantial amount of time, and the prison 

time doesn’t seem to help.”

¶25 The circuit court then considered proper sentencing factors, see State 

v. Gallion, 2004 WI 42, ¶¶39-46, 270 Wis. 2d 535, 678 N.W.2d 197, and 
No. 2021AP751-CR

13

emphasized Church’s “very significant and serious criminal history” that 

“indicates he’s a danger to the community and that he has little regard for the

consequences of his actions.” The court ended its remarks by explaining, “I 

disagree that this is a probation case. Probation would certainly unduly depreciate 

the seriousness of the crime. It would not be consistent with the consideration of 

Church’s character and criminal history. This is a prison case.” At no time did the 

court reference the discussion of prison at the previous pretrial hearing, as the 

court did in Goodson, 320 Wis. 2d 166, ¶5. Nor did the court address its thoughts 

on whether this was a probation case versus a prison case at sentencing prior to 

reviewing the parties’ submissions and hearing arguments, as did the court in 

Lamb, No. 2017AP1430-CR, ¶5. Our review of the record demonstrates that the 

court properly considered the parties’ arguments and the proper sentencing factors 

in making its decision, rather than having prejudged the outcome.

¶26 We conclude, on this record and under the relevant case law, that 

Church has failed to overcome the presumption of impartiality. We note that the 

circuit court’s comment was ill-advised and troubling to this court, and we caution 

against the use of humor under circumstances such as these in the future. 

However, Church has not demonstrated by a preponderance of the evidence that 

the court prejudged his sentence as in Goodson, Gudgeon, and their progeny, nor 

has he otherwise shown this to be an “exceptional case” with “extreme facts” that 

“rises to the level of a ‘serious risk of actual bias.’” See Miller, 392 Wis. 2d 49, 

¶24 (citation omitted). We therefore reject Church’s claim of judicial bias.

By the Court.—Judgment and order affirmed.

Not recommended for publication in the official reports.