2005 Decisions

Opinions of the United

States Court of Appeals

for the Third Circuit

9-16-2005

Advanced Tubular v. Solar Atmospheres

Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential

Docket No. 04-2016

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Recommended Citation

"Advanced Tubular v. Solar Atmospheres" (2005). 2005 Decisions. Paper 541.

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NOT PRECEDENTIAL

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

 

No. 04-2016

 

ADVANCED TUBULAR PRODUCTS, INC.,

*

Appellant

v.

SOLAR ATMOSPHERES, INC.

( Pursuant to Clerk’s Order of 6/16/04) *

 

On Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania

(D.C. No. 03-cv-00946)

District Judge: Hon. Berle M. Schiller

 

Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)

September 12, 2005

Before: SLOVITER, BARRY and SMITH, Circuit Judges

(Filed: September 16, 2005)

 

OPINION
2

SLOVITER, Circuit Judge.

This case comes to us on appeal by Advanced Tubular Products (Tubular) 

from an order of the District Court granting summary judgment to defendant Solar

Atmospheres (Solar). On appeal, we must determine when the contract between the two

parties was formed and whether the contract included Solar’s “Terms of Sale.” We must

also decide whether the limited remedies available to Tubular under Solar’s terms failed

in their essential purpose and thus barred summary judgment. Lastly, we must determine

whether Solar fraudulently induced Tubular to enter into the contract and whether the

“gist of the action” doctrine bars Tubular’s fraud claim.

I.

Tubular was a Kentucky corporation that manufactured stainless steel tubing. 

Originally, the majority of the company’s business was derived from the automotive

industry but in 2000/2001 Tubular decided to begin selling tubing to the oil and gas

industry. As a result, Tubular contacted Solar regarding Solar’s ability to provide heat

treatment for Tubular’s stainless steel tubing. Tubular met with Solar and discussed the

demands of the particular heat treatment application needed for the job. This treatment

included the specification standard known as ASTM A789. After being informed of the

need to use ASTM A789, Solar assured Tubular that it was familiar with the process and

that “they could handle it.” App. at 2.

On February 19, 2001, Tubular sent Solar three sample coils of tubing, labeled
3

“sample,” to Solar for treatment. These sample tubes were heat treated by Solar and then

sent back to Tubular to be tested. After receiving the heat treated samples from Solar,

Tubular tested them for “sigmaphase” (improper heat treatment) at “a variety of points

through the coil.” App at 113. After the February 19, 2001 shipment, Tubular sent

another two sets of “sample” coils to Solar to be heat treated and then returned for testing.

After conducting these tests, Tubular was satisfied that Solar could perform the work, and

on March 19, 2001, Tubular began shipping larger quantities of tubes to Solar and

omitting the “sample” label.

On February 20, 2001, the day after Tubular sent its first shipment of sample coils,

Solar faxed a quotation for the price of its heating services and mailed a hard copy of the

quotation along with the Terms of Sale to Tubular. The faxed quotation referred to the

Terms of Sale but did not include them. The Terms of Sale included a limitation of

liability and remedies. The limited liability provision stated that “seller’s liability shall

not exceed twice the amount of seller’s charges for services performed on any 

material . . . except by written agreement signed by an officer of seller.” App at 3. 

After Solar treated the non-sample tubes, Tubular sent them to Tubeco, Inc., which

in turn sold them to a contractor in Texas. Shortly thereafter, Tubular was informed that

the tubing was brittle and failed as a result of improper “sigmaphase.” App. at 6. 

Because of this failure, Tubular’s customers refused to pay Tubular and Tubular alleges

that as a result it went out of business.
4

Tubular brought suit against Solar in the United States District Court for the

Eastern District of Pennsylvania based on diversity jurisdiction, alleging breach of oral

contract and fraudulent misrepresentation arising out of the services provided by Solar. 

Solar filed a motion to dismiss, asserting that the contract between the parties limited

liability to an amount less than $75,000 and thereby divested the District Court of

jurisdiction. On September 24, 2003, the Court denied the motion without prejudice

based on the need for further discovery. Limited discovery regarding the contract

formation was taken after which Solar again moved for summary judgment.

Thereafter, the District Court granted Solar’s motion for summary judgment. The

District Court found that the limited liability clause was a term of the contract. According

to the District Court, the Terms of Sale were incorporated by reference in the quotation

sent by Solar and Tubular manifested its assent to these terms when it repeatedly sent its

tubing to Solar for heat treatment. The District Court further found this type of limited

liability clause is the type routinely enforced between sophisticated parties and that it was

reasonable. Therefore, the District Court held that it was an enforceable part of the

contract.

The District Court also held that Tubular’s claim that Solar fraudulently induced it

to enter into the contract was barred by the “gist of the action” doctrine. Under this

doctrine, a plaintiff is barred from bringing a tort claim when such a claim is merely

another way of stating the party’s breach of contract claim or when the success of such a
 We have jurisdiction to review the District Court’s order 1

pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291. Our review of the District Court’s

entry of summary judgment is plenary. Watson v. Eastman Kodak

Co., 235 F.3d 851, 854 (3d Cir. 2000).

5

claim is wholly dependant upon the terms of the contract. See Sunquest Info. Sys., Inc. v.

Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc., 40 F. Supp. 2d 644, 651 (W.D. Pa. 1999). The District Court

held that under Pennsylvania law the “gist of the action” doctrine may not apply to claims

of fraud in the inducement, but that Tubular’s claim was not one of fraudulent

inducement but “a question of performance of the contract,” i.e., whether Solar in fact

properly heat treated the coils. App. at 13-14. Therefore, the Court concluded that the

gist of the action doctrine barred Tubular’s fraud claim.1

II.

Tubular raises three issues on appeal. First, Tubular argues that the contract with

Solar was formed before it received Solar’s Terms of Sale. Therefore, Tubular contends, 

the terms were not part of the original contract and that they could not have subsequently

become part of the contract because they materially altered the bargain. Accordingly,

Tubular argues that the District Court erred in determining that the terms were part of the

contract. In addition, Tubular argues that the District Court erred in granting summary

judgment because the limited remedy failed in its essential purpose. Lastly, Tubular

argues that the District Court erred in finding that its fraud claim was barred by the “gist

of the action” doctrine.
 Bitterman testified that he did object by letter when he 2

finally read the terms of sale, but there is no record of this letter.

In any event, Tubular continued to send coils for heat treatment

even after Bitterman’s “objection.”

6

A.

The District Court found that the Terms of Sale were included in the contract

because they were incorporated by reference in the February 20, 2001 offer. That finding

suffers from the fact that the faxed offer did not actually include a copy of the Terms of

Sale. However, because we agree with Solar that the contract was not formed until

March 19, well after Tubular received the terms, we conclude that Tubular was bound by

the limited liability provision.

It is undisputed that the first set of tube coils were sent on February 19, a day

before Solar faxed its offer, and that these coils were labeled “sample.” It is clear that

Solar’s ability to effectively heat treat the sample tubes was a condition precedent to

Tubular’s acceptance of Solar’s offer. Once Solar had satisfied this condition precedent

by effectively heat treating the sample tube coils, Tubular accepted Solar’s offer by

shipping non-sample tube coils on March 19. Accordingly, because Tubular had received

the terms of sale by that date and because there is no record of any objection, the Terms 2

of Sale were part of the contract.

B.

According to Tubular, summary judgment was inappropriate because there is a
7

question of fact concerning whether the limited liability clause failed in its essential

purpose of providing an effective remedy. Pennsylvania courts have routinely upheld

limited liability clauses as codified in 13 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 2719. In Valhal Corp. v.

Sullivan Assocs., Inc., 44 F.3d 195 (3d Cir. 1995), we stated that limitations on liability

are a “fact of everyday business and commercial life” and concluded that “[s]o long as the

limitation which is established is reasonable and not so drastic as to remove the incentive

to perform with due care, Pennsylvania courts uphold the limitation.” Id. at 204.

Cases that have disregarded such clauses based on a failure of essential purpose

have typically been cases where the remedy was limited to repair or replacement or

refund of the purchase price. In the former situation, courts have found a remedy fails in

its essential purpose when the seller is unable to repair or replace the product. See Webco

Indus., Inc. v. Thermatool Corp., 278 F.3d 1120, 1131 (10th Cir. 2002); Lewis

Refrigeration Co. v. Sawyer Fruit, Vegetable & Cold Storage Co., 709 F.2d 427, 431-32

(6th Cir. 1983). In the latter situation, courts have held that a remedy fails in its essential

purpose when the remedy is limited to the purchase price for a defect that was not

discoverable within a reasonable period after receipt of shipment. See Neville Chem. Co.

v. Union Carbide Corp., 422 F.2d 1205 (3d Cir. 1970); Fiberglass Component Prod., Inc.

v. Reichhold Chems., Inc., 983 F. Supp. 948 (D. Colo. 1997); Earl M. Jorgensen Co. v.

Mark Constr., Inc., 540 P.2d 978 (Haw. 1975). Neither situation is applicable here. The

remedy here was not limited to repair and replacement and, more importantly, although
 Solar’s Terms of Sale informed Tubular that it could 3

request additional insurance by “notify[ing] Solar Atmospheres,

Inc. in writing on [the] purchase order, if additional parcel or

carrier insurance is required above the standard limit.” App. at 90.

8

the defect was not discovered within a short time after shipment, this possibility was

reasonably contemplated by the parties. Solar expressly advised Tubular that “even after

employing all the scientific methods known to seller, hazards still remain in providing

process services.” App. at 92. Accordingly, Tubular was aware of the possibility that a

defect would not be discoverable upon receipt of shipment. If Tubular had found the

remedy unacceptable it should have notified Solar when it received the Terms of Sale.3

Therefore, because the remedy was twice the purchase price and Tubular was aware of

the possibility of an undiscoverable problem, we conclude that the remedy was

reasonable, especially given the relative inexpensiveness of the service provided by Solar

compared to the limitless liability Tubular posits.

C.

According to Tubular, the District Court erred in finding that Tubular’s fraud

claim was barred by the gist of the action doctrine. The gist of the action doctrine bars

tort claims:

(1) arising solely from a contract between the parties; (2)

where the duties allegedly breached were created and

grounded in the contract itself; (3) where the liability stems

from a contract; or (4) where the tort claim essentially

duplicates a breach of contract claim or the success of which

is wholly dependent on the terms of a contract.
 The District Court granted the motion for summary 4

judgment because it concluded that “the limited liability provision

applies to the contract” and therefore Tubular’s “maximum

possible recovery of approximately $27,000.00 falls below the

jurisdictional amount required by 28 U.S.C. § 1332.” App at 14.

However, in determining whether the party asserting the

jurisdiction of the court has met the amount in controversy

requirement, “the sum claimed by the [party asserting the

jurisdiction] controls if the claim is apparently made in good faith.”

State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Powell, 87 F.3d 93, 96 (3d Cir.

1996) (quoting St. Paul Mercury Indem. Co. v. Red Cab Co., 303

U.S. 283, 288 (1938)). Tubular’s claim for damages exceeding the

amount in controversy was not unreasonable, and we conclude that

the District Court erred in dismissing the case on jurisdictional

grounds. Nonetheless, we will affirm the grant of summary

judgment.

9

eToll, Inc. v. Elias/Savion Adver., Inc., 811 A.2d 10, 19 (Pa. Super. 2002) (internal

citations and quotations omitted). Although Pennsylvania courts have recognized that the

gist of the action doctrine may not cover fraud in the inducement, they have held that this

doctrine unquestionably applies to fraud in the performance of a contract. Id. at 17, 20. 

We find no merit to Tubular’s claim that it was fraudulently induced. Solar’s treatment of

the samples demonstrates that it could effectively heat treat the tube coils. Therefore,

Tubular was not fraudulently induced into entering the contract. The fact that Solar then

subsequently failed to effectively heat treat the non-sample coils is simply a breach of

contract and any fraud claim is barred by the gist of the action doctrine.

III.

For the reasons set forth, we will affirm the judgment of the District Court.4