*The Honorable Paul G. Cassell, United States District Judge, United States

District Court for the District of Utah, sitting by designation.

F I L E D

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

OCT 6 2004

PATRICK FISHER

Clerk

PUBLISH

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

TENTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

FILABERTO DIAS-RAMOS,

Defendant-Appellant.

No. 01-2378

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the District of New Mexico

(D.C. No. CR-00-1587 LH)

Michael A. Keefe, Assistant Federal Public Defender (Joseph W. Gandert,

Assistant Federal Public Defender, on the briefs), Albuquerque, New Mexico, for

Defendant-Appellant.

James Miles Hanisee, Assistant U.S. Attorney (David C. Iglesias, United States

Attorney, and Norman Cairns, Assistant U.S. Attorney, on the brief),

Albuquerque, New Mexico, for Plaintiff-Appellee.

Before SEYMOUR and LUCERO, Circuit Judges, and CASSELL,

*

 District

Judge.

SEYMOUR, Circuit Judge.
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Filaberto Dias-Ramos pled guilty to possession with intent to distribute one

kilogram and more of heroin, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1). He appeals

the district court’s judgment and sentence, contending the court erroneously

determined it lacked the authority to depart downward from the sentencing

guidelines. We conclude we lack jurisdiction and dismiss the appeal.

I

Mr. Dias-Ramos consented to a police search of a suitcase in his possession

at a bus station in Albuquerque, New Mexico, on November 17, 2000. The

officers discovered 3.92 kilograms of heroin in a false bottom in the suitcase. 

Mr. Dias-Ramos pled guilty to possession with intent to distribute one kilogram

and more of heroin. 

Using the 2000 version of the sentencing guidelines, the United States

Probation Office calculated Mr. Dias-Ramos’s base offense level at 34. His total

offense level was 27 after reductions for acceptance of responsibility, minor

participation, and the safety valve provision. The government stipulated to the

reductions. Prior to sentencing, Mr. Dias-Ramos filed a motion for a downward

departure based on, among other factors, family circumstances and aberrant

behavior. In an addendum to its presentence report, the Probation Office

considered Mr. Dias-Ramos’s arguments and explained why, in its view, the
1

 For sentencing purposes, a defendant is responsible for the drugs linked to

conduct he personally undertakes, such as Mr. Dias-Ramos’s carrying the suitcase

in this case, even if the defendant is unaware of the quantity of drugs in his

possession. See United States v. Lockhart, 37 F.3d 1451, 1454 (10th Cir. 1994)

(where driver knew purpose of a trip was to obtain cocaine, quantity of drugs

attributed to him did not need to be foreseeable).

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guidelines, and particularly the adjustments, had taken into consideration all of

Mr. Dias-Ramos’s relevant circumstances. The Probation Office thus asserted

that Mr. Dias-Ramos’s case was not outside the heartland of those cases the

guidelines were intended to cover, and therefore did not warrant departure. 

During his sentencing hearing before the district court, Mr. Dias-Ramos

presented a third ground for departure he had not raised in his previous written

motion. He contended that because he was merely a courier with no knowledge of

the amount or type of contraband he was transporting, his case was one that fell

outside the sentencing heartland and therefore a departure was warranted.1

 The

court denied the requested departure:

Well, I have some serious sympathy for the defendant and his family. 

But this is not the first time that I’ve seen someone in the same

situation who has admitted transporting contraband, and not knowing

the amount of the contraband, and having faced sentencing according

to the guidelines, which takes into consideration the amount of the

contraband. It’s not an unusual set of circumstances.

I have to agree that sometimes the sentencing guidelines are

so–what appears to be too harsh a sentence, based upon the amount

of contraband that’s being transported. And it always is more harsh,

it appears, at least, when you have someone who comes from the type

of family situation that this defendant does.

However, I have to agree with the probation office that this
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does not take him out of the heartland of the cases for which the

guidelines have been designed. And maybe that’s a failure of the

guidelines to not take into consideration personal circumstances of

the defendant and his family, but they don’t. There is no evidence

before the Court that the defendant has previously engaged in such

activity, but just that fact alone does not make the result of aberrant

behavior apply. I have a great deal of sympathy for him, as I’ve said,

and the family ties and responsibilities, the economic, the depressed

area in which he and his family reside. His two children, the period

of time that he has worked continuously as a truck driver and lived

with and financially supported his wife are all, I think, wonderful

things; but that does not, according to my understanding of the

application of the guidelines, permit me to depart. It would be nice

if I–if I had that kind of discretion. I don’t think I do.

And it may be that you want to have this matter considered by

the Tenth Circuit, but I’m going to have to deny the motion for a

downward departure for the reasons that I’ve stated.

Unfortunately, there are many aliens, including illegal aliens,

who are in the same situation as the defendant. And for that reason, I

conclude that he’s not outside the heartland of the cases to which the

guidelines apply.

Sent. tr. at 23-25. The court sentenced Mr. Dias-Ramos to seventy months. 

On appeal, Mr. Dias-Ramos does not contend the district court erred in

denying a downward departure based on family circumstances or aberrant

behavior. We therefore address only his argument regarding the potential

departure for lack of knowledge.

II 

“For most convictions, a sentencing court may depart from the sentence

range set by the Guidelines only if it ‘finds that there exists an aggravating or
2

 Mr. Dias-Ramos correctly points out that our caselaw regarding our

jurisdiction to review downward departure sentencing appeals appears to be out of

step with all the other circuits. If the district court’s sentencing language is

ambiguous, these other courts either accept jurisdiction, or remand to the district

court for clarification or reconsideration. See, e.g., United States v. Smith, 278

F.3d 605, 609-11 (6th Cir. 2002); United States v. Powell, 269 F.3d 175, 179-80

(3d Cir. 2001); United States v. Lewis, 249 F.3d 793, 795 (8th Cir. 2001); United

States v. Rojas-Millan, 234 F.3d 464, 475 (9th Cir. 2000); United States v.

Thames, 214 F.3d 608, 612 (5th Cir. 2000); United States v. Mignott, 184 F.3d

1288, 1290 (11th Cir. 1999); United States v. Aker, 181 F.3d 167, 172-74 (1st Cir.

(continued...)

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mitigating circumstance of a kind, or to a degree, not adequately taken into

consideration by the Sentencing Commission in formulating the guidelines.’” 

United States v. Lang, 364 F.3d 1210, 1213-14 (10th Cir. 2004) (quoting 18

U.S.C. § 3553(b)(1)). Based on our review of the cases, a district court tends to

do one of three things when denying a request for a departure: (1) make an

unambiguous statement that a category of requested departures, as a matter of

law, never constitutes valid grounds for departure and therefore the court has no

authority to depart; (2) make an unambiguous statement that the defendant’s

particular circumstances do not warrant departure; or (3) make a more general or 

ambiguous statement that renders it difficult to ascertain the court’s rationale for

denying the departure. We have declared in this circuit that we have jurisdiction

to review only cases in the first category. See United States v. Castillo, 140 F.3d

874, 887 (10th Cir. 1998); United States v. Rodriguez, 30 F.3d 1318, 1319 (10th

Cir. 1994).2

 As we explained in Castillo:
2

(...continued)

1999); United States v. Aramony, 166 F.3d 655, 665 (4th Cir. 1999); United

States v. Vahovick, 160 F.3d 395, 398-99 (7th Cir. 1998); United States v.

Graham, 83 F.3d 1466, 1481 (D.C. Cir. 1996); United States v. Ekhator, 17 F.3d

53, 55 (2d Cir. 1994). Nevertheless, absent en banc review or a superceding

opinion from the United States Supreme Court, this panel must apply Castillo and

Rodriguez. See United States v. Lopez, 372 F.3d 1207, 1212 & n.6 (10th Cir.

2004) (“We are bound by the precedent of prior panels absent en banc

reconsideration or a superseding contrary decision by the Supreme Court.”

(quoting In re Smith, 10 F.3d 723, 724 (10th Cir. 1993))). If counsel for Mr.

Dias-Ramos believes that en banc review of the rule in Castillo and Rodriguez is

warranted, an appropriate petition should be filed. 

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the courts of appeals cannot exercise jurisdiction to review a

sentencing court’s refusal to depart from the sentencing guidelines

except in the very rare circumstance that the district court states that

it does not have any authority to depart from the sentencing guideline

range for the entire class of circumstances proffered by the

defendant. This exception does not apply when a sentencing court

concludes under the defendant’s particular circumstances that it does

not have the authority to depart.

140 F.3d at 887 (citations omitted). 

Here, the district court was ambiguous with respect to its authority to

depart based on a drug courier’s lack of knowledge of the quantity of drugs he is

carrying. We cannot determine whether the court denied the departure because

(a) the court considered Mr. Dias-Ramos’s asserted lack of knowledge and

determined that the facts of his particular case placed him in the heartland, or (b)

the court believed it lacked legal authority to depart whenever a courier seeks a

departure based on lack of knowledge. The district court denied the departure

after describing the facts of this case as “not an unusual set of circumstances,”
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Sent. tr. at 23, and stating that lack of knowledge is “so common in the cases that

I have had in my court, I can’t tell you how many it might be. It’s so-run-of-themill. It’s what happens.” Id. at 15. The court’s final word on the matter,

however, suggests denial both because Mr. Dias-Ramos’s particular case was

within the heartland of courier-defendants, and because the court believed it

could not depart for the class of circumstances proffered: “[u]nfortunately, there

are many aliens . . . who are in the same situation as the defendant. And for that

reason, I conclude that he’s not outside the heartland of the cases to which the

guidelines apply.” Id. at 24-25.

The district court did not unambiguously state it lacked authority to depart

from the guidelines for an entire class of circumstances. Pursuant to Castillo and

Rodriguez, therefore, we cannot exercise jurisdiction to review this matter. 

Accordingly, we DISMISS the appeal.