1

 See Tex. Bus. & Com. Code Ann. §§ 17.41-.506 (West 2002 & Supp. 2004).

2

 See Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(i).

TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN

NO. 03-03-00156-CV

Amanda Baird; Peter Torres; and Peter Torres, Jr., P.C., Appellants

v.

Margaret Villegas and Tom Tourtellotte, Appellees

FROM THE COUNTY COURT AT LAW NO. 2 OF TRAVIS COUNTY

NO. 255,962, HONORABLE ORLINDA NARANJO, JUDGE PRESIDING

M E M O R A N D U M O P I N I O N

Plaintiff Amanda Baird and her attorney, Peter Torres, and Peter Torres, Jr., P.C.,

appeal from an order awarding attorney’s fees. The dispute arose out of Baird’s purchase of a 1998

Nissan Maxima fromCentral TexasImports,Inc., d/b/a South Point Nissan andCen-Tex Nissan (the

“dealership”). Villegas previously purchased the same car from the same dealership, but returned

it. Baird sued the dealership and Margaret Villegas for breach of contract and violating the Texas

Deceptive Trade Practices and Consumer Protection Act (“DTPA”),1and both defendants

counterclaimed for sanctions. Villegas filed a no-evidence motion for summary judgment.2 Just
3

 Baird admitted in her deposition that the CarFax document, entitled “CarFax Branded Title

Check,” which wasthe factual basisfor herlawsuit, contained a disclaimer warning that the contents

should not be relied upon. The CarFax document reflects that the branding of the Nissan’s title

occurred on May 16, 2000, two years after Villegasreturned the car to the dealership and almost two

2

prior to the hearing set on the motion, Baird nonsuited her claims against both defendants. The

dealership did not pursue sanctions after it was nonsuited, but Villegas did. The county court at law

awarded Villegas and her attorney $4,000 in attorney’s fees against both Baird and her attorney as

a sanction for maintaining a groundless lawsuit.

Baird and her attorney appeal the sanctions award in three issues, complaining there

was no evidence to support the award of attorney’s fees under Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 13,

chapter 10 of the Texas Civil Practices and Remedies Code, and section 17.50(c) of the DTPA. This

case presents a situation in which the plaintiff’s claims were arguably actionable when suit wasfiled

but subsequently became groundless. Although we conclude that the requirements of rule 13 and

chapter 10 bar any recovery of attorney’s fees under the circumstances here, we uphold the award

under the DTPA. We affirm the trial court’s sanctions order.

BACKGROUND

Margaret Villegas bought a 1998 Nissan Maxima in February 1998, but returned it

to the dealership on May 22, 1998. The record does not indicate the reason for the return. Amanda

Baird apparently purchased the same carfrom the same dealership in September 1998. As Baird was

attempting to refinance the car in April or May of 2000, she learned, from a facsimile report by

CarFax, that the car’s title reflected that it was “branded” as “Salvaged/Junk” and that the car had

sustained “flood damage.”3
years after Baird purchased the car.

3

In late February 2001, Baird consulted attorney Peter Torres, Jr. regarding the car’s

possibly defective title. Torres filed a lawsuit against the dealership and Villegas on Baird’s behalf

on March 19, 2001. Baird never had any contact directly or indirectly with Villegas prior to filing

suit against her. Baird’s petition alleged identical factual and legal theories against both defendants.

It alleged that the defendants misrepresented to Baird that the car was of good quality and

dependable and that they failed to disclose that the engine had prior flood damage. The petition

further alleged that their conduct was knowingly false, misleading, and deceptive and violative of

sections 17.45, 17.46(b)(5), (7), (9), (12), (21), and (23); and 17.50(a)(1), (2), and (3) of the DTPA.

 The petition also alleged that the defendants breached a contract with Baird.

Villegas asserted throughout the litigation that there was no factual or legal basis for

liability against the previous owner of the car. However, Baird maintains that she had a legal basis

for suing Villegas at the time the suit was filed. In an affidavit controverting Villegas’s motion for

sanctions, attorneyTorres averred that when Baird consulted him, the statute of limitations deadline

was approaching; in an exercise of caution, he decided to sue both the dealership and the previous

owner of the car. Baird contends that the DTPA, specifically section 17.506, provides a defense to

the dealership if it relied on “written information relating to the particular goods or services in

question obtained from another source if the information was false or inaccurate and the defendant

did not know and could not reasonably have known of the falsity or inaccuracy of the information.”

Tex. Bus. & Com. Code Ann. § 17.506(a)(2) (West 2002). She also points out that subsection
4

17.506(c) allows a cause of action against “the third party supplying the written information without

regard to privity” if such a defense is raised. Id. § 17.506(c).

Villegas counters that because the CarFax report indicated that the branding did not

occur until two years after she returned the car, Baird should have known that she had no cause of

action against Villegas. Villegas filed a counterclaim seeking sanctions under Chapter 10 of the

TexasCivil Practices andRemediesCode,rule 13 ofthe Texas Rules ofCivil Procedure, and section

17.50 of the DTPA.

At some unspecified point after filing suit, Baird and Torres learned that the flood

damage noted in the title history of her car resulted from a clerical error by the Texas Department

of Transportation. The record fails to establish when the clerical error was discovered. In a

subsequent affidavit, Baird averred that “[a]fter a number of months, we learned . . . of a mistake that

had been made by the Texas Department of Transportation.” She further testified that when she

learned of the mistake she authorized her attorney “to immediately non-suit my case against both

Defendants.” Torres, in his affidavit, testified that “[a]fter conducting discovery, we learned” of the

mistake “and, as a result of this finding, we non-suited Plaintiff’s claims against all Defendants.”

In her deposition, Baird testified that she learned of the error after numerous conversations with

employees oftheTexas Department ofTransportation, who eventually concluded that the department

had no basisfor branding the title and that it was a clerical error. Baird does not state, and the record

does not otherwise indicate, when she actually learned of the error or how long her claims remained

on the docket after the error was discovered.
5

Villegas filed a no-evidence motion for summary judgment on June 6, 2002, and set

a hearing for July 3. Baird nonsuited all of her claims on June 25, 2002, fifteen months after filing

the lawsuit. After Baird’s nonsuit, Villegas filed a motion for sanctions. At the sanctions hearing,

the court expressed displeasure with Baird and Torres’s delay in dismissing the lawsuit after they

learned of the clerical error. In its sanctions order, the trial court found that Baird answered written

discoverypropounded byVillegas on October 16, 2001, which the courtfound should have putBaird

on notice that her claims were frivolous. Among the court’s conclusions of law, the court

determined that Baird’s causes of action were groundless. The court also concluded that Baird had

a “reasonable opportunity to investigate whether there was evidentiary support or not for her

allegations against Villegas” within fifteen months of filing suit, and that there “was no basisfor the

continuation of the case by Baird or her attorney.” The court awarded reasonable and necessary

attorney’sfees assanctions undersection 17.50(c) of the DTPA, chapter 10 of the civil practices and

remedies code, and rule 13 of the rules of civil procedure.

DISCUSSION

Standard of Review

We review a trial court’s award of sanctions under an abuse of discretion standard,

reversing only upon a showing of a clear abuse of discretion. GTE Communications Sys. Corp. v.

Tanner, 856 S.W.2d 725, 730 (Tex. 1993); Emmons v. Purser, 973 S.W.2d 696, 699 (Tex.

App.—Austin 1998, no pet.). Whether a trial court abused its discretion depends on whether it acted

arbitrarily, unreasonably, or without reference to any guiding legal principles. Emmons, 973 S.W.2d
6

at 699. A trial court abuses its discretion in imposing sanctions when the decision is based on an

erroneous interpretation of the law or a clearly erroneous assessment of the evidence. Id.; see also

Overman v. Baker, 26 S.W.3d 506, 509 (Tex. App.—Tyler 2000, no pet.).

When reviewing a no-evidence challenge, we consider only the evidence and

inferences that support the court’s finding and disregard all evidence and inferences to the contrary.

Skepnek v. Mynatt, 8 S.W.3d 377, 382 (Tex. App.—El Paso 1999, pet. denied). When reviewing

a trial court’s decision under an abuse of discretion standard, we do not substitute our judgment for

that of the trial court. Davis v. Huey, 571 S.W.2d 859, 862 (Tex. 1978). 

Baird does not dispute that her claims against Villegas became groundless at some

point after she filed suit. Instead, she argues that the three sanctions provisions all require the claim

to have been groundless when initially brought. Indeed, a common requirement of the three

provisions is a lack of objective merit of the lawsuit or claim. Under section 17.50(c), “groundless”

means a claim having no basis in law or fact, and not warranted by any good faith argument for the

extension, modification, or reversal of existing law. Donwerth v. Preston II Chrysler-Dodge, Inc.,

775 S.W.2d 634, 637 (Tex. 1989). Both Rule 13 and section 17.50(c) allow sanctions for filing

“groundless” claims. See Ostrow v. United Bus. Machs., Inc., 982 S.W.2d 101, 106 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1998, no pet. ) (“Groundless” under the DTPA has the same meaning as

“groundless” under Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 13.). The standard for determining whether a

claim is groundless is “whether the totality of the tendered evidence demonstrates an arguable basis

in fact and law for the consumer’s claim.” Splettstosser v. Myer, 779 S.W.2d 806, 808 (Tex. 1989);

Ostrow, 982 S.W.2d at 106. In assessing this standard, a court may consider evidence that is legally
4

In addition, Baird argues that the statutes and procedural rule also require affirmative

evidence of either bad faith or other malicious purpose which Villegas did not show. 

7

inadmissible or subject to other defects if there is some good-faith belief that the tendered evidence

might become admissible or might reasonably lead to the discovery of admissible evidence.

Donwerth, 775 S.W.2d at 637. Applying the standards of section 17.50(c) involves issues of law

for a court to decide. Id. at 637 n.3.

Section 10.001 ofthe TexasCivil Practices andRemediesCode does not use the term

“groundless”; instead, it requiresthat each claim be “warranted by existing law or by a nonfrivolous

argument for the extension, modification, or reversal of existing law or the establishment of new

law.” Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 10.001(2) (West 2002). It has been interpreted to apply

where “the pleading is presented for an improper purpose, unwarranted by existing law, and without

evidentiary support.” Texas Dep’t of Pub. Safety v. Friedel, 112 S.W.3d 768, 772 (Tex.

App.—Beaumont 2003, no pet.).

Baird arguesin this appeal that the statutes and procedural rule authorizing sanctions

require that the claims be frivolous or groundless at the time they are initially brought. She argues

there is no legal basis for imposing sanctions for bringing claims that are arguably actionable when

filed, but later prove groundless. Villegas counters that Baird should have known her claims lacked

merit from the beginning.4

We agree with Baird that rule 13 and chapter 10 expressly authorize sanctions only

for the bringing, or the signing, of pleadings containing frivolous or groundless claims. Texas Rule

of Civil Procedure 13 states:
8

The signatures of attorneys or parties constitute a certificate by them that they have

read the pleading, motion, or other papers; that to the best of their knowledge,

information, and belief formed after reasonable inquiry the instrument is not

groundless and brought in bad faith or groundless and brought for the purpose of

harassment. . . . If a pleading, motion, or other paper is signed in violation of this

rule, the court, upon motion or upon its own initiative, after notice and hearing, shall

impose an appropriate sanction available under Rule 215-2b, upon the person who

signed it, a represented party, or both.

Tex. R. Civ. P. 13; see also Overman, 26 S.W.3d at 509 (holding rule 13 “does not apply to the

pursuit of an action which is later determined to be groundless.”); Karagounis v. Property Co. of

Am., 970 S.W.2d 761, 765 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 1998, pet. denied) (court abused its discretion in

awarding rule 13 sanctions for continuing suit after it was shown to be meritless). A movant must

establish: (1) that the document filed was groundless, and eitherthat it was brought (2) in bad faith,

or (3) for the purpose of harassment. McCain v. NME Hosps., Inc., 856 S.W.2d 751, 757 (Tex.

App.—Dallas 1993, no writ). “[I]t is not enough that the suit . . . be groundless or frivolous[;] . . .

it must also [be filed] in bad faith or for purposes of harassment.” Daniel v. Webb, 110 S.W.3d 708,

712 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2003, no pet.) (holding rule 13 sanctions imposed “simply because the

suit against Webb was frivolous” was an abuse of discretion).

Similarly, section 10.001 of the Texas Civil Practices and Remedies Code provides:

The signing of a pleading . . . constitutes a certificate by the signatory that to the

signatory’s best knowledge, information, and belief,formed afterreasonable inquiry:

(1) the pleading . . . is not being presented for any improper purpose, including to

harass orto cause unnecessary delay or needlessincrease in the cost oflitigation;

(2) each claim, defense, or other legal contention in the pleading . . . is warranted

by existing law or by a nonfrivolous argument for the extension, modification,

or reversal of existing law or the establishment of new law;
9

(3) each allegation or other factual contention in the pleading . . . has evidentiary

support or . . . islikely to have evidentiary support after a reasonable opportunity

for further investigation or discovery. 

Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 10.001 (West 2002). Because both rule 13 and section 10.001

focus on the time when the pleading is signed and filed to trigger the imposition of sanctions, we

sustain appellants’ first and second issues on appeal.

The sanctions provision of the DTPA, however, is not so limited. Section 17.50(c)

authorizes the award of “reasonable and necessary attorney’s fees” on:

a finding by the court that an action under this section was groundless in fact or law

or brought in bad faith, or brought for the purpose of harassment, the court shall

award to the defendant reasonable and necessary attorney’s fees and court costs. 

Tex. Bus. & Com. Code Ann. § 17.50(c) (West 2002) (emphasis added). The elements of

groundlessness, bad faith, and harassment are set forth in this provision in the disjunctive. We

interpret this to mean that any one of the three elements alone may trigger sanctions. Moreover,

although both the bad faith and harassment elements of the provision are required to exist when an

action is “brought,” the groundlessness element is not tethered to the bringing of an action. See

Mosk v. Thomas, No. 14-02-01130-CV, 2003 Tex. App. LEXIS 10311, at *15 (Tex. App.—Houston

[14th Dist.] Dec. 4, 2003, no pet.) (Fowler,J., concurring) (“Section 17.50(c) authorizes imposition

of attorneys’ fees simply on a showing that the suit is groundless in law. . . . Unlike other sanction

settings, there need not also be a showing of bad faith; groundlessness in law alone is enough”);
10

Bohls v. Oakes, 75 S.W.3d 473, 480 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2002, pet. denied) (allowing section

17.50(c) attorney’s fees awarded on groundlessness alone).

In her brief, Baird quotes the version of section 17.50(c) prior to its amendment in

1995. See Act of May 27, 1979, 66th Leg., R.S., ch. 603, § 4, 1979 Tex. Gen. Laws 1327, 1330,

amended by Act of May 17, 1995, 74th Leg., R.S., ch. 414, § 5, 1995 Tex. Gen. Laws 2988, 2993.

That version of section 17.50(c) contained the conjunctive “and” between the groundless element

and the bad faith and harassment elements. The elements of scienter and groundlessness were thus

tied to the initial bringing of a claim. However, in 1995 the legislature amended section 17.50(c)

and inserted the disjunctive “or” between these elements. Act of May 17, 1995, 74th Leg., R.S., ch.

414, § 5, 1995 Tex. Gen. Laws 2988, 2993. This amendment clearly made groundlessness alone “on

a finding by a court” a sufficient basis for the award of attorney’s fees. The amendment of section

17.50(c) also defeatsBaird’s complaints about the failure to present evidence of an impropermotive.

Under the amended section 17.50(c), evidence of improper motive is not necessary to impose

sanctions in the face of a groundless action. See id.

We cannot say based on the totality of this record that the trial court abused its

discretion in imposing sanctions under section 17.50(c). Baird left her claims pending for eight

months after the court found that she should have learned that they were baseless, and did not take

action to dismiss them until Villegas filed a motion for summary judgment and obtained a hearing

date. Whatever Baird and Torres’s initial motives, the court did not abuse its discretion in requiring

that they reimburse the party adversely affected for the harm caused. We overrule appellants’ third

issue on appeal.
11

CONCLUSION

We hold the trial court did not abuse its discretion in awarding attorney’s fees under

section 17.50(c). Having overruled appellants’ third issue on appeal, the order of the county court

at law is affirmed.

 

Jan P. Patterson, Justice

Before Chief Justice Law, Justices B. A. Smith and Patterson

Affirmed

Filed: March 18, 2004