H. Res. 1566 

In the House of Representatives, U. S., 

July 30, 2010. 

Whereas, on February 1, 1960, 4 students, Joseph McNeil, 

Ezell Blair, Franklin McCain, and David Richmond, attending North Carolina Agricultural and Technical College in Greensboro, North Carolina, walked into Woolworth’s department store to purchase school supplies and 

then sat down at the store’s lunch counter for coffee; 

Whereas they were refused service at the lunch counter and 

stayed seated at the counter until the store closed; 

Whereas when they were forced to leave the store, they still 

had not been served; 

Whereas these same students recruited other students from 

Bennett College for Women and Dudley High School, 

and after a few days of sit-ins, protestors filled almost all 

66 places at Greensboro’s Woolworth’s lunch counter, attracting the attention of local reporters; 

Whereas the actions of these 4 North Carolina A&T students 

sparked a national sit-in movement; 

Whereas by the end of February 1960, there were nonviolent 

sit-ins in more than 30 communities in 7 States; 

Whereas sit-ins spread to Charlotte, Winston-Salem, Durham, Raleigh, Fayetteville, and other cities in North 

Carolina; 
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Whereas on February 9, students at Smith University in 

Charlotte, North Carolina, instituted numerous sit-ins 

with Friendship Junior College students in Rock Hill, 

South Carolina; 

Whereas most Charlotte lunch counters and restaurants eventually integrated their businesses; 

Whereas North and South Carolina students protested segregation in Rock Hill, South Carolina, to push integration and racial equality within local businesses; 

Whereas on February 11 and 12, sit-ins spread to Hampton, 

Virginia, and Rock Hill, South Carolina, respectively; 

Whereas on February 25, 40 students tried to sit-in at the 

Kress store in downtown Orangeburg, South Carolina; 

Whereas Kress’s lunch counter was closed and the stools were 

removed to prevent Blacks from promoting nonviolent resistance by sitting at a ‘‘white-only’’ facility; 

Whereas, on March 15, 1960, almost 1,000 students from 

South Carolina State and Claflin College began a peaceful march downtown to protest segregation and support 

sit-ins, and were attacked with clubs, tear-gas, and highpressure fire hoses; 

Whereas almost 400 of the peaceful marchers were forced 

into a police stockade, it was the largest Freedom Movement mass arrest at that time; 

Whereas, on February 13, 1960, African-American students 

in Nashville, Tennessee, began a desegregation sit-in 

campaign called the Nashville Student Movement; 

Whereas racist violence escalated with harassment and beatings and many nonviolent protesters were arrested, overflowing the jails; 
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Whereas 81 of the students were convicted of ‘‘disorderly 

conduct’’ and refused to pay the fine and chose instead 

to serve their time in jail; 

Whereas, on April 19, 1960 the home Alexander Looby, the 

attorney representing most students in the Nashville Student Movement, was destroyed by a terrorist bomb; 

Whereas the bomb on Looby’s home led to a nonviolent 

march to the Nashville City Hall where student activist 

Diane Nash confronted Mayor Ben West, forcing him to 

admit segregation was morally wrong; 

Whereas the Nashville sit-in movement led to it being the 

first major city to begin desegregation of its public facilities on May 10, 1960; 

Whereas, on February 22, 1960, the Civic Interest Group in 

Baltimore, Maryland, initiated sit-ins and pickets of department stores, ice cream parlors, and movie theaters; 

Whereas Baltimore restaurants agreed to integrate after a 

short period of time; 

Whereas Baltimore’s Civic Interest Group continued its nonviolent resistance campaign over the next several years to 

initiate integration of all Baltimore businesses; 

Whereas Atlanta University Center (AUC) students began 

sit-ins on March 15, 1960, after forming the Committee 

on Appeal for Human Rights that facilitated training sessions and workshops on the tactics of nonviolent resistance; 

Whereas Atlanta students focused on support of Atlanta’s African-American community to initiate boycott of all segregated stores; 
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Whereas by September of 1961, many Atlanta store owners 

desegregated their lunch counters based on the Atlanta 

students’ commitment to integration; 

Whereas, on March 16, 1960, students in Savannah, Georgia, 

demanded the integration of public facilities and the hiring of African-American clerks and managers within 

stores; 

Whereas Savannah students won their integration demands 

by boycotting White-owned downtown stores; 

Whereas sit-ins in Memphis were launched on March 19, 

1960, by students from LeMoyne College and Owen Junior College; 

Whereas Memphis students organized sit-ins at the main 

public library and local department stores; 

Whereas protests in Memphis continued throughout the summer of 1960 and resulted in the integration of the local 

bus lines and the City’s parks; 

Whereas, on March 28, 1960, students from Baton Rouge 

and New Orleans Southern and Xavier University, respectively, began nonviolent resistant sit-ins; 

Whereas Louisiana student activists were arrested for sit-ins, 

expelled from school and barred from all public colleges 

and universities within Louisiana; 

Whereas their peers called for a boycott of all classes until 

the expelled students were reinstated; 

Whereas the Louisiana boycotts continued for years and 

reached it’s height with the Freedom March in September 1963; 

Whereas the civil rights movement principle of peaceful protests spread throughout the South, and the Nation was 
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captivated by the images of young people marching, praying, singing, demonstrating, and in many cases, being 

met with violence; 

Whereas by July 1960, Woolworth and Kress Stores agreed 

to serve all ‘‘properly dressed and well behaved people’’ 

regardless of race; 

Whereas on from April 15–17, 1960, with an $800 grant, 

126 delegates from 58 student sit-in centers and from 12 

different States, from the North and the South gathered 

at Shaw University in Raleigh, North Carolina, and 

formed the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee 

(SNCC) which lead to the national sit-in effort, and 

helped lead the ‘‘Freedom Rides’’ in 1961 and the historic March on Washington in 1963; 

Whereas SNCC was advised by Ella Baker, who was a former 

member of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference 

and worked as a field secretary and director of branches 

for the National Association of the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP); 

Whereas Ella Baker listened to the students and she encouraged their nonviolent efforts as a quiet leader of a grassroots effort; 

Whereas SNCC learned from great planners like Jim Forman 

and A. Philip Randolph, and were inspired by Jim 

Lawson and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and developed 

an unique, agile, determined, and organized approach to 

nonviolent action, that ultimately forced the desegregation of the South; 

Whereas by the end of April 1960, a sit-in had occurred in 

every southern State; 
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Whereas by August 1961, one and a half years after the inception of the sit-ins, the movement had attracted over 

70,000 participants and generated over 3,000 arrests; 

Whereas in addition to its goal of desegregating places of 

public accommodation, SNCC engaged in a voter registration program in some of the most segregated areas 

of the country; 

Whereas SNCC’s voter registration program culminated in 

1964 with the Mississippi Summer Project, sponsored by 

the Council of Federated Organizations (SNCC, Congress 

of Racial Equality (CORE) and Southern Christian 

Leadership Conference (SCLC)), during which hundreds 

of volunteers, Black and White, from the North and 

South, coordinated and participated in voter registration 

projects and the formation of Freedom Schools; 

Whereas SNCC organized Freedom Schools which endeavored 

to eradicate fear and to educate African-Americans about 

their right to vote and participate in the democratic process; 

Whereas in 1964, SNCC helped organize the Mississippi 

Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP), which challenged 

the legitimacy and seating of Mississippi’s officially recognized Democratic Party; 

Whereas the national party decision-makers promised expansion of gender and racially based restrictions; 

Whereas in 1972 racially and gender based restrictions were 

formalized into the McGovern Rules, which outlawed explicitly racist local party affiliates; 

Whereas SNCC facilitated the organization and implementation of the nonviolent protests against segregation; 
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Whereas SNCC worked with the NAACP to push the passage 

of the Civil Rights Act of 1964; and 

Whereas the enthusiasm of the students and the support they 

garnered for their pacifism in the face of hatred, led to 

the beginning of integration within the United States and 

the enactment of the Voting Rights Act of 1965: Now, 

therefore, be it 

Resolved, That the House of Representatives— 

(1) recognizes the 50th anniversary of the founding 

of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee 

(SNCC); 

(2) recognizes and commemorate the significance 

and importance of SNCC and its role in organizing the 

national sit-in movement and the role that they played 

in the desegregation of United States society and for 

creating the political climate necessary to pass legislation 

to expand civil rights and voting rights for all people in 

the United States; 

(3) encourages the people of the United States to 

recognize and celebrate the legal victories of the national 

sit-in movement that sought to eradicate segregation in 

United States society; and 

(4) aspires to work with the same courage, determination, dignity, and commitment exemplified by those 

pioneering students who dared to challenge a segregated 
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society by addressing modern-day inequalities and injustice. 

Attest: 

Clerk.