NO T F O R P UBLI CATI O N

UNI T E D S T A T E S COURT OF A P P E A L S

F OR T H E NI NT H CI RCUI T

A S S OCI A T I ON F OR A CCE S S I B L E M E D I CI NE S ,

P l ai n ti f f

- A p pel l an t,

v

.
XA VI E R B E CE RRA , i n h i s Of f i ci al Capaci ty as A ttor

n ey G en er al o f th e S tate of Cal i f or n i a,

Def en dan t- A p pel l ee. No. 20- 15014

D. C. No. 2: 19- cv
- 02281- T L

N- DB

M E M O RA

NDUM *

A ppeal f r om th e Un i ted S tates Di s tr i ct Cou r t f or th e E as t er

n Di s tr i ct of Cal i f

or n i a T r oy L

. Nu

n l ey , Di s tr i ct J u dg e, P r es i di n g

A r g u ed an d S u

bm i t ted J u l y 1 6, 2020 S an F r an ci s co, Cal i f

or n i a

B ef or e: I K UT A an d H URWI T Z , Ci r cu i t J u dg es , an d T A GL E , * * Di s tr i ct J u dg e. 

# FI L E D

JUL 24 2020

M O LLY C. DW Y E R, CLERK U. S. COURT OF APPEAL S

* T h i s di s pos i ti on

i s n ot appr opr i ate f

o r p u bl i cati on an d i s n o t pr eceden t
ex cept as pr ov i ded by Ni n th Ci r cu i t Ru l e 36- 3.

* * T h e H on or abl e H i l da G

. T ag l e, U n i t ed S tates Di s tr i ct J u dg e f or th e S ou th er n Di s tr i ct of T ex as , si tti n g by des i g n ati on

.I n th i s i n ter l ocu tor y appeal , A s s oci ati on f

or A cces s i b l e M edi ci n e ( A A M )

ch al l en g es th e den i al o f i ts m oti on f or a pr el i m

i n ar y i n ju n cti on ag ai n s t th e

en f or cem en t of Cal i f or n i a A s s em

bl y B i l l 824 ( A B 824)

.
A l th ou g h th e di s tr i ct cou

r t an al y zed th e com

pl ai n t i n ter m s of r i pen es s ,

“ [ t] h e doctr i n es of s tan di n g an d r i pen es s ‘ or i g i n ate’ f r om th e sam e A

r ti cl e I I I

l i m i t ati on ” an d “ boi l down to th e s am e q u es ti on .” Sus an B

. A nthony L i s t v.

Dr iehaus , 573 U. S

. 149, 157 n

. 5 ( 2014) ( ci tati on om i tted) ; s ee als o Coons v. L ew ,
762 F

. 3d 891, 8 9 7 ( 9th Ci r

. 2014)

. We th er ef or e an al y ze th e A

r ti cl e I I I

r equ i r em en

ts i n ter m s of s t an di n g h er e.

T o es tabl i s h s tan di n g , “ [ t] h e pl ai n ti f f m u s t h av e ( 1) su f

f er ed an i n ju r y i n

f act, ( 2 ) th at i s f

ai r l y t r aceabl e to th e ch al l en g ed con du ct of th e def en d an t, an d ( 3)

th at i s l i kel y to be r edr es s ed by a f av or abl e ju di ci al deci s i on

. ” Spokeo, I nc. v.

R obins , 136 S

. Ct. 1540, 1547 ( 2016)

. T h e i n ju r y i n f act m u s t be “ con cr ete,

par t i cu l ar i zed, an d actu al or i m m i n en t. ” Clapper v. A m nes ty I

nt’ l USA , 568 U. S

. 398, 409 ( 2013) ( ci t ati on om i tted)

. P l ai n

ti f f s s u f f er an i n ju r y i n f act i f th ey i n cu

r

econ om i c h ar m i n com pl y i n g wi th a s tatu

te. See M ont. S hooting Spor ts A s s’ n v.

Holder , 727 F

. 3d 975, 979–81 ( 9th Ci r

. 2013) ; Nat’ l A udubon Soc’ y, I nc. v. Davis ,
307 F

. 3d 835, 8 5 5–56 ( 9th Ci r

. 2002)

. Wh en pl ai n t i f f s al l eg e a f

u tu r e i n ju r y , th e

i n ju r y m u s t be “ cer t ai n l y

i m pen di n g , ” or th er e m

u s t be “ a ‘ su

b s tan ti al r i s k’ th at th e

2h ar

m wi l l occu

r , ” to s ati sf

y th e r equ i r em en

ts o f s tan d i n g

. Clapper , 568 U. S

. at
410, 414 n

. 5 ( ci t ati on om i t ted)

. Wh er e th e f

u tu r e i n j u r y al l eg ed i s th e en f

or cem en t

of an al l eg edl y

u n con s t i tu t i on al s tatu te, “ a pl ai n

ti f f s ati sf i es th e i n ju r y
- i n
- f act

r equ i r em en

t wh er e h e al l eg es ‘ an i n

ten ti on to en g ag e i n a cou

r s e o f con du ct

ar g u abl y af f ected w i th a con s ti tu

ti on al i n ter es t, bu t pr os cr i bed by a s t atu

te, an d

th er e ex i s ts a cr edi bl e t

h r eat of pr os ecu

ti on th er eu

n der

. ’ ” S us an B

. A nthony L is t ,
573 U. S

. at 159 ( qu oti n g B abbitt v. F ar m W or ker s , 442 U. S

. 2 89, 298 ( 1979) )

.

“ T h e par ty i n v oki n g f eder al j u r i s di cti on bear s t

h e bu r den of es tabl i s h i n g

s tan di n g

. ” I

d. at 158 ( ci tati on om

i tted)

. “ [ E ] ach el em en

t m u s t be s u ppor ted i n th e

s am e way as an

y oth er m atter on wh i ch th e pl ai n ti f f bear s th e b u

r den of pr oof

, i. e. ,
wi t h th e m an n er an d deg r ee of ev i d en ce r equ i r ed at th e s u cces s i v e s t ag es of th e

l i ti g ati o n

. ” I

d. ( qu oti n g L u

j an v. Defs

. of W

ildlife , 504 U

. S

. 555, 561 ( 1992) )

.

“ T h er ef or e, at th e pr el i m

i n ar y i n ju n cti on s tag e, a pl ai n

ti f f m u s t m ake a ‘ cl ear

s h owi n g ’ of h i s i n

j u r y i n f act. ” L opez v. Candaele , 630 F

. 3 d 7 75, 785 ( 9th Ci r

. 2010) ( q u oti n g W inter v. Nat. R es

. Def. Council, I nc. , 555 U. S

. 7, 2 2 ( 2 008) )

.
A A M h as n ot s h own th at th er e i s a “ s u bs tan ti al r i sk” th at A B 8 24 wi l l cau s e

an y of i ts m em

ber s to s u f

f er i n ju r y th at i s con cr ete, par

ti cu l ar i zed, an d i m

m i n en t.
Clapper , 568 U. S

. at 414 n

. 5.

3F i r s t, to th e ex ten t th at A B 824 ch i l l s or pr oh i b i ts “ pay f or del ay ” s ettl em en

t

ag r eem en ts , 1 n on e of th e decl ar ati on s th at A A M m em ber s h av e s u

bm i tted i n

s u ppor t of A A M’ s m

oti o n f or pr el i m i n ar y i n ju n cti on al l eg e “ an i n

ten ti on to en g ag e

i n a cou r s e of con du ct ar g

u abl y af f ected wi th

a con s t i tu

t i on al i n ter es t, ” Sus an B

.
A nthony L is t , 573 U. S

. at 159 ( ci tati on om i tted) , i

. e. , an i n

t en ti on to en g ag e i n s u ch

a s ettl em en

t. A t m os t , A A M ’ s m em

ber s s tate th at th ey

ar e en g ag ed i n paten

ti n f r i n g em en t l aws u i t s i n

v ol v i n g ph ar

m aceu ti cal pr odu cts an d th at th ey h i s tor i cal l y

h av e s ettl ed su ch l aws u i ts , bu t th ey do n ot al l eg e t

h at th ey i n ten d to en ter i n to

s ettl em en t ag r eem en

ts of th e sor

t pr oh i bi ted by A B 824. T h u s, A A M h as n ot

es tabl i s h ed s tan di n g bas ed on a th r eat of i m m i n en t o r “ cer tai n l y i m

pen di n g ”

pr os ecu ti on

. Clapper , 568 U. S

. at 410.

S econ d, A A M m em

ber s h av e n ot es t abl i s h ed th at th ey h av e i n cu r r ed

econ om i c i n ju r y du e to com

pl y i n g wi th

A B 824, i

. e. , by f

or eg oi n g pay f

o r d el ay

s ettl em en ts or l i t i g ati n g paten

t- i n f r i n g em en t s u i ts to ju dg m en

t. Rath er , th e

1 S peci f i cal l y , A B 824 p r ov i des th at “ an ag r eem en t r es ol v i n g or s ettl i n g , on
a f i n al or i n ter i m bas i s , a paten

t i n f r i n g em en t cl ai m , i n con

n ecti on wi th th e sal e of

a ph ar m aceu t i cal pr odu ct, s h al l be p r es u m ed to h av e an

t i com p eti ti v e ef f ects an d

s h al l be a v i ol ati on of th i s s ecti o n ” i f ( 1) “ [ a] n on r ef er en ce dr u g f i l er r ecei v es
an y th i n g of v al u e f

r om an oth er com

pan y as s er ti n g paten t i n f r i n g em en t” an d ( 2 ) “ [ t] h e n on

r ef er en ce dr u g f i l er ag r ees to l i m

i t or f o r eg o r es ear ch , dev el opm en t,

m an u f actu r i n g , m ar k eti n g , or s al es of th e n on

r ef er en ce d r u g f i l er ’ s pr odu ct f

or an y per i od of ti m e. ” 2 019 Cal

. L eg i s

. S er v

. Ch

. 531 ( Wes t) ( codi f

i ed at Cal

. H eal th & S af ety Code § 134002( a) ( 1) )

.
4m em

ber s s tate th at t

h ey “ l i kel y wou l d ex

pect to b e f

or ced t o l i ti g ate ev er

y pen di n g
paten t- i n f r i n g em en t l aws u i t t o ju dg m en

t , ” or th at th ey “ l i kel y

wi l l s tay [ t

h ei r ] h an d

on m an y pr odu cts an d s i m

pl y s tay of

f th e m ar k et u n ti l th e r el ev an

t p aten t s al l

ex pi r e. ” T h es e d ecl ar ati on s al l eg e on l y “ pos sible f u tu r e i n ju r y ” an d do n ot

es tabl i s h a s u

bs tan ti al r i sk of h ar

m

. Clapper , 568 U. S

. at 409 ( ci tati on om i tted)

.
B ecau s e A A M h as n ot dem on s t r ated th at i t s m

em ber s h av e an

A r t i cl e I I I

i n ju r y i n f act, we con cl

u de th at A A M l acks as s oci ati on al s tan di n g to br i n g cl ai m s

on i ts m em ber s ’ beh al f

. See Hunt v. W

as h. State A

pple A dver t

. Comm’ n , 4 32 U. S

. 333, 342 ( 1977)

. We v acate th e di s tr i ct cou r t’ s or der an d r em an d wi t

h i n s tr u cti on s

to d i s m i s s wi th ou t pr eju di ce.

VACATED AND REM ANDED w it h in s t ru ct io n s

. 2

2 Cos ts ar e awar ded to appel l ee.

5